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Drive (2025 film)

2026-05-07T17:25:18Z

Sylvester41C: Creating first entry needs work

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Jenuse Mohamed}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Drive
| image = Drive (2025 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jenuse Mohamed]]
| story =
| producer = V. Ananda Prasad
| writer = Jenuse Mohamed
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Aadhi Pinisetty]]
* [[Madonna Sebastian]]
}}
| music = Osho Venkat
| cinematography = [[Abinandhan Ramanujam]]
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| studio = [[Bhavya Creations]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|12|12}}
| runtime = 107 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Drive''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by [[Jenuse Mohamed]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-12-11 |title=ఆది పినిశెట్టి 'డబుల్ యాక్షన్' : ఒకే రోజు రెండు సినిమాలు- అందులో అలా, ఇందులో ఇలా! |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/te/entertainment/aadhi-pinisetty-coming-with-two-movies-on-tomorrow-telugu-news-ten25121104392 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=te}}</ref> The film was produced by [[Bhavya Creations]] and stars [[Aadhi Pinisetty]], and [[Madonna Sebastian]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-04 |title=Drive teaser: A powerful media tycoon must remain on the run to keep his world intact |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/04/drive-teaser-a-powerful-media-tycoon-must-remain-on-the-run-to-keep-his-world-intact |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 12 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-05 |title=Aadhi Pinisetty’s much-delayed Drive gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Dec/05/telugunews2025dec03aadhi-pinisettys-much-delayed-drive-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows Jayadev Reddy (played by Aadhi Pinisetty), a powerful media tycoon who is involved in a secret deal with a nationalist group and plans to move abroad with his family. His life takes a deadly turn when an anonymous, highly skilled hacker exposes his confidential dealings and begins targeting him. Suddenly, Jayadev finds himself thrust into a high-stakes digital game where the hacker forces him to follow dangerous orders. As the hacker continues to disrupt Jayadev’s reputation, empire, and loved ones, he must stay on the run and unravel who is behind the attacks, why they are after him, and how to protect what matters most. The story combines suspense, revenge, and high-tension action as Jayadev fights to survive and outsmart his unseen adversary

== Cast ==
* [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] as Jaidev Reddy
** Aakash Srinivas as Young Jaidev
* [[Madonna Sebastian]] as Shreya
* [[Kamal Kamaraju]] as Ishan
* Raja Chembolu as Ajay
* [[Anish Kuruvilla]] as Siddique
* Gururaj Manepalli as Rao
* Kotesh Manava as Prashanth Iyer
* [[Anuj Gurwara]] as Ashutosh Bose
* [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]] as John/Hacker
* Kothala Bhanu Prakash as Young John

==Release and reception==
''Drive'' was released on 12 December 2025. It was later released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 2 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ఓటీటీలో 'ఆది పినిశెట్టి' కొత్త సినిమా.. నెలలోనే స్ట్రీమింగ్‌ {{!}} Aadhi Pinisetty Movie Drive OTT Streaming Details {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/aadhi-pinisetty-movies-drive-ott-streaming-details-2667351 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref> It was also released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 30 Jan

Sai Kiran of ''[[Vaartha]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and was critical towards writing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiran |first=Sai |date=2025-12-13 |title=Movie review : ‘డ్రైవ్’ మూవీ రివ్యూ ఆది యాక్టింగ్ బాగుంది కానీ థ్రిల్ మిస్సయ్యింది |url=https://vaartha.com/national/drive-movie-review-aadhi-pinisetty-telugu/606035/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Vaartha |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|39109036|Drive}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Berlin]]
[[Category:Films set in Wrocław]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language thriller films]]

Abbanakuppe, Bengaluru South district

2026-05-07T09:15:56Z

Sylvester41C: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Abbanakuppe
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Ramanagara in Karnataka (India).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Abbanakuppe is in Bengaluru South district
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.773|N|77.420|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru South district|Bengaluru South]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]s
| parts = Ramanagaram
| government_type =
| governing_body = Bidadi Poursabha
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 562109
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bangalore
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Abbanakuppe''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Village/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx |title=Census of India : List of Villages Alphabetical Order > Karnataka |work=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-18 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Census Village code= 2242300</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoo! maps India : |accessdate=2009-04-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archivedate=2008-12-18 }} Abbanakuppe, Ramanagaram, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the Ramanagara taluk of [[Bengaluru South district]] in Karnataka.
It hosts the Bidadi Industrial Area, and [[Toyota Kirloskar]] and [[Coca-Cola]] have factories in the village.

==See also==
* [[Bengaluru South district]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Settlements in Bangalore Rural district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ramanagara district]]

{{BengaluruSouth-geo-stub}}

Priyadarshini Chatterjee

2026-05-05T13:49:51Z

Sylvester41C: Stub...

{{Short description|Indian model, Miss India 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| name = Priyadarshini Chatterjee
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|09|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siasat.com/news/priyadarshini-chatterjee-pride-parents-950151/ |title=Priyadarshini Chatterjee - Pride of her parents. |work=The Saisat Daily |date=23 April 2016}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Dhubri]], [[Assam]], India
| height = {{height|m=1.72|precision=0}}
| occupation = Model
| education =
| title = {{Ubl|[[Femina Miss India Delhi]] 2016|[[Femina Miss India 2016]]}}
| competitions = {{Ubl|Femina Miss India 2016|(Winner)|[[Miss World 2016]]|(Top 20)}}
| website =
}}
'''Priyadarshini Chatterjee''' (born 5 September 1996) is an Indian model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned [[Femina Miss India 2016|Femina Miss India]] in 2016.<ref name="Miss India 2016_Indian_Express">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/miss-world-india-2016-priyadarshini-chatterjee-5-lesser-known-facts-4432307/lite/ |title=Miss World India 2016 Priyadarshini Chatterjee: 5 lesser-known facts |work=The Indian Express |date=18 December 2016}}</ref>

She represented India at the [[Miss World 2016]] pageant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guwahati Girl Priyadarshini Chatterjee Wins Coveted Femina Miss India Title |url=http://lotikai.in/guwahati-girl-priyadarshini-chatterjee-win-coveted-femina-miss-india-title/ |access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/guwahati-girl-priyadarshini-chatterjee-bags-miss-india-world-title/story-CT6zaZii57IcBauLNtDxeO.html |title=Priyadarshani Chatterjee bags the coveted Femina Miss India World 2016 crown''!'' |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 April 2016}}</ref> She is the first [[northeast India]]n to represent India at Miss World. She made it to the top 20 (semi-finalist) and also top-5 in [[Beauty with a Purpose]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/miss-world-2016-indias-priyadarshini-chatterjee-is-in-top-20-miss-puerto-rico-wins-the-crown-3162930.html |title=Miss World 2016: India's Priyadarshini Chatterjee is in top-20; Miss Puerto Rico wins the crown |magazine=First Post |date=16 December 2016}}</ref>

==Early life==
She was born in Dhubri in a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] family and was brought up in [[Guwahati]] city in the state of [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhubri rolls red carpet for the newly crowned Miss India, Priyadarshini Chatterjee. |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Hometown-Dhubri-rolls-out-red-carpet-for-Priyadarshini/articleshow/51920974.cms |date=20 July 2016 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Guwahati Girl Priyadarshini Chatterjee Is Miss World India 2016 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/priyadarshini-chatterjee-crowned-miss-india-world-2016/articleshow/51763748.cms |date=20 July 2016 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="My chances of survival were less" says Miss India 2016, Priyadarshini Chatterjee |url=http://m.beautypageants.in/miss-india/Miss-India-2016-Priyadarshini-My-chances-of-survival-were-less/articleshow/52185101.cms |date=26 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Miss India 2016 Priyadarshini: My chances of survival were less |url=http://www1.bombaytimes.com/pageants/miss-india/Miss-India-2016-Priyadarshini-My-chances-of-survival-were-less/articleshow/52185361.cms |work=Bombay Times |access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref> She completed her schooling in [[List of educational institutions in Guwahati|Maria's Public School]] in Guwahati and moved to New Delhi to pursue higher studies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alumna makes school proud - The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/alumna-makes-school-proud/article8505955.ece |date=21 April 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
She is currently pursuing her bachelor's degree from [[Hindu College, University of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Miss India 2016: Priyadarshini Chatterjee Wins Femina Miss India World 2016 |url=http://d24.in/miss-india-2016-priyadarshini-chatterjee-wins-femina-miss-india-world-2016 |date=10 April 2016 |publisher=D24 News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Guwahati Girl Priyadarshini Chatterjee Wins Coveted Femina Miss India Title |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=apr2016/city051 |date=19 April 2016 |work=The Assam Tribune}}</ref>

==Modeling and pageantry==
While pursuing education in [[New Delhi]], she started a career in modeling. She has done many modeling assignments by working as a freelance model.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyadarshini Chatterjee - FMI 2016 Delhi |url=http://m.beautypageants.in/miss-india/miss-india-contestents/2016/fmi-2016-delhi/priyadarshini-chatterjee/contestantprofile/51139103.cms |date=19 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Priyadarshini Chatterjee crowned Miss India World 2016 |url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/delhi-girl-priyadarshini-chatterjee-miss-india-world-2016-sushruthi-krishna-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-manish-paul/1/638707.html |date=10 April 2016 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>
In 2016 she won the title of [[Femina Miss India Delhi|Femina Miss Delhi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-delhi-university-student-priyadarshini-chaterjee-to-now-compete-for-the-miss-india-2016-title-2183863 |title=Delhi University student Priyadarshini Chaterjee to now compete for the Miss India 2016 title! & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |date=29 February 2016 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref> which gave her a direct entry to participate in [[Femina Miss India 2016]], where she won the title of Femina Miss India World 2016.<ref name="IndiaToday Miss India World">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/delhi-girl-priyadarshini-chatterjee-miss-india-world-2016-sushruthi-krishna-shah-rukh-khan-karan-johar-manish-paul-317245-2016-04-10 |title=Delhi girl Priyadarshini Chatterjee crowned Miss India World 2016 |magazine=India Today |access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toierrorfound.cms?url=http://m.timesofindia.com/it-services-news-wire/Priyadarshini-Chatterjee-crowned-Miss-India-World-2016/articleshow/53946192.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424233907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toierrorfound.cms?url=http:%2F%2Fm.timesofindia.com%2Fit-services-news-wire%2FPriyadarshini-Chatterjee-crowned-Miss-India-World-2016%2Farticleshow%2F53946192.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 April 2024 |title=Miss World India 2016 is Priyadarshini Chatterjee from Assam |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/priyadarshini-chatterjee-crowned-miss-india-world-2016/articleshow/51763748.cms |title=Priyadarshani Chatterjee crowned Miss World India 2016 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 April 2016}}</ref> During her reign as Miss India, she was hospitalized because of anemia.<ref name="Miss India 2016_Indian_Express" />

==See also==
*[[Aditi Arya]] - Femina Miss World India 2015.
*[[Koyal Rana]] - Femina Miss World India 2014. Winner of "Miss World Asia and Oceania"
*[[Femina Miss India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{URL|feminamissindia.indiatimes.com}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before= [[Apeksha Porwal]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Femina Miss India Delhi|Femina Miss Delhi]]
|years=[[Femina Miss India 2016|2016]]}}
{{s-aft|after= Maira Chowdhury}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Sushrii Shreya Mishraa]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Femina Miss India|Miss Rampwalk]]
|years=[[Femina Miss India 2016|2016]]}}
{{s-aft|after=Priyanka Kumari}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Aditi Arya]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Femina Miss India]]
|years=[[Femina Miss India 2016|2016]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Manushi Chhillar]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Miss World 2016 delegates}}
{{Authority control}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2021}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Priyadarshini}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:People from Dhubri district]]
[[Category:People from Guwahati]]
[[Category:Female models from Assam]]
[[Category:Femina Miss India winners]]
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Miss World 2016 delegates]]

List of leaders of the house in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly

2026-05-03T17:29:52Z

Sylvester41C:

{{short description|Caucus head of the majority party in the lower house in Maharashtra}}

{{For|leader of the house in upper house|List of leaders of the house in the Maharashtra Legislative Council}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Leader of the House
| body = the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
| native_name = '''सभागृह नेते महाराष्ट्र विधानसभा'''
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| insigniasize = 150
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| image = File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg
| imagesize =
| department = '''[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]'''
| incumbent = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| incumbentsince = 05 December 2024 [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| appointer = '''[[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]'''
| nominator = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]''' & '''Cabinet'''
| constituting_instrument = -
| termlength = During the life of the vidhan Sabha (five years maximum)
| residence = Varsha Bungalow, [[South Mumbai]], Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| seat = '''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| inaugural = '''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' [[Indian National Congress|INC]] {{small|(1960 - 1962)}}
| formation = 1 May 1960
| deputy =
*'''[[Eknath Shinde]]'''
*'''[[Sunetra Pawar|Sunetra Ajit Pawar]]'''
| precursor = '''[[Eknath Shinde]]''', [[Shiv Sena|SS]] {{small|(2022 - 2024)}}
| salary = [[Indian rupee|₹]] - approximately
| website = -
| member_of = *'''[[Government of Maharashtra|Council of ministers]]'''
*'''[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet]]'''
*'''[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]'''
| reports_to = '''[[Government of Maharashtra]]'''
}}

''' [[Devendra Fadnavis]] ''' is the current Leader of the House of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly.

== Leader of the House ==

The Assembly has a Leader of the House, who heads the government caucus. The office is provided for in the Legislative Council Rules, which defines it as "''Chief Minister or any other Minister appointed by Chief Minister''". The Rules further mandate that the chairperson should conduct parliamentary business in consultation with the Leader.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Rules |date=2009 |url=http://mls.org.in/pdf/ebooks/Assembly_rules_en.pdf |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:70%;"
|- align=center
! No.
! width="50" |Portrait
! Name
!Constituency
! colspan="3" |Term of office
!scope=col| Assembly {{small|(Election)}}
! colspan=2|Party
![[List of deputy leaders of the house in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of the House]]
![[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the House]]
! Ministry
! colspan="2" |[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
|- align=center
|rowspan="1"| 1
| rowspan="1"| [[File:Yashwantrao_Chavan_2010_stamp_of_India.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan="1"| '''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' यशवंतराव चव्हाण {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North Constituency No. 259]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 1 May 1960
| 8 March 1962
|{{Age in years and days|1960|5|1|1962|3|8}}
| '''[[1st Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|1st]]''' {{small|(1960*)}}
| rowspan="10"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=10|
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[S. L. Silam]]'''
|[[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)]]
| rowspan="10" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| ''Self''
|- align=center
|rowspan="1"| 2
| rowspan="1"| [[File:Yashwantrao_Chavan_2010_stamp_of_India.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan="1"| '''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' यशवंतराव चव्हाण {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North Constituency No. 259]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 8 March 1962
| 19 November 1962
|{{Age in years and days|1962|3|8|1962|11|19}}
| '''[[2nd Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|2nd]]''' {{small|([[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]])}}
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[S. L. Silam]]'''
*'''[[Balasaheb Bharde]]'''
|[[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry]]
| ''Self''
|- align=center
|3
| -
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' मारोतराव कन्नमवार {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 20 November 1962
| 24 November 1963
|{{Age in years and days|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
| '''[[2nd Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|2nd]]''' {{small|([[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]])}}
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[Balasaheb Bharde]]'''
|[[Kannamwar ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|4
| -
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' पी. के. सावंत {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 25 November 1963
| 4 December 1963
|{{Age in years and days|1963|11|25|1963|12|4}}
| '''[[2nd Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|2nd]]''' {{small|([[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]])}}
|'''[[Keshavrao Sonawane]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[Balasaheb Bharde]]'''
|[[P. K. Sawant ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|5
| [[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' वसंतराव नाईक {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 5 December 1963
| 1 March 1967
|{{Age in years and days|1963|12|5|1967|3|1}}
| '''[[2nd Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|2nd]]''' {{small|([[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]])}}
|'''[[A. R. Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[Balasaheb Bharde]]'''
|First Vasantrao Naik ministry
|''Self''
|- align=center
|6
| [[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' वसंतराव नाईक {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 1 March 1967
| 13 March 1972
|{{Age in years and days|1967|3|1|1972|3|13}}
| '''[[3rd Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|3rd]]''' {{small|([[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]])}}
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[Balasaheb Bharde]]'''
|[[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|7
| [[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' वसंतराव नाईक {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 13 March 1972
| 20 February 1975
|{{Age in years and days|1972|3|13|1975|2|20}}
| '''[[4th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|4th]]''' {{small|([[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]])}}
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]'''
|[[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|8
| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' शंकरराव चव्हाण {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 21 February 1975
| 16 May 1977
|{{Age in years and days|1975|2|21|1977|5|16}}
| '''[[4th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|4th]]''' {{small|([[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]])}}
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]'''
*'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]'''
|[[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|9
| -
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]''' शेषराव कृष्णराव वानखेडे {{small|([[Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)|Industries Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 17 May 1977
| 5 March 1978
|{{Age in years and days|1977|5|17|1978|3|5}}
| '''[[4th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|4th]]''' {{small|([[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]])}}
|'''[[Sundarrao Solanke]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]'''
|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry]]
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|80px]] '''[[Vasantdada Patil]]'''
|- align=center
|10
| [[File:Vasantdada Patil 2012 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' वसंतदादा पाटील {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 5 March 1978
| 18 July 1978
|{{Age in years and days|1978|5|3|1978|7|18}}
| '''[[5th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|5th]]''' {{small|([[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]])}}
|'''[[Nashikrao Tirpude]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]'''
*'''[[Shivraj Patil]]'''
|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|11
| [[File:Sharad Pawar, Minister of AgricultureCrop.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' शरद पवार {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 18 July 1978
| 18 February 1980
|{{Age in years and days|1978|7|18|1980|2|18}}
| '''[[5th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|5th]]''' {{small|([[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]])}}
| [[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}" |
| '''[[Sundarrao Solanke]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[Shivraj Patil]]'''
*'''Pranlal Vora'''
|[[First Pawar ministry]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}" |
|''Self''
|- align=center
| 12
| [[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay]]''' अब्दुल रहमान अंतुले {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 9 June 1980
| 12 January 1982
|{{Age in years and days|1980|6|9|1982|1|12}}
| '''[[6th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|6th]]''' {{small|([[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
| rowspan="10"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=10|
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''Pranlal Vora'''
*'''[[Sharad Dighe]]'''
|[[Antulay ministry]]
|rowspan="10" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|''Self''
|- align=center
|13
| [[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|80px]]
|'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]''' बाबासाहेब भोसले {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 13 January 1982
| 1 February 1983
|{{Age in years and days|1982|1|13|1983|2|1}}
| '''[[6th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|6th]]''' {{small|([[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
|'''[[Shalini Patil]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[Sharad Dighe]]'''
|[[Bhosale ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|14
| [[File:Vasantdada Patil 2012 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' वसंतदादा पाटील {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 7 February 1983
| 5 March 1985
|{{Age in years and days|1983|2|7|1985|3|5}}
| '''[[6th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|6th]]''' {{small|([[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[Sharad Dighe]]'''
*'''Shankarrao Jagtap'''
|[[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|15
| -
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' सुरुपसिंग हिर्या नाईक {{small|([[Forest Department of Maharashtra|Forest Department Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 12 March 1985
| 1 June 1985
|{{Age in years and days|1985|3|12|1985|6|1}}
| '''[[6th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|6th]]''' {{small|([[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''Shankarrao Jagtap'''
|[[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry]]
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|80px]] '''[[Vasantdada Patil]]'''
|- align=center
|16
| -
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' शिवाजीराव पाटील निलंगेकर {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 4 June 1985
| 6 March 1986
|{{Age in years and days|1985|6|4|1986|3|6}}
| '''[[7th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|7th]]''' {{small|([[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]])}}
|'''[[V. Subramaniam]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''Shankarrao Jagtap'''
|[[Nilangekar ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|17
| -
| '''[[V. Subramanian (Maharashtra politician)|V. Subramanian]]''' व्ही. सुब्रमण्यम {{small|([[Ministry of Urban Development (Maharashtra)|Urban Development Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|South Mumbai Constituency No. 121]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 12 March 1986
| 26 June 1988
|{{Age in years and days|1986|3|12|1988|6|26}}
| '''[[7th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|7th]]''' {{small|([[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]])}}
|'''Bhagwantrao Gaikwad''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''Shankarrao Jagtap'''
|[[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry]]
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] '''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]'''
|- align=center
|18
| [[File:Sharad Pawar, Minister of AgricultureCrop.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' शरद पवार {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 26 June 1988
| 3 March 1990
|{{Age in years and days|1988|6|26|1990|2|3}}
| '''[[7th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|7th]]''' {{small|([[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]])}}
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''Shankarrao Jagtap'''
|[[Second Pawar ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|19
| [[File:Sharad Pawar, Minister of AgricultureCrop.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' शरद पवार {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 4 March 1990
| 25 June 1991
|{{Age in years and days|1990|3|4|1991|6|25}}
| '''[[8th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|8th]]''' {{small|([[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]])}}
| '''[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''Madhukarrao Chaudhari'''
|[[Third Pawar ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|20
| -
| '''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' सुधाकरराव नाईक {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 25 June 1991
| 22 February 1993
|{{Age in years and days|1991|6|25|1993|2|22}}
| '''[[8th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|8th]]''' {{small|([[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]])}}
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''Madhukarrao Chaudhari'''
|[[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|21
| [[File:Sharad Pawar, Minister of AgricultureCrop.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' शरद पवार {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 6 March 1993
| 14 March 1995
|{{Age in years and days|1993|3|
6|1995|3|14}}
| '''[[8th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|8th]]''' {{small|([[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]])}}
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
|
*'''Madhukarrao Chaudhari'''
|[[Fourth Pawar ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|22
| [[File:Manohar Joshi1.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Manohar Joshi]]''' मनोहर जोशी {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Dadar Assembly constituency|Dadar Constituency No. 181]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 14 March 1995
| 1 February 1999
|{{Age in years and days|1995|3|14|1999|2|1}}
| '''[[9th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|9th]]''' {{small|([[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]])}}
| rowspan="02"| [[Shiv Sena]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" rowspan=02|
|'''[[Gopinath Munde]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[Dattaji Nalawade]]'''
|[[Manohar Joshi ministry]]
|rowspan="2" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|''Self''
|- align=center
|23
| [[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Narayan Rane]]''' नारायण राणे {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Malvan Constituency No. 269]]- [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 1 February 1999
| 17 October 1999
|{{Age in years and days|1999|2|1|1999|10|17}}
| '''[[9th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|9th]]''' {{small|([[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]])}}
|'''[[Gopinath Munde]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[Dattaji Nalawade]]'''
|[[Narayan Rane ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
| 24
| [[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' विलासराव देशमुख {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 18 October 1999
| 16 January 2003
|{{Age in years and days|1999|10|16|2003|1|16}}
| '''[[10th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|10th]]''' {{small|([[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]])}}
| rowspan="6"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=6|
|
*'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
|
*'''Arun Gujarathi'''
|[[First Deshmukh ministry]]
|rowspan="6" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|''Self''
|- align=center
|25
| [[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Sushil Kumar Shinde]]''' सुशील कुमार शिंदे {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South Constituency No. 251]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 18 January 2003
| 30 October 2004
|{{Age in years and days|2003|1|18|2004|10|30}}
| '''[[10th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|10th]]''' {{small|([[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]])}}
|
*'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}} (2003 - 2003)
*'''[[Vijaysingh Mohite-Patil]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}} (2003 - 2004)
|
*'''Arun Gujarathi'''
|[[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|26
| [[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' विलासराव देशमुख {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 1 November 2004
| 8 December 2008
|{{Age in years and days|2004|11|1|2008|12|8}}
| '''[[11th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|11th]]''' {{small|([[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]])}}
|
*'''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
|
*'''Babasaheb Kupekar'''
|[[Second Deshmukh ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
| rowspan=01 | 27
| rowspan=01 | [[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|75px]]
| rowspan="1"| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' अशोक चव्हाण {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 8 December 2008
| 7 November 2009
|{{Age in years and days|2008|12|8|2009|11|7}}
| '''[[11th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|11th]]''' {{small|([[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]])}}
|
*'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
|
*'''Babasaheb Kupekar'''
|[[First Ashok Chavan ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
| rowspan=01 | 28
| rowspan=01 | [[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|75px]]
| rowspan="1"| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' अशोक चव्हाण {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 7 November 2009
| 10 November 2010
|{{Age in years and days|2009|11|7|2010|11|10}}
| '''[[12th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|12th]]''' {{small|([[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]])}}
|
*'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[Dilip Walse-Patil]]'''.
|[[Second Ashok Chavan ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|29
| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Prithviraj Chavan]]''' पृथ्वीराज चव्हाण {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
| 11 November 2010
| 26 September 2014
|{{Age in years and days|2010|11|11|2014|10|26}}
| '''[[12th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|12th]]''' {{small|([[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]])}}
|
*'''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
*'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
*'''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[Dilip Walse-Patil]]'''
|[[Prithviraj Chavan ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|30
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|left|frameless|100x100px]]
| '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' देवेंद्र फडणवीस {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 31 October 2014
| 12 November 2019
|{{Age in years and days|2014|10|31|2019|11|12}}
| '''[[13th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|13th]]''' {{small|([[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]])}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|
*'''[[Eknath Khadse]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}} (2014 - 2016)
*'''[[Girish Mahajan]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}} (2016 - 2019)
|
*'''[[Haribhau Bagade]]'''
|[[First Fadnavis ministry]]
|rowspan="2" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|''Self''
|- align=center
|31
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|left|frameless|100x100px]]
| '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' देवेंद्र फडणवीस {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 23 November 2019
| 26 November 2019
|{{Age in years and days|2019|11|23|2019|11|26}}
|
'''[[14th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|14th]]''' {{small|([[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]])}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|
*'''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
|
*'''[[Kalidas Kolambkar]]'''
(Pro Tem Speaker)
|[[Second Fadnavis ministry]]
|''Self''
|- align=center
|32
| [[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]''' उद्धव ठाकरे {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 25 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
| 28 November 2019
| 29 June 2022
|{{Age in years and days|2019|11|28|2022|6|29}}
| '''[[14th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|14th]]''' {{small|([[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]])}}
| rowspan="01"| [[Shiv Sena]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" rowspan=01|
|
*'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}} (2019 - 2019)
*'''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}} (2019 - 2022)
|
*'''[[Nana Patole]]'''
*'''[[Narhari Sitaram Zirwal]]''' (Acting)
|[[Thackeray ministry]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|''Self''
|- align=center
|- align=center
|33
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' एकनाथ शिंदे {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 3 July 2022
| 26 November 2024
|{{Age in years and days|2022|07|03|2024|11|26}}
| '''[[14th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|14th]]''' {{small|([[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]])}}
| rowspan="01"| [[Shiv Sena|Shiv Sena (Shinde Group)]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=01|
|
*'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}} (2022 - 2024)
*'''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}} (2023 - 2024)
|
*'''[[Narhari Sitaram Zirwal]]''' (Acting)
*'''[[Rahul Narwekar]]'''
|[[Eknath Shinde ministry]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|''Self''
|- align=center
|34
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|left|frameless|100x100px]]
| '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' देवेंद्र फडणवीस {{small|([[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]])}}
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| 5 December 2024
| Incumbent
|{{Ayd|05 December 2024|}}
| '''[[15th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|15th]]''' {{small|([[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]])}}
| rowspan="01"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" rowspan=01|
|
*'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
(2024–Present)
*'''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
(2024–2026)
*'''[[Sunetra Pawar|Sunetra Ajit Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
(2026–Present)
|'''[[Rahul Narwekar]]'''
|[[Third Fadnavis ministry]]
|rowspan="1" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|''Self''
|- align=center
|}

==Deputy Leader of the House==

The Assembly has a Deputy Leader of the House, who heads the government caucus. The office is provided for in the Legislative Assembly Rules, which defines it as "''Deputy Chief Minister or any other Minister appointed by Chief Minister''". The Rules further mandate that the Chairperson should conduct parliamentary business in consultation with the Leader.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Rules |date=2009 |url=http://mls.org.in/pdf/ebooks/council_rules_en.pdf |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope=col| Name Deputy Leader of the House
!Constituency
!Ministerial offices held
! colspan="3" scope="col" | Term
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
!scope=col| Assembly {{small|(Election)}}
!Leader of the House
![[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the House]]
!Ministry
! colspan="2" |[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]

|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|80px]]''' [[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' जवाहरलाल दर्डा
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]'''
| 09 June 1980
| 12 January 1982
|{{Age in years and days|1980|06|09|1982|01|12}}
| rowspan="4"|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4"|07th Assembly {{small|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|(1980 election)]]}}
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]'''
|rowspan="4"|'''[[Sharad Dighe]]'''
|[[Antulay ministry]]
|rowspan="4" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]] '''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|'''[[Shalini Patil]]''' शालिनी पाटील
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon Constituency No. 257]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]'''
| 13 January 1982
| 1 February 1983
|{{Age in years and days|1982|01|13|1983|02|01}}
|rowspan="1" |'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]'''
|rowspan="1" |[[Bhosale ministry]]
| rowspan="1" | [[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|80px]]'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' रामराव आदिक
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Government of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 07 February 1983
| 05 March 1985
|{{Age in years and days|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|rowspan="1" |'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]'''
|rowspan="1" |[[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry]]
| rowspan="1" | [[File:Vasantdada Patil 2012 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]]'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:Sudhakarrao Naik Lok Sabha photo portrait 1998-03-18.jpg|80px]] '''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' सुधाकरराव नाईक
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]'''
| 12 March 1985
| 01 June 1985
|{{Age in years and days|1985|03|12|1985|06|01}}
|rowspan="1" |'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' ([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])
|rowspan="1" |[[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry]]
| rowspan="1" | [[File:Vasantdada Patil 2012 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]]'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]'''

|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|'''[[V. Subramaniam]]''' व्ही. सुब्रमण्यम
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|South Mumbai Constituency No. 121]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]'''
| 04 June 1985
| 06 March 1986
|{{Age in years and days|1985|06|04|1986|03|06}}
| rowspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3"|08th Assembly {{small|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|(1985 election)]]}}
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]'''
|rowspan="3"|'''Shankarrao Jagtap'''
|[[Nilangekar ministry]]
|rowspan="3" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|'''Bhagwantrao Gaikwad''' भगवंतराव गायकवाड
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]'''
| 12 March 1986
| 26 June 1988
|{{Age in years and days|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|rowspan="1" |'''[[V. Subramaniam]]''' ([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])
|rowspan="1" |[[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry]]
| rowspan="1" | [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]]'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] '''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' सुशीलकुमार शिंदे
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]'''
| 26 June 1988
| 03 March 1990
|{{Age in years and days|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|rowspan="1" |'''[[Sharad Pawar]]'''
|rowspan="1" |[[Second Pawar ministry]]
| rowspan="1" | [[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|80px]]'''[[Sharad Pawar]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:Padamsinh_Bajirao_Patil_(dr-_Saheb)_2014-05-17_06-38.jpg|75px]] '''[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]''' पद्मसिंह बाजीराव पाटील
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad Constituency No. 242]]- [[Osmanabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]'''
| 04 March 1990
| 25 June 1991
|{{Age in years and days|1990|03|04|1991|06|25}}
| rowspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3"|09th Assembly {{small|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|(1990 election)]]}}
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]'''
|rowspan="3"|'''Madhukarrao Chaudhari'''
|[[Third Pawar ministry]]
|rowspan="3" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|80px]] '''[[Sharad Pawar]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' रामराव आदिक
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]'''
| 25 June 1991
| 22 February 1993
|{{Age in years and days|1991|06|22|1993|02|22}}
|rowspan="1" |'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]'''
|rowspan="1" |[[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry]]
| rowspan="1" | [[File:Sudhakarrao Naik Lok Sabha photo portrait 1998-03-18.jpg|80px]] '''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' विलासराव देशमुख
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]'''
| 06 March 1993
| 14 March 1995
|{{Age in years and days|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|rowspan="1" |'''[[Sharad Pawar]]'''
|rowspan="1" |[[Fourth Pawar ministry]]
| rowspan="1" | [[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|80px]]'''[[Sharad Pawar]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:GopinathMundeSaheb.jpg|75px]] '''[[Gopinath Munde]]''' गोपीनाथ मुंडे
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Renapur Assembly constituency|Renapur Constituency No. 236]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 14 March 1995
| 01 February 1999
|{{Age in years and days|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
| rowspan="2"|[[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2"|09th Assembly {{small|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|(1999 election)]]}}
|'''[[Manohar Joshi]]'''
|rowspan="2"|'''[[Dattaji Nalawade]]'''
|[[Manohar Joshi ministry]]
|rowspan="2" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|80px]] '''[[Manohar Joshi]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:GopinathMundeSaheb.jpg|75px]] '''[[Gopinath Munde]]''' गोपीनाथ मुंडे
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Renapur Assembly constituency|Renapur Constituency No. 236]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 01 February 1999
| 17 October 1999
|{{Age in years and days|1999|02|01|1999|10|17}}
|rowspan="1" |'''[[Narayan Rane]]'''
|rowspan="1" |[[Narayan Rane ministry]]
| rowspan="1" | [[File:Narayan Rane with PM Modi (cropped).jpg|80px]]'''[[Narayan Rane]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Ashok Chavan and the Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Chhagan Chandrakant Bhujbal, in New Delhi on December 12, 2008 (cropped).jpg|75px]] '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' छगन भुजबळ
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla Constituency No. 119]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 18 October 1999
| 16 January 2003
|{{Age in years and days|1999|10|18|2003|01|16}}
| rowspan="3"|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| rowspan="3"|10th Assembly {{small|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|(1999 election)]]}}
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]'''
|rowspan="3"|'''Arun Gujarathi'''
|[[First Deshmukh ministry]]
|rowspan="3" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[File:Vilasrao Deshmukh at Innovation Partnerships Event May 8, 2012.jpg|80px]] '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Ashok Chavan and the Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Chhagan Chandrakant Bhujbal, in New Delhi on December 12, 2008 (cropped).jpg|75px]] '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' छगन भुजबळ
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla Constituency No. 119]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 18 January 2003
| 23 December 2003
|{{Age in years and days|2003|01|18|2003|12|24}}
|rowspan="2" |'''[[Sushil Kumar Shinde]]'''
|rowspan="2" |[[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry]]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Sushilkumar Shinde.jpg|80px]]'''[[Sushil Kumar Shinde]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:Vijaysinh Mohite Patil 2014-05-19 00-16.jpg|75px]] '''[[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]]''' विजयसिंह मोहिते-पाटील
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras Constituency No. 254]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 27 December 2003
| 01 November 2004
|{{Age in years and days|2003|12|27|2004|11|01}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|75px]] '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' आर.आर.पाटील
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 01 November 2004
| 08 December 2008
|{{Age in years and days|2004|11|01|2008|12|08}}
| rowspan="6"|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| rowspan="6" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| rowspan="2"|11th Assembly {{small|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|(2004 election)]]}}
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]'''
|rowspan="2"|'''Babasaheb Kupekar'''
|[[Second Deshmukh ministry]]
|rowspan="6" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[File:Vilasrao Deshmukh at Innovation Partnerships Event May 8, 2012.jpg|80px]] '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Ashok Chavan and the Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Chhagan Chandrakant Bhujbal, in New Delhi on December 12, 2008 (cropped).jpg|75px]] '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' छगन भुजबळ
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla Constituency No. 119]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 08 December 2008
| 06 November 2009
|{{Age in years and days|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|rowspan="2" |'''[[Ashok Chavan]]'''
|[[First Ashok Chavan ministry]]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]'''[[Ashok Chavan]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|75px]] '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' छगन भुजबळ
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla Constituency No. 119]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 07 November 2009
| 10 November 2010
|{{Age in years and days|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
| rowspan="4"|[[12th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|12th Assembly]] {{small|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|(2009 election)]]}}
|rowspan="4"|'''[[Dilip Walse-Patil]]'''
|[[Second Ashok Chavan ministry]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:Ajit Pawar.jpg|75px]] '''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' अजित पवार
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 11 November 2010
| 25 September 2012
|{{Age in years and days|2010|11|11|2012|09|25}}
|rowspan="3"|'''[[Prithviraj Chavan]]'''
|rowspan="3" |[[Prithviraj Chavan ministry]]
|rowspan="3"|[[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] '''[[Prithviraj Chavan]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Ashok Chavan and the Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Chhagan Chandrakant Bhujbal, in New Delhi on December 12, 2008 (cropped).jpg|75px]] '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' छगन भुजबळ (Additional Charge)
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla Constituency No. 119]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]'''
| 26 September 2012
| 07 December 2012
|{{Age in years and days|2012|09|26|2012|12|07}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:Ajit Pawar.jpg|75px]] '''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' अजित पवार
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 07 December 2012
| 26 September 2014
|{{Age in years and days|2012|12|07|2014|09|26}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"|
|[[File:Dr Jitendra thakur.jpg|75px]] '''[[Eknath Khadse]]''' एकनाथ खडसे
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar Constituency No. 20]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]'''
| 31 October 2014
| 04 June 2016
|{{Age in years and days|2014|10|31|2016|6|4}}
| rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2"|[[13th Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra|13th Assembly]] {{small|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|(2014 election)]]}}
|rowspan="3"|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
|rowspan="2"|'''[[Haribhau Bagade]]'''
|rowspan="2"|[[First Fadnavis ministry|Devendra Fadanvis Ministry]]
|rowspan="3" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|80px]] '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:Girish Mahajan.JPG|100px]] '''[[Girish Mahajan]]''' गिरीश महाजन
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner Constituency No. 19]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]'''
| 04 June 2016
| 12 November 2019
|{{Age in years and days|2016|06|04|2019|11|12}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:Ajit Pawar.jpg|75px]] '''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' अजित पवार
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 23 November 2019
| 26 November 2019
|{{Age in years and days|2019|11|23|2019|11|26}}
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| rowspan="5"|[[14th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|14th Assembly]] {{small|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|(2019 election)]]}}
|'''[[Kalidas Kolambkar]]''' (Pro Tem Speaker)
|[[Second Fadnavis ministry]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] '''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' एकनाथ शिंदे
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]'''
| 28 November 2019
| 30 December 2019
|{{Age in years and days|2019|11|29|2019|12|30}}
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|rowspan="2"|'''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]'''
|rowspan="1"|
*'''[[Dilip Walse-Patil]]''' (Pro Tem Speaker)
*'''[[Nana Patole]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Uddhav Thackrey Ministry]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|80px]] '''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:Ajit Pawar.jpg|75px]] '''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' अजित पवार
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 30 December 2019
| 29 June 2022
|{{Age in years and days|2019|12|30|2022|6|29}}
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|rowspan="1"|
*'''[[Nana Patole]]'''
*'''[[Zirwal Narhari Sitaram]]''' (Acting)
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|100px]]'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' देवेंद्र फडणवीस
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 03 July 2022
| 26 November 2024
|{{Age in years and days|2022|07|03|2024|11|26}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="2"|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]'''
|rowspan="1"|
*'''[[Zirwal Narhari Sitaram]]''' (Acting)
*'''[[Rahul Narwekar]]'''
|rowspan="2" | [[Eknath Shinde ministry|Eknath Shinde Ministry]]
|rowspan="2" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] '''[[Eknath Shinde]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:Ajit Pawar.jpg|75px]] '''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' अजित पवार
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 17 July 2023
| 26 November 2024
|{{Age in years and days|2023|07|17|2024|11|26}}
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|rowspan="1"|
*'''[[Rahul Narwekar]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] '''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' एकनाथ शिंदे
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 05 December 2024
| Incumbent
|{{Age in years and days|2024|12|05}}
| [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}" |
|rowspan="3"|[[15th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|15th Assembly]] {{small|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|(2024 election)]]}}
|rowspan="3"|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
|rowspan="3"|'''[[Rahul Narwekar]]'''
|rowspan="3" | [[Third Fadnavis ministry]]
|rowspan="3" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]] '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[File:Ajit Pawar.jpg|75px]] '''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' अजित पवार
|{{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 05 December 2024
| 28 January 2026
|{{Age in years and days|2024|12|05|2026|01|28}}
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| '''[[Sunetra Pawar|Sunetra Ajit Pawar]]''' सुनेत्रा अजित पवार
|{{small|(Not Elected Any Constituency of Maharashtra Legislature- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] / [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|align="left" style="background:#eaecf0; font-size:90%" |
*'''[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
| 31 January 2026
| Incumbent
|{{Age in years and days|2026|01|31}}
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|}

==See also==
*[[List of governors of Maharashtra]]
*[[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Maharashtra politics-related lists]]

East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy

2026-04-30T23:01:16Z

Sylvester41C:

{{Short description|Reserve team and youth system of East Bengal FC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy
| image = East Bengal FC logo.svg
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = East Bengal Football Club Reserves and Academy
| nickname = The Bangal Brigade Lal Holud Brigade The Torch Bearers
| short name = EBFC
| ground = [[East Bengal Ground]]
| capacity = 23,500
| owner = Emami East Bengal FC Pvt. Ltd.:<ref>{{Cite news |title=Emami East Bengal officially launched – Red and Golds to play ISL 2022–23 as East Bengal FC |work=goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/emami-east-bengal-officially-launched-isl-2022-23-east/blta9debdc4d323fc72 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803210826/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/emami-east-bengal-officially-launched-isl-2022-23-east/blta9debdc4d323fc72 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[East Bengal Club#Ownership|East Bengal Club Pvt. Ltd.]] (23%)
*[[Emami|Emami Group]] (77%)
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = Murari Lal Lohia
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Bino George]] (Reserves)
| league = [[Calcutta Football League|CFL Premier Division]] [[Reliance Foundation Development League|RF Development League]] [[Youth League (India)|AIFF Elite League]]
| season =
| position =
| current =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _ebfc2425h
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _goldtop
| leftarm1 = FFC90E
| body1 = FC2B48
| rightarm1 = FFC90E
| shorts1 = 000000
| socks1 = FC2B48
| pattern_la2 = _whiteborder
| pattern_b2 = _red_shoulders
| pattern_ra2 = _whiteborder
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFC90E
| body2 =
| rightarm2 = FFC90E
| socks2 =
| pattern_la3 =
| pattern_b3 =
| pattern_ra3 =
| pattern_sh3 =
| pattern_so3 =
| leftarm3 =
| body3 =
| rightarm3 =
| shorts3 =
| socks3 =
| website = {{URL|https://emamieastbengal.com/}}
}}
{{East Bengal F.C. departments}}

'''East Bengal Football Club Reserves and Academy''', commonly referred to as '''East Bengal B''', is the [[reserve team]] and [[youth system]] of the [[Indian Super League]] side [[East Bengal FC]]. Reserves generally consist of younger players, but at times senior players also play, if recuperating from [[injury]] or not getting first team game time. Apart from the [[I-League 2]] (formerly), the reserve side plays in the [[Calcutta Football League]], currently under the sponsorship name '''Emami East Bengal Club'''.

==History==
East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy are the under-21, under-17, under-15 and under-13 teams of East Bengal. The under-21 team is often the last stage before the promotion into the first team.<ref name="EBAcademy">{{cite web|url=https://eastbengalclub.co.in/ebcfootballacademy.html|title=EAST BENGAL FOOTBALL ACADEMY|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=26 July 2019|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726175905/https://eastbengalclub.co.in/ebcfootballacademy.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The youth teams participate in the [[Elite League (India)|Elite league]] of various age groups. The East Bengal Academy was re-instated on 20 June 2016 with the motive to establish a strong footprint in Indian football by producing quality professional players. The main objective of this project has been to supply professional quality players to the East Bengal senior team & Indian national team.<ref name="EBAcademy"/>

The East Bengal Academy was founded in the early part of the 21st century and had a major success initially as the U-19 East Bengal team won the first two [[National Football League (Under-19)|U-19 National Football]] leagues held in 2001-02 and 2002-03<ref name=u19nfl>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Choudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nflj.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the National Football League (under-19)|work=IndianFootball.de|accessdate=2 Jul 2021|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802071920/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nflj.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and then the club's Under-15 team qualified for the [[Manchester United Premier Cup]] after being champions of India defeating [[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]] 1–0 in the final,<ref name=Nike07>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2007mupc-u15.html|title=Manchester United Premier Cup (U15) India Finals 2007|work=IndianFootball.de|accessdate=26 July 2019|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726030555/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2007mupc-u15.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and becoming South–East Asian regional runners up in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=353|title=East Bengal U-15 lose to Assumption College, Thailand in Final of MUPC-SEA Regional Leg|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=5 June 2020|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502194230/http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=353|archivedate=2 May 2008}}</ref> The Junior team faced the youth teams of [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[AS Roma|A.S. Roma]] and [[Shandong Taishan F.C.|Shandong Luneng]] and [[FK Austria Wien]] in the final round held in [[Manchester]], however, they lost all the games in the group stages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.footjuniors.com/NPC/World_Final_07.html|title=Final of the World Tournament 2007 in Manchester|work=Foot Juniors|accessdate=27 July 2019|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920174503/http://www.footjuniors.com/NPC/World_Final_07.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref> In the 17–20th place play-off semi-finals, the team defeated Bukit Jalil of Malaysia by 3-1, but lost to [[Central United F.C.|Central United]] of New Zealand in the 17th place play-offs by 5-3 via tiebreakers, after the game ended goalless. The U-15 team finished 18th<ref name="MUPC18"/> among the 20 teams who had reached the world final stage and is to date the best finish by any Indian club in the [[Manchester United Premier Cup|Nike Premier Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.badgeb.com/throwback-when-east-bengal-fc-u15-participated-in-the-nike-world-premier-cup/|title=Throwback: When East Bengal FC U15 participated in the Nike World Premier Cup!|work=BADGEB|accessdate=26 April 2020|archive-date=25 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425191259/http://www.badgeb.com/throwback-when-east-bengal-fc-u15-participated-in-the-nike-world-premier-cup/|url-status=live}}</ref> The East Bengal U-19 team was the primary youth team before the [[Youth League (India)|Elite League]] started in 2010. Players like [[Israil Gurung]], Saikat Saha Roy etc. were part of the East Bengal youth setup in the mid 2000s. In 2006, former East Bengal legend and [[National Football League (India)|National League]] winning coach [[Monoranjan Bhattacharya]] was appointed as the head coach of the East Bengal U-19 team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=221|title=Monoranjan Bhattacharya appointed coach of East Bengal U-19 team|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=5 June 2020|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502193156/http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=221|archivedate=2 May 2008}}</ref>

The East Bengal Academy started with new endeavours in 2016 as they brought in Ranjan Chowdhury as head of the project with an aim to produce Indian talents and build up the supply line for the main team of East Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slideshare.net/sachindhondge23/kingfisher-east-bengal-youth-development-program-sponsorship-proposal|title=Kingfisher East Bengal Youth Development Program - Sponsorship Proposal|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=27 July 2019|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507205732/https://www.slideshare.net/sachindhondge23/kingfisher-east-bengal-youth-development-program-sponsorship-proposal|url-status=live}}</ref> The team finished runners-up in the [[2016–17 I-League U18]], losing 2-1 to [[AIFF Academy|AIFF Elite Academy]] in the final. The team also reached the semi-final in [[2017–18 Youth League U18|2017–18]].<ref name=u18il2018>{{cite web|author=AIFF Media Team|date=24 May 2018|url=https://i-league.org/lajong-blank-east-bengal-to-reach-u-18-youth-league-final/|title=Lajong Blank East Bengal To Reach U-18 Youth League Final|work=I-League|accessdate=28 September 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928060028/https://i-league.org/lajong-blank-east-bengal-to-reach-u-18-youth-league-final/|url-status=live}}</ref> The team was disbanded after the [[2019–20 Indian Elite League]] was called off due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in India. In 2022, after the new investors [[Emami| Emami Group]] joined the club, the youth teams have been revived

==Reserve team==
East Bengal officially did not have a reserve team prior to 2020. However, the club formed a reserve team composed of academy players and few senior team members to participate in minor tournaments like [[Bordoloi Trophy]]. In 2018, the East Bengal Reserves team coached by Ranjan Chowdhury won the '''Darjeeling Gold Cup''', defeating another Kolkata giant [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] in the final.<ref name=DGC18>{{cite web|first=Sayak|last=Dipta Dey|date=24 December 2018|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/east-bengal-reserves-crowned-champions-of-gta-chairman-s-gold-cup-a-rewind|title=East Bengal Reserves crowned Champions of GTA Chairman's Gold Cup : A Rewind|work=Sportskeeda|access-date=12 January 2021|archive-date=14 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114131647/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/east-bengal-reserves-crowned-champions-of-gta-chairman-s-gold-cup-a-rewind|url-status=live}}</ref>

The reserve team was formed in 2020 and intended to play in the I-League 2, along with the Calcutta Football League from the [[2020–21 East Bengal F.C. season|2020–21 season]].<ref name="reserve">{{cite web|url=http://www.badgeb.com/east-bengal-fc-how-the-reserve-team-is-shaping-up/|title=East Bengal FC: How the Reserve Team is shaping up?|work=BADGEB|accessdate=26 April 2020|archive-date=25 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425191254/http://www.badgeb.com/east-bengal-fc-how-the-reserve-team-is-shaping-up/|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the team was scrapped and after new investors [[Emami]] group tied up with the club, the reserve team was once again launched in 2022. Former Kerala football team coach [[Bino George]] was appointed as the head coach of the reserve team.<ref name=bino>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=23 July 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bino-george-set-to-become-east-bengal-reserve-team-coach/articleshow/93075537.cms|title=Bino George set to become East Bengal reserve team coach|work=The Times of India|accessdate=24 July 2022|archive-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724063817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bino-george-set-to-become-east-bengal-reserve-team-coach/articleshow/93075537.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sanghamitra|last=Chakraborty|date=30 July 2022|url=https://tv9bangla.com/photo-gallery/east-bengal-new-coach-bino-george-visit-east-bengal-club-au5-615977.html|title=East Bengal: লাল-হলুদ তাঁবুতে হাজির কোচ বিনু জর্জ|trans-title=East Bengal:Bino George arrives at Red and Gold tent|language=bn|work=TV9 Bangla|accessdate=30 July 2022|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730143427/https://tv9bangla.com/photo-gallery/east-bengal-new-coach-bino-george-visit-east-bengal-club-au5-615977.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The club also recruited former captain [[Sangram Mukherjee]] as the goalkeeper coach for the team.<ref name=sangram>{{cite web|date=24 September 2022|url=https://xtratimebangla.in/this-stalward-former-player-of-east-bengal-became-goalkeeper-coach-of-the-team/|title=কলকাতা লিগের আগে ইস্টবেঙ্গলের দায়িত্বে এলেন লাল-হলুদের এই প্রাক্তন তারকা|trans-title=This former red-gold star took charge of East Bengal before the Kolkata League|language=bn|work=Xtra Time Bangla|accessdate=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924055058/https://xtratimebangla.in/this-stalward-former-player-of-east-bengal-became-goalkeeper-coach-of-the-team/|url-status=live}}</ref> The club also bolstered the squad by making some top signings from the [[Santosh Trophy]] teams, including five players from Kerala, the champions of the [[2021–22 Santosh Trophy|2021–22]] edition.<ref name=keralaplayers>{{cite web|date=22 September 2022|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/emami-east-bengal-announced-signing-of-four-players-to-bolster-reserve-squad/article65921436.ece|title=East Bengal signs four players to bolster reserve squad|work=Sportstar|accessdate=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924165623/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/emami-east-bengal-announced-signing-of-four-players-to-bolster-reserve-squad/article65921436.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sooraj|last=Saji|date=21 September 2022|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-east-bengal-sign-jesin-tk-athul-unnikrishnan-muhammed-nishad-p-lijo-l|title=Jesin TK, three other players from Kerala sign for East Bengal|work=Khel Now|accessdate=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924165624/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-east-bengal-sign-jesin-tk-athul-unnikrishnan-muhammed-nishad-p-lijo-l|url-status=live}}</ref> The reserve participated in the [[2022 CFL Premier Division|2022 Calcutta Premier Division]] and finished fourth in the Super Six.<ref>{{cite web|first=Krishanu|last=Mazumder|date=2 November 2022|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/east-bengal-and-mohammedan-sporting-match-ends-in-a-draw-in-kolkata-football-league/|title=সম্মানের 'মিনি ডার্বি' অমীমাংসিত, অপরাজিত থেকেই লিগ জয় মহামেডানের|trans-title=The 'mini derby' of respect is unresolved, Mahamedan wins the league remaining undefeated|language=bn|work=Sangbad Pratidin|access-date=2 November 2022|archive-date=2 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102035902/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/east-bengal-and-mohammedan-sporting-match-ends-in-a-draw-in-kolkata-football-league/|url-status=live}}</ref> The reserve team also participated in the [[2022–23 I-League 2]] along with the reserve teams of other [[Indian Super League]] sides – [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC]], [[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin FC]], [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa]], [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad FC]] and [[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City FC]]. The club also roped in AFC A license holder Archisman Biswas as the assistant coach for the reserve side.<ref name=archisman>{{cite tweet|user=eastbengal_fc|date=8 March 2023|number=1633435155791761409|url=https://twitter.com/eastbengal_fc/status/1633435155791761409|title=Archishman Biswas, who was previously the Head Coach of our U-15 team, has joined our Reserves side as an Assistant Coach.|author=East Bengal FC|accessdate=8 March 2023}}</ref> In the first season, East Bengal reserves side finished third in the group behind [[United SC|United]] and [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]].<ref>{{cite web|date=29 April 2023|url=https://highlandpost.com/second-division-league-lajong-into-final-round-after-pummelling-east-bengal/|title=Second Division League: Lajong into final round after pummelling East Bengal|work=Highland Post|accessdate=30 April 2023|archive-date=30 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430120051/https://highlandpost.com/second-division-league-lajong-into-final-round-after-pummelling-east-bengal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reserve squad==

: The below list contains the names and details of the reserve team squad for East Bengal. Some of the players are also part of the first team squad.
{{updated|25 November 2025}}<ref name=cfl2024eb>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/players/8017/08|title=State Football Competition Squad - East Bengal|work=The AIFF|accessdate=24 July 2024}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%; width:85%;"
|-
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:3%;"|No.
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:23%;"|Name
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:2%;"|{{abbr|Nat.|Nationality}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:3%;"|{{abbr|Pos.|Position}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:21%;"|Date of Birth (Age)
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:18%;"|{{Abbr|Signed From|For "Free players", the last contracted club is mentioned.}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:3%;"|{{Abbr|Signed In|The year when the player signed is mentioned.}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:3%;"|{{Abbr|Contact Ends|When the current contract expires.}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:3%;"|{{abbr|Apps|Total appearances for East Bengal.}}
! style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center; width:3%;"|{{abbr|Goals|Total goals for East Bengal.}}
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#ffcd31; color:#d71a23; text-align:center;"|Goalkeepers
|-
|27
|Aditya Patra ([[Captain (association football)|captain]])
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|4|27}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] || 2022 || 2026 || 29 || 0
|-
|50
|Julfikar Gazi
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2006|5|6}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Bengal Football Academy || 2024 || 2027 || 0 || 0
|-
|95
|Gourab Shaw
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|5|4}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Calcutta Port Trust || 2023 || 2026 || 5 || 0
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Defenders
|-
|54
|Adil Amal
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|1|31}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Mar Athanasius FA || 2022 || 2026 || 14 || 2
|-
|57
|Bathala Sunil
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|8|20}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreenidhi Deccan FC|Sreenidhi Deccan]] || 2024 || 2027 || 7 || 1
|-
|63
|[[Monotosh Chakladar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|4|4}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]] || 2024 || 2026 || 16 || 0
|-
|69
|Sonam Tsewang Lhokham
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2006|11|28}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] || 2025 || 2027 || 2 || 0
|-
|72
|Bikram Pradhan
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|4|2}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]] || 2025 || 2027 || 13 || 0
|-
|85
|Chaku Mandi
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|5|11}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]] || 2024 || 2027 || 18 || 1
|-
|90
|Joseph Justin
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Centre-back|CB]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|10|30}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Parappur FC || 2023 || 2026 || 19 || 0
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#ffcd31; color:#d71a23; text-align:center;" |Midfielders
|-
|30
|Vanlalpeka Guite
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|AM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2006|10|26}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] || 2023 || 2026 || 24 || 7
|-
|54
|Ananthu N. S.
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|AM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|9|20}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Parappur FC || 2024 || 2027 || 12 || 2
|-
|58
|Sanjib Ghosh
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|7|31}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] || 2022 || 2025 || 31 || 1
|-
|61
|Tanmay Das ([[Captain (association football)|vice–captain]])
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2001|5|2}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Railway FC || 2022 || 2027 || 44 || 3
|-
|64
|Naseeb Rahman
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|10|19}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} FC Areacode || 2023 || 2026 || 22 || 3
|-
|66
|Shyamal Besra
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|9|25}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]] || 2022 || 2027 || 27 || 6
|-
|68
|Kush Chhetry
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|11|28}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Muvanlai Athletics || 2023 || 2026 || 10 || 0
|-
|70
|Muhammed K. Ashique
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2004|12|6}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Muthoot FA || 2023 || 2026 || 10 || 2
|-
|71
|Muhammed Roshal P. P.
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|3|8}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Wayanad United || 2023 || 2026 || 20 || 0
|-
|75
|[[Aman C. K.]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|3|19}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] || 2022 || 2026 || 47 || 10
|-
|77
|Sanjoy Oraw
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|CM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|04|12}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Alipore Suruchi Sangha|Suruchi Sangha]] || 2025 || 2028 || 3 || 0
|-
|79
|Abinash Shagolsem
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|AM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2007|7|2}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} FC Mangalore || 2024 || 2027 || 2 || 0
|-
|80
|Ajad Saheem T.
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|AM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|12|15}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]] || 2024 || 2026 || 13 || 1
|-
|81
|Suman Dey
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|LM]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|2|10}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Kasba Samannoy || 2023 || 2026 || 18 || 1
|-
|83
|Koustav Dutta
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|04|18}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]] || 2023 || 2026 || 3 || 0
|-
|84
|[[Sayan Banerjee]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|LW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|01|14}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]] || 2023 || 2026 || 44 || 11
|-
|87
|Bijay Murmu
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Midfielder|RW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|12|2}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]] || 2024 || 2027 || 11 || 0
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#d71a23; color:#ffcd31; text-align:center;"|Forwards
|-
|52
|Debojit Roy
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2007|11|26}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} East Bengal U-17 || 2024 || 2029 || 1 || 0
|-
|55
|Muhammed Ashiq S
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Kerala United || 2025 || 2026 || 4 || 1
|-
|56
|Monotos Maji
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|9|13}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]] || 2025 || 2027 || 5 || 2
|-
|59
|[[Jesin TK]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|2|19}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]] || 2022 || 2026 || 46 || 26
|-
|73
|Anthony Andrews
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|[[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{Birth date and age|df=yes|2005|12|24}}
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} SAI Centre Kollam || 2022 || 2026 || 1 || 0
|-
|}

==Coaching staff==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1" style="background:Red; color:Gold; text-align:center;" | Role
!colspan="1" style="background:Gold; color:Red; text-align:center;" | Name
|-
|Head coach
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bino George]]
|-
|Assistant coach
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Archisman Biswas
|-
|Assistant coach
|align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Barun Sengupta
|-
|Goalkeeper coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sangram Mukherjee]]
|-
|Physiotherapist
|{{flagicon|IND}} MD Shakil
|-
| Head of Performance & Video Analyst
| align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Aromal Vijayan
|-
|Team manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Pratim K. Saha
|}

==Under-21==
The East Bengal U-21 team participates in the [[Reliance Foundation Development League]], the national U-21 tournament from [[2023 Reliance Foundation Development League|2023]].<ref>{{cite web|date=11 March 2023|url=https://www.eaajkaal.in/epaperdetails/index/cbaad144-2f500f30-2cc4b933|title=বড় ম্যাচ সম্ভাবত ২৩ মার্চ|trans-title=Derby most probably on 23rd March|language=bn|work=Aajkal|accessdate=11 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311070320/https://www.eaajkaal.in/epaperdetails/index/cbaad144-2f500f30-2cc4b933|archive-date=11 March 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2022 |title=All you need to know about the RF Development League 2022 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/reliance-foundation-rf-development-league-fixtures-schedule-venue-teams |access-date=27 February 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415172422/https://khelnow.com/football/reliance-foundation-rf-development-league-fixtures-schedule-venue-teams |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven Hero ISL clubs to join RFYC in inaugural Reliance Foundation Development League from April 15 |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/seven-hero-isl-clubs-to-join-rfyc-in-inaugural-reliance-foundation-development-league-from-april-15 |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Indian Super League |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815170944/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/seven-hero-isl-clubs-to-join-rfyc-in-inaugural-reliance-foundation-development-league-from-april-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> The reserve team head coach [[Bino George]] has been in charge of the U-21 squad.<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|date=13 March 2023|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/east-bengal-fc-announce-their-reliance-foundation-developmental-league-squad/|title=East Bengal FC announce their Reliance Foundation Developmental League squad!|work=ArunFoot.com|accessdate=14 March 2023|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314161434/https://www.arunfoot.com/east-bengal-fc-announce-their-reliance-foundation-developmental-league-squad/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 March 2024, in the first RFDL game, East Bengal defeated [[United SC]].<ref>{{cite tweet|user=eastbengal_fc|author=East Bengal FC|date=14 March 2023|number=1635609099986702336|url=https://twitter.com/eastbengal_fc/status/1635609099986702336|title=𝐀 𝐕𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐈𝐍 𝐎𝐔𝐑 𝐌𝐀𝐈𝐃𝐄𝐍 #𝐑𝐅𝐃𝐋 𝐆𝐀𝐌𝐄! |work=East Bengal FC|accessdate=14 March 2023}}</ref> On 21 April 2023, East Bengal defeated arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan U-21]] 2–0 to become the East zone champions and qualify for the national group stage in their very first season in the RFDL.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 April 2023|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/east-bengal-beats-mohun-bagan-in-rfdl-dgtl/cid/1424196|title=অবশেষে ডার্বি জয় ইস্টবেঙ্গলের, যুব লিগে মোহনবাগানকে হারিয়ে শীর্ষে লাল-হলুদ|trans-title=Finally a derby win for East Bengal, red-yellow at the top after defeating Mohun Bagan in the youth league|language=bn|work=Anandabazar Patrika|accessdate=23 April 2023|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422203724/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/east-bengal-beats-mohun-bagan-in-rfdl-dgtl/cid/1424196|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2023|first=Sayantan|last=Guha|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-rf-development-league-stars-kush-chhetry-muhammed-roshal-stay-east-bengal-multi-year-contracts|title=RF Development League stars Kush Chhetry and Muhammed Roshal set to stay at East Bengal on multi-year contracts|work=Sportskeeda|accessdate=23 April 2023|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422203724/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-rf-development-league-stars-kush-chhetry-muhammed-roshal-stay-east-bengal-multi-year-contracts|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal finished second in the national group stage and ended their maiden campaign.<ref name=RFDL2023NG>{{cite web|date=5 May 2023|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-05-rfyc-qualify-for-rfdl-championship|title=RFYC qualify for RFDL Championship in style, East Bengal defeat Mumbai|work=Khel Now|accessdate=19 April 2024}}</ref> In [[2024 Reliance Foundation Development League|2024]], East Bengal once again became the East Zone champions,<ref>{{cite web|date=28 March 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/eb-qualify-for-rfdl-national-round/articleshow/108831798.cms|title=EB qualify for RFDL national round|work=The Times of India|accessdate=19 April 2024}}</ref> and finished runner-up in the 2024 RFDL losing 3–2 in the final against [[Punjab FC|Punjab]].<ref name=rfdl2024/> East Bengal U-21 qualified for the [[Next Generation Cup|2024 Next Gen Cup]] to be held in [[Birmingham]], [[United Kingdom]] along with Punjab and Muthoot FA from India.<ref name=nextgen2024>{{cite web|date=10 July 2024|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-punjab-fc-in-next-generation-cup-2024-with-tottenham-everton-aston-villa-indian-football/article68389187.ece|title=Next Generation Cup 2024: East Bengal, Punjab FC reserves to compete alongside four Premier League youth sides|work=Sportstar|accessdate=25 July 2024}}</ref>

===Squad===
<onlyinclude>
East Bengal squad for the Reliance Foundation Development League 2024.
{{updated|14 April 2024}}<ref name=U21EB2023>{{cite tweet|user=eastbengal_fc|author=East Bengal FC|date=13 March 2023|number=1635235732934791170|url=https://twitter.com/eastbengal_fc/status/1635235732934791170|title=Here's the 40-member squad that has been registered for the tournament. |work=East Bengal FC|accessdate=14 March 2023}}</ref>
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Rohit Goyat|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Prajjal Saha|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Debojit Roy|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Prabhsukhan Singh Gill]]|other=U-23}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Vanlalpeka Guite|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=35|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Gurnaj Singh Grewal|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=40|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Tingku Kangujam|other=U-23}}
{{Fs player|no=53|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Arpan Polley|other=U-23}}
{{Fs player|no=54|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Adil Amal|other=U-23}}
{{Fs player|no=61|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Tanmay Das|other=U-23}}
{{Fs player|no=62|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Aman C. K.]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=63|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Muhammed Roshal P P|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=64|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Naseeb Rahman|other=U-23}}
{{Fs player|no=65|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Rahul Naskar|other=U-23}}
{{Fs player|no=66|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Shyamal Besra|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=67|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Sourav Biswas|other=U-23}}
{{Fs player|no=70|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Avishek Kunjam|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=73|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Razibul Mistry|other=}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=74|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Bunando Singh Khangembam|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=75|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Ranit Sarkar|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=80|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Malsawmtluanga Hrasel|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=81|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Suman Dey|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=82|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Vishnu Puthiya Valappill|Vishnu P. V.]]|other=U-23}}
{{Fs player|no=84|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Sayan Banerjee]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=85|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Nayan Tudu|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=86|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Tuhin Paul|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=87|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Faizan Waheed|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=88|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Abhishek Baxla|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=89|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Muhammed Musharaf|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=90|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Joseph Justin|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=92|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Naorem Borish Singh|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=93|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Priyoka Thounaojam|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=94|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Manabir Basumatary|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=95|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Gourab Shaw|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=96|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Chabungbam Linky Meitei|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=97|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Kartick Oraon|other=}}
{{Fs end}}

===Performance record===
{{updated|28 January 2026}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:75%;"
|colspan="14"|'''Performance of East Bengal Academy in [[Reliance Foundation Development League]]'''
|-
!style="text-align:center; width:"5%";"|Year
!style="text-align:center; width:"15%";"|Regional Qualifiers
!style="text-align:center; width:"15%";"|Zonal Group Stage
!style="text-align:center; width:"15%";"|National Group Stage
!style="text-align:center; width:"15%";"|National Championship
!style="text-align:center; width:"15%";"|[[Next Generation Cup|Next Gen Cup]]
!style="text-align:center; width:"5%";"|Ref
|-
| [[2022 Reliance Foundation Development League|2022]]
| colspan=5| Did not participate
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Seven Hero ISL clubs to join RFYC in inaugural Reliance Foundation Development League from April 15|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/seven-hero-isl-clubs-to-join-rfyc-in-inaugural-reliance-foundation-development-league-from-april-15|date=7 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[2023 Reliance Foundation Development League|2023]]
| {{sort dash}}
| bgcolor=gold| Champions
| 2nd
| Did not qualify
| Did not qualify
| <ref>{{cite tweet|user=RFYouthSports|author=RF Youth Sports|date=8 May 2023|number=1655549155480317952|url=https://twitter.com/RFYouthSports/status/1655549155480317952|title=3️⃣8️⃣ matches, 1️⃣3️⃣5️⃣ goals & ♾ moments later 4️⃣ teams have made it through |accessdate=17 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[2024 Reliance Foundation Development League|2024]]
| {{sort dash}}
| bgcolor=gold| Champions
| bgcolor=gold| Champions
| bgcolor=silver| Runner-up
| 8th
| <ref name=rfdl2024>{{cite web|date=18 May 2024|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/former-mohun-bagan-coach-helps-punjab-beat-east-bengal-to-win-national-youth-championship-rfdl-2023-24/article68190849.ece|title=Punjab FC beats East Bengal to lift maiden RFDL National Youth Championship 2023-24|work=Sportstar|accessdate=28 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[2025 Reliance Foundation Development League|2025]]
| 2nd
| bgcolor=gold| Champions
| 6th
| Did not qualify
| Did not qualify
| <ref name=rfdl2024>{{cite web|date=18 May 2024|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/former-mohun-bagan-coach-helps-punjab-beat-east-bengal-to-win-national-youth-championship-rfdl-2023-24/article68190849.ece|title=Punjab FC beats East Bengal to lift maiden RFDL National Youth Championship 2023-24|work=Sportstar|accessdate=28 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[2026 Reliance Foundation Development League|2026]]
| bgcolor=gold| Champions
| 2nd
| ''to be decided''
| ''to be decided''
| ''to be decided''
| <ref name=rfdl2026>{{cite web|date=28 January 2026|url=https://www.rfyouthsports.com/football/rfdl/standings|title=Reliance Football Development League|work=RF Youth Sports|accessdate=28 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Under-18==
The under-18 team participates in the [[Youth League (India)|U17 Youth Cup]]. The team is coached by former East Bengal captain [[Tarun Dey]].<ref name=U17EB2022>{{cite tweet|user=eastbengal_fc|author=East Bengal FC|date=19 December 2022|number=1604809486837116930|url=https://twitter.com/eastbengal_fc/status/1604809486837116930|title=The following 22 players will represent Emami East Bengal FC in the upcoming AIFF Elite Youth League.|work=East Bengal FC|accessdate=19 December 2022}}</ref>

The [[National Football League (Under-19)|National Football League U-19]] was launched in 2001 and the East Bengal U-19 team won the inaugural edition defeating India sub-juniors 3–2 in the final.<ref name=nflu19final01/> The U-19 team defended the title the following year as they defeated [[JCT Football Academy]] 1–0 in the final.<ref name=nflu19final02/> The team also finished runners-up in the 2003–04 edition as they lost to their rivals [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan U-19]] 3–1 in the penalty shoot-out after the final ended 0–0 in regulation time.<ref name=u19nfl/> After the tournament was restarted as the [[I-League U19]] in 2008 and later renamed to [[Elite League (India)|Elite League]], the East Bengal team became runners-up four times, failing to win to the title. In 2022, the tournament was redesigned as a U-17 category, after not being held for two seasons due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=YC2022/> In 2024, the team clinched Kolkata leg of the [[Dream11|Dream Sports]] Championship title defeating United SC in final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iftwc.com/dream-sports-championship-ebfc-qualify-for-nat-final/|title=Dream Sports Championship 2024 – Kolkata Leg witnesses Penalty shootout drama as East Bengal qualifies for National Final|website=iftwc.com|publisher=Indian Football Team for World Cup|date=7 April 2024|access-date=7 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407154414/https://iftwc.com/dream-sports-championship-ebfc-qualify-for-nat-final/|archive-date=7 April 2024|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

===Squad===
<onlyinclude>
The East Bengal Under-17 squad for 2023-24 season<ref name=U17EB2023>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/players/8017/3|title=Hero Elite League Squad - East Bengal FC|work=The AIFF|accessdate=18 December 2023}}</ref>
{{updated|28 January 2026}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Aniket Kar|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=MD Yusuf|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Prajjal Saha|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Haru Roy|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ajay Sahani|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Mohammed Yasin|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Raj Jyoti Majhi|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Debojit Roy|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sumit Durlov|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Ashish Roy|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Pradip Mishra|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Md Afjal|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sujoy Pal|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Mainak Saha|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Roktim Jana|other=}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Dipu Sardar|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Nababrata Baul Das|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Naorem Ibungo Singh|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Salman Dewan|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Debobrato Roy Choudhary|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ranit Mondal|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Sk Riyajul Islam|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Alfred Lalrinpuia|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Kartik Hansda|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Deep Barman|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Gopal Das|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=35|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Gunraj Singh Grewal|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=55|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Sutirtha Das|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=99|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Koushik Chhatui|other=}}
{{Fs end}}

=== Coaching staff ===
As of 18 December 2023
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="1" style="background:Red; color:Gold; text-align:center;" | Role
!colspan="1" style="background:Gold; color:Red; text-align:center;" | Name
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Barun Sengupta
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Hirak Saha
|-
|Physiotherapist
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ankan Roy Chowdhury
|-
|Team manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aritra Dutta
|-
|Assistant team manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Arun Kumar Jaiswal
|-
|}

===Performance record===
{{updated|15 January 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:40%;"
|colspan="14"|'''Performance of East Bengal Academy in Youth Leagues'''
|-
!style="text-align:center; width:"5%";"|Year
!style="text-align:center; width:"15%";"|Tournament
!style="text-align:center; width:"15%";"|Final Position
!style="text-align:center; width:"5%";"|Ref
|-
|2001||[[National Football League (Under-19)|National Football League U-19]] ||bgcolor="gold"| '''Champions''' ||<ref name=u19nfl/><ref name=nflu19final01>{{cite web|date=16 Oct 2001|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2001/oct/16soc.htm|title=E Bengal win under-19 National League|work=Rediff|accessdate=5 Sep 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905084808/https://www.rediff.com/sports/2001/oct/16soc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2002–03||National Football League U-19 ||bgcolor="gold"| '''Champions''' ||<ref name=u19nfl/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/nflu1903.htm|title=National Football League (under 19) 2002-2003|work=Rediff|accessdate=5 Sep 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624193127/https://www.rediff.com/sports/nflu1903.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nflu19final02>{{cite web|date=2 Jun 2003|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/jun/02nfl.htm|title=East Bengal win under-19 NFL|work=Rediff|accessdate=5 Sep 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905084807/https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/jun/02nfl.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2003–04||National Football League U-19||''Not Held''||<ref name=u19nfl/>
|-
|2004–05||National Football League U-19||bgcolor="silver"| '''Runners-up''' ||<ref name=u19nfl/>
|-
|2005–07||National Football League U-19||''Not Held''||<ref name=u19nfl/>
|-
|[[2008 I-League U19|2008]]||[[I-League U19]]||Quarter-Finals||<ref name=u19il08>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2008-09ilj.html|title=I-League (under-19) 2008/09|work=indianfootball.de|accessdate=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718223024/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2008-09ilj.html|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2009||I-League U19||''Not Held''||
|-
|[[2010 I-League U19|2010]]||I-League U19||bgcolor="silver"| '''Runners-up''' ||<ref name=u20il2010>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/may7_2010.html#u-19_ileague|title=Sporting Goa win U-19 ONGC I-League title|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711123552/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/may7_2010.html|access-date=24 January 2014|website=kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011 I-League U19|2011]]||I-League U19 ||bgcolor="silver"| '''Runners-up''' ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/jct-wins-u19-ileague-title/article2135068.ece|title=JCT wins u-19 I-League title|date=26 June 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=11 August 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812024103/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/jct-wins-u19-ileague-title/article2135068.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2012 I-League U20|2012]]||[[I-League U19|I-League U-20]]||Group Stages||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/index.php?tournamentdetail=91 |title=The AIFF |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411200515/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/index.php?tournamentdetail=91 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
|-
|[[2013 I-League U20|2013]]||I-League U-20||Final Round||<ref>{{cite web|title=Under-20 I-League: Defending champs Pune FC in Group-A|url=http://punefc.com/?news=under-20-i-league-defending-champs-pune-fc-in-group-a|work=Pune F.C.|accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 I-League U19|2014]]||I-League U19 ||bgcolor="silver"| '''Runners-up''' ||<ref name=u19il2014>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=13213|title=Tata Academy Win U-19 I-League|access-date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429210006/http://i-league.org/?p=13213|archive-date=29 April 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014–15 I-League U19|2014–15]]||I-League U19||Group Stages||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/u-19-i-league-kolkata-zone-finalists-confirmed/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118183737/http://i-league.org/u-19-i-league-kolkata-zone-finalists-confirmed/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 January 2015 |title=U-19 I-League Kolkata zone finalists confirmed |date=8 January 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|[[2015–16 I-League U18|2015–16]]||[[I-League U18|I-League U-18]]||Final Round||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/u18-news/aiff-elite-academy-triumph-the-inaugural-edition-of-u-18-i-league/|title=AIFF Elite Academy Triumph The Inaugural Edition of U-18 I-League|date=10 February 2016|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130124957/http://i-league.org/u18-news/aiff-elite-academy-triumph-the-inaugural-edition-of-u-18-i-league/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2016–17 I-League U18|2016–17]]||I-League U-18 ||bgcolor="silver"| '''Runners-up''' ||<ref name=u18il2017>{{cite web|date=7 May 2017|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/aiff-elite-academy-beats-east-bengal-to-clinch-u-18-i-league-title/article18404602.ece|title=AIFF Elite Academy beats East Bengal to clinch U-18 I-League title|work=Sportstar|accessdate=19 December 2022|archive-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219124910/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/aiff-elite-academy-beats-east-bengal-to-clinch-u-18-i-league-title/article18404602.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017–18 Youth League U18|2017–18]]||[[Youth League U18|Youth League U-18]]||Semi-Finals||<ref name=u18il2018/>
|-
|[[2018–19 Indian Elite League|2018–19]]||[[Elite League (India)|Elite League U-18]]||Quarter-Finals||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/u-18-youth-league-shillong-lajong-beat-kerala-blasters-to/1hamj9m9bptqf18b5ldaw27lif|title=U-18 Youth League: Shillong Lajong beat Kerala Blasters to win title|date=26 May 2018|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231194107/https://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/u-18-youth-league-shillong-lajong-beat-kerala-blasters-to/1hamj9m9bptqf18b5ldaw27lif|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019–20 Indian Elite League|2019–20]]||Elite League U-18||Abandoned {{efn|League called-off due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="IL Cancel"/>}}||<ref name="IL Cancel">{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/league-committee-sends-its-recommendations-to-the-aiff-executive-committee/|title=League Committee sends its recommendations to the AIFF Executive Committee|work=I-League|accessdate=23 April 2020|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627184725/https://i-league.org/league-committee-sends-its-recommendations-to-the-aiff-executive-committee/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2020–22||Elite League U-18||''Not Held''||<ref name=YC2022>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23|title=49 teams to participate in AIFF Elite Youth League 2022-23|publisher=AIFF|date=7 December 2022|access-date=7 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208054612/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/49-teams-to-participate-in-aiff-elite-youth-league-2022-23|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2022–23 Indian Elite League|2022–23]]||[[Elite League (India)|U17 Youth Cup]] ||Group Stages||<ref name=YC2223>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=3&month=0&year=2022|title=HERO U-17 Youth Cup 2022-23|work=AIFF|accessdate=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227132746/https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=3&month=0&year=2022|archive-date=27 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023–24 Indian Elite League|2023–24]]||[[Elite League (India)|U-17 Youth League]] ||''Disqualified {{efn|East Bengal was disqualified after fielding an overaged player in the league.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 January 2024|url=https://thebridge.in/football/indian-super-league/east-bengal/east-bengal-suspended-from-aiff-youth-league-age-fraud-46264|title=East Bengal FC suspended from the AIFF U17 Youth League for age fraud|work=The Bridge|accessdate=19 April 2024}}</ref>}}''||<ref name=YC2324>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=3&month=0&year=2022|title=HERO U-17 Youth Cup 2022-23|work=AIFF|accessdate=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227132746/https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=3&month=0&year=2022|archive-date=27 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024–25 Indian Youth League|2024–25]]||[[Elite League (India)|U-17 Youth League]] ||Group Stages||<ref name=YC2425>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=3&month=0&year=2022|title=HERO U-17 Youth Cup 2022-23|work=AIFF|accessdate=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227132746/https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=3&month=0&year=2022|archive-date=27 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2025–26 Indian Youth League|2025–26]]||Elite League U-18||''Group Stages''||<ref name=YC2526>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=3&month=0&year=2022|title=HERO U-17 Youth Cup 2022-23|work=AIFF|accessdate=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227132746/https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=3&month=0&year=2022|archive-date=27 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

==Under-15==
The under-15 team participates in the Elite Youth League. The team is coached by Chandan Kumar Ray.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastbengalclub.co.in/u15.html|title=EAST BENGAL U-15 FOOTBALL TEAM|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=27 July 2019|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726191154/https://eastbengalclub.co.in/u15.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Squad ===
The East Bengal Academy Under-15 squad for 2019–20 season
{{updated|26 July 2019}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=|name=Firaz Molla|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=|name=Avigit Hansda|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=|name=Susobhan Naskar|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=|name=Shafik Sk.|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=|name=Sagar Porel|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=|name=Shib Sundar Tudu|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=|name=Akhay Dey|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=|name=Chiranjit Ghosh|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=|name=Kinkar Golui|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=|name=Rupam Biswas|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=|name=Jit Halder|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=|name=Soumyadip Jyoti|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=|name=Sagnik Ray|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=|name=Toufik Islam|other=}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=|name=Argha Manna|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=|name=Rohit Singh|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=|name=Tohit Laskar|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=|name=Baburam Mandi|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=|name=Ajibur Rahaman Molla|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=|name=Tritam Lodh|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=|name=Rajkumar Kisku|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=|name=Silton Bhattacharjee|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=|name=Ayan Das|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=|name=Mohammad Taha Tanvir|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=|name=Barun Sarma|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=|name=Sattwick Mandal|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=|name=Preetam Roy|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=|name=Kaioum Ali|other=}}
{{Fs end}}

===Performance record===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:45%;"
|colspan="3"|'''Performance of East Bengal Academy in U-15 Youth Leagues'''
|-
!style="text-align:center; width:"5%";"|Year
!style="text-align:center; width:"20%";"|Tournament
!style="text-align:center; width:"20%";"|Final Position
|-
|2005-06||[[Manchester United Premier Cup|U-15 Nike Premier Cup]]||bgcolor=silver|Runners<ref>{{cite web|first=Sunit|last=Kaul|date=5 August 2006|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mohun-bagan-to-take-on-man-united/story-LRPCJdHm68qmfmRxTuLFnI.html|title=Mohun Bagan to take on Man United!|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=12 January 2021|archive-date=14 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114080438/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mohun-bagan-to-take-on-man-united/story-LRPCJdHm68qmfmRxTuLFnI.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2006-07||[[Manchester United Premier Cup|U-15 Nike Premier Cup]]||bgcolor=gold|'''Champions'''<ref name=Nike07/>
|-
|2015-16||U-15 Nike Premier Cup||Zonal Round
|-
|2016-17||U-15 Nike Premier Cup||Zonal Round
|-
|2017-18||U-15 Nike Premier Cup||National Finals<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/16-teams-to-compete-in-nike-premier-cup-2018-national-finals/|title=16 Teams To Compete In Nike Premier Cup 2018 National Finals|work=I-League|accessdate=27 July 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727142024/https://i-league.org/16-teams-to-compete-in-nike-premier-cup-2018-national-finals/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-
|2018-19||U-15 Hero Junior League||National Playoffs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/points-table/u-15-youth-league/|title=Points Table: Hero Jr. League|work=I-League|accessdate=27 July 2019|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820190955/https://i-league.org/points-table/u-15-youth-league/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019-20
|U-15 Hero Junior League
|Disqualified (League called-off due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]])
|}

====Matches at the 2007 [[Manchester United Premier Cup|Nike Premier Cup]]====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
|date= 1 August 2007
|round=Group stage
|time= 09:30 [[British Summer Time|BST]]
|team1=[[Manchester United F.C. Reserves and Academy|Manchester United U15]]
|score= 5–0<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/man-united-pounds-hapless-east-bengal-5-0-in-mupc-opener/492589|title=Man United pounds hapless East Bengal 5-0 in MUPC opener|work=Outlook India|accessdate=26 April 2020|archive-date=31 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731182442/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/haryana-2-groups-clash-in-nuh-during-religious-procession-stones-pelted-and-vehicles-burnt-news-307075|url-status=live}}</ref>
|report = [https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/man-united-pounds-hapless-east-bengal-5-0-in-mupc-opener/492589 Report]
|team2=East Bengal U15
|goals1= Nicholas Jackson {{goal|11}} David Mellor {{goal|17||28||38}} Rory Gorman {{goal|20}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Manchester]]
|stadium= [[Trafford Training Centre|Carrington]]
|attendance=
|result= L
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 1 August 2007
|round=Group stage
|time= 14:30 [[British Summer Time|BST]]
|team1=[[Shandong Luneng Taishan F.C.|Shandong Luneng U15]]
|score= 3–0<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-colts-beaten-twice-in-a-day/cid/1607793|title=East Bengal colts beaten twice in a day|work=The Telegraph India|accessdate=26 April 2020|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507205729/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-colts-beaten-twice-in-a-day/cid/1607793|url-status=live}}</ref>
|report = [https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-colts-beaten-twice-in-a-day/cid/1607793 Report]
|team2=East Bengal U15
|goals1= ?? {{goal|}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Manchester]]
|stadium= [[Trafford Training Centre|Carrington]]
|attendance=
|result= L
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 2 August 2007
|round=Group stage
|time= 09:30 [[British Summer Time|BST]]
|team1=[[FK Austria Wien|FK Austria Wien U15]]
|score= 2–0<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/east-bengal-face-third-straight-defeat-in-mupc/492809|title=East Bengal face third straight defeat in MUPC|work=Outlook India|accessdate=26 April 2020|archive-date=31 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731182501/https://www.outlookindia.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|report = [https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/east-bengal-face-third-straight-defeat-in-mupc/492809 Report]
|team2=East Bengal U15
|goals1= David {{goal|11}} Christoph {{goal|15}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Manchester]]
|stadium= [[Trafford Training Centre|Carrington]]
|attendance=
|result= L
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 2 August 2007
|round=Group stage
|time= 15:30 [[British Summer Time|BST]]
|team1=[[A.S. Roma Youth Sector|AS Roma U15]]
|score= 2–0<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/aug/02eb.htm|title=East Bengal sink to fourth defeat|work=Rediff Sports|accessdate=26 April 2020|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507205732/https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/aug/02eb.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|report = [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/aug/02eb.htm Report]
|team2=East Bengal U15
|goals1= [[Mattia Montini]] {{goal|2||42}}
|goals2=
|location= [[Manchester]]
|stadium= [[Trafford Training Centre|Carrington]]
|attendance=
|result= L
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 3 August 2007
|round=17-20th Semi Final
|time= 09:30 [[British Summer Time|BST]]
|team1=East Bengal U15
|score= 3–1<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/aug/03eb.htm|title=East Bengal finally taste victory|work=Rediff Sports|accessdate=26 April 2020|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507205734/https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/aug/03eb.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|report = [https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/aug/03eb.htm Report]
|team2=Bukit Jalil U15
|goals1= Suprovan Dhar {{goal|4}} Ajoy Ray {{goal|7||20}}
|goals2= Fouzan {{goal|30}}
|location= [[Manchester]]
|stadium= [[Trafford Training Centre|Carrington]]
|attendance=
|result= W
|motm=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date= 3 August 2007
|round=17-20th Final
|time= 11:30 [[British Summer Time|BST]]
|team1=East Bengal U15
|score= 0–0<ref name="MUPC18">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/east-bengal-finish-18th-at-mupc-after-final-defeat/493207|title=East Bengal finish 18th at MUPC after final defeat|work=Outlook India|accessdate=26 April 2020|archive-date=31 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731182429/https://www.outlookindia.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|report = [https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/east-bengal-finish-18th-at-mupc-after-final-defeat/493207 Report]
|team2=[[Central United F.C.|Central United U15]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|penaltyscore= 3–5
|penalties1=
*Rakesh Roy {{pengoal}}
*Supravan Dhar{{pengoal}}
*Joydeb Chakraborty {{pengoal}}
*Pintu Dutta{{penmiss}}
|penalties2=
*{{pengoal}}
*{{pengoal}}
*{{pengoal}}
*{{pengoal}}
*{{pengoal}}
|location= [[Manchester]]
|stadium= [[Trafford Training Centre|Carrington]]
|attendance=
|result= D
|motm=
|referee=
}}

==Under–13==
The under–13 team participates in the Elite Youth League. The team is coached by Suraj Singh Bisht.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastbengalclub.co.in/u13.html|title=EAST BENGAL U-13 FOOTBALL TEAM|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=27 July 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727091603/https://eastbengalclub.co.in/u13.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Squad===
The East Bengal Under–13 squad for the 2023–24 season
{{updated|20 April 2024}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Sayan Sarkar|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Sk Samim|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Ayush Ghosh|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Koustav Das|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Raj Limbu|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Sanjit Sardar|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Sisir Sarkar|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Arnab Halder|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Abhara Dey|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Rimo Saha|other=}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Jeet Samanta|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Raktiam Roy|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Dipak Mondal|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sayan Paik|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Bijay Bala|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Anuruddha Das|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ranajit Ghosh|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Saptadeep Das|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Manab Marjit|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Chand Khatrapal|other=}}
{{Fs end}}

===Performance record===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:65%;"
|colspan="7"|'''Performance of SC East Bengal Academy in U-13 Youth Leagues'''
|-
!style="text-align:center; width:"5%";"|Year
!style="text-align:center; width:"25%";"|Tournament
!style="text-align:center; width:"15%";"|Zonal Round
!style="text-align:center; width:"10%";"|National Finals
!style="text-align:center; width:"10%";"|Top Scorer
!style="text-align:center; width:"5%";"|Goals
!style="text-align:center; width:"5%";"|Ref
|-
|2017–18||U-13 Hero Sub Junior League||4th||Did not qualify||Souvik Dari Jit Sarkar||2||
|-
|2018–19||U-13 Hero Sub Junior League||2nd||Did not qualify||Rajibul Halder||3||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/u-13-youth-league/|title=Points Table: Hero Sub. Jr. League|work=I-League|accessdate=27 July 2019|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909151627/https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/u-13-youth-league/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019–20||U-13 Hero Sub Junior League||colspan=2|League called-off due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]||Avijit Kotal||3||
|-
|2023–24||U-13 Sub Junior Youth League||bgcolor=gold|Champions||To be decided||Sisir Sarkar||12||
|-
|}

==Noted graduates==
===Those who made it at the club===

East Bengal's youth system has been successful over the last few years; many players who have come through it have gone on to feature in the first-team. The following players have risen up the ranks from the under age teams and gone on to play over ten competitive matches for the first team.

:Players who have represented the [[Indian national football team|National team]] are in '''Bold'''.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=20%}}
'''2000s'''
* {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Anupam Sarkar]]'''
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kingshuk Debnath]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Priyant Singh]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Saikat Saha Roy
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gouranga Biswas]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Budhiram Tudu
* {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]'''
{{col-break|width=20%}}
'''2010s'''
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhinas Ruidas]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Seiminlen Doungel]]'''
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jiten Murmu]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|'''Mehtab Singh''']]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prakash Sarkar]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manoj Mohammed]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bidyashagar Singh]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[PC Rohlupuia]]
{{col-break|width=80%}}
'''2020s'''
[[File:Gurpreet Singh.jpg|150px|thumb|right|alt=|Gurpreet Singh Sandhu playing for East Bengal senior team]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankit Mukherjee]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hira Mondal]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Dip Saha

{{col-end}}

=== Those who made it elsewhere ===
East Bengal FC academy graduates who didn't make it at the club but made it somewhere else and even went on to play for the national team:

:Players who have represented the [[Indian national football team|National team]] are in '''Bold'''.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=20%}}
'''2000s'''
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arup Debnath]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Israil Gurung]]
{{col-break|width=20%}}
'''2010s'''
* {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Milan Singh]]'''
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pankaj Moula]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankit Mukherjee]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rafique Ali Sardar]]
{{col-break|width=60%}}
'''2020s'''
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Telem Suranjit Singh]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Salam Johnson Singh
* {{flagicon|IND}} Bikash Singh Sagolshem
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saurav Mandal]]
{{col-end}}

==Honours==
===Reserves===
* [[Darjeeling Gold Cup]] (1): {{Gold01}} 2018<ref name=DGC18/>
* Madhyamgram MLA Cup (1): {{Gold01}} 2023<ref name=mlacup23>{{cite web|date=15 January 2023|url=https://www.sportsnscreen.com/bn/sports/east-bengal-beat-barasat-in-mla-cup-final|title=East Bengal: দুরন্ত জয়! এমএলএ কাপ ফাইনালে বারাসাত'কে উড়িয়ে দিল ইস্টবেস্টল|trans-title=East Bengal: A stunning victory! East Bengal beat Barasat in MLA Cup final|language=bn|work=Sports n Screen|accessdate=15 January 2023|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115165258/https://www.sportsnscreen.com/bn/sports/east-bengal-beat-barasat-in-mla-cup-final|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Kulodakanta Memorial Shield (1): {{Gold01}} 2023<ref name=kkshieldcup23>{{cite web|date=23 December 2023|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/sports/other-sports/east-bangal-wins-the-kulada-kanta-shield-participating-after-50-years/wb20231223195851061061633|title=90 বছরের প্রাচীন কুলদাকান্ত শিল্ড ঘরে এল ইস্টবেঙ্গলের|trans-title=90 year old Kulodakanta Shield comes home to East Bengal|language=bn|work=ETV Bharat|accessdate=24 December 2023}}</ref>
* [[Chief Minister's Cup 2024|Chief Minister's Cup]] (1): {{Silver02}} 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohun Bagan SG clinch derby honours in Lucknow clash of titans |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/mohun-bagan-sg-clinch-derby-honours-in-lucknow-clash-of-titans#:~:text=LUCKNOW:%20Mohun%20Bagan%20emerged%20victorious,Singh%20Babu%20Stadium%20in%20Lucknow. |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
* Dream Sports Championship runners-up: 2024<ref>{{cite news|url=https://rgpunjabfc.com/undefeated-punjab-fc-crowned-champions-of-dream-sports-championship/|title=Undefeated Punjab FC Crowned Champions of Dream Sports Championship|website=rgpunjabfc.com|date=10 June 2024|access-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114130918/https://rgpunjabfc.com/undefeated-punjab-fc-crowned-champions-of-dream-sports-championship/|archive-date=14 January 2025}}</ref>

===Academy U18===
*[[IFA Shield]]{{efn-ua|Under-19 Tournament from 2015–2018}} '''(1)''': {{Gold01}} [[2018 IFA Shield|2018]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/ifa-shield-2018-final-east-bengal-mohun-bagan/j6y20z37bjfl1sis75e18br1b|title=IFA Shield 2018 Final: East Bengal beat arch-rivals Mohun Bagan to be crowned champions|work=Goal.com|accessdate=27 July 2019|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726200712/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/ifa-shield-2018-final-east-bengal-mohun-bagan/j6y20z37bjfl1sis75e18br1b|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-beat-mohun-bagan-4-2-to-lift-u-19-ifa-shield/articleshow/65058554.cms|title=East Bengal beat Mohun Bagan 4-2 to lift U-19 IFA Shield|work=Times of India|accessdate=27 July 2019|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810221703/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-beat-mohun-bagan-4-2-to-lift-u-19-ifa-shield/articleshow/65058554.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[National Football League (Under-19)|National Football League U-19]] '''(2)''': {{Gold01}} 2001, {{Gold01}} 2002–03<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chaudhuri|first=Arunava|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nflj.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the National Football League (under-19)|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|date=2008|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503074956/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nflj.html|archive-date=3 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Elite League (India)|AIFF Youth Leagues]] ({{small|Runners up}}) '''(4)''': {{Gold01}} [[2010 I-League U19|2010]],<ref name=u20il2010/> {{Gold01}} [[2011 I-League U19|2011]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/jct-management-honour-u-19-i-league-champions|title=JCT Management Honour U-19 I-League Champions!|work=Sportskeeda|accessdate=27 July 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727090218/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/jct-management-honour-u-19-i-league-champions|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Gold01}} [[2014 I-League U19|2014]],<ref name=u19il2014/> {{Gold01}} [[2016–17 I-League U18|2016-17]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/aiff-academy-beat-east-bengal-to-clinch-u-18-i-league-title/|title=AIFF Academy Beat East Bengal To Clinch U-18 I-League Title|work=I-League|accessdate=27 July 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727090219/https://i-league.org/aiff-academy-beat-east-bengal-to-clinch-u-18-i-league-title/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Zee Bangla Football League (U-19) '''(1)''': {{Gold01}} 2019({{small|'''Joint Winners'''}})
*SRMB Cup (U-18) '''(1)''': {{Gold01}} 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastbengalclub.com/news/details/qeb-u18-lifts-srmb-cup|title=QEB U-18 lifts SRMB Cup|work=East Bengal Club|accessdate=12 January 2021|archive-date=14 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114130808/https://eastbengalclub.com/news/details/qeb-u18-lifts-srmb-cup|url-status=live}}</ref>
*All Bengal Knockout Tournament (U-19) '''(1)''': {{Gold01}} 2019{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

===Academy U-16===
* [[Gothia Cup]]: {{Silver02}}1996<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Neeladri |date=29 July 2023 |title=Minerva Academy treading path of Pirlo, Shearer and Ibrahimovic with Gothia Cup win |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gothia-cup-2023-minerva-academy-winner-pirlo-alan-shearer-zlatan-ibrahimovich-indian-football-future/article67136414.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729200002/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gothia-cup-2023-minerva-academy-winner-pirlo-alan-shearer-zlatan-ibrahimovich-indian-football-future/article67136414.ece |archive-date=29 July 2023 |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |publisher=Sportstar – The Hindu News |location=Chennai}}</ref>

===Academy U-15===
*[[Manchester United Premier Cup|Manchester United Premier Cup India]]: {{Gold01}} 2007<ref name=Nike07/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nike-u14-clubs.html|title=Nike World Club Cup U-14: South-East Asia Champions|website=[[RSSSF]]|author=Garin, Eric; Gonzalez, Miguel Alvim; Pardellas, Carlos|date=1999|access-date=30 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005095444/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/nike-u14-clubs.html|archive-date=5 October 2021}}</ref>

==Note==
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==References==
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==External links==
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Great Renunciation

2026-04-26T20:50:15Z

Sylvester41C: Creating some pg more to come!

{{distinguish|Great Male Renunciation}}
{{short description|Event in the life of Gautama Buddha}}
{{Redirect|Abhiniṣkramaṇa|the Mahāyāna text with the same name|Dharmaguptaka#Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra}}
{{for |the epic poem by Edwin Arnold|The Light of Asia}}
{{good article}}
[[File:Great Departure - Schist - ca 2nd Century CE - Gandhara - Loriyan Tangai - ACCN 5043 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2016-03-06 1480.JPG|thumb|upright=1.35 |Prince Siddhārtha leaving the palace on a horse during the Great Renunciation. Deities support the hooves of the horse. Approximately 2nd century, India]]
The '''Great Renunciation''' or '''Great Departure''' (Sanskrit: ''mahābhiniṣkramaṇa''; Pali: ''mahābhinikkhamana'')
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/essay/amaravati-art-study/d/doc1147470.html | title=The Great Departure or Mahābhiniṣkramaṇa | date=24 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/109121368 | title=Feminine Participation in the Donors World: A Glimpse from the Inscribed Records of the Pāla - Sena Period | work=The Maha Bodhi The International Buddhist Journal | date=May 2022 | last1=Sattar | first1=Noor }}</ref> is the traditional term for the departure of [[Gautama Buddha]] ({{circa|563}}{{en dash}}{{circa|483}} BCE) from his palace at [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]] to live a life as an [[shramana|ascetic]] ({{langx|sa|śrāmaṇa|italic=yes}}, {{langx|pi|sāmaṇa|italic=yes}}). It is called the Great Renunciation because it is regarded as a great sacrifice. Most accounts of this event can be found in [[post-canonical Buddhist texts]] from several Buddhist traditions, which are the most complete. These are, however, of a more mythological nature than the early texts. They exist in Pāli, Sanskrit and [[Chinese Buddhist Canon|Chinese language]].

According to these accounts, at the birth of Prince Siddhārtha Gautama, the Buddha-to-be, [[brahmin]] priests predicted that he would either become a world teacher or a world ruler. To prevent his son from turning to religious life, Prince Siddhārtha's father and ''[[raja|rāja]]'' of the [[Shakya|Śākya]] clan [[Suddhodana|Śuddhodana]] did not allow him to see death or suffering, and distracted him with luxury. During his childhood, Prince Siddhārtha had a meditative experience, which made him realize the [[dukkha|suffering]] ({{langx|sa|duḥkha|italic=yes}}, {{langx|pi|dukkha|italic=yes}}) inherent in all existence. He grew up and experienced a comfortable youth. But he continued to ponder about religious questions, and when he was 29 years old, he saw for the first time in his life what became known in Buddhism as the [[four sights]]: an old man, a sick person and a corpse, as well as an ascetic that inspired him. Shortly after, Prince Siddhārtha woke up at night and saw his female servants lying in unattractive poses, which shocked the prince. Moved by all the things he had experienced, the prince decided to leave the palace behind in the middle of the night against the will of his father, to live the life of an wandering ascetic, leaving behind his just-born son [[Rāhula]] and wife [[Yasodhara|Yaśodharā]]. He traveled to the river [[Anoma River|Anomiya]] with his charioteer [[Channa (Buddhist)|Chandaka]] and horse [[Kanthaka|Kaṇṭhaka]], and cut off his hair. Leaving his servant and horse behind, he journeyed into the woods and changed into [[Kasaya (clothing)|monk's robes]]. Later, he met King [[Bimbisara|Bimbisāra]], who attempted to share his royal power with the former prince, but the now ascetic Gautama refused.
[[File:Andhra pradesh, la grande dipartita, da regione di amaravati, II sec.JPG|thumb|[[Amaravati style]], 2nd-century, aniconic with a riderless horse]]

The story of Prince Siddhārtha's renunciation illustrates the conflict between lay duties and religious life, and shows how even the most pleasurable lives are still filled with suffering. Prince Siddhārtha was moved with [[saṃvega|a strong religious agitation]] ([[Sanskrit]] and {{langx|pi|saṃvega|italic=yes}}) about the transient nature of life, but believed there was a divine alternative to be found, found in this very life and accessible to the honest seeker. Apart from this sense of religious agitation, he was motivated by [[karuṇā|a deep empathy with human suffering]] ([[Sanskrit]] and {{langx|pi|karuṇā|italic=yes}}). Traditional accounts say little about the early life of the Buddha, and historical details cannot be known for certain. Historians argue that Siddhārtha Gautama was indeed born in a wealthy and aristocratic family with a father as a ''rāja''. But the hometown was an oligarchy or republic, not a kingdom, and the prince's wealth and blissful life have been embellished in the traditional texts. The historical basis of Siddhārtha Gautama's life has been affected by his association with the ideal king (''[[cakravartin]]''), inspired by the growth of the [[Maurya]] empire a century after he lived. The literal interpretation of the confrontation with the four sights{{em dash}}seeing old age, sickness and death for the first time in his life{{em dash}}is generally not accepted by historians, but seen as symbolical for a growing and shocking existential realization, which may have started in Gautama's early childhood. Later, he may have intentionally given birth to his son Rāhula before his renunciation, to obtain permission from his parents more easily.

The double prediction which occurred shortly after the prince's birth point at two natures within Prince Siddhārtha's person: the struggling human who worked to attain [[enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]], and the divine descendant and ''cakravartin'', which are both important in Buddhist doctrine. The Great Renunciation has been depicted much in [[Buddhist art]]. It has influenced [[pabbajja|ordination]] rituals in several Buddhist communities, and sometimes such rituals have affected the accounts in turn. A modified version of the Great Renunciation can be found in the legend of the Christian saints [[Barlaam and Josaphat]], one of the most popular and widespread legends in 11th-century Christianity. Although the story describes a victorious Christian king and ascetic, it is imbued with the Buddhist themes and doctrines derived from its original. In modern times, authors such as [[Edwin Arnold]] (1832–1904) and [[Jorge Luis Borges]] (1899–1986) have been influenced by the story of the Great Renunciation.

== Sources ==
{{Infobox Buddhist term
|title=Great Renunciation
|bo=
|bo-Latn=Mngon par 'byung ba{{sfn |Skorupski |2001 |p=32}}
|pi=Abhinikkhamaṇa
|sa=Abhiniṣkramaṇa, Mahābhiniṣkramaṇa
|zh=出家{{sfn |Albery |2017 |p=360}}
|zh-Latn=chūjiā
|th=มหาภิเนษกรมณ์
|th-Latn=Mahaphinetsakrom
}}
Several Early Buddhist Texts such as the ''Ariyapariyasenā Sutta'' and the ''Mahāsaccaka Sutta'', as well as sections in the texts on [[Vinaya|monastic discipline]] ([[Sanskrit]] and {{langx|pi|Vinaya}}), contain fragments about the early life of the Buddha, but not a complete and continuous biography.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Bechert |2004 |p=85}}, {{harvtxt |Deeg |2010 |pp=51–52}} and {{harvtxt |Sarao |2017 |loc=Biography of the Buddha and Early Buddhism}}. Sarao mentions the early discourses; Deeg mentions the monastic discipline.}} Nevertheless, even in these fragments, the great departure is often included, especially in [[Chinese Buddhist canon|Chinese translations]] of the early texts from the [[Mahisasaka|Mahīśāsaka]] and [[Dharmaguptaka]] schools.{{sfn |Luczanits |2010 |p=50, note 48}} Later onward, several Buddhist traditions have produced more complete accounts, but these are of a more mythological nature.{{sfn |Bechert |2004 |p=85}} This includes a more complete biography in the Vinaya of the [[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivādins]] from the 4th century BC, and several related texts.{{sfn |Deeg |2010 |p=52}} Sanskrit texts that deal with the life of the Buddha are the ''[[Buddhacarita]]'' by [[Aśvaghoṣa]] ({{circa|80}} – {{circa|150}} CE), the ''[[Mahavastu|Mahāvastu]]'' from the [[Lokottaravāda|Lokottaravādins]] (1st century CE), the ''[[Lalitavistara]]'' from the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivādins]] (1st century CE) and the ''Saṅghabedavastu''.{{sfn |Tanabe |2018 |p=427}}{{sfn |Harvey |2013}} There are also translated biographies in Chinese about the life of the Buddha, of which the earliest can be dated between the 2nd and 4th century BC.{{sfn |Deeg |2010 |p=52}} Many of these include the Chinese word for ''Great Departure'' as part of the title.{{sfn |Luczanits |2010 |p=50, note 48}} One of the most well-known of these is the ''Fobenxingji Jing'' ({{langx|sa|Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra}}), usually translated as the 'Sūtra of the Departure'.{{sfn|Durt |2004 |p=56}}{{refn |group=note |Although Buddhist studies scholar Hubert Durt preferred 'Sūtra on the Collected Original Activities of the Buddha'.{{sfn |Durt |2004 |p=56}}}}

Sinhalese commentators have composed the [[Pāli]] language ''Jātakanidāna'', a commentary to the ''Jātaka'' from the 2nd – 3rd century CE, which relates the Buddha's life up until the donation of the [[Jetavana]] Monastery.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Crosby |2014 |pp=29–31}} and {{harvtxt |Strong |2015 |loc=Past Buddhas and the Biographical Blueprint, table 2.2.}}. Strong mentions the scope.}} Other important Pāli biographies of later origin are the 12th-century ''[[Jinālaṅkāra]]'' by [[Buddharakkita Thero|Buddharakkhita]], the 13th-century ''Jinacarita'' by Vanaratana Medhaṅkara, the 18th-century ''Mālāṅkāra Vatthu'' and ''Jinamahānidāna'' from the 14th - 18th century. However, the most widely distributed biography in Southeast Asia is the late medieval ''[[Paṭhamasambodhi]]'', recorded in Pāli and at least eight vernacular languages.{{sfn |Crosby |2014 |p=30}}

Besides textual sources, information about basic elements of the life of the Buddha can be obtained from [[Buddhist art#Pre-iconic phase (5th century – 1st century BCE)|early Buddhist art]], which is often much older than biographical sources. These artistic depictions were produced in a time when there was no continuous written account of the life of the Buddha available yet.{{sfn |Deeg |2010 |pp=50–51}}

== Accounts ==
In Buddhist [[sutra|discourses]], the Great Renunciation and Departure are usually mentioned in the life of the Buddha, among several other motifs that cover the religious life of the Buddha-to-be, Prince Siddhārtha Gautama ({{langx|pi|Siddhattha Gotama}}): his first [[meditation (Buddhism)|meditation]], marriage, palace life, four encounters, life of ease in palace and renunciation, great departure, encounter with hunters, and farewell to his horse [[Kanthaka|Kaṇṭhaka]] and his charioteer [[Channa (Buddhist)|Chandaka]] ({{langx|pi|Channa}}).{{sfn |Tanabe |2018 |p=426}} In the Tibetan tradition, the Great Departure is mentioned as one of twelve great acts of a Buddha, and the Pāli commentarial tradition includes the Great Departure in a list of thirty deeds and fact that describe [[Buddhahood]].{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=Lifestories and Buddhology: The Development of a Buddha-Life Blueprint}}

=== Birth and early youth ===
[[File:King Suddhodana asks brahmins to interpret the Queen's dream.jpg|thumb|upright=.75 |Burma. King Śuddhodana, with Queen [[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Māyā]] on his left, asks Brahmins to interpret the Queen's dream.|alt=Kneeling figures sitting around a throne with a king and queen on it ]]
Traditional [[Buddhist texts]] relate that Prince Siddhārtha Gautama was born with [[Physical characteristics of the Buddha#The 32 Signs of a Great Man|32 auspicious bodily characteristics]]. Based on the child's body, as well as his parents' dreams about his birth, eight [[Brahmin]] priests and a [[rishi|holy man]] called [[Asita]] made a prediction that he would either become a world teacher or a [[cakravartin|world ruler]] ([[Sanskrit]]: {{Transliteration|sa|cakravartin}}, {{langx|pi|cakkavatin|italic=yes}}),{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=Vol. 1, [http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/g/gotama.htm Gotama]}}, {{harvtxt |Bridgwater |2000}} and {{harvtxt |Sarao |2017 |p=186}}. Sarao mentions the auspicious characteristics and Malalasekera mentions the eight Brahmins. For the natural mother's dreams and Asita, see {{harvtxt |Smart |1997 |p=276}}. For the father's dreams, see {{harvtxt |Mayer |2004 |p=238}}.}}{{refn |group=note |In some versions, 60 Brahmins study the dreams,{{sfn |Penner |2009 |p=22}} and 108 Brahmins are invited to name the child.{{sfn |Irons |2008 |p=280 |loc=Kaundinya}} Also, the response of Asita to the child sometimes precedes and spurs the decision to invite the Brahmins.{{sfn |Collins |1998 |p=393}}}} though one of the Brahmins, [[Kaundinya]], and according to some sources Asita, stated that the child could only become a world teacher.{{refn |See {{cite web |last1=Lopez |first1=D.S. |author-link1=Donald S. Lopez Jr. |title=Buddha – Biography & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Buddha-founder-of-Buddhism |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=16 July 2019 |date=12 July 2019 |postscript=none}} and {{harvtxt |Strong |2015 |loc=Birth and Childhood}}. Strong mentions Asita's single prediction.}} To prevent his son and heir apparent from turning to religious life, Prince Siddhārtha's father and ''[[raja|rāja]]'' of the [[Shakya|Śākya]] ({{langx|pi|Sakya|links=no}}) clan Śuddhodana ({{langx|pi|Suddhodana}}) did not allow him to see death or suffering, and distracted him with luxury to prevent him from worrying and becoming interested in the religious life.{{sfn |Tyle |2003}}{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=Vol. 1, [http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/g/gotama.htm Gotama]}} The early texts and post-canonical biographies describe in much detail how the ''raja''{{'}}s son lived in great luxury.{{sfn |Bechert |2004 |pp=83, 85}} Śuddhodana provided him with three palaces in Kapilavastu ({{langx|pi|Kapilvatthu}}) for the summer, winter and monsoon, as well as many female attendants to distract him.{{refn |See {{cite web |last1=Lopez |first1=D.S. |author-link1=Donald S. Lopez Jr. |title=Buddha – Biography & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Buddha-founder-of-Buddhism |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=16 July 2019 |date=12 July 2019 |postscript=none}} and {{harvtxt|Penner |2009 |p=24}}. For the attendants, see Penner.}} During his childhood, the prince had his first experience of meditation sitting under a [[Syzygium jambos|Jambu tree]] during the [[Royal Ploughing Ceremony]].{{sfn |Sarao |2017 |loc=Biography of the Buddha and Early Buddhism}} In some later texts, this is extensively described, explaining how the young prince looked at the animals on the courtyard eating each other, and him realizing the [[dukkha|suffering]] (Sanskrit: {{Transliteration|sa|duḥkha}}, {{langx|pi|dukkha|links=no|italic=yes}}) inherent in all existence. This caused him to attain [[jhana|meditative absorption]]. During this meditative experience, the shadow of the tree remained miraculously still, leading the king to come and bow for his own son.{{sfn |Strong |2015 |loc=The Beginnings of Discontent}} The experience would later be used by Gautama after his renunciation, when he discarded austerities and sought another path.{{sfn |Sarao |2017 |loc=Biography of the Buddha and Early Buddhism}} It is also a brief summary of what was yet to come: seeing ''duḥkha'' and using meditation to find a way to transcend it.{{sfn |Strong |2015 |loc=The Beginnings of Discontent}}{{refn |group=note |In some versions, however, the meditation at the Jambu tree is placed much later in the story.{{sfn |Thomas |1951 |p=136}}{{sfn |Foucher |2003 |p=68}}}}

=== The four sights ===
{{Main|Four sights}}
[[File:Departure of the Buddha from Kapilavastu Sanchi Stupa 1 Northern Gate.jpg|thumb |Prince Siddhārtha leaving for a visit to the city, preceding the Great Renunciation. 1 Northern Gate, [[Sanchi Stupa]], India |alt=Relief showing several figures in a large building, one person using a parasol. Other figures folding hands in reverence and holding objects.|upright=.75]]
When Prince Siddhārtha was 16, he married [[Yaśodharā]] ({{langx|pi|Yasodharā}}), just like him of the [[ksatriya|warrior-noble caste]], who is described as perfect in many ways.{{sfn |Smart |1997 |p=276}}{{sfn |Penner |2009 |p=23}} All the while, the texts depict Prince Siddhārtha as the perfect prince, being both a good student, a good warrior and a good husband, to emphasize the glory he would have to leave behind when renouncing the palace life.{{sfn |Strong |2015}}{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=Upbringing in the Palace}} He is described as intelligent, eager to learn and compassionate.{{sfn |Harvey |2013 |p=17}} But the prince continued to ponder about religious questions, and when he was 29 years old,{{refn |group=note |Most textual traditions agree that the prince was 29 years old during his renunciation. Some Chinese translations mention 19 years, however.{{sfn |Albery |2017 |pp=370–371, note 28}}}} he traveled outside the palace. He then saw{{em dash}}according to some accounts, on separate occasions{{em dash}}four sights for the first time in his life: an old man, a sick person, a corpse and an ascetic. Most traditional texts relate that the sights were brought about through the power of [[deva (Buddhism)|deities]], because Śuddhodana had kept all such people away from his son's sight.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Penner |2009 |pp=24–27}} and {{harvtxt |Hiltebeitel |2011 |p=632}}. Hiltebeitel mentions that the fourth sign was not brought about by deities, though {{harvtxt |Lopez |McCracken |2014 |p=24}} refer to accounts that do describe the ascetic as a disguised deity.}} However, some sources say it was because of chance.{{sfn |Lopez |McCracken |2014 |p=21}} Regardless, Prince Siddhārtha learned that everyone, including himself, will have to face old age, sickness and death in the same way. He was shocked by this, and found no happiness in the palace life.{{sfn |Penner |2009 |pp=24–25}} The fourth sign was an ascetic who looked at ease, restrained and compassionate.{{sfn |Warder |2000 |p=322}}{{sfn |Bareau |1974 |p=243}} The ascetic taught compassion and non-violence and gave the prince hope that there was a way out of suffering, or a way toward wisdom. Therefore, again, the prince discovered what he would later understand more deeply during his [[enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]]: ''duḥkha'' and the end of ''duḥkha''.{{refn |For the hope and the relation with ''duḥkha'', see {{harvtxt |Strong |2015 |loc=The Beginnings of Discontent}}. For the non-violence, see {{harvtxt |Warder |2000 |p=322}}.}}

Some time later, Prince Siddhārtha heard the news that a son had been born to him.{{sfn |Penner |2009 |pp=26}}{{refn |group=note |According to some traditional sources, Prince Siddhārtha was still sixteen then.{{sfn |Keown |2004 |p=267}} But some sources say that Rāhula was born seven days before the prince left the palace.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/rahulamata.htm Rāhulamātā]}}{{sfn |Sarao |2017 |loc=Biography of the Buddha and Early Buddhism}}}} The Pāli account claims that when he received the news of his son's birth he replied "{{IAST|rāhulajāto bandhanaṃ jātaṃ}}", meaning 'A ''rāhu'' is born, a fetter has arisen',{{sfn |Powers |2013 |loc=Rāhula}}{{sfn |Saddhasena |2003 |p=481}} that is, an impediment to the search for enlightenment. Accordingly, the ''rāja'' named the child ''[[Rahula|Rāhula]]'',{{sfn |Saddhasena |2003 |p=481}} because he did not want his son to pursue a spiritual life as a mendicant.{{sfn |Irons |2008 |p=400 |loc=Rahula}} In some versions, Prince Siddhārtha was the one naming his son this way, for being a hindrance on his spiritual path.{{sfn |Rahula |1978 |p=136}}{{refn |group=note |Other texts derive ''rāhu'' differently. For example, the Pāli ''[[Apadana|Apadāna]]'', as well as another account found in the texts of [[vinaya|monastic discipline]] of the Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition, derive ''rāhu'' from the eclipse of the moon, which traditionally was seen to be caused by the [[asura (Buddhism)|asura]] (demon) [[Rāhu]].{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}} The ''Apadāna'' states that just like the moon is obstructed from view by Rāhu, Prince Siddhārtha was obstructed by Rāhula's birth.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=[http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/r/raahula.htm Rāhula]}}{{sfn |Crosby |2013 |p=105}} Further credence is given to the astrological theory of Rāhula's name by the observation that sons of [[list of Buddhas|previous Buddhas]] were given similar names, related to constellations.{{sfn |Rahula |1978 |p=136}}}}

=== Discontentment ===
[[File:The Night of the Great Departure, Gandhara, 2nd-3rd century AD, schist - Ethnological Museum, Berlin - DSC01628.JPG|thumb|Prince Siddhārtha on the night of the Great Departure. Gandhāra, 2nd–3rd century|alt=Prince surrounded by female attendants in palace-like structure]]

After having taken a bath and having been adorned by a barber who was a deity in disguise, Prince Siddhārtha returned to the palace.{{sfn |Thomas |1931 |p=53}} On his way back, he heard a song from a Kapilavastu woman called Kisā Gotami,{{refn |group=note |Kisā was called ''Mṛgajā'' in the Mulasarvāstivāda version of the story, and ''Mṛgī'' in the Mahāvastu version.{{sfn |Strong |2001 |p=206}} In some accounts, she became the prince's wife just before he left.{{sfn |Thomas |1931 |p=54 note 1}} This Kisā is not to be confused with the [[Kisa Gotami|Kisā Gotami]] who would later become a disciple after the prince had become the Buddha.}} praising the prince's handsome appearance. The song contained the word ''nirvṛtā'' ({{langx|pi|nibbuta|italic=yes}}), which can mean 'blissful, at peace', but also 'extinguished, gone to Nirvana'. The song fascinated him for this reason, and he took it as a sign that it was time for him to seek [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|Nirvana]].{{refn |{{harvtxt |Collins |1998 |p=393}}. For the double translation, see {{harvtxt |Strong |2001 |loc=Incitements to Leave Home}}. For the Sanskrit rendering of the word in the song, see {{harvtxt |Hiltebeitel |2011 |p=644}}.}} Foucher describes this as follows:

{{blockquote|Marvelous power of a word, which as a crystal dropped in a saturated solution produces crystallization, gave form to all his aspirations still vague and scattered. At that moment, he spontaneously discovered the goal towards his life had turned.{{sfn |Foucher |2003 |p=73}}}}

In some versions of the story, he therefore rewarded the woman for her song with a string of pearls. Before Prince Siddhārtha decided to leave the palace, in the morally oriented ''Lalitavistara'' he is seen asking his father whether he could leave the city and retire to the forest, but his father said his son that he would give anything for him to stay. Then the prince asked his father whether he could prevent him from growing old, becoming sick or die: the ''rāja'' answered he could not.{{sfn |Foucher |2003 |pp=73–74}}{{sfn |Powers |2016 |p=15}} Knowing that his son would therefore leave the palace, he gave him his blessing.{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Departure}} That night, Prince Siddhārtha woke up in the middle of the night only to find his female servant musicians lying in unattractive poses on the floor, some of them drooling.{{sfn |Powers |2016 |p=15}}{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=Incitements to Leave Home}} The prince felt as though he was in a cemetery, surrounded by corpses.{{sfn |Strong |2015 |loc=The Great Departure}}{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=Incitements to Leave Home}} Indologist Bhikkhu Telwatte Rahula notes that there is an irony here, in that the women originally sent by the ''rāja'' Śuddhodana to entice and distract the prince from thinking to renounce the worldly life, eventually accomplish just the opposite.{{sfn |Rahula |1978 |p=242}} Prince Siddhārtha realized that human existence is conditioned by ''dukkha'', and that the human body is of an [[anicca|impermanent]] and [[asubha|loathsome]] nature.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Schober |2004 |p=45}} and {{harvtxt |Strong |2001 |loc=Incitements to Leave Home}}. Strong mentions the nature of the body.}} In another version of the story recorded in the ''Lalitavistara'', the musicians played love songs to the prince, but the deities caused the prince to understand the songs as praising detachment and reminding him of the vow to Buddhahood which he took in previous lives.{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=Incitements to Leave Home}} That night, Prince Siddhārtha dreamt five different dreams, which he would later understood to refer to his future role as a Buddha.{{sfn |Beal |1875 |pp=128–129}}{{sfn |Jones |1952 |p=131}}

=== Leaving the palace ===
[[File:Siddhartha leaving sleeping Yashodhara and Rahula Roundel 17 buddha ivory tusk.jpg|thumb|Just before the prince leaves the palace for the spiritual life, Prince Siddhārtha takes one look at his wife Yaśodharā and his just-born child. [[Ivory carved tusk depicting Buddha life stories]], 18th–19th century, India. |alt=Ivory tusk showing a woman and a child sleeping on a bed, and a man standing besides the bed.|upright=.75]]
Moved by all the things he had experienced, the prince decided to leave the palace behind in the middle of the night against his father's will, to live the life of an wandering ascetic,{{refn |{{harvtxt |Reynolds|Hallisey|1987}} mention that it was against his father's will. {{harvtxt |Smart |1997 |p=276}} mentions the time.}} leaving behind his son and wife Yaśodharā.{{sfn |Bridgwater |2000}} Just before he left the palace for the spiritual life, he took one look at his wife Yaśodharā and his newborn child. Fearing his resolve might waver, he resisted to pick up his son and left the palace as planned.{{sfn |Penner |2009 |p=27}}{{sfn |Collins |1998 |p=394}} Some versions of the story say that deities caused the [[Family of Gautama Buddha|royal family]] to fall into a slumber, to help the prince escape the palace.{{sfn |Ohnuma |2016 |loc=Kanthaka in the Great Departure}}{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Departure}} Because of this, Chandaka and Kaṇṭhaka tried to wake up the royal family, but unsuccessfully.{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Departure}} Nevertheless, in some accounts the prince is seen taking leave from his father in a respectful manner, while the latter slept.{{sfn |Strong |2015 |loc=The Great Departure}}{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Departure}} Finally, Chandaka and Kaṇṭhaka both protest against the prince's departure, but the prince went on anyway.{{sfn |Foucher |2003 |p=76}}

Having finally left the palace, the prince looked back at it once more and took a vow that he would not return until he had attained enlightenment. The texts continue by relating that Prince Siddhārtha was confronted by [[Mara (demon)|Mara]], the personification of evil in Buddhism, who attempted to tempt him to change his mind and become a ''cakravartin'' instead, but to no avail.{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Departure}} However, in most versions of the story, as well as visual depictions, there is no such figure.{{sfn |Skilling |2008 |pp=106–107}} In some versions and depictions, it is not Māra, but [[Mahānāman (disciple of the Buddha)|Mahānāman]] ({{langx|pi|Mahānāma}}), father of Yaśodharā, or the local city goddess (representing the distressed city).{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Departure}}. For the city goddess, see {{harvtxt |Foucher |2003 |p=77}}.}} Regardless, the prince traveled on horse with his charioteer Chandaka, crossing three kingdoms, reaching the [[Anoma River|river Anomiya]] ({{langx|pi|Anomā}}). There he gave all his ornaments and robes to Chandaka, shaved his hair and beard and became a religious ascetic.{{refn |group=note |Some textual traditions, such as those of the [[Mahisasaka|Mahīśāsaka]] and the Dharmaguptaka, mention no attendant escorting the prince.{{sfn |Pons |2014 |p=29}}}} Tradition says [[Miracles of Gautama Buddha#The Floating Hairknot|the prince threw his hairknot in the air]], where it was picked up by deities and enshrined in [[heaven (Buddhism)|heaven]].{{refn |{{harvtxt |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Renunciation}}. For the three kingdoms, see {{harvtxt |Thomas |1951 |p=137}}.}} The [[Brahmā (Buddhism)|''brahma'']] deity [[Ghatikara|Ghaṭikāra]] offered him his [[Kasaya (clothing)|robes]] and other {{ill |lt=requisites|pariṣkāra|th|บริขาร}}.{{sfn |Penner |2009 |p=28}}{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Departure}} Siddhārtha then comforted Chandaka and sent his charioteer back to the palace to inform his father, while the former prince crossed the river. Chandaka was to tell the king that his son had not chosen this life because of spite or lack of love, nor for "yearning for paradise", but to put an end to [[samsara|birth and death]].{{sfn |Penner |2009 |p=154}} He had been the witness to the departure from the start up until the transformation into a mendicant, which was exactly what he was required to see, to make the palace understand the transformation was irreversible.{{sfn |Foucher |2003 |p=78}} The former prince dismissing Chandaka and his horse Kaṇṭhaka is the severing of the last tie that bound him to the world.{{sfn |Ohnuma |2016}}{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Departure}} Chandaka left reluctantly; Kaṇṭhaka died because it could not bear the loss.{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Departure}}{{sfn |Keown |2004 |p=137 |loc=Kanthaka}} (Although in some versions Prince Siddhārtha returned with Chandaka to the palace first.){{sfn |Ohnuma |2016 |loc=Kanthaka as the Buddha's Scapegoat}}{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Departure}}

The former prince then continued his journey into the woods, probably in the area of [[Malla (tribe)|Malla]]. According to some accounts, he changed his princely clothes into more simple clothes only now, when he met a woodsman or hunter. The former prince then swapped his clothes with the man, who is in some versions identified with the deity [[Indra]] in disguise.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Powers |2016 |p=15}} and {{harvtxt |Strong |2015 |loc=The Great Departure}}. For Malla, see {{harvtxt |Schumann |1982 |p=45}}. For Indra, see {{harvtxt |Rahula |1978 |p=246}}.}} Scholar of [[iconography]] Anna Filigenzi argues that this exchange indicates Gautama's choice to engage in a more "primitive" kind of society, removed from urban life.{{sfn |Filigenzi |2005 |pp=106–107}} Ascetic Gautama then traveled via the [[Uttarapatha|Uttarāpatha]] (Northern Route) passing Rājagṛha, present-day [[Rajgir]].{{sfn |Hirakawa |1990 |p=24}} There Gautama met king [[Bimbisara|Bimbisāra]], who was much impressed by his demeanor. The king sent a retainer to offer a share to his kingdom, or according to some sources, a position as a minister. The prince refused, however, but promised to return later after his enlightenment.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Departure}} and {{harvtxt |Strong |2015 |loc=The Great Departure}}. The 2001 work mentions the promise. For the retainer and the position, see {{harvtxt |Hirakawa |1990 |p=25}}.}}

Meanwhile, when the royal family realized their son and prince was gone, they suffered from the loss. But they were able to deal with it partly by raising grandson Rāhula. As for the prince's jewels, the queen discarded those in a pond to forget the loss.{{sfn |Foucher |2003 |pp=78-79}}

=== Discrepancies ===
Pali sources state that the renunciation happened on the full moon day of [[Ashadha|Āsādha]] ({{langx|pi|Asāḷha}}),{{sfn |Malalasekera |1960 |loc=Vol. 1, [http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/g/gotama.htm Gotama]}} whereas sources from the Sarvāstivāda and Dharmaguptaka schools say it happened on [[Vaisakha|Vaiśākha]] ({{langx|pi|Vesakha|links=no}}).{{sfn |Albery |2017 |pp=360-361}} There are also textual discrepancies with regard to which day Prince Siddhārtha left, some texts stating the [[Ashtami|8th day]] of the [[Paksha#Shukla Paksha|waxing moon]], others the [[Purnima|15th]], as was already observed by Chinese translator [[Xuan Zang]] ({{circa|602}} – 664 CE).{{sfn |Albery |2017 |pp=370–371 note 28}}

Other [[Early Buddhist Texts|early Buddhist textual traditions]] contain different accounts with regard to Rāhula's birth. The Mahāvastu, as well as Mūlasarvāstivāda texts, relate that Rāhula was {{em|conceived}} on the evening of the renunciation of the prince, and only born six years later, on the day that Prince Siddhārtha achieved enlightenment.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Rāhula}} and {{harvtxt |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Renunciation}}. For the ''Mahāvastu'', see {{harvtxt |Lopez |McCracken |2014 |p=31}}.}} Mūlasarvāstivādin and later Chinese texts such as the ''[[Dharmaguptaka#Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra|Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra]]'' give two types of explanation for the long gestation period: the result of [[karma in Buddhism|karma]] in Yaśodharā and Rahula's past lives, and the more [[Religious naturalism|naturalistic]] explanation that Yaśodharā's practice of religious austerities stunted the foetus' growth.{{sfn |Meeks |2016 |pp=139{{en dash}}40}}{{sfn |Sasson |Law |2008 |p=69}} Buddhist studies scholar [[John S. Strong]] notes that these alternative accounts draw a parallel between the quest for enlightenment and Yaśodharā's path to being a mother, and eventually, they both are accomplished at the same time.{{sfn |Strong |1997 |p=119}}

[[File:Great Departure of SIDDHARTHA in Peace Pagoda, Darjeeling.jpg|thumb|Departure of Gautama Buddha in Peace Pagoda, Darjeeling]]

== In Buddhist doctrine ==
{{See also|Nekkhamma}}
[[File:Siddhartha and his attendant Chandaka leave Palace Roundel 18 buddha ivory tusk.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Prince Siddhārtha and his charioteer leaving Kapilavastu. Ivory, 18th–19th century, India |alt=Two figures wearing headdresses, riding horses]]
The Great Renunciation functions as a "founding story" of Buddhism.{{sfn |Ohnuma |2016}}{{sfn |Weber |1958 |p=204}} Prince Siddhārtha's leaving the palace is traditionally called the ''Great Renunciation'' because of the great sacrifice it entails.{{sfn |Maxwell |2004 |p=90}} Archaeologist [[Alfred Foucher]] pointed out that the Great Departure marks a point in the biographies of the Buddha from which he was no longer a prince, and no longer asked the deities for assistance: "And as such he found himself in an indifferent world, without guidance or support, confronted with both the noble task of seeking mankind's salvation and the lowly but pressing one of securing his daily bread ..."{{sfn |Strong |2015 |loc=The Great Departure}}{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=The Making of a Monk}} The sacrifice meant that he discarded his royal and caste obligations to affirm the value of spiritual enlightenment.{{sfn |Maxwell |2004 |p=90}} The story of his renunciation illustrates the conflict between lay duties and religious life, and shows how even the most pleasurable lives are still filled with suffering.{{sfn |Baroni |p=118 |2002 |loc=The Great Renunciation}} All traditional sources agree that the prince led a very comfortable life before his renunciation, emphasizing the luxury and comfort he had to leave behind.{{sfn |Sarao |2017 |loc=Biography of the Buddha and Early Buddhism}}{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=Upbringing in the Palace}} He renounced his life in the palace in order to find "the good" and to find "that most blessed state" which is [[amrita|beyond death]].{{refn |For the "good", see {{harvtxt |Smart |1997}} and {{harvtxt |Hirakawa |1990 |p=24}}. For the state beyond death, see {{harvtxt |Blum |2004 |p=203}}.}} The story of the Great Renunciation is therefore a symbolic example of renunciation for all Buddhist monks and nuns.{{sfn |Harvey |2013 |p=18}} The Buddha's rejection of the hedonism of the palace life would be reflected in his teaching on the [[Middle Way]], the path between the two extremes of sensual pleasure and self-mortification.{{sfn |Strong |2015 |loc=The Middle Way}}

The Buddha's motivation is described as a form of [[samvega|strong religious agitation]] ([[Sanskrit]] and {{langx|pi|saṃvega|italic=yes}}), a sense of fear and disgust that arises when confronted with the transient nature of the world.{{sfn |Brekke |2005 |p=82}} The Buddha was shocked by the pervasiveness of old age, sickness and death, and spoke about a noble quest of stillness, in which one faces ''duḥkha'' as it is and learns from it.{{sfn |Analayo |2017 |loc=The Motivation to Go Forth}} The early Buddhist texts state that Prince Siddhārtha's motivation in renouncing the palace life was his existential self-examination, being aware that he would grow old, become sick and die. This awareness would also inspire his teachings later, such as on suffering and the [[Four Noble Truths]].{{sfn |Analayo |2017|loc=The Motivation to Go Forth}} The Buddha has also described his motivation to leave the palace life as a yearning for a life that is "wide open" and as "complete and pure as a polished shell", rather than the palace which is "constricting, crowded and dusty".{{sfn |Schumann |1982 |p=44}}{{sfn |Foucher |2003 |p=67}} Author [[Karen Armstrong]] has suggested that the Buddha's motivation to renounce the worldly life was motivated by a belief in opposites, a feature of the [[perennial philosophy]] common in the pre-modern world, that is, that all things in mundane life have their counterpart in divine life. The Buddha looked for the divine counterpart of the suffering of birth, ageing and death{{em dash}} although the difference was that the Buddha believed he could realize this counterpart in a "demonstrable reality" in the mundane world, natural to human beings and accessible to the honest seeker.{{sfn |Armstrong |2001 |loc=Ch.1}} Scholar of religion [[Torkel Brekke]] argues that the Buddha's motivation for renunciation was a [[cognitive dissonance]] between the pleasurable palace life and the hard reality of age, sickness and death in real life, and a resulting emotional tension.{{sfn |Brekke |1999 |p=857}}

Generally, Buddhists regard the marriage between Prince Siddhārtha and Princess Yaśodharā as a good one, and the prince as an example of [[mettā|loving-kindness]] for his wife and son.{{sfn |Gwynne |2018 |pp=167–168}} All Buddhist schools agree that his main motivation in this is a deep [[karuṇā|empathy with human suffering]] (Sanskrit and {{langx|pi|karuṇā|links=no|italic=yes}}).{{sfn |Jestice |2004 |p=193 |loc=Compassion and Holy People}} Though the prince left behind his wife and only son, Buddhists see this lifetime in the context of a path of many lifetimes, through which both the wife and child had taken vows to become a disciple of the Buddha.{{sfn |Shaw |2013 |p=460}} In of the previous lives of the Buddha, as [[Sumedha]], Yaśodharā and Sumedha are depicted taking a vow to spend the following lifetimes together, on the condition that Yaśodharā would not hinder the Buddha-to-be on his quest.{{sfn |Jones |1949 |p=189}} After having become the Buddha, the former Prince Siddhārtha is seen to come back to the palace to teach Yaśodharā and Rāhula and liberate them as well. Eventually Yaśodharā became a [[bhikkhuni|nun]] and attained enlightenment.{{sfn |Shaw |2013 |pp=460–461}} In the same story, the Buddha is also described teaching his father, and later on, his step-mother [[Mahapajapati|Mahāpajāpatī]] who had raised him.{{sfn |Harvey |2013 |p=18}}

The Great Renunciation is not only a part of the biography of Gautama Buddha, but is a pattern that can be found in the life of every single Buddha, part of a pre-established blueprint that each Buddha must follow.{{sfn |Woodward |1997 |pp=50-51}}{{sfn |Strong |2015 |loc=Past Buddhas and the Biographical Blueprint}}

== Scholarly analysis ==
=== Historical ===
[[File:The Great Departure Lahore Museum.jpg|thumb|Prince Siddhārtha on the eve of his renunciation, sitting in the palace |alt=Drawing made of relief. Buddha-like figure sitting among several other figures, some sleeping, some apparently conversing with main figure|upright=.75]]

Only a little information is given in the texts and discourses about the early life of the Buddha, which contrasts with the abundance of traditional sources about the rest his life, from [[enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]] to [[Parinirvana]]. Bareau speculated that this may be because the Buddha was disinclined to talk about it, either out of modesty, or because he{{em dash}}and also his leading disciples{{em dash}}did not consider that relating his secular life was sufficiently edifying, as opposed to his religious life.{{sfn |Bareau |1974 |p=267}} Furthermore, since the accounts about the Buddha's life are filled with mythological embellishments, it may be not be possible to know the exact history, though the accounts are clearly based around historical events.{{sfn |Harvey |2013 |p=15}}

The site of Siddhārtha Gautama's birth, Kapilavastu, is considered likely to have been historically genuine,{{sfn |Smart |1997 |p=277}} though not as commercially important as depicted in later texts.{{sfn |Sarao |2019}} It was an oligarchy or republic, led by a council with alternating ''rājas'', which at the time of Siddhārtha Gautama's birth was Śuddhodana.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Gombrich |2006 |p=50}}. For the alternation, see {{harvtxt |Hirakawa |1990 |p=21}}. For the fact that Śuddhodana was the current ''rāja'', see {{harvtxt |Schumann |1982 |p=6}}.}} Śuddhodana was a large landowner belonging to the nobility, and was likely to have had "considerable speaking ability and persuasive powers", which his son Siddhārtha may have inherited.{{refn |For being a landowner and noble, see {{harvtxt |Foucher |2003 |pp=52–53}}. For the quote, see {{harvtxt |Schumann |1982 |p=18}}.}} Siddhārtha Gautama was probably born in a wealthy and aristocratic family. Indologist [[A. K. Warder|A.K. Warder]] believed that Siddhārtha Gautama's three palaces were historical, but "... conventional luxury for a wealthy person of the time, whether a warrior or a merchant".{{Refn |See {{harvtxt |Warder |2000 |p=45}} and {{harvtxt |Foucher |2003 |p=64}}. For the quote, see Warder. Foucher explains that three palaces, each for a different season, were not uncommon for the rich at that time, because the weather in the three seasons was so extremely different.}} However, the palaces were probably houses with multiple levels, not great palaces.{{refn |{{harvtxt |Wynne |2015 |p=14}}. For the multiple levels, see {{harvtxt |Schumann |1982 |p=21}}.}} Buddhologist [[André Bareau]] (1921–1993) argued that the association that is made between the life of the Buddha and that of the ''cakravartin'' may have been inspired by the rapid growth of the [[Maurya Empire]] in 4th-century BCE India, though it could also be a pre-Buddhist tradition.{{sfn |Bareau |1974 |p=213}}

Kapilavastu has been identified with both [[Piprahwa|Piprahwā-Ganwārīā]], India, and [[Tilaurakot|Tilaurākoṭ]], Nepal, and scholars are divided as to which site is more likely to have been the historical Kapilavastu.{{sfn |Sarao |2019}}{{sfn |Schumann |1982 |pp=14–17}} During the time of King [[Ashoka]] (3rd century BCE), the area was already regarded as the birthplace of the Buddha, judging from the [[Pillars of Ashoka|pillar]] that was erected in [[Lumbini|Lumbinī]], Nepal.{{sfn |Bechert |2004 |p=83}} With regard to the mentioning of [[caste system in India|castes]] in the texts, scholars are in debate as to what extent Kapilavastu was already organized along the lines of the castes of mainland India.{{sfn |Harvey |2013 |p=14}}{{sfn |Strong |2015 |loc=The Buddha's World}}

Apart from Kapilavastu, nineteen other places featured in the first 29 years of the prince's life were identified by Xuan Zang, who was also a well-known pilgrim. Foucher argued that these places were based on oral recitation traditions surrounding pilgrimages, which now have been lost.{{sfn |Foucher |2003 |p=80, note transl.}}

The marriage between Siddhārtha Gautama and Yaśodharā is very likely to be historical. After all, according to Foucher, the monastic and celibate composers of the biographies would have had no good reason to include it if it was not a notable event.{{sfn |Foucher |2003 |p=60}} Scholars have pointed out that the four sights are not mentioned in the earliest texts in relation to Gautama Buddha, but they are mentioned in one of those texts ([[Sanskrit]]: {{Transliteration|sa|Mahāvadāna Sūtra}}, {{langx|pi|Mahāpadāna Suttanta|italic=yes}}) with regard to another Buddha, that is, [[Vipassi|Vipaśyin Buddha]] ({{langx|pi|Vipassī}}).{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Bechert |2004 |p=85}} and {{harvtxt |Strong |2015 |loc=Past Buddhas and the Biographical Blueprint}}. Strong mentions the name of the text and the name of the Buddha.}} Nevertheless, the biographies connect this motif with Gautama Buddha from still a relatively early date,{{sfn |Bechert |2004 |p=85}} and the ''Mahāvadāna Sūtra'' also says that these events were repeated in the life of every Buddha.{{sfn |Reynolds |1976 |p=43}} The earliest texts do mention that the Buddha reflected on aging, sickness and death, thereby [[Pramāda|overcoming the delusion]] of eternal youth, health and a long life, and deciding to help humanity conquer aging, sickness and death.{{refn |For the overcoming of delusion, see {{harvtxt |Schumann |1982 |p=22}} and {{harvtxt |Analayo |2017 |loc=The Motivation to Go Forth}}. For the conquering, see {{harvtxt |Eliade |1982 |p=74}}.}} This part is most likely historical:{{sfn |Bareau |1974 |p=263}} though it is unlikely that it was possible to raise the young Siddhārtha as "blissfully unaware" as described in traditional texts, it is clear from multiple early texts that confrontation with old age, sickness and death was an important motivation in his renunciation.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Wynne |2015 |p=14}} and {{harvtxt |Analayo |2017 |loc=The Motivation to Go Forth}}. For the quote, see Wynne. For the role of old age, etc., see Analayo.}} In the words of Buddhist studies scholar Peter Harvey:

{{blockquote|In this way, the texts portray an example of the human confrontation with frailty and mortality; for while these facts are 'known' to us all, a clear realization and acceptance of them often does come as a novel and disturbing insight.{{sfn |Harvey |2013 |p=18}}}}
[[File:The Great Departure and the Temptation of the Buddha.jpg|thumb|The Great Departure and the temptation of the Buddha, {{circa}} first half of the 3rd century, India ([[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Nagarjunakonda]])|upright=.75]]
Bareau pointed out that the four sights express the moral shock of confrontation with reality in a legendary form. Moreover, studying Vinaya texts, he found an episode with Prince Siddhārtha as a child, expressing the wish to leave the palace and family life, which Bareau believed was the actual cause for the ''rāja''{{'}}s concern about his son leaving, rather than the prediction or the four sights. Bareau dated this explanation to the first century after the Buddha or even the Buddha himself (5th century BCE), whereas he dated the four sights and the motif of the blissful youth to the Maurya period (late 4th century BCE) and a century afterwards, respectively. He related these motifs to the association of the Buddha with the ''cakravartin'', which would have made most sense during the rise of the Maurya empire. The connection between deities and previous Buddhas on the one hand, and the four sights on the other hand, Bareau dated to the end of the 3rd century BCE. It was then applied to Gautama Buddha in the 1st century BCE or 1st century CE.{{sfn |Bareau |1974 |pp=238 note 1, 241, 245 note 1, 246, 264}} Drawing from a theory by philologist {{ill|Friedrich Weller|de|Friedrich Weller (Philologe)}}, Buddhist studies scholar [[Bhikkhu Analayo|Bhikkhu Anālayo]] argues, on the other hand, that the four sights might originate in pictorial depictions used in early Buddhism for didactic purposes. These are already mentioned in the early texts and later generations might have taken these depictions literally.{{sfn |Analayo |2017 |loc=The Motivation to Go Forth}}{{sfn |Weller |1928 |p=169}} With regard to the restrictions enforced by Śuddhodana, Schumann said it is probable that the ''rāja'' tried to prevent his son from meeting with free-thinking ''samaṇa'' and ''{{Linktext|paribbājaka}}'' wandering mendicants assembling in nearby parks.{{sfn |Schumann |1982 |pp=28–29}}

Siddhartha's departure at 29 years old is also seen as historical.{{sfn |Smart |1997 |p=277}}{{sfn |Wynne |2015 |p=15}} With regard to Prince Siddhārtha's motivations in renouncing the palace life, at the time of the renunciation, the Śākyans were under military threat by the kingdom of Kosala.{{sfn |Sarao |2017 |loc=Biography of the Buddha and Early Buddhism}} The tribal republic as a political unit was gradually being replaced by larger kingdoms.{{sfn |Strong |2015 |loc=The Buddha's World}} The prince's sensitivity with regard to the future of his clan may have further added to his decision.{{sfn |Sarao |2017 |loc=Biography of the Buddha and Early Buddhism}} Scholars have hypothesized that Siddhārtha Gautama conceived Rāhula to please his parents, to obtain their permission for leaving the palace and becoming a mendicant.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Schumann |1982 |p=46}}, {{harvtxt |Eliade |1982 |p=74}} and {{harvtxt |Foucher |2003 |p=72}}.}} It was an Indian custom to [[brahmacarya|renounce the world]] only after the birth of a child or grandchild.{{sfn |Eliade |1982 |p=74}} Historian {{ill|Hans Wolfgang Schumann|de}} further speculated that Siddhārtha Gautama only conceived a son thirteen years after his marriage, because Yaśodharā initially did not want to bear a child, for fear that he would leave the palace and the throne as soon as the child was conceived.{{sfn |Schumann |1982 |p=46}} Although many traditional accounts of the Buddha's life relate that Siddhartha left the palace in secret, Early Buddhist Texts clearly state that his parents were aware of his choice, as they are said to have wept at the time their son left them.{{sfn |Bechert |2004 |p=83}}{{sfn |Schumann |1982 |pp=45–46}} The motif of leaving the palace without the parents' permission might also originate in the early use of didactic canvases, Anālayo argues.{{sfn |Analayo |2017 |loc=The Motivation to Go Forth}} The way the former prince renounces the worldly life, by shaving his hair and beard and putting on [[saffron]] robes, may have already been a custom in those days, and later became a standard Buddhist custom.{{sfn |Bareau |1974 |p=249}}

=== Narrative ===
[[File:Departure of Siddhartha.jpg|thumb|upright|Prince Siddhārtha and Kaṇṭhaka, by [[Abanindranath Tagore]], 1914 |alt=Horse and man standing and looking at each other, both extensively decorated with jewelry, man wearing cape]][[File:Ashok Sthamba.jpg|thumb|upright|The Chinese pilgrim Xuan Zang ({{circa|602}} – 664 CE) claimed that the pillar of Aśoka marking Lumbinī was once decorated at the top with a horse figure, symbolizing the Great Departure. |alt=Ancient stone pillar surrounded by a small fence, covered with devotional clothes]]
The Great Renunciation was partly motivated by the First Meditation under the tree when the prince was still a child. This meditation goes hand-in-hand with a shock at the killing of animals which occurred during the ploughing ceremony. Foucher argues that this account may have been affected by the contempt which Indian intellectuals had for agriculture.{{sfn |Foucher |2003 |p=69}}

Buddhist studies scholar Kate Crosby argues that Siddhārtha conceiving or giving birth to a son before his renunciation functions as a motif to prove that he is the best at each possible path in life: after having tried the life of a father to the fullest, he decides to leave it behind for a better alternative. In [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|early Buddhist]] India, being a father and bearing a son was seen as a spiritual and religious path as well as that of renouncing one's family, and Siddhārtha's bringing a son in the world before renunciation proves he is capable of both.{{sfn |Crosby |2013 |pp=108{{en dash}}9}} Buddhist studies scholar [[John S. Strong]] hypothesizes that the Mūlasarvāstivāda and ''Mahāvastu'' version of the story of the prince conceiving a child on the eve of his departure was developed to prove that the Buddha was not physically disabled in some way. A disability might have raised doubts about the validity of his ordination in monastic tradition.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Departure}}. For the ''Mahāvastu'', see {{harvtxt |Lopez |McCracken |2014 |pp=31–32}}.}}

The motif of the sleeping harem preceding the renunciation is widely considered by scholars to be modeled on the story of [[Yasa]], a guild-master and disciple of the Buddha, who is depicted having a similar experience.{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=Further Conversions in Benares: Yasa and his Family}}{{sfn |Bareau |1974 |p=253}} However, it can also be found in the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana|Rāmayāṇa]]'', and scholar of religion [[Alf Hiltebeitel]], as well as folklorist Mary Brockington believe the ''Buddhacarita'' may have borrowed from it. Orientalist [[Edward Johnston (orientalist)|Edward Johnston]] did not want to make any statements about this, however, preferring to wait for more evidence, though he did acknowledge that Aśvaghoṣa "took pleasure" in comparing the Buddha's renunciation with [[Rāma]]'s leaving for the forest. Hiltebeitel believes that such borrowing is not only about using poetic motifs, but a conscious choice in order to compare the [[Dharma (Buddhism)|Dharma]] of the Buddha with the [[Dharma]] of [[Brahmanism]]. Prince Siddhartha's motivations in renunciation are explained in conversations with his relatives and other figures, alluding explicitly and implicitly to motifs from the Rāmayāṇa.{{sfn |Hiltebeitel |2011 |pp=639–641, 643}}

In his analysis of Indian literature, scholar of religion Graeme Macqueen observes a recurring contrast between the figure of the king and that of the ascetic, who represent external and internal mastery, respectively. This contrast often leads to conflicting roles and aggression in Buddhist stories. In the life of the Buddha, this contrast can be found in the two predictions, in which Prince Siddhārtha will either be a Buddha or an "all-conquering king". Brekke notes that the Buddha chooses to change the self instead of changing the world, as a king would do: he chooses to try to understand the essence of the world and awaken to its truth.{{sfn |Brekke |1999 |pp=857–859, 861}} Strong argues that the scene of the double prediction after the prince's birth serves to indicate that two aspects of character would continually operate in Prince Siddhārtha's life. On the one hand, that of the king, the ''cakravartin'', the divine descendant from [[Mahasammata|Mahāsammata]], and on the other hand, the human being, the person who struggled to find spiritual truth on his path to enlightenment.{{sfn |Strong |2015 |loc=Birth and Childhood}} Buddhist studies scholar [[Jonathan Silk]] points out two aspects of Prince Siddhārtha's life narrative that co-exist: one the one hand, that of the nearly perfect being who was born with full awareness, whose life was only one life in a long series, and who was surrounded by miraculous events. On the other hand, the human being who was emotionally shocked by old age and death and grew to full awareness and enlightenment. Both aspects are part of the Buddhist message of liberation.{{sfn |Silk |2003 |pp=869–870, 872–873}}

The horse Kaṇṭhaka has an important role in the accounts about the Great Renunciation. Through several motifs, the accounts establish a close relationship between the Buddha's aspiration to bring living beings to enlightenment on the one hand, and the carrying of Prince Siddhārtha by Kaṇṭhaka on the other hand.{{sfn |Ohnuma |2016}} In several biographies of the Buddha's life, a shrine is mentioned which was placed at the point where Kaṇṭhaka passed during the Great Departure. Classicist [[Edward J. Thomas]] (1869–1958) thought this shrine to be historical.{{sfn |Thomas |1931 |pp=56–57}} On a similar note, Xuan Zang claimed that the pillar of [[Aśoka]] which marks Lumbinī was once decorated at the top with a horse figure, which likely was Kaṇṭhaka, symbolizing the Great Departure. Many scholars have argued that this is implausible, however, saying this horse figure makes little sense from a perspective of [[textual criticism]] or art history.{{sfn |Norman |1992 |pp=231–232}}

== In art and ritual ==
[[File:Great Departure, Thailand.png|thumb|Great Departure, 18th century, Thailand|left |alt=Drawing copied from painting. Prince riding horse, which is lifted by four figures with crowns on their head, and surrounded by another four figures with crowns, some of them with half-animal, half-human faces. |upright=.75]]

[[Buddhist art]] scenes that are often depicted are the four sights,{{refn |group=note |Foucher has even suggested that the depiction of the four sights might have affected ancient art in other parts of the world, raising the example of frescoes from the [[Camposanto Monumentale di Pisa]]. These frescoes show young men discovering corpses in coffins.{{sfn |Foucher |2003 |p=71}}}} the harem and Yaśodharā, the scene in which the prince slips out of the palace, Kaṇṭhaka dying, the lock of hair being picked up by the deity [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Śakra]], and the ''brahma'' deity offering the robes and other requisites.{{sfn |Crosby |2014 |p=17}} The scene in which Prince Siddhārtha leaves the palace riding Kaṇṭhaka is frequently depicted in Buddhist art of South and Southeast Asia. In some depictions, the hooves of the horse are supported by [[yaksha|deities]] to prevent noise and wake up the royal family.{{sfn |Maxwell |2004}} In scenes of the Great Departure, there often is a figure depicted standing next to Prince Siddhārtha holding a bow. Some scholars identify him as [[Vaiśravaṇa]] ({{langx|pi|Vessavaṇa}}), one of the [[Four Heavenly Kings]] in Buddhist cosmology; others identify him as [[Indra]], King of [[Tavatimsa|the second heaven in Buddhism]], or [[Bēnzhì]], the Chinese god of the cosmos.{{sfn |Tanabe |2018 |pp=423}}{{sfn |Arlt |Hiyama |2016 |p=188}} In some depictions, Chandaka clings to the tail of Prince Siddhārtha's horse departing from the palace.{{sfn |Hudson |Gutman |Maung |2018 |p=14}}{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Departure}} In [[Gandhara|Gandhāran]] art, the Great Renunciation is the most popular episode of the Buddha's biography, together with the Buddha's birth.{{sfn |Pons |2014 |p=17}} The scene of the Great Departure is often depicted in such art with the sun and the moon positioned opposite one another, and a [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]] symbol, which scholars of iconography Katsumi Tanabe and Gerd Mevissen argue is indicative of the event happening at midnight during the full moon.{{sfn |Albery |2017 |pp=358–359}} Sometimes the Greek moon goddess [[Selene]], or a veiled woman is also used to indicate night time.{{refn |For the goddess, see {{harvtxt |Mevissen |2011 |p=96}}. For the veiled woman, see {{harvtxt |Filigenzi |2005 |p=105 note 3}}.}} Gandhāran reliefs connect the departure with the month of Vaiśākha, following the [[Agama (Buddhism)|Āgamas]].{{sfn |Albery |2017 |pp=358–359}} Some Gandhāran frontal depictions of the Great Renunciation are likely to have been influenced by [[Greco-Bactrian]] images of the god [[Helios]] and the Indian counterpart [[Surya]].{{sfn |Pons |2014 |p=41}}

The steps that Prince Siddhārtha goes through when [[pabbajja|becoming a monk]] have become a model for [[upasampada|ordination rituals]] for monastics: the cutting of the hair, removal of princely clothes and putting on the monk's robes, the providing of the monastic requisites, etc. Therefore, the founding story of Buddhism essentially becomes the founding story of every [[bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]] or [[bhikkhuni|nun]].{{sfn |Ohnuma |2016}}{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=The Great Departure}} Many Buddhists, for example the [[Shan people]] in Myanmar, commemorate Prince Siddhārtha's departure in a procession which takes place during an ordination of a [[samanera|novice]], in which the departure is reenacted.{{sfn |Schober |2004 |p=47}}{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=Lifestory and Ritual}} There are also reenactments of the scene in which Māra tries to block the prince, the role of Māra being played by relatives or friends; or reenactments of the scenes in which deities encourage the prince to leave the palace.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Strong |2005 |p=5690}} and {{harvtxt |Strong |2001 |loc=Lifestory and Ritual}}. The 2001 work mentions the relatives and deities.}} On a similar note, in Thai ordinations of monks, the candidate monk-to-be sometimes rides on a horse in procession to the ordination grounds, in memory of Prince Siddhārtha's departure.{{sfn |Terwiel |2012 |p=102}}{{sfn |Swearer |2010 |p=55}}{{refn |group=note |But already in the 1930s, this custom was being replaced by riding in a car or cart.{{sfn |Wells |1939 |pp=139–140}}}} Relatives play the role of Māra. In Cambodia, similar customs can be found, with participants even playing the role of Indra, of Chandaka, the roles of other deities, and the army of Māra.{{sfn |Wells |1939 |p=140, note 1}} Strong has hypothesized that some of these ritual reenactments may have influenced the traditional accounts again, such as can be seen in the motif of the deities dressing up Prince Siddhārtha before his departure and tonsure. On a similar note, there is a {{ill|mūlakammaṭṭhāna|lt=custom for novices to meditate on their body parts before full ordination|th|ตจปัญจกกรรมฐาน}} to develop detachment. This may have affected the narratives, as can be seen in the motif of the musicians lying naked on the floor before the prince's renunciation.{{sfn |Strong |2001 |loc=Lifestory and Ritual; Incitements to Leave Home}} Besides rituals, the biographies may have been influenced by local accounts. These accounts developed at [[Buddhist pilgrimage|pilgrimage]] sites dedicated to certain events in the Buddha's life, such as the Great Renunciation. The more official biographies integrated these local accounts connected to [[Cult (religious practice)|cultic life]], to authenticate certain Buddha images, as well as the patrons and polities connected to them.{{sfn |Schober |1997 |pp=261–262}}

Many Buddhists celebrate the Great Renunciation on Vaiśākha,{{sfn |Keown |2004 |p=335 |loc=Wesak}} but in China, the event is celebrated on the 8th day of the second month of the [[Chinese calendar]], in the same month [[Parinirvana Day|the Buddha's passing into final Nirvana is celebrated]].{{sfn |Barber |2005 |p=68}}

== In literature worldwide ==
=== Medieval ===
[[File:Josaphat.jpg|thumb|[[Barlaam and Josaphat]]. 13th-century manuscript, Greece. |alt=Manuscript with sitting figure conversing with five standing figures, all wearing turbans and colored robes.|upright=1.6]]

A version of the life story of the Buddha was incorporated in the work of the [[Shi'ite]] Muslim theologian [[Ibn Babawayh|Ibn Bābūya]] (923–991). In this story, titled ''Balawhar wa-Būdāsf'', the main character is horrified by his harem attendants and decides to leave his father's palace to seek spiritual fulfillment.{{sfn |Crosby |2014 |p=101}} ''Balawhar wa-Būdāsf'' would later be widely circulated and modified into the story of the legendary Christian saints [[Barlaam and Josaphat]], being passed down through the [[Manichaeans]], the Islamic world and the Christian East.{{refn |For the influence of Bābūya's version, see {{harvtxt |Crosby |2014 |p=101}} and {{harvtxt |Mershman |1907}}. For the way through which the story was passed down, see {{harvtxt |Almond |1987 |p=406}}.}} From the 11th century onward, this story would in turn become very popular and would significantly affect western spiritual life. Its romantic and colorful setting, as well as the powerful structure of the story caused it to enjoy "a popularity attained perhaps by no other legend".{{sfn |Almond |1987 |p=391}} The story would be translated in many languages, including the 13th-century Icelandic ''[[Barlaams saga ok Jósafats|Barlaam's Saga]]''.{{sfn |Jullien |2019 |p=5}} In total, over sixty versions of the story were written in the main languages of Europe, the Christian East and Christian Africa, reaching nearly every country in the Christian world.{{sfn |Almond |1987 |p=391}}
{{Quote box
| quote="And how can this world avoid being full of sorrow and complaint? There is nobody on earth who can rejoice in his children or his treasures without constantly worrying about them as well. Sorrow and heartache are brought on by the anticipation of impending evils, the onset of sickness or accidental injuries, or else the coming of death itself upon a man's head. The sweetness of self-indulgence turns into bitterness. Delights are rapidly succeeded by depression, from which there is no escape."
| source = —''The Balavariani (Barlaam and Josaphat)'', {{harvtxt |Lang |1966 |p=57}}, cited in {{harvtxt |Almond |1987 |p=399}}
| align = right
| width = 34%
| salign = left
}}
The Christian story of Barlaam and Josaphat starts out very similar to the story of Prince Siddhārtha, but the birth of the prince is preceded by a discussion between his father, the Indian king Abenner, and a nobleman turned Christian ascetic. In this conversation, the ascetic points at the limitations of the worldly life, in which no real satisfaction can be found. After the birth of the prince Josaphat, the double prediction of his possible future, his growing up in a protected environment, and the first three of the four sights, he enters upon a personal crisis. Then he meets with the [[Demographics of Sri Lanka|Ceylonese]] sage Barlaam, who introduces him to the Christian faith. The king attempts at first to fool his young son in understanding that Barlaam has lost a debate with people in the court, but to no avail. Next, he sends women to tempt the prince, but again, unsuccessfully: Josaphat wishes to renounce the worldly life and become an ascetic. The king manages to persuade his son to stay, however, by giving him half of his kingdom. Accepting the offer, King Josaphat becomes a good king and his Christian kingdom prospers more than that of his father, who eventually converts. After the death of his father, however, Josaphat gives up the throne to become an ascetic as he originally intended, and spends the final years of his life with Barlaam in Ceylon.{{sfn |Almond |1987 |pp=392–393, 397}}

It would take up until 1859 before well-known Western translators and scholars realized that the story was derived from the life of the Buddha, although the similarities had been noticed before by a less well-known Venetian editor and Portuguese traveler in the 15th and 16th centuries, respectively.{{sfn |Almond |1987 |pp=395–396}} Although the story has been passed on through different languages and countries, some basic tenets of Buddhism can still be found in it: the nature of ''duḥkha'' in life as expressed in the opening dialogue between the nobleman and the king; the cause of suffering being [[Taṇhā|desire]]; the path of self-analysis and self-control which follows this realization, and there are even some hints that point at ideals similar to the Buddhist [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|Nirvana]].{{sfn |Almond |1987 |pp=395–396, 398–400}}

=== Modern ===
[[File:EdwinArnold.jpeg|[[Edwin Arnold]] (1832–1904)|alt=Bearded man on black-and-white photo |thumb |left |upright=.7]]

The legend of Barlaam and Josaphat affected Western literature up until early modern times: [[Shakespeare]] used the fable of the caskets for his ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'', probably basing the fable on an English translation of a late medieval version of the story.{{sfn |Almond |1987 |p=391}} In the 19th century, the Great Renunciation was a major theme in the biographical poem ''[[The Light of Asia]]'' by the British poet [[Edwin Arnold]] (1832–1904), to the extent that it became the subtitle of the work.{{sfn |Jullien |2019 |p=xix}} The work was based on the [[Chinese Buddhist Canon|Chinese translation]] of the ''Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra''.{{sfn |Stenerson |1991 |p=392}} The focus on the renunciation in the life of the Buddha contributed to the popularity of the work, as well as the fact that Arnold left out many miraculous details of the traditional accounts to increase its appeal to a [[Charles Darwin#Legacy|post-Darwinian]] audience.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Jullien |2019 |p=xix}}. For the miracles, see {{harvtxt |Franklin |2008 |p=32}}.}} Moreover, Arnold's depiction of Prince Siddhārtha as an active and compassionate truth-seeker defying his father's will and leaving the palace life went against the stereotype of the weak-willed and fatalistic Oriental, but did conform with the middle-class values of the time. Arnold also gave a much more prominent role to Yaśodharā than traditional sources, having Prince Siddhārtha explain his departure to his wife extensively, and even respectfully [[Parikrama|circumambulating]] her before leaving. ''The Light of Asia'' therefore inclined both "... toward imperial [[Cultural appropriation|appropriation]] and toward self-effacing acknowledgment of the other".{{sfn |Franklin |2008 |pp=40, 42–43, 46, 48–49 |ps=, quote is on page 49.}} Arnold's depiction of the Buddha's renunciation inspired other authors in their writings, including the American author [[Theodore Dreiser]] (1871–1945){{sfn |Stenerson |1991 |p=396 ff.}} and Argentinian author [[Jorge Luis Borges]] (1899–1986).{{sfn |Jullien |2019 |loc=passim}}

[[File:Borges 1921.jpg|[[Jorge Luis Borges]] (1899–1986)|alt=Young man in a suit |thumb |upright=.7]]

Borges was greatly influenced by the story of the renunciation of the Buddha, and wrote several essays and a book about it. The emphasis on plot above character, and the aspects of epiphany and destiny appealed to him, as well as the adaptable and [[archetype|archetypical]] nature of the story. Borges used the story of the Buddha's renunciation, mixed with ideas of [[Schopenhauer]] (1788–1860) and [[idealism]], to formulate his universal model of narrative. Borges based his works on ''The Light of Asia'', as well as numerous translations of traditional Buddhist texts.{{sfn |Jullien |2019 |pp=xiii–xiv, xi–xii, xix}}

Borges saw in the Great Renunciation the anti-thesis for the [[Literary realism|realist novel]]: a story in which mythological motif is more important than psychology of character, and [[Anonymity#Anonymity and pseudonymity in art|authorial anonymity]] is a key factor. Furthermore, he saw in the story the proof of the universal and archetypical nature of literature, deriving from [[Goethe]]'s idea of [[morphology (biology)|morphology]]. This biological theory presumed an archetypical, intuitive unity behind all living forms: Borges presumed a similar idea in literature, in which from only a small number of archetypes all literary forms and narratives could be derived. To prove his point, he connected the Great Renunciation of the Buddha with Arabian, Chinese and Irish stories, and explained that the same motifs were at play: for example, the motif of the ascetic who shows the meaninglessness of the king's land, and thereby destroys the king's confidence.{{sfn |Jullien |2019 |pp=xxi, 2, 6–7, 14–15}} Comparative literature scholar Dominique Jullien concludes that the story of the Great Renunciation, the widespread narrative of the king and the ascetic, is a confrontation between a powerful and powerless figure. However, the powerless figure has the last word, leading to change and reform in the king.{{sfn |Jullien |2019 |pp=99–100}}

Not only the original story of Prince Siddhārtha influenced modern writers. The derived story of Barlaam and Josaphat has much influenced the Russian writer [[Leo Tolstoy]] (1828–1910). Indeed, he went through a renunciation himself in the middle of his life, inspired by the story.{{sfn |Almond |1987 |p=391}}

== In popular culture ==
A more recent interpretation is the 2011 [[anime]] ''Buddha: The Great Departure'' ({{langx|ja|手塚治虫のブッダ赤い砂漠よ！美しく|translit= Buddha 2: Tezuka Osamu no Buddha}}) by film maker Yasuomi Ishitō. This is the first installment of a trilogy of animes based on the first three volumes out of [[Osamu Tezuka]]'s 14-volume [[manga]] series ''[[Buddha (manga)|Buddha]]''. The movie covers familiar elements such as the protected upbringing and the prince's disillusionment with the world, as it deals with the first fifteen years of the prince's life.{{refn |For the disillusionment and the fifteen years, see {{cite news |last1=Cabrera |first1=David |title=Buddha: The Great Departure |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/buddha/the-great-departure |work=[[Anime News Network]] |date=12 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513104701/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/buddha/the-great-departure |archive-date=13 May 2019 |url-status=live}} For the three volumes, see {{cite news |last1=Gray |first1=Richard |title=JFF15 Review: Buddha – The Great Departure |url=https://thereelbits.com/2011/12/14/jff15-review-buddha-the-great-departure/ |work=The Reel Bits |date=14 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601102431/https://thereelbits.com/2011/12/14/jff15-review-buddha-the-great-departure/ |archive-date=1 June 2019 |url-status=live}}}} Prince Siddhārta is depicted as a sensitive person, who is motivated to renounce his life in the palace because of the horrors of war. The movie also addresses the philosophical themes that Prince Siddhārtha struggles with, that is, the suffering of old age, sickness and death and how to transcend this.<ref>{{cite news |last1=v.d. Ven |first1=Frank |title=Osamu Tezukas Buddha  - The Great Departure  - Tezuka Osamu no Buddha  - Akai sabakuyo utsukushiku (2011) recensie |language=nl |trans-title=review |url=https://cinemagazine.nl/osamu-tezukas-buddha-the-great-departure-tezuka-osamu-no-buddha-akai-sabakuyo-utsukushiku-2011-recensie/ |work=Cinemagazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414222611/http://cinemagazine.nl/osamu-tezukas-buddha-the-great-departure-tezuka-osamu-no-buddha-akai-sabakuyo-utsukushiku-2011-recensie/ |archive-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta]]''
* ''[[Samaññaphala Sutta]]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist |group=note |30em}}

== Citations ==
{{reflist |20em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin |30em}}
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* {{Citation |chapter=Astro-biographies of Śākyamuni and the Great Renunciation in Gandhāran Art |first=Henry |last=Albery |year=2017 |pages=346–382 |title=From Local to Global: Papers in Asian History and Culture. Prof. AK Narain Commemoration Volume |volume=2 |editor1-first=Kamal |editor1-last=Sheel |editor2-first=Charles |editor2-last=Willemen |editor3-first=Kenneth |editor3-last=Zysk |publisher=Buddhist World Press |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320244140 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024120846/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320244140_Astrobiographies_of_Sakyamuni_and_the_Great_Renunciation_in_Gandharan_Art |archive-date=24 October 2019 |url-status=live |isbn=9789380852744 }}
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{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commonscatinline}}
* [http://www.ancientindia.co.uk/buddha/story/sto_set.html Life of the Buddha as depicted in ancient reliefs], by the [[British Museum]]

{{Gautama Buddha}}
{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Gautama Buddha in art]]
[[Category:Buddhist mythology]]
[[Category:Buddhist belief and doctrine]]
[[Category:Life of Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Gautama Buddha]]

Sreekumar Krishnan Nair

2026-04-25T07:22:05Z

Sylvester41C:

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sreekumar Krishnan Nair
| image = SreekumarKrishnanNair.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|06|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = K. Shrikuttan
| known_for = ''[[O' Faby]]'' (1993)
| notable works = Director: O'Faby, Thakshasila, Pavakooth
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Filmmaker]]|[[Entrepreneur]]}}
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|[[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]]|Sulochana Devi}}
| relatives = [[K. Jayakumar]] (Brother)
}}

'''Sreekumar Krishnan Nair''' (born 17 June 1961), often credited on screen as '''K. Shrikuttan''') is an Indian filmmaker, best known for directing the 1993 film ''[[O' Faby]]'', which was India's first full-length [[Live-action animated film|live action/animation]] hybrid feature film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/malayalam-features/o-faby-the-heartbreaking-story-behind-indias-first-live-action-animated-film/|title=O' Faby: The Heartbreaking Story Behind India's First Live-Action/Animated Film|first=Vishal|last=Menon|date=9 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aiswaryatanish.com/of-faby-and-his-father-interview-with-director-k-sreekkuttan/#more-1003 |title=Of Faby and his father Interview with Director K. Sreekkuttan | Aiswarya T Anish |website=www.aiswaryatanish.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814061036/http://www.aiswaryatanish.com/of-faby-and-his-father-interview-with-director-k-sreekkuttan/#more-1003 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thevirtualassist.net/ram-mohan-father-of-our-very-own-indian-animation-industry-has-awarded-padma-shri-2014/ |title=Ram Mohan, Father of Indian Animation Industry, received 'Padma Shri' |publisher=Thevirtualassist.net |date=2014-01-27 |accessdate=2018-11-18}}</ref> He is the youngest son of prolific south Indian filmmaker [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] and younger brother of Retired [[Indian Administrative Service]]
officer, poet and lyricist [[K. Jayakumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/malayalam/malayalam+express+tv-epaper-malexp/inn+samvidhayakan+em+krishnan+nayar+janmadhinam-newsid-100670038|title=ഇന്ന് സംവിധായകന്‍ എം കൃഷ്ണന്‍ നായര്‍ - ജന്മദിനം - Malayalam Express Tv|website=Dailyhunt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m3db.com/artists/23091|title=എം കൃഷ്ണൻ നായർ - M Krishnan Nair | M3DB.COM|website=m3db.com}}</ref>

Prior to making films as a director, Sreekumar served as an A.D. (First Assistant Director, Second-Unit Director and Chief Associate Director) under prominent South Indian filmmaker, [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]], who in turn served as an assistant of his father. His stint with director Hariharan was more than a decade long, working on seventeen films together, among which eight were scripted by 'Padma Bhushan' awardee and Jnanpith laureate [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], one of the greatest scenarists in Indian film history. He was the Chief Associate Director of the [[India]]n classic ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]''. He has also directed several television commercials and documentaries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://filmnews.bizhat.com/2011/09/17/marthanda-varma/|title=Marthanda Varma | BizHat Film News}}</ref> Directed the first mega serial, Vamsham (1997–1998) in [[DD Malayalam ]]. The television channel operated by [[Doordarshan]], India's national broadcaster.

He was commissioned to direct the epic historical film ''[[Marthanda Varma]]'' in 2011, filmed simultaneously in English and [[Malayalam]] (spoken in the Indian state of [[Kerala]] and the surrounding area).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/uae-based-media-group-to-produce-film-on-marthanda-varma_100563551.html|title=UAE-based media group to produce film on Marthanda Varma|website=Thaindian News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Marthanda-Varma-to-grace-the-silver-screen/articleshow/10053615.cms|title=Marthanda Varma to grace the silver screen - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=20 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=115794|title=UAE-based media group to produce film on Marthanda Varma|website=www.daijiworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url-status=live |title=Media group to produce film on Marthanda Varma |url=https://www.pressreader.com/oman/oman-daily-observer/20110915/282140698103011 |access-date=9 July 2023 |work=[[Oman Daily Observer]] |via=[[PressReader]] |date=15 Sep 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119173644/http://www.pressreader.com/oman/oman-daily-observer/20110915/282140698103011 |archive-date=Nov 19, 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Who-will-play-Marthanda-Varma/articleshow/12837780.cms|title=Who will play Marthanda Varma? - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=24 April 2012 }}</ref> The project eventually got shelved. He subsequently served as the strategy director of Tecgemini.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/technology/technology-news/iffk-nahid.html|title=നാഹിദിനെ ആസ്വാദ്യമാക്കി മലയാളത്തിന്റെ ശ്രീക്കുട്ടന്‍|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/specials/movies-music/iffk-2015/special/article-malayalam-news-1.725698|title=മലയാള പരിഭാഷയില്‍ ഇറാന്‍ ചിത്രം നാഹിദ്|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

He was [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of the [[streaming media]] and [[video-on-demand]] platform {{URL|https://www.inetscreen.com/|Inetscreen}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/i-net-screen-online-movie-theatre-inauguration-cm/724520|title=ഇനി മലയാള സിനിമകൾ റിലീസ്‌ ദിവസം തന്നെ ലോകത്തെവിടെയും കാണാം; ഐനെറ്റ്‌ സ്‌ക്രീൻ ഓൺലൈൻ തിയറ്റർ മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി ഉദ്‌ഘാടനം ചെയ്തു|website=Deshabhimani}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/216549-keralam.html|title= Article |website= www.mangalam.com|access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref>

Board member of the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC). 2012 – 2015. It is a statutory film certification body in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting of the Government of India.

==Filmography==

===As Second-Unit Director / Chief Assistant Director===
*All films in [[Malayalam language]] except were noted.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Director!!Screenwriter|| Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1980 || ''[[Lava (1980 film)|Lava]]'' || [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]||[[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]||
|-
| ''[[Anuraagakkodathi]]'' || Hariharan ||Hariharan||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1981 || ''[[Valarthumrugangal]]'' || Hariharan ||[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]||
|-
| ''[[Sreeman Sreemathi]]'' || Hariharan ||Hariharan ||
|-
|1982 || ''[[Anguram]]'' || Hariharan ||Hariharan ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Varanmaare Aavashyamundu]]'' || Hariharan ||Hariharan ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Evideyo Oru Shathru ]]'' || Hariharan ||M. T. Vasudevan Nair|| Unreleased ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Poomadathe Pennu]]'' || Hariharan ||Hariharan ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Vikatakavi]]'' || Hariharan ||Hariharan ||
|-
| 1985|| ''[[Vellam (1985 film)|Vellam]]'' || Hariharan ||[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1986|| ''[[Panchagni]]'' || Hariharan ||[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]||
|-
| ''[[Nakhakshathangal]]'' || Hariharan ||[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1987|| ''Anjaam'' || Hariharan ||Hariharan || [[Hindi language|Hindi language film]]
|-
| ''[[Amrutham Gamaya]]'' || Hariharan ||[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]||
|-
| ''Mangai Oru Gangai'' || Hariharan ||Vallabhan|| [[Tamil language|Tamil language film]]
|-
| ''[[Aranyakam]]'' || Hariharan ||[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]''|| Hariharan ||[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]''|| [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] ||[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Sargam (1992 film)|Sargam]]''|| Hariharan ||Hariharan ||
|}

===As Director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !!Language !!Cast || Notes
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Pavakkoothu]]'' ||Malayalam feature film||[[Jayaram]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]], [[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]] ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[O' Faby]]'' ||Malayalam ||[[Nagesh]], [[Thilakan]], [[Ilavarasi]], Roque ||India's first full-length [[Live-action animated film|live action/animation]] hybrid feature film.
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Thakshashila]]'' ||Malayalam ||[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Shanthi Krishna]]||

|-
| TBA || ''Vignaanian'' ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||TBA||A feature film on [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]'s scientific accomplishments.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=Dr Abdul Kalam पर बनेगी फिल्म, विज्ञान को आगे बढ़ाने में पूर्व राष्ट्रपति के टैलेंट को दर्शाएगी 'Vignanian' |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/director-sreekumar-is-ready-to-make-a-film-on-ex-president-and-scientist-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-bhojpuri-south-mogi-4138890.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A film on Dr Abdul Kalam in the making - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-film-on-abdul-kalam-in-the-making/articleshow/90391935.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A film about Dr. Abdul Kalam is in the works |url=https://thetimesbureau.com/a-film-about-dr-abdul-kalam-is-in-the-works-202203/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=A film on Dr Abdul Kalam, 'Vignanian' will show the talent of the former President in advancing science |url=https://newsbuzz.live/entertainment/a-film-on-dr-abdul-kalam-vignanian-will-show-the-talent-of-the-former-president-in-advancing-science/}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0820198}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Sreekumar Krishnan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Filmmaking pioneers]]
[[Category:1961 births]]

Santhosh Kumar Tamilarasan

2026-04-24T12:02:43Z

Sylvester41C: put up new bio.

{{Short description|Indian athlete (born 1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|1|1}}
| birth_place = Sakkudi, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[400 m]], [[400 m hurdles]]
| pb = ''[[400 m]]'': 46.02 (2024) ''[[400 m hurdles]]'': 49.09 ([[2023 Asian Athletics Championships|2023]])
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}[[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships|2025 Gumi]]|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships – Mixed 4 × 400 metres relay|4x400m mixed]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2023 Asian Athletics Championships|2023 Bangkok]]|[[2023 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's 400 metres hurdles|400 m hurdles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|[[Athletics at the 2019 South Asian Games#Men's events|400 m hurdles]]}}
}}

'''Santhosh Kumar Tamilarasan''' (born 1 January 1998) is an Indian track and field athlete who specializes in [[400 metres|400 m]] and [[400 metres hurdles|400 m hurdles]] events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santhosh Kumar TAMILARASAN {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/santhosh-kumar-tamilarasan-14675336 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> He was part of the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|men's 4×400 m relay]] team that represented India at the [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Paris Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asgar Nalwala |first=Ali |date=2024-07-07 |title=PARIS 2024 OLYMPICS: JAVELIN WORLD CHAMPION NEERAJ CHOPRA TO LEAD 30-MEMBER INDIAN ATHLETICS TEAM - FULL SQUAD |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/india-athletics-team-paris-2024-olympics-squad-list |website=Olympics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-04 |title=Athletics: Neeraj Chopra to lead India's 28-member squad in Paris Olympics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/athletics-neeraj-chopra-to-lead-indias-28-member-squad-in-paris-olympics-2562561-2024-07-04 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamilarasan, Santhosh Kumar}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men sprinters]]
[[Category:Athletes from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Jubbal State

2026-04-24T07:59:03Z

Sylvester41C: started new entry

{{Short description|Non-salute princely state of India (?-1948)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{About|historic princely state|present day tehsil|Jubbal}}

'''Jubbal State''' was a [[Salute state|non-salute state]] of the [[Punjab States Agency|Simla Hill States Superintendency of the Punjab States Agency]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The India Office and Burma Office List |date=1928 |publisher=Harrison and Sons, Limited |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVkKAAAAIAAJ&q=jubbal+state+salute |access-date=8 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Thought to have been founded in the twelfth century, it merged with the [[India|Indian Union]] in 1948.

==Area and geography==
The state covered an area of {{convert|297|sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Panjab Past and Present |date=2000 |volume=31 |issue=62 |page=39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjtuAAAAMAAJ&q=jubbal+state+297+square+miles |access-date=8 July 2022 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University.|language=en}}</ref> It was bound on the west by the Paber River and the states of [[Balsan State|Balsan]] and [[Kotkhai]], the south by the [[Sirmur State]] along the Chor Ridge, the east by the [[Dehradun district|district of Dehra Dun]] and the north by [[Bushahr|Bushahr State]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=V. |title=The Emergence of Himachal Pradesh: A Survey of Constitutional Developments |date=1995 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-035-4 |pages=53–54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpWloqN5LTAC&dq=jubbal+state&pg=PA53 |access-date=4 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It had its capital at Deorha.<ref>{{cite book |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1909 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sqg5AQAAMAAJ&q=deorha+jubbal+state |access-date=8 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India: Punjab (2 v.) |date=1984 |publisher=Usha |page=418 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAe2AAAAIAAJ&q=deorha+jubbal+state |access-date=8 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> By the beginning of the 20th century, forests covered almost 40% of the area of the state. Forestry accounted for a bulk of the state's revenues and much of the timber was used as [[Railroad tie|railway sleepers]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kanjilal |first1=Upendranath |title=The Indian Forester |date=1902 |publisher=R.P. Sharma |pages=330–340 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWcmAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22jubbal+state%22&pg=PA333 |access-date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 1902–03, annual revenue from forests amounted to 1,00,000 rupees whereas annual land revenue stood at only 35,828 rupees.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Farhana |last2=Kothiyal |first2=Tanuja |title=South Asian Borderlands: Mobility, History, Affect |date=3 February 2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-84451-2 |page=180 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj46EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22jubbal+state%22&pg=PA180 |access-date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> [[Wheat]], [[tobacco]] and [[opium]] were the major agricultural products of Jubbal State.<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacLeish |first1=Alexander |title=The Frontier Peoples of India |date=1931 |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEGgFuJZ7D8C&dq=%22jubbal+state%22&pg=PA93 |access-date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The states of Rawingarh and Dhadi were [[tributary state]]s to Jubbal State.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=V. |title=The Emergence of Himachal Pradesh: A Survey of Constitutional Developments |date=1995 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-035-4 |pages=53–54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpWloqN5LTAC&dq=jubbal+state&pg=PA53 |access-date=4 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Charak |first1=Sukh Dev Singh |title=History and Culture of Himalayan States |date=1978 |publisher=Light & Life Publishers |page=350 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL-1AAAAIAAJ&q=rawingarh+and+dhadi |access-date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Royal family==
The royal family were [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore Rajputs-Pirta Family]] and its founding ruler Karan Chand was a son of the [[Sirmur State|Raja of Sirmaur]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacLeish |first1=Alexander |title=The Frontier Peoples of India |date=1931 |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEGgFuJZ7D8C&dq=%22jubbal+state%22&pg=PA93 |access-date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Minhas |first1=Poonam |title=Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-080-4 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_52-WyPfLG0C&dq=%22jubbal+state%22&pg=PA53 |access-date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The state was one of twenty hill states collectively called the Thakuraian and the rulers of Jubbal were styled Ranas or [[Thakur (title)|Thakurs]] before the British conferred on them the title of Raja.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hutchison |first1=John |last2=Vogel |first2=Jean Philippe |title=History of the Panjab Hill States |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0942-6 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC&dq=jubbal+state+twelfth+century&pg=PA16 |access-date=9 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The heir apparent was styled ''tikka'' and the younger sons of the raja were styled ''kanwar''. Succession to the throne was governed by [[male primogeniture]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brentnall |first1=Mark |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |pages=171–177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&dq=jubbal+state&pg=PA171 |access-date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The goddess Piri Devi was the [[tutelary deity]] of the royal family.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Mian Goverdhan |title=Wooden Temples of Himachal Pradesh |date=1999 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-094-1 |page=125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgZFhkVINvkC&dq=jubbal+palace&pg=PA125 |access-date=8 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

===Rulers of Jubbal State ===
The rulers of the [[princely state]] of Jubbal were:<ref>[http://rulers.org/indstat1.html Rulers]</ref>
* .... - 1803 : Purana Chandra
* 1803 - 1815 : ''Nepalese Occupation''
* 1815 - 1832 : Purana Chandra (''return to power'')
*1832 - 1840 : ''British Occupation''
* 1840 : Purana Chandra (''3rd time'')
* 1840 - 1877 : Rubin Kazan Chandra
* 1877 - 1898 : Padma Chandra (b. ... - d. 1898)
* 1898 - 29 Apr 1910 : Gyan Chandra (b. ... - d. 1910)

==History==
[[File:Jubbal Palace.jpg|250px|thumb|Jubbal Palace at [[Jubbal]]]]
The state was founded by Karan Chand in the [[12th century|twelfth century]] AD and was a [[vassal state]] to Sirmur prior to the [[Anglo-Nepalese War|Anglo-Gorkha War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Minhas |first1=Poonam |title=Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-080-4 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_52-WyPfLG0C&dq=%22jubbal+state%22&pg=PA53 |access-date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 1815, it was made an independent state by virtue of a ''[[sanad (deed)|sanad]]'' issued to its ruler Rana Puran Chand by [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Moira]] the [[Governor-General of India]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Simla District |date=1888 |publisher=Punjab Government |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKxLAQAAIAAJ&dq=jubbal+state+lord+moira&pg=PA20 |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref> In 1832, the Rana, Puran Chand [[abdication|abdicated]] in favour of the British but the kingdom was restored to his son Karam Chand in 1840. Puran Chand committed suicide in 1843.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brentnall |first1=Mark |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |pages=171–177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&dq=jubbal+state&pg=PA171 |access-date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Under Karam Chand's rule, Jubbal emerged as a strong, efficiently run state as he put an end to court intrigues and the overwhelming influence of the state's [[Vizier|wazirs]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brentnall |first1=Mark |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |pages=171–177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&dq=jubbal+state&pg=PA171 |access-date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 1878, Karam Chand was succeeded to the throne by his son Padam Chand who undertook the construction and repair of several [[Hindu temple]]s in the state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brentnall |first1=Mark |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |pages=171–177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&dq=jubbal+state&pg=PA171 |access-date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Jubbal had a population of 40,000 and annual revenues of 30,000 rupees in 1880.<ref>{{cite book |title=Towelle's Hand Book and Guide to Simila and the Interior |date=1880 |publisher=Station Press |page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SqedmvmJq0C&dq=jubbal+state&pg=PA92 |access-date=4 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Padam Chand was succeeded by his brother Bhagat Chand in 1910.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Commons |first1=Great Britain Parliament House of |title=Parliamentary Papers |date=1913 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ec6AQAAIAAJ&q=%22jubbal+state%22 |access-date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> For his staunch support of the [[Indian Army during World War I|British war effort]] in [[World War I]], the [[hereditary title]] of [[Raja]] was conferred on him in 1918 thereby giving the state ceremonial precedence over those states ruled by [[Rana (title)|Ranas]] and it ranked ninth in the [[order of precedence]] among the [[Hill States of India|hill states of the Punjab]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=V. |title=The Emergence of Himachal Pradesh: A Survey of Constitutional Developments |date=1995 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-035-4 |pages=53–54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpWloqN5LTAC&dq=jubbal+state&pg=PA53 |access-date=4 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 1924, a [[Hydroelectricity|hydro electric plant]] was established in Jubbal and it became one of the first princely states in India to have electricity. Health and education services were made free by the state and Bhagat Singh also established a college in [[Shimla]] for his subjects.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brentnall |first1=Mark |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |pages=171–177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&dq=jubbal+state&pg=PA171 |access-date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Bhagat Chand abdicated in 1946 and was succeeded by Raja Rana Digvijay Chand who became the last regnant monarch of the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Princely States before 1947 A–J |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html#Jubbal |website=worldstatesmen.org |access-date=4 July 2022}}</ref> The state merged with the Indian Union in 1948 and the Raja joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1949.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brentnall |first1=Mark |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |page=175 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC&dq=jubbal+state&pg=PA171 |access-date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]
[[Category:Princely states of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rathore (clan)]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]

Chikkankod

2026-04-21T12:29:43Z

Sylvester41C: Creating a entry v1!

{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chikkankod
| population_total = 1,866
| postal_code = 581361
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone1 = [[India Standard Time|IST]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_as_of = 2011
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttara Kannada district]]
| official_name = Chikkankod
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|14.2853348|N|74.5210378|E|display=title,inline|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| settlement_type = Village
| native_name_lang = ಚಿಕ್ಕನಕೋಡ್
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''Chikkankod''' is a village located in [[Honnavar Taluk|Honavar]] Tehsil of [[Uttara Kannada]] district in [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is situated 13 km away from the sub-district headquarters [[Honnavar]] and 103 km away from the district headquarters Karwar. As of 2009, Chikkankod is also a [[gram panchayat]].

==Nearest places==
Chikkankod village is 12 kilometres away from [[Honnavar |Honnavar town]]. The total geographical area of Chikkankod is 273.6 hectares. Chikkankod has a total population of 1,856 people (as of 2011). There are about 426 houses in Chikkankod.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CHIKKANKOD Pin Code – 581361, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search UTTARA KANNADA Post Office Address|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/karnataka/uttara-kannada/chikkankod-pincode-581361.html|access-date=2022-02-14|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Uttara Kannada district]]

{{UttaraKannada-geo-stub}}

Sipra Guha-Mukherjee

2026-04-20T07:34:45Z

Sylvester41C: put up a stub.

{{short description|Plant geneticist from India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sipra Guha-Mukherjee
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
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| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date |1938|6|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |2007|9|15 |1938|6|13|df=y}}
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| other_names =
| siglum =
| pronounce =
| citizenship =
| fields =
| workplaces = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]]
| patrons =
| education = [[PhD]]
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]]
| thesis_title = 
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 
| doctoral_advisor = 
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = "The technique of production of haploid plants through anther culture."
| influences =
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}}
'''Sipra Guha-Mukherjee''' (13 July 1938 – 15 September 2007)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianbotanists.com/2014/03/sipra-guha-mukherjee-inspiration-to.html|title=Sipra Guha Mukherjee - An Inspiration to Many Indian Women Botanists|website=www.indianbotanists.com|access-date=2017-03-04}}</ref> (or Shipra) was an Indian [[botanist]] who worked on [[plant tissue culture]], [[molecular biology]], and [[biotechnology]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/sipra-guha-mukherjee/EAG0x32J6fTfnQ|title=Sipra Guha-Mukherjee - Google Arts & Culture|work=Google Cultural Institute|access-date=2017-03-04|language=en}}</ref> Guha-Mukharji was the scientist behind the breakthrough discovery of "the technique of production of [[haploid]] plants through [[anther]] culture".

== Early life and education ==
Sipra Guha-Mukherjee was born in [[Kolkata]] on 13 July 1938.<ref name=":0" /> She was educated in [[Bombay]] and [[Delhi]] and joined [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]] for her [[BSc]] (Hons) in [[botany]] in 1954.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_093_12_1868_1869_0.pdf|title=Personal News|last=Maheshwari|first=S. C.|date=25 December 2007|website=Current Science: A Fortnightly Journal of Research|access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> She remained in Jawaharlal Nehru University, first as student and then as professor and researcher, for more than 30 years.<ref name=":1" /> She completed her MSc there as well. She then went on to do her PhD under Professor B. M. Johri on the tissue culture of an onion, completed it in 1963 (''[[Onion|Allium cepa]]'').<ref name=":1" />

She is quoted as saying: <blockquote>"I decided to study botany because it was my favorite subject in school. As a school student I was awed by the contribution of [[Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose]], and fascinated by his work that showed that plants were living organisms and had a metabolism similar to that of animals. His hypothesis that ascent of sap in plants is due to pulsatory activity of an inner layer of [[Cortex (botany)|cortical]] cells (a theory no longer tenable) infused a huge excitement in me, as earlier I used to think that plants were inert objects which could never respond to any external stimuli. As a student in classes five and six, I developed a strong determination to find the locations of the "heart" and "brain" of plants and to understand the way they functioned."<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>

== Research and career ==
Guha-Mukherjee was professor at Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi. Her field of specialization was [[plant tissue culture]], plant [[molecular biology]], [[biotechnology]], and [[cell biology]]. After her PhD, Guha-Mukherjee joined the lab of S. C. Maheshwari as a postdoctoral fellow, where she did her most significant work. Between 1964 and 1966, she discovered the technique of producing haploid pollen plants through anther culture using '' [[Datura innoxia]]'' as the culture material, which was published in the journal ''In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology''. This work led to the establishment of techniques of culture of young ovules and ovaries. This technique has also been used as an additional tool for obtaining improved varieties of rice, wheat, potato and other crops.<ref name=":1" /> She has also worked on regeneration of plants and mechanism of regeneration involving various enzymes, membrane [[phospholipids]], and [[second messengers]] during her time at the School of Life Sciences of Jawaharlal Nehru University.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biologydiscussion.com/plants/plant-tissue-culture/contribution-of-eminent-scientists-towards-plant-tissue-culture/11849|title=Contribution of Eminent Scientists Towards Plant Tissue Culture|date=1 October 2015|website=biologydiscussion.com}}</ref>

Guha-Mukherjee went to the United States in late-1966 and worked with R. S. Bandurski as a research associate at the Department of Botany and Plant Pathology of [[Michigan State University]].{{cn|date=April 2026}} Between 1970 and 1972, she served as an assistant professor in the Biology Department at [[West Virginia University]], and later at the [[MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory]] when [[Anton Lang (biologist)|Anton Lang]] and Joe Varner were there.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

After her return to India, Shipra Guha-Mukherjee collaborated with [[M. S. Swaminathan]] for raising [[haploids]] in rice.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjKe8ahRDhcC&q=sipra+guha+mukherjee&pg=PA13|title=INTRODUCTION TO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE|last=PUROHIT|first=SUNIL D.|date=2012-10-30|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=9788120346772|language=en}}</ref> Thereafter, she returned to Jawaharlal Nehru University to join the new Life Science Faculty as one of its founding internet. She was promoted to full professor in 1979 and served as the Dean of Life Sciences between 1993 and 1995.<ref name=":1" /> She also served as member of the task force and scientific advisory committee of the [[Department of Biotechnology]], and also on the board of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref name=":1" />

== Awards and recognition ==
Guha-Mukherjee received the Senior National Bio-scientist Award, the Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation Award in Biotechnology, and the Kanishka Award from the [[Lions Clubs International|Lion's Club]].<ref name=":2" /> She was elected a Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 1988<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1988026|title=Prof. Sipra Guha-Mukherjee|work=Fellow's portal|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|access-date=2024-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Sipra Guha-Muherjee|pages=24–25|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Other_Publications/Patrika/patrika_47.pdf|magazine=Patrika: Newsletter of the Indian Academy of Sciences|issue=47|date=March 2008|access-date=2024-07-29}}</ref> and of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nasi.org.in/deceased-honorary-fellows-foreign-fellows-and-fellows/|title=Deceased Honorary Fellows, Foreign Fellows and Fellows|publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India|access-date=2024-07-29}}</ref>

== Death ==
Sipra Guha-Mukherjee died on 15 September 2007 due to brain cancer.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian women botanists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:West Virginia University faculty]]

Kichha Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:04Z

Sylvester41C: started new stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Uttarakhand State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kichha
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Tilak Raj Behar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| electors = {{formatnum:139845}}<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14169-uttarakhand-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=Uttarakhand General Legislative Election 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 67
| map_image = Kichha Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Kichha Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 assembly constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]]. It is a part of [[Udham Singh Nagar]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan=2 | [[Rajesh Shukla]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Tilak Raj Behar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kichha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tilak Raj Behar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=49,552 |percentage=49.51% |change={{increase}}6.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Shukla]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=39,475 |percentage=39.44% |change={{decrease}}6.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Kumar Tiwari |party=Independent politician |votes=6,219 |percentage=6.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulavanta Singh |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,671 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ubaid Ullah Khan Alias Nawab Rashid Khan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=855 |percentage=0.85% |change={{decrease}}7.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=554 |percentage=0.55% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,077 |percentage=10.07% |change= {{increase}}7.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,00,088 |percentage=71.57% |change= {{decrease}}1.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,39,845 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kichha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Shukla]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=40,363 |percentage=45.73% |change={{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harish Rawat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,236 |percentage=43.32% |change={{increase}}8.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Pratap Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,754 |percentage=8.79% |change={{decrease}}2.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=558 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=459 |percentage=0.52% |change={{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,127 |percentage=2.41% |change= {{decrease}}8.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,260 |percentage=73.38% |change= {{decrease}}3.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,20,274 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kichha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajesh Shukla]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=33,388 |percentage=45.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarwar Yar Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,162 |percentage=34.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Pratap Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,072 |percentage=11.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Agarwal |party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha |votes=3,287 |percentage=4.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Iqbal Qureshi |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=743 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra Singh Rawat |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=559 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohmmad Yasin |party=Independent politician |votes=520 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Chander Joshi |party=Bhartiya Chaitanya Party |votes=480 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Artaim Kathaayat |party=Independent politician |votes=462 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,226 |percentage=11.27% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,962 |percentage=76.57% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,287 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Rudrapur–Kichha (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
* [http://www.financialexpress.com/elections/uttarakhand-assembly-elections-2017/kichcha-constituency-assembly-election-winner-2017-rajesh-shukla-from-bjp-wins-cm-harish-rawat-from-congress-loses/583935/ Kichcha constituency assembly election winner 2017: Rajesh Shukla from BJP wins; CM Harish Rawat from Congress loses]
* [http://www.news18.com/news/politics/kichha-election-results-2017-rajesh-shukla-from-bjp-wins-1358902.html Kichha Election Results 2017 : Rajesh Shukla From BJP Wins]

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}

{{coord|28.91|79.51|display=title}}

[[Category:Udham Singh Nagar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

Matiala Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:00Z

Sylvester41C: Done

{{Short description|Legislative assembly seat in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Matiala
| established = 2008
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[South West Delhi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Delhi]]
| mla = [[Sandeep Sehrawat]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 34
}}
'''Matiala Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the [[National Capital Territory]] in northern India. [[Sandeep Sehrawat]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]] is the MLA from Matiala since 2025.

==Overview==
Present geographical structure of Matiala constituency came into existence in 2008 (Constituency didn't exist before 2008<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/12/stories/2008061261940300.htm |title=The Hindu : New Delhi News : 19 old constituencies make way for new ones |date=7 October 2008 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007065727/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/12/stories/2008061261940300.htm |archive-date=7 October 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>) as a part of the implementation of the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002.<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=549}}</ref>
Matiala is part of [[West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]] along with nine other Assembly segments, namely, [[Uttam Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Uttam Nagar]], [[Rajouri Garden (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajouri Garden]], [[Hari Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hari Nagar]], [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tilak Nagar]], [[Janakpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Janakpuri]], [[Vikaspuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vikaspuri]], [[Dwarka (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Dwarka]], [[Madipur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Madipur]] and [[Najafgarh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Najafgarh]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member!!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Sumesh Shokeen]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Rajesh Gehlot]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Gulab Singh (Delhi politician)|Gulab Singh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Sandeep Sehrawat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: [[Matiala (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Matiala]]<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Matiala">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Matiala |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0534.htm |access-date=16 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission Of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316115849/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0534.htm |archive-date=16 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Matiala Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Matiala Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/matiala |access-date=16 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316120451/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/matiala |archive-date=16 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Sandeep Sehrawat]]
| votes = 146,295
| percentage = 52.46
| change = {{Increase}}10.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Sumesh Shokeen]]
| votes = 117,572
| percentage = 42.16
| change = {{decrease}}11.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Raghuvinder Shokeen
| votes = 9,685
| percentage = 3.47
| change = {{Increase}}0.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the above]]
| votes = 2,018
| percentage = 0.72
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 28,723
| percentage = 10.30
| change = {{decrease}}0.45
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 278,894
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = BJP
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Matiala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Gulab Singh (Delhi politician)|Gulab Singh Yadav]]|votes=1,39,010 |percentage=53.20|change=-1.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Rajesh Gahlot]]|votes=1,10,935|percentage=42.45|change=+7.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sumesh Shokeen|votes=7,317|percentage=2.81|change=-5.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sher Singh|votes=774|percentage=0.30|change=-0.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the Above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,602|percentage=0.61|change=+0.14}}
{{Election box majority||votes=28,075|percentage=10.75|change=-9.47}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,61,598|percentage=61.56|change=-5.46}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Matiala}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Gulab Singh (Delhi politician)|Gulab Singh Yadav]]
| votes = 1,27,665
| percentage = 54.93
| change = +20.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Rajesh Gahlot]]
| votes = 80,661
| percentage = 34.71
| change = -1.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Sumesh Shokeen
| votes = 20,284
| percentage = 8.72
| change = -16.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Sanjay Kumar
| votes = 723
| percentage = 0.31
| change = -0.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 1,102
| percentage = 0.47
| change = +0.14
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 47,004
| percentage = 20.22
| change = +18.16
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 2,32,829
| percentage =67.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +20.18
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Matiala}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Rajesh Gahlot]]
| votes = 70,053
| percentage = 36.10
| change = +1.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Gulab Singh (Delhi politician)|Gulab Singh Yadav]]
| votes = 66,051
| percentage = 34.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Sumesh Shokeen
| votes = 48,358
| percentage = 24.93
| change = -15.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Satendra Singh Rana
| votes = 2,718
| percentage = 1.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Sri Niwas Yadav
| votes = 2,411
| percentage = 1.24
| change = -13.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Narender Yadav
| votes = 743
| percentage = 0.38
| change = -0.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 636
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 4,002
| percentage = 2.06
| change = -3.02
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,94,228
| percentage = 64.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +1.05
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Matiala<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Sumesh Shokeen
| votes = 52,411
| percentage = 40.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Kamaljeet Sehrawat]]
| votes = 45,782
| percentage = 35.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Manoj Bhardwaj
| votes = 19,442
| percentage = 14.89
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rao Satvir Singh
| votes = 8,883
| percentage = 6.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Rashtrawadi Samanta Party
| candidate = Nidhi Mahajan
| votes = 1,224
| percentage = 0.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Anita
| votes = 911
| percentage = 0.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 6,629
| percentage = 5.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 130,569
| percentage = 58.5
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.610|77.051|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:South West Delhi district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Hassan Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:41:58Z

Sylvester41C: started new info - done

{{Short description|Karnataka state constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hassan
| type = SLA
| map_image = 196-Hassan constituency.svg
| map_caption = Map of Hassan Assembly constituency
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan]]
| constituency_no = 196
| established = 1956
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:228436}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[Swaroop Prakash]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Preetham J. Gowda]]
}}
'''Hassan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 seats in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India. It is part of [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency]].

K. H. Hanumegowda (1930-2018) and H. S. Prakash have won this seat four times each. Hanumegowda lost three elections from here, in 1983 and 1994 as Congress candidate, and in 2008 as Bahujan Samaj Party candidate. H. S. Prakash lost in 1999 and 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-14|title=Former Minister K.H. Hanumegowda passes away in Hassan|url=https://starofmysore.com/former-minister-k-h-hanumegowda-passes-away-in-hassan/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || D. R. Kari Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || K. T. Dasappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Yashodharamma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || H. B. Jwalaniah || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | K. H. Hanume Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | B. V. Kari Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || K. H. Hanume Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[H. S. Prakash]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || K. H. Hanume Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="3" | [[H. S. Prakash]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Preetham J. Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Swaroop Prakash]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hassan <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hasan">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hasan |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10196.htm?ac=196 |access-date=9 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409170300/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10196.htm?ac=196 |archive-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Election Results 2023 {{!}} JD(S) candidate Swaroop Prakash wins Hassan seat, defeating BJP MLA Preetham Gowda">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 {{!}} JD(S) candidate Swaroop Prakash wins Hassan seat, defeating BJP MLA Preetham Gowda |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-election-results-2023-live-updates-hassan/article66845646.ece |accessdate=9 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=13 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409170718/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-election-results-2023-live-updates-hassan/article66845646.ece |archivedate=9 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Swaroop Prakash]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 85,176 |percentage = 49.80% |change = {{increase}}17.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Preetham J. Gowda]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 77,322 |percentage = 45.21% |change = {{increase}}4.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Banavase Rangaswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,305 |percentage = 2.52% |change = {{decrease}}22.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Agile Yogish |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,301 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 889 |percentage = 0.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,854 |percentage = 4.59% |change = {{decrease}}3.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 171,175 |percentage = 74.93% |change = {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 171,038}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 228,436 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.27 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}8.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hassan }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Preetham J. Gowda]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 63,348 |percentage = 41.02% |change = {{increase}}37.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. S. Prakash]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 50,342 |percentage = 32.60% |change = {{decrease}}5.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Mahesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,101 |percentage = 24.67% |change = {{decrease}}10.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 953 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,006 |percentage = 8.42% |change = {{increase}}5.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 154,498 |percentage = 72.55% |change = {{increase}}2.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 154,438}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,952 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.01 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}3.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hassan <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. S. Prakash]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 61,306 |percentage = 37.78% |change = {{decrease}}8.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Mahesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,110 |percentage = 35.20% |change = {{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Guruprasad @ Picture Palace Guruji |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,083 |percentage = 3.75% |change = {{decrease}}14.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. P. Ahamad |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,299 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,196 |percentage = 2.59% |change = {{decrease}}12.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 131,100 |percentage = 69.57% |change = {{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 162,263}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,430 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}8.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hassan <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. S. Prakash]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 52,266 |percentage = 46.61% |change = {{decrease}}3.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Shivaramu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,462 |percentage = 31.62% |change = {{increase}}3.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Suresh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,991 |percentage = 17.83% |change = {{increase}}2.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Hanume Gowda |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,202 |percentage = 1.96% |change = {{decrease}}1.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. P. Santhosh Gupta |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,376 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,804 |percentage = 14.98% |change = {{decrease}}6.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,355 |percentage = 66.21% |change = {{increase}}4.11 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,146}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,692 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}17.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}3.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hassan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. S. Prakash]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 63,527 |percentage = 49.63% |change = {{increase}}21.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Rajegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,804 |percentage = 27.97% |change = {{decrease}}1.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karigowda. B. V |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,205 |percentage = 15.00% |change = {{decrease}}19.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muzammil Sherief |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,085 |percentage = 3.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Girishkumar |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,179 |percentage = 2.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hullivare Srinivasa |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 2,199 |percentage = 1.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,723 |percentage = 21.66% |change = {{increase}}16.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,192 |percentage = 62.10% |change = {{decrease}}3.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 127,999}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,428 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.49 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}15.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hassan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Hanume Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,378 |percentage = 34.06% |change = {{increase}}25.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Rajegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,774 |percentage = 29.33% |change = {{decrease}}8.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. S. Prakash]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 33,029 |percentage = 27.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Rangaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,160 |percentage = 8.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,604 |percentage = 4.73% |change = {{decrease}}6.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,392 |percentage = 65.82% |change = {{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 118,557}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,777 |percentage = 6.15% |change = {{increase}}4.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,041 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.90 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}15.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hassan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. S. Prakash]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 55,121 |percentage = 49.46% |change = {{increase}}41.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Hanume Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,658 |percentage = 38.28% |change = {{decrease}}26.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chowdavalli Puttaraju |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,428 |percentage = 8.46% |change = {{increase}}6.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. A. Rangegowda |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 1,826 |percentage = 1.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. D. Chandrashekar |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,146 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,463 |percentage = 11.18% |change = {{decrease}}29.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 113,325 |percentage = 66.62% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 111,443}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,882 |percentage = 1.66% |change = {{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,094 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.41 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}15.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hassan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Hanume Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 68,210 |percentage = 64.94% |change = {{increase}}24.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karigowda. B. V |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,209 |percentage = 24.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasanta Kumar. M. S |party = Janata Dal |votes = 8,431 |percentage = 8.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjunath. S |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,923 |percentage = 1.83% |change = {{decrease}}1.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Fiaz Ahmed Shariff |party = Independent politician |votes = 867 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 43,001 |percentage = 40.94% |change = {{increase}}27.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,701 |percentage = 66.73% |change = {{decrease}}1.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,036}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,665 |percentage = 3.37% |change = {{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,903 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.21 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}10.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hassan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. V. Kari Gowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 43,650 |percentage = 53.99% |change = {{increase}}14.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. L. Nallure Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,769 |percentage = 40.53% |change = {{increase}}7.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Krishnamurthy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,753 |percentage = 3.40% |change = {{decrease}}11.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. B. Channabassappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 607 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,881 |percentage = 13.46% |change = {{increase}}7.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,094 |percentage = 68.14% |change = {{increase}}4.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,852}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,242 |percentage = 1.51% |change = {{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,483 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}14.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hassan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. V. Kari Gowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,911 |percentage = 39.47% |change = {{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Hanume Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,952 |percentage = 33.20% |change = {{increase}}30.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. T. Venkatarame Howda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,256 |percentage = 14.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Jwalaniah |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,445 |percentage = 7.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anne Gowda. M. L |party = Lokdal |votes = 1,986 |percentage = 3.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. R. Gunde Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,049 |percentage = 1.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. B. Channabassappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 516 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,959 |percentage = 6.27% |change = {{decrease}}9.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,696 |percentage = 63.48% |change = {{decrease}}6.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,115}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,581 |percentage = 2.44% |change = {{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,916 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.63 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}15.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hassan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Hanume Gowda |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 34,344 |percentage = 54.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Munivenkate Gowda. A. C |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,731 |percentage = 39.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thimmegowda Kabbathi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,847 |percentage = 2.94% |change = {{decrease}}41.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharma. B. A. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 783 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Seshachar. G. B |party = Independent politician |votes = 393 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,613 |percentage = 15.32% |change = {{increase}}9.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,072 |percentage = 70.18% |change = {{increase}}13.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,728}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,344 |percentage = 2.10% |change = {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,297 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.68 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing = {{increase}}4.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hassan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Hanume Gowda |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 20,464 |percentage = 49.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. A. Thimmappagowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,083 |percentage = 44.08% |change = {{decrease}}4.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. L. Krishna Murthy |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,473 |percentage = 6.03% |change = {{increase}}3.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,381 |percentage = 5.80% |change = {{increase}}5.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,193 |percentage = 56.23% |change = {{decrease}}7.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,020}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,032 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.59 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser = Swatantra Party |swing = {{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hassan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Jwalaniah |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 18,212 |percentage = 49.35% |change = {{increase}}48.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. T. Karle |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,933 |percentage = 48.60% |change = {{increase}}7.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Ram |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 757 |percentage = 2.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 279 |percentage = 0.76% |change = {{decrease}}7.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,306 |percentage = 64.22% |change = {{increase}}7.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,902}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,208 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.10 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Swatantra Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hassan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Yashodharamma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,498 |percentage = 41.47% |change = {{decrease}}1.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Jwalaniah |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,265 |percentage = 33.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. Puttaswamiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,166 |percentage = 22.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. R. Ramachandra Iyer |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 498 |percentage = 1.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. V. Shama Rao |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 300 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,233 |percentage = 8.05% |change = {{decrease}}2.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,169 |percentage = 57.22% |change = {{decrease}}9.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,727}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,721 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.68 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}12.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hassan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. T. Dasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,244 |percentage = 54.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. T. Karle |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,070 |percentage = 43.46% |change = {{decrease}}25.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dyavegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 762 |percentage = 2.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,174 |percentage = 10.55% |change = {{decrease}}32.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,076 |percentage = 66.56% |change = {{increase}}21.61 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,076}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,186 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.49 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}15.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hassan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. R. Kari Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,878 |percentage = 69.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. P. Jagadeesh |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 4,827 |percentage = 26.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Manjappa Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 845 |percentage = 4.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,051 |percentage = 43.40% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 18,550 |percentage = 44.95% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 18,550}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,270 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Hassan District]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|13.01|76.10|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hassan district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]

Singrauli Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:36:42Z

Sylvester41C: put up stub.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Singrauli
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 80
| map_image = 80-Singrauli.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Singrauli district|Singrauli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sidhi]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Ram Niwas Shah]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Ramlallu Vaishya
}}
'''Singrauli''' (sometimes spelled '''Singarouli''') is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It comprises parts of Singrauli tehsil, in [[Singrauli district]].<ref name=delimitation2008/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=3| Ramlallu Vaishya
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="election2023" />
| [[Ram Niwas Shah]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Singrauli<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ram Niwas Shah]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:74669}}
|percentage = 46.93
|change = +22.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Renu Shah
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:36692}}
|percentage = 23.06
|change = +0.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandra Pratap Vishwakarma
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:29673}}
|percentage = 18.65
|change = +8.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Rani Agrawal
|votes = {{formatnum:8185}}
|percentage = 5.14
|change = -16.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1449}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change = +0.32
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:37977}}
|percentage = 23.87
|change = +21.37
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:159105}}
|percentage = 73.53
|change = +6.0
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Singrauli<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramlallu Vaishya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:36706}}
|percentage = 24.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Renu Shah
|votes = {{formatnum:32980}}
|percentage = 22.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Rani Agrawal
|votes = {{formatnum:32167}}
|percentage = 21.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Suresh Shahwal
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:15044}}
|percentage = 10.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Aravind Singh Chandel
|votes = {{formatnum:13876}}
|percentage = 9.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shikha Singh W/O Omprakash Shingh
|votes = {{formatnum:4680}}
|percentage = 3.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Dubey
|votes = {{formatnum:1892}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pushpendra Kumar Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:1664}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Ashwani Kumar Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:1402}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:882}}
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3726}}
|percentage = 2.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:149017}}
|percentage = 67.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Singrauli district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.19|82.67|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Singrauli district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Kalanjiam Community Radio

2026-04-09T22:28:27Z

Sylvester41C: started new details

{{short description|Radio broadcasting service in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=September 2017}}
{{self-published|date=April 2014}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}

'''Kalanjiam Community Radio''' ({{langx|ta|களஞ்சியம் சமூக வானொலி}}) is a [[radio broadcasting]] service in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], operating from [[Vizhunthamavadi]], a tiny village in the coastal area of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It broadcasts in the [[FM broadcast band]] on 90.8 MHz from local time (GMT+5{{frac|1|2}}) 6.00 a.m. until 6.00 p.m.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/community-radio-station-struggles-to-stay-tuned-at-vizhundhamaavadi/article2443810.ece | title=Community radio station struggles to stay tuned at Vizhundhamaavadi | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=11 September 2011 | accessdate=9 March 2017|author=P. V. Srividya | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309010645/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/community-radio-station-struggles-to-stay-tuned-at-vizhundhamaavadi/article2443810.ece| archivedate=9 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=blog>[http://sarvadesavaanoli.blogspot.in/2014/03/blog-post_4662.html Kalanjiam Community Radio] (in Tamil language)</ref>

==Organisation==
Kalanjiam Community Radio is a unit of ''Kalanjiam Media Centre'' supported by DHAN Foundation as part of its development program in the [[Tsunami]] affected areas in Southern India. The [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) provided the resources and a [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]-based organisation, VOICES provides necessary technical support.<ref name=dhan>[http://www.dhan.org/centres/cdc/cm.php Community Media]</ref>

==Vision==
The vision of Kalanjiam Media Centre, as stated by the organisation, is:
{{Blockquote|
* To inform, inspire and empower the vulnerable coastal communities to speak and act on various socio, economic and cultural development issues concerning them.
* To enable the communities to use radio, [[television]] and the [[Internet]] to create and distribute programs that promote and celebrate individual expression, local achievements, [[education]], cultural exchange, arts appreciation and civic engagement.
* To prepare the communities in the disaster prone coastal areas for managing any kind of disasters and strengthen their livelihoods to cope up with future disasters with a long term conservation focus.}}

As per the above, the station broadcasts program material created/produced from contributions by the local community and presented by a team of trained volunteers from the same community. 
The programming focuses on local information pertaining to community needs concerned with disaster preparedness, livelihoods, local best practices, [[women]] and [[children]], [[health]], education and farming.<ref name=dhan/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mass media in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Radio stations in India]]
[[Category:Community radio stations in India]]
[[Category:Tamil-language radio stations]]
[[Category:Radio stations established in 2006]]

Vaishnavi Aravind

2026-04-01T07:46:09Z

Sylvester41C: put up new article.

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Other people|Vaishnavi|Vaishnavi (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vaishnavi Aravind
| spouse = Aravind Kamalanathan
| children =
| image =
| occupation = Actress, voice artist, theatre artist
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| years_active = {{ubl|1987–1997|2019–present}}
| relatives = [[Sowcar Janaki]] (Grandmother){{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
| death_date =
| parents =
}}

'''Vaishnavi''' is an Indian actress, theatre actor and voice artist.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} She was a prominent [[lead actress]] from 1988 to 1997 in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] films.<ref name=vais /> She is the granddaughter of actress [[Sowcar Janaki]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Family ==
Vaishnavi's mother Yagnna Prabha is the elder daughter of Sowcar Janaki. In 1996, she married cinematographer Aravind Kamalanathan who worked in her debut film, after which she stopped acting. They have two daughters, Aditi and Meghna.<ref name=vais />

== Filmography ==
Vaishnavi started her film career with ''Thalaivanukkor Thalaivi'' in 1987.<ref name=vais /> She has also done 100 shows of a drama, called "Lakshmi Kalyana Vaibhovame"' in 1993, touring US, Thailand, Sri Lanka, London and Paris.

=== Tamil ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1987 || ''Thalaivanukkor Thalaivi'' ||Clara ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1988 || ''Kadarkarai Thaagam'' || Sudha ||
|-
| ''Nethiyadi'' ||Vanam ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[En Thangai (1989 film)|En Thangai]]'' ||Seetha ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1990 || ''[[Sandhana Kaatru]]'' || Shanthi ||
|-
| ''[[Pulan Visaranai]]'' ||Vasantha Gopalan's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Veedu Iru Vasal]]'' ||Yamuna ||
|-
| ''60 Naal 60 Nimidam'' || Priya||
|-
| ''[[Salem Vishnu]]'' || Raji ||
|-
| ''Puthu Paatu'' || Special appearance ||
|-
| ''Pengal Veettin Kanngal'' || Ragini||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1991 || ''[[Vaa Arugil Vaa]]'' || Lakshmi Ramu's first wife ||
|-
| ''[[Dharma Durai (1991 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' || Vaibhavi ||
|-
| ''Mangalyam Thandhunane'' || Saradha ||
|-
| ''[[Idhaya Vaasal]]'' || Indu || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Maanagara Kaaval]]'' || Seetha ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1992 || ''Deiva Kuzhanthai'' ||Laxmi ||
|-
| ''[[Annaamalai]]'' || Kamala ||
|-
| ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' || Shenbagam ||
|-
| ''[[Thalaivasal (film)|Thalaivasal]]'' || Ananthi ||
|-
| ''Chembaruthi'' ||Lakshmi ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Uthama Raasa]]'' ||Mangai ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1994 || ''[[Nattamai]]'' || Rasathi ||
|-
| ''[[Jai Hind (1994 film)|Jai Hind]]'' || Susila ||
|-
| ''Chinna Muthu'' || Sevanth||
|-
| ''[[Veettai Paaru Naattai Paaru]]'' || Gouri||
|-
| ''Veeramani'' || Shanthi||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1995 || ''[[Aanazhagan]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Kolangal (1995 film)|Kolangal]]'' || Archana ||
|-
| ''[[Muthu Kaalai]]'' || Maheshwari ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996 || ''[[Mahaprabhu (film)|Mahaprabhu]]'' || Uma ||
|-
| ''[[Manikkam]]'' || Pavunnu ||
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| || ''Sangursh'' || || rowspan="5" |TV Serial
|-
| || ''Oorarinda Rahasiyam'' ||
|-
| || ''Kottaipurathu Veedu'' ||
|-
| || ''Arthamulla Uruvugal'' ||
|-
| || ''Aadhiparasakthi'' ||
|-
|}

=== Malayalam ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Mrugaya (1989 film)|Mrugaya]]'' || Radhamani ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1992 || ''[[Makkal Mahatmyam]]'' || Radhika ||
|-
| ''[[Aham (film)|Aham]]'' || Vimala ||
|-
| ''[[Soorya Manasam]]'' || Young Mariya ||
|-
| ''[[Ayalathe Adheham]]'' || Radhika ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Maanthrikam]]'' || Shakeela ||
|-
|}

=== Kannada ===
* 1992 – ''[[Aathma Bandhana]]''

=== Telugu ===
* 1988 – ''[[Prema (1989 film)|Prema]]'' as Lizzy
* 1991 – ''[[Attintlo Adde Mogudu]]'' as Sharada
* 1992 - ''Chamanti''
* 1993 – ''Ayyappa Karuna''
* 1993 – ''Paruvu Prathista'' as Sita
* 1995 – ''[[Subha Sankalpam]]'' as Rakkamma

=== Hindi ===
* 1995 – ''[[Ravan Raaj: A True Story]]'' as Dharma

===Voice Artist===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Actress !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
|1991||[[Nee Pathi Naan Pathi]] || [[Gautami]] ||<ref name=vais>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/actress-vaishnavi-says-about-her-cinema-comeback|title="என் அழுகாச்சி நடிப்பைப் பார்த்தா எனக்கே சிரிப்பா இருக்கு!" - நடிகை வைஷ்ணவி ஷேரிங்ஸ்|date=9 July 2022|access-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230919160215/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/actress-vaishnavi-says-about-her-cinema-comeback|archive-date=19 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|1993 || [[Thiruda Thiruda]] || [[Anu Aggarwal]]||<ref name=vais />
|-
|2022 || [[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]] || [[Simran Bagga|Simran]]||<ref name=vais />
|-
|}

==Awards==
* She won [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress]] - [[Subha Sankalpam]] (1995)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |work=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0883305}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress}}{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaishnavi}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]

India–Nepal border

2026-03-28T23:31:39Z

Sylvester41C: small changes

{{Short description|International boundary in South Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox border
| name = India-Nepal border
| image = File:Map of Nepal.png
| alt =
| caption = Map of Nepal, with India to the south
| territory1 = {{IND}}
| territory2 = {{NEP}}
| length = {{convert|1751|km}}
| enclaves
| established = 1815
| establishedreason = [[Treaty of Sugauli]] between [[Nepal]] and [[British Raj]]
| current = 15 August 1947
| currentreason = Independence of [[India]] from the [[British Raj]]
| disestablished =
| disestablishedreason =
| treaties = [[1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship]]
| notes =
}}
The '''India–Nepal border''' is an [[Open border|open]] [[international boundary]] running between the countries of [[India]] and [[Nepal]]. The {{convert|1751|km|mi|2|abbr=on}} long border includes the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] territories as well as [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] of [[the subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nepal |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nepal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109075733/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nepal |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2021 |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref> The current [[National boundary delimitation|border was delimited]] after the [[Treaty of Sugauli|Sugauli treaty]] of 1816 between Nepal and the [[British Raj]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} Following [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]], the prevailing border was recognised as the international border between the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] and the [[Dominion of India]].

[[File:Shankharacharya,Gate,Birgunj.jpg|thumb|Shankharacharya Gate, [[Birgunj]], is main entry Point of [[Nepal]] from [[north Bihar]], [[India]] (also known as the 'Gateway of Nepal')]]

==Description==
The border starts in the west at the western [[tripoint]] with China near the [[Limpiyadhura]]. It then proceeds to the south-west through the [[Himalayas]], the [[Sivalik Hills]] and then the Gangetic plain, initially overland and then utilising the [[Mahakali River]]. Just east of [[Majhola]] it turns to the south-east and proceeds in that direction overland, occasionally utilising various rivers and hill crests. North-west of [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur|Islampur]] the border turns to the north-east and proceeds overland to the eastern Chinese tripoint.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

==History==
[[File:Sugauli Treaty cessions.png|thumb|right|Areas ceded by Nepal as part of the Treaty of Sugauli]]
The border region has historically existed at the edge of various Indian and Nepali kingdoms. It took its modern shape during the period of [[British India]] which began in the 17th century. While the Gorkhalis fought the [[Kirati people]] to annex their territory in the late 18th century (notably in 1768), the [[Rai people|Gorkha Kingdom]] launched an [[Unification of Nepal|expansion]] drive, bringing them into conflict with the British and resulting in the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] (1814–16).<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Nepalese Army |publisher=Nepal Army |url=http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np:80/history.php?page=two |website=nepalarmy.mil.np |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228014557/http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=two |archive-date=28 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZD9--xYamkC |title=Britain and Tibet 1765–1947: A Select Annotated Bibliography of British Relations with Tibet and the Himalayan States Including Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan |isbn=9780415336475 |last1=Marshall |first1=Julie G. |year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press }}</ref> The [[Kingdom of Nepal]] was defeated and was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Sugauli]] by the [[British East India Company]] (EIC), while ceding large areas of land to [[United Kingdom|Britain]], effectively creating the modern India-Nepal boundary.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Treaty of Sagauli {{!}} British-Nepalese history [1816]|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Sagauli|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref name=Groves>{{cite web |author=Stephen Groves |title=India and Nepal Tackle Border Disputes |newspaper=The Diplomat |date=22 September 2014 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/ |access-date=2017-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050346/https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/india-and-nepal-tackle-border-disputes/ |archive-date=29 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Finding the [[Terai]] region difficult to manage, the British returned parts of it to Nepal in 1816.<ref name="CS">{{cite web |title=Nepal: A Country Study |url=http://countrystudies.us/nepal/ |publisher=Library of Congress |date=1991| access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>

India gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, and three years later it signed a [[1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship|friendship treaty]] with Nepal, by which both countries agreed to respect the territorial integrity of the other.<ref name="CS"/> Since then relations have largely been cordial, though a number of border disputes remain. There have also been occasional blockades on the border at times of tension, for example in 1987 and [[2015 Nepal blockade|2015]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nepal-pm-wants-india-to-lift-undeclared-blockade-1243695 |title=Nepal PM Wants India to Lift Undeclared Blockade |access-date=2016-09-12}}</ref><ref name="RIP">{{Cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/r-i-p-indias-influence-in-nepal/ |title=R.I.P., India's Influence in Nepal |last=Arora |first=Vishal |newspaper=The Diplomat |date=November 2015}}</ref>

Communities living in India and Nepal close to the Indo-Nepal border have usually shared old, customary ties of kinship and resource access with communities across the border, such as along the western part of the Indo-Nepal border, in the Mahakali valley.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pandey |first1=Abhimanyu |last2=Pradhan |first2=Nawraj |last3=Chaudhari |first3=Swapnil |last4=Ghate |first4=Rucha |date=2017-01-02 |title=Withering of traditional institutions? An institutional analysis of the decline of migratory pastoralism in the rangelands of the Kailash Sacred Landscape, western Himalayas |journal=Environmental Sociology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=87–100 |doi=10.1080/23251042.2016.1272179|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Abhimanyu |date=July 22, 2025 |title=Mahakali border tribes a role model for India-Nepal respect |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/premium/mahakali-border-tribes-a-role-model-for-india-nepal-respect/ |work=The Tribune |pages=Opinion}}</ref>

==Border disputes==
{{anchor|Dispute}}

{{Main|Kalapani territory|Susta territory}}
There are two existing territorial disputes between India and Nepal, over the [[Kalapani territory]], a {{convert|35|km2|adj=on}} area at the India–Nepal–China trijunction in [[Uttarakhand]] State of India, and [[Susta territory|Susta]], a {{convert|20|km2|adj=on}}–{{convert|140|km2|adj=on}} area in Southern Nepal.<ref>
{{citation |first=Alok Kumar |last=Gupta |title=The Context of New-Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities for India |journal=Indian Journal of Asian Affairs |volume=22 |pages=57–73 |number=1/2 |date=June–December 2009 |jstor=41950496 }}: "Kalapani, 35 square kilometres piece of land, is entangled in controversy since mid-1996, a few months after the ratification of the Mahakali treaty (with India on the harnessing of hydro-power) by Nepal's Parliament."
</ref><ref>
{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nepal-objects-to-india-china-trade-pact-via-lipu-lekh-pass/articleshow/47604908.cms|title=Nepal objects to India-China trade pact via Lipu-Lekh Pass|date=9 June 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times}}
</ref><ref>
Nidhi Jamwal, [https://scroll.in/article/831576/as-a-river-changed-its-course-a-village-on-the-india-nepal-border-became-disputed-territory As a river changed its course, a village on the India-Nepal border became disputed territory], Scroll.in, 19 March 2017: '"An area of some 5,000 acres [approximately 2,023 hectares] of land in Narsahi-Susta area adjoining the Gandak river in West Champaran district has been encroached upon by Nepalese nationals....," is how the then Union Minister of External Affairs answered a question in the Lok Sabha in 2002. Shrestha, however, alleged that over 14,860 hectares of Nepali land in Susta has been encroached upon by India.'
</ref>

==Border crossings==

===ICP===
There are several major border crossings that the Indian [[Borders of India#Integrated Check Posts (ICP)|Integrated Check Posts (ICP)]] use for processing cargo customs and immigration entry for citizens of third countries. These are, from west to east subcategorised by the states of India:<ref name=ndw1>[https://www.newsdrum.in/national/india-bhutan-in-talks-for-establishing-railway-connectivity India Bhutan in talks for establishing connectivity], newsdrum, 7 August 2023.</ref>

* [[Uttarakhand]]:
** [[Banbasa]] in [[Champawat district]] - [[Dodhara Chandani Bridge|Dodhara Chandani]] in [[Kanchanpur District]], [[Sudurpashchim Province]], Nepal. ICP established in 2023.<ref name=ndw1/>
** Planned:
*** [[Pithoragarh]]-[[Dasharathchanda]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh]]:
** [[Rupaidiha]] in [[Bahraich district]] - [[Nepalganj]] in [[Banke District]], Nepal. ICP established in 2022.<ref name=ndw1/>
** [[Sonauli]] in [[Maharajganj district]] - [[Siddharthanagar|Belahia, Siddharthanagar]] in [[Rupandehi District]], Nepal. ICP established in 2023.<ref name=ndw1/>
* [[Bihar]]:

[[File:Icp birgunj.jpg|thumb|ICP [[Birgunj]], [[Nepal]]]]

** [[Raxaul]] in [[East Champaran district]] - [[Birgunj]], Nepal (also known as the 'Gateway of Nepal'). [[ICP Raxaul]] was established in 2018.<ref name=ndw1/>
** [[Bhitthamore]] in [[Sitamarhi district]] - Malibara, [[Jaleshwar]] in Mahottari District, Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhithamore Land Port {{!}} Land Ports Authority of India |url=https://lpai.gov.in/en/icp-bhithamore |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=lpai.gov.in}}</ref>
** [[Jogbani]] in [[Araria district]] - [[Biratnagar]], Nepal. ICP established in 2020.<ref name=ndw1/>
** Planned:
*** Bairia-[[Gauriganj, Nepal|Gauriganj]]
*** Salgori-[[Kechna]]
* [[West Bengal]]
** [[Panitanki]] in [[Darjeeling district]] - [[Kakarbhitta]], Nepal.
** Planned:
*** [[Panitanki]] ([[Naxalbari]])-[[Birtamode]]
** [[Sukhia Pokhri]]-[[Pashupatinagar, Ilam|Pashupatinagar]]
** Planned:
*** [[Pelling]] (Dentam) - Panchami (Oyan)

===Customs crossings===

Since there are no fences along the border, there are several smaller official and unofficial border crossings. Smaller official border crossings, known as Chhoti Bhansar (Minor Customs) in the [[Nepali language]], are as follows from west to east (by Indian state):

'''Uttarakhand'''
* [[Jhulaghat]] in [[Pithoragarh district]] - [[Mahakali]] in [[Baitadi District]], Nepal
[[File:Nepal India Border gate Sonauli.jpg|thumb|right|Border gate at Sonauli.]]

'''Uttar Pradesh'''
* [[Gauriphanta]] in [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]] - [[Dhangadi]], Nepal.
* Murtiha in Lakhimpur Kheri district - [[Gulariya]], Bardiya, Nepal.
* Tal Baghaura in [[Shravasti district]] - [[Laxmanpur]], Nepal.
* [[Tulsipur]] in [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur district]] - [[Koilabas]], Nepal.
* [[Barhani Bazar]] in [[Siddharthnagar district]] - [[Krishnanagar, Nepal|Krishnanagar]], Nepal

'''Bihar'''
[[File:Birgunj_Customs.jpg|thumb|right|Vehicles Entry and Permit Customs Office in Birgunj Nepal, Border of Bihar, India]]
[[File:indiancustoms2.jpg|thumb|right|Border gate at Bhitthamore.]]

*[[Bhitthamore]] in [[Sitamarhi district]], Bihar - [[Jaleshwar|Jaleshwor]] in [[Mahottari District]], Nepal.
* Valmiki Nagar ([[Bhikhna Thori railway station|Bhikhna Thori]]) in [[West Champaran district]] - [[Thori]] in [[Parsa District]], Nepal.<ref name=custc1/>
* [[Bairgania]] in [[Sitamarhi district]] - [[Gaur, Nepal|Gaur]] in [[Rautahat District]], Nepal.<ref name=custc1/>
* [[Sonbarsha, Sitamarhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonbarsa]] in [[Sitamarhi district]] - [[Malangwa]] in Sarlahi District, Nepal.
* [[Pipraun]] in [[Madhubani district]] - Jatahi-[[Nagarain]] in [[Dhanusa District]], Nepal.
*[[Jainagar, Bihar|Jainagar]] in [[Madhubani district]] - [[Inarwa Phulbariya]] in [[Saptari District]], Nepal.<ref name=custc1/>
*[[Laukaha]] in [[Madhubani district]] - [[Thadi]] in [[Bhagwanpur, Siraha|Bhagwanpur]] near [[Lahan]] Mulcipality in [[Siraha District]] of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eximguru.com/exim/trade-agreement/india-nepal-trade.aspx|title=India Nepal Trade Agreement. India-Nepal Foreign Treaty of Trade Agreement.|website=www.eximguru.com|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.customs.gov.np/en/customsofficescontact.html|title=Department of Customs, Nepal - Custom Contact Offices|website=www.customs.gov.np|access-date=2019-09-12|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925112809/https://www.customs.gov.np/en/customsofficescontact.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Gandhi Chowk, Madhwapur]] in Madhubani district, India - [[Matihani, Mahottari|Matihani]] in Mahottari district, Nepal
* Kunaolee (in [[Bhimnagar, Supaul|Bhimnagar]]) in [[Supaul district]] - Bhantabari-[[Haripur, Sunsari|Haripur]] in [[Sunsari District]], Nepal (via Kosi barrage).<ref name=custc1>[https://www.outlookindia.com/national/10-land-customs-stations-to-come-up-in-bihar-along-indo-nepal-border-shah-news-318557/amp 10 Land Customs Stations To Come Up In Bihar Along Indo-Nepal Border: Shah.], outlookindia, 16 sept 2023.</ref>
* Amgachhi in [[Araria district]] - [[Rangeli]] in [[Morang District]], Nepal.
* Bahadurganj (Baria) (Bairia bazar) in [[Kishanganj district]] - [[Gauriganj, Nepal|Gauriganj]] in [[Jhapa District]], Nepal.
* Galgalia (Kishanganj district).<ref name=custc1/>

'''West Bengal'''
* [[Mirik]] in [[Darjeeling district]] - [[Pashupatinagar, Ilam]], Nepal

==Cross-border railway lines==
{{anchor | Rail }}
{{see also|Nepal Railway Company Limited|l1=Railway in Nepal|China–Nepal railway}}

8 railway lines between India and Nepal either exist or they are under construction or planning as follows (listed east to west):<ref name=irn1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-poor-rail-connectivity-is-acting-as-a-hindrance-to-indias-act-east-policy/articleshow/71665523.cms How poor rail connectivity is acting as a hindrance to India's Act East policy], Economic Times, 20 October 2020.</ref>

# Babaganj-Nepalganj line - complete and operational:<ref name=irn1/>
# Barhani-Kathmandu line - under planning:<ref name=irn1/>
# Barhani-Kapilvastu line - under planning:<ref name=irn1/>
# Nautanwa-Bhairwa line - under planning:<ref name=irn1/>
# Raxaul-Kathmandu line - under planning:<ref name=irn1/>
# [[Jaynagar-Bardibas railway line]] - mostly complete, except final and third phase (as of April 2022):<ref name=irn1/> 52 km out of total 68 km complete as of April 2022 while remaining is awaiting land acquisition.<ref name=ngr1>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-nepal-railway-service-the-projects-route-cost-in-10-points/articleshow/90585302.cms |title=India- Nepal railway service: The projects, route, cost in 10 points |date=1 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/train-services-to-restart-on-jayanagar-janakpur-dham-kurtha-section.html |title=Train services to restart on Jayanagar-Janakpur Dham-Kurtha section |date=1 April 2022 |website= |publisher=The Pioneer |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref>
# [[Nepal Railway Company Limited#bbl|Jogbani-Biratnagar railway line]] - mostly complete, except 8 km long under construction section (as of April 2022):<ref name=irn1/> total 18.6 km.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/jaynagar-kurtha-railway-brings-modernization-in-nepals-railway-connection-says-nepal-minister20211022222905/?amp=1 |title=Jaynagar-Kurtha Railway brings modernization in Nepal's railway connection, says Nepal Minister |date=22 October 2021 |website= |publisher=ANI |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/ircon-invites-tender-for-civil-works-at-biratnagar-station-on-jogbani-india-to-biratnagar-nepal-railway-line/?amp |title=IRCON invites tender for civil works at Biratnagar Station on Jogbani (India) to Biratnagar (Nepal) Railway Line |date=9 April 2021 |website= |publisher=Metro Rail News |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://kathmandupost.com/money/2021/09/27/construction-work-resumes-on-katahari-bathnaha-railway-line |title=Construction work resumes on Katahari-Bathnaha railway line |date=27 September 2021 |website= |publisher=The Kathmandu Post |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref>
# Kakarbhitta-New Jalpaiguri railway line - under planning:<ref name=irn1/>

==Border security==
{{see also|Borders_of_India#Border_barriers|l1=India's border barriers with neighbouring countries}}

The Nepal–India border is an [[open border]],<ref name="borff1">[https://sundayguardianlive.com/opinion/india-urgently-needs-a-national-border-policy], Sunday Guardian, 11 Feb 2024</ref> which is relatively peaceful. Nepali and Indian nationals do not need passports or visas to enter each other's countries, and tens of thousands of people cross the border every day for tourism and commerce.

The Indian side of the border is regulated by [[Sashastra Seema Bal|Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)]] along with local police. The Nepali side of the border is regulated by the [[Armed Police Force (Nepal)|Armed Police Force (APF)]] along with the local branch of [[Nepal Police]]. Often SSB (India) and APF (Nepal) perform joint patrols on the border.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/armed-police-force-ssb-start-joint-patrolling-on-no-mans-land/|title=Armed Police Force, SSB start joint patrolling on no man's land|date=7 Jan 2019|publisher=The Himalayan Times}}</ref> On a local level, Indian and Nepali district officials meet regularly to discuss security challenges and other issues on their respective border portions. Such meetings are usually attended by District Magistrates, local SSB representatives, customs chiefs from India including the Chief District Officer (CDO), local APF, Police and custom chiefs from Nepal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nepal-india-border-security-meeting-concludes/|title=Nepal-India border security meeting concludes|date=16 Oct 2018|publisher=The Himalayan Times}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[India–Nepal relations]]
* [[Indo-Nepal Border Road]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Borders of India}}
{{Borders of Nepal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Nepal border}}
[[Category:India–Nepal border| ]]
[[Category:Borders of India]]
[[Category:Borders of Nepal]]
[[Category:International borders]]

List of time periods

2026-03-28T16:17:26Z

Sylvester41C: basic reworked section to improve readability additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|None}}
{{Further|List of archaeological periods}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=December 2016}}
{{synthesis|date=May 2017}}
}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2013}}

The categorization of the past into discrete, quantified named blocks of time is called [[periodization]].<ref name="Rabinowtz">Adam Rabinowitz. And king [https://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/isaw/isaw-papers/7/rabinowitz/ It’s about time: historical periodization and Linked Ancient World Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425095901/https://www.academia.edu/6647852/Temporal_Divides_A_Critical_Review_of_the_Major_Schemes_of_Periodization_in_Indian_History|date=April 25, 2022}}. Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, 2014.</ref> This is a list of such '''named time periods''' as defined in various fields of study.

These can be divided broadly into prehistoric periods and historical periods
(when written records began to be kept).

In [[archaeology]] and [[anthropology]], [[prehistory]] is subdivided into the [[three-age system]]. This list includes the use of the three-age system as well as a number of various designations used in reference to sub-ages within the traditional three.

The dates for each age can vary by region. On the [[geologic time scale]], the [[Holocene]] epoch starts at the end of the [[last glacial period|last glacial period of the current ice age]] (c. 10,000 BC) and continues to the present. The beginning of the Mesolithic is usually considered to correspond to the beginning of the [[Holocene]] epoch.

==Prehistoric periods==
===Era===
* '''[[Precambrian]]'''
** [[Hadean]] (or hadaeozoic{{citation needed|date=October 2025}})
** [[Archean]] (or archaeozoic)
*** [[Eoarchean]]
*** [[Paleoarchean]]
*** [[Mesoarchean]]
*** [[Neoarchean]]
** [[Proterozoic]]
*** [[Paleoproterozoic]]
**** [[Siderian]]
**** [[Rhyacian]]
**** [[Orosirian]]
**** [[Statherian]]
*** [[Mesoproterozoic]]
**** [[Calymmian]]
**** [[Ectasian]]
**** [[Stenian]]
*** [[Neoproterozoic]]
**** [[Tonian]]
**** [[Cryogenian]]
**** [[Ediacaran]]
* '''[[Phanerozoic]]'''
** [[Paleozoic]]
*** [[Cambrian]]
**** [[Cambrian Explosion]]
*** [[Ordovician]]
*** [[Silurian]]
*** [[Devonian]]
*** [[Carboniferous]]
*** [[Permian]]
** [[Mesozoic]]
*** [[Triassic]]
*** [[Jurassic]]
*** [[Cretaceous]]
** [[Cenozoic]]
*** [[Paleogene]]
**** [[Paleocene]]
***** [[Danian]]
***** [[Selandian]]
***** [[Thanetian]]
**** [[Eocene]]
**** [[Oligocene]]
*** [[Neogene]]
**** [[Miocene]]
***** [[Aquitanian_(stage)|Aquitanian]]
***** [[Burdigalian]]
***** [[Langhian]]
***** [[Serravallian]]
***** [[Tortonian]]
***** [[Messinian]]
**** [[Pliocene]]
***** [[Zanclean]]
***** [[Piacenzian]]
*** [[Quaternary]]
**** [[Pleistocene]]
***** [[Gelasian]]
***** [[Calabrian_(stage)|Calabrian]]
***** [[Chibanian]]
***** [[Late Pleistocene]]
**** [[Holocene]]
***** [[Greenlandian]]
***** [[Northgrippian]]
***** [[Meghalayan]]
**** [[Anthropocene]] (rejected proposal)

==General periods==
{{Further|Human history}}
* [[Geologic time scale|'''Geologic Time''']] – Period prior to humans. 4.6 billion to 3 million years ago. (See "prehistoric periods" for more detail into this.)
* '''[[Prehistory]]''' – Period between the appearance of ''[[Homo]]'' ("humans"; [[Oldowan|first stone tools]] <abbr>c.</abbr> three million years ago) and the invention of writing systems (for the [[Ancient Near East]]: <abbr>c.</abbr> five thousand years ago).
** [[Paleolithic]] – the earliest period of the Stone Age
*** [[Lower Paleolithic]] – time of [[archaic human]] species, predates ''[[Homo sapiens]]''
*** [[Middle Paleolithic]] – coexistence of archaic and [[anatomically modern human]] species
*** [[Upper Paleolithic]] – [[Early human migrations|worldwide expansion]] of anatomically modern humans, the disappearance of archaic humans by extinction or [[Archaic human admixture with modern humans|admixture]] with modern humans; earliest [[Art of the Upper Paleolithic|evidence for pictorial art]].
** [[Mesolithic]] ([[Epipaleolithic]]) – a period in the development of human technology between the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods.
** [[Neolithic]] – a period of primitive [[technological]] and [[social]] development, beginning about 10,200 BC in parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world.
** [[Chalcolithic]] (or "Eneolithic", "Copper Age") – still largely Neolithic in character, when early [[copper]] [[metallurgy]] appeared alongside the use of stone tools.
** [[Bronze Age]] – not part of prehistory for all regions and civilizations who had adopted or developed a writing system.
** [[Iron Age]] – not part of prehistory for all civilizations who had introduced written records during the Bronze Age.
* '''[[Ancient history]]''' – Aggregate of past events from the beginning of recorded human history and extending as far as the Early Middle Ages or the Postclassical Era. The span of [[recorded history]] is roughly five thousand years, beginning with the earliest linguistic records in the third millennium BC in [[Sumer|Mesopotamia]] and [[Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)|Egypt]].
**'''[[Classical antiquity]]''' – Broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of [[ancient Greece]] and [[ancient Rome]], collectively known as the [[Greco-Roman world]]. It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
* '''[[Post-classical history]]''' – Period of time that immediately followed ancient history. Depending on the continent, the era generally falls between the years AD 200–600 and AD 1200–1500. The major classical civilizations that the era follows are [[Han dynasty|Han China]] (ending in 220), the [[Western Roman Empire]] (in 476), the [[Gupta Empire]] (in the 550s), and the [[Sasanian Empire]] (in 651).
** '''[[Middle Ages]]''' – Lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and is variously demarcated by historians as ending with the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, or the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, merging into the [[Renaissance]] and the [[Age of Discovery]].
*** [[Early Middle Ages]]
*** [[High Middle Ages]]
*** [[Late Middle Ages]]
* '''[[Modern history]]''' – After the post-classical era
**'''[[Early modern period]]''' – The chronological limits of this period are open to debate. It emerges from the [[Late Middle Ages]] (c. 1500), demarcated by historians as beginning with the [[fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, in forms such as the [[Italian Renaissance]] in the West, the [[Ming dynasty]] in the East, and the rise of the [[Aztecs]] in the New World. The period ends with the beginning of the [[Age of Revolutions]].
** '''[[Contemporary history]]''' – History within living memory. It shifts forward with the generations, and today is the span of historic events from approximately 1945 that are immediately relevant to the present time.

==Forms of modernity==
* [[Homo|Hominids archaeologically and anatomically similar or identical to modern humans]] (HAASMHs)
* [[Anatomically modern humans]] (AMHs)
* [[Postmodernism|Technologically modern humans]] (TMHs)

==Technological periods==
* '''[[Prehistory]]'''
** '''[[Paleolithic]]''' ([[Lower Paleolithic|Lower]], [[Middle Paleolithic|Middle]], [[Upper Paleolithic|Upper]])
** '''[[Mesolithic]]''' ([[Epipaleolithic]])
** '''[[Neolithic]]'''
** '''[[Chalcolithic]]''' (or "Eneolithic", "Copper Age")
* '''[[Ancient history]]''' (The Bronze and Iron Ages are not part of prehistory for all regions and civilizations who had adopted or developed a writing system.)
** '''[[Bronze Age]]'''
** '''[[Iron Age]]'''
* '''[[Late Middle Ages]]'''
** '''[[Renaissance]]'''
* '''[[Early modern period|Early modern history]]'''
* '''[[Modern history]]'''
** '''[[Industrial Age]]''' (1760–1970)
** '''[[Machine Age]]''' (1880–1945)
*** [[Age of Oil]] (1901–present)
*** [[Jet Age]] (1940s)
** '''[[Nuclear Age]]''' (a.k.a. '''Atomic Era''') (1945/1950–present)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-38381878|title=Big digs: The year 2016 in archaeology|last=Iles|first=Dr Louise|date=2016-12-30|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=2017-01-03|language=en-GB|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117041806/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-38381878|url-status=live}}</ref>
** '''[[Space Age]]''' (1957–present)
** '''[[Information Age]]''' (1970–present)
*** [[Internet Age]] (1990–present)

== African periods ==
{{Further|History of Africa}}

=== Egyptian periods ===
{{Further|History of Egypt}}

'''[[Prehistoric Egypt]]''' (pre-3150 BC)

'''Dynastic Period'''
* [[Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)|Early Dynastic Period]] or Archaic Period (two dynasties) (3150 BC – 2686 BC)
* [[Old Kingdom]] (four dynasties) (2686 BC – 2181 BC)
* [[First Intermediate Period of Egypt|First Intermediate Period]] (four dynasties) (2181 BC – 2055 BC)
* [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] (three dynasties) (2055 BC – 1650 BC)
* [[Second Intermediate Period of Egypt|Second Intermediate Period]] (four dynasties) (1650 BC – 1550 BC)
* [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] (three dynasties) (1550 BC – 1069 BC)
* [[Third Intermediate Period of Egypt|Third Intermediate Period]] (five dynasties) (1069 BC – 664 BC)
'''Antiquity'''
* [[Late Period of Egypt|Late Period of Ancient Egypt]] (six dynasties: of these six, two were Persian dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt) (664 BC – c. 332 BC)
* [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Argead and Ptolemaic dynasties]] (332 BC – 30 BC)
* [[Egypt (Roman province)|Aegyptus]] (fifteen Roman dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt) (30 BC – 641 AD)
** [[Sasanian Egypt]] (one dynasty) (619–629)
* [[Coptic period]] (300 AD – 900 AD)
'''Islamic Egypt'''
* Egypt under four foreign Arabic dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt.
** [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun Egypt]] (641–661)
** [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad Egypt]] (661–750)
** [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Egypt]] (750–868 and 905–935)
'''Medieval Egypt'''
* [[Tulunids|Tulunid dynasty]] (868–905)
* [[Ikhshidids|Ikhshidid dynasty]] (935–969)
* [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid Dynasty]] (969–1171)
* [[Ayyubid Dynasty]] (1171–1250)
* [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk dynasties]] (1250–1517)
** [[Bahri dynasty]] (1250–1382)
** [[Burji dynasty]] (1382–1517)
'''Modern Egypt'''
* [[Egypt Eyalet|Ottoman Egypt]] (Turk dynasty that ruled from a capital distant from Egypt) (1517–1867)
* [[History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty|Muhammad Ali dynasty]] (1805–1953)
** [[Khedivate of Egypt]] (1867–1914)
** [[Sultanate of Egypt]] (1914–1922)
'''Contemporary Egypt'''
* [[Kingdom of Egypt]] (1922–1953)
* [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Republican Egypt]] (1953–present)

=== Libyan periods ===
'''Prehistoric Libya'''
* Prehistoric Libya (pre-600 BC)
'''Early Libya'''
* Carthaginian Libya (600 BC – 200 BC)
* Roman Libya (200 BC – 487 AD)
* Vandal Libya (487 AD – ≈600 AD)
* Islamic Libya (≈600 – ≈1200)
* Ottoman Libya (≈1600 – ≈1900)
'''Modern Libya'''
* Colonial Libya (≈1900 – ≈1950)
* Libya as an independent country
** Early Independent Era
** [[Libyan Arab Republic]] (September 1969–1977)
** [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]]
** Contemporary Libya (2011–present)

==American (continent) periods==
{{Further|History of the Americas}}
'''Pre-Columbian America'''
* [[Mesoamerican chronology|Classic and Postclassic eras]], Central America (200–1519)
* [[Cultural periods of Peru|Early Intermediate, Middle Horizon, Late Intermediate, Late Horizon]] ([[Peru]], 200–1534)
** [[Huari culture|Huari]], [[Chimú]], [[Chincha Culture|Chincha]], [[Chanka people]], [[Tiwanaku]], [[Inca]]
'''Colonial America'''
* [[Baroque]] ([[New World]], 1600–1750)
* [[Spanish Empire|Spanish hegemony]] (Americas, 1492–1832)

=== Mexican periods ===
'''Ancient and Pre-Columbian Mexico'''
* [[Olmecs]] (1500 BC- 400 BC)
* [[Maya civilization|Mayans]] (3000 BC – 600 AD)
* [[Teotihuacan]] (1 AD - 500 AD)
* [[Toltec|Toltecs]] (800 AD - 1000 AD)
* [[Aztec Empire|Aztecs]] (1000 AD – 1512 AD)
'''Colonial Mexico'''
* [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|Spanish Conquest of Mexico]] (1519 – 1521)
*[[New Spain]] (1535 - 1821)
'''Independence Era'''

* [[Mexican War of Independence]] (1810 - 1821)
* [[First Mexican Empire]] (1821 -1823)
* [[First Mexican Republic]] (1824 - 1835)
* [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]] (1835 - 1846)

'''Liberal Mexico'''

* [[Second Federal Republic of Mexico]] (1846 - 1863)
* [[Second Mexican Empire|Second French Mexican Empire]] (1864 - 1867)
* [[Restored Republic (Mexico)|Restored Republic]] (1867 - 1876)
* [[Porfiriato]] (1876 - 1911)

'''Modern Mexico'''

* [[Mexican Revolution|Revolutionary Mexico]] (1910 - 1917)
* [[Maximato]] (1928 - 1934)
* [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|PRI One-Party State]] (1934 - 2000)
* Contemporary Mexico (2000 - Present)

=== United States historical periods ===
{{Further|History of the United States}}

'''Pre-Colonial era'''
* [[Lithic stage]]
* [[Archaic stage]]
* [[Formative stage]]
* [[Woodland period]]
* [[Classic stage]]
* [[Mississippian culture|Mississippian period]]
* [[Post-Classic stage]]

'''[[Thirteen Colonies|Thirteen British Colonies]] (1607–1775)'''

'''[[United Colonies]] (1775-1781)'''
* [[American Revolutionary War]]

'''[[Confederation period]] (1781-1789)'''

'''[[First Party System]] (1789–1824)'''
* [[Federalist Era]] (1789–1800)
* [[Jeffersonian democracy]] (1790s–1820s)
* [[Era of Good Feelings]] (1817–1825)

'''[[Second Party System]] (1824–1856)'''
* [[Jacksonian democracy]] (1825–1854)
* [[History of the United States (1849–1865)|Civil War Era]] (1849–1865)

'''[[Third Party System]] (1856–1896)'''
* [[History of the United States (1849–1865)|Civil War Era]] (1849–1865)
* [[Reconstruction era]] (1865–1877) (Some of this time period is known as the "[[Old West]]".)
* [[Gilded Age]] (1877–1896)

'''[[Fourth Party System]] (1896–1932)'''
* [[Progressive Era]] (1896–1917)
* [[United States in World War I]] (1917–1918)
* [[Roaring Twenties]] (1920–1929)

'''[[Fifth Party System]] (1932–1980)'''
* [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] (1929–1939)
* [[United States home front during World War II]] (1942–1945)
* [[History of the United States (1945–1964)|Post-World War II]] (1945–1964)
* [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights Movement]] (1954–1968)
* [[United States in the Vietnam War]] (1955–1973)

'''[[Sixth Party System]] (1980–present)'''
* [[Reagan Era]] (1980–1991)
* [[History of the United States (1991–2008)|Post-Cold War period]] (1991–2008)
* [[History of the United States (2008–present)|Contemporary United States]] (2008-present)

== Asian periods ==
{{Further|History of Asia}}

=== Chinese periods ===
{{Further|History of China}}
'''Bronze Age China'''

'''Archaic China'''
* [[Shang dynasty]] (1600–1046 BC)
* [[Zhou dynasty]] (1046–256 BC)
** [[Western Zhou]] (1046–771 BC)
** [[Eastern Zhou]] (771–256 BC)
*** [[Spring and Autumn period]] (771–476 BC)
*** [[Warring States period]] (476–221 BC)
* [[Qin dynasty]] (221–206 BC)
'''Antiquity'''
* [[Han dynasty]] (206 BC – 220 AD)
** [[Western Han]] (206 BC – 2 AD)
** [[Xin dynasty]] (9–23 AD)
** [[Eastern Han]] (25–220 AD)
* [[Six Dynasties]] (220–580)
** [[Three Kingdoms]] (220–265)
** [[Jin dynasty (266–420)]]
** [[Southern and Northern Dynasties]] (420–580)
'''Medieval China'''
* [[Sui dynasty]] (580–618)
* [[Tang dynasty]] (623–907)
* [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] (907–960)
* [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279)
** [[Song dynasty#Northern Song, 960–1127|Northern Song]] (960–1127), [[Liao dynasty]] (907–1115)
** [[Western Xia]] dynasty (1038–1227)
** [[Song dynasty#Southern Song, 1127–1279|Southern Song]] (1127–1279), [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]]
'''Mongol China'''
* [[Yuan dynasty]] (1271–1368)
'''Late Dynastic Period'''
* [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644)
* [[Qing dynasty]] (1644–1911)
'''Modern China'''
* [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (1912–1949)
** [[Xinhai Revolution]] (1911–1912)
** [[Warlord Era]] (1918–1927)
'''Contemporary China'''
* [[Chinese Civil War]] (1927–1936/1946–1950)
* [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (1937–1945)
'''Post-Contemporary China'''{{clarify|date=June 2023}}
* [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[Taiwan]] (1949–present)

=== Indian periods ===
{{Further|History of India|History of South Asia}}

[[File:Timeline of Indian history.jpg|600px|Timeline of Indian history.]]

* '''[[South Asian Stone Age]]'''
** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Pre-Harappan]]
*** [[Mehrgarh]]
* '''[[Bronze Age India]]''' (3340 BC – 1350 BC)
** [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
*** [[Early Harappan]]
*** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Early Mature Harappan]]
*** [[Mature Harappan]]
*** [[Late Harappan]]
**** [[Punjab Phase]]
**** [[Jhukar Phase]]
**** [[Rangpur Phase]]
*** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Final Harappan]]
* '''[[Iron Age in India]]''' (1350 BC – 200 BC)
** ''[[Vedic period]]'' (1350 BC – 500 BC): [[Mahajanapadas]]
** ''[[Magadha period]]'' (c.500 BC – c.750 AD): [[Nanda Empire|Nandas]], [[Mauryan empire|Mauryans]], [[Shunga Empire|Shungas]]
* '''[[Classical India]]''' (200 BC – 500 AD)
** ''[[Sangam period]]'' (300 BC – 600 AD): [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]], [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyans]]
** ''[[Golden Age of India|Golden period]]'': [[Kushan Empire|Kushans]] (50 AD – 220 AD), [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]] (230 BC – 220 AD), [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]] (320 AD – 535 AD) and [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakatakas]] (300AD – 650 AD)
* '''[[Medieval India|Medieval Age in India]]''' (500–1526)
** ''[[Tripartite struggle|Tripartite period]]'' (c.750 – c.900): [[Pala Empire|Palas]], [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] and [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjaras]]
** ''[[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim period]]'' (712–1857): [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]], [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]], [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] and [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat sultanates]]
** [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1336–1646), [[Gajapati Empire]] (1434–1541) and [[kingdom of Mewar]] (1325–1448)
* '''Modern Age in India''' (1526 – present)
** [[Mughal Empire]] (1526–1857)
** [[Sur Empire]] (1538-1555)
** [[Maratha Empire]] (1674–1818)
** [[Sikh Empire]] (1799–1849)
** ''[[Colonial India|Colonial period]]'': [[British Raj]] (1858 – 1947)
** [[History of the Republic of India|Independence]] (1947 – present)

=== Iranian periods ===
{{Further|History of Iran}}
'''[[Prehistory of Iran|Prehistoric Iran]]'''

'''Ancient age''':
*[[Medes]] (1000 — 550 BC)
* [[Achaemenid Empire]] (550 –330 BC)
* [[Wars of Alexander the Great|Greek occupation of Persia]] (330 –312 BC):
* [[Seleucid Empire]] (312 – 63 BC)
* [[Parthian Empire]] (247 BC – 224 AD)
* [[Sassanid Empire]] (224 – 651 AD)

'''Medieval age''':
* [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Persia under Caliphates]] (651 – 820 AD)
* [[Iranian Intermezzo]] (c.820 – 1037): [[Tahirid dynasty|Tahirids]] (821 to 873), [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffarids]] (861 to 1003), [[Samanid Empire|Samanids]] (819 to 999) and [[Buyid dynasty|Buyids]] (934 to 1062)
* [[Seljuk Empire]] (1037–1194)
* [[Khwarazmian Empire]] (1194–1219)
* [[Mongol invasion of Persia|Mongol occupation of Persia]] (1219 –1256)
* [[Ilkhanate]] (1256–1335)
* Disintegration of the Ilkhanate (1335–1370): [[Jalayirid Sultanate|Jalayirids]], [[Chobanids]], [[Muzaffarids (Iran)|Muzaffarids]], [[Injuids]], [[Sarbadars]], and [[Kart dynasty|Kartids]]
* [[Timurid Empire]] (1370–1507) and [[Aq Qoyunlu]] (1378–1501)

'''Modern age''':
* [[Safavid Iran]] (1501–1736)
* [[Afsharid Iran]] (1736 –c.1750)
* [[Zand dynasty|Zand Iran]] (1750–1794)
* [[Qajar Iran]] (1794–1925)
* [[Pahlavi Iran]] (1925–1979)
* [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]] (1979–present)

=== Japanese periods ===
{{Further|History of Japan}}

'''Archaic Japan'''
* [[Jōmon period]] (10,501 BC – 400 BC)
* [[Yayoi period]] (450 BC – 250 AD)
* [[Kofun period]] (250–600)
'''Feudal Japan'''
* [[Asuka period]] (643–710)
* [[Nara period]] (743–794)
* [[Heian period]] (795–1185)
* [[Kamakura period]] (1185–1333)
'''Samurai Japan'''
* [[Muromachi period]] (1333–1573){{sfn|Bowman|2000|pages=118–161}}
* [[Azuchi–Momoyama period]] (1573–1603)
'''Modern Japan'''
* [[Edo period]] (1603–1868)
* [[Meiji period]] (1868–1912)
* [[Taishō period]] (1912–1926)
'''Contemporary Japan'''
* [[Shōwa period]] (1926–1989)
** [[Post-occupation Japan|Post-occupation era]] (1952 – present)
* [[Heisei period]] (1989–2019)
* [[Reiwa period]] (2019–present)

=== Mesopotamian periods ===
{{Further|History of the Middle East|History of Mesopotamia}}
'''Archaic Period'''
* [[Mesopotamia]]
** [[Samarra culture]]
** [[Hassuna culture]]
** [[Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period]]
** [[Ubaid period]]
** [[Uruk period]]
** [[Jemdet Nasr period]] (3100 BC – 2900 BC)
** [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic Period]] (2900 BC – 2270 BC)
** [[Akkadian Empire]] (2270 BC – 2083 BC)
** [[Gutian dynasty of Sumer|Gutian dynasty]] (2083 BC – 2050 BC)
** [[Third Dynasty of Ur|Ur III period]] (2050 BC – 1940 BC)
** [[First Babylonian dynasty]] (1830 BC – 1531 BC), [[Hittites]] (1800 BC – 1178 BC)
** [[Kassites]] (1531 BC – 1135 BC), [[Mitanni]] (1500 BC – 1300 BC)
** [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] (934 BC – 609 BC)
** [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] (626 BC – 539 BC), [[Medes]] (678 BC – 549 BC)
'''Imperial Period'''
* [[Persian Empire]]s (550 BC – 651 AD)
** [[Achaemenid Empire]] (550 BC – 330 BC)
** Conquered by [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)#Empire|Macedonian Empire]] (330 BC – 312 BC)
** [[Seleucid Empire]] (312 BC – 63 BC)
** [[Parthian Empire]] (247 BC – 224 AD)
** [[Sasanian Empire]] (224 AD – 651 AD)
'''Islamic Period'''
* [[Islamicate]] periods<ref name="Hodgson">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LKO5GRC8j1MC&pg=PA3 The Venture of Islam, Volume 2: The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods]'' (1974), p. 3.</ref> (7th – 21st centuries<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Beginner's Introduction to the Islamic Civilization |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/islamic-civilization-timeline-and-definition-171390 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref>)
** ''High Caliphate'' (685–945)<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BMxVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT53 A Concise History of the Middle East]'' (2015), p. 53.</ref>
** ''Earlier Middle Period'' (945–1250)<ref name="Hodgson" />
** ''Later Middle Period'' (1250–1500)<ref name="Hodgson" />
** [[Rashidun Caliphate]] (632–661)
** [[Umayyad Caliphate]] (661–750)
** [[Abbasid Caliphate]] (750–1258), [[Fatimid Caliphate]] (909–1171)
*** [[Buyid dynasty]] (934–1055)
*** [[Seljuq dynasty]] (1055–1171)
*** [[Ayyubid dynasty]] (1171–1341)
** [[Ottoman Empire]] (1300–1923)
*** [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid Empire]] (1501–1736)
** [[Mandatory Iraq|Kingdom of Iraq under British mandate]] (1921-1932)
** [[Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq]] (1932-1958)
*** [[Hashemite Arab Federation]] (1958)
** [[First Iraqi Republic|Qasimist Republic of Iraq]] (1958-68)
** [[Ba'athist Iraq]] (1968-2003)
** [[Coalition Provisional Authority]] (2003-04)
** [[Republic of Iraq]] (2004-present)

=== Mongolian periods ===
{{Further|History of Mongolia}}

'''Antiquity'''
* [[Xiongnu]] ([[Mongolia]], 220 BC – AD 200)
'''Medieval Mongolia'''
* [[Rouran Khaganate]] (Mongolia, [[Manchuria]], [[Xianbei]], AD 330 – 555)
** [[Sixteen Kingdoms]] (Xianbei, [[Turkic peoples]], 304–439)
* [[Uyghur Khaganate]] (Mongolia, Manchuria, [[Tibet]], 744–848)
* [[Liao dynasty]] ([[Khitan people]], 907–1125)
'''Imperial Mongolia'''
* [[Mongol Empire]] (Mongolia, 1206–1380)
** [[Yuan Dynasty]] of [[China]] (≈1250 – ≈1350)
** [[Golden Horde]] (≈1250 – 1380)
'''Modern Mongolia'''
* [[Qing dynasty]] (Manchu China, 1692–1911)

=== Southeast Asian periods ===
{{Further|History of Southeast Asia}}
'''Maritime Southeast Asia'''
* [[Srivijaya]] ([[Indonesia]], 3rd – 14th centuries), [[Tarumanagara]] (358–723), [[Sailendra]] (8th and 9th centuries), [[Sunda Kingdom|Kingdom of Sunda]] (669–1579), [[Mataram Kingdom|Kingdom of Mataram]] (752–1045), [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]] (1045–1221), [[Singhasari]] (1222–1292), [[Majapahit]] (1293–1500)
'''Peninsular Southeast Asia'''
* [[Chenla]] ([[Cambodia]], 630 – 802) and [[Khmer Empire]] ([[Cambodia]], 802–1432)
* [[Lý Nam Đế|Anterior Lý dynasty]] and [[Triệu Việt Vương]], [[Third Chinese domination (History of Vietnam)|Third Chinese domination]], [[Khúc Family]], [[Dương Đình Nghệ]], [[Kiều Công Tiễn]], [[Ngô dynasty]], [[The 12 Lords Rebellion]], [[Đinh dynasty]], [[Anterior Lê dynasty|Prior Lê dynasty]], [[Lý dynasty]], [[Trần dynasty]], [[Hồ dynasty]], [[Fourth Chinese domination (History of Vietnam)|Fourth Chinese domination]] ([[Vietnam]], 544–1427)

==European periods==
{{Further|History of Europe|Art of Europe}}

* '''[[Bronze Age Europe]]''' (c. 3000 BC – c. 1050 BC)
** [[Aegean Civilization]] ([[Crete]], [[Greece]] and [[Near East]]; c. 3000 BC – c. 1050 BC){{efn|The area had settlements as far back as 9000 BC; see [[Timeline of ancient Greece]].}}
* '''[[Iron Age Europe]]''' (c. 1050 BC – c. 500 AD)
** Early Iron Age (c. 1050 BC – 776 BC) – part of the [[Greek Dark Ages]]
** '''[[Classical antiquity]]''' (776 BC – 476 AD)
*** [[Archaic Greece]] (776 BC – 480 BC) – begins with the First Olympiad, traditionally dated 776 BC
*** [[Classical Greece]] (480 BC – 338 BC)
*** [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian era]] (338 BC – 323 BC)
*** [[Hellenistic Greece]] (323 BC – 146 BC)
*** [[Roman Republic#Late Republic|Late Roman Republic]] (147 BC – 27 BC)
*** [[Principate|Principate of the Roman Empire]] (27 BC – 284 AD)
*** [[Late Antiquity]] (284 AD – 500 AD)
** '''[[Migration Period]]''' (Europe, 300 AD – 700 AD)
* '''[[Middle Ages]]''' (Europe, 476–1453)
** [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine era]] (330–1453)
** [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalus]] (Iberian Peninsula, 711-1492)
** [[Early Middle Ages]] (Europe, 476–1066)
*** [[Viking Age]] ([[Scandinavia]], Europe, 793–1066)
** [[High Middle Ages]] (Europe, 1066 – c. 1300)
** [[Late Middle Ages]] (Europe, c. 1300 – 1453)
** [[The Renaissance]] (Europe, c. 1300 – c. 1601)
* '''[[Early modern Europe|Early modern period]]''' (Europe, 1453–1789)
** [[Age of Discovery]] (or Exploration) (Europe, c. 1400 – 1770)
** [[Polish Golden Age]] (Poland, 1507–1572)
** [[Golden Age of Piracy]] (1650–1730)
** [[Tudor period]] (England, 1485–1603)
*** [[Elizabethan era]] (England, 1558–1603)
** [[Stuart period]] (British Isles, 1603–1714)
*** [[Jacobean era]] (British Isles, 1603–1625)
*** [[Caroline era]] (British Isles, 1625–1649)
*** [[British Interregnum]] (British Isles, 1649–1660)
*** [[Stuart Restoration]] (British Isles, 1660–1714)
**** [[Carolean era]] (British Isles, 1660–1685)
** [[Protestant Reformation]] (Europe, 16th century)
** [[Classicism]] (Europe, 16th – 18th centuries)
** [[Industrious Revolution]], (Europe, 16th – 18th centuries)
** [[Peter the Great|Petrine Era]] (Russia, 1689–1725)
** [[Age of Enlightenment]] (or Reason) (Europe, 18th century)
** [[Scientific Revolution]] (Europe, 18th century)
* '''[[Long nineteenth century]]''' (1789–1914)
** [[Georgian era]] (the United Kingdom, 1714–1830)
** [[Industrial Revolution]] (Europe, United States, and elsewhere 18th and 19th centuries, though with its beginnings in Britain)
** Age of European [[colonialism]] and [[imperialism]]
** [[Romanticism|Romantic era]] (1770–1850)
** [[Napoleonic era]] (1799–1815)
** [[Victorian era]] (the United Kingdom, 1837–1901); [[British Empire|British hegemony]] (1815–1914) much of world, around the same time period.
** [[Belle Époque]] (Europe, primarily France, 1871–1914)
** [[Edwardian era]] (the United Kingdom, 1901–1914)
* [[World War I|First]], [[interwar period]] and [[World War II|Second World Wars]] (1914–1945)
** [[Interwar Britain]] (United Kingdom, 1918–1939)
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991)
* [[Post–Cold War era|Post-Cold War]] (1991–present)

== Oceanian periods ==
{{Further information|History of Oceania}}

=== Australian periods ===
{{Further|History of Australia}}

* [[Prehistory of Australia|Ancient Australia]], [[History of Indigenous Australians]] (between 65,000 and 50,000 BC – 1788 AD)
* [[Age of Discovery]], [[European maritime exploration of Australia]] (1606–1802)
* [[Convicts in Australia|Convict era]] (1788–1868)
* [[Victorian era]] (1837–1901)
* [[Federation of Australia|Federation era]] (1890–1918)
* [[Military history of Australia during World War II|World War II]] (1939–1945)
* [[Second Elizabethan era]] (1952–2022){{CN|date=July 2024}}

==See also==
{{Portal|History}}
* [[Geologic time scale]]
* [[List of fossil sites]] with link directory.
* [[List of timelines]] around the world.
* [[Orders of magnitude (time)]]
* [[Periodization]] for a discussion of the tendency to try to fit history into non-overlapping periods.
* [[Time]]
** [[Planck Time]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|25em}}

===Sources cited===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bowman |first=John S. |title = Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |year=2000 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York City |isbn = 0231500041 |url = https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john |url-access=registration }}
{{refend}}

{{Western world}}
{{World history|state=expanded}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Time periods, List of}}
[[Category:Wikipedia timelines]]
[[Category:History-related lists]]

Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation

2026-03-26T12:01:04Z

Sylvester41C: cleaned up content for clarity additionally and added references

{{Short description|Public transport provider in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation
| image =
| logo = [[File:KKRTC LOGO.jpg|250px|KKRTC Logo]]
| logo_size = 200px
| native_name = Kalyāṇa Karnāṭaka Raste Sārige Nigama
| native_name_lang = kn
| romanized_name = Kalyāṇa Karnāṭaka Raste Sārige Nigama
| former_name = North Eastern Karnataka Road Transport Corporation (2000-2021)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| predecessor = Part of [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]]
| foundation = *{{Start date and age|2000|08|15|df=y|p=y}} as '''North Eastern Karnataka Road Transport Corporation'''
* {{Start date and age|2021|07|06|df=y|p=y}}; renamed as '''Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation'''
| hq_location = KKRTC Central Office, Sarige Sadana, Main Road, Mahaveer Nagara, Khuba Plot, Brhampura
| location_city = [[Kalaburagi]], [[Kalaburagi district]], [[Karnataka]]
| location_country = India
| num_locations = * 53 depots
* 154 bus stations
* KKRTC Central Office, [[Kalaburagi]]
* Regional Workshop, [[Yadgir]]
* Regional Training Institute, [[Humnabad]]
* Regional Training Institute, [[Hagaribommanahalli]], [[Vijayanagara district]]
* Civil Engineering Division, [[Kalaburagi]]
* Civil Engineering Division, [[Ballari]]
| key_people = *Sri. M. Rachappa, [[Karnataka Administrative Service|KAS]] {{small|Managing Director}}
*Dr. N. V. Prasad, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] {{small|Secretary to Government, Department of Transport}}
*Sri. Paresh Kumar Goel, [[Military Engineer Services (India)|ISDE]] {{small|Director (Transport), Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Central Govt. Representative}}
*Sri Shreekrishna N Bugatyagol {{small|Special Officer (ZP) & Ex-Officer Joint Secretary to Govt., Department of Finanace}}
*Sri. Ramalinga Reddy, [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] {{small|Chairperson, KKRTC & Minister for Transport & Muzrai, Government of Karnataka}}
| area_served = '''Primary base'''
* [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
* [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
* [[Bidar district|Bidar]]
* [[Yadgir district|Yadgir]]
* [[Raichur district|Raichur]]
* [[Koppal district|Koppal]]
* [[Ballari district|Ballari]]
* [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]
'''Intrastate'''
* [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
* [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]
* [[Ramanagara district|Ramanagara]]
* [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
* [[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura]]
* [[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru]]
* [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
* [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]]
* [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]]
* [[Dakshina Kannada]]
* [[Udupi district|Udupi]]
* [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]]
* [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
* [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
* [[Mandya district|Mandya]]
* [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]
* [[Dharwad district|Dharwada]]
* [[Uttara Kannada]]
* [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
* [[Gadag district|Gadag]]
* [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
* [[Haveri district|Haveri]]
'''Interstate'''
* [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Goa]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Telangana]]
| industry = [[Public transport bus service]]
| brands = * Kalyana Karnataka Sarige
* Kalyana Gramantara Sarige
* Kalyana Nagara Sarige
* Rajahamsa Executive Class
* Amoghavarsha Class
* Ambaari Class
* Kalyana Ratha Class
| services = [[Public transport]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| owner = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| num_employees = 19430
| parent = [https://transport.karnataka.gov.in/english Department of Transport, Government of Karnataka]
| divisions = '''9 divisions'''
* [[Ballari]]
* [[Bidar]]
* [[Bijapur]]
* [[Hospet]]
* [[Kalaburagi|Kalaburagi - 01]]
* [[Kalaburagi|Kalaburagi - 02]]
* [[Koppal]]
* [[Raichur]]
* [[Yadgir]]
| caption =
| website = [https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/english KKRTC Main Website] [https://ksrtc.in/oprs-web/ All Karnataka's RTCs Ticket Reservation] [https://www.nammacargo.in/ Namma Cargo Logistics and Parcel Services]
| footnotes = 4531 buses serve 12.31 lakh passengers per day
}}

The '''Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation (KKRTC)''' is a state-owned public road transport corporation in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is wholly owned by the [[Government of Karnataka]]. It serves routes to towns and cities in the Northeastern part of Karnataka plus [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]] and connects it to the rest of the state and the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Goa]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Telangana]].

==History==
===Foundation===
Mysore Government Road Transport Department (MGRTD) was inaugurated on 12 September 1948 with 120 buses.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ksrtc.in/pages/history.html|title=KSRTC Official Website for Online Bus Ticket Booking - KSRTC.in|access-date=17 August 2022|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607185521/https://www.ksrtc.in/pages/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The transport department of the Mysore state administered it until 1961.

===Corporatization===
It was subsequently converted into an independent corporation under Section 3 of the Road Transport Corporation Act, 1950, on 1 August 1961. All assets and liabilities of MGRTD were transferred to Mysore State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC).<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="SoM-branding">{{cite web |title=Karnataka seeks new name as Brand KSRTC becomes Kerala's |url=https://starofmysore.com/karnataka-seeks-new-name-as-brand-ksrtc-becomes-keralas/ |website=Star of Mysore |date=3 June 2021 |access-date=3 April 2023}}</ref>

===Merger===
On 1 October 1961, Bangalore Transport Service was merged with it.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Renaming===
On 1 November 1973, the state of Mysore was renamed "Karnataka", leading to a renaming of MSRTC to [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC).

===Bifurcation===
* On 15 August 1997, Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (then [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]], BMTC) was bifurcated to cater to the transportation needs of [[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority|Bangalore Metropolitan Region]]. It was formed by separating the Bangalore Transport Service.
* On 1 November 1997, [[North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]] (NWKRTC) was bifurcated to cater to the transportation needs of Northwestern parts of Karnataka.
* On 15 August 2000, Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation (KKRTC) (then '''North Eastern Karnataka Road Transport Corporation''') was bifurcated to cater to the transportation needs of Northeastern parts of Karnataka.<ref name=KSRTChistory>{{cite news|title=KSRTC History|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Wheels-of-change-turn-Karnataka-State-Road-Transport-Corporation-into-a-winner/articleshow/15085055.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date= 22 July 2012 |access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=KSRTCHIS>{{cite web|title=Ksrtc history|url=http://www.ksrtc.in/site/history |website=www.ksrtc.in|access-date=24 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317003217/http://www.ksrtc.in/site/history|archive-date=17 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us - Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|url=https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/About+Us/en|access-date=4 October 2021|website=kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004165120/https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/page/About+Us/en|url-status=dead}}</ref> This left the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation to serve the southern part of Karnataka.
* On 23 November 2009, Bijapur division was transferred from NWKRTC to KKRTC.

==Services==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name of the Service
!Description
!Manufacturer
!Gallery
|-
!'''Kalyana Karnataka Sarige'''
|It is a non-AC bus service with 3+2 non-reclining seats built on single-axle [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Tata Motors|Tata]] and [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]] suburban chassis with a tirangi livery of three colours consisting of white, yellow and crimson colours. It is an interdistrict, interstate service in Kalyana Karnataka (North-eastern Karnataka) and Bijapura district.
|rowspan{{=}}"5"|

* [[Ashok Leyland]]
* [[Tata Motors|Tata]]
* [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]]
|[[File:Kalyana Karnataka Sarige.jpg|250px|Kalyana Karnataka Sarige]]
[[File:Kalyana Karnataka Sarige Rare livery.jpg|250px|Kalyana Karnataka Sarige]]
|-
!'''Kalyana Gramantara Sarige'''
| It is a non-AC bus service with 3+2 non-reclining seats built on single-axle [[Ashok Leyland]], Tata and Eicher suburban chassis with a durangi livery of dual colours consisting of blue and white colours. It is a service to connect villages to nearby cities and towns in Kalyana Karnataka (North-eastern Karnataka) and Bijapur district.
|
|-
!Kalyana Nagara Sarige
|IIt is a non-AC bus service with 2+2 non-reclining seats built on single-axle [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Tata Motors|Tata]] and [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]] urban chassis with various liveries and branding depending upon the locale. It is an intracity and town service in Kalyana Karnataka (North-eastern Karnataka) and Bijapur district.
|[[File:Jewargi Road.jpg|250px|Nagara Sarige bus in [[Kalaburagi]] ]]
|-
!Rajahamsa Executive Class
|It is a non-AC bus service with 2+2 non-reclining seats built on single-axle Ashok Leyland, Tata and Eicher urban chassis with various liveries and branding depending upon the locale. It is an intracity and town service in Kalyana Karnataka (North-eastern Karnataka) and Bijapur district.
|
|-
!Non-AC Sleeper Class
|It is a non-AC ultra-deluxe bus service with 2+1 lower and upper berth sleeper seats built on bi-axle [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Tata Motors|Tata]] and [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]] chassis with a white livery. It is a long-distance service operating out of Kalyana Karnataka (North-eastern Karnataka) and Bijapur district.
|[[File:NKKRTC'S Non AC Sleeper Bus.jpg|250px|NKKRTC'S Non AC Sleeper Bus]]
|-
!Amoghavarsha Class
|t is a non-AC ultra-deluxe bus service with 2+1 lower and upper berth sleeper seats built on bi-axle [[Ashok Leyland]] chassis with a white livery. It is a long-distance service operating out of Kalyana Karnataka (North-eastern Karnataka) and Bijapur district.
|
* [[Ashok Leyland]]
|
|-
!Ambaari Class
|It is an AC luxury bus service with 2+1 lower and upper berth sleeper seats built on a single-axle Corona chassis with a white livery. It is a long-distance service operating out of Kalyana Karnataka (North-eastern Karnataka) and Bijapur district.
|
* Corona
|[[File:KKRTC'S Ambaari Class.jpg|250px|KKRTC'S AC Sleeper Ambaari Class]]
|-
!Kalyana Ratha Class
|It is an ''AC'' luxury bus service with 2+1 lower and upper berth sleeper seats on a [[Volvo 9600]] multi-axle sleeper with a white livery. t is a long-distance service operating out of Kalyana Karnataka (North-eastern Karnataka) and Bijapur district.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=IndexKarnataka |number=1692498208407146729 |title=KKRTC unveils brand new "Kalyana Ratha" 9600 Volvo Multi Axle Sleeper bus services which is similar to #Ambaari from KSRTC |date=18 August 2023 |access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref>
|
* [[Volvo]]
|[[File:Kalyana Ratha KKRTC bus.png|250px|AC -Sleeper 9600 Volvo bus operated by [[Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|KKRTC]]]]
|}

==Former services==
* '''Meghdooth Class''': It is an AC luxury bus service with 2+2 reclining seats built on a single-axle [[Ashok Leyland]] chassis with a dark blue-white livery. It is a long-distance service operating out of Kalyana Karnataka (Northeastern Karnataka) and Bijapur district. This service was replaced with '''Sheethal Class'''.
* '''Sheethal Class''': It is an AC luxury bus service with 2+2 reclining seats built on a single-axle [[Ashok Leyland]] chassis with a green livery. It is a long-distance service operating out of Kalyana Karnataka (North-eastern Karnataka) and Bijapur district. Currently defunct.
* '''Vaibhav Class''': It is a non-AC semi-deluxe bus service with 2+2 reclining seats with less reclining compared to '''Rajahamsa Executive Class''' built on a single-axle [[Ashok Leyland]] chassis with a green livery. It is a long-distance service operating out of Kalyana Karnataka (North-eastern Karnataka) and Bijapur district. Currently defunct.
* '''Suhasa Class''': It is a non-AC ultra-deluxe bus service with 2+2 reclining seats built on [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Tata Motors|Tata]] and [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]] chassis with a yellow livery. It is a long-distance service operating out of Kalyana Karnataka (North-eastern Karnataka) and Bijapur district. Rebranded and merged with '''Rajahamsa Executive Class'''.

=='Shakti Scheme' free bus service for women==
'Shakti Scheme' was announced by the [[Second Siddaramaiah ministry]] on 2 June 2023. It started on 11 June 2023, providing free-of-charge bus service to Karnataka domicile women. Beneficiaries show their government-issued photo identity and address proof for the first three months. Bus conductors issue them zero-fare tickets Thereafter, beneficiaries obtain Shakti smartcards (named after the name of the scheme) through an application process on the government's [https://sevasindhugs.karnataka.gov.in/ Seva Sindhu website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002023018/http://sevasindhugs.karnataka.gov.in/ |date=2 October 2023 }}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=Guidelines released for free travel bus scheme for women in Karnataka |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/guidelines-released-for-free-travel-bus-scheme-for-women-in-karnataka-1225093.html |access-date=5 June 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

===Terms and conditions of the scheme===
* The scheme will apply to all four Road Transport Corporations in the state (KSRTC, BMTC, NWKRTC and KKRTC).
* '''Nagara Sarige, Gramantara Sarige, Karnataka Sarige, Vayavya Nagara Sarige, Vayavya Gramantara Sarige, Vayavya Karnataka Sarige, Kalyana Nagara Sarige, Kalyana Gramantara Sarige, Kalyana Karnataka Sarige, Bengaluru Sarige, Samparka''' and '''Astra''' services will be part of the scheme.
* Women can travel for free only on bus services within the state. Bus services to destinations outside Karnataka will be outside the scheme's purview even if women travel within the state. For example, a woman travelling to [[Ballari]] in [[Karnataka]] i.e., within the state on a Hosapet-Anantapuramu bus service which is an interstate service to [[Anantapur]]amu in neighbouring [[Andhra Pradesh]], then the woman passenger will have to buy a ticket.
* The scheme will not apply to luxury buses ('''Rajahamsa Executive Class, Airavat Class, Airavat Club Class, Pallakki Class, Amoghavarsha Class, Ambaari Class, Ambaari Dream Class, Ambaari Utsav Class, Kalyana Ratha Class, Fly Bus, EV- Power Plus+, Bengaluru Darshini, Vajra''' and '''Vayu Vajra''' services).
* Half of the seats on KSRTC, NWKRTC and KKRTC's ordinary and express buses will be reserved for men. Luxury, AC and interstate buses as well as BMTC buses will be exempted from this.
* The government will reimburse the RTCs based on the distance women travel.

==Karnataka's road transport undertakings==
* '''[[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC, Bangalore]]''': Operates out of Southern Karnataka.
* '''[[North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|NWKRTC, Hubli]]''': Operates out of North-Western Karnataka except Bijapur district.
* '''KKRTC, Kalaburagi''': Operates out of North-Eastern Karnataka and Bijapur district.
* '''[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC, Bangalore]]''': Operates in Bangalore Metropolitan Region offering transit service.

==Namma Cargo Logistics and Parcel Services==
Namma Cargo Logistics and Parcel Services was launched on 26 February 2021. It provides cargo and parcel services on the routes in which the KSRTC, NWKRTC and KKRTC buses travel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2021 |title=Karnataka govt launches 'Namma Cargo' parcel and cargo service, to be run by KSRTC |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karnataka-govt-launches-namma-cargo-parcel-and-cargo-service-be-run-ksrtc-144245 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Buses|Transport}}
*[[List of bus depots in Karnataka]]
*[[List of bus stations in Karnataka]]
*[[North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]]
*[[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{State owned road transport companies in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:State road transport corporations of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2000]]
[[Category:State agencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bus transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kalaburagi]]

Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam

2026-03-24T15:06:00Z

Sylvester41C:

{{Short description|Indian political party}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|colorcode = {{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|abbreviation = DMDK
|general_secretary = Premalatha Vijayakanth
|ppchairman =
|loksabha_leader =
|rajyasabha_leader = L. K. Sudhish
|treasurer = L. K. Sudhish
|founder = [[Vijayakant]]
|foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|2005|09|14}}
|headquarters = Captain Aalayam, 125/7, Jawaharlal Nehru Salai, [[Koyambedu]], [[Chennai]] – 600107, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].
|students = DMDK Student Wing
|youth = DMDK Youth Wing
|women = DMDK Women's Wing
|labour = Desiya Murpokku Union Federation
|ideology = {{ubl|[[Populism]]|[[Secularism]]|[[Dravidianism]]|[[Social democracy]]}}
|colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}} [[Yellow]]
|eci = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|State party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref>
| alliance =
* '''Regional Alliances''' [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] (since 2026)
* '''National Alliance''' [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (since 2026)
{{hidden|Former Alliances|
*[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]] (2011-2012; 2019-2021; 2024–2026) ([[Tamil Nadu]])
* [[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam|AMMK+]] (2021) (Tamil Nadu)
* [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (2014-2016; 2019-2021)
* [[People's Welfare Front]] (2016) (Tamil Nadu)}}
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|245|hex={{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|state_seats_name = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|234|hex={{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|no_states = {{Composition bar|0|31|hex={{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Nagara.svg|120px|Nagara]]
|flag = Flag DMDK.png
|website = [https://dmdkparty.com/ www.dmdkparty.com]
}}
{{Dravidian politics-col}}
The '''Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam''' ({{translation|National Progressive Dravidian Federation}}; {{small|abbr.}} '''DMDK''') is an Indian [[Regionalism (politics)|regional]] [[political party]] in the [[Federated state|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a [[Dravidian parties|Dravidian party]] founded by the former [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|leader of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] [[Vijayakant]] (Captain) at [[Madurai]] on 14 September 2005. The party was led by its founder until 14 December 2023 from its date of founding. From 14 December 2023, the DMDK is led by Vijayakant's wife Premalatha Vijayakanth as general secretary of the party. The party served as the main opposition party in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from 27 May 2011 to 21 February 2016. The headquarters of the party is called Captain Aalayam, which is located at Jawaharlal Nehru Salai, [[Koyambedu]], [[Chennai]].

==History==
===Vijayakant era (2005–23)===
{{multiple image
|background color = #FFFFB2
|align = right
|caption_align = center
|direction = vertical
|width = 220
|image1 = Vijaykanth_at_the_Sagaptham_Audio_Launch.jpg
|caption1 = '''Dr. Vijayakant''' Founder of the party
}}
The party was founded on 14 September 2005, as ''Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam'' (DMDK) by the former [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|leader of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] [[Vijayakant]], a veteran [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil film]] star and popular politician. He assumed the responsibility of the founder-president of the party. Ramu Vasanthan, who was the state president of the fans' forum, took charge as the general secretary of the party. On 17 July 2009, he died of a cardiac arrest. In 2014, the party's founder-president, Vijayakant, took over the position that had previously been vacant.

In the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006 assembly election]], the party contested all 234 seats without an alliance and bagged only one seat with 8.38% of the vote, that of its founder-president Vijayakant from [[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Vriddhachalam]] constituency, who served as a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. Other candidates of this party who contested in other constituencies in this election failed.

In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]], it contested 40 seats—39 in Tamil Nadu and one in Puducherry—without an alliance and lost in all the constituencies with 0.75% of the vote.<ref>{{cite news|title=DMDK improves poll showing|work=The times of India Chennai edition|page=3|date=18 May 2009}}</ref>

Following widespread corruption, a price rise, a power cut, and allegations of nepotism against the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] government, in the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 assembly election]], the party, in alliance with parties like the left and former [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[J. Jayalalithaa]]'s [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK),<ref>
{{Cite news| title = Vijayakant's party to join hands with AIADMK to 'oust DMK'| url = http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/25/stories/2011022562130100.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110227235337/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/25/stories/2011022562130100.htm| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2011-02-27| access-date = 2010-02-25 | work = [[The Hindu]]| date = 2011-02-25| location=Chennai, India}}</ref> swept the polls, winning 202 seats, with the DMDK winning 29 out of 40 which it contested, and got the opposition status in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by making it a second largest party in the legislative assembly next only to its ally AIADMK pushing DMK to third position and Vijayakanth recognized as the leader of the opposition in the assembly. The large victory also earned recognition and a permanent election symbol [[Nagara (drum)|Nagara]] from the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dinamalar.com/News_Detail.asp?Id=242863| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520211209/http://www.dinamalar.com/News_Detail.asp?Id=242863| url-status=dead| archive-date=20 May 2011| title=தே.மு.தி.க.,வுக்கு தேர்தல் கமிஷன் அங்கீகாரம்: சின்னத்தை இழக்கிறது பா.ம.க.| publisher=Dinamalar| date=18 May 2011| access-date=18 May 2011}}</ref> Vijayakanth stepped down as leader of the opposition on 21 February 2016, after eight DMDK party MLAs resigned.<ref>
{{Cite news| title = Vijaykant loses Opposition leader post; after 8 rebel MLAs resign| url = https://theregister.co.in/india/vijaykant-dmdk-mla-resign/| access-date = 2016-02-21| location = India| work = Register India}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The party's performance began to deteriorate after the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]]; it fought the [[Lok Sabha]] election in an alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/confirmed-dmdk-bjp-form-alliance-in-tamil-nadu-for-lok-sabha-polls-1402705.html|title=Confirmed: DMDK-BJP form alliance in Tamil Nadu for LS polls|date=26 February 2014|website=www.oneindia.com}}</ref> [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]], and [[Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi|Kongunadu Makkal Desiya Katchi]] and [[Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi]]'s [[Social Democratic Alliance]] are the other allies of the National Democratic Alliance in [[Tamil Nadu]]. In the NDA alliance, the party had the highest number of seats, which were 14 in number. Despite the big hype, the party lost all 14 seats to AIADMK candidates. But it was the first time in 52 years that the DMK alliance was pushed to third place by the number of seats, and this election gave confidence to most parties that the future of Tamil Nadu lies in a coalition government.

The DMDK decided to run alongside the [[People's Welfare Front]] (PWA) in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], as part of the "Captain Vijayakanth Alliance,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tamil-nadu-polls-joining-the-third-front-the-captain-worries-dmk-and-aiadmk/|title=TN polls: Joining the Third Front, Captain Vijayakanth worries DMK and AIADMK|date=23 March 2016}}</ref> which included the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Communist Party of India]], [[Vaiko]]'s Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, and [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]'s [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]. The DMDK performed poorly in the election, not winning even a single constituency and losing deposits in the majority of its seats. It also witnessed a vote swing of -5.49% from the 2011 assembly elections.

In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general elections]], after several rounds of talks with different political parties, The move comes after the DMDK’s attempts to make an alliance with the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], which has already entered into a pre-poll alliance with the Congress and several others, failed. DMDK contested with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) in [[Tamil Nadu]] for the [[17th Lok Sabha]] polls, along with [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]], [[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]], and some unrecognized parties. [[Vijayakanth]] wants to prove his vote bank strength in this election, but the party was humiliated and lost all four that it contested out of the 39 Lok Sabha seats in the state. The [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] (SPA), a DMK-led alliance consisting of all the major opposition parties in the state, swept the election by winning 38 seats.

In the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly election]], the DMDK, which had the support of the [[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam]], [[Social Democratic Party of India]], and [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]], lost 60 seats contested and saw a vote percentage swing of -1.96% compared to previous assembly elections. After the election, the DMK emerged as the ruling party, and the AIADMK emerged as the main party of the opposition in the assembly.

On 26 December 2023, Vijayakanth was admitted to [[MIOT International Hospital|MIOT International Hospital, Chennai]], due to pneumonia. After a prolonged illness, he died after testing positive for COVID-19 on 28 December 2023.

===Premallatha Vijayakant era (2023–present)===
On 14 December 2023, the former [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|leader of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] [[Vijayakant]], announced and appointed Premallatha Vijayakant as the general secretary of the party in the presence of the party's deputy secretaries at the General Council Meeting held in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Premalatha Vijayakant elected as DMDK general secretary|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/premalatha-vijayakant-elected-as-dmdk-general-secretary/article67637488.ece|access-date=14 December 2023|work=The Hindu|date=28 December 2023}}</ref> Since Vijayakant's demise, the party is being completely led by Premallatha as the general secretary of the party.

In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], the DMDK joined the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] for the [[18th Lok Sabha]] polls, along with [[Puthiya Tamilagam]] (PT) and the [[Social Democratic Party of India]] (SDPI). The DMDK was contested in five constituencies, including [[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency|Virudhunagar]], which was contested by V. Vijaya Prabhakaran, the party's founder [[Vijayakant]] and the general secretary Premallatha Vijayakant's son. The party lost in all the constituencies it contested, and the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] swept the election in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|date=2024-06-04|title=Tamil Nadu election results 2024: DMK alliance sweeps Cuddalore, Villupuram, and Kallakurichi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-alliance-sweeps-cuddalore-villupuram-and-kallakurichi/article68251459.ece#:~:text=The%20DMK%2Dled%20alliance%20made,contestants%20from%20the%20region%20%2D%20M.K.|access-date=2024-06-04|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>

The Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam (DMDK) has allied with the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) ahead of the 2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly elections.

DMDK leader Premallatha Vijayakant confirmed the decision after meeting Chief Minister M. K. Stalin, saying it fulfilled late founder Vijayakant’s wish.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/dmdk-joins-dmk-alliance-ahead-of-tamil-nadu-polls/articleshow/128541801.cms
|title=DMDK joins DMK alliance ahead of Tamil Nadu polls
|website=Times of India
|language=en
|access-date=2026-02-14
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-dmdk-joins-dmk-bloc-alliance-will-win-over-200-seats-says-premalatha-vijayakanth/article70650732.ece
|title=Tamil Nadu assembly election: DMDK joins DMK bloc, ‘will win over 200 seats’, says Premalatha Vijayakanth
|website=The Hindu
|language=en
|access-date=2026-02-14
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/dmdk-joins-dmk-alliance-ahead-of-2026-tamil-nadu-assembly-polls
|title=DMDK joins DMK alliance ahead of 2026 Tamil Nadu assembly polls
|website=The News Minute
|language=en
|access-date=2026-02-14
}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===Indian general elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[File:Lok Sabha.svg|25px]] [[Lok Sabha]] Elections
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Year
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Lok Sabha
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Outcome
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|rowspan=3|[[Vijayakant]]
|40
|{{Composition bar compact|0|543|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.75%
|{{steady}}
|3,126,117
|rowspan=4 {{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|14
|{{Composition bar compact|0|543|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.38%
|{{decrease}} 0.37%
|2,078,843
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|4
|{{Composition bar compact|0|543|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.15%
|{{decrease}} 0.23%
|929,590
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|Premallatha Vijayakant
|5
|{{Composition bar compact|0|543|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.17%
|{{increase}} 0.02%
|1,128,616
|}

===State legislative assembly elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|25px]] [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] Elections<ref name="TN_Results">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/90-tamil-nadu/|title=Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results|date=September 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref>
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Year
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Assembly
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Outcome
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]]
|rowspan=4|[[Vijayakant]]
|234
|{{Composition bar compact|1|234|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|8.38%
|{{steady}}
|2,764,223
|{{partial|Others}}
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]]
|41
|{{Composition bar compact|29|234|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{increase}} 28
|7.88%
|{{decrease}} 0.50%
|2,903,828
|style="background:#FFA07A;"|Opposition
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]]
|104
|{{Composition bar compact|0|234|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{decrease}} 29
|2.39%
|{{decrease}} 5.49%
|1,034,384
|rowspan=2 {{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]]
|60
|{{Composition bar compact|0|234|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.43%
|{{decrease}} 1.96%
|200,157
|-
|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[17th Tamil Nadu Assembly|17th]]
|Premallatha Vijayakant
|colspan=7 {{TBA}}
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[File:Emblem of the Government of Puducherry.png|25px]] [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] Elections<ref name="PY_Results">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/87-puducherry/|title=Puducherry Assembly Election Results|date=3 June 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref>
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Year
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Assembly
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Outcome
|-
|[[2006 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|rowspan=4|[[Vijayakant]]
|24
|{{Composition bar compact|0|30|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{steady}}
|2.73%
|{{Steady}}
|15,405
|rowspan=4 {{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|1
|{{Composition bar compact|0|30|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.85%
|{{decrease}} 1.88%
|5,966
|-
|[[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[14th Puducherry Assembly|14th]]
|6
|{{Composition bar compact|0|30|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.11%
|{{decrease}} 0.74%
|850
|-
|[[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[15th Puducherry Assembly|15th]]
|26
|{{Composition bar compact|0|30|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.30%
|{{increase}} 0.19%
|2,524
|-
|[[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[16th Puducherry Assembly|16th]]
|Premallatha Vijayakant
|colspan=7 {{TBA}}
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[File:Seal of the National Capital Territory of Delhi.svg|25px]] [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|National Capital Territory of Delhi Legislative Assembly]] Elections<ref name="DL_Results">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/70-tamil-nadu/|title=Delhi Assembly Election Results|date=27 May 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref>
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Year
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Assembly
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Outcome
|-
|[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[5th Delhi Assembly|5th]]
|[[Vijayakant]]
|11
|{{Composition bar compact|0|70|{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|0.03%
|{{Steady}}
|2,285
|{{lost|Lost}}
|}

==Current office bearers and prominent members==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; background:#FFFFE5"
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Member
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Position in government
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Party position
|-
|Premallatha Vijayakant
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|General Secretary
|-
|V. Elangovan
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|Presidium Chairman
|-
|L. K. Sudhish
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|Treasurer
|-
|[[Alagaapuram R. Mohanraj]]
|
*Former [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly#List of deputy leaders of the opposition|Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
*Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Salem North Assembly constituency|Salem North]]
|Propaganda Secretary
|-
|[[B. Parthasarathy]]
|
*Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Virugampakkam Assembly constituency|Virugampakkam]]
|Deputy General Secretary
|-
|Selva Anburaj
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|Captain Manram Secretary
|-
|V. Vijayaprabhakaran
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|Youth Wing Secretary
|-
|Malathi Vinoth
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|Women's Wing Secretary
|-
|[[S. Senthilkumar (Thiruverumbur politician)|S. Senthilkumar]]
|
*Former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Thiruverumbur Assembly constituency|Thiruverumbur]]
|Information Technology Wing Secretary
|-
|M. R. Panneerselvam
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|Advocates Wing Secretary
|-
|A. M. Shanmuga Sundaram
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|Students' Wing Secretary
|-
|K. Shanmugavel
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|Trade Wing Secretary
|-
|V. Meenakshisundaram
|style="text-align:center"|{{steady}}
|Weaver's Wing Secretary
|}

==List of party leaders==
===Presidents===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Term in office
|-
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Left office
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Vijaykanth at the Sagaptham Audio Launch.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Vijayakant]]''' (1952–2023)
|14 September 2005
|28 December 2023
|18 years, 105 days
|}

===General Secretaries===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Term in office
|-
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Left office
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''S. Ramu Vasanthan''' (1955–2009)
|14 September 2005
|17 July 2009
|3 years, 306 days
|-
!2
|[[File:Vijaykanth at the Sagaptham Audio Launch.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Vijayakant]]''' (1952–2023)
|1 June 2014
|14 December 2023
|9 years, 196 days
|-
!3
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''Premallatha Vijayakant''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1969)
|14 December 2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2023|12|14}}
|}

==Legislative leaders==
===List of leaders of the opposition===
====Leaders of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly====
{{see|Leader of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{font color|#000000|#FFFF00|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{font color|#000000|#FFFF00|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Elected constituency
|-
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Left office
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Vijaykanth at the Sagaptham Audio Launch.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Vijayakant]]''' (1952–2023)
|27 May 2011
|21 February 2016
|4 years, 270 days
|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]] {{small|([[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]])}}
|[[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiyam]]
|}

===List of deputy leaders of the opposition===
====Deputy Leaders of the Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly====
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{font color|#000000|#FFFF00|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{font color|#000000|#FFFF00|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Elected constituency
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{font color|#000000|#FFFF00|Leader of the Opposition}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Left office
!style="background-color:#FFFF00;color:black"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[Panruti S. Ramachandran]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1937)
|27 May 2011
|10 December 2013
|2 years, 197 days
|rowspan=2|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]] {{small|([[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]])}}
|[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]
|rowspan=2|[[Vijayakant]]
|-
!2
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[Alagaapuram R. Mohanraj]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1954)
|31 January 2014
|21 February 2016
|2 years, 21 days
|[[Salem North Assembly constituency|Salem North]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Politics of India]]
*[[Elections in India]]
*[[Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[List of political parties in India]]
*[[List of political parties in Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons and category}}
*{{official website}}
*[http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/may/08pinter.htm Vijaykanth's interview to rediff.com]
*[https://www.facebook.com/pages/தேமுதிக-தலைமைக்கழக-இணையதள-அணி/685873961437219 தேமுதிக Official Facebook Link]
*{{GovPubs|Desiya%20Murpokku%20Dravida%20Kazhagam|DMDK}}

{{Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
{{Dravidian politics}}
{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:2005 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Dravidian political parties]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2005]]
[[Category:Political parties in Asia]]
[[Category:Political parties in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Progressive parties]]
[[Category:Recognised state political parties in India]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]
[[Category:State political parties in India]]
[[Category:State political parties in Tamil Nadu]][[Category:Former member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]

Dipankar Banerjee (solar physicist)

2026-03-17T10:36:37Z

Sylvester41C:

{{Short description|Indian solar physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}

'''Dipankar Banerjee''' (born 1965) is an Indian solar physicist. He is a senior Professor of Solar Physics at the [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]] (Bangalore)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Dipankar Banerjee |url=https://www.iiap.res.in/people/personnel/dipu/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=www.iiap.res.in}}</ref> and currently serves as the vice chancellor of the [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]].<ref name="TH_sep24">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/dipankar-banerjee-to-head-indian-institute-of-space-science-and-technology/article68605315.ece |title=Dipankar Banerjee to head Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology |date=5 September 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=2024-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Dipankar Banerjee |url=https://www.iist.ac.in/aboutus/direct |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=www.iist.ac.in}}</ref> Prior to this, he served as the director of the [[Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences]] (ARIES).<ref>{{Cite web |title=People {{!}} Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences |url=https://www.aries.res.in/scientist |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=www.aries.res.in}}</ref>. He is currently serving as the Director of the [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Dipankar Banerjee {{!}} Indian Institute of Space sciences and Technology |url=https://www.iist.ac.in/director/home |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=www.iist.ac.in}}</ref>.

== Education and early career ==
In 1987, Banerjee who was a student of Ballygunge Government High School<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education {{!}} Dipankar Banerjee |url=https://www.iiap.res.in/people/personnel/dipu/?q=education |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=www.iiap.res.in}}</ref> completed a Bachelor's Degree at [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xaviers College]], Calcutta in Physics (major), Chemistry and Mathematics. In 1996 he completed his PhD "Magnetohydrodynamic phenomena in the solar atmosphere" at the [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]] (Bangalore) with Prof. S.S. Hasan.<ref>{{Citation |title=Eureka with Dipankar Banerjee |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxQxlM1EB68 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-14}}</ref> Via a [[PPARC]] fellowship, he worked as a postdoctoral fellow at [[Armagh Observatory]] between 1997 and 2000 on solar atmospheric dynamics using the [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO spacecraft]]. This was followed by a Fund for Scientific Research (Flanders) fellowship at the [[KU Leuven|Katholic University of Leuven]] between 2000 and 2002. In 2004, he returned to the [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]] (Bangalore) and was appointed as a Director of ARIES in 2019 and served till 2024. His wife, Tisha Banerjee has a PhD in Cell and molecular biology and serves as a General manager in a company.He has a daughter named Teerna Banerjee who is a PhD candidate in cell and molecular biology at University College Dublin. As well as a son named Arno Banerjee who is a masters student in Global Change: Ecosystem Science and Policy in University College Dublin and Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen.

== Research interests ==
Banerjee's primary research interest is the dynamics of the solar atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dipankar Banerjee |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_f_xUL8AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> In particular, he has focussed on the propagation of wavs through the solar [[chromosphere]] and [[Stellar corona|corona]], including innovations in the technique of atmospheric magnetoseismology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Banerjee |first1=D. |last2=Erdélyi |first2=R. |last3=Oliver |first3=R. |last4=O’Shea |first4=E. |date=2007-11-01 |title=Present and Future Observing Trends in Atmospheric Magnetoseismology |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-007-9029-z |journal=Solar Physics |language=en |volume=246 |issue=1 |pages=3–29 |doi=10.1007/s11207-007-9029-z |bibcode=2007SoPh..246....3B |s2cid=121929810 |issn=1573-093X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He has also studied [[space weather]] and the [[solar dynamo]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desikan |first=Shubashree |date=2019-03-16 |title=Solar tsunami can trigger the sunspot cycle |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/solar-tsunami-can-trigger-the-sunspot-cycle/article26556218.ece |access-date=2022-08-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> through long-term observations such as those provided by the 100-year synoptic data from [[Kodaikanal Solar Observatory|Kodaikanal Observatory]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desikan |first=Shubashree |date=2017-05-06 |title=100 years with our closest star, the sun |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/100-years-with-our-closest-star-the-sun/article18400934.ece |access-date=2022-08-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
* 1997: [[Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council|PPARC]] postdoctoral fellowship
* 2002: Fund for Scientific Research (Flanders) fellowship
* 2013: Visiting professor (Capita Selecta Lecturer) at Centre for Plasma Astrophysics, [[KU Leuven|K.U. Leuven]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professional Experience {{!}} Dipankar Banerjee |url=https://www.iiap.res.in/people/personnel/dipu/?q=professional_experience |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=www.iiap.res.in}}</ref>
* 2015: Associate Editor for [[Solar Physics (journal)|Solar Physics]]
* 2016: Co-I of Polarimeter on the [[PUNCH]] spacecraft<ref>{{Cite web |title=PUNCH: Science Team |url=https://punch.space.swri.edu/punch_science_workinggroups.php |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=punch.space.swri.edu}}</ref>
* 2017: PI of the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory data archive<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Projects {{!}} Dipankar Banerjee |url=https://www.iiap.res.in/people/personnel/dipu/?q=role |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=www.iiap.res.in}}</ref>
* 2017: Co-I for near-UV imaging instrument (SUIT) on the [[Aditya-L1]] mission<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desikan |first=Shubashree |date=2017-11-25 |title=Here comes the sun watcher, India's Aditya-L1 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/here-comes-the-sun-watcher-indias-aditya-l1/article61592216.ece |access-date=2022-08-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 2017: Co-chair of the science working group for the [[Aditya-L1|Aditya-1]] mission
* 2020: Editor for Frontiers Stellar and Solar Physics<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences {{!}} Stellar and Solar Physics |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/astronomy-and-space-sciences/sections/stellar-and-solar-physics#editorial-board |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Frontiers |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Dipankar}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Astrophysics]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

Kanti Balar

2026-03-14T20:45:08Z

Sylvester41C: started stub - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanti Balar
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1955
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Kantibhai Balar''' (born 1955)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kantibhai Himmatbhai Balar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SURAT NORTH(SURAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5455 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Gujarat. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from [[Surat North Assembly constituency|Surat North]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gujarati |first=TV9 |title=Gujarat Election 2022 GJ Kantibhai Himmatbhai Balar, ગુજરાત વિધાનસભા ચૂંટણી 2022 Seats Kantibhai Himmatbhai Balar Latest News, Profile Information, Photos, Videos |url=https://tv9gujarati.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/candidates/kantibhai-himmatbhai-balar-surat-north-219409#goog_rewarded |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=TV9 Gujarati |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-winning-candidates-constituency-8312674/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Balar is from [[Surat]], Surat district, Gujarat. He is the son of Himmatbhai Balar. He passed Class 4 at Primary School, Shakhpur, [[Lathi taluka|Lathi taluk]], [[Amreli district]] and later discontinued his studies.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Balar won from [[Surat North Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 57,117 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mahendra Navadiya of the Aam Aadmi Party, by a margin of 34,293 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Surat North Election 2022 Final Results Live: Bjp Candidate Kantibhai Himmatbhai Balar Wins From Surat North , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/surat-north-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568312 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Kachhadiya Dineshbhai Manubhai of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 20,022 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surat North Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Kantibhai Himmatbhai Balar Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/surat-north-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6563467.html |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balar, Kanti}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Surat district]]

Periyapattinam Jewish Inscription

2026-03-13T22:14:08Z

Sylvester41C: Done...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Periyapattinam Jewish Inscription
| image = File:Periyapattinam Jewish Inscription.jpg
| image_caption =
| writing = [[Tamil Script]]
| created = c. 1200-1250 AD
| material = Stone
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| symbols =
| discovered_place = Valantaravai
| image_size = 200px
}}
'''Periyapattinam Jewish Inscription''' (''c.''13th century AD), also '''Valantaravai inscription,''' is a medieval merchant guild inscription discovered from near Valantaravai''',''' [[Ramanathapuram]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[South India|southern India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=13 July 2022 |title=Stone Pillar with Inscription on Jewish Trade Links Found Near Ramanathapuram |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/jul/13/stone-pillar-with-inscription-on-jewish-trade-links-found-near-ramanathapuram-2476057.html}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Sivarajah |first=Padmini |date=13 July 2022 |title=Stone Inscription of Oldest Synagogue in Tamil Nadu Found |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stone-inscription-of-oldest-synagogue-in-tamil-nadu-found/articleshow/92837874.cms}}</ref> The record was originally installed on the [[Periyapattinam]] beach.<ref name=":1" />

The epigraph mentions details of the land donated to certain 'Cutapalli' ('[[Jewish Synagogue|the Jewish Synagogue]]') at [[Periyapattinam]].<ref name=":0" /> It is one of the rare records mentioning early [[Judaism|Jewish]], [[Christianity|Christian]] and [[Islam|Muslim]] presence in southern India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Reich |first=Aaron |date=14 July 2022 |title=Stone in Tamil Nadu May Shed Light on India's Oldest Synagogue, Jews |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/article-712099}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and dates to the period of ascendancy of the [[Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu|Ainnutruvar or Ayyavole Five Hundred]] merchant guild in south India (incorporating [[Manigiramam|manigramam]] and [[anjuvannam]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subbarayalu |first=Y. |date=2015 |title=Trade Guilds of South India up to the Tenth Century |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2348448915574403 |journal=Studies in People's History |language= |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=24–25 |doi= 10.1177/2348448915574403|issn=|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The settlement of 'Peryapatnam' is traditionally listed as one of the first Jewish settlements in southern India.<ref name=":3" /> An undated [[Hebrew language]] inscription was previously found at [[Periyapattinam]].<ref name=":0" /> The Valantaravai record incidentally mentions certain "tarisapalli" or the Christian church (similar to the [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] from Kerala).<ref name=":0" /> A <bdi>tombstone with</bdi> <bdi>a Hebrew inscription was found in an unused well in a coconut farm near Periyapattinam in 2024.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2024 |title=Ancient Tombstone with Hebrew Inscriptions Found in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jul/08/ancient-tombstone-with-hebrew-inscriptions-found-in-tamil-nadu |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The marker is dated in multiple eras (including [[Shevat|Shvat]] 1536/1537 of the [[Seleucid era]], corresponding to 1224/1225 AD).<ref name=":4" /></bdi><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jovial |first=Nirmal |date=2024 |title=Ancient Tombstone with Hebrew Inscriptions Found in TN's Ramanathapuram, May Shed Light on a Long Forgotten Jewish Community in India |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/07/05/ancient-tombstone-with-hebrew-inscriptions-found-in-tns-ramanathapuram-may-shed-light-on-a-long-forgotten-jewish-community-in-india.html |work=The Week Magazine}}</ref>

== Material and contents ==
[[File:Periyapattinam, Ramanathapuram District.jpg|thumb|Periyapattinam|305x305px]]
The record is inscribed on the four sides of a stone pillar (3 feet x 1 foot) in [[Tamil language]] (21+14+15+[...]). The characters on the last side are illegible.<ref name=":0" /> The inscription (undated) can be paleographically dated to ''c.'' 1200-1250 AD.<ref name=":0" /> The stone pillar (bearing the inscription) was originally situated on the [[Periyapattinam]] beach.<ref name=":1" />

The inscription begins with the traditional invocation 'Swasti Sri' ('Hail Prosperity').<ref name=":0" /> It mentions details of the land donated to certain 'Cutapalli' ('[[Jewish Synagogue|the Jewish Synagogue]]') alias '[[Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu|Ainnutruvar]] Perumpalli' ('the Great Synagogue of the [[Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu|Ainnutruvar]] Merchant Guild').<ref name=":0" />

The boundaries of the land or plot donated to the synagogue in [[Periyapattinam]] are also described.

* On the eastern border — 'Valaiceri' and the 'Mutucku Vali'<ref name=":0" />

* On the southern border — the 'garden lands' of Tirumutuccolacilai Cettiyar, 'Patinenpumi' (the Eighteen Countries) Ceyapalan and Kuttan Tevanar.<ref name=":0" />
* On the western border —
*# 'Nalunattani' (the Nanadesi) Conaccanti<ref name=":0" />
*# Sri-cola-perunteru (street)<ref name=":0" />
*# Wall or matil of the tarisapalli (the Christian church)<ref name=":0" />
*# The pilarppalli (the Muslim mosque<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2022 |title=Tamil Nadu Discovers One Of Oldest Synagogue |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/travel/tamil-nadu-discovers-one-of-oldest-synagogue-news-209479 |website=Outlook Magazine}}</ref>)
*# The southern wall of the tarisapalli<ref name=":0" />

== Discovery and context ==
The record was discovered by P. Satish, analysed by V. Rajaguru, president, Ramanathapuram Archaeological Research Foundation,<ref name=":0" /> and deciphered by epigraphist S. Rajagopal.<ref name=":1" /> The stones from the [[Periyapattinam]] beach were brought to Valantaravai in the 1940s to construct sidewall of a well.<ref name=":1" /> The stone was being used for washing cloths at the time of the discovery (2022).<ref name=":1" />

=== Context ===
The settlement of 'Peryapatnam', along with 'Madayi' (in northern [[Kerala]]) and 'Cherigandaram' (unidentified), was listed as one of the first Jewish settlements on the [[Malabar Coast]] [sic] by Mosseh Pereyra De Paiva, a Portuguese Jewish trader from Amsterdam, in 1686, based on information he received from his interlocutors at [[Cochin]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gamliel |first=Ophira |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781802701715/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOorK5jlGIHTfhle-ICI6iStSFtsYyDyDyc7jIkScAvmtbLrq1TiE |title=Judaism in South India, 849–1489: Relocating Malabar Jewry |date=2023 |publisher=ARC Humanities Press |isbn=9781802701715 |pages=119 |language=en |doi=10.1515/9781802701715}}</ref> The 'Peryapatnam' of the Jewish traditions was previously identified with [[Pattanam]] near Cranganore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jussay |first=P. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a7ZtAAAAMAAJ |title=The Jews of Kerala |date=2005 |publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut|isbn=978-81-7748-091-7 }}</ref>

An undated [[Hebrew language]] inscription was previously found on a gravestone of certain "Mariam, daughter of David", at [[Periyapattinam]].<ref name=":0" /> The record also contained a prayer for the peace of the soul. The slab was later moved to the office of the Samsthanam Revenue officer, Ramnad (and is now lost).<ref>{{Cite journal |editor-last=Chhabra |editor-first=B. C. |title=Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy |journal=Annual Reports on Indian Epigraphy |publisher=Department of Archaeology |volume=1946-47 |pages=16–17}}</ref><bdi><ref name=":4" /></bdi> A donative record of Maravarma Sundara Pandya to the pilarpalli or the Periyapattinam Jalal Jamal Mosque can be found at the Thirupullani Temple.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rafi |first=S. Muhammad |date=12 July 2022 |title=Rāmanātapuram Arukē Kaṇṭeṭukkappaṭṭa 13-m Nūṟṟāṇṭu Kalveṭṭil Takaval |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/825368-13th-century-inscription-at-ramanathapuram-3.html}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Jewish copper plates of Cochin|Jewish copper plates of Cochin (11th century)]]
* [[Viraraghava copper plates|Viraraghava copper plates of Cochin (13th century)]]
* [[Quilon Syrian copper plates|Quilon Syrian copper plates (9th century)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:13th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:Medieval Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Judaic inscriptions]]
[[Category:Cochin Jews]]
[[Category:Saint Thomas Christians]]

Starling

2026-03-12T22:14:50Z

Sylvester41C: small updated details as per guidelines additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Family of birds}}
{{About|the bird family||Starling (disambiguation)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name =
| image = Lamprotornis hildebrandti -Tanzania-8-2c.jpg
| image_caption = [[Hildebrandt's starling]] (''Lamprotornis hildebrandti'')
| taxon = Sturnidae
| authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision = Nearly 30, see text.
}}

'''Starlings''' are small to medium-sized [[passerine|passerine (perching)]] [[bird]]s known for the often dark, glossy iridescent sheen of their plumage; their complex vocalizations including mimicking; and their distinctive, often elaborate [[swarm behaviour|swarming]] behavior, known as '''[[Starlings#Murmuration|murmuration]]'''.

All members of the family ''Sturnidae'', commonly called sturnids, are known collectively as starlings. The Sturnidae are named for the genus ''[[Sturnus]]'', which in turn comes from the [[Latin]] word for starling, ''sturnus''. The family contains 128 species which are divided into 36 genera. Many Asian species, particularly the larger ones, are called [[myna]]s, and many African species are known as [[Lamprotornis|glossy starlings]] because of their [[iridescence|iridescent]] [[Feather|plumage]]. Starlings are native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, as well as northern Australia and the islands of the tropical [[Pacific]]. Several European and Asian species have been introduced to these areas, as well as [[North America]], [[Hawaii]], and [[New Zealand]], where they generally compete for habitats with native birds and are considered to be [[invasive species]]. The starling species familiar to most people in Europe and North America is the [[common starling]], and throughout much of [[Asia]] and the Pacific.

Having strong feet, their flight is strong and direct, and they are very [[gregarious]]. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, they eat [[insect]]s and [[fruit]], and most species nest in holes and lay blue or white [[bird egg|eggs]]. Several species live around human habitation and are effectively [[omnivore]]s. Many species search for prey such as [[Beetle#Reproduction and development|grub]]s by "open-bill probing", that is, forcefully opening the bill after inserting it into a crevice, thus expanding the hole and exposing the prey; this behaviour is referred to as ''zirkeln'' (pronounced {{IPA|de|ˈtsɪʁkl̩n|}}), after the [[German language|German]] word ''Zirkel'' for a [[Compass (drawing tool)|pair of compasses]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=East R. |author2=R. P. Pottinger |name-list-style=amp |title=(''Sturnus vulgaris'' L.) predation on grass grub (''Costelytra zealandica'' (White), Melolonthinae) populations in Canterbury |journal=New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research |date=November 1975 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=417–452 |issn=0028-8233 |doi=10.1080/00288233.1975.10421071 |doi-access=free |hdl=10182/2197 |hdl-access=free }} (See p.429.)</ref>

Starlings have diverse and complex vocalizations and have been known to embed sounds from their surroundings into their own calls, including [[car alarm]]s and human speech patterns. The birds can recognize particular individuals by their calls and have been the subject of research into the evolution of [[human language]].<ref>{{ cite web | last=Zimmer | first=Carl | date=2 May 2006 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/02/science/02song.html | title=Starlings' listening skills may shed light on language evolution | work=The New York Times | access-date=14 January 2009}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Starling (5503763150).jpg|thumb|The [[common starling]] (''Sturnus vulgaris'') has [[iridescent]] [[plumage]].]]
Starlings are medium-sized [[passerines]].<ref name="HBW">{{cite book |last1=Craig |first1=Adrian |last2=Feare |first2=Chris |editor1=del Hoyo, Josep |editor2=Elliott, Andrew |editor3=Christie, David |contribution=Family Sturnidae (Starlings) |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows |pages=654–709 |year=2009 |location=Barcelona |publisher=Lynx Edicions |isbn=978-84-96553-50-7 |title-link=Handbook of the Birds of the World}}</ref> The shortest-bodied species is [[Kenrick's starling]] (''Poeoptera kenricki''), at {{cvt|15|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}, but the lightest-weight species is [[Abbott's starling]] (''Poeoptera femoralis''), which is {{cvt|34|g|oz|frac=8|abbr=on}}. The largest starling, going on standard measurements and perhaps weight, is the [[Nias hill myna]] (''Gracula robusta''). This species can measure up to {{cvt|36|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}, and in domestication they can weigh up to {{cvt|400|g|oz|frac=2|abbr=on}}. Rivaling the prior species in bulk if not dimensions, the [[myna]]s of the genus ''[[Mino (bird)|Mino]]'' are also large, especially the [[yellow-faced myna|yellow-faced]] (''M. dumontii'') and [[long-tailed myna]]s (''M. kreffti''). The longest species in the family is the [[white-necked myna]] (''Streptocitta albicollis''), which can measure up to {{cvt|50|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}, although around 60% in this [[magpie]]-like species is comprised by its very long tail.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Feare |first1=Chris |last2=Craig |first2=Adrian |year=1998 |title=Starlings and Mynas |series=Helm Identification Guide |location=London |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0713639612}}</ref>

Less sexual dimorphism is seen in [[plumage]], but with only 25 species showing such differences between the two sexes. The plumage of the starling is often brightly coloured due to [[iridescence]]; this colour is derived from the structure of the feathers, not from any pigment. Some species of Asian starling have [[Crest (feathers)|crests]] or erectile feathers on the crest. Other ornamentation includes elongated tail feathers and brightly coloured bare areas on the face. These colours can be derived from pigments, or as in the [[Bali myna]], structural colour, caused by light scattering off parallel collagen fibers. The irises of many species are red and yellow, although those of younger birds are much darker.<ref name="HBW" />

==Distribution, habitat and movements==
[[File:Chestnut-tailed Starling I IMG 2508.jpg|thumb|The [[chestnut-tailed starling]] is a partial migrant over much of the east of its range, but its movements are poorly understood.]]
Starlings inhabit a wide range of habitats from the [[Arctic Circle]] to the [[Equator]]. The only habitats they do not typically occupy are very dry sandy [[desert]]s. The family is naturally absent from the Americas and from large parts of Australia, but it is present over the majority of Europe, Africa, and Asia. The genus ''[[Aplonis]]'' has also spread widely across the islands of the Pacific, reaching [[Polynesia]], [[Melanesia]], and [[Micronesia]]<ref name = "HBW"/> (in addition one species in the genus ''[[Mino (bird)|Mino]]'' has reached the [[Solomon Islands]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Doughty|first=Chris |author2=Day, Nicholas |author3=Andrew Plant|title=Birds of the Solomons, Vanuatu & New Caledonia|publisher=Christopher Helm|location=London|year=1999|isbn=978-0-7136-4690-0}}</ref>). Also, a species of this genus is the only starling found in northern Australia.<ref name = "HBW"/>

Asian species are most common in evergreen forests; 39 species found in Asia are predominantly forest birds as opposed to 24 found in more open or human modified environments. In contrast to this, African species are more likely to be found in open woodlands and savannah; 33 species are open-area specialists compared to 13 true forest species. The high diversity of species found in Asia and Africa is not matched by Europe, which has one widespread (and very common) species and two more restricted species. The [[European starling]] is both highly widespread and extremely eclectic in its habitat, occupying most types of open habitat. Like many other starling species, it has also adapted readily to human-modified habitat, including farmland, orchards, plantations, and urban areas.<ref name = "HBW"/>

Some species of starlings are [[bird migration|migratory]], either entirely, like [[Shelley's starling]], which breeds in [[Ethiopia]] and [[Somaliland]] and migrates to [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], and [[Somalia]], or like the [[white-shouldered starling]], which is migratory in part of its range, but is resident in others.<ref name = "HBW"/>

The European starling was purposely introduced to North America in the 1870s through the 1890s by multiple [[acclimatisation society|acclimatisation societies]], organizations dedicated to introducing European flora and fauna into North America for cultural and economic reasons.<ref name="Fugate2021">{{cite journal |last1=Fugate |first1=Lauren |last2=Miller |first2=John MacNeill |title=Shakespeare's Starlings: Literary History and the Fictions of Invasiveness |journal=Environmental Humanities |date=November 1, 2021 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=301–322 |doi=10.1215/22011919-9320167 |s2cid=243468840 |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/environmental-humanities/article/13/2/301/234995/Shakespeare-s-StarlingsLiterary-History-and-the |access-date=November 26, 2021 |issn=2201-1919|doi-access=free }}</ref> A persistent story alleges that [[Eugene Schieffelin]], chairman of the [[American Acclimatization Society]], decided all birds mentioned by [[William Shakespeare]] should be in North America, leading to the introduction of the starling to the U.S.; however, this claim is more fiction than fact.<ref name="Mirsky">{{cite journal |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=call-of-the-reviled|date=May 23, 2008 |journal=Scientific American |title=Shakespeare to blame for introduction of European starlings to U.S |first1=Steve |last1=Mirsky |access-date=November 14, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Fugate2021 /> While Schieffelin and other members of the society did release starlings in [[Central Park]] in 1890, the birds had already been in the U.S. since at least the mid-1870s, and Schieffelin was not inspired to do so by Shakespeare's works.<ref name=Fugate2021 />
==Behavior==
Starlings imitate a variety of avian species and have a repertoire of about 15–20 distinct imitations. They also imitate a few sounds other than those of wild birds. The calls of abundant species or calls that are simple in frequency structure and show little amplitude modulation are preferentially imitated. Dialects of mimicked sounds can be local.<ref name = "HBW"/>

The Starling's sociality is particularly evident in their roosting behavior; in the nonbreeding season, some roosts can number in the thousands.<ref name = "HBW"/>
===Murmuration===
[[File:Spectacular Starlings at Newport Wetlands Nature Reserve, Cymru, Wales.webm|thumb|[[Swarm behaviour|Murmuration]] of common starlings at [[Newport Wetlands Nature Reserve]], Wales]]
A highly social bird, most starlings associate in flocks of varying sizes throughout the year and are widely known for a distinctive, often dramatic [[swarm behaviour|swarming behavior]] known as murmuration<ref name=King2012>{{cite journal |vauthors=King AJ, Sumpter DJ |title=Murmurations |journal=Current Biology |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=R112–4 |date=2012 |pmid=22361142 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.033 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2012CBio...22.R112K }}</ref> — a simultaneously synchronized and seemingly random flock movement characterized by sudden, erratic direction changes without an observable leader.<ref name="wings"/>

The sharp pushing, pulling, diving, pulsating and swooping of the flock in response to the individual movements may confuse and discourage predators such as falcons, providing a collective protection.<ref name="murm"/> The term ''murmuration'' derives from the low, indistinct sounds of a dense flock's wings — i.e., the ''murmor''.<ref name="wings">{{cite web
|title = Starling Murmurations: A Complete Guide on this Phenomenon
|publisher = Birdfact.com
|author =
|date = September 14, 2023
|url = https://birdfact.com/birds/starling/starling-murmuration}}</ref>

Initial study by ornithologist [[Edmund Selous]] (1887-1934) sought to explain the murmuration of starlings through the idea of [[Telepathy|thought-transference]].<ref name="synchronize"/> By 2013, physicists in Italy along with mechanical and aerospace engineers working with [[Princeton University]], determined that no single bird could control a flock, and certainly not the movements of more than a thousand birds. Researchers used a computer simulation to determine that each bird synchronized with its seven closest neighbors, creating overlapping groups that communicated their movements — focusing on three simple parameters: attraction, repulsion and angular alignment.<ref name="synchronize">{{cite web
|title = The Secrets and Science Behind Starling Murmurations
|publisher = Howstuffworks.com
|author = John Donovan
|date = 9 August 2019
|url = https://animals.howstuffworks.com/birds/starling-murmurations.htm}}</ref> Thus the flock moves as each individual bird synchronizes with its nearest group.<ref name="wings"/> Researchers also confirmed that a particular shape to the flock formation worked most efficiently for data accuracy — and specifically in starlings, a pancake shape. Thinner, thicker or spherical shapes did not improve performance, rather optimal performance was related to a pancake flock shape.<ref name="pancake">{{cite web
|title = Birds of a feather … track seven neighbors to flock together
|publisher = Princeton University, Office of Engineering Communications
|author = Anna Azvolinsky
|date = February 7, 2013
|url = https://www.princeton.edu/news/2013/02/07/birds-feather-track-seven-neighbors-flock-together}}</ref>

They noted that "information moves across the flock very quickly and with nearly no degradation,"<ref name="lost"/> describing it as "a high signal-to-noise ratio"<ref name="lost"/> enabled by a bird's very high temporal resolution: they can receive and process certain information more quickly than humans and can "see faster" than humans."<ref name="synchronize"/> Unlike the [[Telephone game|children's game of telephone]] where a message is sequentially passed from person to person and very quickly loses information, researchers determined that almost no information is lost across a starling flock.<ref name="lost">{{cite web
|title = How Do Starling Flocks Create Those Mesmerizing Murmurations?
|publisher = Cornell Lab
|author = Andrea Alfano
|date = February 21, 2025
|url = https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/how-do-starling-flocks-create-those-mesmerizing-murmurations/}}</ref>

Starling murmurations can last from a few seconds up to 45 minutes; can involve few birds or up to tens of thousands;<ref name="murm">{{cite web
|title = You get one split second': The story behind a viral bird photo
|publisher = CNN
|author = Oscar Holland
|date = February 13, 2025
|url = https://www.cnn.com/2025/02/13/style/james-crombie-starling-murmurations-snap/index.html}}</ref> may include other species of starlings or species from other families; and sometimes form abstract dramatic shapes, patterns or subtle gradations.<ref name="murm"/> In [[Denmark]], where murmurations have been estimated to involve a million starlings, the phenomenon is called the Black Sun, or ''Sort sol'' in Danish.<ref name="black">{{cite web
|title = The Black Sun in Denmark
|publisher = denmark.net
|author = Craig Hewitt
|date = 23 November 2012
|url = https://denmark.net/black-sun-denmark/}}</ref> In Ireland, starlings’ numbers are boosted during winter, as migrating flocks arrive from breeding grounds around Western Europe and Scandinavia.

===Diet and feeding===
[[File:Aplonis opaca.jpg|thumb|[[Micronesian starling]]s have been observed feeding on the eggs of [[seabird]]s.]]
[[File:2 starlings and a robin on grape arbor. - DPLA - 9cd7742aa67b676375f64c4402dee2c2.jpg|left|thumb|Two starlings and an American robin (right) on grape arbor: The American robin is plucking a grape. Robins and starlings cause serious damage to ripening grapes in California and elsewhere.]]
The diets of the starlings are usually dominated by fruits and insects. Many species are important dispersers of seeds, in Asia and Africa, for example, [[white sandalwood]] and [[Indian banyan]]. In addition to trees, they are also important dispersers of [[parasitic]] [[mistletoe]]s. In South Africa, the [[red-winged starling]] is an important disperser of the [[introduced species|introduced]] ''[[Acacia cyclops]]''. Starlings have been observed feeding on fermenting over-ripe fruit, which led to the speculation that they might become intoxicated by the alcohol.<ref name = "HBW"/>

Laboratory experiments on European starlings have found that they have disposal enzymes that allow them to break down alcohol very quickly.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Prinzinger |first=R.|author2=Hakimi G.A. |year=1996|title=Alcohol resorption and alcohol degradation in the European Starling ''Sturnus vulgaris''|journal=Journal für Ornithologie|volume=137|issue=3|pages=319–327|doi=10.1007/BF01651072|bibcode= |s2cid=31680169}}</ref> In addition to consuming fruits, many starlings also consume [[nectar]]. The extent to which starlings are important [[pollinator]]s is unknown, but at least some are, such as the [[slender-billed starling]] of alpine East Africa, which pollinates [[megaherb|giant]] [[lobelia]]s.<ref name = "HBW"/>

==Systematics==
{{update section|date=December 2019}}
The starling family Sturnidae was introduced (as Sturnidia) by French [[polymath]] [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]] in 1815.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés | volume=1815 | publisher=Self-published | place=Palermo | language=fr | page=68 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310146 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=157, 252 | hdl=2246/830 }}</ref>
The starlings belong to the [[Taxonomic rank|superfamily]] Muscicapoidea, together with [[thrush (bird)|thrush]]es, [[Old World flycatcher|flycatcher]]s and [[chat (bird)|chat]]s, as well as [[dippers]], which are quite distant relatives, and [[Mimidae]] (thrashers and mockingbirds). The latter are apparently the Sturnidae's closest living relatives, replace them in the [[Americas]], and have a rather similar but more solitary lifestyle. They are [[morphology (biology)|morphologically]] quite similar too—a partly [[albinistic]] specimen of a mimid, mislabelled as to suggest an Old World origin, was for many decades believed to represent an extinct starling (see [[Rodrigues starling]] for details).

[[File:Starling eggs.jpeg|thumb|[[European starling]] eggs]]
[[File:Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Adult feeding young]]

The [[oxpecker]]s are sometimes placed here as a [[subfamily]], but the weight of evidence has shifted towards granting them full family status as a more [[basal (biology)|basal]] member of the Sturnidae-Mimidae group, derived from an early expansion into Africa.

Usually, the starlings are considered a family, as is done here. Sibley & Monroe<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Sibley | first1=Charles Gald | author1-link=Charles Sibley | last2=Monroe | first2=Burt L. Jr. | year=1990 | title=Distribution and Taxonomy of the Birds of the World: A Study in Molecular Evolution | publisher=Yale University Press | location=New Haven, CT | isbn=978-0-300-04969-5 }}</ref> included the mimids in the family and demoted the starlings to [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] rank, as '''Sturnini'''. This treatment was used by Zuccon et al.<ref name=zuccon>{{cite journal | last1 = Zuccon | first1 = Dario | last2 = Cibois | first2 = Alice | last3 = Pasquet | first3 = Eric | last4 = Ericson | first4 = Per G.P. | year = 2006 | title = Nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data reveal the major lineages of starlings, mynas and related taxa | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 41 | issue = 2| pages = 333–344 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.007 | pmid = 16806992 | bibcode = 2006MolPE..41..333Z }}</ref> However, the grouping of Sibley & Monroe is overly coarse due to methodological drawbacks of their [[DNA-DNA hybridization]] technique and most of their proposed revisions of taxonomic [[rank (zoology)|rank]] have not been accepted (see for example [[Ciconiiformes]]). The all-inclusive Sturnidae grouping conveys little information about [[biogeography]], and obscures the evolutionary distinctness of the three lineages. Establishing a valid name for the [[clade]] consisting of Sibley/Monroe's "pan-Sturnidae" would nonetheless be desirable to contrast them with the other major lineages of Muscicapoidea.

Starlings probably originated in the general area of [[East Asia]], perhaps towards the southwestern Pacific, as inferred by the number of [[plesiomorph]]ic lineages to occur there. Expansion into Africa appears to have occurred later, as most [[Synapomorphy|derived]] forms are found there. An alternative scenario would be African origin for the entire "sturnoid" group,<ref name=zuccon/> with the oxpeckers representing an ancient [[Relict (biology)|relict]] and the mimids arriving in South America. This is contradicted by the North American distribution of the most [[basal (biology)|basal]] Mimidae.<ref name=zuccon/><ref name=cibois>{{cite journal | last1 = Cibois | first1 = A. | last2 = Cracraft | first2 = J. | year = 2004 | title = Assessing the passerine 'tapestry': phylogenetic relationships of the Muscicapoidea inferred from nuclear DNA sequences | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 32 | issue = 1| pages = 264–273 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2003.12.002 | pmid = 15186812 }}</ref>

As the fossil record is limited to quite [[Holocene|Recent]] forms, the proposed [[Early Miocene]] (about 25–20 [[mya (unit)|Mya]]) divergence dates for the "sturnoids" lineages must be considered extremely tentative. Given the overall evidence for the origin of most [[Passeri]] families in the first half of the [[Miocene]], it appears to be not too far off the mark, however.<ref name=zuccon/>

{{asof|2007|post=,}} recent studies<ref name=zuccon/><ref name=cibois/> identified two major [[clade]]s of this family, corresponding to the generally drab, often striped, largish "atypical [[myna]]s" and other mainly Asian-Pacific lineages, and the often smaller, sometimes highly [[apomorph]]ic [[taxa]] which are most common in Africa and the Palearctic, usually have metallic coloration, and in a number of species also bright [[carotinoid]] plumage colors on the underside. Inside this latter group, there is a clade consisting of species which, again, are usually not too brightly colored, and which consists of the "typical" myna-''[[Sturnus]]'' assemblage.

The [[Philippine creeper]]s, a single genus of three species of [[treecreeper]]-like birds, appear to be highly [[apomorph]]ic members of the more initial radiation of the Sturnidae.<ref name=zuccon/> While this may seem odd at first glance, their placement has always been contentious. In addition, [[biogeography]] virtually rules out a close relationship of Philippine creepers and treecreepers, as neither the latter nor their close relatives seem to have ever reached [[Wallacea]], let alone the [[Philippines]]. Nonetheless, their inclusion in the Sturnidae is not entirely final and eventually, they may remain a separate family.

Genus sequence follows traditional treatments. This is apparently not entirely correct, with ''Scissirostrum'' closer to ''Aplonis'' than to ''Gracula'', for example, and ''[[Acridotheres]]'' among the most advanced genera. Too few taxa have yet been studied as regards their relationships, however, thus a change in the sequence has to wait for further studies.

As of 2023, the review by Lovette & Rubenstein (2008) is the most recent work on the phylogeny of the group.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Lovette | first1=I.J. | last2=McCleery | first2=B.V. | last3=Talaba | first3=A.L. | last4=Rubenstein | first4=D.R. | date=2008 | title=A complete species-level molecular phylogeny for the "Eurasian" starlings (Sturnidae: ''Sturnus'', ''Acridotheres'', and allies): Recent diversification in a highly social and dispersive avian group | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=47 | issue=1 | pages=251–260 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.020 | doi-access=free | pmid=18321732 | bibcode=2008MolPE..47..251L }}</ref> This taxonomy is also based on the order of the [[International Ornithologists' Union|IOC]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers – IOC World Bird List|url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/nuthatch/|access-date=2021-07-29|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Clades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Oriental-Australasian clade
!Genus
!Species
!Image
|-
|'''''[[Acridotheres]]'''''
|
* [[Great myna]] (''A. grandis'')
* [[Crested myna]] (''A. cristatellus'')
* [[Javan myna]] (''A. javanicus'')
* [[Pale-bellied myna]], (''A. cinereus'')
* [[Jungle myna]] (''A. fuscus'')
* [[Collared myna]] (''A. albocinctus'')
* [[Bank myna]] (''A. ginginianus'')
* [[Common myna]] (''A. tristis'')
* [[Black-winged myna]] (''A. melanopterus'')
* [[Burmese myna]] (''A. burmannicus'')
* [[Vinous-breasted myna]] (''A. leucocephalus'')
|[[File:Acridotheres tristis 40973073.jpg|frameless]]
[[Common myna]] (''A. tristis'')
|-
|'''''[[Agropsar]]'''''
{{Small|(sometimes included in ''Sturnus'' or ''Sturnia'')}}
|
* [[Daurian starling]] (''A. sturninus'')
* [[Chestnut-cheeked starling]] (''A. philippinensis'')
|[[File:Agropsar sturninus - Kent Ridge Park.jpg|frameless]]
[[Daurian starling]]
(''A. sturninus'')
|-
|'''''[[Ampeliceps]]'''''
|
* [[Golden-crested myna]] (''A. coronatus'')
|[[File:Golden-crested Myna (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
[[Golden-crested myna]]
(''A. coronatus'')
|-
|'''''[[Aplonis]]'''''
|22 extant,
3 recently [[extinct]]
|[[File:Metallic Starling 7115.jpg|frameless]]
[[Metallic starling]]
(''A. metallica'')
|-
|'''''[[Basilornis]]'''''
|
*[[Sulawesi myna]] (''B. celebensis'')
* [[Helmeted myna]] (''B. galeatus'')
* [[Long-crested myna]] (''B. corythaix'')
|[[File:Basilornis celebensis 339643073.jpg|frameless]]
[[Sulawesi myna]]
(''B. celebensis'')
|-
|'''''[[Enodes]]'''''
|
* [[Fiery-browed starling|Fiery-browed myna]] (''E. erythrophris'')
|[[File:Enodes erythrophris 64408767.jpg|frameless]]
[[Fiery-browed starling|Fiery-browed myna]]
(''E. erythrophris'')
|-
|'''''[[Apo myna|Goodfellowia]]'''''
|
* [[Apo myna]] (''G. miranda'')
|[[File:8454 Apo Myna 2 (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
[[Apo myna]]
(''G. miranda'')
|-
|'''''[[Gracula]]'''''
|
* [[Sri Lanka hill myna|Sri lanka hill myna]] (''G. ptilogenys'')
* [[Common hill myna]] (''G. religiosa'')
* [[Southern hill myna]] (''G. indica'')
* [[Tenggara hill myna]] (''G. venerata'')
|[[File:Starling bird (India, 2012).jpg|frameless]]
[[Southern hill myna]]
(''G. indica'')
|-
|'''''[[Gracupica]]'''''
|
* [[Black-collared starling]] ''(G. nigricollis'')
* [[Indian pied myna]] (''G. contra'')
* [[Siamese pied myna]] (''G. floweri'')
* [[Javan pied myna]] (''G. jalla'')
|[[File:Pied Myna (Gracupica contra) (33248972795) (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
[[Indian pied myna]]
(''G. contra'')
|-
|'''''[[Leucopsar]]'''''
|
* [[Bali myna]] (''L. rothschildi'')
|[[File:Bali starling hkg.jpg|frameless]]
[[Bali myna]]
(''L. rothschildi'')
|-
|'''''[[Mino (bird)|Mino]]'''''
|
*[[Yellow-faced myna]] (''M. dumontii'')
* [[Golden myna]] (''M. anais'')
* [[Long-tailed myna]] (''M. kreffti'')
|[[File:Yellow faced Myna (Mino dumontii) (11184702626).jpg|frameless]]
[[Yellow-faced myna]]
(''M. dumontii'')
|-
|'''''[[Coleto|Sarcops]]'''''
|
* [[Coleto]] (''S. calvus'')
|[[File:Hanging Coleto (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
[[Coleto]]
(''S. calvus'')
|-
|'''''[[Scissirostrum]]'''''
|
* [[Grosbeak starling]] (''S. dubium'')
|[[File:Finch-billed Myna.jpg|frameless]]
[[Grosbeak starling]]
(''S. dubium'')
|-
|'''''[[Spodiopsar]]'''''
|
* [[Red-billed starling]] (''S. sericeus'')
* [[White-cheeked starling]] (''S. cineraceus'')
|[[File:Watching (11435011245).jpg|frameless]]
[[White-cheeked starling]]
(''S. cineraceus'')
|-
|'''''[[Streptocitta]]'''''
|
*[[White-necked myna]] (''S. albicollis'')
* [[Bare-eyed myna]] (''S. albertinae'')
|[[File:White-necked myna - (Streptocitta albicollis) (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
[[White-necked myna]]
(''S. albicollis'')
|-
|'''''[[Sturnia]]'''''
{{Small|(sometimes included in ''Sturnus'')}}
|
* [[White-shouldered starling]] (''S. sinensis'')
* [[Chestnut-tailed starling]] (''S. malabarica'')
* [[White-headed starling]] (''S. erythropygia'')
* [[Malabar starling]] (''S. blythii'')
* [[Brahminy starling]] (''S. pagodarum'')
|[[File:Brahminy starling (Sturnia pagodarum) - 1 (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
[[Brahminy starling]]
(''S. pagodarum'')
|-
|'''''[[Sturnornis]]'''''
|
* [[White-faced starling]] (''S. albofrontatus'')
|[[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - White-faced Starling (Sturnia albofrontata).jpg|frameless]]
[[White-faced starling]]
(''S. albofrontatus'')
|-
|'''†''[[Fregilupus]]'''''
|
* [[Hoopoe starling]] (†''F. varius'')
|[[File:Huppe de Bourbon-Etourneau de la Réunion, - collection d'animaux disparus, Musée de zoologie de Lausanne.jpg|frameless]]
[[Hoopoe starling]]
(†''F. varius'')
|-
|'''†''[[Necropsar]]'''''
|
* [[Rodrigues starling]] (†''N. rodericanus'')
|[[File:Rodrigues Starling.jpg|frameless]]
[[Rodrigues starling]]
(†''N. rodericanus'')
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Afrotropical-Palearctic clade
!Genus
!Species
!Image
|-
|'''''[[Arizelopsar]]'''''
|
* [[Abbott's starling]] (''A. femoralis'')
|[[File:Abbott's Starling (adult) (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
[[Abbott's starling]]
(''A. femoralis'')
|-
|'''''[[Cinnyricinclus]]'''''
|
* [[Violet-backed starling]] (''C. leucogaster'')
|[[File:Violet-backed Starling - Mkuze - Natal S4E8871 (22382980057) (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
[[Violet-backed starling]]
(''C. leucogaster'')
|-
|'''''[[Creatophora]]'''''
|
* [[Wattled starling]] (''C. cinerea'')
|[[File:Day 81 Wattled Starling (Creatophora cinerea) male ... (53847424633) (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
[[Wattled starling]]
(''C. cinerea'')
|-
|'''''[[Grafisia]]'''''
|
* [[White-collared starling]] (''G. torquata'')
|[[File:Grafisia Torquata (White-collared Starling) (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
[[White-collared starling]]
(''G. torquata'')
|-
|'''''[[Hartlaubius]]'''''
|
* [[Madagascar starling]] (''H. auratus'')
|[[File:Hartlaubius auratus.jpg|frameless]]
[[Madagascar starling]]
(''H. auratus'')
|-
|'''''[[Hylopsar]]'''''
|
* [[Purple-headed starling]] (''H. purpureiceps'')
* [[Copper-tailed starling]] (''H. cupreocauda'')
|[[File:Purple-headed Starling (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
[[Purple-headed starling]]
(''H. purpureiceps'')
|-
|'''''[[Lamprotornis]]'''''
{{Small|(sometimes included in ''Sturnus'')}}
|
*[[Cape starling]] ''L. nitens'')
* [[Greater blue-eared starling]] (''L. chalybaeus'')
* [[Lesser blue-eared starling]] (''L. chloropterus'')
* [[Miombo blue-eared starling]] (''L. elisabeth'')
* [[Bronze-tailed starling]] (''L. chalcurus'')
* [[Splendid starling]] (''L. splendidus'')
* [[Principe starling]] (''L. ornatus'')
* [[Emerald starling]] (''L. iris'')
* [[Purple starling]] (''L. purpureus'')
* [[Rüppell's starling]] (''L. purpuroptera'')
* [[Long-tailed glossy starling]] (''L. caudatus'')
* [[Golden-breasted starling]] (''L. regius'')
* [[Meves's starling]] (''L. mevesii'')
* [[Burchell's starling]] (''L. australis'')
* [[Sharp-tailed starling]] (''L. acuticaudus'')
* [[Superb starling]] (''L. superbus'')
* [[Hildebrandt's starling]] (''L. hildebrandti'')
* [[Shelley's starling]] (''L. shelleyi'')
* [[Chestnut-bellied starling]] (''L. pulcher'')
* [[Ashy starling]] (''L. unicolor'')
* [[Fischer's starling]] (''L. fischeri'')
* [[Pied starling]] (''L. bicolor'')
* [[White-crowned starling]] (''L. albicapillus'')

|[[File:Greater blue-eared starling (Lamprotornis chalybaeus nordmanni) Kruger (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
[[Greater blue-eared starling]]
(''L. chalybaeus'')
|-
|'''''[[Neocichla]]'''''
|
* [[Babbling starling]] (''N. gutturalis'')
|[[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.AVES.144138 1 - Neocichla gutturalis subsp. - Sturnidae - bird skin specimen.jpeg|frameless]]
[[Babbling starling]]
(''N. gutturalis'')
|-
|'''''[[Notopholia]]'''''
|
* [[Black-bellied starling]] (''N. corusca'')
|[[File:Black-bellied Glossy-Starling - Mkuze - Natal S4E8977 (22775346556).jpg|frameless]]
[[Black-bellied starling]]
(''N. corusca'')
|-
|'''''[[Onychognathus]]'''''
|
* [[Red-winged starling]] (''O. morio'')
* [[Slender-billed starling]] (''O. tenuirostris'')
* [[Chestnut-winged starling]] (''O. fulgidus'')
* [[Waller's starling]] (''O. walleri'')
* [[Somali starling]] (''O. blythii'')
* [[Socotra starling]] (''O. frater'')
* [[Tristram's starling]] (''O. tristramii'')
* [[Pale-winged starling]] (''O. nabouroup'')
* [[Bristle-crowned starling]] (''O. salvadorii'')
* [[White-billed starling]] (''O. albirostris'')
* [[Neumann's starling]] (''O. neumanni'')
|[[File:Red Winged Starling on Table Mountain Cape Town 016.jpg|frameless]]
[[Red-winged starling]]
(''O. morio'')
|-
|'''''[[Rosy starling|Pastor]]'''''
|
* [[Rosy starling]] (''P. roseus'')
|[[File:Pastor roseus by Koshy Koshy.jpg|frameless]]
[[Rosy starling]]
(''P. roseus'')
|-
|'''''[[Pholia]]'''''
|
* [[Sharpe's starling]] (''P. sharpii'')
|[[File:PholidaugesSharpiiKeulemans.jpg|frameless]]
[[Sharpe's starling]]
(''P. sharpii'')
|-
|'''''[[Poeoptera]]'''''
|
* [[Kenrick's starling]] (''P. kenricki'')
* [[Narrow-tailed starling]] (''P. lugubris'')
* [[Stuhlmann's starling]] (''P. stuhlmanni'')
|[[File:Stuhlmann's Starling cropped.jpg|frameless]]
[[Stuhlmann's starling]]
(''P. stuhlmanni'')
|-
|'''''[[Saroglossa]]'''''
|
* [[Spot-winged starling]] (''S. spilopterus'')
|[[File:斑翅椋鸟 Spot-winged Starling (Saroglossa spilopterus) (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
[[Spot-winged starling]]
(''S. spilopterus'')
|-
|'''''[[Speculipastor]]'''''
|
* [[Magpie starling]] (''S. bicolor'')
|[[File:Speculipastor bicolor (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
[[Magpie starling]]
(''S. bicolor'')
|-
|'''''[[Sturnus]]'''''
|
* [[Common starling]] (''S. vulgaris'')
* [[Spotless starling]] (''S. unicolor'')
|[[File:Sturnus vulgaris Paris (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
[[Common starling]]
(''S. vulgaris'')
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+''Rhabdornis'' clade
!Genus
!Species
!Image
|-
|'''''[[Rhabdornis]]'''''
|
* [[Stripe-headed rhabdornis]] (''R. mystacalis'')
* [[Grand rhabdornis]] (''R. grandis'')
* [[Stripe-breasted rhabdornis]] (''R. inornatus'')
* [[Visayan rhabdornis]] (''R. rabori'')
|[[File:Grand Rhabdornis (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
[[Grand rhabdornis]]
(''R. grandis'')

|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Unresolved
!Genus
!Species
!Image
|-
|'''†''[[Cryptopsar]]'''''
|
* [[Mauritius starling]] (''C. ischyrhynchus'')
|[[File:Mauritius starling.jpg|frameless]]
[[Mauritius starling]]
(''C. ischyrhynchus'')
|}
The [[extinct]] [[Mascarene]] starlings were formerly of uncertain relationships, but are now thought to belong to the Oriental-Australasian clade, being allied with the [[Bali myna]].<ref name=":0" /> However, while the two more recent species (''Fregipilus'' and ''Necropsar'') have been classified, the prehistoric ''Cryptopsar'' has not.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Birds}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Sturnidae}}
*{{Wikispecies inline|Sturnidae}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q185237}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sturnidae|*]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]]

Vishal Mishra (composer)

2026-03-09T17:49:04Z

Sylvester41C:

{{short description|Indian singer and music composer}}
{{Distinguish|Vishal Mishra (director)|Vishal Misra}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Vishal Mishra
| image = Vishal Mishra Oasis 2024.png
| caption = Vishal in 2024
| birth_date = 8 December<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Debarati S |date=7 December 2020 |title=Exclusive! Vishal Mishra is off to Goa for his birthday on December 8 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/exclusive-vishal-mishra-is-off-to-goa-for-his-birthday-on-december-8/articleshow/79606803.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Unnao, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| years_active = 2015-present
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Songwriter}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Filmi]]|[[Bollywood]]}}
| instrument = {{Flatlist|
* [[Vocal music|Vocals]]
* [[Electric guitar]]
* [[Acoustic guitar]]
* [[Harmonium]]
* [[Tabla]]
* [[Piano]]
* [[Keyboard instrument|Keyboard]]}}
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
* [[Saregama]]
* [[Zee Music Company|Zee]]
* VYRL Originals
}}
}}

'''Vishal Mishra''' is an Indian singer-songwriter.<ref name="TOI_Oct2018"/> He is best known for his work as a composer of [[Bollywood]] soundtracks.

==Early life==
Mishra was born in [[Unnao, Uttar Pradesh]]. He took his education in [[Lucknow]].<ref name="TOI_Oct2018">{{cite news |last1=Misra |first1=Iti Sree |date=28 October 2018 |title=Folk music is ultimately what works in India: Vishal Mishra in Lucknow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/folk-music-is-ultimately-what-works-in-india-vishal-mishra-in-lucknow/articleshow/66379603.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
Mishra first appeared in a reality show aired on [[DD National]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Lalit (Pandit) Sir guided me through the music industry: Vishal Mishra |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170602-lalit-pandit-sir-guided-me-through-the-music |website=RadioandMusic.com |access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> He auditioned for the competition [[Indian Idol]] but was disqualified.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Debarati S. |date=2 October 2021 |title=Vishal Mishra: I'd been rejected nearly from all auditions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/vishal-mishra-id-been-rejected-nearly-from-all-auditions/articleshow/86550581.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref> In his initial days of the music industry, Mishra was guided by [[Lalit Pandit]], of the [[Jatin–Lalit]] composer duo.<ref name="auto"/>

Mishra made his debut as a composer in 2016 with the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]].'' In 2017, he composed the song "Jaane De", sung by [[Atif Aslam]], featured on the soundtrack of ''[[Qarib Qarib Singlle]].'' Mishra also composed songs for ''[[Munna Michael]]'', which marked his singing debut, and the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film ''[[FU: Friendship Unlimited]]''. He composed the "Rafta Rafta" melody for ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se]]'', marking his first project of 2018.

His music video features [[Salman Khan]] in a special appearance;<ref>{{cite news |title=Rekha raps, Sonakshi Sinha sings for special Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se track also featuring Salman Khan |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/rekha-raps-sonakshi-sinha-sings-for-special-yamla-pagla-deewana-phir-se-track-also-featuring-salman-khan-4416243.html |access-date=5 April 2021 |work=Firstpost |date=3 April 2018}}</ref> Mishra subsequently composed the romantic song "Selfish", written by and starring Khan for the action film ''[[Race 3]]'', while also composing the title track of ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'', starring [[Kareena Kapoor|Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Swara Bhasker]] and Shikha Talsania.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Coutinho |first1=Natasha |title=Salman Khan turns lyricist for Race 3 also starring Anil Kapoor, Jacqueline Fernandez |url=http://betamumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-turns-lyricist-for-race-3/articleshow/63323331.cms |access-date=5 April 2021 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=16 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

Mishra's first act as a solo composer for songs and score, came with the Salman Khan-produced romantic drama ''[[Notebook (2019 film)|Notebook]]''. He rose to fame with the hit song "Kaise Hua" from ''[[Kabir Singh]]''. He then produced a soundtrack for the [[Anurag Kashyap]]-produced ''[[Saand Ki Aankh]]'', a biopic on the lives of the Shooter Dadis.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Dhaval |title=I can only speak the language of emotions: Vishal Mishra |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-i-can-only-speak-the-language-of-emotions-vishal-mishra-2605244 |access-date=5 April 2021 |work=DNA India |date=16 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020 Mishra released "Manjha",<ref>{{Citation |title=MANJHA - Aayush Sharma & Saiee M Manjrekar {{!}} Vishal Mishra {{!}} Riyaz Aly {{!}} Anshul Garg | date=16 March 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzmXpwF_MK4 |language=en |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="IT_16March2020">{{Cite news |title=Manjha music video out: Aayush Sharma and Saiee Manjrekar indulge in patangon wala pyaar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/manjha-music-video-out-aayush-sharma-and-saiee-manjrekar-indulge-in-patangon-wala-pyaar-1656120-2020-03-16 |magazine=India Today |last=IANS |date=16 March 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref> a song featuring Aayush Sharma and Saiee Manjrekar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Latest Hindi Song 'Manjha' Sung By Vishal Mishra Featuring Aayush Sharma And Saiee Manjrekar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-manjha-sung-by-vishal-mishra-featuring-aayush-sharma-and-saiee-manjrekar-/videoshow/74660734.cms |access-date=23 March 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=16 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He was also involved in the composition of the song "Phir Muskurayega India", which featured Bollywood actors [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Jackky Bhagnani]].<ref name="IT_16March2020"/>

== Film songs ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Singer(s)
! Lyricist(s)
! Composer(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
| rowspan="2" |''Hum Hai Teen Khurafaati''
|''"Khurafaati"''
|Vishal Mishra, Yashita Yashpal, Jayshankar, Amitabh Narayn
| rowspan="2" |Shweta Raaj
| rowspan="2" |Kashi-Richard
|-
|''"Ruh Se Ruh Ka Milan"''
|Vishal Mishra, Yashita Yashpal
|-
|2015
|''[[Charlie Kay Chakkar Mein]]''
|''"Charlie Kay Chakkar Mein"''
|[[Neha Kakkar]], [[Abhijeet Sawant]]
|[[Sandeep Nath]]
|Vishal Mishra
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Shorgul]]''
|''"Shaam O Seher"''
|Vishal Mishra
|[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
|[[Lalit Pandit]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Devi (2016 film)|Tutak Tutak Tutiya]]''
|''"Chalte Chalte"''
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|Manoj Yadav
| rowspan="12" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Ranga Re"''
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|Pranav Vatsa
|-
| rowspan="20" |2017
|rowspan=13|''[[FU: Friendship Unlimited]]''
|''"Pehli Dafa"''
|Vishal Mishra
|Sanjeev Chaturvedi
|-
|''"Don't Control Us"''
|[[Siddharth Basrur]]
|Pranav Vatsa
|-
|''"Teri Baaton Ke" (Male Version)''
|Vishal Mishra
| rowspan="2" |Vishal Mishra, Pranav Vatsa
|-
|''"Teri Baaton Ke" (Female Version)''
|Iulia Vântur
|-
|''"Darmiyaan"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|Sanjeev Chaturvedi
|-
|''"Uff Tera Ye Jalwa" (Version 1)''
|[[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]], Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Uff Tera Ye Jalwa" (Version 2)''
|[[Aishwarya Nigam]], [[Neeti Mohan]]
|-
|''"Affu Khuda"''
|[[Sonu Nigam]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], Parry G
|[[Raj Shekhar]], [[Anand Bakshi]]
|-
|''"Tere Bin O Yaara"''
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|[[Raj Shekhar]]
|-
|''"Darmiyaan" (Acoustic Version)''
|Akash Ojha, [[Prakriti Kakar]]
|Sanjeev Chaturvedi
|-
|''"F.U." (Title Track)''
|Vishal Mishra, Wrisha Dutta
| rowspan="3" |Sachin Pathak
| rowspan="3" |Samir Saptiskar
|-
|''"Diljale"''
| rowspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Girlfriend"''
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Munna Michael]]''
|''"Pyar Ho"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kumaar]]
| rowspan="4" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Pyar Ho (Redux)"''
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |''The Dream Job''
|''"Dhuaan Dhuaan Hai Zindagi"''
|Vishal Mishra
| rowspan="3" |Mukesh Mishra
|-
|''"Apni Jeb"''
|[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
|-
|''"Yaariyan Ye Teri Yaariyan"''
|Vishal Mishra, Sadhvi Bhatt
|Aditya Virmani, Ronak Runwal
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Qarib Qarib Singlle]]''
|''"Khatam Kahani"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Nooran Sisters]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Raj Shekhar]]
| rowspan="11" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Jaane De"''
|[[Atif Aslam]]
|-
| rowspan="9" |2018
| rowspan="2" |''[[Veere Di Wedding]]''
|''"Veere"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Aditi Singh Sharma]], [[Dhvani Bhanushali]], Nikita Ahuja, [[Payal Dev]], Iulia Vântur, Sharvi Yadav
| rowspan="2" |[[Anvita Dutt Guptan]]
|-
|''"Dagmag Dagmag"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Payal Dev]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |''[[Race 3]]''
|''"Selfish"''
|[[Atif Aslam]], Iulia Vântur
| rowspan="5" |[[Salman Khan]]
|-
|''"I Found Love"''
|[[Salman Khan]], Veera Saxena
|-
|''''Selfish" (Solo Version)''
|[[Atif Aslam]]
|-
|''''Selfish'' (Solo Version 2)'' ''
|[[Stebin Ben]]
|-
|''"Selfish" (Unplugged Version)''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Atif Aslam]]
|-
|''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana: Phir Se]]''
|''"Rafta Rafta Medley"''
|Vishal Mishra, Jordi Patel, Disha Sharma, Akash Ojha, [[Rekha]], [[Dharmendra]]
|Kunwar Juneja
|-
|''[[5 Weddings]]''
|''"Na Chah Ke Bhi"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Shirley Setia]]
|Abhendra Kumar Upadhyay
|-
| rowspan="27" |2019
|''[[Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota]]''
|''<nowiki>''Tere Liye''</nowiki>''
|Vishal Mishra, Kamakshi Rai
|Shantanu Ghatak
|Karan Kulkarni
|-
| rowspan="7" |''[[Notebook (2019 film)|Notebook]]''
|''"Safar"''
|[[Mohit Chauhan]]
|Kaushal Kishore
| rowspan="30" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Bumro"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamaal Khan]]
|Kaushal Kishore, [[Vibha Saraf]], Traditional
|-
|''"Nai Lagda"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Asees Kaur]]
|Akshay Tripathi
|-
|''"Laila"''
|[[Dhvani Bhanushali]]
|Abhendra Kumar Upadhyay
|-
|''"Main Taare"''
|[[Salman Khan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|-
|''"Main Taare" (Atif Aslam Version)''{{efn|Not officially released<ref>{{cite news |title=Main Taare teaser: Salman Khan lends voice to new song from Notebook |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Mar/16/main-taare-teaser-salman-khan-lends-voice-to-new-song-from-notebook-10567.html |work=Cinema Express |date=16 March 2019 |access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref>}}
|[[Atif Aslam]]
|-
|''"The Notebook Symphony"''
| colspan="2" |Instrumental
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Kabir Singh]]''
|''"Kaise Hua"''
| rowspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|-
|''"Pehla Pyaar (Film Version)"''<ref>Not released officially</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Irshad Kamil]]
|-
|''"Pehla Pyaar"''
|[[Armaan Malik]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Jabariya Jodi]]''
|''<nowiki>''</nowiki>Ki Honda Pyaar" (Arijit Singh Version)''
|[[Arijit Singh]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Raj Shekhar]]
|-
|''"Macchardani"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Jyotica Tangri]]
|-
|''"Ki Honda Pyaar" (Neha Kakkar Version)''
|[[Neha Kakkar]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |''[[Pranaam]]''
|''<nowiki>''Sirf Tu''</nowiki>''
|[[Armaan Malik]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|-
|''"Jai Hanuman"''
|[[Sukhwinder Singh]]
|-
|''"Ilaahi"''
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
|''"Zindagi"''
|[[Ankit Tiwari]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |''[[Saand Ki Aankh]]''
|''<nowiki>''Udta Teetar''</nowiki>''
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Jyoti Nooran]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Raj Shekhar]]
|-
|''<nowiki>''Womaniya''</nowiki>''
|[[Vishal Dadlani]]
|-
|''<nowiki>''Aasmaa''</nowiki>''
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|''<nowiki>''Baby Gold''</nowiki>''
|[[Sona Mohapatra]], [[Jyotica Tangri]]
|-
|''<nowiki>''Jhunna Jhunna''</nowiki>''
|Krutika Borkar, [[Pratibha Singh Baghel]]
|-
|''<nowiki>''</nowiki>Womaniya" (Raw Version)''
| rowspan="3" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''<nowiki>''</nowiki>Aasmaa" (Studio Version)''
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Broken But Beautiful]]:S2 (Web Series)''
|''"Teri Hogaiyaan"''
| rowspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Teri Hogaiyaan" (Female Version)''
|Shyamoli Sanghi
|-
| rowspan="6" |2020
| rowspan="4" |''[[Bamfaad]]''
|''Bamfaad (Title Track)''
|rowspan=2|Vishal Mishra
|rowspan="4" |[[Raj Shekhar]]
|-
|''Ishq Ka Itar''
|-
|''"Munasib"''
|Vishal Mishra, Anandi Joshi
|-
|''"Yaar Mera Ho Mere Rubabu"''
|[[Sukhwinder Singh]], Vishal Mishra, [[Hemant Brijwasi]], Moin Sabri
|-
|''[[Khuda Haafiz]]''
|''"Jaan Ban Gaye"''
| Vishal Mishra, [[Asees Kaur]]
| colspan="2" |[[Mithoon]]
|-
|[[Shakeela (film)|''Shakeela'']]
|''"Woh Lamha"''
|Vishal Mishra
| rowspan="4" |[[Kumaar]]
|Veer Samarth
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
| rowspan="2" |''[[Time to Dance]]''
|''"Aaye Haaye"''
|[[Millind Gaba|Milind Gaba]], [[Aditi Singh Sharma]]
| rowspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Time To Dance"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Neeti Mohan]]
|-
|''[[Yuvarathnaa|Yuva]]'' '''D'''
| ''<nowiki>''Desh Ka Yodha''</nowiki>''
| rowspan="3" |Vishal Mishra
|[[S. Thaman]]
|-
|''[[Broken But Beautiful]]:S3 (Web Series)''
|''"Teri Hogaiyaan 2"''
|Vishal Mishra, Kaushal Kishore
|Vishal Mishra
|-
| rowspan="28" |2022
|''[[Ranjish Hi Sahi (web series)|Ranjish Hi Sahi]] (Web Series)''
|''"Tham Sa Gaya"''
|Ravi
|Aabhas-Shreyas
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]'' '''D'''
|''"Naacho Naacho"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| rowspan="2" |Riya Mukherjee
| rowspan="2" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
|''"Sholay"''
| Vishal Mishra, [[Benny Dayal]], Sahithi Chaganti, Harika Narayan
|-
|''[[Attack: Part 1]]''
|''"Main Nai Tuttna"''
| rowspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|[[Kumaar]]
|[[Shashwat Sachdev]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Operation Romeo (film)|Operation Romeo]]''
|''"Yeh Kyun Kiya"''
| rowspan="2" |[[Manoj Muntashir]]
| rowspan="2" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
|''"Tere Bin Jeena Kya"''
|Vishal Mishra, Rupali Jagga
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Never Kiss Your Best Friend season 2|Never Kiss Your Best Friend]]: S2 (Web Series)''
|''"Dil Ko Tujhpe Pyaar"''
| rowspan="3" |Vishal Mishra
| rowspan="2" |Vishal Mishra, Kaushal Kishore
| rowspan="10" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Phir Se"''
|-
|''"Jee Na Paunga"''
|Vishal Mishra, Jay Tanna "SIFAR
|-
| rowspan="5" |''[[Ittu Si Baat]]''
|''"Gulabi"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Raj Shekhar]]
|-
|''"Sun Bhi Le"''
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|-
|''"17 Lakh Da Gajra"''
|[[Tony Kakkar]], [[Asees Kaur]]
|-
|''"Darbadar"''
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|-
|''"Middle Class"''
|[[Nakash Aziz]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Khuda Haafiz: Chapter II - Agni Pariksha|Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 - Agni Pariksha]]''
|''"Rubaru"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Asees Kaur]]
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|-
|''"Aaja Ve"''
|Vishal Mishra
|Vishal Mishra, Kaushal Kishore, [[Faruk Kabir]]
|-
|[[Ponniyin Selvan: I|''Ponniyin Selvan-1'']] '''D'''
|''"Chola Chola"''
|Vishal Mishra, Swagat Rathod
|[[Mehboob Kotwal|Mehboob]]
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |''[[Nazar Andaaz]]''
|''"Lootere Aa Gaye"''
|[[Sachet-Parampara|Sachet Tandon]], Mohammed Danish
| rowspan="6" |[[Raj Shekhar]]
| rowspan="6" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Andekhe Rang"''
|Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Aadhi Kahaani"''
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|-
|''"Jadoo"''
|[[Sachet-Parampara|Parampara Tandon]]
|-
|''"Sukoon"''
|[[Armaan Malik]]
|-
|''"Sukoon" (Female Version)''
|[[Tulsi Kumar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mili (2022 film)|Mili]]''
|''"Sun Aye Mili"''
| rowspan="5" | Vishal Mishra
| rowspan="2" | [[Javed Akhtar]]
| rowspan="2" | [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
|''"Jeena Hoga"''
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Maarrich]]''
|''"Na Boond"''
|Kaushal Kishore
| rowspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Deewana"''
|Vishal Mishra
|-
|[[Bharateeyans]]
|''"Main Aa Raha Re"''
|[[Vipin Das]]
|Satya Kashyap
|-
| rowspan="23" |2023
| rowspan="2" |''[[Chor Nikal Ke Bhaga]]''
|''"Janiye"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Rashmeet Kaur]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Janiye" (Female Version)''
|Noor Chahal
|-
|''[[Gumraah (2023 film)|Gumraah]]''
|''"Soniye Je"''
| rowspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''[[8 A.M. Metro]]''
|''"Phir Se Dil Toota"''
|[[Kausar Munir]]
|Mark K Robin
|-
|''[[Satyaprem Ki Katha]]''
|''"Naseeb Se"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Payal Dev]]
|[[A. M. Turaz]]
|[[Payal Dev]]
|-
|''[[Bawaal]]''
|''"Dilon Ki Doriyan"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Zahrah S. Khan|Zahrah S Khan]], Romy
|Arafat Mehmood
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|-
|''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]''
|''"Rathamaarey"''
|Vishal Mishra
|[[Vignesh Shivan]]
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Gadar 2]]''
|''"Chal Tere Ishq Mein"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Neeti Mohan]], Sahil Akhtar, Shehnaz Akhtar
| rowspan="3" |[[Sayeed Quadri]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Mithoon]]
|-
|''"Chal Tere Ishq Mein" (Vishal Mishra)''
| rowspan="3" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Dil Jhoom" (Vishal Mishra)''
|-
|''[[Mission Raniganj|Mission Raniganj: The Great Bharat Rescue]]''
|''"Keemti"''
|Kaushal Kishore
| rowspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''[[Thank You for Coming]]''
|''"Duniya Farzi"''
|[[Nikhita Gandhi]], Hansika Pareek
|[[Kumaar]]
|-
|''[[Yaariyan 2]]''
|''"Saure Ghar"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Neeti Mohan]]
| colspan="2" |[[Manan Bhardwaj]]
|-
|''[[Ganapath]]''
|''"Jai Ganesha"''
|Vishal Mishra
|Akshay Tripathi
|Vishal Mishra
|-
|''Kushi (D)''
|''"Sabr-E-Dil Toota"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Gayatri Asokan]]
|Raqueeb Alam
|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|-
|''[[Pippa (film)|Pippa]]''
|''"Mohabbatein Shukriya"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Suzanne D'Mello]]
|[[Shellee]]
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Apurva (2023 film)|Apurva]]''
| ''"Diwali"''
| rowspan="5" |Vishal Mishra
| rowspan="2" |Kaushal Kishore
| rowspan="5" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Hai Khuda"''
|-
|''"Tujhse Pyaar Hai"''
|Vishal Mishra
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
|''"Pehle Bhi Main"''
| rowspan="2" |[[Raj Shekhar]]
|-
|''"Marham" (Pehle Bhi Main)''
|-
|''[[Mast Mein Rehne Ka]]''
|''"Ek Taara"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Madhubanti Bagchi]]
|[[Vijay Maurya]]
|[[Anurag Saikia]]
|-
|'' [[Dunki (2023 film)|Dunki]]''
|''"Main Tera Rasta Dekhunga"''
| Vishal Mishra, [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Shadab Faridi]], Altamash Faridi
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|[[Pritam]]
|-
| rowspan="31" |2024
|''[[Indian Police Force (TV series)|Indian Police Force]]: S1 (Web Series)''
|''"Bairiyaa Re"''
|Vishal Mishra
|Siddhesh Patole
|[[JAM8|Akashdeep Sengupta]]
|-
|''[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]''
|''"Bekaar Dil"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Shilpa Rao]], [[Vishal Dadlani]]
|[[Kumaar]]
|[[Vishal-Shekhar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Crakk|Crakk - Jeetega Toh Jiyegaa]]''
|''"Dil Jhoom"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|Gurpreet Saini, [[Ali Zafar]]
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Ali Zafar]]
|-
|''"Jeena Haram"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Shilpa Rao]]
| colspan="2" |[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|-
|''[[Kaagaz 2]]''
|''"Tera Mera Rishta"''
| rowspan="4" |Vishal Mishra
|[[Rashmi Virag]]
|[[Shaarib Sabri|Shaarib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Yodha (2024 film)|Yodha]]''
|''"Zindagi Tere Naam"''
| rowspan="2" |Kaushal Kishore
| rowspan="14" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Zindagi Tere Naam" (Soul Version)''
|-
|''[[Crew (film)|Crew]]''
|''"Kiddan Zaalima"''
|[[Raj Shekhar]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]''
|''"Bade Miyan Chote Miyan"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Irshad Kamil]]
|-
|''"Mast Malang Jhoom"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Arijit Singh]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
|-
|''"Wallah Habibi"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Vishal Dadlani]], Dipakshi Kalita
|-
|''"Rang Ishq Ka" (Redux)''
|[[Neha Bhasin]]
|-
|''"Rang Ishq Ka"''
| rowspan="6" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''[[Ruslaan]]''
|''"Taade"''
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|-
|''[[Savi (film)|Savi]]''
|''"Humdum"''
|[[Raj Shekhar]]
|-
|''[[Mr. & Mrs. Mahi]]''
|''"Roya Jab Tu"''
|Vishal Mishra, Azeem Dayani
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Blackout (2024 film)|''Blackout'']]
|''"Chitralekha"''
| rowspan="3" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Kya Hua"''
|-
|''"Chor"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Suraj Jagan]]
|-
|''[[Lucky Baskhar|Lucky Bhaskar]] '''D'''''
|''"Naaraazgi"''
| rowspan="1" |Vishal Mishra, Shweta Mohan
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G. V. Prakash]]
|-
|[[Bad Newz (film)|''Bad Newz'']]
|''"Jaanam"''
| rowspan="1" |Vishal Mishra
| colspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Khel Khel Mein (2024 film)|''Khel Khel Mein'']]
|''"Duur Na Karin"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Zahrah S. Khan|Zahrah S Khan]] & [[Nabeel Shaukat Ali]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kumaar]]
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|-
|''"Chal Ve Dilla"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Rochak Kohli]]
|[[Rochak Kohli]]
|-
|''[[Stree 2]]''
|''"Khoobsurat"''
|Vishal Mishra
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|[[Sachin–Jigar|Sachin-Jigar]]
|-
|''[[Yudhra]]''
|''"Saathiya"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Pratibha Singh Baghel]]
|[[Javed Akhtar]]
|[[Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]]
|-
|''[[Binny and Family]]''
|''"Zindagi"''
| rowspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|Kaushal Kishore
|Vishal Mishra
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]''
|''"Tum Jo Mile Ho"''
|[[Priya Saraiya]]
| rowspan="2" |Sachin-Jigar
|-
|''"Mushkil Hai"''
|Vishal Mishra, Hansika Pareek
|Som
|-
|''[[Vanvaas]]''
|''"Bandhan"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Palak Muchhal]]
|Sayeed Quadri
|Mithoon
|-
|''[[Shontaan]]''
|"Tomar Akashey"
|Vishal Mishra
|[[Anindo Chatterjee]]
|[[Jeet Gannguli]]
|-
|[[Baby John (film)|''Baby John'']]
|"Pikley Pom"
|Vishal Mishra, Riya Seepana
|[[Irshad Kamil]]
|[[Thaman S]]
|-
| rowspan="41" |2025
|''[[Fateh (2025 film)|Fateh]]''
| "Heer"
|Vishal Mishra, Asees Kaur
|[[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|Ajay Pal Sharma, Shabbir Ahmed
|-
|[[Sky Force (film)|''Sky Force'']]
|"Kya Meri Yaad Aati Hai"
|Vishal Mishra
|Irshad Kamil
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Deva (2025 film)|''Deva'']]
|"Bhasad Macha"
|[[Mika Singh]], Vishal Mishra, [[Jyotica Tangri]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Raj Shekhar]]
| rowspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|"Bas Tera Pyaar Hai"
|Vishal Mishra, Pratiksha Kale
|-
|''[[Loveyapa]]''
|"Kaun Kinna Zaroori Si"
|Vishal Mishra
|Dhrruv Yogi
|[[Suyyash Rai]] & Siddharth Singh
|-
|''[[Crazxy]]''
|"Pul"
|Vishal Mishra
|[[Gulzar]]
|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |''[[Ek Radha Ek Meera]]''
|"Antaricha"
| rowspan="3" |Vishal Mishra, [[Neeti Mohan]]
|[[Spruha Joshi]]
| rowspan="8" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|"Jara Jara Mi Zurate"
| rowspan="6" |[[Jitendra Joshi]]
|-
|"Spruha Theme"
|-
|"Dil Lafanga"
|Vishal Mishra, [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
|-
|"Jiya Jayena"
|[[Sukhwinder Singh]]
|-
|"Kasa Sangu"
|[[Aanandi Joshi (singer)|Aanandi Joshi]]
|-
|"Dil Lafanga 2"
|Vishal Mishra, [[Lulia Vantur]]
|-
| ''[[Mere Husband Ki Biwi]]''
|"Rabba Mereya"
| rowspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|[[Mudassar Aziz]]
|-
|''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]''
|"Taikhaane Mein"
|SOM
|Pritam
|-
|[[Jewel Thief (2025 film)|''Jewel Thief'']]
|"Ilzaam"
|Vishal Mishra, [[Shilpa Rao]]
|[[Kumaar]]
|Soundtrek & Anis Ali Sabri
|-
|''[[Ground Zero (2025 film)|Ground Zero]]''
|"Pehli Dafa"
| rowspan="6" |Vishal Mishra
|Irshad Kamil
|[[Rohan-Rohan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Metro... In Dino]]''
|"Mann Ye Mera"
|[[Neelesh Misra]]
| rowspan="2" |Pritam
|-
|"Dil Ka Kya (Encore)"
|Anurag Sharma
|-
| rowspan="6" |''[[Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan]]''
|"Nazara"
| rowspan="5" |Vishal Mishra
| rowspan="6" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|"Alvida"
|-
|"Kya Karun"
|-
|"Alvida (Asees Version)"
|[[Asees Kaur]]
|-
|"Yuhi Safar"
| rowspan="2" |[[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|-
|"Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan (Title Track)"
|Vishal Mishra, Kaushal Kishore
|-
|''[[Aap Jaisa Koi (film)|Aap Jaisa Koi]]''
|"Mila Tujhe"
|Vishal Mishra, Prateeksha Srivastava
|rowspan="2" |Raj Shekhar
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|-
|''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]''
|"Tum Ho Toh"
|Vishal Mishra, Hansika Pareek
|Vishal Mishra
|-
|''[[Tanvi the Great]]''
|"Zindagi"
|Vishal Mishra
|[[Kausar Munir]]
|[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|-
|''[[Sarzameen]]''
|"Mere Murshid Mere Yaara"
|Vishal Mishra, [[Salman Ali]]
|rowspan="2" |Jaani
|Vishal Mishra
|-
|''[[Son of Sardaar 2]]''
|"Pehla Tu Duja Tu"
| rowspan="6" |Vishal Mishra
|[[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]
|-
|''[[Dhadak 2]]''
|"Tu Meri Dhadak Hai"
|[[Rashmi Virag]]
|[[Javed-Mohsin]]
|-
|''[[Param Sundari (film)|Param Sundari]]''
|"Chand Kagaz Ka"
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|[[Sachin–Jigar|Sachin-Jigar]]
|-
|''[[Tu Meri Poori Kahani]]''
|"Tu Meri Poori Kahani - Rock"
|[[Shweta Bothra]]
|[[Anu Malik]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ek Deewane ki Deewaniyat]]''
|"Deewaniyat"
| rowspan="2" |[[Kunaal Vermaa]]
| rowspan="2" |[[JAM8]]
|-
|"Deewaniyat (Unplugged)"
|-
| rowspan="6" |''[[Haq (2025 film)|Haq]]''
|"Qubool"
|Armaan Khan
| rowspan="6" |Kaushal Kishore
| rowspan="6" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|"Dil Tod Gaya Tu"
| rowspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|"Haq Hai Mera"
|-
|"Kya Paaya"
|Ali Brothers
|-
|"Jhoom Banware"
|Malini Awasthi, Jyotica Tangri, Bidyut Jyoti Mohan
|-
|"Dil Tod Gaya - Duet Version"
|Akash Ojha, Sneha Shankar
|-
|rowspan="15" |2026
|''[[Ikkis]]''
|"Sajda"
|Vishal Mishra, [[Asees Kaur]]
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|White Noise Collectives
|-
|''[[The RajaSaab]]''
|"Sahana Sahana"
|Vishal Mishra, [[Thaman S]], Sruthi Ranjani
|[[Krishna Kanth]]
|Thaman S
|-
|rowspan=3|''[[Border 2]]''
|"Ghar Kab Aaoge"
|[[Sonu Nigam]], [[Arijit Singh]], Vishal Mishra, [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
|[[Javed Akhtar]], [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anu Malik]], [[Mithoon]]
|-
|"Jaate Hue Lamhon"
|Vishal Mishra, [[Roop Kumar Rathod]]
|Javed Akhtar
|-
|"Pyaari Lage"
|Vishal Mishra, [[Tulsi Kumar]]
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|Vishal Mishra
|-
|''[[Do Deewane Seher Mein]]''
|"Wajah Bewajah"
|rowspan="7" |Vishal Mishra
|[[Kumaar]]
|[[Shreyas Puranik]]
|-
|''[[The Kerala Story 2]]''
|"Saathi Re"
|Manoj Muntashir
|[[Mannan Shaah]]
|-
| rowspan="5" {{Pending film | [[Toxic (2026 film)|Toxic: A Fairy Tale for Grown-ups]]}}
|rowspan="5" |"Tabaahi"
|[[Yogaraj Bhat]] ({{small|Kannada}})
|rowspan="5"|Vishal Mishra
|-
|[[Raj Shekhar]] ({{small|Hindi}})
|-
|[[Ramajogayya Sastry]] ({{small|Telugu}})
|-
|[[Vignesh Shivan]] ({{small|Tamil}})
|-
|[[Rafeeq Ahammed]] ({{small|Malayalam}})
|-
| {{Pending film | Untitled Anurag Basu film}}
| "Tu Meri Zindagi Hai"
|
| [[Sameer Anjaan]]
| [[Pritam]]
|-
| {{Pending film | [[Jana Nayagan]]}}
|"Oru Pere Varalaaru"
|Vishal Mishra, [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
|Anirudh Ravichander
|}

== Non-film songs ==
=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year
! Song
! Singer(s)
! Composer(s)
! Lyricist(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''"Sajna Ve"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Lisa Mishra]]
| rowspan="7" |Vishal Mishra
|[[Akshay Tripathi]], Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Takda Rava"''
| rowspan="10" |Vishal Mishra
|Vishal Mishra
|-
| rowspan="7" |2020
|''"Manjha"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Akshay Tripathi]]
|-
|''"Muskurayega India"''
|[[Kaushal Kishore (Lyricist)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|-
|''"Aaj Bhi"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Kaushal Kishore (Lyricist)|Kaushal Kishore]], [[Yash Anand]]
|-
|''"Kithe"''
|[[Babbu (Lyricist)|Babbu]]
|-
|''"Haq Hai Humara"''
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|-
|''"Humko Tum Mil Gaye"''
|Naresh Sharma
|[[Sayeed Quadri]]
|-
|''"Woh Chaand Kahan Se Laogi"''
|Vishal Mishra
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|-
| rowspan="9" |2021
|''"Jannayak"''
|[[Yara (Music Composer)|Yara]], [[Shubham Srivastva]]
|[[Kaushal Kishore (Lyricist)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|-
|''"Tu Bhi Sataya Jayega"''
| rowspan="16" |Vishal Mishra
|Vishal Mishra, [[Kaushal Kishore (Lyricist)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|-
|''"Zyada Vadia"''
|[[Nishawn Bhullar]]
|[[Babbu (Lyricist)|Babbu]]
|-
|''"Tumse Pyaar Hai"''
|Vishal Mishra
|Vishal Mishra, [[Kaushal Kishore (Lyricist)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|-
|''"Vande Mataram"''
|[[Tiger Shroff]]
|[[Kaushal Kishore (Lyricist)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|-
|''"Pyaar Ho Jayega"''
| rowspan="3" |Vishal Mishra
|Vishal Mishra, [[Akshay Tripathi]]
|-
|''"Chhathi Maiya Bulaye"''
| rowspan="2" |[[Kaushal Kishore (Lyricist)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|-
|''"Chale Bhi Jao"''
|-
|''"Bollywood Wala Dance"''
|[[Mamta Sharma]]
|[[Danish Iqbal Sabri]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
|''"Dildaar"''
|[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
|[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
|-
|''"Kya Kar Diya"''
|Vishal Mishra
|Vishal Mishra, [[Kaushal Kishore (Lyricist)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|-
|''"Runjhun"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Hansika Pareek]]
|[[Rashmi Virag]]
|-
|''"Bharosa"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Nishawn Bhullar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kaushal Kishore (Lyricist)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|-
|''"Ram Aaye Hain Ayodhya"''
| rowspan="4" |Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Aao Naa"''
|-
|''"Chandni"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Kaushal Kishore (Lyricist)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |2023
|''"Kho Jaane De"''
|Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Zihaal e Miskin"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|[[Javed–Mohsin|Javed-Mohsin]], [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal|Laxmikant-Pyarelal]]
|[[Kunaal Vermaa]], [[Gulzar]]
|-
|''"Hanuman Ki Bhujayien"''
|Vishal Mishra
|[[Payal Dev]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|-
|''"Vande Bharatam"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]]
|[[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]]
|-
|''"Aakhir"''
| colspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|[[Kaushal Kishore (Lyricist)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|-
|''"Ram Aayenge"''
|Vishal Mishra
|[[Payal Dev]]
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|-
|''"Door Aa Gaye"''
| colspan="3" |Vishal Mishra, [[Dino James (Singer)|Dino James]]
|-
|''"Ek Mulaqaat"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|[[Javed–Mohsin|Javed-Mohsin]]
|[[Rashmi Virag]], [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
|-
| rowspan="12" |2024
|''"Pahadon Mein"''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|Vishal Mishra
|-
|''"Ram Lala"''
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|-
|''"Meri Zindagi"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Tulsi Kumar]]
|[[Javed–Mohsin|Javed-Mohsin]]
|[[Rashmi Virag]]
|-
|''"Galti"''
| rowspan="4" |Vishal Mishra
|Vishal Mishra
|[[Kaushal Kishore (Lyricist)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|-
|''"Tere Kol Rehna"''
|[[Rochak Kohli]]
|[[Gurpreet Saini]]
|-
|''"Laa Pila De Sharaab"''
| colspan="2" |[[Manan Bhardwaj]]
|-
|''"Saanwre Shyam"''
|[[Payal Dev]]
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|-
|''"Saccha Wala Pyaar"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Tulsi Kumar]]
| colspan="2" |[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|-
|''"Aaj Bhi 2"''
| colspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|[[Kaushal Kishore (Lyricist)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|-
|''"Children of the Sun"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Alan Walker]]
|[[Pritam]], [[Alan Walker]]
|[[IP Singh]], [[Alan Walker]]
|-
|''"Maa Ka Mann"''
| colspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|-
|''"Tera Kasoor"''
|Vishal Mishra
|[[Payal Dev]]
|[[Kunaal Vermaa]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025
|''"Holi Aayi Re"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Malini Awasthi]], [[Prateeksha Srivastava]]
|Vishal Mishra
|[[Kaushal Kishore (Lyricist)|Kaushal Kishore]]
|-
|''"Tik Tik"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Dystinct|DYSTINCT]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]
|[[Dystinct|DYSTINCT]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|[[Dystinct|DYSTINCT]], [[Kumaar]]
|-
|''"Tu Saath Hai Toh"''
| rowspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
| rowspan="2" |[[Mithoon]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sayeed Quadri]]
|-
|''"Chaandaniya"''
|-
|''"Oh Mama! TETEMA"''
|Vishal Mishra, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| colspan="2" |Vishal Mishra, [[Rayvanny]], [[Sanjoy tetema|Sanjoy]]
|-
|''"Radha Ke Charan"''
| colspan="2" |Vishal Mishra
|[[Manoj Muntashir]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2026
|''"kaattuchembakam"''
|Vishal Mishra,[[Jakes Bejoy]]
|[[Jakes Bejoy]]
|[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
|}

=== Albums ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year
! Album
! Song
! Singer(s)
! Composer(s)
! Lyricist(s)
|-
|rowspan="16" |2026
!rowspan="16" |'''Pagalpan'''
|''"Kya Bataun Tujhe"''
| colspan="3" |Vishal Mishra
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
! '''Award Ceremony'''
! '''Category'''
! '''Nominated work'''
! '''Result'''
! '''Notes'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
| rowspan=2 | [[10th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| rowspan=2 | Upcoming Music Composer of The Year
| "Pyar Ho" from ''[[Munna Michael]]''
| rowspan=2 {{nom}}
| rowspan=2 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Awards 2017|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| "Jaane De" from ''[[Qarib Qarib Singlle]]''
|-
|2019
| [[26th Screen Awards]]
| rowspan=3 | Best Music Album
| "Kaise Hua & Pehla Pyar " from ''[[Kabir Singh]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
|2020
| [[65th Filmfare Awards]]
| ''[[Kabir Singh]]''
| {{won}}
| Zee Cine Awards For Best Music Director (''[[Kabir Singh]]'') Mirchi Music Award For Best Music Director (''[[Kabir Singh]]'')<ref>{{cite news |title=Mithoon, Amaal Mallik, Vishal Mishra, Sachet–Parampara and Akhil Sachdeva- Best Music Album 2019 Nominee {{!}} Filmfare Awards |language=en |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2020/nominations/best-music-album/composer-mithoon |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2024
| [[69th Filmfare Awards]]
| ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Richa |date=29 January 2024 |title=Filmfare Awards 2024: Alia Bhatt, Ranbir Kapoor Win Top Acting Prizes - Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-2024-alia-bhatt-ranbir-kapoor-win-top-acting-prizes-full-list-of-winners-4951623 |work=NDTV |access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDB name|8428513}}

{{authority control}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Music Director}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Vishal}}
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:People from Unnao]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mangalyam

2026-03-04T05:06:20Z

Sylvester41C: Done

{{about||the Telugu-language film|Mangalyam (2022 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mangalyam
| image = Mangalyam 1954 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = K. Somu
| writer = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| producer = M. A. Venu
| starring = ''Naalvar'' Nagarajan [[B. S. Saroja]]
| cinematography = J. G. Vijayam
| editing = T. Vijayarangam
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = M. A. V. Pictures
| distributor = Raja Films<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 June 1954 |title=மாங்கல்யம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1954-06-13/page/n11/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240905115202/https://archive.org/details/kalki1954-06-13/page/n11/mode/2up |archive-date=5 September 2024 |access-date=5 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=10 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1954|06|11|ref1=}}
| runtime = 15,004 ft.
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Mangalyam''''' ({{translation|[[Mangala sutra]]}}) is a 1954 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by K. Somu and written by [[A. P. Nagarajan]]. The latter also stars (using the credit "''[[Naalvar]]'' Nagarajan") alongside [[B. S. Saroja]].<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=2013-06-01 |title=Mangalyam (1954) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/mangalyam-1954/article4772170.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109060100/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/mangalyam-1954/article4772170.ece |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-09 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was released on 11 June 1954.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 1954 |title=Mangalyam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19540611&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=9 November 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=November 2021}}
Kumar is a young and rich doctor who falls in love with the housemaid, Selvathaal. But his mother does not like their love affair and she chases away the housemaid. In the meantime, Kumar's sister falls in love with Kumar's friend Gopi. Selvathal becomes an actor with a new name, Manorama. Kumar and Gopi go in search of Selvathal. Another person is after the actor. He kidnaps her and places her in a hideout.

== Cast ==

{{Col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[A. P. Nagarajan|''Naalvar'' Nagarajan]] as Kumar
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Gopi
* [[S. A. Natarajan]] as Raja
* K. V. Srinivasan as Balu
* [[V. M. Ezhumalai]] as Va. Mu. Kazhugumalai
* [[A. Karunanidhi]] as Mani
* T. S. Loganathan as Mangalakaram Pillai
* K. N. Kaleswaran as Kalai
* S. R. Dasarathan as Groom
;Male Support cast
* A. R. Dhamotharam, [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar|M. M. A. Chinnapa]], N. P. Noor Mohammed, R. Sathyendran, P. S. Marimuthu, R. T. Kurunathan, C. R. Raju, and Gauthama Das.
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[B. S. Saroja]] as Selva
* [[Rajasulochana|P. R. Sulochana]] as Lakshmi
* S. Mohana as Nalina
* [[C. T. Rajakantham]] as Vadivambal
* P. S. Gnanam as Jagathambal
* [[Rushyendramani]] as Queen Mangammal
* P. Kanaka as Roopayi
* Vijayakumari as Bride
;Female Support cast
* Shanthammal, Komathi
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by M. A. Venu under the banner M. A. V. Pictures. K. Somu directed the film. It was made at [[Central Studios]] Coimbatore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1954 – மாங்கல்யம் - எம்.எ.வி. |trans-title=1954 – Mangalyam – M. A. V. |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1954-cinedetails25.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917162717/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1954-cinedetails25.asp |archive-date=17 September 2016 |access-date=2016-09-17 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |location=Chennai |pages=79 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Song || Singers || Lyrics || Length
|-
| "Nalla Kaalam Porandhiduchu" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & group || rowspan=4|[[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]] || 03:31
|-
| "Vaazhvadhu Ponaalum" || T. M. Soundararajan ||02:00
|-
| "Thottatthu Rojaa Malarndhadhu Raajaa" || rowspan=2|[[Jikki]] ||03:21
|-
| "Dhiname Unai Ninaindhu" || 03:17
|-
| "Ottumiru Ullanthanai Vettuvathu" || rowspan=2|[[Radha Jayalakshmi|(Radha) Jayalakshmi]] || rowspan=3|[[A. Maruthakasi]] || 02:32
|-
| "Ninaitthaaley Inbam Tharum" || 02:55
|-
| "Koojaa Koojaa" || T. M. Soundararajan & K. R. Sellamuthu || 02:52
|}

== Reception ==
''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Nagarajan, in the leading role, gives a performance beautiful in its delicacy. The playing in general is impressive".<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 1954 |title=Mangalyam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19540710&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=17 June 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{A. P. Nagarajan}}

[[Category:1954 Indian films]]
[[Category:1954 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Somu]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. P. Nagarajan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Punnagai

2026-03-04T04:55:18Z

Sylvester41C: Added...

{{short description|1971 film by K. Balachander}}
{{More plot|date=November 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Punnagai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| producer = R. Venkatraman K. Arumugam H. Nagaraja Rao S. S. Nachammai
| screenplay = K. Balachander
| story = [[Narayan Sanyal]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Satyakam]]''|[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]}}
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[R. Muthuraman]] [[Nagesh]] [[M. R. R. Vasu]] [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = N. Balakrishnan
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| studio = Amutham Pictures
| released = {{film date|1971|11|5|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Punnagai''''' ({{translation|Smile}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Buddy film|buddy]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed and written by [[K. Balachander]]. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Satyakam]]'' (1969) which starred [[Dharmendra]]. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Nagesh]], [[M. R. R. Vasu]] and [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]. It was released on 5 November 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: பலாத்கார காட்சியில் பாடலை வைத்து புதுமை படைத்த இயக்குநர் கே பாலசந்தர் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/131588 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810045057/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/131588 |archive-date=2025-08-10 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story is narrated by Rajbabu, who wants to write a book on the life of his friend, Sathya. Sathya, Rajan, Rajbabu, Mandiramoorthi and Haniff are college-mates in [[Chennai|Madras]]. To celebrate their graduation, they go on a drive around the city in Haniff's car, singing about the ideals of life. The car crashes and Haniff dies, leaving his friends shocked. As time passes, Rajan, Rajbabu and Mandiramoorthi become corrupted in their pursuit of a materialistic lifestyle while Sathya vows to remain a righteous person. He meets Kanchana, a helpless young woman who has been raped and impregnated by a rich predator. She gives birth to a son, Kumar. Sathya marries her and raises Kumar as his own son. Kanchana's rapist later leaves his wealth to Kumar, but Kanchana refuses to take it. Sathya falls ill. His kidneys fail and his friends turn away when the doctor asks if any of them would donate their kidney to him. Sathya ultimately dies, but Kanchana continues to hold on to the values he taught her. Sathya's friends ultimately realize their folly and publish Rajbabu's book with the title ''Punnagai''.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Sathya
* [[R. Muthuraman]] as Rajan
* [[Nagesh]] as Rajbabu
*[[M. R. R. Vasu]] as Mandiramoorthi
*[[V. S. Raghavan]] as Mohan Ram
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Kanchana
*[[S. V. Ramadas]] as the [[Playboy lifestyle|playboy]]
* [[C. I. D. Sakunthala|A. Sakunthala]] as Sakunthala
* Baby Mythili as Kumar, Kanchana's son
*[[K. K. Soundar|K.K. Soundar]] as the interviewer
*[[S. N. Parvathy]]
* [[Shoba]]
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] (cameo appearance)
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Haniff (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
''Punnagai'' is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Satyakam]]'' (1969), with some changes made in the screenplay. Although Gemini Ganesan was usually billed with the sobriquet "Kaadhal Mannan" (King of Romance) in film credits, this was the first film where he was billed as "Nadippu Selvam". The film's cinematographer was N. Balakrishnan.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and lyrics were by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punnagai |url=http://gaana.com/album/punnagai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818165923/http://gaana.com/album/punnagai/ |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=11 August 2016 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singer !! Length
|-
| "Naalai Naamoru Rajangam" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], K. Veeramani, Saibaba || 04:38
|-
| "Aanaiyiten Nerungathe" || [[S. Janaki]] || 05:15
|-
| "Naanum Kooda Rajathaane" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:46
|}

== Reception ==
According to historian [[Randor Guy]], the film was not a commercial success, but was considered a classic by critics.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=6 August 2016 |title=Punnagai (1971) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Punnagai-1971/article14568247.ece |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129131335/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Punnagai-1971/article14568247.ece |archive-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. Balachander}}
[[Category:1970 drama films]]
[[Category:1970s buddy drama films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1971 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Narayan Sanyal]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Philips and the Monkey Pen

2026-03-03T20:44:25Z

Sylvester41C: Added...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Philips and the Monkey Pen
| image = File:Philip_and_the_monkey_pen_poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rojin Thomas]] Shanil Muhammed
| producer = [[Sandra Thomas]] [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Rojin Thomas
| story = Shanil Muhammed
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Sanoop Santhosh]] [[Jayasurya]]
| music = Rahul Subrahmaniam
| cinematography = Neil D'Cunha
| editing = [[Prejish Prakash]]
| studio = [[Friday Film House]]
| distributor = Friday Tickets & PJ Entertainments Europe
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|11|02}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Philips and the Monkey Pen''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] language [[children's film]] written by [[Rojin Thomas]] and directed by Rojin Thomas and Shanil Muhammed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecinenews.com/2013/11/philips-and-monkey-pen-movie-review.html |title=What got special on'Philips & the Monkey Pen' : Miracles never ends on M'Town |publisher=The Cine News |access-date=7 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110085732/http://www.thecinenews.com/2013/11/philips-and-monkey-pen-movie-review.html |archive-date=10 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The film stars [[Sanoop Santhosh]], [[Jayasurya]] and [[Remya Nambeesan]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Sudhish |first=Navamy |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Fun-and-Fantasy/2013/10/29/article1852057.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030094747/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Fun-and-Fantasy/2013/10/29/article1852057.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2013 |title=Fun and Fantasy |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=2013-10-29 |access-date=2013-11-07}}</ref>

The film revolves around a ten-year-old called Ryan Philip ([[Sanoop Santhosh]]) and his adventures with a magical pen called the Monkey Pen.<ref>{{cite news|author=Vijay George |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ryan-in-wonderland/article5325266.ece |title=Ryan in wonderland |work=The Hindu |date= 7 November 2013|access-date=2013-11-07}}</ref> The film was produced by [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] and actress [[Sandra Thomas]] under [[Friday Film House]] banner.<ref name="tikk">{{cite web|url=http://www.tikkview.com/movies/5110-philips-and-the-monkey-pen |title=Philips and the Monkey Pen - Find what you like |publisher=tikkview |date=2012-02-24 |access-date=2013-11-07}}</ref> Neil D’Cunha is the cinematographer and the music has been scored by Remya Nambeesan's brother, Rahul Subrahmaniam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/malayalam-film-philips--the-monkey-pen-releases-today-south/20131107.htm |title=Malayalam film Philips & the Monkey Pen releases today - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date= |access-date=2013-11-07}}</ref>

The film released on 2 November 2013 coinciding with [[Diwali]] in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/philips-the-monkey-pen-releases-today-news-malayalam-nlhkgQacgdg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110053821/http://www.sify.com/movies/philips-the-monkey-pen-releases-today-news-malayalam-nlhkgQacgdg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-10 |title='Philips & the Monkey Pen' releases today |website=[[Sify]] |date= |access-date=2013-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/story/87536/malayalam-movie-philips-and-the-monkey-pen-released-photos.html |title=Malayalam Movie: Philips and the Monkey Pen released (Photos) |publisher=newkerala.com |date= |access-date=2013-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.futurecreater.in/2013/11/philips-and-monkey-pen-review-philips.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109084732/http://www.futurecreater.in/2013/11/philips-and-monkey-pen-review-philips.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=9 November 2013 |title='Philips & the Monkey Pen' review |publisher=Futurecreater |access-date=2013-11-09}}</ref> The film completed 111 days in theaters and was a commercial success at the box-office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/444966/ |title=പെരുച്ചാഴി തുടങ്ങുന്നു: പുതിയ ഗെറ്റപ്പില്‍ ലാല്‍ , Malayalam - Mathrubhumi Movies |website=www.mathrubhumi.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408191710/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/444966/ |archive-date=2014-04-08}}</ref><ref>Deepa Gauri. ''The best of Malayalam cinema in 2013'' 26 December 2013 [[Khaleej Times]] [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/citytimes/2013/December/citytimes_December198.xml&section=citytimes]</ref> The film won [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film]] and [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]] (Sanoop Santhosh).

The character Ryan Philip and his team reappeared in the 2014 film ''[[Peruchazhi]]''.

==Plot==
Ryan Philip is a smart cute school boy who has problems understanding maths. As he struggles to escape from doing his maths homework, he resorts to mischievous acts, including stabbing his classmate named Decimal, using a [[pencil]], in an ego clash. He is not realizing the trouble he is making. He has a good relationship with his dad Roy Philip and mother Sameera and Ryan's grandfather Richard Philip, who is an antique collector. On visiting his grandfather's house, Ryan gets a magical pen called monkey pen. This monkey pen does his maths homework and soon changes his whole life.

After many circumstances and the death of Ryan's girlfriend Joan in a school bus accident, Ryan's life changes in a surprising way. The hatred relationship between his maths teacher Pappan and him changes when he does the homework regularly and he and his friends try hard for a maths exhibition and fail. Pappan gets a transfer because of Ryan's doing earlier to trap him. But he regrets later and confess to the teacher at the farewell. At last, Ryan understands that the one who had been doing his maths homework was not the monkey pen but his father. In the credits scene, it is shown Ryan studying the multiplication table.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Sanoop Santhosh]] as Ryan Philip
*[[Jayasurya]] as Roy Philip
*[[Remya Nambeesan]] as Sameera Philip
*[[Joy Mathew]] as Captain Richard Philip
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Principal Charles Leon
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as God
*Diya as Joann Joseph
*[[Gourav Menon]] as Jahangir R (Jugru)
*Aakhash Santhosh as Rama Ramana Rajeeva Nandanan (Raman)
*Antony Elrin D'Silva as Innocent P. Varghese
*Nidheesh Boban as Decimal K John
*Augen as Kannan (7up)
*Mathew Joy as Rahul
*[[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as Padmachandran (Pappan)
*[[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Pavithran
*Kiran Aravindakshan as Joan's Father
*Dean Rowlins as [[Robert Bristow (engineer)|Robert Bristow]]
*[[Sudheer Karamana]] as John, Decimal's Father
*[[Sasi Kalinga]] as Moorthy
*Nikhita Naiyer as Joan's friend
*[[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as SI Varghese (cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

==Critical reception==
''Philips and the Monkey Pen'' got very much positive reviews from critics and other audiences.

''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 3.5/5 rating and said, "This, to date, must surely rate as the year's top contender of the prestigious Swarna Kamal for the Best Children's Film. It lights up the righteous path without being preachy. When a son says to his father, "I thought the truth would pain you", the wise one smiles, inspiringly, "The truth isn't bitter; it is the lies that are excessively sweet"."

==Awards==
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film]]
* Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film Director- Rojin Thomas and Shanil Muhammed
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]] - [[Sanoop Santhosh]]
* Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Child Artist
* Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Children Film

==Soundtrack==
The film's soundtrack contains 6 songs, all composed by Rahul Subrahmanian. Lyrics by Anu Elizabeth Jose, Sibi Padiyara, and Mamtha Seemanth.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Vinnile Thaarakam"
| [[Arun Alat]]
|-
| 2
| "En Kanimalare [F]"
| Neha Venugopal
|-
| 3
| "Baalyathil"
| [[Remya Nambeesan]]
|-
| 4
| "En Kanimalare [M]"
| [[Sachin Warrier]]
|-
| 5
| "It's Just Another Day"
| [[Shaan Rahman]]
|-
| 6
| "Kanavukalil"
| [[Najim Arshad]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt3323920}}

{{Rojin Thomas}}
{{Friday Film House}}

[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

Āryāvarta

2026-03-01T18:55:45Z

Sylvester41C: further improve details for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Historical landscape}}
{{distinguish|Aryabhata}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}

[[File:Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png|thumb|The approximate extent of ''Āryāvarta'' during the late [[Vedic period]] (ca. 1100-500 BCE). ''Aryavarta'' was limited to [[Northwest India (pre-1947)|northwest India]] and the western Ganges plain, while [[Greater Magadha]] in the east was habitated by non-Vedic Indo-Aryans and other people, who gave rise to Jainism and Buddhism.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010}}]]
[[File:Map of Vedic India.png|thumb|Vedic India{{source needed|date=November 2025}}]]
[[File:Painted_Grey_Ware_sites_map_1.svg|alt=|thumb|Cemetery H, Late Harappan, OCP, Copper Hoard and Painted Grey ware sites.]]

'''Āryāvarta''' ([[Sanskrit]]: आर्यावर्त, {{lit|Land of the [[Aryans|Aryans]]}},{{efn|The [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] word ''ā́rya'' ([[wiktionary:आर्य|आर्य]]) was originally an endonym and a cultural term designating those who spoke [[Vedic Sanskrit]] and adhered to Vedic culture (including religious rituals and poetry), in contrast to an outsider, or ''an-ā́rya'' ('non-Arya').By the time of the [[Buddha]] (5th–4th century BCE), it took the meaning of 'noble'.}}<ref group=web>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/indexcaller.php?input=HK&output=SktRomanUnicode&citation=AryAvarta Aryavarta], Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary (1899)</ref><ref group=web>{{Cite web|url=https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/apte_query.py?page=356|title=Revised and Enlarged Edition of Prin. V. S. Apte's The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary|last=Apte|first=Vaman Shivaram|date=1957|access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref> {{IPA|sa|aːrjaːˈʋərtə}}) is a term for the northern [[Indian subcontinent]] in the ancient [[Hindu texts]] such as [[Dharmaśāstra|''Dharmashastras'']] and ''[[Sutras]]'', referring to the areas of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] and surrounding regions settled during and after the [[Indo-Aryan migrations]] by [[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes|Indo-Aryan tribes]] and where [[Historical Vedic religion|Indo-Aryan religion and rituals]] predominated. The limits of ''Āryāvarta'' extended over time, as reflected in the various sources, as the influence of the [[Brahmanism|Brahmanical ideology]] spread eastwards in post-Vedic times.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2011|p=4}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbuch der Orientalistik: Indien|last=Scharfe|first=Hartmut|publisher=BRILL|year=1989|isbn=9004090606|pages=12|language=en}}</ref>

==Geographical boundaries==

===Ganges-Yamuna doab===
[[File:GangesValley&Plain.jpg|thumb|right|Course of the Ganges; Ganges-Yamuna doab western part of the green area.]]
[[File:DoabUnitedProvincesIGI1908.jpg|thumb|right|The Ganges-Yamuna doab.]]

The [[Baudhayana sutras|Baudhayana ''Dharmasutra'' (BDS) 1.1.2.10]] (perhaps compiled in the 8th to 6th centuries BCE) declares that Āryāvarta is the land that lies west of Kālakavana, east of Adarsana, south of the [[Himalayas]] and north of the Vindhyas, but in BDS 1.1.2.11 Āryāvarta is confined to the [[doab]] of the [[Ganges]]-[[Yamuna]]. BDS 1.1.2.13-15 considers people from beyond this area as of mixed origin, and hence not worthy of emulation by the Aryans. Some sutras recommend expiatory acts for those who have crossed the boundaries of Aryavarta. Baudhayana ''Srautasutra'' recommends this for those who have crossed the boundaries of Aryavarta and ventured into far away places.<ref>Agarwal, Vishal: ''Is there Vedic evidence for the Indo-Aryan Immigration to India''</ref>

The ''[[Kalpa (Vedanga)#Dharmasūtras|Vasistha Dharma Sutra]]'' (oldest sutras ca. 500–300 BCE) I.8-9 and 12-13 locates the Āryāvarta to the east of the disappearance of the [[Sarasvati River]] in the desert, to the west of the Kālakavana, to the north of the [[Pariyatra Mountains]] and the Vindhya Range and to the south of the Himalayas.{{sfn|Neelis|2010|p=194}}

[[Patanjali]]'s {{IAST|[[Mahābhāṣya]]}} (mid-2nd century BCE) defines Āryāvarta like the ''[[Vashistha Dharmasutra]]''.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} According to Bronkhost, he "situates it essentially in the Ganges plan, between the [[Thar Desert]] in the west and the confluence of the rivers Ganges (Ganga) and Jumna (Yamuna) in the east."{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2011|p=4}}

===From sea to sea===
The ''[[Manusmṛti]]'' (dated between 2nd cent. BCE to 3rd cent. CE) (2.22) gives the name to "the tract between the [[Himalayas|Himalaya]] and the [[Vindhya Range]]s, from the Eastern Sea ([[Bay of Bengal]]) to the Western Sea ([[Arabian Sea]])".<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/70 70]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref><ref>[[Michael Cook (historian)|Michael Cook]] (2014), ''Ancient Religions, Modern Politics: The Islamic Case in Comparative Perspective'', Princeton University Press, p.68: "Aryavarta [...] is defined by Manu as extending from the Himalayas in the north to the Vindhyas of Central India in the south and from the sea in the west to the sea in the east."</ref>

The ''Manava Dharmasastra'' (ca.150-250 CE) gives ''aryavarta'' as stretching from the eastern to the western seas, which Bronkhorst directly associates with the growing sphere of influence of the Brahmanical ideology.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2011|p=4}}

===Greater Magadha and its association with Aryavarta===
{{See also|Sanskritisation|Hindu synthesis|Greater Magadha}}

Following the description of ''Aryavarta'' in early Brahmanical sources, Bronkhorst notes that the Greater Magadha area was outside Aryavarta, the heartland of Vedic Brahmanism, and proposes that "Greater Magadha" had a distinct culture.<ref name="Wynne_review"/> According to Bronkhorst, ''Aryavarta'' was primarily associated with a single state, the Kuru kingdom. According to Bronkhorst, the various emperors of Magadha had little interest in Brahmanism,{{efn|In contrast to the Jain legends which developed 900 years later,{{sfn|Jansari|2023|pp=20–22}} contemporary Greek evidence states that [[Chandragupta Maurya]], the founder and first emperor of the [[Maurya Empire]] and grandfather of [[Ashoka]], was associated with Vedic Brahminism.{{sfn|Majumdar|Raychauduhuri|Datta|1960}} Chandragupta sponsored [[Yajna|Vedic sacrifices]]{{sfn|Eraly|2002|pp=414–415}} and Brahmanical rituals.{{sfn|Sastri|1988|pp=163–164}} He also delighted in hunting,{{sfn|Majumdar|Raychauduhuri|Datta|1960}} an activity not typically associated with the strict non-violence of later sectarian ascetic sects such as Jainism and Buddhism.}} and the conquest of the Vedic heartland by the Nanda and Maurya rulers deprived the Brahmins of their patrons, threatening the survival of the Vedic ritual tradition and creating opportunities for Buddhists and Jains to spread their religions outside the confines of Magadha.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2016|p=9-10}} According to Bronkhorst, the Brahmins overcame their deprivation of patrons by providing new services{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2015|p=2}} and by incorporating the non-Vedic Indo-Aryan religious heritage of the eastern Ganges plain along with local religious traditions, giving rise to the [[Hindu synthesis]].{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2016|p=9-10}}

Geoffrey Samuel, following Thomas Hopkins, also proposed that the Central Gangetic region formed a "distinct but related cultural complex," as exemplified by the [[Painted Grey Ware]], which did not spread past the Ganga-Yamuna Doab.{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=49}}{{efn|Witzel (2009) makes the same observation (p.9): "Kosala, Videha, Magadha are not characterized by the expanding western, Kuru-dominated Painted Grey Ware (PGW) culture of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh [...] the East was characterized by the indigenous Black and Red Ware/Ochre Colored Pottery (BRW/OCP) culture that had only two-tiered settlements (villages and market places) during the pre-450 BCE period."}} It was the area of the earliest known rice cultivation in South Asia,{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=49}} and had reached the Chalcolithic when the Aryans first entered northwestern India.{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=49}} According to Hopkins, the Aryan societies and this eastern Gangetic culture formed two separate sources for the development toward iron-working and urbanisation.{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=50}} According to Hopkins, the Brahmins of the Aryan, Vedic cultural sphere perceived this eastern, non-Aryan, Jain-Buddhist cultural sphere as wholly different,{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=50}}{{efn|Hopkins, as quoted by {{harvtxt|Samuel|2010|p=50}}: To say that there was tension between those two worlds - the non-Aryan/Buddhist/Jain world on the one hand, and the Aryan/Brahmanical/Vedic world on the other - is to understate the case. In the sixth century BCE there were really two different worlds, at least as perceived by their main representatives, or perhaps - as ssen especially by the Brahmins - two opposite worlds."" }} with a "world of female powers, natural transformation, sacred earth and sacred places, blood sacrifices, and ritualists who accept pollution on behalf of their community."{{efn|Hopkins, as quoted by {{harvtxt|Samuel|2010|p=51}}}} Yet, Samuel notes that the distinction "was cultural, not racial," assuming that "populations in both regions were mixtures of earlier Indo-Aryan and non-Indo-Aryan speaking populations."{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=61}} While forming different cultural spheres, they also interacted, and shared some common Indo-Aryan elements."{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=61}}

Critics have questioned some of these assertions.{{sfn|Norelius|2023|p=459}} The claim of a sharp cultural divide between east and west was questioned by Konrad Klaus in his 2011 review of "Greater Magadha."{{sfn|Norelius|2023|p=459}}<ref>Konrad Klaus (2011), ''Review of J. Bronkhorst: Greater Magadha'', Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 161, 216-21, 2011</ref> According to Norelius, Wynne and Witzel questioned the supposed lesser influence of Brahmanisation in early Magadha, or Bronkhorst's proposed revision of textual chronology, while Fynne criticised Bronkhorst for overlooking the role of socioeconomic and political developments in shaping new ideological trends.{{sfn|Norelius|2023|p=459}}<ref name="Wynne_review"/><ref>Witzel, Michael, 2009. “Moving Targets? Texts, Language, Archaeology and History in the Late Vedic and Early Buddhist Periods.” IIJ 52(2–3), 287–310.</ref>

In his 2011 review, Wynne calls Bronkhorst's argument "compelling" and "persuasive,"{{efn|Wynne: "it can hardly be doubted that a distinct religious culture based on them emerged in and around the kingdom of Magadha. An overwhelming amount of evidence suggests that this rival to Vedic India dominated the growing urban civilization of the eastern Gangetic plains during the early Buddhist period, without any significant contribution from orthodox Brahminism."}} but also notes that "Bronkhorst [...] argues that the ideas of karma, rebirth, and liberation originated within Greater Magadha," proposing later dates for some Upanishads to make this possible. Yet according to Wynne, "[t]his is problematic, however, because these ideas are stated in the Bṛhadāraṇyaka and Chāndogya Upaniṣads--texts usually assigned to the sixth or fifth century BCE, early enough to suppose an origin within the sphere of Vedic religion."<ref name="Wynne_review"/> Instead, Wynne proposes that the ''Yājñavalkya-kāṇḍa'' ([[Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad]] chapters 3-4) was composed in the Videha-Kosala region by a Vedic school which was isolated from the Vedic mainstream, circulated as a separate work outside ''Aryavarta'', and "was an important source for the ideas of karma, rebirth, and liberation,"<ref name="Wynne_review"/> "eventually trigger[ing] the culture of world renunciation, asceticism, and meditation" as an "unintended consequence of the early Videhan kings’ attempt to legitimize their rule through the Vedic tradition."<ref name="Wynne_review">{{Cite web |title=Wynne on Bronkhorst, 'Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India' {{!}} H-Net |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/6060/reviews/16094/wynne-bronkhorst-greater-magadha-studies-culture-early-india |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=networks.h-net.org}}</ref>

Additionally, Patrick Olivelle, writing in 1993, is critical of scholars who portray the Śramaṇa seers of Magadha as non-Brahmanical, anti-Brahmanical, or even non-Aryan precursors of later sectarian ascetics. According to Olivelle, scholars who attempt to draw such sharp divisions are reaching conclusions that far exceed the available empirical evidence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |year=1993 |title=The Aśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534478-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheAsramaSystem/page/68/mode/1up?q=Bronkhorst |url-access=limited |via=Archive.org|page=68-70}}</ref>

==Other regional designations==
The ''Manusmṛti'' mentions ''[[Brahmavarta]]'' as the region between the [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]] and the [[Drishadvati River|Drishadvati]] in [[northwest India]]. The text defines the area as the place where the "good" people are born, the twice-born who adhere to the Vedic dharma, in contrast to the ''[[mleccha]]''s, who live outside the Aryan territory and Vedic traditions.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Mlecchas, Yavanas and Heathens: Interacting Xenologies in Early Nineteenth-Century Calcutta |first=Dermot |last=Killingley |title=Beyond Orientalism: The Work of Wilhelm Halbfass and Its Impact on Indian and Cross-cultural Studies |editor1-first=Eli |editor1-last=Franco |editor2-first=Karin |editor2-last=Preisendanz |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2007 |isbn=978-8-12083-110-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tv-4tyO9u_QC&pg=PA125 |page=125}}</ref> The precise location and size of the region has been the subject of academic uncertainty.<ref name="Scharfe">{{cite book |title=The State in Indian Tradition |first=Hartmut |last=Scharfe |publisher=BRILL |year=1989 |isbn=900-4-09060-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AQ4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |page=12}}</ref> Some scholars, such as the archaeologists [[Bridget Allchin]] and [[Raymond Allchin]], believe the term ''Brahmavarta'' to be synonymous with Aryavarta.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan |first1=Bridget |last1=Allchin |first2=Raymond |last2=Allchin |author-link1=Bridget Allchin |author-link2=Raymond Allchin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-52128-550-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA250 |page=250}}</ref>

''[[Madhyadesa]]'' extended from the upper reaches of the [[Ganges]] and the [[Yamuna]] to the [[confluence]] of the two rivers at [[Triveni Sangam|Prayaga]], and was the region where, during the time of the [[Mahajanapadas]], the [[Kuru kingdom]] and [[Pañcāla]] existed. The entire region is considered sacred in the [[Hindu mythology]] as gods and heroes mentioned in the two epics, the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]'', lived here.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2_pPqhm2mwC&dq=madhyadesa&pg=PA5|title=Sculptures of Ganga-Yamuna Valley|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Mihir Mohan|date=1984|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170171898|pages=5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldhazU_vvQcC&dq=madhyadesh&pg=PA62|title=Women Legislators in Indian Politics|last=Singh|first=Pitam|date=2003|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788180690198|pages=62|language=en}}</ref>

==Political history==
[[Kannauj|Kanyakubja]] or modern day [[Kannauj]] was a central city of Aryavarta and was used as capital-city from 510 CE to 1197 CE under [[Maukhari dynasty|Maukharis]], [[Harsha|Harshavardhana]], [[Varman dynasty (Kannauj)|Varmans]], [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]] and [[Gahadavala dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hussain jafri|first=Saiyid Zaheer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4SzQL1uds4C |title=Recording the Progress of Indian History|page=148|date=2016 |publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-28-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&dq=kanyakubja+became+the+highest+subcaste&pg=PA290|title=Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries|last=Wink|first=Andre|publisher= E.J. Brill|year=2002|page=288|isbn=0-391-04173-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries|last=Wink|first=Andre|publisher= E.J. Brill|year=1989|page=240|isbn=90-04-09249-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTlLXw46g-cC&dq=kanyakubja+capital+aryavarta&pg=PA257|title=Indian Kāvya Literature|last=Warder|first=Anthony Kennedy|publisher= Motilal Banarsidas|year=1992|page=240|isbn=978-81-208-0445-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPH7EAAAQBAJ|title=Al-Hind, Volume 1 Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th-11th Centuries|last=Wink|first=Andre|publisher= E.J. Brill|year=2021|page=241|isbn=978-90-04-48300-2 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] king in the tenth century was titled the ''Maharajadhiraja of Aryavarta''.<ref>{{cite book |author=André Wink |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA284 |title=Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries |publisher=BRILL |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-391-04173-8 |page=284}}</ref> [[Devapala of Bengal|Devapala]], the emperor of [[Pala Empire]] was known to be the ''Overlord of Aryavarta''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D.) |first=Mukhalesura Rahmāna (Ph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuQOAQAAMAAJ |title=Sculpture in the Varendra Research Museum: A Descriptive Catalogue |date=1998 |publisher=Varendra Research Museum |pages=XXXV |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Names of India]]
* [[Indo-Aryan migrations]]
* [[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes]]
*[[Bharata Khanda]]
*[[Airyanem Vaejah]], its [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] counterpart
*[[History of India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
;Printed sources
{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite book| last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | date =2007 | title =Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India | publisher =BRILL | isbn =9789004157194}}
* {{Citation | last =Bronkhorst | year =2011 | first =Johannes |title =Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism | publisher =BRILL | url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294688170}}
* {{Citation | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | year =2015 | chapter =The historiography of Brahmanism | editor-last1 =Otto | editor-last2 =Rau | editor-last3 = Rupke | title =History and Religion:Narrating a Religious Past | publisher =Walter deGruyter}}
* {{Citation | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | year =2016 | title =How the Brahmains Won | publisher =BRILL | url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309179849}}
* {{Citation | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | title =Brahmanism: Its place in ancient Indian society | journal =Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=51 |issue=3 |year=2017 |pages=361–369 | doi =10.1177/0069966717717587 | s2cid =220050987 | url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319562898}}

* {{citation |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |title=Gem In The Lotus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YokatCwNG90C |year=2002 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-93-5118-014-2 }}

* {{citation |last=Jansari |first=Sushma |title=Chandragupta Maurya: The creation of a national hero in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOG9EAAAQBAJ |year=2023 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=9781800083882}}

* {{citation|last1=Majumdar|first1=R. C.|author-link1=R. C. Majumdar|last2=Raychauduhuri|first2=H. C.|author-link2=H. C. Raychaudhuri|last3=Datta|first3=Kalikinkar|title=An Advanced History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MyIWMwEACAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Macmillan & Company Ltd; New York: St Martin's Press|location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Michaels |first=Axel |year=2004 |title=Hinduism. Past and present |place=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=Princeton University Press }}

* {{Cite book | last= Norelius | first= Per-Johan| date =2023 | title =Soul and Self in Vedic India | publisher =BRILL |isbn =978-90-04-54600-4 | pages =459 | language =en | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOr7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA459 }}

* {{Cite book | last =Samuel | first =Geoffrey | year =2010 | title =The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century | publisher =Cambridge University Press }}
* {{citation |last=Sastri |first=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/age-nandas-and-mauryas-0 |year=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0466-1 }}
{{refend}}

;Web-sources
{{reflist|group=web}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Kane|first=Pandurang Vaman|author-link=Pandurang Vaman Kane|title=History of Dharmaśāstra: (ancient and mediaeval religious and civil law in India)|year=1962|publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute}}
* {{cite book|last=Neelis|first=Jason|title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC|date=19 November 2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-18159-5}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aryavarta}}
[[Category:Ancient Indian geography| ]]
[[Category:Vedic period]]
[[Category:Places in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:North India]]

O. P. Choudhary

2026-02-24T05:45:52Z

Sylvester41C: Stub...

{{short description|Finance minister of Chhattisgarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = O P Choudhary.jpg
| name = Om Prakash Choudhary
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|6|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bayang, [[Raigarh]], [[Chhattisgarh]]<ref>https://www.goldengyan.com/op-chaudhary-ias-biography-hindi-%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80.html</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Vishnudeo Sai ministry|Minister for Finance, Commercial Tax]] [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start = 22 December 2023
| governor = [[Biswabhusan Harichandan|B. Harichandan]]
| term_end =
| predecessor = {{ubl|▪︎ [[Bhupesh Baghel]]|▪︎ [[Amarjeet Bhagat]]}}
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| office1 = [[Vishnudeo Sai ministry| Housing And Environment, Planning and Economics
And Statistics]] [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start1 = 22 December 2023
| governor1 = [[Raman Deka]]
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|▪︎ [[Kawasi Lakhma]]|▪︎ [[Mohammad Akbar (politician)|Mohammad Akbar]]}}
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| office4 = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| successor4 =
| predecessor4 = [[Prakash Naik]]
| constituency4 = [[Raigarh Assembly constituency|Raigarh]]
| term_start4 = 3 December 2023
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Dr. Aditi Patel.
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University]] ([[B.Sc.]])
}}

'''Om Prakash Choudhary''' (born 2 June 1981) is an Indian politician serving as the Minister of Finance of Government of Chhattisgarh. He was
former [[Indian Administrative Service]] Officer, who is currently serving as a member of the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Raigarh Assembly constituency|Raigarh]] since [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]. He previously served as the [[District magistrate|Collector]] of [[Raipur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Neelam |date=2023-12-03 |title=Ace IAS officer to 'CM contender' — BJP’s OP Choudhary wins Chhattisgarh’s Raigarh by 64,000 votes |url=https://theprint.in/elections/award-winning-ias-officer-to-cm-contender-bjps-op-choudhary-leads-in-chhattisgarhs-raigarh/1869882/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Choudhary was born in Bayang village in Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh; his father was a school teacher, who died when Choudhary was 8 years old.

Choudhary completed his education in various village government schools. He attained [[B.Sc.]] in [[Mathematics]], [[Physics]] and [[Electronics]] from [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University]] and cleared the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]] in 2005 batch to join the [[Indian Administrative Service]] becoming one of the youngest officers at the age of 22.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collector Profile {{!}} District Raipur, Government of Chhattisgarh {{!}} India |url=https://raipur.gov.in/en/collector-profile/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Op Choudhary(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KHARSIA(RAIGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/chhattisgarh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=1714 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

Choudhary is married to Dr. Aditi Patel.

He was later posted as Municipal commissioner in the state capital [[Raipur]], and became the Director of Public Relations.

Choudhary served as the Collector in Dantewada, Janjgir and Raipur districts, Until he resigned from the [[Indian Administrative Service]] in August 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collector Profile {{!}} District Raipur, Government of Chhattisgarh {{!}} India |url=https://raipur.gov.in/en/collector-profile/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

O. P. Choudhary was awarded with Prime Minister's Award for Excellence in Public Administration for his educational initiatives in [[Dantewada]] by the [[Government of India]].

==Political career==

Choudhary resigned as the collector of Raipur, and joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2018, in the presence of [[Raman Singh]].

He unsuccessfully contested the [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Kharsia Assembly constituency]] and lost to [[Umesh Nandkumar Patel]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Moushumi |date=2018-12-13 |title=This former IAS officer has had the worst possible start to his political career |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/this-former-ias-officer-has-had-the-worst-possible-start-to-his-political-career/163176/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2023, O. P. Choudhary became a Member of the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]], from [[Raigarh Assembly constituency]] with a margin of 64443 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Raigarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Omprakash Choudhary(o.p.choudhary) with 129134 defeats INC's Prakash Shakrajeet Naik |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/raigarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470833-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He became the youngest minister in the [[Vishnudeo Sai ministry]].

On 29 December 2023, he took charge as the Minister for Finance, Commercial Tax, Housing And Environment, Planning and Economics & Statistics.

In February 2026, Choudhary presented the Chhattisgarh state budget for the financial year 2026–27 in the Legislative Assembly. The budget outlined allocations for infrastructure, agriculture, social welfare and tribal development, according to multiple media reports.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh Budget 2026 Updates |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/chhattisgarh/raipur/chhattisgarh-budget-2026-live-updates-fm-om-prakash-choudhary-present-budget-today-key-announcements/liveblog/128738443.cms |work=Navbharat Times |date=24 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh Budget 2026-27 Updates |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/chhattisgarh/raipur-chhattisgarh-budget-2026-27-live-updates-op-chaudhary-bjp-congress-details-local18-10214125.html |work=News18 Hindi |date=24 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CG Budget 2026 Updates |url=https://www.ibc24.in/breaking-news/cg-budget-2026-live-updates-3484666.html |work=IBC24 |date=24 February 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Om Prakash}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:District magistrate]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:People from Raigarh district]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Chhattisgarh]]

Rasiklal Parikh

2026-02-23T14:56:16Z

Sylvester41C: slightly correct page for accuracy and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian poet, playwright, literary critic, Indologist, historian and editor (1897–1982)}}
{{for|Indian political leader|Rasiklal Umedchand Parikh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Rasiklal Parikh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pseudonym = Musikar, Sanjay
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1897|8|20}}
| birth_place = [[Pethapur State|Pethapur]], now in [[Gandhinagar district]], [[Bombay Presidency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1982|11|1|1897|8|20}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat
| occupation = Poet, playwright, literary critic, [[Indologist]], historian, editor
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| residence =
| nationality = Indian
| education = Bachelor of Arts
| alma_mater = [[Fergusson College]]
| period =
| movement =
| notableworks = {{plainlist|
* ''Sharvilak''
* ''Mena Gurjari''
}}
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] (1942)
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1960)
* [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] (1977)
}}
| signature =
| years_active =
| module = {{Infobox academic
| child = yes
| academic_advisors = {{plainlist|
* [[Muni Jinvijay]]
* [[Sukhlal Sanghvi]]
}}
| doctoral_students = {{plainlist|
*[[Bhogilal Sandesara]]
*[[Hariprasad Shastri]]
}}
}}
}}

'''Rasiklal Chhotalal Parikh''' (1897–1982) was a 20th-century [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] poet, playwright, literary critic, [[Indologist]], historian, and editor from [[Gujarat]], India. He was the president of [[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]] and was appointed the president of [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] in 1964. He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1960 for his play ''Sharvilak''. He is also a recipient of the [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] and the [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]].

==Biography==
Rasiklal Parikh was born on 20 August 1897 at the village of [[Pethapur State|Pethapur]], now in [[Gandhinagar district]]. His father, Chhotalal Lalubhai Parikh, was a lawyer in Sadra, Gandhinagar. His mother, Chanchalbahen, belonged to a stock-broker family. Chanchalben was well educated for the time, when it was unusual for Gujarati women to study. She read both Sanskrit and Gujarati. She played an important role in shaping Rasiklal's interest in literature.

Rasiklal spent his childhood in Sadra, completing his primary school education there. He shifted to [[Ahmedabad]] for further education and attended Diwan Ballubhai High School, matriculating in 1913. In the same year he married Manekbahen, who also lived in Sadra.<ref name=jadav>{{cite thesis|last=Jadav|first=Dashrath|script-title=gu:રસિકલાલ છો. પરિખ: એક અધ્યયન|trans-title=Rasiklal Chho. Parikh: A Study|date=2010|publisher=[[Gujarat University]]|place=Ahmedabad|language=gu|type=PhD|chapter=Chapter 2 |hdl=10603/47184}}</ref>

After his matriculation, he moved to Pune and joined [[Fergusson College]] to obtain his bachelor of arts. While at college he studied under professors such as Dr Bhune, R. D. Ranade and Prof. Patvardhan. He was influenced by Abhyankar Shastri towards [[Vedas]] and [[Vedic and Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit literature]]. He studied English literature, especially [[tragedy]], under Prof. Patvardhan, and was influenced by Ibsen and other playwrights. In 1918, he completed his Bachelor of Arts in Sanskrit and English.<ref name=jadav/><ref name="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad">{{cite web | title=સવિશેષ પરિચય: રસિકલાલ પરીખ, ગુજરાતી સાહિત્ય પરિષદ | website=Gujarati Sahitya Parishad | url=http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Rasiklal-Parikh.html | language=gu | access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref>

While studying for his Master of Arts he worked at the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], where he came into close contact with Indologist and scholar [[Muni Jinvijay]] who gave him some insight into the Indology and history of Gujarat. At the same time he met [[Indulal Yagnik]], an Indian independence activist, who inspired him to join [[Gujarat Vidyapith]], established by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. So he dropped out of his master's degree education to join Vidyapith. Later, he started to edit ''Puratatva'', a quarterly journal.<ref name="Lal2007">{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Mohan|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Navaratri-Sarvasena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOsbAAAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=((978-81-260-1003-5))|page=3094}}</ref>

Parikh died on 1 November 1982, the day of [[Sharad Purnima]], in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{cite book|last=Parikh|first=Sushil|editor1=Gautama Vā Paṭela|editor2=Bharati Kirtikumar Shelat|editor2-link=Bharati Shelat|title=Rasika-bhāratī: Prof. R.C. Parikh Commemoration Volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4DXAAAAMAAJ|chapter=Chapter 1: Motabhai|year=2005|publisher=Sanskrit Sahitya Akademi([[Gujarat Sahitya Academy]])|location=Gandhinagar|oclc=867124952|pages= 1–5}}</ref>

==Works==
Parikh wrote extensively in [[literature]], [[poetics]], [[philosophy]], drama, poetry, history, aesthetics and criticism.

His first publication was a Gujarati translation of ''Kavyaprakasha'' by [[Mammata Bhatta|Mammata]] with critical notes; he co-translated with [[Ramnarayan V. Pathak]]. It was published in 1924 by Gujarat Vidyapith. During his stay in Vidyapith, he also published ''Vaidik Pathavali'' in 1927, again a translation with critical notes of some parts of the Vedas and [[Brahmana]]. In 1938 he published [[Hemachandra]]'s ''Kavyanushasan'' (Vol. 1 – 2), including his account of the author's life, works and their historical background. This is considered a significant work in Gujarati historical writing as it gives a detailed historical outline from the ancient to the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Solanki eras]].<ref name=jadav/>

In 1931, he published his first play, ''Pahelo Kalal'', which was an adaptation of a story by [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]]. In the same year he published another play ''Rupiyanu Jhad'' under the pseudonym Sanjay. ''Pahelo Class'' (1931) and ''Premnu Mulya'' (1950) are plays he translated from other languages.<ref name="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad"/> He founded a school of drama known as Natya Vidya Mandir which gave rise to the amateur theatre troupe [[Natmandal]].<ref name="Kapoor2002">{{cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Subodh|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Gautami Ganga -Himmat Bahadur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nt4nbp1VIhsC&pg=PA2718|access-date=2 February 2018|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7755-266-9|page=2718}}</ref> His ''Mena Gurjari'', a musical play written in [[Bhavai]] folk form, is considered a landmark in Gujarati theatre and become popular among both scholars and the public.<ref name="(India)1983">{{cite book|author=National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|title=Quarterly Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1cvAAAAIAAJ|access-date=2 February 2018|volume=12–13|year=1983|page=50}}</ref><ref name="Lal2007"/> His full-length play ''Sharvilak'', published in 1957, is divided into five acts and is based on two different Sanskrit plays: ''[[Mṛcchakatika|Mrichchhakatika]]'' written by [[Śūdraka|Sudraka]]; and ''Daridra Charudatta'' written by [[Bhāsa|Bhasa]]. ''Sharvilak'' was translated into Hindi in 1966.<ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Mohan|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA3988|access-date=2 February 2018|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|page=3988}}</ref>

He delivered the Maharaja Sayajirao Lectures Series at [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|M. S. University of Baroda]], which was published later as ''Anand Mimansa'' (1963). His radio talks were published as ''Aakashabhashit'' in 1974. He critiqued Bhasa's Sanskrit works in ''Sanskrit Natak Sahitya'' (1980). His ''Purovachan ane Vivechan'', published in 1965, is a collection of applied criticism. He delivered the Vidyaben Neelkanth Lectures Series on the novel [[Saraswatichandra (novel)|''Saraswatichandra'']] in 1972; these were published as a book in 1976 as ''Saraswatichandrano Mahima – Eni Patrasrishtima''.<ref name="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad"/>

He also contributed in the field of history, including ''Gujaratni Rajdhanio'' (1958), ''Itihas Swarup Ane Paddhati'' (1969) and ''Gujaratno Rajakiya Ane Sanskrutik Itihas'' (Vol. 1 to 6; with others).<ref name="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad"/>

''Jivan Na Vaheno'' is a collection of short stories. Rasiklal studied [[Dalpatram]]'s book on Gujarati prosody, ''Dalpat Pingal'', while at school. Due to the close association with [[Ramnarayan V. Pathak]], he was inspired to write poems, publishing frequently in ''Yugadharma'' magazine. His collected poems were published as ''Smriti''.<ref name=jadav/><ref name="Lal2007"/>

==Awards==
[[Gujarat Sahitya Sabha]] awarded him the [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] in 1942. His play ''Sharvilak'' received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for 1960, and another play ''Mena Gurjari'' received the [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] for 1977. In 1975 the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] awarded its [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|fellowship]] to him for his contribution in the field of drama.<ref name=jadav/><ref name="Lal2007"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author1=Rasiklal Chhotalal Parikh|author2=Gautama Vā Paṭela|author3=Bharati Kirtikumar Shelat|author3-link=Bharati Shelat|title=Rasika-bhāratī: Prof. R.C. Parikh Commemoration Volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4DXAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Sanskrit Sahitya Akademi([[Gujarat Sahitya Academy]])|location=Gandhinagar|oclc=867124952}}
* {{cite book|last=Shah|first=Priyabala|title=Rasiklal C. Parikh|series=Makers of Indian literature|date=2003|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|oclc=122955631}}

==External links==
* {{Gbooks-author|Rasiklal Chhotalal Parikh}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Rasiklal Parikh}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parikh, Rasiklal}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Scholars from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:People from Gandhinagar district]]
[[Category:Indian Indologists]]
[[Category:Fergusson College alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Translators to Gujarati]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]

Gatiman Express

2026-02-20T02:00:56Z

Sylvester41C: Creating a info more to come!

{{Short description|Semi-high speed train by Indian Railways}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Gatiman Express
| logo =
| color = 6495ed
| image = File:Gatimaan express at gwalior.jpg
| image_width = 330px
| caption = Gatimaan Express near [[Gwalior Junction railway station|Gwalior Junction]]
| type = [[Shatabdi Express]]
| status = Operational
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2016|4|5}} ({{small|Inaugural run}}) {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|2|19}} ({{small|Extended to [[Gwalior Junction railway station|Gwalior Junction]]}}) {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|4|1}} ({{small|Extended to [[Jhansi Junction railway station|Virangana Lakshmibai Junction]]}})
| operator = [[Indian Railways]] & [[IRCTC]]
| website = https://indianrailways.gov.in/
| start = [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] (NZM)
| stops = [[Agra Cantt]] [[Gwalior Junction]]
| end = [[Jhansi Junction railway station|Virangana Lakshmibai Jhansi Junction]] (VGLJ)
| distance = {{cvt|403|km}}
| journeytime =
| frequency = 6 days a week (Except Friday)
| trainnumber = 12049<ref>{{cite web|url=http://railenquiry.in/schedule/12049/|title=12049 Schedule / Time Table|access-date=16 March 2017|publisher=railenquiry.in|archive-date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317054616/http://railenquiry.in/schedule/12049/|url-status=live}}</ref> / 12050<ref>{{cite web|url=http://railenquiry.in/schedule/12050/|title=12050 Schedule / Time Table|access-date=16 March 2017|publisher=railenquiry.in|archive-date=25 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525133451/https://railenquiry.in/schedule/12050/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| class = AC Chair Car (CC), Executive class (EC)
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = Yes
| observation = Large windows
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Wi-Fi Smoke Alarms Passenger Information System
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1,676mm|allk=on}} [[Broad Gauge]]
| electrification =
| speed ={{cvt|90|km/h|0}} average including halts.
| owners =
| maintenance =
| map = {{Gatimaan Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 12049 / 12050 '''Gatiman Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express train]] run by [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhiagra-semihigh-speed-train-to-be-named-gatimaan-express/article6493500.ece|title=Train to be named Gatimaan Express|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 April 2016|archive-date=1 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201183222/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhiagra-semihigh-speed-train-to-be-named-gatimaan-express/article6493500.ece|url-status=live }}</ref> It connects [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] in [[Delhi]] and [[Jhansi Junction railway station|Jhansi]] railway stations via the Delhi-Jhansi sector, India's busiest rail line. It is a Shatabdi Category Express and currently the third-fastest train service in India, after the [[Namo Bharat]] and the [[Rani Kamalapati–Hazrat Nizamuddin Vande Bharat Express|Delhi-Rani Kamlapati Vande Bharat Express]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/delhi-agra-semi-high-speed-train-to-be-named-gatimaan-express_1483356.html|title=Delhi-Agra semi-high speed train to be named Gatimaan Express|work=[[Zee News]]|access-date=5 April 2016|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129070804/http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/delhi-agra-semi-high-speed-train-to-be-named-gatimaan-express_1483356.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/these-five-vande-bharat-express-trains-run-at-130-kmph-speed-on-entire-route-full-list-10207129/|title=These 5 Vande Bharat Express trains run at 130 kmph speed on entire route – full list|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=5 January 2026|archive-date=29 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829080004/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/these-five-vande-bharat-express-trains-run-at-130-kmph-speed-on-entire-route-full-list-10207129/}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/rapidx-train-touches-160kmph-in-trial-2nd-phase-ops-soon-101706977479274.html|title=RapidX train touches 160kmph in trial, 2nd phase ops soon|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=5 January 2026|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209173848/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/rapidx-train-touches-160kmph-in-trial-2nd-phase-ops-soon-101706977479274.html}}</ref>

The Gatiman Express consist is most commonly made up of a WAP-5 locomotive, 12 passenger cars, and 1-2 brake vans. The train covers the {{cvt|403|km}} journey in 4 hours 25 minutes at an average speed of {{cvt|91|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/Amend%2004%20lh-eo-var%2034.pdf|title= Amendment no. 4 to the Revised speed certificate for operation of trains hauled by single WAP5 class locomotive on New Delhi-Agra Cantt.-New Delhi section|date= 16 February 2018|publisher= Railway Design and Standards Organization|access-date= 4 May 2022|quote=|page=}}</ref> {{As of|2024}}, the train achieves the maximum operational speed achieved by any operating train in India with a speed of {{cvt|160|kph|abbr=on}} on the [[Tughlakabad railway station|Tughlakabad]]{{ndash}}[[Agra Cantonment railway station|Agra]] section.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/delhi-to-agra-in-100-minutes-indias-semi-bullet-train-hits-tracks-next-week/|title=Delhi To Agra In 100 Minutes: Gatimaan Express hits tracks next week|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=2016-04-05|archive-date=2 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402101843/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/delhi-to-agra-in-100-minutes-indias-semi-bullet-train-hits-tracks-next-week/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=S. Vijay |title=Railways to bring down speed of select Vande Bharat, Gatiman Express trains |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/speed-of-select-vande-bharat-gatiman-express-trains-to-be-cut-down-for-safety/article68331836.ece |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 June 2024 |language=en-IN |quote=he speed of Gatiman and Vande Bharat Express trains would be reduced from 160 kmph to 130 kmph}}</ref> The train runs six days a week.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gatimaan Express: India launches 'fastest train' at 160km/h |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35966745 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=5 April 2016 |quote=Gatimaan Express will run six days a week, except on Fridays, the railway ministry said in a statement.}}</ref>

In October 2014, Indian Railways applied for a safety certificate from the [[Commission of Railway Safety]] to start the service and the train was officially announced in June 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/delhi-agra-semi-high-speed-train-gatimaan-express-222796-2014-10-12|title=Delhi-Agra semi-high speed train to be named Gatimaan Express|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=5 April 2015|archive-date=20 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120173323/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-agra-semi-high-speed-train-gatimaan-express/1/395346.html|url-status=live }}</ref> The first service ran on 5 April 2016 from Hazrat Nizamuddin and Agra Cantonment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gatimaan-express-indias-fastest-train-to-debut-on-tuesday-1308845|title=Gatimaan Express, India's Fastest Train, To Debut On Tuesday|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=2016-04-05|archive-date=2 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402150555/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gatimaan-express-indias-fastest-train-to-debut-on-tuesday-1308845|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gatimaan Express reaches Agra within targeted 100 minutes|work=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gatimaan-express-reaches-agra-within-targeted-100-minutes-316423-2016-04-05|date=5 April 2016|access-date=5 April 2016|archive-date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201234438/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gatimaan-express-reaches-agra-in-targeted-99-minutes/1/635554.html|url-status=live }}</ref> The train was extended from Agra to [[Gwalior]] on 19 February 2018 and then to Virangana Lakshmibai junction on 1 April 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last= Duttagupta|first= Samonway|date= 5 April 2018|title= Madhya Pradesh-bound Gatimaan Express train extended till Jhansi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/madhya-pradesh-bound-gatimaan-express-train-extended-till-jhansi/as63626782.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date= 4 May 2022}}</ref>

== Incidents ==
In 2016, a Delhi-bound train suffered damage to its pantograph during a thunderstorm, halting the train between Baad and Mathura Junction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gatiman-express-halted-as-pantograph-breaks-due-to-thunderstorm-1409318/|title=Gatiman Express Halted As Pantograph Breaks Due To Thunderstorm|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=5 January 2026|archive-date=8 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908032830/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gatiman-express-halted-as-pantograph-breaks-due-to-thunderstorm-1409318/}}</ref>

In 2024, the crew violated the advisory speed limits between Jajau and Mania railway stations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railway Board sets up committee, holds meeting to ascertain why drivers violate speed restrictions |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/railway-board-sets-up-committee-drivers-violate-speed-restrictions-9395814/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 June 2024 |language=en |quote=In the first incident, the loco pilot and assistant loco pilot of the Gatiman Express, India’s first semi-high-speed train which runs at 160 kmph speed between Hazrat Nizamuddin in Delhi and Virangana Lakshmibai Jhansi Junction in Uttar Pradesh, violated the advisory speed}}</ref> In June 2024, the maximum speed of the train was reduced from 160 km/h to 130 km/h until the installation of the Kavach autonomous train protection system on the route.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Railways reduces speed of Vande Bharat and Gatiman Express trains to 130 kmph - ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/indian-railways-reduces-speed-of-vande-bharat-and-gatiman-express-trains-to-130-kmph/111340602 |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=ETInfra.com |agency=Economic Times |language=en |quote=Gatimaan Express and Vande Bharat, two semi-high speed trains}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why Has Indian Railways Decided To Reduce Speed Of Vande Bharat And Gatiman Express -- Explained |url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/why-has-indian-railways-decided-to-reduce-speed-of-vande-bharat-and-gatiman-express-explained-2760722.html |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=[[Zee News]] |language=en |quote=The speed of these trains will now reduced from the current 160 kmph to 130 kmph.}}</ref>

As of 2026, there have been no reported casualties onboard the train.

== Reputation ==
The Gatiman Express has achieved internet fame for being one of the fastest trains in India. Despite its fame, the train has received negative reviews from critics, citing poor maintenance and a hostile Crew. Due to high ticket prices, very few locals use the express, as fares can be 3 to 4 times higher than that of an AC 2 Tier on a normal express/superfast.

==See also==
* [[High-speed rail in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Greater Delhi transit}}
{{Higher-speed rail}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gatiman Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2016]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]

2018 Santosh Trophy final

2026-02-16T16:53:13Z

Sylvester41C: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2018 Santosh Trophy final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[2017–18 Santosh Trophy]]
| team1 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
| team1association =
| team1score = 2
| team2 = [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
| team2association =
| team2score = 2
| details = After [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] Kerala won 4–2 on [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalties]]
| date = 1 April 2018
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| man_of_the_match1a =
| man_of_the_match1atitle =
| man_of_the_match1b =
| man_of_the_match1btitle =
| referee =
| attendance =
| weather =
| previous = [[2017 Santosh Trophy final|2017]]
| next = [[2019 Santosh Trophy final|2019]]
}}
The '''2018 Santosh Trophy final''' was a match between [[Kerala football team|Kerala]] and [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]], played on 1 April 2018, at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. The match was a culmination of the [[2017–18 Santosh Trophy]], the 72nd edition of the [[association football|football]] competition contested by regional [[States and union territories of India|state]] associations and government institutions under the [[All India Football Federation]].<ref name="Final">{{cite news|title=Santosh Trophy final phase to kick off in Kolkata on March 19|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/santosh-trophy-final-phase-to-kick-off-in-kolkata-on-march-19/story-Kun7FWQ44VmsFg7WAATt0I.html|accessdate=12 March 2018|work=Hindustan Times|date=21 February 2018}}</ref> Kerala won the match after defeating West Bengal in a penalty shootout 4–2. In regulation time, the match ended 1–1 while during extra time, a goal each found both sides tied 2–2 after 120 minutes.

Kerala entered this edition of the Santosh Trophy after qualifying from Group B of the [[2017–18 Santosh Trophy qualification#Group B 5|South Zone]] qualifiers. West Bengal entered after qualifying from Group B of the [[2017–18 Santosh Trophy qualification#Group B 2|East Zone]] qualifiers. Prior to the start of the competition proper, both Kerala and West Bengal were placed in Group A for the first round. Both sides faced each other in the final match of the round, both winning their previous three matches. Kerala came away as the 1–0 winners to win the group.

West Bengal entered the match as the defending champions after winning the Santosh Trophy the previous year in [[2017 Santosh Trophy Final|2017]].

==Road to the final==
{{further|2017–18 Santosh Trophy|2017–18 Santosh Trophy qualification}}

The [[Santosh Trophy]] is an [[association football]] knock-out competition contested by the regional [[States and union territories of India|state]] associations and government institutions under the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF), the sport's governing body in India. Started in 1941, the competition was considered the top domestic football championship in India, prior to the start of the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] in 1996.<ref name="History">{{cite news|last1=Anand|first1=Vijay|title=The history of Santosh Trophy|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/the-history-of-santosh-trophy|accessdate=18 December 2016|work=SportsKeeda|date=16 March 2014}}</ref> The 2017–18 competition is the 72nd edition of the Santosh Trophy.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ganguly|first1=Abhishek|title=72nd Santosh Trophy: Bengal wary of Karnataka's flair|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/72nd-santosh-trophy-bengal-wary-of-karnatakas-flair/articleshow/63540573.cms|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=Times of India|date=30 March 2018}}</ref>

In order to enter the competition proper, teams had to go through a qualification round based on their region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Santosh Trophy qualifiers|url=https://us.soccerway.com/national/india/santhosh-trophy/2018/north-east/r40571/|website=Soccerway}}</ref> Kerala were placed in Group B of the [[2017–18 Santosh Trophy qualification#Group B 5|South Zone]] qualifiers while West Bengal were placed in Group B of the [[2017–18 Santosh Trophy qualification#Group B 2|East Zone]] qualifiers. Kerala topped their group consisting of [[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]] to qualify.<ref>{{cite web|title=Santosh Trophy South Zone qualifiers|url=https://us.soccerway.com/national/india/santhosh-trophy/2018/south/r40573/|website=Soccerway}}</ref> West Bengal would also top their group consisting of [[Chhattisgarh football team|Chhattisgarh]] and [[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Santosh Trophy East Zone qualifiers|url=https://us.soccerway.com/national/india/santhosh-trophy/2018/east/r40567/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

===Kerala===
Prior to reaching the 2018 final, [[Kerala football team|Kerala]] had played the final of the [[Santosh Trophy]] 13 times, winning on five occasions, most recently in 2004.<ref name="STF">{{cite web|title=Santosh Trophy Finals|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiasantoshhist.html|website=RSSSF}}</ref> For this edition of the tournament, Kerala were placed in Group A with [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]], [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]], [[Manipur football team|Manipur]], and eventually final opponent [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]].<ref name="Group A">{{cite news|title=Santosh Trophy giants Bengal wary of defending crown at home|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/santosh-trophy-giants-bengal-wary-of-defending-crown-at-home/articleshow/63355200.cms|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=Times of India|date=18 March 2018}}</ref>

Kerala's first match of the competition occurred on 19 March against Chandigarh. A brace from [[Jithin M. S.|Jithin M.S.]] and three goals from Sajith Poulose, [[Afdal VK|Afdal V.K.]] and [[Sreekuttan V. S.|Sreekuttan V.S.]] respectively earned Kerala an opening 5–1 victory.<ref>{{cite news|title=Santosh Trophy: Kerala thrash Chandigarh 5-1 in opener|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/santosh-trophy-kerala-thrash-chandigarh-5-1-in-opener-1.2682382|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=Mathrubhumi|date=19 March 2018}}</ref> Four days later, Kerala defeated Manipur 6–0. Jithin Gopalan scored a brace while [[Afdal VK|Afdal V.K]]., Rahul K.P., and [[Jithin M. S.|Jithin M.S]]. scored the other three goals. The sixth goal came from an own goal by Roshan Singh.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sarangi|first1=Y.B.|title=Santosh Trophy: Kerala runs riot against Manipur|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/santosh-trophy-kerala-runs-riot-against-manipur/article23337027.ece|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=The Hindu|date=23 March 2018}}</ref> Two days later, on 25 March, Kerala would earn another major victory, 3–0 over Maharashtra. Rahul Raj opened the scoring in the 24th minute before Jithin M.S. scored his fourth goal of the tournament in the 39th. Rahul K.P. scored Kerala's third in the 58th minute.<ref>{{cite news|title=Santosh Trophy: Kerala brush aside Maharashtra to reach semis|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/santosh-trophy-kerala-brush-aside-maharashtra-to-reach-semis/19246189|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=Mid-Day|date=25 March 2018}}</ref> Finally, on 27 March, Kerala played their final match of the group stage against eventually final opponent West Bengal. Rahul K.P. scored his third goal of the tournament in the 90th minute to give Kerala the victory and top of the group.<ref name="WBK">{{cite news|title=Santosh Trophy: Kerala beat Bengal to finish top of Group A|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/santosh-trophy-kerala-beat-bengal-to-finish-top-of-group-a-118032800048_1.html|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=Business Standard|date=27 March 2018}}</ref>

With the group stage finished, Kerala would take on [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]] in the knockout semi-final match at the [[Mohun Bagan Ground]].<ref name="Semis">{{cite news|title=Mizoram could ask questions of Kerala|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/mizoram-could-ask-questions-of-kerala/article23385476.ece|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=The Hindu|date=29 March 2018}}</ref> An [[Afdal VK|Afdal V.K]]. goal in the 54th minute was enough to give Kerala the victory and a spot in their 14th final.<ref name="Semi-finals">{{cite news|title=Santosh Trophy: Defending champions Bengal set up title clash with lucky Kerala|url=https://scroll.in/field/873924/santosh-trophy-defending-champions-bengal-set-up-title-clash-with-kerala|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=Scroll.in|date=30 March 2018}}</ref>

===West Bengal===
West Bengal is entering this final as the most winningest team in competition history, winning the competition 32 times, including the final from the [[2017 Santosh Trophy Final|previous year]]. As well as their 32 championships, West Bengal were runners-up in the tournament 12 times. The second most winningest side in the competition is [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]], with eight championships.<ref name="STF"/>

For this edition of the Santosh Trophy, West Bengal were placed in Group A alongside [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]], [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]], [[Manipur football team|Manipur]], and their finals opponent, [[Kerala football team|Kerala]].<ref name="Group A"/> Their match was against Manipur on 19 March at the [[Sailen Manna Stadium]]. A Sumit Das brace and a goal from Bidyasagar Singh gave West Bengal a comfortable 3–0 opening victory.<ref>{{cite news|title=Santosh Trophy: Bengal blank Manipur; Kerala wallop Chandigarh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/santosh-trophy-bengal-blank-manipur-kerala-wallop-chandigarh/articleshow/63368569.cms|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=Times of India|date=19 March 2018}}</ref> Two days later, West Bengal took on Maharashtra and won 5–1. Maharashtra took the lead early in the 8th minute through Leander Dharmai. West Bengal came back in the second half and equalized through Manotosh Chakladar in the 55th minute. Jiten Mumru then gave West Bengal the lead in the 62nd minute before Bidyashagar Singh scored their third in the 79th minute. The scoring was rounded off by a Bidyashagar Singh goal for a brace and Rajon Barman.<ref>{{cite news|title=Santosh Trophy: Bengal hammer Maharashtra 5-1|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/santosh-trophy-bengal-hammer-maharashtra-5-1/articleshow/63399588.cms|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=Times of India|date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

Then, on 25 March, Bidyashagar Singh scored his third goal of the tournament as West Bengal defeated Chandigarh 1–0.<ref name="Chandigarh">{{cite news|title=Below-par Bengal make Santosh Trophy semifinals|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/below-par-bengal-make-santosh-trophy-semifinals/articleshow/63459874.cms|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=Times of India|date=26 March 2018}}</ref> Despite the victory, West Bengal head coach, Ranjan Chowdhury, was displeased with his team's performance: "I’m not at all happy with the team’s performance. We probably played the worst match of the tournament today."<ref name="Chandigarh"/> Two days later, West Bengal succumbed to their first defeat of the tournament, a 1–0 defeat against their finals opponent Kerala.<ref name="WBK"/>

After the group stage, with West Bengal finishing second in Group A, the side were to play Group B winners [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]] on 30 March. During the match, West Bengal captain Jiten Murmu opened the scoring in the 57th minute before [[Tirthankar Sarkar]] secured the victory for West Bengal in the 92nd minute and sent his side to their 45th final.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengal Blank Karnataka 2-0 to set up Kerala date in Hero Santosh Trophy Final|url=https://www.indiansportsnews.com/isn-specials/13-football/46278-bengal-blank-karnataka-2-0-to-set-up-kerala-date-in-hero-santosh-trophy-final|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=Indian Sports News|date=30 March 2018}}</ref>

==Pre-match==
===Host selection===
[[File:Salt Lake Stadium.jpg|thumb|Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata|alt=Inside the stadium.]]
On 21 February 2018, it was announced by the [[All India Football Federation]] that the Santosh Trophy would take place in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="Selection">{{cite news|title=Santosh Trophy final phase to kick off in Kolkata on March 19|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/santosh-trophy-final-phase-to-kick-off-in-kolkata-on-march-19-118022100777_1.html|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=Business Standard|date=21 February 2018}}</ref> Prior to the beginning of the tournament, Kushal Das, the AIFF's General Secretary, said that he was looking forward to the [[Indian Football Association]] (West Bengal's state football federation) successfully hosting the competition.<ref name="Selection"/>

Before the final, during the tournament, three different stadiums were used in and around Kolkata. The [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]] and the [[Sailen Manna Stadium]] were extensively used throughout the group stage before the [[Mohun Bagan Ground]] hosted some matches towards the end of the group stage and during the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Santosh Trophy: Karnataka, Mizoram join Bengal and Kerala in semi-final|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/santosh-trophy-karnataka-mizoram-join-bengal-and-kerala-in-semi-final/story-BJq1OY72rstFSl3Fr8IgPI.html|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=Hindustan Times|date=28 March 2018}}</ref> For the final of the competition, the match will be played at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengal to face Kerala in Santosh Trophy final|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/bengal-to-face-kerala-in-santosh-trophy-final/article23393674.ece|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=The Hindu|date=30 March 2018}}</ref>

===Analysis===
Despite taking the victory in their prior match during the group stage, [[Kerala football team|Kerala]] will not come into this match as favorites. Due to being hosts in the final and history, [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]] are favorites. Previously, both Kerala and West Bengal have met in the final of the Santosh Trophy twice, back in 1989 and 1994. On both occasions, West Bengal came out as the winners in penalty shootouts.<ref name="Preview">{{cite news|last1=Rajan|first1=Adwaidh|title=Kerala have score to settle in final|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2018/apr/01/kerala-have-score-to-settle-in-final-1795427.html|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=New Indian Express|date=1 April 2018}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> However, even with history not on Kerala's side, their head coach, Satheevan Balan, was optimistic before the final: "We know the statistics. But that is not something we are concerned about. Stats have been against us since the start of the tournament. We were not fancied when we started the campaign and many doubted us to even make it past the qualifiers. But now we are in the final. We have considered every game as a final since arriving here and on Sunday, it will be the same."<ref name="Preview"/>

For West Bengal, the hosts will be looking to reverse their defeat to Kerala from the group stage. "There is no pressure. The team has confidence in its ability to win the final,” said Bengal head coach Ranjan Chowdhury. “They are organised and strong defensively. Whoever wins needs to earn the trophy by playing well."<ref name="Preview"/> West Bengal will also enter the match still as reigning champions, after they won in the final the [[2017 Santosh Trophy Final|previous season]] against [[Goa football team|Goa]] 1–0.<ref name="Preview 2">{{cite news|title=Santosh Trophy: Kerala to face defending champs Bengal in title clash|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2018/mar/31/santosh-trophy-kerala-to-face-defending-champs-bengal-in-title-clash-1795042.html|access-date=31 March 2018|work=New Indian Express|date=31 March 2018}}</ref> For Kerala, this will be their first final appearance since 2013 and their first attempt to win the trophy since 2004. "We can create history as it was 14 years ago that Kerala last won the prestigious trophy, but we will play without pressure," said head coach, Satheevan Balan.<ref name="Preview 2"/>

Coming into the match, West Bengal had the league's best defense, only conceding twice throughout the tournament while Kerala have scored the most goals during the competition.<ref name="Preview"/>

==Match==
{{Football box
|date = 1 April 2018
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|score = 2–2
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8873 Report]
|team2 = [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|goals1 = Gopalan {{goal|19}} Thomas {{goal|117}}
|goals2 = Murmu {{goal|68}} [[Tirthankar Sarkar|Sarkar]] {{goal|120+2}}
|aet=yes
|penaltyscore=4–2
|penalties1=
* Rahul {{pengoal}}
* Jithin {{pengoal}}
* Jestin {{pengoal}}
* Seassan {{pengoal}}
|penalties2=
* {{penmiss}} Ankit
* {{penmiss}} Nabi
* {{pengoal}} [[Tirthankar Sarkar|Sarkar]]
* {{pengoal}} Sanchayan
|stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance = 5,500
|referee=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/tournaments-details.htm?tnmt_id=116 Santosh Trophy at All India Football Federation website].

{{Santosh Trophy}}
{{2017–18 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2018 Santosh Trophy Final}}
[[Category:2017–18 Santosh Trophy|Final]]
[[Category:Santosh Trophy finals]]
[[Category:April 2018 sports events in India|Santosh Trophy Final]]

Music of Bengal

2026-02-16T12:28:05Z

Sylvester41C: cleanup

{{Short description|None}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More footnotes needed|date=July 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Bengalis}}
{{Culture of Bengal}}
{{Music of West Bengal}}
{{Music of Bangladesh}}
'''Bengali music''' ({{langx|bn|বাংলা সংগীত}}) comprises a long tradition of [[religious]] and [[secular]] song-writing over a period of almost a millennium. Composed with lyrics in the [[Bengali language]], Bengali music spans a wide variety of styles.

== History ==
The earliest music in Bengal was influenced by [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] chants, and evolved under the influence of [[Vaishnav]] poetry such as the 13th-century ''[[Gitagovindam]]'' by [[Jayadeva]], whose work continues to be sung in many eastern [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temples. The Middle Ages saw a mixture of Hindu and Islamic trends when the musical tradition was formalized under the patronage of [[Sultan and Nawab]]s and the powerful landlords ''[[Baro Bhuiyans|baro bhuiyans]]''.

The earliest record of [[Sufism in Bengal]] goes back to 11th century AD in connection with the continuation of Sufism in northern India. Shah Sultan Rumi was the first Sufi to come to Bengal, when he came to [[Mymensingh]] in 1053 AD.Sufism not only helped in the spread of Islam in Bengal, but also contributed to the eventual creation of a Muslim society in Bangladesh. Apart from the religiosity, the influence of the Sufis became attached to popular Bengali culture by the confluence of the murshidi, marfati and baul songs, and gazir gan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/sufi-influence-in-bengal#:~:text=Sufism%20not%20only%20helped%20in,baul%20songs%2C%20and%20gazir%20gan | title=Sufi influence in Bengal | date=August 2013 }}</ref>

==Forms==

=== Kotali Gharana ===
[[Kotalipara Upazila|Kotalipara]] in the Faridpur Zilla of East Bengal (presently Bangladesh) owes its origin to "Chandraburmankot" erected there, circa 315 AD, the remains of which are still extant. "Kot" stands for fort, "Ali" signifies "wall and area surrounding the fort", and "para" means a settlement or "a neighbourhood".

KotaliPara had been a hotbed of intellectual excellence for ages, especially in music, art and scholarship.

[[Tarapada Chakraborty|Sangeetacharya Tarapada Chakraborty]] (1909-1975), was the first Pan-Indian Khayaliya from Bengal and the pioneer of Kotali Gharana. He had a journey similar to [[Allauddin Khan|Ustad Allauddin Khan]]’s, coming to Kolkata penniless from Kotalipara ( currently in Bangladesh ) to learn classical music. Kotali Gharana is built on aesthetics. The aesthetics of the raga, expression, lyrics and thoughts. Over the years, the present Kotali style took the shape in the hands of [[Manas Chakraborty|Pandit Manas Chakraborty]], a combination of musical purity and eclecticism, the practice of deriving ideas, style, or taste from a broad and diverse range of sources. [[Ruchira Panda|Vidushi Ruchira Panda]], is the global face of Kotali Gharana today.

=== Bishnupur Gharana ===
{{Main|Bishnupur Gharana}}

The Bishnupur Gharana is the sole Classical (Drupad) gharana of Bengal. It originated in Bishnupur, Bankura by the court musicians of the Malla Kings. Bahadur Khan of Delhi, a descendant of the Tansen, was the father of Bishnupur Gharana. Bahadur Khan was brought to Bishnupur by Malla King Raghunath Singha II.

===Murshidi===

Murshidi Gan devotional folk songs that evolved and flourished mainly through sufis. The word 'murshid', derives from the Arabic 'ershad', and means 'to order or give advice'. A murshid gives advice to his disciples and leads them to the spiritual way by means of devotional rites.

===Baul===
{{Main|Baul}}

The [[Baul]]s (meaning "divinely inspired insanity") are a group of mystic minstrels (Muslim Sufis and Hindu Baishnos) from the Bengal region, who sang primarily in the 17th and 18th centuries. They are thought to have been influenced greatly by the Hindu tantric sect of the [[Kartabhaja]]s as well as by Muslim [[Sufi]] philosophers. Bauls traveled and sang in search of the internal ideal, ''[[Moner Manush]]'' (''Man of the Heart'' or the ''inner being''), and described "superfluous" differences between religions. [[Lalon Fakir]], alternatively known as Lalon Shah, who lived in the 19th century in and around [[Kushtia]], is considered to be the greatest of all bauls.

===Ramprasadi===
{{Main|Ramprasadi}}
The [[Bengali language|Bengali]] devotional songs written and music composed by eighteenth century [[Bengalis|Bengali]] saint-poet [[Ramprasad Sen]] are called Ramprasadi. They are usually addressed to Hindu goddess [[Kali]].

===Lalon Geeti===
{{Main|Lalon}}
The [[Bengali language|Bengali]] songs composed by [[Bengalis|Bengali]] saint, philosopher, and social reformer [[Lalon]] are called Lalon Geeti. Lalon was against religious conflict and many of his songs mock identity politics that divide communities and generate violence. He even rejected nationalism at the apex of the anti-colonial nationalist movements in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He did not believe in classes or [[caste]]s, the fragmented, hierarchical society and took a stand against racism. Lalon does not fit the "[[mystical]]" or "spiritual" type who denies all worldly affairs in search of the soul: he embodies the socially transformative role of sub-continental [[bhakti]] and [[sufism]]. He believed in the power of music to alter the intellectual and emotional state in order to be able to understand and appreciate life itself.

It is estimated that Lalon composed about 2,000–10,000 songs, of which only about 800 songs are generally considered authentic. Lalon left no written copies of his songs, which were transmitted orally and only later transcribed by his followers. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] published some of the Lalon song in the monthly ''[[Prabasi]]'' magazine of Kolkata.

=== Hasan Raja's Songs ===
This songs are composed by legendary Bengali mystic poet, songwriter, and philosopher, [[Hason Raja]], from Sylhet, Bangladesh. His songs focus on spiritual awakening, the transient nature of life, and the search for divinity within oneself. These compositions, often referred to as ''Baul songs'', are filled with mysticism, simplicity, and profound truth. Hasan Raja's works have inspired countless folk singers and spiritual enthusiasts.

===Rabindra Sangeet===
{{Main|Rabindra Sangeet}}

The leading proponent of Bengali music is [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (known in Bengali as ''Robi Thakur'' and ''Gurudeb'', the latter meaning "Respected Teacher" (in the Bengal of that time, the suffix 'deb' was an honorific, ascribed to people who enjoyed immense respect, but this title was primarily used by his students at Santiniketan, though many others did use the address/<ref>{{cite book|last1=Devi|first1=Maitreyi|author-link=Maitreyi Devi|title=Na Hanyate|date=May 1983|publisher=Upama Sengupta; Prima Publications|location=Kolkata|pages=1, 23, 59|edition=First Edition, Seventh Reprint}}</ref>) Tagore was a prolific composer with around 2,230 songs to his credit.<ref name="DasguptaGuha2013">{{cite book|author1=Sanjukta Dasgupta|author2=Chinmoy Guha|title=Tagore-At Home in the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zfX4llLjyUC|date=2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1084-2|page=254}}</ref> His songs are known as ''[[Rabindra Sangeet|rabindrasangit]]'' ("Tagore Song"), which merges fluidly into his literature, most of which—poems or parts of novels, stories, or plays alike—were lyricised. Influenced by the ''[[thumri]]'' style of [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani music]], they ran the entire gamut of human emotion, ranging from his early dirge-like Brahmo devotional hymns to quasi-erotic compositions.{{Sfn|Tagore|1997|p=94}} They emulated the tonal colour of classical ''[[raga]]s'' to varying extents. Some songs mimicked a given raga's melody and rhythm faithfully; others newly blended elements of different ''ragas''.<ref name="dasgupta2001">{{Citation|last=Dasgupta |first=Anirban|publication-date=15 July 2001|year=2001|title=Rabindra-Sangeet as a Resource for Indian Classical ''Bandishes''|periodical=Parabaas|url=http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pAnirban1.html|access-date=17 September 2011}}</ref> Yet about nine-tenths of his work was not ''bhanga gaan'', the body of tunes revamped with "fresh value" from select Western, Hindustani, Bengali folk and other regional flavours "external" to Tagore's own ancestral culture.<ref name="ghosh2011">{{Citation|last=Ghosh |first=Bhaswati|title=Inside the World of Tagore's Music|periodical=Parabaas|publication-date=August 2011|year=2011|url=http://www.parabaas.com/rabindranath/articles/pBhaswati2.html|access-date=17 September 2011}}</ref> His music is an exemplary instance of 'kavya-geeti', a style of composition that later found widespread use in the music industries at Bombay and Calcutta.

In 1971, ''[[Amar Shonar Bangla]]'' became the national anthem of Bangladesh. It was written — ironically — to protest the [[1905 Partition of Bengal]] along communal lines: cutting off the Muslim-majority East Bengal from Hindu-dominated West Bengal was to avert a regional bloodbath. Tagore saw the partition as a cunning plan to stop the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]], and he aimed to rekindle Bengali unity and tar communalism. ''[[Jana Gana Mana]]'' was written in ''[[shadhu-bhasha]]'', a Sanskritised form of Bengali, and is the first of five stanzas of the Brahmo hymn ''[[Bharot Bhagyo Bidhata]]'' that Tagore composed. It was first sung in 1911 at a Calcutta session of the [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Tagore and Jana Gana Mana|url=http://www.countercurrents.org/comm-chatterjee310803.htm|publisher=countercurrents.org|author=Monish R. Chatterjee|date=13 August 2003}}</ref> and was adopted in 1950 by the Constituent Assembly of the Republic of India as its national anthem.

For Bengalis, the songs' appeal, stemming from the combination of emotive strength and beauty described as surpassing even Tagore's poetry, was such that the ''Modern Review'' observed that "[t]here is in Bengal no cultured home where Rabindranath's songs are not sung or at least attempted to be sung... Even illiterate villagers sing his songs".{{Sfn|Tagore|1997|p=359}} Tagore influenced ''sitar'' maestro [[Vilayat Khan]] and ''[[sarod]]iyas'' [[Buddhadev Dasgupta]] and [[Amjad Ali Khan]].<ref name="dasgupta2001" />

Most of his musical poems are detailed in two series of books – the ''[[Gitabitan]]'' (that only has the texts of the poems) and the ''Swarabitan'' (that has the poems and their musical notation). However, there exist several poems of his that are set to music, and yet find no mention in either of the above. These are handed down from his students to their students and so on.

Some of the notable exponents of Rabindrasangeet are [[Shantideb Ghosh]], [[Debabrata Biswas]], [[Pankaj Kumar Mullick]], [[Kalim Sharafi]], [[Kanika Bandyopadhyay]], Rajeshwari Datta, [[Malati Ghoshal]], [[Nilima Sen]], [[Suchitra Mitra]], [[Aditi Mohsin]], [[Rezwana Choudhury Bannya]], [[Subinoy Roy]], [[Chinmoy Chattopadhyay|Chinmoy Chatterjee]], [[Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay|Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Shyamal Mitra]], [[Dwijen Mukhopadhyay]], [[Sagar Sen]], [[Santosh Thakur]], [[Purabi Mukhopadhyay]], [[Kabir Suman]], [[Banani Ghosh]], [[Mita Haque]], [[Indrani Sen]], [[Srikanto Acharya]], [[Shreya Guhathakurta]] [[Sahana Bajpaie]] [[Mohan Singh]]

Furthermore, it is believed that on 27 December 1931, Dhurjatiprasad Mukhopadhyay wrote an essay titled "রবীন্দ্রনাথের সংগীত" (Rabindranath’s Music) for Tagore’s 70th birth anniversary, in which the term "[https://www.brainwareuniversity.ac.in/celebrating-tagore/history-of-harmony-unravelling-the-roots-of-rabindrasangeet/ Rabindrasangeet]" was used for the first time. In January 1935, Kanak Das’s recording P11792, featuring "মনে রবে কিনা রবে আমারে" ("Whether or not I remain in your recollection") and "কাছে যবে ছিল পাশে হল না যাওয়া" ("When you were near, I couldn’t reach you") first used "[https://www.youtube.com/@pmbrainware/videos Rabindrasangeet]" on the label.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhowmick |first=Abira |title=History of Harmony: Unravelling the Roots of Rabindrasangeet |url=https://www.brainwareuniversity.ac.in/celebrating-tagore/history-of-harmony-unravelling-the-roots-of-rabindrasangeet/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Celebrating Tagore - The Man, The Poet and The Musician |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Nazrul Geeti===
{{Main|Nazrul Geeti}}
[[File:Nazrul_teaching_Nazrul_Sangeet.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kazi Nazrul Islam|Nazrul]] teaching [[Nazrul Sangeet]]]]

'''Nazrul Sangeet''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: নজরুল সঙ্গীত), also '''Nazrul Geeti''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: নজরুল গীতি; <abbr>lit.</abbr> 'music of Nazrul'), refers to the songs written and composed by [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], the national poet of Bangladesh. Nazrul Geeti incorporate revolutionary notions as well as more spiritual, philosophical and romantic themes. Nazrul wrote and composed nearly 4,000 songs (including gramophone records), which are widely popular in [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]]. Some of the most notable Nazrul Sangeet include ''[[Notuner Gaan]]'', the national [[March (music)|marching song]] of Bangladesh and ''[[O Mon Romzaner Oi Rozar Sheshe]],'' a Bengali [[Islamic music|Islamic song]] on the festival of the [[List of festivals in Bangladesh|Bengali celebration]] of [[Chand Raat]] and [[Eid-ul-Fitr]].

Some of the notable Nazrul Geeti singers from India include Suprova Sarkar, Dhirendra Chandra Mitra, [[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]], Dr. Anjali Mukhopadhyay, Dhiren Bose, Adhir Bagchi, Purabi Dutta, [[Firoza Begum (singer)|Firoza Begum]], [[Anup Ghoshal]], and, Bangladeshi singer [[Sohrab Hossain]].

=== Jasimuddin Songs ===
'''Jasimuddin''' (1903–1976), also known as the '''Poet of the Village''', was a renowned Bengali poet, songwriter, and folklorist. His works often celebrated rural life, nature, and the simplicity of village Bengal. His songs are deeply rooted in folk traditions and are filled with emotional depth and lyrical beauty. A notable singer is [[Abbasuddin Ahmed]].

===Shyama Sangeet===
{{Main|Shyama Sangeet}}

[[Shyama Sangeet]] is a genre of Bengali devotional songs dedicated to the Hindu goddess Shyama or [[Kali]] which is a form of supreme universal mother-goddess [[Durga]] or [[Parvati]]. It is also known as Shaktagiti or Durgastuti. [[Shyama Sangeet]] appeals to the common man because it is a musical representation of the relationship of eternal and sublime love and care between the mother and her child. It is free of the common rituals of worship and also the esoteric practice of the Tantra. A notable singer is [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]].

Generally all music dedicated to goddess Mother [[Kali]] is called '[[Shyama Sangeet]]' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. Two famous singers of this [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Shyama Sangeet]] are [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]] and [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]]. [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]]'s elder brother Prafulla Bhattacharya and middle brother [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]] were the first music teachers of saint artist [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]]. [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]] stopped singing devotional songs after finding devotional spirit in his brother Pannalal. However, after the demise of [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]], he contributed again in Bengali music with many devotional songs by his sweet, melodious voice.

===Dwijendrageeti===
{{Main|Dwijendralal Ray}}

Dwijendralal Ray's Dwijendrageeti (the Songs of Dwijendralal), which number over 500, create a separate subgenre of Bengali music. Two of Dwijendralal Ray's most famous compositions are Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara and Banga Amar Janani Amar. Ray is regarded as one of the most important figures in early modern Bengali literature.

=== Rajjob Geeti ===
'''Rajjob Ali Dewan''' was a legendary Bengali folk singer, poet, and lyricist who made significant contributions to '''Bengali folk music''', particularly in the genres of '''Baul''', '''Bhatiali''', and '''Marfati (Sufi-inspired)''' songs. His works reflect rural life, spiritual love, and mysticism. Rajjob Ali Dewan's songs are cherished for their philosophical depth and connection to everyday life. Famaous singers of Rajjob getti are Abdul Alim, Momtaz Begum, Arif Dewan.

===Atulprasadi===
{{Main|Atul Prasad Sen}}

Atulprasadi, one of the major lyricist and composers of early-modern period, is also widely popular
in Paschimbanga. Atul Prasad is credited with introducing the Thumri style in Bengali music. His songs centred on three broad subjects: patriotism, devotion and love.

===Paramartha Sangeet===

Paramartha Sangeet is a collection of devotional songs, which were composed and sung by Maharshi Nagendranath Bhaduri, a renowned yogi and spiritual figure.

Nagendranath Bhaduri founded "Sanatana Dharma Pracharini Sabha" in 1891, a society dedicated to spreading the message of Sanatana Dharma.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nagendranath Bhaduri, Maharshi (1846 - 1926), COMPANIONS AND FOLLOWERS OF RAMAKRISHNA |publisher=Swami Bodhasarananda |isbn=978-81-7505-360-1 |location=Advaita Ashrama, 5 DEHI ENTALLY ROAD. KOLKATA 700 014 |pages=381 |language=English}}</ref>
This organization, later known as "Nagendra Math" under the guidance of his disciple Dhyanaprakash Brahmachari, published a compilation of songs called Paramartha Sangitabali. This compilation includes three songs composed by Nagendranath himself, which were reportedly sung in the presence of [[Ramakrishna]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nagendranath Bhaduri, Maharshi (1846 - 1926), COMPANIONS AND FOLLOWERS OF RAMAKRISHNA |publisher=Swami Bodhasarananda |isbn=978-81-7505-360-1 |location=Advaita Ashrama, 5 DEHI ENTALLY ROAD. KOLKATA 700 014 |pages=381 |language=English}}</ref>

===Prabhat Samgiita===
{{Main|Prabhat Samgiita}}

Prabhát Saḿgiita also known as Songs of a New Dawn and Prabhat Songs, are songs composed by Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar. Sarkar composed a total of 5,018 songs including the lyrics and the tune, in a period of eight years from 1982 until his death in 1990, making using of eight different languages: Bengali, Hindi, English, Sanskrit, Urdu, Magahi, Maithili and Angika.

=== Mujbhandari Songs ===
'''Mujbhandari Songs''' are Islamic devotional songs associated with the '''Mujbhandari Sufi Order''', a renowned Sufi tradition originating in Bengal, particularly linked to the shrine of '''Hazrat Shah Sufi Syed Ahmad Ullah Mujbhandari''' of Chittagong, Bangladesh. These songs praise Allah, Muhammad, and Sufi saints while promoting spiritual love, peace, and devotion. Famous Mujbhandari Singers are Sufi Samrat Abdul Gafur Hali, Jalal Uddin, Abdul Latit, Shafi Mondol and Arif Dewan.

=== Rajanikanta Sen's Songs ===
Rajanikanta Sen (1865–1910) was a renowned Bengali poet, composer, and lyricist known for his devotional songs, patriotic anthems, and emotional melodies. His songs reflect deep spirituality, patriotism, and love for humanity.

===Other===

*[[Bhatiali]]
*[[Qwali]]
*[[Bhawaiya]]
*[[Polli Geeti]]
*[[Lokgeeti]]
*[[Fakir Gaan]]
*[[Dhamail]]
*[[Gombhira]]
*[[Kavigan]], poems sung with simple music usually presented on stage as a musical battle between poets.
*[[Jatra (Bengal)|Jatra]] Pala, songs associated exclusively with plays (performed on-stage). Usually involves colourful presentations of historical themes.

Numerous other poets and composers had laid the foundation for the rich repertoire of Bengali music in the 19th century and early 20th century. Some stalwarts of this ear include Ramnidhi Gupta (commonly known as [[Nidhu Babu]]), [[Lalon Fakir]], [[Atulprasad Sen]], [[Dwijendralal Ray]], [[Rajanikanta Sen]] and a large canon of patriotic songs from India's Independence movement.<ref name="ch">Chatterjee, Gita. ''Bengal's Swadeshi Samgīt.'' Published in Banerjee, Jayasri (ed.), ''The Music of Bengal''. Baroda: Indian Musicological Society, 1987.</ref>

==Modern Bengali music==
Modern Bengali and South Asian music has been enriched by singers like [[Jagmohan Sursagar|Jaganmoy Mitra]] (1918–2003) (who is considered a pioneer of modern song), [[Kamal Dasgupta]], [[Firoza Begum (singer)|Firoza Begum]], as well as artists such as [[Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]], [[Sandhya Mukhopadhyay]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Sachin Dev Burman]], [[Rahul Dev Burman]], [[Bhupen Hazarika]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhonsle]], [[Talat Mehmood]], [[Aarti Mukherji]], [[Kabir Suman]], [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], [[Shibaji Chatterjee]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]], [[Shyamal Mitra]], Mehuli Thakur, [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Monali Thakur]], [[Arijit Singh]], [[Mitali Mukherjee (singer)|Mitali Mukherjee]], [[Dwijen Mukhopadhyay]], [[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]], [[Subir Sen]], [[Uma Bose]], [[Kanan Devi]], [[Utpala Sen]], [[Alpana Banerjee]], [[Sabita Chowdhury]], and D. L.Roy [[Dilip Kumar Roy]].

[[Tapan Chowdhury (singer)|Tapan Chowdhury]], [[Azam Khan (singer)|Azam Khan]], [[Abdul Jabbar]], [[Ferdousi Rahman]], [[Khurshid Alam]], [[Bashir Ahmad (singer)|Bashir Ahmad]], [[Syed Abdul Hadi]], [[Shahnaz Rahmatullah]], [[Kalim Sharafi]], [[Abida Sultana]], [[Kanak Chapa]], [[Shakila Zafar]], [[Samina Chowdhury]], [[Kumar Biswajit]], [[Arnob]], [[Farida Parveen]], [[Andrew Kishore]], [[James (musician)|James]], [[Ayub Bachchu]], [[Mila Islam|Mila]], [[Anusheh Anadil]], [[Sabina Yasmin]], and [[Runa Laila]] all hailing from Bangladesh.

[[Krishna Chandra Dey]] and [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]], were famous for their renditions of devotional songs, while [[Abbasuddin Ahmed]], [[Kiran Chandra Roy]], [[Amar Pal]] were stalwarts in singing Bengali folk music.

Bengali music is highly indebted to [[Lalon]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], [[Ramprasad Sen]] and [[Jasim Uddin]].

All traditional Bengali music is based on classical music or on its variations. Some of the most reputed classical musicians of the sub-continent come from Bengal including [[Ustad Allauddin Khan]], [[Tarapada Chakraborty]], [[Pandit Jnan Prakash Ghosh]] (1909–1987), Pandit [[Ravi Shankar]], Pandit [[Manas Chakraborty]], Ustad [[Ayet Ali Khan]] and Ustad [[Abed Hossain Khan]].

Notable Bengali music composers active in Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) in the 1930s through the 1980s include [[Himangshu Dutta]], [[Kamal Dasgupta]], [[Rai Chand Boral]], [[Pankaj Kumar Mullick]], [[Anupam Ghatak]], [[Sachin Dev Burman]], [[Rahul Dev Burman]], [[Nachiketa Ghosh]], [[Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay]], [[Salil Chowdhury]], [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Sudhin Dasgupta]], [[Shyamal Mitra]], [[Kabir Suman]], [[Nachiketa Chakraborty]], [[Ajoy Das]], and [[Bappi Lahiri]], while [[Pranab Roy]], [[Gouri Prasanna Majumdar]], [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Kabir Suman]] and [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]] were well-known lyricists. [[Jeet Ganguly]] is a modern music composer of Bengali film songs and [[Bollywood]] songs.

Nachiketa Chakraborty continues his established musical career for decades being a multi-dimensional singer, lyricist and composer with extraordinary class and caliber. An artist who has more than 450 released songs created and sung by him, more than 300 unreleased songs of his own, an artist who drives to develop his next generation. It is hard finding his parallel, probably impossible. The boss of Bengali Music revolution in the 90s, the educator honored as Banga Bhushan, who ignites the moral value in millions in the society, the philosopher who simplify life’s equations in simple language, the avenger who inspires common people to throw away an age-old rotten ruling system from Bengal.He is an idol for numerous people across the world and has inspired many renowned Bengali singers from time to time (Editor: Rajonyo Nandi).<ref>aminachiketa.com</ref>

===Bengali rock===

Bengali rock is a music genre in which the song lyrics are written in the Bengali language. It may refer to:
*[[Bangladeshi rock|Rock music of Bangladesh]]
*[[Rock music of West Bengal]]

Western influence has resulted in the emergence of the phenomenon of Bengali bands, both in [[Dhaka]] and in [[Kolkata]], as well as songs reflecting the joys and sorrows of the common man, ''Jibonmukhi Gaan'' (songs from life), which was inspired by [[Kabir Suman]]. Bengali bands became popular with young people in the 1970s, both in [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]], and have since become entrenched in modern Bengali culture. Recently, traditional folk-based Bengali songs are also being released by bands.

;Rock music of Bangladesh
{{Main|Bangladeshi rock}}

Bangladeshi rock or Bangla rock originated in Chittagong with roots in 1960s and 1970s rock and roll. Bangladeshi rock music was influenced by the American and British rock and roll music. In the 1960s, blues rock was introduced by Zinga, The Windy Side of Care, The Lightnings, Rambling Stones etc. From early to mid 1970s pop rock music was introduced by Uchcharon, Souls, Feedback and Miles. In the 1980s number of subgenres such as hard rock and heavy metal was introduced. In the 1990s hard rock and heavy metal broke through the mainstream with bands like LRB, Feelings, Ark and Warfaze, Miles, Maqsood O' Dhaka, Souls etc. music of Bangladesh

;Rock music of West Bengal
{{Main|Rock music of West Bengal}}

Rock music of West Bengal originated in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The first rock band in West Bengal was [[Moheener Ghoraguli]] and also India's first rock band. In modern times, in this type of music distorted electric guitars, bass guitar, and drums are used, and sometimes accompanied with pianos and keyboards and in early times the instruments used in the modern times were also accompanied by saxophone, flute, violin and bass violin. Bhoomi a Bengali rock band formed in 1999 has also been using flute in their music.

====Famous bands====
;Bangladesh
Some famous Bangladeshi bands are [[Nova (Bangladeshi band)|Nova]], [[Azam Khan (singer)|Uccharon]], [[Ferdous Wahid|Spondan]], [[Souls (band)|Souls]], [[Obscure (band)|Obscure]], [[Different Touch]], [[Feedback (band)|Feedback]], [[Ark (Bangladeshi band)|Ark]], [[Miles (band)|Miles]], [[Love Runs Blind|LRB]], [[Warfaze]], [[Joler Gaan]], [[Dalchhut]], [[Avash]], [[Shironamhin]], [[Nagar Baul]].

;India
Bands like [[Moheener Ghoraguli]], [[Bhoomi (band)|Bhoomi]], [[Chandrabindoo (band)|Chandrabindoo]], [[Fossils (band)|Fossils]], [[Cactus (Indian band)|Cactus]], [[Lakkhichhara]], [[Krosswindz]], [[Kalpurush]](<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kalpurush.in/the%20band.html |title=Kalpurush |access-date=13 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616023545/http://www.kalpurush.in/the%20band.html |archive-date=16 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>), [[Prithibi]], etc.

English bands from Kolkata include [[Cassini's Division]], [[Bolepur Bluez]], [[Insomnia (band)|Insomnia]], [[Underground Authority]], [[Pseudonym]], [[Chronic Xorn]], are also notable. Singers like [[Ajoy Chakraborty]] and [[Kaushiki Chakraborty]] are working to bring back classical [[raga]] influence into Bengali music.

Bengali bands use a wide variety of styles such as [[Rock music|rock]], [[pop music|pop]], [[folk music|folk]], and [[fusion (music)|fusion]]. Their music is influenced both by popular [[Music of the Americas|American music]] as well as traditional Bengali folk music such as [[Bhatiali]], [[Bhawaiya]], [[Shyama Sangeet]] and [[Baul]].

==Bangladeshi hip-hop==
{{Main|Bangladeshi hip-hop}}

Bangladeshi hip-hop is a genre of music and culture that covers a variety of styles of hip-hop music developed in Bangladesh. Bangladeshi hip-hop is heavily influenced by US hip-hop, and started in the early 2000s.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Works cited==
* {{Citation |last1=Tagore |first1=Rabindranath |editor1-last=Dutta |editor1-first=K. |editor2-last=Robinson |editor2-first=A. |editor2-link=W. Andrew Robinson |year=1997 |title=Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-59018-1}}

{{Bengali Bands}}
{{Indian Music|expanded=Territory}}

[[Category:Music of Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Music of India by state or union territory|Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali music| ]]
[[Category:Music of Bangladesh]]

Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-24T14:16:15Z

Sylvester41C:

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chittorgarh
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = CPJOSHIJI.jpg
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Chandra Prakash Joshi]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| Successful Party =
| assembly_cons = [[Mavli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mavli]] [[Vallabhnagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Vallabhnagar]] [[Kapasan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kapasan]] [[Begun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Begun]] [[Chittorgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chittorgarh]] [[Nimbahera (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nimbahera]] [[Bari Sadri (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bari Sadri]] [[Pratapgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pratapgarh]]
}}
'''Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|t͡ʃɪt̪ːɔːɽ.gəɽʱ}}) is one of the 25 [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliamentary) constituencies in [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|title=Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies wise Polling Stations & Electors|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan website|access-date=13 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003649/http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|154
|[[Mavli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mavli]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Udaipur district|Udaipur]]
|Pushkar Lal Dangi
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
| 155
|[[Vallabhnagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Vallabhnagar]]
|Udailal Dangi
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|167
|[[Kapasan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kapasan]] (SC)
| rowspan="6" |[[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]]
|[[Arjun Lal Jingar]]
|-
|168
|[[Begun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Begun]]
|[[Suresh Dhaker|Suresh Dhakar]]
|-
|169
|[[Chittorgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chittorgarh]]
|[[Chandrabhan Singh Aakya|Chandrabhan Aakya]]
|{{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|-
|170
|[[Nimbahera (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nimbahera]]
|[[Shrichand Kriplani]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|171
|[[Bari Sadri (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bari Sadri]]
|[[Gautam Kumar]]
|-
|172
|[[Pratapgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pratapgarh]] (ST)
|Hemant Meena
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Umashankar Muljibhai Trivedi|Umashankar Trivedi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Manikya Lal Verma]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Onkar Lal Bohra
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|Bishwanath Jhunjhunwala
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Shyam Sunder Somani
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nirmla Kumari Shaktawat]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress }}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Mahendra Singh Mewar]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jaswant Singh]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Udai Lal Anjana]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shrichand Kriplani]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Girija Vyas]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Chandra Prakash Joshi]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Chittorgarh]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Chandra Prakash Joshi]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 8,88,202
|percentage= 59.26
|change= -8.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Udailal Anjana]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 4,98,325
|percentage= 33.5
|change= +5.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 5,590
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,89,877
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =14,98,733
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Chittorgarh]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Chandra Prakash Joshi]]
|votes = 9,82,942
|percentage = 67.38
|change = +7.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gopal Singh Shekhawat
|votes = 4,06,695
|percentage = 27.88
|change = -5.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 17,528
|percentage = 1.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Jagdish Chandra Sharma
|votes = 13,484
|percentage = 0.92
|change = N/A
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Comrade Radha Bhandari
|votes = 9,924
|percentage = 0.68
|change = -1.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Right to Recall Party
|candidate = Gopal Dhakad
|votes = 2793
|percentage = 0.19
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 5,76,247
|percentage = 39.50
|change = +12.49
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 14,59,266
|percentage = 72.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Chittorgarh]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Chandra Prakash Joshi]]
|votes = 7,03,236
|percentage = 59.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Girija Vyas]]
| votes = 3,86,379
| percentage = 32.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Radha Devi
| votes = 21,593
| percentage = 1.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 20,034
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Yaswant Puri
|votes = 12,675
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 3,16,857
| percentage = 27.01
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 11,72,629
| percentage = 64.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Chittorgarh]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Girija Vyas]]
| votes = 3,99,663
| percentage = 50.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shrichand Kriplani]]
|votes = 3,26,885
|percentage =41.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Radha Devi
| votes = 19,594
| percentage = 2.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Sitaram Gujar
|votes =14,425
|percentage = 1.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 72,778
| percentage = 9.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 7,94,881
| percentage = 49.64
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Chittorgarh]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shrichand Kriplani]]
|votes = 3,75,385
|percentage = 55.82
|change = +4.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vishwa Vijay Singh
|votes = 2,39,615
|percentage = 35.63
|change = -10.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Radha Devi
|votes = 32,114
|percentage = 4.78
|change = +2.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = S S Stone
|votes = 12,798
|percentage = 1.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Congress Dal (Ambedkar)
|candidate = Chand Mal Meghwal
|votes = 12,565
|percentage = 1.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,35,770
|percentage = 20.19
|change = +15.67
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,72,447
|percentage = 48.54
|change = -17.17
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +4.98
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chittorgarh district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|24.9|74.6|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chittorgarh (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Chittorgarh district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Rajasthan]]

Narayanpur (234060)

2026-01-21T13:20:04Z

Sylvester41C: New.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{distinguish||text=[[Narayanpur (234040)]], a village of the same name in the same administrative block; the two have distinct census location codes}}

'''Narayanpur''' is a village in Parsa block, [[Saran district]] of [[Bihar]], India. {{As of|2011|alt=As of}} the [[2011 Census of India]], it had a population of 2,000 across 268 households.<ref>{{Cite 2011 census of India|265149|Narayanpur}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Saran district}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Villages in Saran district]]

{{Saran-geo-stub}}

Himalayan vulture

2026-01-20T05:22:13Z

Sylvester41C: New

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Gyps himalayensis'' |author=BirdLife International |date=2017 |article-number=e.T22695215A118594518 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22695215A118594518.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Himalayan_Griffon_(Gyps_himalayensis).jpg
| genus = Gyps
| species = himalayensis
| authority = [[Allan Octavian Hume|Hume]], 1869<ref>{{cite book |author=Hume, A.O.H. |year=1869 |title=My scrap book: or rough notes on Indian oology and ornithology |location=Calcutta |publisher=C.B. Lewis, Baptist Mission Press |pages=12–18 |chapter=''Gyps fulvus'', Gmel. (''Gyps himalayensis'', nobis.) |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/myscrapbookorrou00hume/page/12/mode/2up}}</ref>
| range_map = GypsHimalayensisMap.svg
}}

The '''Himalayan vulture''' ('''''Gyps himalayensis''''') or '''Himalayan griffon vulture''' is an [[Old World vulture]] native to the [[Himalayas]] and foothills in [[North India|North]] and [[Northeast India|Northeastern India]], as well as the adjacent [[Tibetan Plateau]]. After the [[cinereous vulture]] (''Aegypius monachus''), it is the second-largest Old World vulture species, and among the world's largest true [[Accipitridae|raptor]]s. It is listed as [[Near Threatened]] on the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name=iucn /> It is not to be confused with the [[Eurasian griffon vulture]] (''Gyps fulvus''), which is a visually similar, [[sympatric]] species.<ref>{{cite journal|title=MDPI-Home Range, Movement and Activity Patterns of Six Vulture Species|journal=Ecologies |date=December 2022 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=492–507 |doi=10.3390/ecologies3040035 |doi-access=free |last1=Ram |first1=Mohan |last2=Sahu |first2=Aradhana |last3=Tikadar |first3=Shyamal |last4=Gadhavi |first4=Devesh |last5=Rather |first5=Tahir Ali |last6=Jhala |first6=Lahar |last7=Zala |first7=Yashpal }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Himalayan Vulture, Dhauladhar Range.jpg|thumb|Adult spotted in [[Dhauladhar]] range]]
[[File:Juvenile Himalayan Griffon Vulture (Gyps himalayensis).jpg|thumb|Juvenile in flight]]
{{birdbox
|pop1=<ref name=pcr/><ref name=RaptorsWorld /><ref name="Brown"/>
|data1={{birdbox/population |unit=mm |length=1030-1150 |wing=755-805 |tail=355-405 |tarsus=110-126
|culmen=71-77}}
}}

The Himalayan vulture has dark brown greater [[covert feather]]s, tail and wing quills, but a pale buff uniform upperside and paler tipped inner secondaries; its legs are covered with buffy feathers and vary in colour from greenish grey to pale brown. The underside and under-wing coverts are pale brown or buff, almost white in some individuals. The whitish down on the head of immatures changes to yellowish in adults who have a long and pale brown [[Ruff (bird)|ruff]] with white streaks and long and spiky ruff feathers.<ref name="Brown">{{cite book |title=Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World |author1=Brown, L. |author2=Amadon, D. |name-list-style=amp |publisher=The Wellfleet Press |date=1986 |isbn=978-1-55521-472-2}}</ref>

The pale blue facial skin is lighter than the dark blue in ''Gyps fulvus'' with this species having a yellowish bill. In flight the long fingers are splayed and there is a pale patagial stripe on the underwing. The wing and tail feathers are dark and contrast with the pale coverts and body, one of the best methods to distinguish this species from the slightly smaller griffon vulture.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book |author1=Rasmussen, P.C. |author2=Anderton, J.C. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=Birds of South Asia, The Ripley Guide |volume=2 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions |place=Washington DC and Barcelona |pages=90–91}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Alström, P. |year=1997 |title=Field identification of Asian ''Gyps'' vultures |journal=OBC Bull |volume=25 |pages=32–49}}</ref> The feathers on the body have pale shaft streaks.<ref name="Brown"/><ref name=fbi2>{{cite book |title=The Fauna of British India: Birds |volume=5 |edition=2nd |year=1928 |author=Baker, E.C.S. |publisher=Taylor and Francis |pages=13–15 |url=https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds5/BakerFBI5#page/n31/mode/1up}}</ref><ref name=fbi1>{{cite book |year=1895 |title=The Fauna of British India |volume=3. Birds |publisher=Taylor and Francis |place=London |author=Blanford, W.T. |chapter=''Gyps himalayensis''. The Himalayan Griffon |page=321 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/birdsindia03oaterich#page/321/mode/1up}}</ref>

It is the largest of the ''Gyps'' species, averaging larger in every method of measurement than its relatives, and is perhaps the largest and heaviest bird in the Himalayas.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/>
Weight in Himalayan vultures ranges from {{cvt|6|kg}}<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Barathidasan, R. |author2=Singh, S.D. |author3=Saini, M. |author4=Sharma, A. |author5=Dhama, K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2013 |title=The first case of angioinvasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a Himalayan Griffon Vulture (''Gyps himalayensis'') |journal=Avian Biology Research |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=302–306 |doi=10.3184/175815513X13818257354160 |s2cid=87695235}}</ref> to {{cvt|12.5|kg}}.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Grzimek, B. |author2=Schlager, N. |author3=Olendorf, D. |author4=McDade, M.C. |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia |volume=8: Birds |location=Farmington Hills, Michigan |publisher=Gale}}</ref> It has been estimated to weigh an average of {{cvt|9|kg}}, but weights vary with conditions from {{cvt|8|-|12|kg}}.<ref name=RaptorsWorld/><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Ornithology |year=2009 |volume=150 |pages=505–510 |issue=2 |s2cid=29756171 |doi=10.1007/s10336-008-0369-8 |title=Elevational range and timing of breeding in the birds of Ladakh: the effects of body mass, status and diet |author1=Namgail, T. |author2=Yom-Tov, Y. |bibcode=2009JOrni.150..505N |name-list-style=amp |url=http://www.reg.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336/92675/NamgailYomTovBirds.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Schlee, M.A. |year=1989 |title=Breeding the Himalayan griffon ''Gyps himalayensis'' at the Paris menagerie |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |volume=28 |pages=234–240 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03288.x}}</ref> Published measurements of the wingspan vary from {{cvt|2.56|to|3.1|m}}, a similar range to that of cinereous vulture,<ref name= RaptorsWorld/><ref name="Brown"/> but the wingspan varies greatly depending on the method used to measure them.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Ornitologia Neotropical |volume=9 |pages=23–30 |year=1998 |title=Suggestions for measuring external characters of birds |author=Winker, K. |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/on/v009n01/p0023-p0030.pdf}}</ref>

It differs from the similar-coloured [[Indian vulture]] (''G. indicus'') by a stouter, more robust bill; younger birds have a pale bill and tend to have buffy-white streaks on the scapulars and wing coverts contrasting with dark brown underparts.<ref name="Brown"/> It is similar in size to the [[cinereous vulture]] (''Aegypius monachus''), which typically has a slightly shorter overall length but can weigh more than the Himalayan vulture.<ref name=RaptorsWorld>{{cite book |author=Ferguson-Lees, J. |author2=Christie, D. |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=Raptors of the World |publisher=Christopher Helm |series=[[Helm Identification Guides]] |location=London |pages=717–719 |isbn=0-7136-8026-1}}</ref><ref name="HBW">{{cite book |title=[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]] |author1=Del Hoyo, J. |author2=Elliot, A. |author3=Sargatal, J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1996 |publisher=[[Lynx Edicions]] |location=[[Barcelona]] |isbn=84-87334-20-2 |volume=3}}</ref>

==Distribution==
[[File:Himalayan griffon (Gyps Himalayensis) in Spiti.JPG|thumb|Himalayan griffons in [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Spiti]]]]
The Himalayan vulture lives mainly in the higher regions of the Himalayas and the [[Tibetan Plateau]] at the elevation range of {{cvt|1200-5500|m}}. It is distributed from [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Iran]] to [[Pakistan]] to [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] to [[western China]] and [[Mongolia]].<ref name=iucn /> Juvenile birds may however disperse further south, and vagrants have been recorded in [[Thailand]], [[Burma]], [[Singapore]] and [[Cambodia]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Forktail |title=The status of the Himalayan Griffon ''Gyps himalayensis'' in South-East Asia |author1=Li, D.L. |author2=Kasorndorkbua, C. |name-list-style=amp |volume=24 |year=2008 |pages=57–62 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256491501}}</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==

===Diet===
The Himalayan vulture perches on crags, favourite sites showing white marks from regular defecation. They tend to not range below an elevation of {{cvt|1215|m}}.<ref name="Brown"/> Himalayan vultures often bask in the sun on rocks. They soar in thermals and are not capable of sustained flapping flight. Flocks may follow grazers up the mountains in their search for dead animals. This vulture makes a rattling sound when descending on a carcass and can grunt or hiss at roosts or when feeding on [[carrion]].<ref name=pcr/> While feeding, individuals may make cackling sounds to defend their food from other vultures or even reprimand them. They are social birds, and are hence found in large flocks, while even being accompanied by crows (observed with other vulture species as well). Such crows cannot interfere with the flocks (as vultures are physically larger and stronger than crows), but vehicular traffic, human interference, and attacks from herding dogs can pose a disturbance.

They have been recorded eating carrion exclusively, some which is fed on even when putrid.<ref name="Brown" /> On the Tibetan Plateau, it was noted that 64% of their diet was obtained from deceased domestic [[yak]] (''Bos grunniens'').<ref name="tibet" /> The birds fed on old carcasses, sometimes even waiting for several days near a dead animal.<ref name="pcr" /><ref name="hbk">{{cite book |author1=Ali, S. |author2=Ripley, S.D. |name-list-style=amp |year=1978 |edition=Second |title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan |volume=1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=[[New Delhi]] |pages=302–304}}</ref> However, each vulture species has a specialty diet: Himalayan vultures largely disdain [[offal]] (which is readily eaten by other vulture species), typically eating only fleshy tissue.<ref name="Brown" /> Historically, Himalayan vultures regularly fed on human corpses left out on [[Sky burial|Celestial burial grounds]].<ref name="Brown" />

The Himalayan vulture is fairly defensive around other scavengers, such as [[Fox|foxes]] or smaller [[Felidae|felines]], and typically dominates other meat-eaters at carcasses, though it is subservient to [[gray wolf|gray wolves]] (''Canis lupus''), [[snow leopard]]s (''Panthera uncia'') and cinereous vultures (''Aegypius monachus'').<ref name="Brown" /> In a large party, these vultures can reportedly strip a carcass of all tissue in 30 minutes, and do the same to a yak carcass in roughly 120 minutes.<ref name="Brown" /> Himalayan vultures have been observed feeding on [[pine]] (''Pinus roxburghii'') needles, an unexplained behaviour that cannot be for obtaining nutrition, but may be done to access [[Essential oil|essential oils]] and [[Terpene|terpenes]] in the needles for digestive or immunity benefits.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Indian Birds |volume=2 |issue=6 |year=2006 |title=Himalayan Griffon ''Gyps himalayensis'' feeding on chir pine ''Pinus roxburghii'' needles |author1=Atkore, V. M. |author2=Dasgupta, S. |name-list-style=amp |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237302481}}</ref>

===Breeding===
The breeding season begins in January. The nest is a platform of sticks placed on an inaccessible ledge on a cliff. Nest in northeastern India have been recorded at between {{cvt|1215|and|1820|m}} in elevation, but those in Tibet have been as high as {{cvt|4245|m}}.<ref name="Brown"/> Several pairs may nest on the same cliff face, with between five and seven pairs being a typical colony size.<ref name="Brown"/> The nests are relatively small for the large size of these birds and, although grow larger with repeated uses, do not generally get as massive as the nest of other large accipitrids.<ref name="Brown"/> There is at least one recorded instance of Himalayan vultures using a nest made by [[bearded vulture]]s (''Gypaetus barbatus'').<ref name="Brown"/> On the Tibetan Plateau, Himalayan and bearded vultures were observed nesting in close proximity without conflict, which is notable because in several other cases of adjacent interspecies nesting by Old World vultures (including some involving bearded vultures) have resulted in high aggression and interspecies attacks.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Katzner, T.E. |author2=Lai, C.H. |author3=Gardiner, J.D. |name-list-style=amp |author4=Foggin, J.M. |author5=Pearson, D. |author6=Smith, A.T. |year=2004 |title=Adjacent nesting by Lammergeier ''Gypaetus barbatus'' and Himalayan griffon ''Gyps himalayensis'' on the Tibetan Plateau, China |journal=Forktail |volume=20 |pages=94–96}}</ref> A single white egg marked with red splotches is the usual clutch.<ref name=hbk/> Egg laying dates in northern India have ranged from December 25 to March 7.<ref name="Brown"/> The egg is coarse and oval and can measure from {{cvt|87|to|103.6|mm}} in height and {{cvt|65|to|74|mm}} in width, with an average of {{cvt|94.8|by|70.1|mm}}.<ref name="Brown"/> In captivity the incubation period was about 54–58 days. The young birds stay on with the parents for six to seven months.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schlee, M.A. |year=1989 |title=Breeding the Himalayan griffon ''Gyps himalayensis'' at the Paris Menagerie |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |volume=28 |pages=234–240 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.1989.tb03288.x}}</ref>

==Threats==
{{See also|Indian vulture crisis}}
[[File:Himalayan Griffon (Gyps himalayensis) in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal.jpg|alt=Himalayan griffon in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal|thumb|Himalayan vultures in [[Jalpaiguri]], West Bengal]]
[[File:Himalayan Griffon (Gyps himalayensis) near Jalpaiguri, West Bengal.jpg|thumb|Himalayan griffon near Jalpaiguri]]
Himalayan vultures are susceptible to toxicity induced by [[diclofenac]], a drug whose residues in domestic animal carcasses has led to rapid declines in populations of other ''Gyps'' vultures across Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Das, D. |author2=Cuthbert, R.J. |author3=Jakati, R.D. |author4=Prakash, V. |name-list-style=amp |title=Diclofenac is toxic to the Himalayan Vulture ''Gyps himalayensis'' |journal=Bird Conservation International |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=72–75 |year=2011 |doi=10.1017/S0959270910000171 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Himalayan griffon vulture populations have however not shown signs of rapid decline,<ref name=tibet>{{cite journal |journal=Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=166–173 |year=2009 |doi=10.1579/0044-7447-38.3.166 |title=Status, Ecology, and Conservation of the Himalayan Griffon ''Gyps himalayensis'' (Aves, Accipitridae) in the Tibetan Plateau |author=Lu, X. |author2=Ke, D. |author3=Zeng, X. |author4=Gong, G. |author5=Ci, R. |name-list-style=amp |pmid=19580034 |bibcode=2009Ambio..38..166L |s2cid=22551672}}</ref> although reductions in nesting birds have been noted in some parts of its range in Nepal.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Bird Conservation International |year=2009 |volume=19 |pages=99–107 |doi=10.1017/S0959270908007417 |title=Rapid population declines of Himalayan Griffon ''Gyps himalayensis'' in Upper Mustang, Nepal |author1=Acharya, R. |author2=Cuthbert, R. |author3=Baral, H.S. |author4=Shah, K.B. |name-list-style=amp |url=https://save-vultures.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/rapid_population_declines_of_himalayan_griffon_gyps_himalayensis_in_upper_mustang_nepal.pdf |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Virani, M.Z. |author2=Giri, J.B. |author3=Watson, R.T. |author4=Baral, H.S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |title=Surveys of Himalayan Vultures (''Gyps himalayensis'') in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Mustang, Nepal |journal=Journal of Raptor Research |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=197–203 |doi=10.3356/JRR-07-35.1 |s2cid=52059532 |url=https://save-vultures.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Suveys-of-Himalayan-vultures....pdf}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Gyps himalayensis}}
* [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=620 Himalayan griffon vulture videos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926212335/http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=620 |date=2007-09-26 }}. The Internet Bird Collection

{{Vulture}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q643101}}

[[Category:Gyps|Himalayan vulture]]
[[Category:Old World vultures|Himalayan vulture]]
[[Category:Birds of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Birds of Tibet]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1869|Himalayan vulture]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Allan Octavian Hume|Himalayan vulture]]

Bagicha Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:14:13Z

Sylvester41C: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bagicha
| type= SLA
| state = Chhattisgarh
| established = 2003
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 120,993
| mla = Ganesh Ram Bhagat
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Bagicha Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Ganesh Ram Bhagat || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Bagicha<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh Ram Bhagat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=43,846 |percentage=50.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anand Lal Kujur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,274 |percentage=38.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ram Muni |party=Independent politician |votes=2,456 |percentage=2.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jowakim |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,996 |percentage=2.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hemlata |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,857 |percentage=2.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Injor Sai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,290 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jeevan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,132 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,572 |percentage=12.12% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,224 |percentage=72.09% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,993 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Jalgaon banana

2025-12-31T11:50:45Z

Sylvester41C: started pg - done

{{Short description|Type of banana variety from Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Jalgaon banana (जळगावची केळी)<ref>{{cite news |title=जळगावच्या केळीचा आखाती देशात गोडवा; यंदा होणार विक्रमी निर्यात |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/jalgaon-news/banana-export-jalgaon-district-will-export-10-thousand-containers-to-gulf-countries/articleshow/112153564.cms |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
| image = Jalgaon Banana Bunch closeup.jpg
| alt = Jalgaon Banana Bunch close-up
| caption = Jalgaon Banana Bunch close-up
| alternative names = जळगावची केळी
| description =Jalgaon banana is a banana variety cultivated in [[Maharashtra]]
| type =Banana
| area = Jalgaon district
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 30 October 2016
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/498|ipindia.gov.in}}}}

'''Jalgaon banana''' is a variety of [[banana]] grown in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=World Banana Day 2024: Banana Growers in Maharashtra Demand 'Fruit' Status |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/world-banana-day-2024-banana-growers-in-maharashtra-demand-fruit-status-a514/ |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=Lokmat Times}}</ref> It is a common and widely cultivated crop in [[Jalgaon district]] located in the [[Khandesh]] region of North Maharashtra. Under its [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] tag, it is referred to as "Jalgaon Banana".<ref name=":7" />

==Name==
Jalgaon banana is a prized crop in [[Jalgaon]] and so named after it. Jalgaon is known as the "Banana Capital" of India, and is the world's seventh largest [[banana]] producer contributing 16% of the India's banana production. The district accounts for 69% of [[Maharashtra]]'s banana production area and 61% of its production.<ref>{{cite news |title=Doing what’s kneadful to save bananas |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/doing-what-s-kneadful-to-save-bananas/ar-BB1meyxR?ocid=BingNewsSearch&apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=MSN}}</ref> Despite high summer temperatures, the presence of the [[Satpura Range|Satpuda Mountains]] and [[Tapti River|Tapi River]] makes Jalgaon suitable for banana cultivation, as it is a water-loving crop.

==Description==
Banana cultivation in Jalgaon began in the year 1925. Soldiers from the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] armies of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] brought the fruit from the [[Konkan]] region while conquering the states in the south.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=Jalgaon Banana |url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Journal_146.pdf |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=16 December 2024}}</ref> Initially, Jalgaon's dry weather was a disadvantage. However, the introduction of drip irrigation enabled efficient water use, and now the entire 48,000-hectare banana cultivation area uses this method.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Jalgaon, ‘Banana City of India’, is fast becoming the ‘Banana Republic’ |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/how-jalgaon-banana-city-of-india-is-fast-becoming-the-banana-republic/1210358/ |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=Financialexpress |date=18 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

Bananas from Khandesh, where Jalgaon is located, are famous for their unique taste. The "Shrimanti" variety is in high demand across the country for its taste and quality.<ref name=":7"/> The region grows several banana varieties, including [[Dwarf Cavendish banana|Dwarf Cavendish]], Robusta, [[Grand Nain]]e, Madhukar and Shrimanti.<ref>{{cite book |title=Agricultural Situation in India |date=2004 |publisher=Manager of Publications, Civil Lines. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Agricultural_Situation_in_India/k1Q9AAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=jalgaon+banana+shrimanti&dq=jalgaon+banana+shrimanti&printsec=frontcover |access-date=16 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The 'Basrai' variety, mainly grown in Jalgaon, has a distinct flavor and yields 43-63 tonnes per hectare.<ref>{{cite book |title=People's Raj |date=1983 |publisher=Directorate-General of Information and Public Relations. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/People_s_Raj/oB0RVKCFnXIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Basrai++jalgaon&dq=Basrai++jalgaon&printsec=frontcover |access-date=16 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Jalgaon bananas are exported to [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Agra]], [[Jhansi]] etc. and also to countries like [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India starts exporting GI-certified Jalgaon banana to Dubai |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-starts-exporting-gi-certified-jalgaon-banana-to-dubai-11623830879985.html |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=mint |date=16 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=BHARAMBE |first1=Dr SANJAY N. |title=AGRICULTURAL LAND UTILIZATION AND POPULATION CHANGES IN JALGAON DISTRICT (MAHARASHTRA) : A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-365-24747-7 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/AGRICULTURAL_LAND_UTILIZATION_AND_POPULA/mlveDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=jalgaon+banana+export+delhi&pg=PA42&printsec=frontcover |access-date=16 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The "Horticulture Train" plays a crucial role in this, carrying over 1,000 tonnes of bananas from [[Bhusawal]] to Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=India all set to get its first horticulture train |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/india-all-set-to-get-its-first-horticulture-train/story-qienu2XxNsq78ObiSjdEwL.html |access-date=17 December 2024 |agency=Hindustan Times}}</ref> This specially designed train has ventilated containers, reducing transportation and storage costs for traders and farmers, and minimizing wastage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha elections 2024: Raver-Delhi banana train resumes services after 7 months |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/lok-sabha-elections-2024-raver-delhi-banana-train-resumes-services-after-7-years-23347873 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=Mid-day |date=7 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Photo Gallery==
Actual photos from a Jalgaon Banana farmer from Adgaon.
<gallery>
File:Jalgaon Banana plant ar a farm at Adgaon.jpg|Jalgaon Banana plant ar a farm at Adgaon
File:Jalgaon Banana with Flower closeup.jpg|Jalgaon Banana with Flower closeup
File:Jalgaon Banana Farm at Adgaon in Jalgaon.jpg|Jalgaon Banana Farm at Adgaon in Jalgaon
File:Another photo of Jalgaon Banana Farm at Adgaon in Jalgaon.jpg|Another photo of Jalgaon Banana Farm at Adgaon in Jalgaon
</gallery>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 30 October 2016 and is valid until 29 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jalgaon banana |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/498 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=16 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Jalgaon farmers export GI-certified banana to Dubai |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/jalgaon-farmers-export-gi-certified-banana-to-dubai/article34829348.ece |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=BusinessLine |date=16 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Nisargraja Krushi Vidnyan Kendra from Jalgaon, proposed the GI registration of Jalgaon banana.<ref>{{cite news |title=GI-certified Jalgaon bananas exported to Dubai |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/gi-certified-jalgaon-bananas-exported-to-dubai-998241.html |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> After filing the application in August 2014, the banana was granted the GI tag in 2016 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Jalgaon Banana" exclusive to the bananas grown in the region. It thus became the first banana variety from Maharashtra and the 28th type of goods from Maharashtra to earn the GI tag.

The GI tag protects the banana from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

==See also==
*[[Jalgaon Bharit Brinjal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bananas]]
[[Category:Banana cultivars]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Maharashtrian cuisine]]
[[Category:GI Tagged banana varieties of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Maharashtra]]

Grant Evans (scholar)

2025-12-26T16:19:05Z

Sylvester41C: stub

{{Short description|Australian anthropologist (1948–2014)}}
{{for|the Scottish footballer|Grant Evans (footballer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Australian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Grant Evans
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Grant Evans (1948–2014).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Grant Richard James Evans
| birth_date = {{birth date|1948|10|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Berri, South Australia]], Australia
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|9|16|1948|10|11|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Sikhottabong District]], Vientiane Municipality, Laos
| death_cause =
| region =
| nationality = 
| citizenship = 
| residence =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| period =
| known_for =
| home_town =
| title =
| boards =
| spouse = Keomany Somvandy
| partner =
| children = 1
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards =
| website =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[La Trobe University]]
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| influences =
| era =
| discipline = [[Anthropologist]]
| sub_discipline =
| workplaces = {{ubl|[[University of Hong Kong]]|[[École française d'Extrême-Orient]]}}
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| main_interests = [[Laos]]
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| influenced =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Grant Richard James Evans''' (11 October 1948{{snd}}16 September 2014) was an Australian [[anthropologist]] notable for his works on [[Laos]].

==Life==
Grant was born in [[Berri, South Australia]], on 11 October 1948.

He received his Ph.D. from [[La Trobe University|La Trobe]] in 1983, and for many years taught [[anthropology]] at the [[University of Hong Kong]].

In 2005, he moved permanently to [[Vientiane]], where he was a senior research fellow at the [[École française d'Extrême-Orient]].

He died in Vientiane on 16 September 2014.{{r|c|w|o|s|r}}

==Notable works==
As author:
*{{cite book|year=1983|title=The Yellow Rainmakers: Are Chemical Weapons Being Used in Southeast Asia?|url=https://pdfhost.io/v/3ud1ToJQR_The_Yellow_Rainmakers|location=London|publisher=Verso|isbn=0-86091-068-7}}
*{{cite book|year=1984|title=Red Brotherhood at War: Indochina since the Fall of Saigon|url=https://archive.org/details/redbrotherhoodat0000evan|others=Co-authored with Kelvin Rowley|location=London|publisher=Verso|isbn=0-86091-090-3}} Revised edition: {{cite book|year=1990|title=Red Brotherhood at War: Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos since 1975|location=London|publisher=Verso|isbn=0-86091-501-8}}
*{{cite book|year=1988|title=Agrarian Change in Communist Laos|url=https://pdfhost.io/v/71TpHYJcf_Agrarian_Change_in_Communist_Laos|location=Singapore|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=981-3035-16-1}}
*{{cite book|year=1990|title=Lao Peasants under Socialism|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-04598-0}} Revised edition: {{cite book|year=1995|title=Lao Peasants under Socialism and Post-Socialism|url=https://archive.org/details/laopeasantsunder0000evan|location=Chiang Mai|publisher=Silkworm Books|isbn=974-7047-45-4}}
*{{cite book|year=1998|title=The Politics of Ritual and Remembrance: Laos since 1975|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|isbn=974-7100-60-6}}
*{{cite book|year=2002|title=A Short History of Laos: The Land in Between|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofla0000evan|location=Crows Nest, New South Wales|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=1-86448-997-9}}
*{{cite book|year=2009|title=The Last Century of Lao Royalty: A Documentary History|location=Chiang Mai|publisher=Silkworm Books|isbn=978-974-9511-66-4}}
As editor:
*{{cite book|year=1993|title= Asia's Cultural Mosaic: An Anthropological Introduction|location= New York|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=0-13-052812-9}}
*{{cite book|year=1997|title=Hong Kong: The Anthropology of a Chinese Metropolis|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/a3c1e3d3-fdfb-4ce2-a468-68f4b1082d1a/content|others=Co-edited with Maria Tam|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|isbn=0-8248-2005-3}}
*{{cite book|year=1999|title=Laos: Culture and Society|location=Chiang Mai|publisher=Silkworm Books|isbn=974-87090-4-3}}
*{{cite book|year=2000|title= Where China Meets Southeast Asia: Social and Cultural Change in the Border Regions|url=https://pdfhost.io/v/b2RBrIRPj_Where_China_Meets_Southeast_Asia|others=Co-edited with Christopher Hutton and Kuah Khun Eng|location=Singapore|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=981-230-040-6}}

==References==
<references>

<ref name=c>{{cite journal|first=James|last=Chamberlain|year=2015|title= Grant Evans (1948{{ndash}}2014)|url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/JSS_103_0q_ObituaryEvans.pdf|journal=[[Journal of the Siam Society]]|volume=103|pages=351{{ndash}}354|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721012524/https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/JSS_103_0q_ObituaryEvans.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=o>{{cite web|first=Milton|last=Osborne|author-link=Milton Osborne|date=19 September 2014|title=Grant Evans 1948{{ndash}}2014|url=http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2014/09/19/Grant-Evans-1948-2014.aspx|website=[[Lowy Institute|The Interpreter]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920144532/http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2014/09/19/Grant-Evans-1948-2014.aspx|archive-date=20 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=r>{{cite journal|first=Boike|last=Rehbein|author-link=:de:Boike Rehbein|year=2011|title=Interview with Grant Evans|url=https://www.laostudies.org/system/files/subscription/JLS-v2-i1-Jan2011-rehbein.pdf|journal=Journal of Lao Studies|volume=2|number=1|pages=97{{ndash}}107|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055929/https://www.laostudies.org/system/files/subscription/JLS-v2-i1-Jan2011-rehbein.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=s>{{cite web|first=Lili|last=Sisombat|date=18 September 2014|title= A researcher every country dreams of. Obituary: Dr Grant Evans|url=https://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20140918143212-4958802-a-researcher-every-country-dreams-of-obituary-dr-grant-evans|website=[[LinkedIn]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240611074035/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140918143212-4958802-a-researcher-every-country-dreams-of-obituary-dr-grant-evans/|archive-date=11 Jun 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=w>{{cite web|first=John|last=Williams|title=Prof Dr Grant Evans 1948{{ndash}}2014{{snd}}the Loss of a National Treasure|url=http://www.laos.embassy.gov.au/files/vtan/Prof%20Dr%20Grant%20Evans%201948-2014%20-%20the%20Loss%20of%20a%20National%20Treasure.pdf|website=Laos.embassy.gov.au|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110212634/http://www.laos.embassy.gov.au/files/vtan/Prof%20Dr%20Grant%20Evans%201948-2014%20-%20the%20Loss%20of%20a%20National%20Treasure.pdf|archive-date=10 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

</references>

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Evans, Grant}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Australian anthropologists]]
[[Category:Australian historians]]
[[Category:La Trobe University alumni]]
[[Category:People from South Australia]]

Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2014–15

2025-12-23T06:50:16Z

Sylvester41C:

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2014–15
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
| team2_name = Sri Lanka
| from_date = 30 October 2014
| to_date = 16 November 2014
| team1_captain = [[Virat Kohli]]
| team2_captain = [[Angelo Mathews]]
| no_of_ODIs = 5
| team1_ODIs_won = 5
| team2_ODIs_won = 0
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (329)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Angelo Mathews]] (339)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Axar Patel]] (11)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Angelo Mathews]] (4)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Virat Kohli]] (India)
}}

The [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka cricket team]] toured [[India]] from 30 October to 16 November 2014 for five [[One Day Internationals]] (ODIs) after the abandonment of [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2014–15|the West Indies tour of India]] due to a pay dispute.<ref name="SriLanka">{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka to replace WI, to play five ODIs |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-west-indies-2014-15/content/story/789927.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo (ESPN Sports Media) |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014 }}</ref> India won the series 5–0, their fourth 5-0 whitewash in ODI history. It is also Sri Lanka's first 0-5 whitewash loss.

In the fourth ODI match, Indian batsman [[Rohit Sharma]] scored 264, the highest ever score in an ODI. He hit 33 fours in that innings which is also a world record.<ref name="Sharma">{{cite web |title=Rohit Sharma: India batsman hits highest ever ODI score |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/30038630 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=13 November 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014 }}</ref>

==Squads==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto"
|-
!colspan=2|ODIs
|-
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web |title=India's 1–3 ODI Squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2014-15/content/squad/787259.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo (ESPN Sports Media) |date= 30 October 2014 |access-date= 30 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India's 4–5 ODI Squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2014-15/content/squad/797927.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo (ESPN Sports Media) |date= 10 November 2014 |access-date= 10 November 2014}}</ref>
! {{cr|SRI}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka's 1–3 ODI Squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2014-15/content/squad/791505.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo (ESPN Sports Media) |date= 30 October 2014 |access-date= 30 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka's 4–5 ODI Squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2014-15/content/squad/798961.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo (ESPN Sports Media) |date= 13 November 2014 |access-date= 13 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Varun Aaron]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Stuart Binny]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Kedar Jadhav]]
* [[Dhawal Kulkarni]]
* [[Vinay Kumar]]
* [[Amit Mishra]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Wicket keeper|wk]])
* [[Karn Sharma]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Robin Uthappa]] ([[Wicket keeper|wk]])
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
|
* [[Angelo Mathews]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Dinesh Chandimal]]<ref name="final2matches">{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka shuffle squad for final two ODIs |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2014-15/content/story/797369.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo (ESPN Sports Media) |date= 8 November 2014 |access-date= 8 November 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Chathuranga de Silva]]
* [[Niroshan Dickwella]] ([[Wicket keeper|wk]])
* [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]
* [[Shaminda Eranga]]<ref name="final2matches" />
* [[Lahiru Gamage]]
* [[Mahela Jayawardene]]
* [[Nuwan Kulasekara]]
* [[Ajantha Mendis]]<ref name="final2matches" />
* [[Kusal Perera]]
* [[Thisara Perera]]
* [[Dhammika Prasad]]
* [[Seekkuge Prasanna]]
* [[Ashan Priyanjan]]
* [[Suraj Randiv]]
* [[Kumar Sangakkara]] ([[Wicket keeper|wk]])
* [[Upul Tharanga]]
* [[Lahiru Thirimanne]]<ref name="final2matches" />
|}

==Tour matches==

===List A: India A vs Sri Lanka===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 30 October 2014
| time = 09:00
| Daynight =
| team1 = [[India A]]
| score1 = 382/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 142 (111)
| wickets1 = [[Dhammika Prasad]] 4/57 (6 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|Sri Lanka}}
| score2 = 294/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Upul Tharanga]] 76 (75)
| wickets2 = [[Karn Sharma]] 4/47 (10 overs)
| result = India A won by 88 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2014-15/engine/match/791051.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Rajesh Deshpande]] and [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and chose to field.
| rain =
| notes = India A 12 (11 batting, 11 fielding); Sri Lanka 15 (11 batting, 11 fielding).
}}

==ODI series==

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 2 November 2014
| time = 01:30 PM
| Day Night = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 363/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 194 (39.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 113 (107)
| wickets1 = [[Suraj Randiv]] 3/78 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] 43 (36)
| wickets2 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 4/34 (8 overs)
| result = India won by 169 runs
| venue = [[Barabati Stadium]], [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/792289.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (Ind)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and chose to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Lahiru Gamage]] (SL) made his ODI debut.
* ''[[Suresh Raina]] (Ind) played in his [[List of cricketers who have played 200 ODIs|200th ODI]] and went past 5,000 ODI runs.''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wisden-almanack-review-sri-lanka-v-india-2014-15-926971 | title=Wisden's review of the first ODI, Sri Lanka v India, 2014-15| work= ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref>
}}

The 1st ODI proved to be a rather one-sided affair. After a sedate start Indian openers opened up after the end of the 1st powerplay and after taking an early 2nd powerplay India scored 105 runs between overs 21–30. Both the openers got here 50's and 100's in the same overs and building on this foundations and a quickfire 50 by [[Suresh Raina|Raina]] India set a daunting target on 364 for Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka's openers also started cautiously but unlike Indian openers they couldn't build on and with loss of wickets at constant intervals India won by 169 runs. [[Ishant Sharma]] recorded his best ODI bowling performance. [[Varun Aaron]] had to leave the field during his fourth over due to muscle injury.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhawan and Rahane fashion Sri Lanka rout|date=2 November 2014 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2014-15/content/story/795283.html|publisher=ESPN Sports Media Ltd.|access-date = 2 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Varun Aaron injures leg|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2014-15/content/story/795465.html|publisher=ESPN Sports Media Ltd.|access-date = 2 November 2014}}</ref>

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 6 November 2014
| time = 02:30 PM
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 274/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 275/4 (44.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Angelo Mathews]] 92[[not out|*]] (101)
| wickets1 = [[Axar Patel]] 2/39 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ambati Rayudu]] 121[[not out|*]] (118)
| wickets2 = [[Seekkuge Prasanna]] 3/53 (7.3 overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| venue = [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/792291.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ambati Rayudu]] (Ind)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Ambati Rayudu]] (Ind) scored his first century in ODIs.<ref name="Rayudu century puts India 2–0 up">{{cite web|url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2014-15/content/story/796799.html|title=Rayudu century puts India 2–0 up|date=6 November 2014 |publisher=ESPN Sports Media Ltd.|access-date = 6 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2014-15/content/story/796881.html|title=Mathews highest run-scorer in 2014|publisher=ESPN Sports Media Ltd.|access-date = 6 November 2014}}</ref>
}}
The 2nd ODI was another one-sided affair. Sri Lanka lost [[Kusal Perera]] in the 1st over and despite some aggressive batting from Dilshan and Sangakkara India were still able to keep the innings under control. However, some late order hitting from [[Thisara Perera]] and an unbeaten 92 from captain [[Angelo Mathews]] took Sri Lanka to 274, which was the same score they scored in the [[2011 Cricket World Cup Final]]. India lost [[Ajinkya Rahane]] early but two 100+ partnerships for the 2nd and 3rd wickets took India to victory. [[Ambati Rayudu]] scored his maiden international century.<ref name="Rayudu century puts India 2–0 up">{{cite web|url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2014-15/content/story/796799.html|title=Rayudu century puts India 2–0 up|date=6 November 2014 |publisher=ESPN Sports Media Ltd.|access-date = 6 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2014-15/content/story/796881.html|title=Mathews highest run-scorer in 2014|publisher=ESPN Sports Media Ltd.|access-date = 6 November 2014}}</ref>

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 9 November 2014
| time = 02:30 PM
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 242 (48.2 overs)
| score2 = 245/4 (44.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] 118 (124)
| wickets1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 4/53 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 91 (79)
| wickets2 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 1/10 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/792293.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Mahela Jayawardena]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] became the fifth batsmen to score 12,000 ODI runs.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wisden-almanack-review-sri-lanka-v-india-2014-15-926977| title= Wisden's review of the third ODI, Sri Lanka v India, 2014-15 | work= ESPN Cricinfo | access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="IndMilestone" />
* ''[[Virat Kohli]] went past 6,000 runs in his career, the fastest in the world to do so. [[Shikhar Dhawan]] scored his 2,000th ODI run becoming the fastest Indian batsmen to reach this landmark.''<ref name="IndMilestone" />
}}
Sri Lanka started the innings poorly, losing [[Kusal Perera]] to [[Umesh Yadav]] again in the 1st over. A 105 run partnership between [[Mahela Jayawardene]] and [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] revived Sri Lanka's innings. however, three-wickets in three overs by [[Axar Patel]] during the powerplay resulted in Sri Lanka losing all the momentum. Banking on a superb century from Jayawardene and a 50 from Dilshan Sri Lanka scored 242. India started positively in their reply and a fighting 79-ball 91 from [[Shikhar Dhawan]] laid the foundation for India's victory. During his innings of 53 Indian captain [[Virat Kohli]] became the fastest batsmen in terms of innings to reach 6000 career ODI runs. Yadav achieved his maiden 4-wicket haul in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2014-15/content/story/797515.html|title=Kohli and Dhawan deliver series win|date=9 November 2014 |publisher=ESPN Sports Media Ltd.|access-date = 9 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="IndMilestone">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2014-15/content/story/797645.html|title=Kohli and Dhawan break milestone records|publisher=ESPN Sports Media Ltd.|access-date = 9 November 2014}}</ref>

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 13 November 2014
| time = 02:30 PM
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 404/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 251 (43.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 264 (173)
| wickets1 = [[Angelo Mathews]] 2/44 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Angelo Mathews]] 75 (68)
| wickets2 = [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] 4/34 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 153 runs
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] Attendance: 50,389<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Rohit-blitz-its-time-for-ATK-now/articleshow/45140569.cms|title=Rohit blitz, it's time for ATK now|work=The Times of India|date=14 November 2014 |access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref>
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/792295.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Karn Sharma]] (Ind) made his ODI debut.
* ''[[Rohit Sharma]] became the first batsman to score two double-centuries in [[One Day International|ODIs]].''
* ''[[Rohit Sharma]]'s 264 is the highest individual score in [[One Day International]] history and the second highest individual score in [[List A cricket]]''.
}}
The fourth match of the series became a one-man show. [[Rohit Sharma]], playing his first international match after fracturing his finger against England in August 2014, scored a record-breaking 264 off 173 balls, as India scored 404 in their allocated 50 overs. The innings involved a 202 run partnership for the 3rd wicket between Sharma and captain [[Virat Kohli]], and a 128 run partnership for the 5th wicket between Sharma and [[Robin Uthappa]], in which Uthappa contributed only 16. Sri Lanka lost their first 4 wickets for 48 runs. Fifties from captain [[Angelo Mathews]] and [[Lahiru Thirimanne]] only delayed the inevitable as India took a 4–0 lead in the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2014-15/content/story/798949.html|title=Rohit 264, Sri Lanka 251|date=13 November 2014 |publisher=ESPN Sports Media Ltd.|access-date = 13 November 2014}}</ref>

===5th ODI===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 16 November 2014
| time = 02:30 PM
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| score1 = 286/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 288/7 (48.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Angelo Mathews]] 139[[Not out|*]] (116)
| wickets1 = [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] 3/57 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 139[[Not out|*]] (126)
| wickets2 = [[Ajantha Mendis]] 4/73 (9.4 overs)
| result = India won by 3 wickets
| venue = [[JSCA International Cricket Stadium]], [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/792297.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Angelo Mathews]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and chose to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Kedar Jadhav]] (Ind) and [[Niroshan Dickwella]] (SL) made their [[One Day International|ODI]] debuts.
*''[[Angelo Mathews]] (SL) scored his first century in ODIs.''
}}
The start of the Sri Lankan innings followed the similar pattern from previous matches. They lost an opener early in their innings. However a 128 run partnership between captain Angelo Mathews and [[Lahiru Thirimanne]] lead to a recovery in the innings. Sri Lanka scored 73 runs in their last 5 overs and 114 runs in the last 10 as on the back of Mathews maiden ODI century Sri Lanka posted a competitive total.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-sri-lanka-2014-15/content/series/790869.html ESPNcricinfo series home]

{{International cricket tours of India}}
{{International cricket in 2014–15}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2014-15}}
[[Category:2014 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket seasons from 2000–01]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2014–15]]

G. B. Pant High Altitude Zoo

2025-12-21T11:50:05Z

Sylvester41C: Creating new post more to come!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name = Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant High Altitude Zoo
|logo =
|logo_caption =
|image = Bear in G B Pant High Altitude Zoo,Nainital.jpg
|image_caption = [[Himalayan bear]] in this hilly zoo
|location = [[Nainital]], [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
|date_opened = 1 June 1995
|date_closed =
|coordinates = {{Coord|29.381|79.469|type:landmark_scale:1000|display=it}}
|area =
|num_species =
|num_animals =
|annual_visitors = approx. 125,000 <ref name=news/>
|members = [[Central Zoo Authority of India|CZA]]<ref name="cza_list"/>
|exhibits =
|website = {{URL|http://www.nainitalzoo.org.in}}
}}

'''Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant High Altitude Zoo''' is a high altitude zoo situated in [[Nainital]], [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], Uttarakhand, India. Established in 1984 and opened to the public in 1995, it is situated on the ''Sher Ka Danda'' hill at a height of {{Convert|2100|m}} above sea-level and is spread over {{Convert|4.6|ha}}. It is the only High Altitude Zoo in [[north India]], besides those in [[Darjeeling]] and [[Sikkim]]. Over the years it has become a popular tourist attraction.<ref name=news>{{cite news |title=Nainital' Pt. G. B. Pant High altitude Zoo is a big tourist attraction |url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/45613 |publisher=Newstrack |date=4 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.nainitalzoo.org.in/ Official web site]</ref>

==History==
The zoo was established in 1984, though it was opened to visitors on 1 June 1995.<ref>[http://www.nainitalzoo.org.in/intro.htm Introduction] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308025640/http://www.nainitalzoo.org.in/intro.htm |date=8 March 2012 }} Official website.</ref>

The Naintal Zoo was home to India's only [[Siberian tiger]] from 2001 until its death in November 2011. The tiger, named Kunal, was half of a pair of tigers brought from [[Darjeeling]] in 1997. His older brother, named Mahesh, died in 2001.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lone Siberian tiger dies in Nainital Zoo|url=http://dailypioneer.com/nation/22034-lone-siberian-tiger-dies-in-nainital-zoo.html|date=21 November 2011|accessdate=25 December 2011|newspaper=The Pioneer|location=Delhi}}</ref>

==Overview==
The zoo has several endangered species of animals in the Himalayas, and animals like Royal Bengal tiger, [[Tibetan wolf|Tibetan wolves]], sambar, [[leopard cat]] and [[Himalayan bear]]. It also has a vast collection of high altitude birds, like [[kalij pheasant]], [[Lady Amherst pheasant]], [[rose ringed parakeet]], [[golden pheasant]] and [[red junglefowl]].

The zoo has night shelters for the animals, and curtains are put up in the bird enclosures during the winter months <ref>{{cite news |title=Kumaon Briefs: Honey, eggs for park animals |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120103/region.htm |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=3 January 2012 }}</ref>

==Geography==
The zoo is situated at an elevation ranging from {{Convert|2100|to|2150|m}} above sea level between [[Siwalik Hills|Shivalik]] and the [[Himalayas]]. It has a forest cover of evergreen [[oak]], [[cupressus]], and two other species of oak.

==Transport==
The zoo is located about {{Convert|2|km}} uphill from Tallital Bus station in Nainital.
==References==
[https://www.gotouttarakhand.com/uttarakhand/high-altitude-nainital-zoo/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515195042/https://www.gotouttarakhand.com/uttarakhand/high-altitude-nainital-zoo/ |date=15 May 2021 }}
<references>

<ref name="cza_list">
{{ZooOrg|cza|zoos|accessdate=21 May 2012}}
</ref>

</references>

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Official website|http://www.nainitalzoo.org.in}}

{{Zoos of India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Zoos in India]]
[[Category:Zoos in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Nainital]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Zoos established in 1984]]

Henry George Keene (historian)

2025-12-17T16:58:38Z

Sylvester41C: started new info

{{Short description|British historian and colonial judge (1826–1915)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Henry George Keene
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]
| image = Henry George Keene 1897.jpg
| birth_date = 1826
| death_date = {{Death date|1915|03|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Westward Ho!]], [[England]], [[The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]
| father = [[Henry George Keene (orientalist)|Henry George Keene]]
}}

'''Henry George Keene''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} (1826 – 26 March 1915) was an English historian of medieval and modern India.<ref>{{cite book|author=George Sampson|title=The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoI6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA912|year=1941|publisher=CUP Archive|pages=912–|id=GGKEY:2J1T4J40K28}}</ref>

==Life==
Keene was born at the [[East India College, Haileybury]]. [[Henry George Keene (orientalist)|Henry George Keene]] (1781–1864) was his father.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mocavo.co.uk/Rugby-School-Register-1675-1842-Volume-1/132288/339|title=Rugby School Register, 1675-1842, Volume 1, Page 339|accessdate=15 June 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142334/http://www.mocavo.co.uk/Rugby-School-Register-1675-1842-Volume-1/132288/339|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was educated at [[Rugby School]] and [[Wadham College, Oxford]], going to India as an [[East India Company]] employee in 1847. His career as an official was limited, but he began to write.<ref name="Obit"/>

From 1847 to 1882 Keene served in the [[Bengal Civil Service]]. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] he was Superintendent at [[Dehra Doon]].<ref name=NWPOfficers1881>{{cite book |author=Govt. Sectt., N.W.P. and Oudh |title=History of services of gazetted officers employed under the government of the N.W.P. and Oudh |date=1881 |publisher=North-Western Provinces and Oudh Govt. Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofservice00alla/page/5/mode/2up?q=Keene|pages=5–6}}</ref> In his subsequent service Keene was in frequent disagreement with his superiors, and when he reached the 35 years' limit he had not got beyond the grade of a district and sessions Judge. He retired with the decoration of [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], and with a literary reputation.<ref>Robert Barlow Gardiner, ''The Registers of Wadham College, Oxford'' vol. 2 (1889), pp. 412–3; [https://archive.org/stream/registersofwadha02wadhiala#page/412/mode/2up archive.org.]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Great Britain. India Office|title=The India List and India Office List for ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA162|year=1819|publisher=Harrison and Sons|page=162}}</ref>

Keene died on 26 March 1915 at his residence in [[Westward Ho!]].<ref name="Obit">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=29 March 1915|title=Obituary: Henry George Keene, C.I.E. (1915)|work=[[The Times]]|issue=40814|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Times/1915/Obituary/Henry_George_Keene}}</ref>

==Works==
Keene's books included:

*''Chabeena. Trivial talk on Indian topics. By a wayfarer'' (1865), as H. G. K.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Henry George Keene the younger|title=Chabeena. Trivial talk on Indian topics.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=myFYAAAAcAAJ|year=1865}}</ref> Contains discussion of [[John Stuart Mill]]'s justification for British rule.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gregory Claeys|title=Mill and Paternalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vex8c73YCS8C&pg=PA100|date=9 May 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76108-6|page=100 note 181}}</ref>
* ''Fifty-Seven: some account of the administration in Indian districts during the revolt of the Bengal army'' (1883)
* ''[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hn7u2x A Sketch of the History of Hindustán, from the first Muslim Conquest to the Fall of the Mughol Empire]''. London: W. H. Allen & Co. (1885)<ref>{{cite book|author=Waldemar Hansen|title=The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AV--abKg9GEC&pg=PA542|date=1 January 1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0225-4|page=542}}</ref>
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6Jf1J0OP03AC The Fall of the Moghal Empire]'' (1886)<ref>{{cite book|author=Allyn Miner|title=Sitar and Sarod in the 18th and 19th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nPHTCS8vfUC&pg=PA246|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1493-6|page=246}}</ref> or ''The Moghul empire; from the death of Aurungzeb to the overthrow of the Mahratta power''
* (ed.) ''[[An Oriental Biographical Dictionary]]'', based on materials collected by Thomas William Beale (1894) [https://archive.org/details/orientalbiograph00bealrich online]; concerned largely with Islamic Indian biographies.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ronald H. Fritze|author2=Brian E. Coutts|author3=Louis Andrew Vyhnanek|title=Reference Sources in History: An Introductory Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/referencesources0000frit_a2s9|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-87436-883-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/referencesources0000frit_a2s9/page/321 321]}}</ref>
*''Servant of "John Company"'' (1897)<ref name="Fisher2006">{{cite book|author=Michael H. Fisher|title=Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600-1857|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPHqigUD6FUC&pg=PA454|year=2006|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-154-8|page=454}}</ref>
*''[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015064334454 The Great Anarchy or Darkness before Dawn. Sketches of Military Adventure in Hindustan during the Period immediately preceding British Occupation]''. London: W. Thaker & Co. (1901).
* ''History of India Vol. 1: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Nineteenth Century, for the Use of Students and Colleges'' (1906)
* ''Here and There: Memories, Indian and Other'' (1906)
* ''Hindustan Under Free Lances, 1770-1820: Sketches of Military Adventure in Hindustan'' (1907)<ref name="Fisher2006"/>
* ''Turks in India: Critical Chapters on the Administration of That Country by the Chughtai, Babar, and His Descendants''
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120527005425/http://infomotions.com/etexts/gutenberg/dirs/1/4/2/1/14216/14216.htm St George's Cross - An Episode of Channel Island History]''
* ''British Administration During the Revolt of 1857''
* ''Madhava Rao Sindhia and the Hindú reconquest of India''

"Keene's Handbooks" covered a number of Indian cities.<ref>Aparajita Mukhopadhyay, ''Wheels of Change? Impact of Railways on Colonial North Indian Society, 1855–1920'', [http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/17363/1/Mukhopadhyay_3526.pdf (PDF)], at p. 115, note 441.</ref> He also wrote for the ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'' and ''[[Chambers's Encyclopaedia]]''.<ref>{{Cite IBD1915|wstitle= Keene, Henry George |volume= 12.2 |page= 222 |year=1915|short=1}}</ref>

==Family==
Keene was twice married, and was survived by four sons and five daughters. Among his sons were:<ref name="Obit"/>

* Henry George Keene of the Indian Financial Department
* Colonel Alfred Keene, D.S.O., editor of the Journal of the [[National Service League]]
* Captain Geoffrey Keene, 29th Punjabis.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{wikisource-inline|works=or}}
* {{commonscatinline}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=643}}
*[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Keene%2C%20H.%20G.%20(Henry%20George)%2C%201825-1915 Online Books Page]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keene, Henry George}}
[[Category:1826 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:British East India Company civil servants]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:19th-century English historians]]
[[Category:19th-century English male writers]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:English male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century English historians]]
[[Category:People educated at Rugby School]]

Swaranjit Singh Khalsa

2025-12-01T16:14:14Z

Sylvester41C: put up a bio

{{Short description|American politician (born c. 1985)}}
'''Swaranjit Singh Khalsa''' (c. 1985) is the mayor elect for the city of [[Norwich, Connecticut|Norwich]] in [[New London County, Connecticut]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Meet Swaranjit Singh Khalsa, the first Sikh Mayor of Norwich |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/meet-swaranjit-singh-khalsa-the-first-sikh-mayor-of-norwich/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> On November 4, 2025, Khalsa became the first Sikh to be elected Mayor of Norwich.<ref name=":0" /> In 2021, Khalsa became the first Sikh to be elected to a city council in Connecticut.<ref name=":3" />

== Personal life ==
Khalsa was born in [[Jalandhar]], [[India]] circa 1985.<ref name=":0" /> Khalsa's father is Parminderpal Singh Khalsa and has represented the Sikh International Society.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Arun |date=2025-11-06 |title=Swaranjit Singh Khalsa makes history as first Sikh Mayor of Norwich |url=https://americanbazaaronline.com/2025/11/06/swaranjit-singh-khalsa-makes-history-as-first-sikh-mayor-of-norwich-469721/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=The American Bazaar |language=en-US}}</ref> Khalsa's wife is from [[Ludhiana]].<ref name=":0" /> They had a daughter in May 2016.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Johnson • • |first=Kristen |date=2017-06-21 |title=Norwich Man Creates Multi-Lingual Welcome Signs to Celebrate Diversity |url=https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/norwich-man-creates-multi-lingual-welcome-signs-to-celebrate-diversity/16574/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=NBC Connecticut |language=en-US}}</ref>

Khalsa immigrated to the United States in 2007 and attended graduate school in New Jersey.<ref name=":2" /> He moved to Norwich in 2010.<ref name=":2" /> He operated a [[Shell plc|Shell]] gas station and a construction business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

On April 28, 2017 at the [[J. Edgar Hoover Building|FBI Headquarters]], FBI Director [[James Comey]] awarded Khalsa with the 2016 Director's Community Leadership Award (DCLA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Haven 2016 DCLA Recipient Swaranjit Singh Khalsa |url=https://www.fbi.gov/image-repository/dcla/new-haven-dcla-2016-swaranjit-singh-khalsa.jpg/view |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Federal Bureau of Investigation |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 2017, Khalsa bought and paid for [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] welcome signs to be put up at two of Norwich city's entrances after being inspired by similar signs in Vancouver.<ref name=":2" />

In 2019, Khalsa was elected to Norwich's Board of Education.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Sikhs holding vigil in Norwich on Saturday on 35th anniversary of slayings |url=https://www.norwichbulletin.com/story/news/2019/11/07/sikhs-holding-vigil-in-norwich/2344239007/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Norwich Bulletin |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Grahn |first=Matt |title='I think it’s time for me to step up': Singh is Democrat nominee for mayor of Norwich |url=https://www.norwichbulletin.com/story/news/politics/elections/local/2025/03/08/swaranjit-singh-city-councilor-democrat-nominee-for-norwich-mayor-november-4-election/81614667007/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Norwich Bulletin |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Norwich City Council/Board of Education Ad Hoc Committee - Wednesday, March 17, 2021 - 6:30 PM - Virtual Meeting |url=https://www.norwichct.gov/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Minutes/_03172021-4812}}</ref> At the time, Khalsa was the only Sikh elected official in Connecticut.<ref name=":5" /> On April 25, 2019, Khalsa, along with 22 other Connecticut community learders, graduated from the FBI Citizens Academy, where they learned how the FBI operates and what services are available to residents.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Norwich man trains with FBI to promote safer communities |url=https://www.norwichbulletin.com/story/news/local/2019/05/04/norwich-man-trains-with-fbi/5242738007/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Norwich Bulletin |language=en-US}}</ref> They graduation ceremony was at [[University of New Haven]]'s [[Henry Lee (forensic scientist)|Henry C. Lee]] Forensic Sciences Institute.<ref name=":6" />

In 2021, he was elected to Norwich's city council.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ballantyne |first=Trevor |title=Norwich's Singh becomes first Sikh to be elected to a City Council in Connecticut |url=https://www.norwichbulletin.com/story/news/2021/11/04/norwich-elects-connecticut-first-sikh-city-councilor-swaranjit-singh-local-government-diversity/6267211001/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Norwich Bulletin |language=en-US}}</ref> He was the first Sikh to be elected to a city council in all of Connecticut.<ref name=":3" />

The Norwich Democratic Town Committee had nominated Khalsa to run for mayor.<ref name=":4" /> On November 4, 2025, Khalsa won the Norwich's Mayoral election as a Democrat and defeated [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Tracy Gould and Marcia Wilbur, who was unaffiliated.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He became the first Sikh to be elected Mayor.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:City council members of Asian descent]]
[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Connecticut Democrats]]
[[Category:American Sikhs]]
[[Category:21st-century mayors of places in Connecticut]]
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology

2025-11-25T14:48:55Z

Sylvester41C: New...

{{Short description|Flying school in Kerala}}
{{distinguish|Rajiv Gandhi National Aviation University}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology
| image = RAGAAT logo.png
| image_alt =
| caption =
| other_name = RAGAAT
| former_name = Kerala Flying Club Kerala Aviation Training Centre
| motto = "Rule the sky, lead the world"
| type = [[State-owned]]
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1959|07|14}}
| founder = [[G. V. Raja]]
| accreditation = [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA)
| chairman = [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
| principal =
| director =
| head_label = Executive vice-chairman
| head = V. Thulasidas (former)
| total_staff =
| students = 
| address = Chacka
| city = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| postalcode = 695007
| coordinates = {{Coord|8.489599|76.916024|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus_type = Rural
| campus_size = 
| website = {{URL|rajivgandhiacademyforaviationtechnology.org|Official website}}
| logo =
| logo_alt =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology''' (RAGAAT) is a [[State ownership|state-owned]] [[pilot training]] institute run by the [[Government of Kerala]], India. It is situated at the [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]]. Originally founded as Kerala Flying Club, a private [[flying club]] in 1959 by [[G. V. Raja]], it was bought by the state government in 1981. In 2006, the institute was approved by the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA) as a Flying Training Organisation (FTO). As of 2022, RAGAAT is the only pilot training institute in Kerala and one among the [[List of pilot training institutes in India|34 FTOs in India]]. The institute has both single and [[twin-engine]] aircraft.

==History==
It was originally founded as Kerala Flying Club, a private [[flying club]] by [[G. V. Raja]] on 14 July 1959, registered under [[Companies Act, 1956]]. It produced [[flight training|trained pilots]] and [[flight engineer]]s.<ref name="TH">{{cite news |last1=Nagarajan |first1=Saraswathy |title=Alumni of 60-year-old flying club in Thiruvananthapuram plan to chart a new flight path for the institution |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/a-meet-of-pilots-and-flight-engineers-trained-at-the-60-year-old-flying-club-in-thiruvananthapuram-hopes-to-chart-a-new-flight-path-for-the-institution/article27092166.ece |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 May 2019 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321234905/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/a-meet-of-pilots-and-flight-engineers-trained-at-the-60-year-old-flying-club-in-thiruvananthapuram-hopes-to-chart-a-new-flight-path-for-the-institution/article27092166.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of the aircraft that was part of Kerala Flying Club's inventory was [[HAL HT-2]], [[Stinson L-5 Sentinel]], [[HAL Pushpak]], [[de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk]], [[de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver]], [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]]. The flying club was briefly closed in 1967.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sankar |first1=Dr. Achuth |last2=Sankar |first2=Adithya |title=VANCHIYOOR VIGNETTES: Local History of a Bygone Village |date=15 April 2021 |publisher=Adithya Sankar |isbn=978-93-5426-581-5 |page=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XYpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> Its name was changed to Kerala Aviation Training Centre (KATC) in 1980. In 1981, the [[Government of Kerala]] bought the institute to its direct control. In 2006, after the approval of the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA) it was rechristened as Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology, registered under Travancore-Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Registration Act, 1955.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

==Campus==
The campus is situated within the [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]] compound. The institute also has an off-campus centre at the [[Kannur International Airport]].<ref name=offcampus>{{cite news|last=Ramjith|first=N. P. C.|title=Get ready to study aviation at Kannur airport|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2019/12/11/get-ready-study-aviation-at-kannur-airport.html|access-date=16 April 2022 |work=[[Onmanorama]]|date=11 December 2019}}</ref> RAGAAT is the only Flying Training Organisation (FTO) in Kerala approved by the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|DGCA]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=Express News Service |title=Stringent norms in place for drone operation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/sep/30/stringent-norms-in-place-for-drone-operation-2040985.html |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=30 September 2019 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920205238/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/sep/30/stringent-norms-in-place-for-drone-operation-2040985.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also the only [[pilot training]] institute in Kerala.<ref name="TH1"/>

As of 2019, the institute has four single-engine [[Cessna 172]] aircraft, with two having a [[glass cockpit]], and additionally a twin-engine [[Piper PA-34 Seneca|Piper Seneca V]] for advanced training.<ref name="TH"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Abraham |first1=Leena |title=Uyare effect, girls make beeline to flying school |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/280519/uyare-effect-girls-make-beeline-to-flying-school.html |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=28 May 2019 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321104448/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/280519/uyare-effect-girls-make-beeline-to-flying-school.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Among the total of five aircraft, a U. S.-made Cessna 172-R bought in 2014 cost ₹1.7 crore and another U. S.-made six-seat Piper Seneca V bought in the same year cost ₹6 crore. The academy has its own [[hangar]], built at ₹4 crore, near the aircraft maintenance base at the Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, which can accommodate up to 10 [[trainer aircraft]].<ref name="TH1">{{cite news |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. Anil |title=New option for pilot trainees |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/new-option-for-pilot-trainees/article6976792.ece |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 March 2015 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321130620/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/new-option-for-pilot-trainees/article6976792.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[commercial pilot licence]] (CPL) trainees will be given additional class in twin-engine aircraft as an add-on.<ref>{{cite news |last1=S. |first1=Anasooya |title=RAGAAT to offer flight training in twin-engine aircraft |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/ragaat-to-offer-flight-training-in-twin-engine-aircraft/articleshow/69403685.cms |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 May 2019 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321120457/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/ragaat-to-offer-flight-training-in-twin-engine-aircraft/articleshow/69403685.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2012, the government began construction of a new building complex for the academy inside the [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]] after the old one, including a [[hangar]], was demolished for allocating space for construction of a new terminal and an [[Air India]] engineering base. Classes were then held outside the airport in a rented building and a temporary hangar in the airport. The government allotted 2.71 acres of land to the academy, to be built near the Air India Hangar.<ref>{{cite news|author=Times News Network|title=Rajiv Gandhi aviation academy to get new building soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Rajiv-Gandhi-aviation-academy-to-get-new-building-soon/articleshow/12434542.cms|access-date=16 April 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 March 2012}}</ref>

In March 2016, the then [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]-led [[Government of Kerala]] launched an [[air ambulance]] service exclusively for speedy [[organ transplantation]] transportation using the twin-engine aircraft of the academy, an [[MoU]] was signed between RAGAAT and the Kerala Network for Organ Sharing. However, in July that year, the newly elect [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]-led government decommissioned the project, citing that it was not cost effective or viable.<ref>{{cite news |last1=G. |first1=Rajiv |title=Financial troubles ground govt air ambulance project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/financial-troubles-ground-govt-air-ambulance-project/articleshow/53317791.cms |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 July 2016 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321120456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/financial-troubles-ground-govt-air-ambulance-project/articleshow/53317791.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, the academy began [[cross-country flying]] to Kannur International Airport, until then, they used to fly to [[Madurai Airport]], [[Mangalore International Airport]] or [[Calicut International Airport]] for cross-country flight training.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Times News Network |title=Trainer aircraft land at Kannur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/trainer-aircraft-land-at-kannur/articleshow/67016623.cms |access-date=2 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 December 2018}}</ref> In 2019, RAAGAT began admitting students from other flying schools for flying training when students from their own batch are undergoing ground training.<ref>{{cite news |last1=S. |first1=Anasooya |title=Ragaat to admit students from other flying schools |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/ragaat-to-admit-students-from-other-flying-schools/articleshow/71131195.cms |access-date=2 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 September 2019}}</ref> The academy also opened an off-campus centre at the Kannur International Airport in 2019. The first flight was flagged off by [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|chief minister]] [[Pinarayi Vijayan]].<ref name=offcampus/>

==Courses==
* [[Commercial Pilot License]] (IR/ME)
* [[Private Pilot License]]
* Students Pilot License
* [[Instrument Rating]]
* Multi-Engine Rating
* Foreign License Conversion

==Controversies==
In 2016, a trainee at the institution alleged that he faced casteist slur and physical assault from a trainer.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trainer-hit-me-face-injuring-my-eyes-trainee-pilot-approaches-kerala-govt-39903 | title='Trainer hit me on the face, injuring my eyes,' Trainee pilot approaches Kerala govt | date=6 March 2016 }}</ref>
In 2022, a female trainee accused the chief flying instructor K T Rajendran of attempting to molest her mid-flight inside the cockpit during a training session.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/may/22/no-action-on-sexual-harassment-complaint-student-takes-off-from-aviation-school-2456429.html No action on sexual harassment complaint, student takes off from aviation school]</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/womens-panel-seeks-report-from-aviation-academy/articleshow/91775572.cms Women’s panel seeks report from aviation academy ]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/kerala/sexual-harassment-at-rajiv-gandhi-aviation-academy-for-aviation-technology-girl-s-voice-message-o-338666.html?story=2 | title=എന്നെ സെക്ഷ്വലി ഹരാസ് ചെയ്ത ആള്‍ കൂളായി നടക്കുകയാണ്; പറ്റുന്നില്ല; പെണ്‍കുട്ടിയുടെ ശബ്ദസന്ദേശം പുറത്ത് | date=21 May 2022 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of pilot training institutes in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://rajivgandhiacademyforaviationtechnology.org}}

[[Category:Aviation schools in India]]
[[Category:Memorials to Rajiv Gandhi]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Kerala]]

Baa Bahoo Aur Baby

2025-10-22T13:46:37Z

Sylvester41C:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = BaaBahooAurBaby2.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Comedy drama]]
| company = Hats Off Productions
| writer = Aatish Kapadia
| director = {{ubl|Sameer Kulkarni|Dipesh Shah|Amitava Bhattacharya}}
| creative_director = [[Deven Bhojani]]
| starring = [[Sarita Joshi]] [[Shakti Arora]] [[Arvind Vaidya]] [[Benaf Dadachandji]] [[Lubna Salim]] [[Paresh Ganatra]] [[Vaishali Thakkar]] [[Gautam Rode]]
| opentheme = "Baa Bahoo Aur Baby" by [[Vinod Rathod]] and [[Madhushree]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 560
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{ubl|[[Jamnadas Majethia]]|[[Aatish Kapadia]]}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|Vijay Soni|Raju Desai}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-40 minutes
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2005|08|05|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2010|02|22|df=y}}
}}
'''''Baa Bahoo Aur Baby''''' (colloquially known as '''''BBB''''' or '''''B3'''''; {{translation|Mom, daughter-in-law and Baby}}) is an Indian television [[dramedy]] series that aired in prime time on [[StarPlus]] between 2005 and 2010 with a total of two seasons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hum-paanch-zabaan-sambhal-ke-and-other-evergreen-sitcoms-that-you-can-binge-watch/photostory/74394206.cms|title=Hum Paanch, Zabaan Sambhal Ke and other evergreen sitcoms that you can binge-watch|last=|first=|date=March 2020|website=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313145225/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hum-paanch-zabaan-sambhal-ke-and-other-evergreen-sitcoms-that-you-can-binge-watch/photostory/74394206.cms |archive-date=13 March 2020 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.webdunia.com/television-articles/‘बा-बहू-और-बेबी’-की-वापसी-109081900075_1.htm|title=Baa Bahoo Aur Baby returns|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001174837/https://hindi.webdunia.com/television-articles/%25E2%2580%2598%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25BE-%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A5%2582-%25E0%25A4%2594%25E0%25A4%25B0-%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2580%25E2%2580%2599-%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2580-%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%2580-109081900075_1.htm |archive-date=1 October 2019 |access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-reunion-of-team-baa-bahu-aur-baby-will-make-you-nostalgic/articleshow/63298882.cms|title=the-reunion-of-team-baa-bahu-aur-baby-will-make-you-nostalgic|last=|first=|date=14 March 2018|website=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314140546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-reunion-of-team-baa-bahu-aur-baby-will-make-you-nostalgic/articleshow/63298882.cms |archive-date=14 March 2018 |access-date=}}</ref> The series was produced by Hats Off Productions and centered around a fictitious Gujarati [[Thakkar]] family living in [[Vile Parle|Parla East]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Baa-Bahu-Aur-Baby-completes-500-episodes/articleshow/4106925.cms|title=Baa Bahu Aur Baby completes 500 episodes|last=|first=|date=11 February 2009|website=Times of India|access-date=|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413094821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/baa-bahu-aur-baby-completes-500-episodes/articleshow/4106925.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the end of the first season, the second season was brought in August 2009.<ref name=":0" /> However, it was not well received and went off the air on 22 February 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/-baa-bahu-aur-baby-goes-off-air_53861.html|title='Baa Bahu Aur Baby' goes off air|last=|first=|date=|website=Zee News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207072958/http://zeenews.india.com:80/entertainment/idiotbox/-baa-bahu-aur-baby-goes-off-air_53861.html |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Originally broadcast ([[India]])
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last aired
|-
| 1
|511
|5 August 2005
|5 April 2009
|-
| 2
|48
|23 August 2009<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/baa-bahoo-aur-baby-returns-new-look|title=Baa Bahoo aur Baby returns in a new look|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=|archive-date=9 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909032626/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/baa-bahoo-aur-baby-returns-new-look|url-status=live}}</ref>
|22 February 2010
|}

== Plot ==

=== Season 1 ===
The season begins with a detailed introduction of all the household members and how they deal with all the issues impacting a joint family structure. They face different problems and misunderstandings. Notable episodic stories of this season are: Family unable to find a groom for Radhika due to her polio; Radhika's unrequited love for Anish; an NRI; Anish and Dimple's love story; Arvind not talking to his father, Labhshankar due to his drinking habit that has caused severe issues to the family from childhood till date; Harshad being turned out of the house by Godavari and his return after 5 years; Soumil's brain tumour; Praveena's tragic demise; Radhika and Birju's love story; Meenakshi's complicated pregnancy; Hemal and Gurinder's wedding; Gattu getting lost during a family trip and becoming a waiter; the calamity of Praveen selling the house without everyone's consent to save Hemal's life by helping him to return the money taken as loan; and Jigar's coming of age. The inner turmoil of a matriarch leading a 20+ members family is beautifully represented.

=== Season 2 ===
The sons get Krishna villa renovated. The season focuses on the relationship of Radhika - Birju, and Jigar - Rimjhim. Reluctance from the family of Birju to accept Radhika as their daughter-in-law creates initial hiccups, but they get married eventually. Rimjhim is the daughter of a wealthy businessman, and the Thakkar family helps her to elope from a forced arranged marriage as she and Jigar love each other. While Rimjhim and Jigar try to prove themselves worthy, Rekha enters the household as the unwed mother of a newborn whom she hands over to Gattu for care-giving. Gopal grows attached to the newborn girl.

In the last episode of the season; Godavari's biography, ''Sanyukt Parivaar Ki Safal Yatra: Baa, Bahoo Aur Baby'', gets officially published.

==== Three Years Later ====
Leela and Arvind are about to go to United States as Dimple is pregnant. Praveen's children are all grown up and pursuing their careers. Harshad and Shilpa open a maternity home in Godavari's name. Meenakshi is expecting her third child. Gudiya has had twin daughters. A breakthrough in polio treatment has helped Baby to recover from her polio. Birju and Radhika have a son named Aahan. Rimjhim has started a family catering business known as 'Thakkar Caterers'. Labhshankar has finally stopped drinking and is helping Rimjhim in business partnership by handling the accounts and deliveries of the catering service. And Gattu is taking care of babies in his playhouse which is built on the name of his foster daughter- 'Gatuki Palna Ghar' as he still misses Rekha and Gatuki. The season ends with the Thakkar family winning the 'Family of the Decade' award and all the family members are taking a family picture together.

The third season is yet to be released.....

==Cast==

===Main===

*[[Sarita Joshi]] as Godavari Labh Shankar Thakkar aka Baa: She is the matriarch of the Thakkar family. She is a strict, stubborn, loving and caring woman. She has six sons (Hemal is adopted) and two daughters. Her husband Labh Shankar used to spend money in alcohol leading to poverty for family members, leading to strained relationship between them. She used to run Tiffin service to manage the household expenses and educate her children. If someone disobeys her or interrupts in her conversation, she says- 'Koi behes nahi karega, jo behes karega vo sidha ghar se bahar jayega.' To that, her son Gopal always replies 'Aise... aise karke....' (while showing actions through his hand). She also has a catchphrase- "Kuch nahi sikhaya maa-baap ne, bas bhej diya!" She is secretly called ''Mogambaa'', ''Jog Maya'' etc. by a few members of the family due to their frustration on her. Krishna Villa was given by her deceased father and sister-in-law Gunvanti to her family.
* Arvind Vaidya as Labh Shankar Thakkar a.k.a. Bapuji: He is Godavari's husband, a jolly and fun loving man who loves his family, a theatre actor and the patriarch of the family, only for saying as he was an alcoholic man and used to spend his earnings in wrong habits due to which the family had to live in poverty. He frequently sings the famous song of the film Mughal-e-Azam 'Mohe panghat pe.... Nandlaal chedh gayo re....' He always teases Arvind to try and make Arvind talk to him, as Arvind never talks to him directly due to his habit of drinking. Gopal always calls his liquor 'Kaala khatta' as it smells very bad.
* [[Benaf Dadachandji]] as Radhika Birju Mehta a.k.a. Baby: Radhika is Godavari and Labh Shankar's youngest child and younger daughter. She is handicapped (affected with polio). She is stubborn and lazy, yet everyone's favourite. She understands life and cares for all her family members. She had love for Anish but after knowing that Anish and her niece Dimple love each other, she happily accepted their relationship. Later, she fell in love with Birju and married him. and have a son, Ahaan.
* [[Deven Bhojani]] as Gopal Labh Shankar Thakkar a.k.a. Gattu: He is Godavari and Labh Shankar's youngest (own) son. He is a foodie and an intellectually disabled child. He is also a great fan and admirer of actress Rani Mukherjee and always says that he wants to marry her after she finishes all her films' shootings. He is everyone's favourite in the family, mostly amongst his nephews and nieces. Gattu’s innocence and persistent childlike nature, which gets him into trouble, most of the time, is a matter of concern for Baa
* [[Rajeev Mehta]] as Arvind Labh Shankar Thakkar a.k.a. Mota Bhai: He is Godavari and Labh Shankar's eldest son, Leela husband and father of Dimple and Jigar. He is an ill-tempered, strict and old-fashioned insurance agent. He mostly (even on special occasions like marriage) wears his checks-designed shirt. He always thinks about his brothers and sisters before himself. He obeys Baa at any point of time and say "Baa kabhi galat nahi hoti hai." Whenever he gets angry, he loudly says "Ha...".
* [[Lubna Salim]] / [[Anjali Mukhi]] as Leela Arvind Thakkar: She is Priyavardhan Raichura's daughter, Arvind's wife and mother of Dimple and Jigar. She came from a rich family and always insists on having imported things in the house. She had two dreams - to go to U.S.A. and do acting in films. She is called Hema Malini of Thakkar family. She loves everyone in the family except but often fights with Charubala.
* [[Paresh Ganatra]] as Praveen Labh Shankar Thakkar a.k.a. Labaad: Praveen is Godavari and Labh Shankar's second son. He is Praveena's widower and father of Mehul, Mitali and Chaitali. He is a stingy saree businessman. He has a love hate relationship with Baa and always try to make money. Though he loves Hemal, despite the latter being his adopted brother, he used to hate it when he earlier did not give money in the house.
* [[Vaishali Thakkar]] as Praveena Thakkar a.k.a. Bhullakad: She was Shakuntala's daughter, Devki's sister, Praveen's wife and mother of Mehul, Mitali and Chaitali. She named Baa by many names like Jog Maya, Mogambaa in frustration. She had a habit of forgetting things and also used to bet with family members. She was a very strict mother and always got angry when her kids wreaked havoc in the house. She loved everyone in the family, but due to the love-hate relationship, with Charubala, she often fought with her. She died in the crash of a building.
* [[Nimisha Vakharia]] as Charubala Bhayani a.k.a. Charr, Charu: She is Godavari and Labh Shankar's third child and elder daughter. She is married to Tushar, who she calls 'Tussshar...' and is mother of Simran and Khushi. She lives in Walkeshwar. She keeps comparing the lifestyle of people in town and of those in suburbs. She has a love hate relationship with Leela and Praveena. She often fights on petty issues and irritates everyone.
* Nitin Vakharia as Tushar Bhayani: He is Malti's son, Charubala's husband and father of Simran and Khushi. He always cracks stupid and irritating jokes which only Charubala finds funny. Praveen secretly calls Tushar a hyena as Tushar always laughs like one.
* [[Jamnadas Majethia]] as Dr. Harshad Labh Shankar Thakkar: He is Godavari and Labh Shankar's third son, Shilpa's husband and father of Soumil and Saloni. When he was a child, one of his school friends once taunted him that as his mother was a cook, she would make Harshad a cook too. Baa felt insulted and vowed to make Harshad a doctor. Harshad, to fulfill his mother's dream, worked hard and became a successful doctor. He is calm, patient, responsible and kind hearted. He can do anything for the betterment of the family members, even crossing the extra mile, which led to the family members being overdependent on him, which indirectly led to him and his family leaving Krishna Villa for five years, prior to returning.
* [[Sonali Sachdeva]] as Dr. Shilpa Harshad Thakkar: She is Harshad's wife and a doctor. She is a loving, caring, calm, patient and responsible wife, daughter-in-law and mother.
* [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] as Subodh Labh Shankar Thakkar: He is Godavari and Labh Shankar's fourth son, Meenakshi's husband and father of Manav and Disha. He is an actor. He is a calm, patient and responsible man.
**As the narrator in Season 2: Episode 48
* [[Suchita Trivedi]] as Meenakshi Subodh Thakkar: She is Subodh's less educated, shy and slow wife and mother of Manav and Disha. Subodh fall in love with her at first sight. She is a big devotee of Lord Krishna. Whenever Subodh tries to have romance with her, she runs away as she is old-fashioned. She is from a poor family hailing from a small village near Kolkata what she often refers while talking. She always starts crying in small things.
* [[Kamlesh Oza]] as Hemal Labh Shankar Thakkar a.k.a. Mafatlal: He is Godavari and Labh Shankar's youngest (adopted) son. Hemal is actually the nephew of Godavari's sister-in-law, Gunvanti. But Hemal's parents died when he was very young. Thus, Godavari adopted him and raised him like his own son. He first worked in a call center, but later joined a bank. Earlier, Praveen used to hate that he never gave money in house. He earlier liked many girls, but eventually met Gurinder, fell in love and married her to adopt her niece Lucky. He later became father to twin daughters.
* [[Sweta Keswani]] as Gurinder Hemal Thakkar a.k.a. Gudiya: She is Hemal's Punjabi wife. She and Hemal fell in love with each other when they both met in bank. Later, Hemal secretly married her in the court to help Gurinder adopt her niece Lucky. When Godavari found about it, she decided to get Hemal and Gurinder married again as per the Hindu rituals in ''Mandap'', along with Dimple's wedding. After marriage, Gurinder had a few problems adjusting in the house. But the Thakkars accepted her eventually. She has habit of clarifying words or names with two different meanings or persons whenever not needed. She later became mother to twin daughters.
* [[Amit Varma (actor)|Amit Varma]] as Birju Mehta: He is Sumitra's son, Janki's nephew and Radhika's husband. He is an artist. His father had died in a car accident when Birju was just a child. He used to imagine Radhika in his paintings even before meeting her. He fall in love with her at first sight. Later, they got married and have a son.

===Recurring===

* [[Manva Naik]] as Dimple Anish Kotak: She is Arvind and Leela's daughter, Jigar's sister and Anish's wife. She is Radhika's niece and best friend. She is caring and kind hearted.
* [[Gautam Rode]] as Anish Ashutosh Kotak: He is Revathi and Ashutosh's son, Aarya's brother and Dimple's husband. His father owns a beer company in U.S.A. and his parents got separated in his childhood. He is Radhika's best friend, whom she loved earlier. He loves Thakkar family a lot as after meeting them, he recovered from loneliness due to separation of his family.
* [[Jay Soni]] / [[Shakti Arora]] as Jigar Arvind Thakkar: He is Arvind and Leela's son Dimple's younger brother and Rimjhim's husband. He is fun loving and handsome. He wanted to become an actor but pursued medical studies under pressure of his father. He fell in love with his college mate Rimjhim and married her after much conflict between their families.
* [[Menaka Lalwani]] as Rimjhim Jigar Thakkar: She is Parshuram Talwar's daughter and Jigar's wife. She fall in love with her college mate Jigar and married after much conflicts between their families.
* Devarsh Thakkar / Hardik Chandarana as Mehul Praveen Thakkar: He is Praveen and Praveena's son and brother of Mitali and Chaitali. He is mischievous to the core and often angers his parents, due to his naughtiness, and rebellious attitude.
** Devarsh Thakkar retook his role as Mehul Thakkar from Season 1: Episode 504 till end of Season 2.
* Richa Bhadra as Mitali Praveen Thakkar: She is Praveen and Praveena's elder daughter and Mehul and Chaitali's sister. She is responsible and caring.
* [[Swini Khara]] as Chaitali Thakkar: She is Praveen and Praveena's younger daughter and Mehul and Mitali's sister. She is intelligent, and mischievous. She is Krishna Villa's [[James Bond (literary character)|James Bond]]. She finds out everyone's secrets and later uses that information as blackmailing tool.
* [[Khushi Dubey]] / Afia Tayeb Ali as Simran Tushar Bhayani: She is Charubala and Tushar's elder daughter and Khushi's sister. She, like her mother, keeps showing off and comparing the life of people in town and of those in suburbs.
* Kartik Gantha as Soumil Harshad Thakkar: He is Harshad and Shilpa's son. He suffered from brain tumor. But with family's support and proper treatment, he recovered. He is caring and responsible like his father.
* Devanshi Jhaveri / Juhi Rangparia as Saloni Thakkar: She is Harshad and Shilpa's daughter and Saumil's elder sister. She is caring and fun loving.
* Smith Seth as Manav Subodh Thakkar: He is Subodh and Meenakshi's son, and Disha's elder brother. His cousins sometimes, but Gattu most of the time casually calls him 'Mansukhlal'. He is smart but often starts crying like his mother.
* [[Navika Kotia]] as Lucky Hemal Thakkar: She is Gurinder's fun loving niece. After her mother (Gurinder's sister) died, Hemal and Gurinder adopted Lucky and raised her as their own daughter.
* [[Siddarth Jadhav]] as Rajja: Rajja is the Thakkars' cook. He is fond of acting and dancing, who earlier used to work in local drama group. He sometimes speaks Marathi. He and Arvind have a complicated relationship.
* [[Honey Chhaya]] as Narsi: Narsi Kaka is the Thakkars' elderly worker, who Godavari considers like her brother as he raised her in childhood. He is strict and laughs only occasionally. He loves to watch T.V. serials and does not work after 10 pm.

===Episodic appearances===

* Lily Patel as Moti Baa: She is Labh Shankar's mother and Godavari's mother-in-law. She is also Arvind, Subodh, Harshad, Gopal, Charubala, Praveen and Radhika's grandmother, and Hemal's foster grandmother. She has Amnesia and hence forgets things and sometimes thinks she's in the past or in the future. Hence few members make fun of her illness by saying 'Phirse channel change hogaya'.
* [[Supriya Pathak]] as Gunvanti Mami: She is Godavari's sister-in-law. As she decided to settle in USA, she gave her bungalow, Krishna Villa, to Godavari. She offered to make the bungalow Godavari's legal property. But Godavari said that it was not needed as she trusted Gunvanti, and that she had faith that Gunvanti would not make them all homeless. She is much stingy and demanding. She often starts crying remembering her deceased brother (Hemal's biological father) and shows off her in his name. She is Raju's mother.
* [[Jiten Lalwani]] as Malay Tijoriwala: He is the Thakkars' childhood friend. His wife died due to tumor. Gopal wanted him to marry Radhika.
* Girish Pardeshi as Kamlesh Kakkad: He is Radhika's friend and ex prospectkve groom. He used to stammer on the letter ''k'' but with proper therapy, he can now speak ''k'' without stammering. Charubala had thought of getting Radhika and Kamlesh married, but Radhika refused for marriage saying that she wanted to see the world and be something.
* Madhavi Juvekar as Urmila Wagle: She is one of the Thakkars' neighbours. Due to a misunderstanding created by Arvind and Gopal, the Thakkars casually call her ''UW'' (which actually stands for Underwear).
* Atmaram Bhende as Damodar Kaka: He is one of the Thakkars' neighbours. As he faced a financial loss, the Thakkars helped him to pay for his grand daughter Vandana's wedding.
* [[Ayush Mahesh Khedekar]] as Gullel: He was kidnapped and taken away from his parents. Somehow, he escaped the kidnappers and started living on streets. Gopal found him and brought him home. The Thakkars published his photo in the newspaper, hoping that his parents would come for him. And they did come. They heartily thanked the Thakkars and took him home.
* [[Nimisha Vakharia]] as Prema: Prema is a maid who looks exactly like Charubala. Leela and Praveena hired her to tease and irritate Charubala.
* [[Kamalika Guha Thakurta]] as Revathi: She is Ashutosh'z ex-wife, and Anish and Aarya's mother. She first hesitated to follow Godavari's traditions in Dimple and Anish's engagement. But eventually, she agreed.
* Jitendra Trehan as Ashutosh Kotak: He is Revathi's ex-husband, Anish and Aarya's father. He and Revathi were divorced.
* [[Aditi Pratap]] as Aarya Kotak: She is Anish's sister.
* Ali Raza Namdar as Jasvant a.k.a. Jassu Bhai: He was about to be engaged to Leela, but Leela's father changed his mind and got Arvind and Leela married. Thus, when Jassu Bhai came to the Thakkars' house, Arvind got jealous on seeing Leela giggling and blushing. Arvind grunted every time he saw Jassu Bhai with Leela, and tried to keep them from talking to each other.
* [[Pushkar Shrotri]] as Inspector Paranjpe: He is a police inspector and the Thakkars' neighbour.
* [[Shubha Khote]] as Mangu Mausi: She is the Thakkars' new neighbour. She is a trickster and asks for things from people in a way that no one can deny. She fills people's mind with rubbish things.
* [[Simple Kaul]] as Malaika: She was Birju's first crush.
* Aatish Kapadia as Prinjal: He was the Thakkars' former neighbour. His parents sent his marriage proposal for Radhika. But after meeting Prinjal, Radhika refused to marry him.
* Arya Rawal as Amita: She was engaged to Harshad. But she requested Baa to break the engagement due to an affair between her and someone else, and because she was pregnant. Baa broke the engagement. Baa did not disclose the reason for breaking the engagement, to preserve Amita's reputation. Amita's mother, unaware of this secret, criticised Baa for ten years until she found out the truth.
* [[Resham Tipnis]] as Devki: She is Praveena's sister and Mehul, Mitali and Chaitali's aunt. Few Thakkar family members wanted her to marry Praveen after Praveena's death.
* Bhamini Oza as Ms. Jagruti: She is the children's Gujarati and P.E. teacher, who had a fight with Praveen.
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as Ichha: She is the Thakkars' childhood friend. All the males in the family, especially Praveen, try to impress her whenever she visits them. This annoyed the ladies of the house.
* Amit Singh Thakur as Mr. Kakkad
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as Kuku: He is Gurinder's friend whom she thought of as a brother. After seeing that all the males in the family were circling Ichha, and ignoring their wives, Gurinder invited Kuku to make the males jealous.
* Anupama Singh as Sumitra Mehta: She is Birju's mother and Radhika's mother-in-law.
* [[Dolly Minhas]] as Janki Mehta: Birju's aunt (''Tai''). Her husband died in a car accident along with his younger brother (Birju's father).
* [[Neena Kulkarni]] as Asha Ben: She was a writer who wrote Godavari's biography as a dedication to all those housewives whose work went unappreciated.
* [[Amardeep Jha]] as Meenakshi: the dhabha owner.
* Meenal Karpe as Malti Bhayani: Tushar's mother and Charubala's mother-in-law.
* [[Mehul Buch]] as Devendra Marfatia: Pooja's father.
* [[Mohan Bhandari]] as Priyavadhan Raichura: He is Leela's father, Arvind's father-in-law and Jigar and Dimple's maternal grandfather. He is a rich businessman who married Leela in the Thakkar family seeing Godavari's feminism and caring nature. He and Arvind have a complicated relationship.
* [[Darshan Jariwala]] as Dr. Akhilesh Jha: He is the doctor who conducted Soumil's operation during Soumil's tumor.
* [[Swati Shah]] as Mayuri Ben: She is one of the Thakkars' neighbours.
* [[Pooja Ruparel]] as Falguni Ruparel: She is a rich girl. Hemal fell in love with her. But after learning that Falguni wanted to marry her equal (someone rich), Hemal forgot about her.
* [[Delnaaz Irani]] as Zenobia: Praveen once fell in love with her before marriage.
* [[Karan Sharma (TV actor)|Karan Sharma]] as Anirudh Desai
* [[Harish Patel]] as Parshuram Talwar
* [[Rupali Ganguly]] as Rekha Sharma: Gatuki's mother.
* [[Firoz Irani]] as Baba Bakshi: He is a builder who tried to buy Krishna Villa forcibly from the Thakkars. He tried many tricks to convince them. He even tried to kill them all once. But eventually, the Thakkars saved Krishna Villa. And, after getting a glimpse of Godavari's feminism and courage, he excepted his defeat and became a good man.
* Sakshi Sem as Pooja Marfatia: Hemal's second love, who betrayed his trust.

===Special Appearances===

* [[Sharman Joshi]] to promote ''[[Shaadi No. 1]]''
* [[Soha Ali Khan]] to promote ''Shaadi No. 1''
* [[Ayesha Takia]] to promote ''Shaadi No. 1''
* [[Fardeen Khan]] to promote ''Shaadi No. 1''
* [[Esha Deol]] to promote ''Shaadi No. 1''
* [[Zayed Khan]] to promote ''Shaadi No. 1''
* [[Falguni Pathak]] as Herself in the ''[[Navratri]]'' special episode
* [[Jay Chhaniyara]] to promote ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/baa-bahoo-aur-baby/s-1458/jai-chaniyaras-witty-jokes/1000209237|title=Jai Chhaniyara's witty Jokes|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Hotstar]]|access-date=}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Bakhtiyaar Irani]] to promote ''[[Nach Baliye 2]]''
* [[Tanaaz Currim]] to promote ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 2]]''
* [[Rakhi Sawant]] to promote ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 3]]''
* [[Abhishek Avasthi]] to promote ''Nach Baliye 3''
* [[Juhi Chawla]] to promote ''[[Bhoothnath]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/baa-bahoo-aur-baby/articleshow/2944415.cms|title=Actress Juhi Chawla with the cast members of Baa Bahoo Aur Baby|last=|first=|date=|website=The Times of India|access-date=|archive-date=26 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626001309/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/pgrelatedgallery_new.cms?query=&sec1=2371820&sec2=2376497&slide_id=2377107&sectiondata=TV-articleshow&isPrime=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Katrina Kaif]] to promote ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/event/katrina-kaif-shoots-special-episode-baa-bahoo-aur-baby|title=Katrina Kaif shoots for a special episode of Baa, Bahoo aur Baby|last=|first=|date=|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|access-date=}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Production==
The series was filmed at Swathi Studio in [[Goregaon]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/mar/24baa.htm|title=Baa, Bahu, and fake creepers|last=|first=|date=|website=Rediff|access-date=|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108080359/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/mar/24baa.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2008, the shootings and telecast of all the Hindi television series including this series and films were stalled on 8 November 2008 due to dispute by the technician workers of [[Federation of Western India Cine Employees|FWICE]] (Federation of Western India Cine Employees) for increasing the wages, better work conditions and more breaks between shootings.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Cine technicians go on strike|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cine-technicians-go-on-strike/368228/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=30 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530032549/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cine-technicians-go-on-strike/368228/|url-status=live}}</ref> FWICE first took a strike on 1 October 2008 when they addressed their problems with the producers and production was stalled.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Work hit as 1.5 lakh cine workers strike work|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/work-hit-as-15-lakh-cine-workers-strike-work/10878|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617073937/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/work-hit-as-15-lakh-cine-workers-strike-work/10878 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |access-date=|website=Outlook India}}</ref> A contract was signed after four days discussions, and shooting was happening only for two hours per day, after which differences increased between them while channels gave them time until 30 October 2008 to sort it out.<ref name=":3" /> Failing to do so led to protests again from 10 November 2008 to 19 November 2008, during which channels blacked out new broadcasts and repeat telecasts were shown from 10 November 2008.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Strike off, TV shooting to resume|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/strike-off-tv-shooting-to-resume/387871/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529230736/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/strike-off-tv-shooting-to-resume/387871/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=19 November 2008|title=No more repeat of TV soaps as TV industry strike ends|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/no-more-repeat-of-tv-soaps-as-tv-industry-strike-ends-33649-2008-11-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618035757/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/no-more-repeat-of-tv-soaps-as-tv-industry-strike-ends-33649-2008-11-19 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |access-date=|website=India Today}}</ref> On 19 November 2008, the strike was called off after settling the disputes and the production resumed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=20 November 2008|title=No more repeat telecast of TV soaps as strike ends|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/lFsrye8ynEtEnU4oD9NEdL/No-more-repeat-telecast-of-TV-soaps-as-strike-ends.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611021243/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/lFsrye8ynEtEnU4oD9NEdL/No-more-repeat-telecast-of-TV-soaps-as-strike-ends.html |archive-date=11 June 2018 |access-date=|website=Live Mint}}</ref> The new episodes started to telecast from 1 December 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=New look return|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/new-look-return/cid/515296|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617102243/https://m.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/new-look-return/cid/515296 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |access-date=|website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==In other media==
Gattu's character, portrayed by Deven Bhojani, was used in the 2012 drama serial ''[[Alaxmi Ka Super Parivaar]]'' where he came as the nephew of Natwarlal and Mohandas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Deven-returns-to-TV-as-Gattu/articleshow/16912639.cms|title=Deven returns to TV as Gattu|last=|first=|date=22 October 2012|website=The Times of India|access-date=|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108172054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/deven-returns-to-tv-as-gattu/articleshow/16912639.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated, "The strength of the show is its characters that deliver a power-packed performance. The right concoction of situational humour and proper representation of characters remains the forte of the show. With an ensemble cast of seasoned stage artistes, the show manages to hold attention and evoke laughter. The show is an instant hit among the womenfolk. It's a sweet humorous tale worth a dekko."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-endearing-family-is-back/512113/|title=The endearing family is back|last=|first=|date=|website=The Indian Express|access-date=}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Awards
! Category
! Recipient(s)
! Result
! Ref{s}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006
|rowspan="8"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Best Actor – Comedy
|[[Deven Bhojani]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-06th-ita-awards-2006/|title=The 6th ITA Awards 2006|access-date=25 June 2024|archive-date=26 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626001217/https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-06th-ita-awards-2006/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actress – Drama
|[[Vaishali Thakkar]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="5"|2007
|Best Serial – Drama
|Baa Bahoo Aur Baby
|{{won}}
|rowspan="5"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-07th-ita-awards-2007/|title=The 7th ITA Awards 2007|access-date=25 June 2024|archive-date=26 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626001022/https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-07th-ita-awards-2007/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actor – Male
|[[Paresh Ganatra]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actress – Comedy
|[[Sucheeta Trivedi]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Child Artist
|[[Swini Khara]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Teleplay
|Aatish Kapadia
|{{won}}
|-
|2008
|Best Actor – Drama
|Deven Bhojani
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-08th-ita-awards-2008/|title=The 8th ITA Awards 2008|access-date=26 June 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314005558/https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-08th-ita-awards-2008/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{SP Shows}}

[[Category:2005 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama television series]]
[[Category:Television about mental health]]
[[Category:Hats Off Productions]]

2021–22 Sudeva Delhi FC season

2025-09-27T16:41:15Z

Sylvester41C: stub

{{short description|2021–2022 Sudeva Delhi football season}}
{{update|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox football club season
|club = [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|season = [[2021–22 in Indian football|'''2021–22''']]
|chairman = Anuj Gupta
|chrtitle = President
|manager = [[Chencho Dorji]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-03|title=Chencho Dorji: A Life in Football Dodging the Happiness Trap|url=https://www.newsclick.in/chencho-dorji-life-football-dodging-happiness-trap|access-date=2020-12-23|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref>
|mgrtitle = Head coach
|stdtitle =
|stadium =
|league = [[I-League]]
|league result =
|league2 =
|league2 result =
|cup1 =
|cup1 result =
|league topscorer =
|season topscorer =
|highest attendance = N/A
|lowest attendance = N/A
|average attendance = N/A
| prevseason = [[2020–21 Sudeva Delhi FC season|2020–21]]
| nextseason = [[2022–23 Sudeva Delhi FC season|2022–23]]
}}

The '''2021–22 season''' is the 7th season of [[Sudeva Delhi Football Club]] in existence and 2nd season in [[I-League]].<ref>https://thebridge.in/i-league/i-league-2021-22-kolkata-22454 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161658/https://thebridge.in/i-league/i-league-2021-22-kolkata-22454 |date=27 June 2021 }}.</ref>

== Team ==

=== First-team squad ===
{{update|section|date=September 2021}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Augustin Fernandes]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Lalliansanga Renthlei]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Gursimrat Singh Gill]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=6|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Ngaraipam Kasomwung}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=7|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=[[Pintu Mahata]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|name=[[Manvir Singh (footballer born 2001)|Manvir Singh]]|pos=FW|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Vanlalzahawma]]}}
{{Fs player|other= |no=12|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Shaiborlang Kharpan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon]]}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Mohit Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[William Pauliankhum]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Mohit Mittal}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sinam Maicheal Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sairuat Kima]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Ngangbam Naocha]]}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Phairembam Rostam Singh}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Lunkim Seigoulun Khongsai]]}}
{{Fs player|no=35|pos=GK|nat=IND|name=Sachin Jha|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=36|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Ashish Sibi}}
{{Fs player|no=77|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ansh Gupta}}
{{Fs player|no=99|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ishan Rozario}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Shubho Paul]]}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=Vanlaltlankima Blakmawla}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=Abhijith Elippatta}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=Aryav Sharma}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=Aneesudheen Abdul Azeez}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=|pos=DF|nat=IND|name=Amandeep P Singh}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=Tarun Taneja}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=Vikram Singh Gill}}
{{Fs player|other=|no=|pos=MF|nat=IND|name=Akbar Khan}}
{{Fs end}}

==Transfers==

===Transfers in===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;" |'''Date'''
! style="background:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;" |'''Player'''
! style="background:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;" |'''Position'''
! style="background:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;" |'''No.'''
! style="background:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;" |Last Club
! style="background:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;" |'''Fee'''
! style="background:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;" |'''Ref.'''
|-
| 1 August 2021
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shaiborlang Kharpan]]
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| 12
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Squad {{!}} Sudeva Delhi FC|url=https://sudeva.in/squad/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-28|website=[[Sudeva Delhi FC]]|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523054022/https://sudeva.in/squad/}}</ref>
|-
| 1 September 2021
| style="text-align:left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} Akbar Khan
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC]]
| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]
|
|-
|}

===Transfers out===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;" |'''Exit Date'''
! style="background:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;" |'''Player'''
! style="background:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;" |'''Position'''
! style="background:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;" |'''No.'''
! style="background:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;" |'''To'''
! style="background:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;" |'''Fee'''
! style="background:#FFFF00; color:#1047AB;" |'''Ref.'''
|-
|30 March 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Mahesh Singh]]
|style="text-align:center;"|FW
|33
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC]]
|Loan Return
|
|-
|30 March 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Ajay Singh (footballer)|Ajay Singh]]
|style="text-align:center;"|FW
|10
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|[[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]
|
|-
|30 March 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Johny K.v.I Muanpuia
|style="text-align:center;"|MF
|
|
|Released
|
|-
|30 March 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Suji Kumar M
|style="text-align:center;"|MF
|
|
|Released
|
|-
|30 March 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Amandeep
|style="text-align:center;"|MF
|
|
|Released
|
|-
|30 March 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} R. Lallawmawma
|style="text-align:center;"|MF
|
|
|Released
|
|-
|30 March 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Waris Rashid
|style="text-align:center;"|MF
|
|
|Released
|
|-
|30 March 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Gopi Kannan
|style="text-align:center;"|MF
|
|
|Released
|
|-
|30 March 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} H Lalhmingchhuanga
|style="text-align:center;"|MF
|
|
|Released
|
|-
|30 March 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Eddie Fung
|style="text-align:center;"|MF
|
|
|Released
|
|-
|30 March 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Wallace J Martins
|style="text-align:center;"|DF
|
|
|Released
|
|-
|30 March 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Sanjib Das
|style="text-align:center;"|MF
|
|
|Released
|
|-
|30 March 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Anirban Yadav
|style="text-align:center;"|GK
|
|
|Released
|
|-
|30 May 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Ayush Chhikara
|style="text-align:center;"|FW
|33
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC]]
|Loan Return
|
|-
|1 July 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Kamal Choudhary
|style="text-align:center;"|DF
|14
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC]]
|[[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]
|
|-
|3 July 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Lalramhmunmawia]]
|style="text-align:center;"|DF
|39
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|[[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]
|
|-
|9 July 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Rakshit Dagar]]
|style="text-align:center;"|GK
|40
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC]]
|[[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/i-league-signings-rakshit-dagar-sudeva-delhi-fc-sreenidhi-gokulam-kerala-sports-news-football/article35235243.ece|title=I-League: Gokulam Kerala signs Rakshit Dagar|first=P. K. Ajith|last=Kumar|website=Sportstar |date=9 July 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2 August 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Kean Lewis]]
|style="text-align:center;"|MF
|8
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|Punjab FC]]
|[[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]
|
|-
|30 August 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Lovepreet Singh (footballer)|Lovepreet Singh]]
|style="text-align:center;"|GK
|1
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|[[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]
|
|-
|1 September 2021
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Prashant Narayan Choudhary
|style="text-align:center;"|DF
|20
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC]]
|[[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]
|
|-
|}

== Technical staff ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head Coach
| {{flagicon|BHU}} [[Chencho Dorji]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 September 2020|title=Sudeva FC appoints Chencho Dorji as head coach|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/sudeva-fc-new-head-coach-chencho-dorji-ileague-indian-football-news/article32678946.ece|access-date=23 December 2020|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| Assistant Coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Pushpender Kundu
|-
| Technical Director
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Rabiu Afolabi|Afolabi Rabiu]]
|-
| Physiotherapist
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Arshak. AT
|-
| Coach U18
| {{flagicon|NGA}} Hakim Ssegendo
|-
| Coach U15
| {{flagicon|IND}} PS Lalngaihzuala
|-
| Coach U13
|{{flagicon|NGA}} Franklin Onalega
|-
|}

===Overview===
{{Fb overview2
|c=1
|c1=[[2021-22 I-League|I League]] |fm1=TBD |lm1=TBD |sr1= |fp1= |w1=0 |l1=0|d1=0|f1=0 |a1=0
|c2=[[Durand Cup]] |fm2=12 September 2021 |lm2=17 September 2021|sr2=|fp2= |w2=0 |d2=0 |l2=3 |f2=1|a2=4
|c3=[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]|fm3=TBD|lm3=TBD |sr3=|fp3= -|w3=0|l3=0|d3=0|f3=0|a3=0
|u={{Start date|2021|09|23|df=y}}.
}}

==I-League==
{{main|2021–22 I-League}}

=== League table ===
{{:2021–22 I-League|showteam=SUD}}

=== League Results by round ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Round

|label2= Result
| res2= ///////////////////
|label3= League Position
| res3= ///////////////////


|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=green1|color_2-4=yellow1

|updated= 19 January 2021
|source=[[#Matchday|Matchday]]
|date=October 2021
}}

===Durand Cup===
{{main|2021 Durand Cup}}

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B

|name_JP=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|name_SD=[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|name_GO=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|name_AG=[[Army Green (football team)|Army Green]]

|show_limit=5
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots

|update=complete
|win_JP=1 |draw_JP=0 |loss_JP=2 |gf_JP=2 |ga_JP=8 |status_JP=
|win_SD=0 |draw_SD=0 |loss_SD=3 |gf_SD=1 |ga_SD=4 |status_SD=
|win_GO=3 |draw_GO=0 |loss_GO=0 |gf_GO=9 |ga_GO=1 |status_GO=
|win_AG=2 |draw_AG=0 |loss_AG=1 |gf_AG=4 |ga_AG=3 |status_AG=


|team2=AG
|team1=GO
|team3=JP
|team4=SD

|res_col_header=Q
|result1=KO |result2=KO |col_KO=green1 |text_KO=[[#Knockout stage|Knockout stage]]
}}</onlyinclude>

====Matches====
{{football box collapsible
|round = 1
|date= {{Start date|2021|09|06|df=y}}
|time= 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|score= 1–0
|report = [https://www.news18.com/news/football/durand-cup-2021-jamshedpur-fc-get-1-0-win-as-sudeva-delhi-fc-are-left-to-rue-missed-chances-4171814.html Report]
|team2=[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|goals1=* [[Lalruatmawia]] {{goal|33}}
* [[Jitendra Singh (footballer)|J Singh]] {{yel|45+1}}
* [[Phijam Vikas Singh|P Singh]] {{yel|86}}
* [[Vishal Yadav (footballer)|Yadav]] {{yel|88}}
|goals2=* [[Mohit Singh|Singh]] {{yel|90+3}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|attendance=0
|result=L
|motm=[[Vishal Yadav (footballer)|Vishal Yadav]] (Jamshedpur FC)
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 2
|date= {{Start date|2021|09|13|df=y}}
|time= 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|score= 2–1
|report = [https://khelnow.com/football/durand-cup-2021-fc-goa-sudeva-delhi-live-commentary Report]
|team2=[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|goals1=* [[Muhammed Nemil|Nemil]] {{goal|45+2}}
* [[Danstan Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{yel|46}}
* [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Ortiz]] {{goal|80}}
|goals2=* [[Sairuat Kima|Kima]] {{yel|18}}
* [[Vanlalzuidika]] {{yel|33}}
* [[Akbar Khan (footballer)|Khan]] {{yel|80}}
* [[William Pauliankhum|Pauliankhum]] {{goal|90+8|p}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance=0
|result=L
|motm= [[Seriton Fernandes]] (FC Goa)
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 3
|date= {{Start date|2021|09|17|df=y}}
|time= 15.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Army Green (football team)|Army Green]]
|score= 1–0
|report = [https://www.flashscore.in/match/nkjJT4gQ/#match-summary Report]
|team2=[[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|goals1=* [[PC Lallawmkima|Lallawmkima]] {{yel|34}}
* [[Subham Rana|Rana]] {{yel|42}}
* Singh {{goal|51}}
|goals2=* [[Sairuat Kima|Kima]] {{yel|54}}
* [[Shaiborlang Kharpan|Kharpan]] {{yel|88}}
|location= [[Kolkata]]
|stadium= [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
|attendance=0
|result=L
|motm= Deepak Singh (Army Green)
|referee=
}}

== Statistics ==
===Goalscorers===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"
|-
!Name
!No.
!Pos.
![[2021–22 I-League]]
![[Durand Cup]]
![[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
!Total
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[William Pauliankhum]]||16||[[Midfielder|AM]]
|0||1||0||1
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2021-22 Sudeva Delhi FC season}}
[[Category:Sudeva Delhi FC seasons]]

South India Reformed Churches

2025-08-21T17:16:43Z

Sylvester41C: slightly expand content to improve readability and added references

The '''South India Reformed Churches''' is a conservative [[Calvinist]] denomination in south India. This denomination is located in Andhra Pradesh and is a Calvinist church mission of the United States. It has eight congregations with many children's homes.<ref>[http://www.irfa.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49:points-of-ministry&Itemid=41 www.irfa.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49:points-of-ministry&Itemid=41]</ref>

The denomination was formed in 1993 by a former [[Baptist]] pastor, Rev Abraham, who had become more and more inclined toward [[Calvinist]] theology, including [[paedobaptism]]. Meanwhile, three small congregations were established in [[Bagalur, Bangalore Urban|Bagalur]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] and [[Bangalore]]. It places high priority of evangelization among [[Hindu]] people. The [[Presbyterian Theological Seminary]] in India provides the theological training. Sister church relations with the [[Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated)]] were established.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbk.gkv.nl/india/705/|title = BBK.GKV » India}}</ref>

In [[Tamil Nadu]] state of India there are three congregations. In 2011 six independent congregations joined the small federation. In 2012, another 6 congregations and pastors joined the church. In six cities, there are new church development projects.<ref>[http://www.deverrenaasten.nl/nl/projects/view/46/india-south-india-ref-churches-missionair-werk www.deverrenaasten.nl/nl/projects/view/46/india-south-india-ref-churches-missionair-werk]</ref>

It is a member of the [[World Reformed Fellowship]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wrfnet.org/about/membership/denominational#.UlVEzdKU0rV|title = Denominational Members|date = 22 January 2013}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

{{World Reformed Fellowship}}

[[Category:1993 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Presbyterianism in India]]
[[Category:Reformed denominations in Asia]]
[[Category:Members of the World Reformed Fellowship]]

Consecration of the Ram Mandir

2025-08-10T13:48:12Z

Sylvester41C: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Ram Mandir#Consecration]]

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