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Versha Verma

2026-05-07T09:31:20Z

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{{Notability|Biography|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Versha Verma
| image = Versha Verma.jpg
| caption = Versha in 2024
| native_name = वर्षा वर्मा
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|20 December 1978}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Social Worker
}}

'''Versha Verma''' (born 20 December 1978) is a [[Lucknow]]-based social worker and poet who runs a non-profit called Ek Koshish Aisi Bhi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ek Koshish Aisi bhi {{!}} एक कोशिश ऐसी भी {{!}} Genuine website Ek Koshish Aisi bhi {{!}} Call us here! 8318193805 |url=http://www.ekkoshishaisebhi.com/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.ekkoshishaisebhi.com}}</ref> which she started in 2015. Her work came to prominence during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] when she began providing free assistance to families, transporting mortal remains from hospitals to cremation grounds and performing their last rites, all while risking her own life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This UP Woman, 44, Ensures Unclaimed Bodies Get An Honourable Cremation |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/this-up-woman-44-ensures-unclaimed-bodies-get-an-honourable-cremation-4111541 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Varsha Varma, Who Ferries Bodies Of COVID-19 Victims And Ensures Dignity For The Dead |url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/meet-varsha-varma-who-ferries-bodies-of-covid-19-victims-and-ensures-dignity-for-the-dead-60875/ |website=[[NDTV]]|date=7 July 2021 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Versha was born in [[Lucknow]] into a business class family. Her father is a [[goldsmith]], and her mother is a housewife. {{cn|date=March 2026}}

Versha completed her education in Lucknow. She did her schooling from Navyug Kanya Mahavidyalaya, graduated in Arts from [[Avadh Girls' Degree College, Lucknow]] and completed her post-graduation in English from [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Kanpur University]]. {{cn|date=March 2026}}

== COVID-19 work ==
[[File:Defence Minister Shri Rajnath felicitating Versha Verma.jpg|thumb|Defence Minister Shri Rajnath Singh felicitating Versha Verma]]
[[File:UP Governor Smt. Anandiben Patel felicitating Versha Verma.jpg|thumb|UP Governor Smt. Anandiben Patel felicitating Versha Verma]]
During the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic, Lucknow, like other cities witnessed huge number of deaths. Versha lost her best friend to COVID-19, and her body kept lying at the hospital's morgue for hours because no transportation was available to carry it to the crematorium. Those who agreed were asking for prohibitive sums of money, which the family couldn’t afford. The incident affected Versha so much that the next day, she rented a van, hired a driver and headed to the same hospital with a placard that read, “''Nishulk Shav Vahan''" (free vehicle for carrying the dead).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet Lucknow's Varsha Verma, Who Is Performing Last Rites Of Unclaimed COVID Dead Bodies |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/lucknow-varsha-verma-who-is-performing-last-rites-of-unclaimed-covid-dead-bodies-538788.html |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=शाबाश! महामारी के इस दौर में लखनऊ की वर्षा वर्मा मिसाल हैं |url=https://hindi.thequint.com/news/states/versha-verma-performing-last-rites-unclaimed-coronavirus-dead-bodies |work=[[The Quint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Lucknow's Varsha Verma is proof that superheroes these days wear PPE Kits instead of capes! |url=https://www.knocksense.com/lucknow/lucknows-varsha-verma-is-proof-that-not-all-heroes-wear-capes-some-don-a-ppe-kit-too |work=Knocksense}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=लखनऊ की आयरन लेडी! 4.5 हजार लावारिश शवों का कर चुकीं हैं अंतिम संस्कार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-up-lucknow-iron-lady-varsha-verma-cremated-4-thousand-5-hundred-unclaimed-dead-bodies-8426927.html |work=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=वर्षा लावारिश लाशों का करती हैं अंतिम संस्कार, बोलीं-'दूसरों की मदद करने से दिल से मिलता है सुकून' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttar-pradesh/state/lucknow/social-worker-varsha-verma-performs-last-rites-of-unclaimed-dead-bodies-in-lucknow/up20231016182059582582487 |work=[[ETV Network]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=एक कोशिश ऐसी भी... सैकड़ों शवों के लिए 'भगीरथ' बनीं लखनऊ की वर्षा, दुनिया की प्रतिष्ठित पत्रिका फोर्ब्स ने भी सराहा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/lucknow-woman-varsha-varma-cremating-covid-19-victims-for-free-lucknow-news-lko579169720 |work=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Real Hero : कोविड-19 के शवों को श्मशान तक पहुंचा रहीं वर्षा |url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/real-hero-varsha-verma-is-cremating-corona-dead-bodies-in-lucknow-6829918 |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Caring for the dead UP woman conducts cremation of unclaimed bodies |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2023/06/11/nrg1-up-woman-bodies-cremation.html |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Corona काल में लखनऊ की वर्षा वर्मा जो कर रही हैं, वो करना आसान नहीं ! |url=https://www.abplive.com/videos/states/lucknow-girl-versha-verma-became-an-example-during-the-corona-era-1903872 |work=[[ABP News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=HT Salutes: UP's trio that gives dignity to dead |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-s-trio-that-gives-dignity-to-dead/story-hCwTUFg33ejzh2lSa7zZXI.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=After Losing Friend to COVID-19, Judo Champ Ferries Thousands of Bodies to Crematorium |url=https://thebetterindia.com/259271/covid-judo-champ-versha-verma-ferries-bodies-crematorium-ambulance/ |work=[[The Better India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This Lady With A Placard Stood Outside A Lucknow Hospital For Two Hours, Becomes One Among Many #StoriesOfHope |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/humaninterest/spotify-29856 |website=The Logical Indian|date=26 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucknow Woman Varsha Verma Ferries Bodies Of COVID-19 Patients To Graveyards For Free |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/lucknow-varsha-verma-ferries-bodies-of-covid-19-patients-crematoriums-free/ |website=[[SheThePeople]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet Varsha Verma, who ferries bodies of COVID-19 victims to graveyards for free in Lucknow |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/meet-varsha-verma-who-ferries-bodies-of-covid-19-victims-to-graveyards-for-free-in-lucknow20210422012644/ |work=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Lucknow woman starts free hearse service for Covid victims |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/lucknow-woman-starts-free-hearse-service-for-covi-victims-1795610-2021-04-27 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=मदद के हाथ: कोरोना मृतकों का अंतिम संस्कार करवाने वाली महिला की कहानी होश उड़ा देगी! |url=https://www.thelallantop.com/news/post/varsha-verma-provides-free-ambulance-service-and-take-covid-19-positive-dead-bodies-from-hospital-to-the-cremation-ground-corona-coverage |work=The Lallantop}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=वर्षा करती हैं अंतिम संस्कार वाला परोपकार, लावारिस शव को देती हैं अंतिम विदाई |url=https://www.gnttv.com/shows/desh-ki-baat-sunati-hoon/video/varsha-lucknow-doing-free-cremation-those-who-are-destitute-447150-2022-09-14 |work=[[Good News Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Lucknow News: जिसका कोई नहीं उसकी वर्षा वर्मा.... लावारिस लाशों का करती है अंतिम संस्कार |url=https://m.up.punjabkesari.in/uttar-pradesh/news/lucknow-news-up-s-varsha-verma-performs-last-rites-of-unclaimed-dead-bodies-1837760 |work=[[Punjab Kesari]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=They Give Us Hope |url=https://www.readersdigest.in/cover-story/story-they-give-us-hope-127271 |website=[[Reader's Digest]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Corona in Lucknow: कोरोना मरीजों को अपने नहीं लगाते हाथ... लावारिस लाशों का ऐसे दाह संस्कार कर रही लखनऊ की यह बेटी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/other-news/lucknow-versha-verma-is-real-hero-criminating-corona-dead-bodies-like-this/articleshow/82160824.cms |work=[[Navbharat Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Versha Verma helps perform the last rites of 10-12 COVID victims every day. The calls for help are increasing |url=https://en.gaonconnection.com/covid-deaths-cremation-lucknow-uttar-pradesh-corornavirus-second-wave/ |work=Gaon Connection}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=लखनऊ की वर्षा वर्मा ने रूढ़िवादी परम्पराओ को तोड़ पेश की मानवता की मिसाल,600 से अधिक शवों का किया अंतिम संस्कार |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-varsha-verma-of-lucknow-set-an-example-of-humanity-by-breaking-the-orthodox-traditions-cremated-more-than-600-dead-bodies-3889670.html |work=[[News18 India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet Varsha Verma, who ferries bodies of COVID-19 victims to graveyards for free in Lucknow |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/meet-varsha-verma-who-ferries-bodies-of-covid-19-victims-to-graveyards-for-free-in-lucknow/articleshow/82191194.cms |work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This social worker from Lucknow cremates Covid-19 victims for free |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/covid19-frontline-warriors/this-social-worker-from-lucknow-cremates-covid19-victims-for-free/68047/1 |website=[[Forbes India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Versha Verma's Story: Versha Verma ferried the bodies of COVID-19 victims in Lucknow for free and helped arrange their last rites |url=https://www.femina.in/mamaearth-beautiful-indians-2022/goodness-stories/versha-verma/884 |website=[[Femina (India)]]}}</ref> {{excessive citations inline|date=June 2024}}

== Social work ==
Versha has been actively involved in various social causes. When she was 14 years old, she used to provide humanitarian aid to the patients at [[King George's Medical University|King George Medical University, Lucknow]] and run errands for them. Now, through her non-profit organisation, she provides free hearse cars and ambulance service to needy families throughout the state of Uttar Pradesh. She helps in the rehabilitation of destitutes, trains young women and girls in self-defence, organises blood donation camps and arranges blood donors, and educates underprivileged children.

She delivers awareness lectures on postnatal care to new mothers at government hospitals and distributes hygiene kits. She provides ration kit to cancer patients at Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, Lucknow, and distributes health kits to kids at pediatric cancer department of King George Medical University, Lucknow since 2016, Versha has cremated over 5,600 bodies.

== Personal life ==
Versha's family consists of her husband, who is an Executive Engineer in Public Works Department, Uttar Pradesh. They have a daughter who is studying.

== Awards and recognition ==
[[File:Uttar Pradesh CM Yogi Adityanath felicitating Versha Verma.jpg|thumb|Uttar Pradesh CM Yogi Adityanath felicitating Versha Verma with Lalji Tandon Samajik Seva Purskar]]
Versha’s dedication has not gone unnoticed. She has received numerous accolades from prominent figures, including Hon'ble Raksha Mantri Shri [[Rajnath Singh]], Hon'ble Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Shri [[Yogi Adityanath]], former Union Minister Smt. [[Smriti Irani]] and former IAS Navneet Sehgal. These awards are a testament to her impactful work and the significant difference she has made in her community.

[[Forbes India|ForbesIndia]] featured Versha for her daring presence and contribution during th COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite news |title=This social worker from Lucknow cremates Covid-19 victims for free. |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/covid19-frontline-warriors/this-social-worker-from-lucknow-cremates-covid19-victims-for-free/68047/1 |work=[[Forbes India]]}}</ref>
[[File:Versha Verma with her ambulance-hearse car.jpg|thumb|Versha Verma with her ambulance/hearse car]]
[[File:Former Union Minister Smt. Smriti Irani felicitating Versha Verma.jpg|thumb|Former Union Minister Smt. Smriti Irani felicitating Versha Verma]]
[[Femina (India)|Femina India]] & [[Mamaearth]] recognised Versha among Beautiful Indians 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet #BeautifulIndians2022: Versha Verma {{!}} FeminaXMamaearth |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_JBFHGUkQw |website=[[YouTube]]| date=16 June 2022 }}</ref>

[[Sony Pictures Networks]] India highlighted Versha's COVID-19 work in its campaign #GoBeyondKindness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Go-Beyond Kindness - Versha Verma |url=https://www.facebook.com/sonypicturesnetworks/videos/304012768045223/ |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Versha}}
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judo people]]

Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T09:23:47Z

Swertvver: Put up basic entry needs work!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Puducherry legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| constituency_no =14
| electors ={{formatnum:26349}}
| union_territory = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| name = Raj Bhavan
| type= SLA
| map_image = Rajbhavan-assembly-constituency-14.png
| mla = K. Lakshminarayanan
| party = {{Party index link|All India N.R. Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]
| established = 1964
| reservation = None
}}

'''Raj Bhavan''' is a [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the Union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in [[India]].<ref name=pyceo>{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |title=Map showing the Assembly constituencies of the U.T. of Pondicherry |date= |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Chief Electoral Office, Puducherry |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608111413/https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency is a part of [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| 1964
| [[Édouard Goubert]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1969
| D. Kantharaj
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1974
| Dhana Kantharaj
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1977
| D. Ramajayam
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| 1980
| L. Joseph Mariadass
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 1985
| L. Joseph Mariadass
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1990
| S. P. Sivakumar
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 1991
| A. Gandhiraj
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1996
| S. P. Sivakumar
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 2001
| S. P. Sivakumar
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 2006
| S. P. Sivakumar
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 2011
| [[K. Lakshminarayanan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2016
| K. Lakshminarayanan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2021
| K. Lakshminarayanan
| {{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}|51.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2016|2016]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.23}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2011|2011]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|59.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.79}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1985|1985]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.77}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.92}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|35.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1969|1969]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1964|1964]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|78.47}}
}}

=== Assembly Election 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Raj Bhavan}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R.Kumaran]]|party=Congress|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Vignesh Kannan (politician)|Vignesh Kannan]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. P. Ramalingam]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karpagavalli|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. J. Chandran|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =20962 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Raj Bhavan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Lakshminarayanan]] |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=10,096 |percentage=51.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Sivakumar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,364 |percentage=32.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Paruvadhavardhnie |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=1,462 |percentage=7.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anthony Sharmila |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=975 |percentage=5.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=303 |percentage=1.56% |change=-0.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. K. Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=144 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,732 |percentage=19.17% |change=8.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,466 |percentage=73.93% |change= -3.85% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,329 |change =2.40% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India N.R. Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Raj Bhavan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Lakshminarayanan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,445 |percentage=47.23% |change=-12.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Kannan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,220 |percentage=36.10% |change=13.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Annibal Nehru |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=1,517 |percentage=7.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Pougajendy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=929 |percentage=4.65% |change=1.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=487 |percentage=2.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Velayutham |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=153 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,225 |percentage=11.13% |change=-25.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,000 |percentage=77.78% |change= 0.64% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,713 |change =3.67% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -12.35% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2011 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Raj Bhavan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Lakshminarayanan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,398 |percentage=59.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Saravanakumar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,327 |percentage=22.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Annibal Nehru |party=Independent politician |votes=2,536 |percentage=13.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Lallu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=555 |percentage=2.90% |change=-0.97% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. M. Sekar Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=227 |percentage=1.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Arumai Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=90 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,071 |percentage=36.96% |change=-1.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,133 |percentage=77.14% |change= 0.43% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,802 |change =384.51% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.38% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2006 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Raj Bhavan<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2006 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925222225/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=25 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Sivakumar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,590 |percentage=65.95% |change=8.17% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. K. Devadoss |party=Puducherry Munnetra Congress |votes=1,094 |percentage=27.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Govindarajane |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=152 |percentage=3.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Xavier |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=49 |percentage=1.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Ramamoorthi |party=Independent politician |votes=19 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,496 |percentage=38.10% |change=11.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,927 |percentage=76.71% |change= 10.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,119 |change =-19.32% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.17% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2001 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Raj Bhavan<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2001 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927050359/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Sivakumar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,408 |percentage=57.79% |change=-0.75% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Gandhiraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,308 |percentage=31.39% |change=6.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Pandurangan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=340 |percentage=8.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Ramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=66 |percentage=1.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Balasubramanian |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45 |percentage=1.08% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,100 |percentage=26.40% |change=-6.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,167 |percentage=65.75% |change= 9.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,345 |change =-11.35% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.33% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Raj Bhavan<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1996 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135105/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Sivakumar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,697 |percentage=58.54% |change=11.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Gandhirasu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,159 |percentage=25.16% |change=-23.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Louie Pragassa Kannaiya |party=Independent politician |votes=559 |percentage=12.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Visweswaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=105 |percentage=2.28% |change=-0.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Rajmohan Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes=39 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Ramajayam |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=28 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,538 |percentage=33.38% |change=32.39% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,607 |percentage=65.39% |change= 9.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,157 |change =-20.17% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Raj Bhavan<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1991 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135604/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Gandhiraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,381 |percentage=48.45% |change=3.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Sivakumar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,332 |percentage=47.46% |change=-0.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Damodaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=136 |percentage=2.77% |change=0.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Gotahndaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=29 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=49 |percentage=1.00% |change=-1.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,914 |percentage=55.95% |change= -6.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,965 |change =3.94% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Raj Bhavan<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1990 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917130547/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Sivakumar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,528 |percentage=47.58% |change=11.86% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Joseph Mariadoss |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,377 |percentage=44.74% |change=-10.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Sukumaran |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=178 |percentage=3.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Dhamodaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=136 |percentage=2.56% |change=1.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Vijayalakshmi |party=Independent politician |votes=47 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=151 |percentage=2.84% |change=-16.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,313 |percentage=62.08% |change= -3.88% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,625 |change =27.51% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -7.18% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Raj Bhavan<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1985 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140417/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Joseph Mariadoss |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,419 |percentage=54.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Louie Pragassa Kannaiya |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,578 |percentage=35.73% |change=-10.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Uthaman |party=Janata Party |votes=230 |percentage=5.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Vengataraman |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=161 |percentage=3.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Govindasamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=841 |percentage=19.04% |change=-0.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,417 |percentage=65.95% |change= 0.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,764 |change =3.02% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.84% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Raj Bhavan<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1980 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927041541/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Joseph Mariadass |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,880 |percentage=45.92% |change=37.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Subbiah |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,082 |percentage=26.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. K. Jeevarathina Odayar |party=Janata Party |votes=510 |percentage=12.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. V. Vaithilingam |party=Independent politician |votes=479 |percentage=11.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Kaliaperumal |party=Independent politician |votes=70 |percentage=1.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marius Bala |party=Independent politician |votes=37 |percentage=0.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thiagi Thirukamu |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=36 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=798 |percentage=19.49% |change=19.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,094 |percentage=65.46% |change= 8.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,566 |change =-6.76% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Janata Party |swing= 10.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Raj Bhavan<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1977 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927043330/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Ramajayam |party=Janata Party |votes=1,411 |percentage=35.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dana Kanthraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,397 |percentage=34.96% |change=-21.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sadagopan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=870 |percentage=21.77% |change=-4.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durai Subramanian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=318 |percentage=7.96% |change=-10.27% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14 |percentage=0.35% |change=-29.88% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,996 |percentage=57.23% |change= -16.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,042 |change =18.85% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -20.69% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Raj Bhavan<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1974 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917133352/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhana Kantharaj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,399 |percentage=56.00% |change=4.38% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Jothi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,104 |percentage=25.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. L. Selvaradjou |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=781 |percentage=18.23% |change=-30.15% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,295 |percentage=30.23% |change=26.98% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,284 |percentage=74.16% |change= 6.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,925 |change =14.43% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.38% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1969 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Raj Bhavan<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1969 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140530/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Kantharaj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,766 |percentage=51.62% |change=-26.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sadagopan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,655 |percentage=48.38% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=111 |percentage=3.24% |change=-56.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,421 |percentage=67.81% |change= 2.34% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,178 |change =-3.50% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -26.84% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1964 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Raj Bhavan<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1964 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515062755/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=15 May 2019 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Édouard Goubert]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,722 |percentage=78.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Pakiam |party=Independent politician |votes=662 |percentage=19.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jimmy Ebenezar Robert |party=Indian People's Front |votes=85 |percentage=2.45% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,060 |percentage=59.38% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,469 |percentage=65.47% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,366 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|title=Schedule XXII Puducherry Table A - Assembly Constituencies|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/nri/puducherry_Delimitation.pdf|accessdate=2011-05-13}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}
{{coord|11.934|79.834|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Politics of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Pondicherry]]

Visappu

2026-05-07T01:17:59Z

Swertvver: New

{{short description|1954 short story collection by Vaikom Muhammad Basheer}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''''Visappu''''' (''Hunger'') is a collection of Malayalam short stories by [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] published in 1954.<ref>[http://www.cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/basheer.html "Works by Vaikom Muhammad Basheer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612032617/http://www.cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/basheer.html |date=12 June 2013 }}. [[New York University]]. Retrieved 3 June 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2502/stories/20080201501110100.htm |title=Sultan of story: A birth centenary tribute to Vaikom Mohammed Basheer who picked up his tales from life's poetry |first=K. | last=Satchidanandan |journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=February 2008 |volume= 25 |issue= 2|access-date=30 May 2018 }}</ref> The collection includes Basheer's first story "[[Ente Thankam]]" (My Darling) which is titled "Thankam" in the book.<ref>{{cite book|title=Basheer fictions|author=M. N. Vijayan|author-link=M. N. Vijayan|editor=M. N. Vijayan|editor-link=M. N. Vijayan|publisher=Katha|year=1996|page=21}}</ref> This story originally appeared in the [[Ernakulam]]-based newspaper ''Jayakesari'' in 1937.<ref>{{cite book|title=Vushappu (Hunger)|author=Vaikom Muhammad Basheer|year=1954|publisher=Current Books|chapter=Foreword|quote=It is years since I have started writing stories. When did I start? I think it was from 1937. I have been living in Ernakulam since then. I was a writer by profession. I wrote a great deal. I would get my writing published in newspapers and journals. No one paid me for it. The stories were published between 1937 and 1941 in ''Navajeevan'', a weekly published in Trivandrum in those days.}}</ref> The other stories include "Visappu" (Hunger), "Marunnu" (Medicine) and "Pishachu" (Devil). ''Visappu'' is considered a modern classic in south Asian literature.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Classics of Modern South Asian Literature |author=Rupert Snell, I. M. P. Raeside |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |pages=27, 28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eJjAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
==List of stories==
# "Thankam"
# "Shashinas"
# "Hridayanatha"
# "Marunnu"
# "Nammude Hridayangal"
# "Pishachu"
# "Visappu"

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Basheer}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1954 short story collections]]
[[Category:Short story collections by Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language books]]
[[Category:Malayalam short stories]]
[[Category:Indian short story collections]]

{{1950s-story-collection-stub}}

Death of Anjali Singh

2026-05-05T14:04:37Z

Swertvver: Made the bio basic info

{{Short description|2023 road traffic collision death in India}}
{{Mdy|date=January 2025}}{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Death of Anjali Singh
| location = [[Delhi]]
| date = January 1, 2023
| victim = Anjali Singh
| accused = 5 vehicle occupants
| charges = Causing death by negligence Culpable homicide
}}

'''Anjali Singh''' was a 20-year-old<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-01-04 |title=Anjali Singh: The woman who was dragged to death in Delhi's hit-and-run case |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64159823 |access-date=2023-01-06}}</ref> Indian woman who was killed in a road traffic collision in [[Delhi]] on January 1, 2023. It is also known as the '''2023 Delhi hit-and-run case''', or the '''Kanjhawala case'''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64149436|title=Delhi hit-and-run: Young woman's horrific death shocks India|work=BBC News |date=January 3, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/they-fought-swapped-seats-on-the-scooter-what-we-know-about-delhis-hit-and-run-victim-and-her-friend-11921812.html|title=Delhi hit-and-run horror: Why did the victim's friend flee the scene?|date=January 3, 2023|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/anjali-singh-car-accident-case-she-was-screaming-driver-knew-friend-of-delhi-woman-dragged-by-car-3661148|title="I Felt So Hopeless That I Went Home": Friend Recounts Delhi Car Horror|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Anjali was driving a scooter and was hit by a motorist. Her leg got stuck in the car's axle, after which she was dragged by the car for several kilometers,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Death of Anjali Singh: Delhi road accident once again shows how public spaces are hostile to women |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/anjali-singh-death-kanjhawala-accident-women-public-space-8358038/ |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/anjalis-death-begs-the-question-where-were-the-police-8357515/|title=Anjali's death begs the question: Where were the police?|date=January 3, 2023}}</ref> eventually resulting in her death.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/fsl-team-conducts-mechanical-inspection-of-car-in-delhi-hit-and-run-case/articleshow/96735422.cms|title=Delhi girl dragged: FSL team conducts mechanical inspection of car in hit-and-run case | Delhi News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 January 2023 }}</ref><ref name="newyear">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/anjali-singh-delhis-hit-and-run-victim-risked-life-to-earn-for-family-hoped-to-open-salon/1296196/|title=Anjali Singh, Delhi's hit-and-run victim, 'risked life' to earn for family & hoped to open salon|first=Bismee|last=Taskin|date=January 4, 2023}}</ref>

The incident generated widespread national and international coverage and was widely condemned both in India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-car-anjali-singh-body-bjp-hit-and-run-b2255214.html|title=Woman's body dragged under car for more than an hour after hit and run|date=January 3, 2023|website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/does-india-need-australia-ignition-interlock-system-to-curb-drunk-driving-2317254-2023-01-04|title=Does India need Australia's ignition interlock system to curb drunk driving?|website=India Today}}</ref> Additionally, there were public protests in Delhi against the central government for failing to provide adequate security for women.<ref name="shaming">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sultanpuri-kanjhawala-delhi-woman-dragged-by-car-had-40-external-injuries-base-of-skull-fractured-brain-matter-missing-says-autopsy-sources-3662026|title=Woman's Skull Fractured, Ribs Exposed: Extent Of Delhi Car Horror|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/post-mortem-report-of-delhi-woman-reveals-there-was-no-injury-suggestive-of-a-sexual-assault-467013|title=Delhi car-drag horror case: Post-mortem report of Sultanpuri victim reveals no sexual assault|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>

== Background ==
Singh was born to her mother, Rekha Singh, as the second of six siblings who lived in the Mangolpuri area of Delhi.<ref name=":0" /> Singh's mother worked as an assistant in a school but lost her job during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":0" /> Her father had died eight years before her death in 2023.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2023 |title=Delhi hit & run Case | Kanjhawala Car Accident: Anjali Singh was family's sole breadwinner, her father passed away 8 years ago | Delhi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/sole-breadwinner-woman-stepped-in-after-father-passed-away-8-years-ago/articleshow/96693185.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Singh ended up not completing school in order to financially support her family by working as a make-up artist.<ref name=":0" /> She was very active on social media and [[Instagram Reels]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-kanjhawala-case-anjali-singh-story-ambitious-sole-breadwinner-8357403/|title=Anjali's story: Ambitious, family's sole breadwinner|date=January 2, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/who-was-anjali-singh-the-20-year-old-who-loved-dancing-on-punjabi-songs-died-in-the-horrific-delhi-accident-11917472.html|title=Who was Anjali Singh: The 20-year-old who loved dancing on Punjabi songs; sex assault ruled out in autopsy|date=January 3, 2023|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Additionally, Singh used to work as an [[Groomsman|usher]] for an event management company at weddings for daily remuneration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/delhi-car-horror-victim-anjali-singh-supported-family-of-6-mother-is-kidney-patient-3660671|title=Delhi Car Horror Victim Worked As Wedding Usher, Bought Scooty Last Year|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/woman-dragged-by-car-for-4-km-worked-at-event-management-company-was-returning-home-from-work-8355621/|title=Woman dragged by car for 4 km worked at event management company, was returning home from work|date=January 2, 2023}}</ref>

According to ''[[India Today]]'', CCTV footage showed Singh in an accident on July 16, 2022, which she narrowly survived. That time, Singh was found to have consumed alcohol.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi horror: Victim Anjali met with accident 6 months ago, narrowly survived | Video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/delhi-horror-victim-anjali-met-with-accident-6-months-ago-narrowly-survived-video-2318587-2023-01-07 |website=India Today}}</ref> Singh's friend, Nidhi, whom she was with on the day of her death, was also caught by [[Government Railway Police]] (GRP) in Agra in 2020 for a drug case under [[Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985]],<ref>{{cite web |date=7 January 2023 |title=Sultanpuri accident witness Nidhi was arrested in 2020 for smuggling drugs |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/sultanpuri-accident-witness-nidhi-was-arrested-in-2020-for-smuggling-drugs-11673085206366.html}}</ref> in which she later got bail.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com2">{{cite news |date=8 January 2023 |title=Delhi hit-and-run case: Kanjhawala witness under drug cloud, Delhi Police probing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/kanjhawala-witness-under-drug-cloud-police-probing/articleshow/96821712.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Later, [[Delhi Police]] found traffic challans worth 19,000 rupees pending against Nidhi.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com2" />

== Death ==
Singh, along with her friend Nidhi, left Vivan Palace [[Oyo Rooms|OYO hotel]] at around 1:30 a.m. on the morning of January 1, 2023 after attending a New Year's party.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/delhi-accident-victims-friend-records-statement-says-car-driver-at-fault-1177582.html|title=Delhi accident victim's friend records statement, says car driver at fault|date=January 3, 2023|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kanjhawala-death-nidhi-booked-delhi-oyo-room-104-for-rs-800-anjali-was-abusing-her-3014902|title=Kanjhawala death: Nidhi booked Delhi Oyo Room 104 for Rs 800, Anjali was abusing her; here's what she told police|website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/delhi-hit-and-run-case-car-occupants-knew-victim-was-stuck-beneath-alleges-friend-and-eyewitness-1177585.html|title=Delhi hit-and-run case: Car occupants knew victim was stuck beneath, alleges friend and eyewitness|date=January 3, 2023|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> When travelling on her scooter in the Sultanpuri<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2 Jan 2023 |title=Woman riding scooter dies after being hit by car in Delhi, dragged for 4-5 km {{!}} Delhi News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/woman-riding-scooter-dies-after-being-hit-by-car-dragged-for-4-5km/articleshow/96667920.cms |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> area of [[Delhi]], she was struck by a grey [[Suzuki Baleno]] car.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Poulomi |date=2023-01-05 |title=Kanjhawala death case: 10 police vehicles couldn't track killer car; contradictory claims about Anjali {{!}} Top points |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kanjhawala-death-case-10-police-vehicles-couldn-t-track-killer-car-on-night-of-anjali-s-death-top-points-101672877843270.html |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The car's five occupants panicked and didn't stop, dragging the body of Singh<ref name=":0" /> for several kilometers.<ref name=":1" /> The five occupants, who admitted being intoxicated with alcohol,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Outrage in India after woman dragged by car for an hour after collision |url=https://www.independent.ie/world-news/outrage-in-india-after-woman-dragged-by-car-for-an-hour-after-collision-42262501.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=independent |language=en}}</ref> were then arrested.<ref name=":0" /> (Before the hit-and-run, they had first gone to Haryana's [[Murthal]] for dhaba food to celebrate the new year.)<ref name="inebriated">{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2023 |title=Murthal trip gone wrong: Kin of accused in Anjali Singh case recall fateful night |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/murthal-trip-gone-wrong-kin-of-accused-in-kanjhawala-case-recall-fateful-night-8359739/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Bottles Of Liquor, Murthal Joyride: What 5 Men In Car Did Before Delhi Horror |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-bottles-of-liquor-murthal-joyride-what-5-men-in-car-did-before-delhi-horror-3660594 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Singh's friend, Nidhi, was the scooter's pillion rider, but she escaped unharmed.<ref name=":1" />

The naked body of Singh was found near Hanuman Mandir at Jonti village in Sultanpuri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/delhi-kanjhawala-sultanpuri-accident-anjali-death-police-autopsy-2316817-2023-01-03|title=60 hours after Anjali's horrific death in Delhi, many questions but few answers|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sultanpuri-kanjhawala-anjali-singh-delhi-woman-dragged-driver-had-realised-something-was-stuck-but-3658904|title=New Horror In Delhi Case: Driver Felt Something Was Wrong, Others Said No|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Her body was then sent to the [[Sanjay Gandhi]] Memorial Hospital in Mangolpuri, Delhi.<ref name="gramin">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-hit-run-men-removed-womans-body-from-car-drove-away/articleshow/96675981.cms|title=Kanjhawala Road Accident: Men removed woman's body from car, drove away | Delhi News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=3 January 2023 }}</ref> An autopsy recorded the cause of Singh's death as "[[Shock (circulatory)|shock]] and haemorrhage due to injury to the head, spine, left femur and both lower limbs"<ref name=":0" /> and noted 40 injuries on her body.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=5 Jan 2023 |title=Delhi car-drag horror: Anjali's family rejects her 'friend' Nidhi's claims; cops question 7 men who were at New Year party with them |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/delhi-car-drag-horror-anjalis-family-rejects-nidhis-claims-cops-question-7-men-who-were-at-new-year-party-with-them-467371 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

==Investigation==

=== Autopsy ===
A medical board of doctors at the [[Maulana Azad Medical College]] (MAMC) conducted Singh's autopsy and reported that there were a total of 40 injuries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2023 |title=40 injuries tell the story of Anjali's horror, police rule out sexual assault |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/40-injuries-tell-the-story-of-anjalis-horror-police-rule-out-sexual-assault-8359715/}}</ref> The autopsy report mentioned brain matter missing, skull open, and spine broken.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2023 |title=Delhi Horror: Brain Matter Missing, Skull Open, Spine Broken, 40 Injuries, Says Anjali's Autopsy Report |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-horror-brain-matter-missing-skull-open-spine-broken-40-injuries-says-anjalis-autopsy-report-6752605.html |website=News18}}</ref>

Singh's autopsy has also ruled out the possibility of a sexual assault.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewari |first=Samridhi |date=January 3, 2023 |title=Delhi hit-and-run case: Police trace victim's companion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-hit-and-run-case-police-trace-victims-companion/article66334553.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |via=thehindu.com}}</ref>

=== Arrests ===
Delhi Police arrested the five accused within 3 hours of the body being found, specifically with the help of two [[automatic number-plate recognition]] (ANPR) cameras that captured their car with the registration DL8CAY6414.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-hit-and-run-case-how-cops-joined-the-dots-tracked-accused-in-3-hours/articleshow/96721647.cms|title=Delhi Girl Accident | Kanjhawala hit and run case: How cops joined the dots, tracked accused in 3 hours | Delhi News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 January 2023 }}</ref>

The five accused men arrested were Amit Khanna (25), Krishan (27), Mithun (26), Manoj Mittal (27), and Deepak Khanna (26).<ref name="inebriated" /> They were intoxicated at the time of the incident. Mittal was affiliated to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and was co-convener of the Mongolpuri ward, as well as a ration dealer in Sultanpuri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-sultanpuri-kanjhawala-case-bjp-functionary-acccused-aap-8356790/|title=In Delhi hit-and-run, one of the accused is a BJP man, his poster was outside police station|date=January 2, 2023}}</ref> Amit Khanna worked with [[SBI Card]] in Uttam Nagar. Krishan worked at the [[Instituto Cervantes|Spanish Culture Centre]] in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]]. Mithun was a hairdresser at Naraina. Deepak Khanna was a Gramin Sewa driver.<ref name="inebriated" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/men-who-dragged-womans-body-13-km-had-borrowed-car-hours-earlier-police-3658096|title=Men Who Dragged Woman's Body 13 km Had Borrowed Car Hours Earlier: Police|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

CCTV footage later emerged, showing the girl being dragged under the five accused men's car. The video was from January 1, 2023, at 2:13 a.m., shortly after the accident. According to an eyewitness named Deepak Dahiya, who runs a [[confectionery]] shop at the Kanjhawala Road in Ladpur Village, the car took a U-turn after hitting the scooter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/kanjhawala-new-cctv-confirms-witness-account-car-makes-u-turn-drags-delhi-woman-3656187|title=New CCTV Footage Establishes The Full Horror Of Delhi Woman Dragged By Car|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="ABP_2023">{{Cite web
|author=ABP News Bureau
|title=Dragged Woman's Body For One And A Half Hours: Eyewitness Narrates Horrific Details Of Sultanpuri Incident
|url=https://news.abplive.com/delhi-ncr/dragged-woman-s-body-for-one-and-a-half-hours-eyewitness-narrates-horrific-details-of-sultanpuri-incident-1573146
|website=ABP Live
|publisher=ABP Network Pvt. Ltd.
|date=2 January 2023
|access-date=5 November 2025
|language=en
}}</ref> Dahiya then chased the car with his motorcycle and was in contact with the police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/kanjhawala-accident-case-eyewitness-spoke-to-police-1820-times-but-police-ignored-me|title=Kanjhawala Case: Witness 'Spoke to Delhi Police 18-20 Times But Was Ignored'|first=Shadab Moizee, Dhananjay|last=Kumar|date=January 3, 2023|website=TheQuint}}</ref> Singh's friend Nidhi stated that the accused kept on driving the car deliberately while Singh was screaming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cctv-footage-shows-anjali-s-friend-nidhi-entering-home-at-230am-101672819931405.html|title=Delhi horror: CCTV footage shows Anjali's friend Nidhi entering home at 2.30am|date=January 4, 2023|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Nidhi also said that Singh was drunk on that day but insisted driving the scooter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-horror-can-version-of-anjalis-friend-nidhi-be-trusted-3-points-that-show-loopholes-in-her-story-6757375.html|title=Anjali Death Case: Is Friend Nidhi's Version Reliable? 3 Claims That Point Out Loopholes in Her Story|date=January 4, 2023|website=News18}}</ref>

On January 5, 2023, Delhi Police named two more accused men: Ashutosh and Ankush Khanna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/kanjhawala-case-delhi-police-adds-destruction-of-evidence-section-to-fir/1299914/|title=Kanjhawala Case: Delhi Police adds 'destruction of evidence' section to FIR|date=January 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-dragging-horror-accused-knew-woman-was-trapped-under-car-kept-driving-to-avoid-getting-caught/articleshow/96854075.cms|title=Delhi hit-and-drag case: 'Accused knew woman was trapped under car, kept driving to avoid getting caught'|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/seventh-accused-in-kanjhawala-case-surrenders-before-police-1178558.html|title=Seventh accused in Kanjhawala case surrenders before police|date=6 January 2023 }}</ref> Ashutosh is the brother-in-law of the vehicle owner, Lokesh, while Ankush is the brother of one of the accused.<ref name="amitdriving">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/how-accuseds-night-of-revelry-ended-in-tragedy-for-anjali-no-licence-drunken-trip-to-murthal/1299529/|title=How accused's night of revelry ended in tragedy for Anjali — 'no licence, drunken trip to Murthal'|first=Bismee|last=Taskin|date=January 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/delhi-horror-no-link-between-nidhi-and-accused-two-more-men-involved-in-crime-say-police-2317614-2023-01-05|title=Delhi horror: Accused were aware of human body under car, two more men involved, say police|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/car-owner-drivers-cousin-held-in-delhis-kanjhawala-accident-case/articleshow/96802030.cms?from=mdr|title=Car owner, driver's cousin held in Delhi's Kanjhawala accident case|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 January 2023 }}</ref> Ankush was later granted bail on furnishing a personal bond of 20,000 rupees along with one surety.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-one-accused-in-kanjhawala-girl-dragging-case-gets-bail/articleshow/96822548.cms?from=mdr|title=Delhi: One accused in Kanjhawala girl dragging case gets bail|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 January 2023 }}</ref> It was Amit Khanna who was allegedly driving the car while Deepak Khanna (a cousin of Ankush and Amit Khanna) was at his house at the time of the accident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2023 |title=Sultanpuri hit-and-run case: Two more men were involved, say Delhi Police |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/sultanpuri-hit-run-case-delhi-police-8362740/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2023 |title=Police looking for 2 men who 'shielded' accused in Kanjhawla incident |url=https://theprint.in/india/police-looking-for-2-men-who-shielded-accused-in-kanjhawla-incident/1299528/}}</ref> None of the other four men in the car had a [[Driving licence in India|driving license]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Car Horror: 2 More Were Involved, Say Cops, Suspects Seen On CCTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sultanpuri-kanjhawala-delhi-car-horror-two-more-were-involved-apart-from-the-5-men-in-custody-says-delhi-police-3665473 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Delhi police added Section 201 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC) to the [[First Information Report]] (FIR) for destruction of evidence. Additionally, [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] asked the Delhi Police to invoke Section 302 of the IPC against the accused.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kanjhawala-case-section-302-against-accused-delhi-cops-to-be-suspended-say-sources-101673535678313.html|title=Kanjhawala horror: Section 302 against accused; Delhi cops to be suspended, say sources|date=12 January 2023 }}</ref> On April 1, 2023, Delhi Police filed an 800-page chargesheet in Kanjhawala Case, in which four out of the seven accused—Amit Khanna, Krishan, Mithun, and Manoj Mittal—were charged with murder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-kanjhawala-case-police-file-800-page-chargesheet-4-charged-with-murder-2354466-2023-04-01|title=Delhi hit-and-drag case: Police file 800-page chargesheet, four charged with murder|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kanjhawala-hit-and-drag-case-delhi-police-files-800-page-chargesheet/article66687362.ece|title=Kanjhawala hit-and-drag case: Delhi Police files 800-page chargesheet|date=April 1, 2023|via=thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Delhi Chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] announced financial assistance of Rs 10 lakh to the victim's family.<ref>{{Cite news |title=She was drunk, insisted on driving: Sultanpuri victim's friend, who fled after accident, tells cops |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/she-was-drunk-insisted-on-driving-sultanpuri-victims-friend-who-fled-after-accident-tells-cops/articleshow/96726651.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> [[Shah Rukh Khan]]‘s Meer Foundation has also extended financial aid to Anjali’s family.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 January 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Meer Foundation comes forward to help Delhi accident victim Anjali Singh's family |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-meer-foundation-comes-forward-to-help-delhi-accident-victim-anjali-singhs-family-8367097/}}</ref>

[[Delhi Commission for Women]] chairperson [[Swati Maliwal]] cautioned against "victim-shaming" of Singh and said that her friend's account should be verified.<ref name="shaming" /> Former IPS Officer [[Kiran Bedi]] said the current police response system in Delhi has collapsed and thus called for a revival of the earlier police response system through police control room vans.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Police Response System Collapsed": Kiran Bedi On Delhi Hit-And-Run Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-kanjhawala-case-police-response-system-collapsed-kiran-bedi-on-delhi-hit-and-run-case-3661772 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

Singh's family has made claims that she was the subject of a sexual assault due to her body being found naked.<ref name=":0" /> Police have rejected this allegation, stating that the post-mortem examination didn't support the allegation.<ref name=":0" />

On January 3, 2023, a delegation of 12 [[Aam Aadmi Party]] legislators, led by Greater Kailash Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) [[Saurabh Bhardwaj]] along with Kalkaji MLA [[Atishi Marlena]], met Delhi Police Commissioner Sanjay Arora and submitted a memorandum with five demands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/sultanpuri-accident-12-aap-mlas-meet-top-cop-demand-outer-district-s-dcp-be-removed-101672772961668.html|title=Sultanpuri accident: 12 AAP MLAs meet top cop, demand outer district's DCP be removed|date=January 4, 2023|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The demands included the removal of Deputy Commissioner of Police Harendra K Singh. Later, on [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]'s recommendations, 11 Delhi policemen were suspended.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 January 2023 |title=Kanjhawala hit-and-run case: On Home Ministry's recommendations, 11 Delhi policemen suspended |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/delhi/news-kanjhawala-hit-and-run-case-update-delhi-policemen-suspended-home-ministry-recomendation-amit-shah-2023-01-13-838940}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 January 2023 |title=Anjali death: 11 Delhi Police personnel suspended for negligence in Kanjhawala incident |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/anjali-death-11-delhi-police-personnel-suspended-for-negligence-8379952/}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2023 deaths|Singh, Anjali]]
[[Category:January 2023 in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]

Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-04T15:15:14Z

Swertvver: Made some data first draft.

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Dharmapuri
| map_image = dharmapuri lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Dharmapuri constituency, post-2008 delimitation
|established = 1977
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|mp = [[Dr. A. Mani]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|assembly_cons = [[Palacode (State Assembly Constituency)|Palacode]] [[Pennagaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Pennagaram]] [[Dharmapuri (State Assembly Constituency)|Dharmapuri]] [[Pappireddippatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Pappireddippatti]] [[Harur (State Assembly Constituency)|Harur ]] [[Mettur (State Assembly Constituency)|Mettur]]
|electors = 14,84,027<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |date=2 August 2013 }}</ref>
}}
'''[[Dharmapuri]]''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 10 of 39. It includes 6 Assembly constituencies: Dharmapuri, Harur, Mettur, Palacodu, Pappireddippatti and Pennagaram.

==Assembly segments==

=== 2009-present ===
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|57
|[[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]
|None
| rowspan="5" |[[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|58
|[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi|rowspan=3}}
|-
|59
|[[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|-
|60
|[[Pappireddipatti Assembly constituency|Pappireddippatti]]
|None
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
|61
|[[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur]]
|SC
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|85
|[[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
|None
|[[Salem district|Salem]]
|}

=== Before 2009 ===
#[[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur (SC)]]
#[[Morappur Assembly constituency|Morappur]] (defunct)
#[[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
#[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
#[[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
#[[Taramangalam Assembly constituency|Taramangalam]] (defunct)

==Members of the Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white; " colspan="2"|Party
|----
|1977
|[[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|----
|1980
|[[K. Arjunan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|1984
|[[M. Thambi Durai]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|----
|1989
|M. G. Sekhar
|----
|1991
|[[K. V. Thanga Balu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|----
|1996
|P. Theertharaman
|{{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|----
|1998
|K. Pary Mohan
|{{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi|rowspan=3}}
|----
|1999
|[[P.D. Elangovan]]
|----
|2004
|[[R. Senthil]]
|----
|2009
|[[R. Thamaraiselvan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|2014
|[[Anbumani Ramadoss]]
|{{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|----
|2019
|[[S. Senthilkumar (Dharmapuri)|Dr. S. Senthil Kumar]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=26|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|----
|2024
|[[A. Mani (Kazhagam politician)|A. Mani]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Parliamentary Constituency 10 - DHARMAPURI (Tamil Nadu)|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2210.htm|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|----
|----
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|34.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|43.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|55.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|47.52}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|55.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|42.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.52}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.55}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1951|1951]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|35.69}}
}}
=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Dharmapuri}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dr. A. Mani]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=432,667 |percentage=34.67|change={{decrease}}6.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Soumiya |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=411,367 |percentage=32.97 |change={{decrease}}12.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Ashokan|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=293,629 |percentage=23.53|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Abinaya Ponnivalavan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=65,381 |percentage=5.24 |change={{increase}}3.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=9,198 |percentage=0.74 |change= {{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,300 |percentage= 1.71 |change={{decrease}}4.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,247,832 |percentage=81.20 |change= {{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =1524896 |change =}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing=
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Dharmapuri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Senthilkumar (Dharmapuri politician)|Dr. S. Senthilkumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,74,988 |percentage=46.96% |change=30.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anbumani Ramadoss]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,04,235 |percentage=41.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Palaniappan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=53,655 |percentage=4.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Rukmanidevi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=19,674 |percentage=1.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Rajasekar |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=15,614 |percentage=1.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=13,379 |percentage=1.09% |change=-0.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. S. Elango |party=Independent politician |votes=10,830 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate| |candidate=K. Annadhurai |party=GPI |votes=9,017 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Sivanandham |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,012 |percentage=0.49% |change=-0.25% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=70,753 |percentage=5.78% |change=-1.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,24,465 |percentage=82.41% |change= 1.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,85,804 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 4.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Dharmapuri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Anbumani Ramadoss]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=4,68,194 |percentage=42.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Mohan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,91,048 |percentage=35.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Thamaraiselvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,80,297 |percentage=16.35% |change=-30.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rama Suganthan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,455 |percentage=1.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=12,693 |percentage=1.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Rajinikanth |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,180 |percentage=0.74% |change=0.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. [[K. Padmarajan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,934 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=77,146 |percentage=7.00% |change=-10.49% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,02,703 |percentage=81.18% |change= 8.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,58,273 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.59% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Dharmapuri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Thamaraiselvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,65,812 |percentage=47.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Senthil|Dr. R. Senthil]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,29,870 |percentage=29.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Elangovan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,03,494 |percentage=13.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Asokan |party=Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,333 |percentage=1.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Raja |party=Independent politician |votes=10,561 |percentage=1.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=9,982 |percentage=1.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. [[K. Padmarajan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,571 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Purusothaman |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,445 |percentage=0.70% |change=-0.18% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,35,942 |percentage=17.48% |change=-12.95% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,69,601 |percentage=72.69% |change= 17.89% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,77,512 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= -8.94% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Dharmapuri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Senthil|Dr. R. Senthil]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,97,540 |percentage=55.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[P. D. Elangovan]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,81,450|percentage=25.56%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Munusamy (Alais) Thamilselvan|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=62,960|percentage=8.87%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Balasubramaniam|party=Tamil National Party|votes=23,553|percentage=3.32%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=V. P. Jaganathan|party=Independent politician|votes=10,968|percentage=1.54%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=D. Mahendran|party=Independent politician|votes=10,370|percentage=1.46%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kannan Kaliru|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=6,220|percentage=0.88%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. [[K. Padmarajan]]|party=Independent politician|votes=5,161|percentage=0.73%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,16,090 |percentage=30.44% |change=26.87% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=7,09,991|percentage=54.80%|change=-4.61%}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=76|percentage=0.01% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,95,521 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 8.47% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Dharmapuri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. D. Elangovan]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,40,162 |percentage=47.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. P. Munusamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,14,622 |percentage=43.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. C. Rajendran |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=26,681 |percentage=3.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Appavu Chetty |party=Independent politician |votes=20,125 |percentage=2.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Selvam |party=Tamil National Party |votes=12,215 |percentage=1.71% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,540 |percentage=3.57% |change=-12.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,15,771 |percentage=59.42% |change= -6.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,26,879 |change =4.39% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 4.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Dharmapuri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Pary Mohan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,41,917 |percentage=55.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Theertharaman |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=2,42,490 |percentage=39.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Venkatesan |party=Independent politician |votes=14,788 |percentage=2.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. K. Pattabiraman |party=United Communist Party of India |votes=10,018 |percentage=1.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Jayaseelan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,693 |percentage=0.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Gopal Inamurasu |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=3,185 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=99,427 |percentage=16.00% |change=-2.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,21,241 |percentage=54.42% |change= -11.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,75,234 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 12.38% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Dharmapuri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Theertharaman |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=2,97,166 |percentage=42.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. P. Subramaniam|M. P. Subramaniyam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,65,920 |percentage=23.82% |change=-27.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ramamurthy |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=1,63,484 |percentage=23.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Krishnan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,633 |percentage=4.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Chinnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=12,495 |percentage=1.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Gopal Inamurasu |party=Independent politician |votes=8,283 |percentage=1.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Arumugam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,060 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,31,246 |percentage=18.84% |change=-5.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,96,696 |percentage=65.83% |change= 0.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,22,427 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Dharmapuri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. V. Thangkabalu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,22,138 |percentage=51.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. D. Elangovan]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,71,649 |percentage=27.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kandasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,25,365 |percentage=19.91% |change=-2.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Annamalai |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=3,055 |percentage=0.49% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,50,489 |percentage=23.90% |change=7.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,29,532 |percentage=64.98% |change= -3.53% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,05,354 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.65% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Dharmapuri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. G. Sekhar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,15,921 |percentage=46.52% |change=-16.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. D. Elangovan]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,02,901 |percentage=29.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kandasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,54,220 |percentage=22.71% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,13,020 |percentage=16.64% |change=-12.09% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,79,098 |percentage=68.51% |change= -2.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,08,221 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.81% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Dharmapuri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Thambidurai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,33,427 |percentage=63.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Parvathi Krishnan]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,82,175 |percentage=34.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. V. Devakumarvarma |party=Independent politician |votes=10,854 |percentage=2.06% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,51,252 |percentage=28.73% |change=11.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,26,456 |percentage=70.74% |change= 15.32% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,80,371 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.79% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Dharmapuri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Arjunan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,09,603 |percentage=55.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Bhuvarahan |party=Janata Party |votes=1,42,732 |percentage=37.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Nallasamy |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=13,794 |percentage=3.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=5,020 |percentage=1.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kandhan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,525 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,188 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=66,871 |percentage=17.72% |change=-8.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,77,330 |percentage=55.42% |change= -9.29% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,94,088 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Dharmapuri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,39,908 |percentage=60.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Ponnuswami |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,34,222 |percentage=33.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Kalianna Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=19,034 |percentage=4.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. V. Anganna Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=4,999 |percentage=1.26% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,05,686 |percentage=26.54% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,98,163 |percentage=64.70% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,31,245 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1951===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]]: Dharmapuri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Satyanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=66,216 |percentage=35.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Subramanian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=61,570 |percentage=33.18% |change=33.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Gurunatha Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=34,432 |percentage=18.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. C. Natesa Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=23,327 |percentage=12.57% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,646 |percentage=2.50% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,85,545 |percentage=51.53% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,60,076 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Dharmapuri]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/dharmapuri/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Dharmapuri lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|12.1260|78.154|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dharmapuri district]]

Indiawaali Maa

2026-05-02T15:30:48Z

Swertvver: creating biography

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Indiawaalimaa.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = Priya Mishra
| story =
| screenplay = Soumyava
| director = Toton karmakar
| creative_director = Nitin Dhall
| presenter =
| starring = [[Suchita Trivedi]] [[Nitesh Pandey]]
| opentheme = ''Mai Toh Maa Hu''
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 119 
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Jay Mehta (actor)|Jay Mehta]] Kinnari Mehtaa
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20–24 minutes
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2020|08|31}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2021|02|12}}
| list_episodes =
| image_alt =
| theme_music_composer =
| company = Jay Production
| related =
}}
'''''Indiawaali Maa''''' ({{Translation|''Indian mother''|''i=Mother''}}) is an Indian television drama series produced by Jay Production on [[Sony Entertainment Television]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=16 January 2020|title=Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2 to Kartik Purnima: Here are ten upcoming shows of 2020 to look forward to|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/ek-duje-ke-vaaste-2-to-kartik-purnima-here-are-ten-upcoming-shows-of-2020-to-look-forward-to-1637480-2020-01-16|access-date=|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> It premiered on 31 August 2020 and aired its last episode on 12 February 2021. It starred [[Suchita Trivedi]] and [[Akshay Mhatre]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=31 August 2020|title=Indiawaali Maa to Lockdown Ki Love Story: 5 new shows to premiere today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/indiawaali-maa-to-lockdown-ki-love-story-5-new-shows-to-premiere-today-1717126-2020-08-31|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925142342/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/indiawaali-maa-to-lockdown-ki-love-story-5-new-shows-to-premiere-today-1717126-2020-08-31|archive-date=25 September 2020|access-date=|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-actor-nitesh-pandey-joins-indiawaali-maa-cast/articleshow/77539084.cms | title=TV Actor Nitesh Pandey joins 'Indiawaali Maa' cast|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|agency=IANS|date=14 August 2020|accessdate=27 June 2022}}</ref>

The series mainly focuses on the relationship between a mother and son played by Suchita Trivedi and Akshay Mhatre.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=8 August 2020|title=Glimpse of Sony TV's new show 'India Wali Maa'|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/india-glimpse-of-sony-tvs-new-show-india-wali-maa-1307290|access-date=|website=ABP Live}}</ref>

==Plot==
It follows a heartwarming story around the relationship of mother and son – Kaku and Rohan. And the son's controversial romance.

Rohan and Cheenu return to India from New York after Rohan becomes a defaulter for a loan with his business not faring well there and stay in Bangalore. Unaware of his situation, Kaku visits him showing her motherly love for him while Cheenu wants her to go back as she doesn't like to live with her mother-in-law as a joint family and expresses it to Rohan who disagrees. Hearing this, Kaku is heartbroken. Soon, Cheenu realizes how true Kaku is and her motherly love. Cheenu discovers that she is pregnant and on the other side Rohan is getting calls for his loan and his office is taken from him. Rohan has no money to fulfill even regular home supplies and starts to send his mother as a cook and maid for money to his friends house and other connections.
On discovering that Rohan takes money for Kakus work she is heartbroken yet continues her work to help Rohan. But then Cheenu finds out about this and is extremely angry with Rohan. Meanwhile, Rohan is arrested for not paying his debt of 2 crores within the stipulated time. Kaku and cheenu are shocked to learn about such a huge loan amount and kaku slaps rohan for lying to her about the loan amount. Cheenu is left heartbroken and wanders absent mindedly on the roads when she bumps into her childhood friend Akshay. Akshay helps Rohan to be released from the jail but somehow Rohan doesn't seem to like Akshay. Conflicts start between Rohan and Cheenu when Akshay enters in their lives. Rohan is jealous of Akshay. It is later unfolded that Akshay liked Cheenu and had even proposed her marriage. But Cheenu had politely refused because she loved Rohan. Rohan hadn't forgotten that and continues to harbour hatred for Akshay in his heart.
Murthy is determined to remove Rohan from Cheenu's life. So he plans out a faulty and fake business venture for Rohan. He manages to convince Sagar, Rohan's business partner to plot against Rohan and put him into trouble by making him do the business of producing the same designs of the Venky studios and replacing the original label with a fake designer label. Kaku and rohan remain in the dark and get into massive trouble. Meanwhile, things are not very smooth between Rohan and Cheenu too. Cheenu thinks of helping Rohan financially because of which she accepts the job offer of akshay in his company. Rohan is infuriated to know this because of his insecurity. Kaku makes Rohan understand and Rohan is calmed down a bit. But deep down he still feels uneasy. Cheenu goes out on a business trip with Akshay when kaku and rohan get entangled into the mess created by Mr Murthy and Sagar. They had to burn down all their delivery stuff. Rohan and Kaku are arrested for fake business deals. But with the help of Chandraprabha, Kaku and Rohan are able to prove themselves innocent. But then a shocking news awaits them.
Cheenu, on her way back to bangalore was feeling uneasy and her car met with an accident. Akshay took Cheenu to the hospital and informs Rohan and kaku about the same. Both of them are left shocked and petrified. Kaku runs to the hospital whereas rohan had to stay back into police station for completing some legal formalities.
Cheenu faces a miscarriage because of the accident as she is left broken. Kaku's heart breaks on hearing this but she tries to remain strong in front of Cheenu because she could understand the terrible pain that cheenu is going through. When Rohan gets to know about Cheenu's miscarriage, he is shattered. He doesn't meet Cheenu in the hospital. He suffers from mental turmoil. When Cheenu questions him that why he did not meet her in the hospital, Rohan's huge outburst takes place. The emotionally shattered Rohan speaks harsh words to Cheenu and even blames her for voluntarily killing his child. He accuses her of murdering their baby so that she could get out of her relationship with Rohan and be with Akshay. Cheenu is left broken on hearing Rohan's baseless accusations. She had never imagined that the love of her life, Rohan would speak such harsh words to her and blame her for killing her own child. Rohan tore the Ultrasound report in front of Cheenu. Unable to bear such pain caused by Rohan, she decided to break up with him and leave the house. She vowed never to return in Rohan's life. Before leaving she requested Kaku to knock some senses into Rohan's head and even said that possibly there has been somewhere a loophole in the upbringing of Rohan. Kaku was left heart broken seeing her son and daughter falling apart. She tried to fix the ultrasound report and vowed to reunite Rohan and Cheenu. She went through many struggles, including trying to work at Cheenu's company. She finally gets her son and daughter together, and gets them married.

==Cast==
=== Main ===
*[[Suchita Trivedi]] as Kaushalya 'Kaku' Gadhvi: Rohan's mother; Hasmukh's wife (2020–2021)
*[[Nitesh Pandey]] as Hasmukh 'Hasu' Gadhvi/Batuk Nath: Rohan's father; Kaku's husband<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=31 August 2020|title=Nitesh Pandey on his show Indiawaali Maa, "You're never too old to need your mother"|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nitesh-pandey-show-indiawaali-maa-youre-never-old-need-mother/|access-date=|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> (2020–2021)
*Akshay Mhatre as Rohan Gadhvi: Cheenamma's husband (2020–2021)
*Sheen Dass as Cheenamma "Cheenu" Gadhvi; née Murthy; Rohan's Wife (show ended abruptly, so it ended at wedding) (2020–2021)

=== Recurring ===
* [[Shrey Mittal]] as Akshay Gowda: Cheenamma's childhood friend, Rohan's rival (2020–2021)
* Prachi Singh as Keerti Rao (2020–2021)
* Abhishek Kumar as Sagar: Rohan's friend<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=15 August 2020|title=After a two-year break, Abhinandan is back in action with two projects|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/after-a-two-year-break-abhinandan-is-back-in-action-with-two-projects/articleshow/77566427.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref> (2020–2021)
* Shubhanshi Singh Raghuvanshi as Meenamma Murthy: Cheenamma's sister (2020–2021)
* Sunil Singh as Vishwanathan Murthy: Cheenamma and Meenamma's father (2020-2021)
* Vandana Lalwani as Vasundhara Murthy: Cheenamma and Meenamma's stepmother (2020–2021)
* [[Apara Mehta]] as Kesar Maasi (Baa Maasi)
* Vikram Bham as Fawad
* Neeraj Khetarpal as Balwinder Ji

==Production==
===Development===
After disconnecting Beyhadh2 The shooting studio of beyhadh2 starring [[Jennifer Winget]], Ashish Chaudhary and [[Shivin Narang]].. located on Mira road was acquired by this show
The initial sequences of the series were scheduled to be filmed at [[London]] in early 2020 but was cancelled owing [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] pandemic and the filming began at [[Mumbai]] in July 2020. This is Akshay and Sheen's second collaboration after their debut in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Piyaa Albela]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=4 August 2020|title=Sheen Dass: Akshay Mhatre and I are just good friends|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sheen-dass-akshay-mhatre-and-i-are-just-good-friends/articleshow/77347935.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

{{blockquote|"I play a selfless mother in the show, who does not want her son to come back after he goes abroad to study. She feels that just because you look after your children, does not mean that they need to come back and look after their parents. It should be the child’s choice if he/she wants to stay with the parents or not. So, I sort of connect with this character because I believe in selfless parenting."|author=[[Suchita Trivedi]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=20 August 2020|title=Sucheeta Trivedi: I can easily connect with the role of a selfless mother in 'Indiawaali Maa'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sucheeta-trivedi-i-can-easily-connect-with-the-role-of-a-selfless-mother-in-india-wali-maa/articleshow/77631959.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref>}}

===Release===
The first promo of the series was released on 8 August 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/india-glimpse-of-sony-tvs-new-show-india-wali-maa-1307290|title=Glimpse of Sony TV's new show 'India Wali Maa'|website=ABP Live|date=8 August 2020 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|12975590}}
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220924042858/https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/indiawaali-maa-1700000257 Indiawaali Maa]'' on [[SonyLIV]]

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}

[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Babu Naik

2026-04-30T18:26:01Z

Swertvver:

{{Short description|Indian politician and businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Babu Naik
| birth_place = [[Ponda, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_name = Ananth Narcinva Naik
| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|8|19|df=y}}
| death_place =
| death_date =
| predecessor1 = [[Vasudeo Narayan Sarmalkar]]
| successor1 = [[Uday Bhembre]]
| office = [[Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Margao Assembly constituency|Margao]]
| term_start1 = 1967
| term_end1 = 1984
| office2 = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1989
| term_end2 = 1994
| predecessor2 = Uday Bhembre
| successor2 = [[Digambar Kamat]]
| constituency2 = Margao
}}

'''Ananth Narcinva''' "'''Babu'''" '''Naik'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Late Babu Naik's grandson joins BJP |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%EF%BB%BFlate-babu-naik%E2%80%99s-grandson-joins-bjp/63775.html |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> (19 August 1927<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Details |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=123&flag_spk=OPOS |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref> – unknown) was an Indian politician and businessman<ref>[http://www.elections.in/goa/assembly-constituencies/margao.html Margao (Goa) Assembly Constituency Elections Results, Candidate Lists, Localities, Current MLA]</ref> who served as a five-term member of the [[Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Margao Assembly constituency|Margao constituency]] from 1967 to 1984, and lastly from 1989 to 1994.<ref>[http://www.nri.goa.gov.in/speeches_20132.html NRI Commission of Goa]</ref> He established the PANNaik Group in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.panh2osolar.com/about-us/ |title=About Us |publisher=PAN H2O SOLAR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727144030/http://www.panh2osolar.com/about-us/ |archive-date=2018-07-27 |url-status=dead |access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Babu}}
[[Category:People from Margao]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1989–1994]]

{{Goa-INC-politician-stub}}

Chennai–Palakkad Superfast Express

2026-04-30T18:13:20Z

Swertvver: Made a data from scratch.

{{Short description|Indian train route}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
|color=D4AF37| name = MGR Chennai Central - Palakkad Jn Superfast Express
| image =Chennai Palakkad SuperFast Express.jpg
| image_width =400px
| caption =MGR CHENNAI CENTRAL PALAKKAD JUNCTION SUPERFAST EXPRESS ( PALANI EXPRESS )
| type = [[Express trains in India#Superfast|Superfast Express]]
| locale = Tamil Nadu, Kerala
| first ={{start date and age|2013|10|01|df=yes}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway Zone|Southern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central (MAS)]]
| stops = 19<ref name="IRI">{{cite web | url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/palani-chennai-central-express-16002-plni-to-mas/22096/4807/35 | title=India Rail Info | accessdate=13 October 2013}}</ref>
| end = [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad Junction (PGT)]]
| distance = {{convert|672|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 9 Hours 35 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, Second Sitting, General Unreserved.
| seating = YES
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =YES
| catering = Yes
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment = Yes
| baggage =LUGGAGE CUM SEATING COACH
| otherfacilities=
| stock =[[ICF coach]] pulled by [[WAP-4]] from [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =100%
| trainnumber = 22651/22652
| speed = {{convert|85|km/h|abbr=on}} average with halts<ref name="IRI"/>
| map = [[File:Palani Express (Chennai - Palakkad) Route map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 22651/22652 '''MGR Chennai Central - Palakkad Superfast Express''' is a daily express train between [[Chennai Central|MGR Chennai Central]] (MAS) and [[Palakkad Junction railway station]] (PGT) by [[Southern Railway Zone|Southern Railways]] via [[Palani railway station|Palani]]. This is the only train that connects Palani, Udumalaipettai & Pollachi with the state capital [[Chennai]]. The train covers a distance of {{Cvt|672|km|mi|abbr=on}} at an average speed of {{Cvt|57|km/h||abbr=on}}.

==History==
Initially, the train ran between Chennai Central and Palani. It was later extended up to Pollachi Junction as a special train between Palani and Pollachi. In 2017, the train was further extended up to Palakkad Junction, thus serving two states - Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

==Route==
The train operates from [[Chennai Central]] to [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad Junction]] via [[Arakkonam Junction|Tiruvallur, Arakkonam Jn]], [[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi]], [[Jolarpet Junction railway station|Jolarpettai]], Morappur, [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Jn]], [[Rasipuram railway station|Rasipuram]], [[Namakkal railway station|Namakkal]], [[Mohanur railway station|Mohanur]], [[Karur Junction railway station|Karur Jn]], [[Dindigul Junction railway station|Dindigul Jn]], [[Akkaraipatti]], [[Oddanchatram]], [[Chatrapatti]], [[Palani railway station|Palani]], [[Udumalaipettai|Udumalpet]], [[Pollachi Junction railway station|Pollachi Jn]] and [[Palakkad Town railway station|Palakkad Town.]]<ref name="IRI"/>

==Coach composition==

It runs with ICF-CBC coaches.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="background:lightgreen;" |Loco
! style="background:#FFBA01;" |1
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 2
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 3
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 4
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 5
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 6
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 7
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 8
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 9
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 10
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 11
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 12
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 13
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 14
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 15
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 16
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 17
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 18
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 19
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 20
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 21
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||SLR||UR||UR||S10||S9||S8||S7||S6||S5||S4||S3||S2||S1||B2||B1||A2||A1||H1||UR||UR||SLR
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}

[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2013]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

Gobichettipalayam Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-30T02:17:44Z

Swertvver: Made first info w/ sources.

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11|27|13|N|77|26|18|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gobichettipalayam
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| union_territory =
| established = 1977
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| latest_election_year = 2004
| reservation = None
| mp =
| party =
| electors =
| preceded_by =
}}
'''Gobichettipalayam''' was a Lok Sabha constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It ceased to exist and was renamed as [[Tiruppur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruppur]] constituency after the delimination by [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] in 2008. Former [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister]] [[C Subramaniam]] lost to [[P. A. Saminathan|P.A. Saminathan Mudaliyar]] in 1967 from Gobichettipalayam.<ref>{{cite book |last=V. Krishna|first=Ananth|date=2011|title=India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&dq=Gobichettipalayam&pg=PA76 |publisher=Pearson |page=76 |isbn=9788131734650|access-date=28 June 2015 }}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Gobichettipalayam Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-09
|work=Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date=2008-10-31
}}</ref>

# [[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]] (moved to [[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur Constituency]])
# [[Sathyamangalam Assembly constituency|Sathiyamangalam]] (defunct)
# [[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perunthurai]] (moved to [[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur Constituency)]]
# [[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]] (moved to [[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur Constituency)]]
# [[Anthiyur Assembly constituency|Anthiyur]] (SC) (moved to [[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur]] Constituency)
# [[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]] (moved to [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]] Constituency)

==Members of the Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Winner !! Colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]] || [[K. S. Ramaswamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]] || P. G. Karuthiruman
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]] ||rowspan=2|[[P. A. Saminathan]] || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]] || K. S. Ramaswamy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]] || [[G. Chinnasamy]] || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]] || P. Kholandaivelu
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]] || rowspan=2|[[P. G. Narayanan]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]] || V. P. Shanmugasundaram || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]] || [[V. K. Chinnasamy]] || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]] || K. K. Kaliappan
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]] || [[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''From 2008 : See [[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur]]''}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.76}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|67.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.90}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.77}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.69}}
}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]] : Gobichettipalayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,26,826 |percentage=62.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. R. Govindarajar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,12,349 |percentage=31.22% |change=-16.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Shaik Muhaideen |party=Independent politician |votes=15,356 |percentage=2.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. K. Muthusamy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,039 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. K. Arul Jothe |party=Janata Party |votes=5,225 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. M. Sheik Davood |party=Independent politician |votes=4,490 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,14,477 |percentage=31.54% |change=26.74% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,80,103 |percentage=64.64% |change= 4.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,52,350 |change =-1.31% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]] : Gobichettipalayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. K. Kaliappan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,99,184 |percentage=47.78% |change=16.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. G. S. Arjun |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,69,172 |percentage=42.99% |change=-10.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. K. Kuppuswamy |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=48,304 |percentage=7.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Era Manikandan |party=Tamil National Party |votes=3,224 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,012 |percentage=4.79% |change=-14.24% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,26,188 |percentage=60.28% |change= -10.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,66,362 |change =4.42% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.42% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]] : Gobichettipalayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. K. Chinnasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,29,753 |percentage=54.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Ramasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,15,111 |percentage=35.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,531 |percentage=8.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Suresh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,836 |percentage=1.30% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,14,642 |percentage=19.03% |change=-2.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,02,455 |percentage=61.43% |change= -9.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,21,268 |change =5.08% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.53% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]] : Gobichettipalayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. P. Shanmugasundaram |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,53,982 |percentage=53.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. G. Narayanan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,11,014 |percentage=31.71% |change=-35.45% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Nacchimuthu Nadar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=38,368 |percentage=5.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Palanisamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,096 |percentage=5.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Chandrasekar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,104 |percentage=1.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. P. Ponnusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,086 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nallappannadi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,066 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,42,968 |percentage=21.49% |change=-20.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,65,361 |percentage=71.14% |change= 3.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,71,883 |change =6.95% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.96% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]] : Gobichettipalayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. G. Narayanan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,97,431 |percentage=67.16% |change=2.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. S. Lakshman Iyer]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,48,270 |percentage=25.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Chinnadurai |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=35,521 |percentage=6.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. M. Chinnaponnu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,654 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,49,161 |percentage=42.10% |change=5.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,91,763 |percentage=67.41% |change= -1.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,08,687 |change =-0.47% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]] : Gobichettipalayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. G. Narayanan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,00,932 |percentage=64.65% |change=0.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. K. K. Periasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,74,975 |percentage=28.21% |change=-5.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Ramanathan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=37,521 |percentage=6.05% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,25,957 |percentage=36.43% |change=5.81% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,20,202 |percentage=69.11% |change= -5.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,12,953 |change =24.47% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]] : Gobichettipalayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Kholandaivelu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,38,243 |percentage=64.49% |change=14.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. A. Saminathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,77,616 |percentage=33.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. R. Shahul Hameed |party=Independent politician |votes=6,331 |percentage=1.21% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,60,627 |percentage=30.62% |change=27.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,24,523 |percentage=74.83% |change= 10.78% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,33,501 |change =8.19% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 14.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]] : Gobichettipalayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. Chinnasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,10,808 |percentage=49.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. R. Thiruvankadam |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,96,933 |percentage=46.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Sidha Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=10,385 |percentage=2.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. K. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=4,326 |percentage=1.02% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,875 |percentage=3.28% |change=-20.93% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,22,452 |percentage=64.05% |change= -5.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,78,003 |change =4.48% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.68% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]] : Gobichettipalayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Ramaswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,55,120 |percentage=58.58% |change=16.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. K. Karuppuswamy |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,49,662 |percentage=34.37% |change=-7.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. K. Shanmugham |party=Independent politician |votes=18,243 |percentage=4.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Nanjappa Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=12,476 |percentage=2.86% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,05,458 |percentage=24.22% |change=8.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,35,501 |percentage=69.26% |change= 0.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,48,924 |change =14.69% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.60% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]] : Gobichettipalayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. A. Saminathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,19,662 |percentage=57.98% |change=3.47% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. V. K. Sampath]] |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,59,170 |percentage=42.02% |change=0.60% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=60,492 |percentage=15.97% |change=2.88% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,78,832 |percentage=68.91% |change= -6.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,65,827 |change =10.09% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.47% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]] : Gobichettipalayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. A. Saminathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,03,798 |percentage=54.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Subramaniam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,54,853 |percentage=41.42% |change=-8.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Muthusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=10,911 |percentage=2.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Venkatachalam |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=4,308 |percentage=1.15% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=48,945 |percentage=13.09% |change=-11.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,73,870 |percentage=75.44% |change= 6.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,13,981 |change =18.05% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.74% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]] : Gobichettipalayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. G. Karuthiruman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,42,993 |percentage=49.77% |change=-10.92% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. M. Ramasami Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=71,558 |percentage=24.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jothinath Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=61,327 |percentage=21.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Athani Bapu |party=Independent politician |votes=11,429 |percentage=3.98% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=71,435 |percentage=24.86% |change=3.49% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,87,307 |percentage=68.64% |change= 23.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,35,401 |change =4.41% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -10.92% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]] : Gobichettipalayam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. S. Ramaswamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,15,365 |percentage=60.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jothinath Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=74,734 |percentage=39.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Srinavasa Iyer |party=Independent politician |votes=0 |percentage=0.00% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=40,631 |percentage=21.37% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,90,099 |percentage=45.59% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,16,999 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Gobichettipalayam]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gobichettipalayam(Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Gadano Bel

2026-04-29T09:25:59Z

Swertvver: Made new stub v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gadano Bel
| image = Gadano Bel poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Ratibhai Punatar<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| writer = Prabhulal Dwivedi (story), Ramchandra Thakur (screenplay)<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| based_on = Play by Deshi Natak Samaj<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Nirupa Roy]]
* Dulari
* Charubala
* Lila Kurle
* Hirabai
* Maya Devi
* Manhar Desai
* Baburaje
* Chhagan Romeo
}}
| cinematography = M. G. Jadhav<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| editing =
| music = [[Avinash Vyas]]<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| studio = Ajit Pictures<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1950}}
| runtime = 123 minutes<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| country = India
| language = Gujarati<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Gadano Bel''''' is a 1950 Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]]-language social drama film directed by [[Ratibhai Punatar]].

==Plot==
After the death of the family's chief breadwinner, the joint family begins to fall apart. In-laws claim many of the family's possessions, and the house is auctioned. By the ends of the film, only three members of the family remain together.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>

==Cast==
The cast is as follows:<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
* [[Nirupa Roy]]
* Dulari
* Charubala
* Lila Kurle
* Hirabai
* Maya Devi
* Manhar Desai
* Baburaje
* Chhagan Romeo
* Ramlal
* Banke Bihari
* Champak Lala
* Bhogilal
* Ramesh
* Girish
* Nityananda Ghosh

==Production==
The film was based on a popular play by [[Prabhulal Dwivedi]] which was first staged by Deshi Natak Samaj, a theatre company.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |edition=Revised |pages=318}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gadano Bel
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Avinash Vyas]]<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1950
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{URL|1=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_mu4Roksk55E3xN8uCIHNTwHtFWi9FjHcU|2=YouTube}}}}
}}

{{track listing
| headline =Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
|all_music= [[Avinash Vyas]]
|all_lyrics= [[Avinash Vyas]]

| title1 = Ganjeefanu Chhe Ghar
| extra1 = [[Geeta Dutt]]
| length1 = 2:57

| title2 = Ene Jeevava Dyo Ne Jari
| extra2 = [[Geeta Dutt]]
| length2 = 3:16

| title3 = Naath Tamare Sanj Savare
| extra3 = Geeta Dutt
| length3 = 3:11

| title4 = Hali Jaye Re Vanzar
| extra4 = A. R. Oza, [[Asha Bhonsle]], Chorus
| length4 = 3:35

| title5 = Pataliya Tame Pagal Thaine
| extra5 = Leela Mehta, Manmohan Sharma, Chorus
| length5 = 5:02

| title6 = Raaj Tari Mehlato
| extra6 = A. R. Oza, [[Asha Bhonsle]], Chorus
| length6 = 2:57

}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1950 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1950 drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1950s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]

Wanted Pandugod

2026-04-26T19:01:48Z

Swertvver: New

{{Short description|2022 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Wanted Pandugod
| image = Wanted Pandugod.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Sreedhar Seepana
| writer = [[Janardhana Maharshi]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Sai Baba Kovelamudi Venkat Kovelamudi
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
*[[Sudigali Sudheer]]
* Deepika Pilli
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Mahi Reddy Pandugula
| editing = Tammiraju
| music = Peddapalli Rohit
| studio = United K Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|8|19}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Wanted Pandugod''''' (stylized as '''''Wanted PanduGod''''') is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu-language]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] film directed by Sreedhar Seepana and features [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Sudigali Sudheer]], and Deepika Pilli in primary roles. The film was released on 19 August 2022.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wanted PanduGod Movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/wanted-pandugod/movieshow/93322769.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2022-09-01}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Pandugadu
*[[Sudigali Sudheer]]
* Deepika Pilli
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]]
*[[Vennela Kishore]]
* Vishnupriya Bhimeneni
*[[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]
*[[Nitya Shetty]]
*[[Anasuya Bharadwaj]]
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Aamani]]
*[[Shakalaka Shankar]]
*[[Brahmanandam]] as a doctor
*[[Prudhviraj]]
*[[Raghu Babu]]
*[[Ananth Babu]]
*[[Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari]]
* Vasanthi Krishnan
*[[Hema (actress)|Hema]]
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
The film was presented by director [[K. Raghavendra Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/k-raghavendra-rao-about-age-wanted-pandu-god-press-meet-1459873|title=K Raghavendra Rao: అందుకే నాకు వయసు గుర్తుకు రాదు: కె. రాఘవేంద్ర రావు|language=te|date=30 May 2022|work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/anchor-vishnu-priya-talks-wanted-pandugad-press-meet-1460008|title=Anchor Vishnu Priya: హీరోయిన్‌ అవ్వకుండానే చచ్చిపోతానేమోనని భయపడ్డా|date=30 May 2022|language=te|work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
''Wanted Pandugod'' was released theatrically on 19 August 2022. Post-theatrical streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=30 August 2022 |title=Wanted Pandugod OTT release date: When and where to watch the film starring Sunil, Anasuya and Sudigali Sudheer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/wanted-pandugod-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-the-film-starring-sunil-anasuya-and-sudigali-sudheer/0ed5030a46780 |work=[[HT Media|OTT Play]]}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' praised the film's comedy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/sunil-wanted-pandugod-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1479686|title=Wanted PanduGod Movie Review: బుల్లితెర తారలతో నిండిన 'వాంటెడ్‌ పండుగాడ్‌' మూవీ రివ్యూ|language=te|work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|date=19 August 2022}}</ref> ''[[Asianet News Network|Asianet News Telugu]]'' gave the film a rating of two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that the film can entertain a certain audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/wanted-pandugod-movie-review-rating-rguutt#image1|title=Wanted PanduGod Review: వాంటెడ్ పండుగాడ్ రివ్యూ... |date=19 August 2022|work=[[Asianet News Network|Asianet News Telugu]]|language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt21287382|title=Wanted PanduGod}}

[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]

Imitiyaz Ahmad

2026-04-24T17:39:17Z

Swertvver: creating a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Imtiyaz Ali
| native_name = امتیاز علی
| native_name_lang = Ur
| office = [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| term_end = Dec 1992
| term_start = June 1991
| constituency = [[Mau Assembly constituency|Mau]]
}}

'''Imtiyaz Ahmad''' is an Indian politician of the [[Communist Party of India]]. He was elected as a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], from [[Mau Assembly constituency]], in [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mau Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mau-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mau Election Result 2022 LIVE: Mau MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/mau-assembly-elections-up-356/ |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Imitiyaz Ahmad, Mau Assembly Elections 1991 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics {{!}} LatestLY.com |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/1991/mau/imitiyaz-ahmad/ |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1991–1993]]
[[Category:People from Mau district]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}
{{CPIndia-politician-stub}}

Narottam Lal Joshi

2026-04-24T13:28:30Z

Swertvver: Creating New Post.

{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[List of speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|1st Speaker of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = ''office established''
| term_start = 31 March 1952
| term_end = 25 April 1957
| successor = [[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]
| governor = [[Man Singh II]] 
[[Gurumukh Nihal Singh]]
| constituency = [[Nathdwara Assembly constituency|Nathdwara, Rajasthan]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1914|12|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jhunjhunu]], [[Rajasthan]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1994|12|3|1914|12|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Narottam Lal Joshi''' (16 December 1914 – 3 December 1994) was an Indian politician who served as the first [[Speaker of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from 31 March 1952 to 25 April 1957 and the Congress MLA of [[Jhunjhunu]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

After India's independence, in the [[1951–52 Indian general election|first general election]] held in India in 1952, Joshi became a member of the [[Legislative Assembly]] and was elected as the first Speaker of the first [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] on 31 March 1952.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jain |first=C. M. |year=1972 |title=State Legislatures in India: The Rajasthan Legislative Assembly; a Comparative Study |publisher=S. Chand |page=96}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jhunjhunu district]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]

Pindra Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:33:03Z

Swertvver: Put up a post initial version!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pindra
| constituency_no = 384
| map_image = 384-Pindra.svg
| mla = [[Avadhesh Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
}}
''' Pindra ''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Varanasi district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Machhlishahr Lok Sabha constituency]]. Pindra Assembly constituency came into existence in 2008 as a result of the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008".<ref name="CEO">{{cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation">{{cite web|title=Delimitation Order: 53-55|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DC-FINAL%20ORDER-53-55.pdf|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=4 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="Order, 2008">{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=4 January 2018}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Pindra assembly constituency comprises the following Wards / areas.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!style="font-size:90%"|#
!style="font-size:90%"|Name
!style="font-size:90%"|Reserved for
!style="font-size:90%"|Comments
|-
| 01 || [[Pindra]] || None ||
|-
| 02 || Anei || None ||
|-
| 03 || Basani || None ||
|-
| 04 || [[Bahutara]] || None ||
|-
| 05 || [[Bhanpur]] || None ||
|-
| 06 || [[Baikunthpur, Varansai|Baikunthpur]] || None ||
|-
| 07 || [[Murdi, Varanasi|Murdi]] || None ||
|-
| 08 || [[Nahiya]] || None ||
|-
| 09 || [[Baragaon, Varanasi|Baragaon]] of Harahaua KC || None ||
|-
| 10 || [[Baragaon, Varanasi|Baragaon]] CT of [[Pindra Tehsil]] || None ||
|-
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Ajay Rai]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Avadhesh Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pindra<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Avadhesh Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:84325}}
|percentage = 38.23
|change = -6.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Babulal
|votes = {{formatnum:48766}}
|percentage = 22.11
|change = -4.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ajay Rai]]
|votes = {{formatnum:48248}}
|percentage = 21.88
|change = -1.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:33020}}
|percentage = 14.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2576}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change = -0.26
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35559}}
|percentage = 16.12
|change = -1.91
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:220547}}
|percentage = 59.05
|change = -0.62
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pindra<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Avadhesh Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:90614}}
|percentage = 44.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Babulal
|votes = {{formatnum:53765}}
|percentage = 26.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ajay Rai]]
|votes = {{formatnum:48189}}
|percentage = 23.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Shyamlal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2672}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2889}}
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:36849}}
|percentage = 18.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:204375}}
|percentage = 59.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +15.03
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pindra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ajay Rai]]
|votes = 52,863
|percentage = 29.31
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jai Prakash
|votes = 43,645
|percentage = 24.2
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|candidate = Sunil Patel
|votes = 40,330
|percentage = 22.4
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder eleven candidates
|votes = 43,367
|percentage = 24.0
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 9,218
|percentage = 5.11
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 180,343
|percentage = 56.4
|change = -
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[Pindra Tehsil]]
*[[Varanasi]]
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Varanasi district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Cherian J. Kappan

2026-04-19T02:37:26Z

Swertvver: Made basic info w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Cherian J. Kappan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|3|26}}
| birth_place = [[Pala, Kottayam]]
| death_date = {{death year and age|1982|1911}}
| death_cause =
| alma_mater =
| office = Member of Parliament for [[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muvattupuzha]]
| term_start = 1962
| term_end = 1967
| predecessor = [[George Thomas Kottukapally]]
| successor = P. P. Esthose
| office1 = Member of the [[Travancore–Cochin]] Legislative Assembly
| majority =
| term_start1 = 1952
| term_end1 = 1954
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = Member of the [[Travancore State]] Legislature
| term_start2 = 1948
| term_end2 = 1951
| occupation = Member of Parliament, Member of the Legislative Assembly, Advocate
| parents = Eapen Thresiamma
| spouse =
| children = 10 including [[Mani C. Kappan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Cherian J. Kappan''' (also spelled as Kappen) was a Freedom fighter, [[Indian National Congress]] leader, Member of the [[Travancore–Cochin]] Legislative Assembly and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Kerala]], India. He was a member of Travancore State Legislature from 1948 to 1951 and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|M.L.A.]] in Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly from 1952 to 1954. Kappan represented [[Ramapuram, Kottayam|Ramapuram]] constituency as a [[Congress Parliamentary Party]] candidate in Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly. He represented [[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muvattupuzha]] constituency in third [[Lok Sabha]] (1962–67). He was the first chairman of the Pala Municipality.

==Biography==
Cherian J. Kappan was born on March 26, 1911, at [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]], [[Kottayam district]] to Eapen and Thresiamma.<ref name="loksabha">{{cite web |title=Members Bioprofile- Cherian J. Kappen |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1507.htm |website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> After his primary education from St. Thomas E. H. School, Palai, he done his graduation from St. Joseph's College, Trichi and St. Thomas College, Trichur.<ref name="loksabha"/>

After graduating from the Thiruvananthapuram Law College, Kappan started practicing as an advocate in courts in Kottayam and Pala.<ref name="deepanalam">{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Dr. Syriac |title=ചെറിയാന്‍ ജെ. കാപ്പന്‍ നിര്‍ഭയനായ നേതാവ് |url=http://www.deepanalam.org/read_article.php?article_id=303 |language=en|work=Deepanalam Weekly|date=3 September 2020}}</ref> At first he worked jointly with P. T. Chacko, but soon became an independent lawyer.<ref name="deepanalam"/> Due to severe financial pressure, Kappan shifted his legal practice to [[Kozhikode]], but soon returned to Pala.<ref name="deepanalam"/>

As an activist in [[Indian independence movement]], Kappan was imprisoned for {{frac|3|1|2}} years.<ref name="nana">{{cite web |title=അന്നും ഇന്നും ഞാന്‍ ഭാഗ്യവതിയാണ് - ആലീസ് മാണി സി. കാപ്പന്‍ |url=https://nanaonline.in/tag/mani-c-kappan/ |website=Nanaonline}}</ref> Kappan also made strong speeches against Diwan [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|Sir CP]]'s idea of ''independent Travancore'', instead of being part of the [[Government of India|Indian Union]].<ref name="deepanalam"/>

Cherian J. Kappan died in 1982.

==Political career==
Initially, Cherian J. Kappan's public activity was limited to the communal and social spheres. But he soon gained wide public attention as he spearheaded the agitation against [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|Sir CP]]'s education policies.<ref name="deepanalam"/> Subsequently, he became active in the State Congress movement.<ref name="deepanalam"/> He was arrested and imprisoned several times after gaining the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]]'s displeasure.<ref name="deepanalam"/>

Kappan was a member of Travancore State Legislature from 1948 to 1951.<ref name="loksabha"/> From 1951 to 1954 he was [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|M.L.A.]] in Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly.<ref name="loksabha"/> Kappan represented Ramapuram constituency as a [[Congress Parliamentary Party]] candidate in the Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly.<ref name="loksabha"/> He represented [[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muvattupuzha]] constituency in third [[Lok Sabha]].<ref name="loksabha"/> He was the first chairman of the Pala [[Nagarasabha]].<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |title=സ്‌റ്റേഡിയം ചെറിയാൻ ജെ കാപ്പന്‌; ട്രാക്ക്‌ മാണിക്ക്‌ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-kottayamkerala-06-08-2019/814991 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref> He held several other positions including District Congress Committee President, President of Dist. Coperative Bank, Kottayam, executive committee member of State Cooperative Bank, president of Pepper Marketing Cooperative Society, Pala, president of Meenachil Taluka Library Union and Vice president of Catholica Congress.<ref name="loksabha"/><ref>{{cite news |title=പിതാവ് ചെറിയാൻ ജെ കാപ്പനെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള ഓർമ്മകളുമായി മാണി സി കാപ്പൻ |url=https://www.meenachilnews.com/2020/06/blog-post_25.html}}</ref>

The Kappan family is the main political rival of [[K. M. Mani]]'s family in Pala.<ref name="Asianet">{{cite news |title='മാണിമാരും കാപ്പന്മാരും'; ഒരു രാഷ്ട്രീയപ്പോരിന്‍റെ കഥ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/km-mani-and-kappan-family-story-of-political-rivalry-px3v7y |work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |date=31 August 2019 |language=ml}}</ref> Mani and the Kappan family were not opposed at first. Mani started his practice as a lawyer as a junior to Cherian.<ref name="Asianet"/> But when Cherian testified against Mani in an election case, the two fell out.<ref name="Asianet"/> The Kappan family and Mani became politically opposed. Mani's first opponent from the Kappan family was Cherian's son George, who fought against him in [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] election in 1991.<ref name="Asianet"/> Cherian's other son [[Mani C. Kappan]] fought against K. M. Mani in 2006, 2011 and 2016 Legislative Assembly elections, but lost in all.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |title=ഒരു വ്യാഴവട്ടക്കാലത്തെ കഠിനാധ്വാനം, ഒടുവിൽ ചരിത്ര വിജയം; പാലാ പിടിച്ച കാപ്പൻ തന്ത്രം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2019/09/27/pala-assembly-byelection-historical-victory-for-mani-c-kappan-profile-story.html |work=ManoramaOnline |date=18 September 2020 |language=ml}}</ref> Mani C. Kappan defeated [[Kerala Congress (M)]] leader and K. M. Mani's son [[Jose K. Mani]] in the 2021 Kerala Assembly elections.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala: Mani C. Kappan defeats Jose K. Mani by 13,000 votes in Pala |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/05/02/kerala-mani-c-kappan-defeats-jose-k-mani-by-13000-votes-in-pala.html |work=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

==Honors==
Cherian J. Kappan Memorial Municipal Stadium in Pala is named after him.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=സ്റ്റേഡിയം; വിടപറഞ്ഞ നേതാക്കളുടെ പേരിൽ പോര് |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/kottayam/news/pala-1.4007931 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}</ref> The stadium was given the name when the industrial training center in the municipality named after Kappan was closed.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kappan, Cherian J.}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pala, Kerala]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Travancore–Cochin MLAs 1952–1954]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kottayam]]

Pendyala (composer)

2026-04-14T16:00:38Z

Swertvver: Put up first page initial version!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Pendyala
| image = PendyalaNageswaraRaoImg.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Pendyala Nageswara Rao
| alias =
| birth_place =
| birth_date = 6 March 1917
| death_date = 31 August 1984
| origin = Vanukuru, [[Penamaluru mandal]], [[Krishna district]], India
| instrument = [[Pump organ|Harmonium]] Tabla Dholak Mrudangam Flute Electric guitar Piano Violin
| genre = [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] scores
| occupation = [[Music composer|Composer]]
| years_active = 1934–1984
| label =
| website =
}}
'''Pendyala Nageswara Rao''' (6 March 1917 – 31 August 1984), known mononymously by his [[surname]] '''Pendyala''', was an Indian [[Music composer|composer]], multi-instrumentalist, [[Conducting|conductor]], music producer known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]] along with [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films.<ref name="autogenerated582">Nata Ratnalu, Mikkilineni Radhakrishna Murthy, Second edition, 2002; pp:582-4.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/jayabheri-1959/article7895558.ece |title=Blast from the past: Jayabheri (1959) |work=The Hindu |date=2015-11-19 |access-date=2016-05-26|last1=Narasimham |first1=M. L. }}</ref>

==Early life and career==
He was born at Vanukuru near Vijayawada and later shifted to Katur. He was closely associated with [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as they were students of Kapilavai Ramanatha Sastry.<ref name="autogenerated582"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Your Personal Radio (?) |url=http://mio.to/album/Remembering+Legends+-+Pendyala+Nageswara+Rao+(2014) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019165927/http://mio.to/album/Remembering+Legends+-+Pendyala+Nageswara+Rao+%282014%29 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 October 2014 |title=Remembering Legends - Pendyala Nageswara Rao (2014) - Pendyala Nageshwara Rao |publisher=Mio.to |access-date=2016-05-26}}</ref>

His ancestors including his father Sitaramaiah were music exponents. Similarly Nageswara Rao also showed interest in music since childhood. He used to accompany his father playing [[Pump organ|Harmonium]] for dramas and learned techniques to play with it since the age of 13 years. He acted for the first time as Jambavati in ''Krishna Tulabharam'' play. He later played Rukmini, Narada characters in Tulabaram play along with Jonnavitula Sheshagiri, Rshyendramani, Lakshmirajyam and got the applause of the viewers.<ref name="wordpress1">{{Cite web| title=Pendyala Nageswara Rao | url=https://sarasabharati.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/pendyala-nageswara-rao.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012172926/https://sarasabharati.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/pendyala-nageswara-rao.pdf | archive-date=2016-10-12}}</ref>

During that period [[Kadaru Nagabhushanam]] seeing his talents, invited to him to work in his orchestra for ''Talli Prema'' (1941) film. He went to Madras and joined Rajarajeswari Films and worked as assistant director to Dinakar Rao and [[S. V. Venkatraman|S V Venkataraman]] for that film. With the beginning of [[Second World War]] he returned home. Later he was invited by Gudavalli Ramabrahmam to work for ''[[Mayalokam]]'' as Harmonist under [[Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]]. [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] gave him the independent music director change for his film ''[[Drohi (1948 film)|Drohi]]'', which brought him good fame. He has provided music for about 100 films some of them are memorable hits.

Pendyala is "Bhinna Sangeeta Sampradaya Vishesha Praveenajnudu" (Expert in Natakam Padya, Gadya aalaapana(Drama Poetry singing), Hari Katha, Burra Katha, Janapada/Lok Sangeet)) in addition to traditional Hindustani and Carnatic music styles.
Pendyala Composition for [[Kalidasa]] Poem "Manikya Veena Mupaalalayanti" in 1960 film [[Mahakavi Kalidasu]], and "Jayeebhava Vijayeebhava" from 1977 film [[Daana Veera Soora Karna]] are few examples to measure his calibre.
Pendyala composed "Shringar Ras" (Romantic Duet) "Chitram Hai Bhalare Vichitram" Song for Character [[Duryodhana]] from [[Daana Veera Soora Karna]] film without hampering his Monarchy "Roudra Ras" for which he is known for. Rare combination made reality.
Pendyala tune for "Evaro Vastaarani Edo Chestarani" song from film [[Bhoomi Kosam]] aimed at social message and equality philosophy, but in a different unique tone from regular mode.
His Versatality is visible in song "Naa Peru Bikari Naa Daari Edaari" from 1976 film "Shri Rajeshwari Vilas Coffee Club" as with simple Harmonium he could elevate scene mood and character.

Pendyala would always follow norms, rules of Raga's basis time and situation of song in his film compositions. Similar to song "San Sanna Sanna Sanna, Jao Re O Pavan" from film [[Sampoorna Ramayana]] which was composed in [[Raga]] [[chandrakauns]] depicting isolation, loneliness (intended situation for Raga chandrakauns) of Sita at Ashoka vanam in Lanka,

Pendyala always respected Raga Lakshanam (Properties) in his compositions.
Always used appropriate Raga's for his tunes.
His Composition "Sivasankari Sivanandalahari" from film [[Jagadeka Veeruni Katha]] composed in [[Raga]] [[Darbari Kanada]] justifies time and situation for that raga which remained magnanimous all-time hit in film compositions.
Pendyala had kept faith in an Idiom "Raasi kante Vaasi mendu" (Reputation is important/better than numbers).
People also had laid their belief in an Idiom "Gangi Govu Ksheeramu Garitadaina Chalunu" (Holy Cow Milk a Spoonful is Enough)

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Director !! Banner !! Notes
|-
| 1948 || ''[[Drohi (1948 film)|Drohi]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[L. V. Prasad]] || || Debut film
|-
| 1950 || ''Modati Raatri'' || Telugu || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] || Prakash Productions ||
|-
| 1950 || ''Vaali – Sugreeva'' || Telugu || Jampanna || Asoka's || [[Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]], [[Master Venu]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
|-
| 1951 || ''Deeksha'' || Telugu || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] || Prakash Productions ||
|-
| 1951 || ''[[Anni (1951 film)|Anni]]'' || Tamil || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] || Prakash Productions ||
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Kanna Talli]]'' || Telugu || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] || Prakash Productions || Introduced [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Petrathai]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] || Prakash Productions || Remake of ''[[Kanna Talli]]''
|-
| 1954 || ''Baalanandam'' || Telugu || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] || Prakash Productions ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Jyothy'' || Telugu || Sridhar & Tilak || Navayuga Pictures ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Menarikam'' || Telugu || Jampana || Nandhi Productions ||
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Kudumbam (1954 film)|Kudumbam]]'' || Tamil || Jampana || Nandhi Productions ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Ante Kavali'' || Telugu || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] || Prakash Productions ||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Donga Ramudu (1955 film)|Donga Ramudu]]'' || Telugu || [[K. V. Reddy]] || [[Annapurna Studios]] ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Donga Ramudu (1955 film)|Thiruttu Raman]]'' || Tamil || [[K. V. Reddy]] || [[Annapurna Studios]] ||
|-
| 1956 || ''Melukolupu'' || Telugu || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] || Prakash Productions ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Marumalarchi (1956 film)|Marumalarchi]]'' || Tamil || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] || Prakash Productions||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Muddu Bidda]]'' || Telugu || [[K. B. Tilak]] || Anupama Films ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Akka Chellelu''|| Telugu || Sarvabhowma-Amanulla || Sharwani ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Bhagya Rekha]]'' || Telugu || [[B. N. Reddy]] || Ponnaluri Brothers Pvt Ltd ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Rayara Sose]]'' || [[Kannada language|Kannada]] || R. Ramamurthy & K. S. Murthy || Sri Panduranga Productions || with R. Diwakara
|-
| 1957 || ''[[M.L.A. (1957 film)|M.L.A.]]'' || Telugu || [[K. B. Tilak]] || Anupama Chitra ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[M.L.A. (1957 film)|M.L.A.]]'' || Tamil || [[K. B. Tilak]] || Anupama Chitra ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Soubhagyavathi]]'' || Tamil || Jampana || Nandhi Pictures || with M. S. Gnanamani
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Atha Okinti Kodale]]'' || Telugu || [[K. B. Tilak]] || Anupama Films ||
|-
| 1958 || ''Ganga Gouri Samvadam'' || Telugu || V. N. Reddy || Vijayagopal Production ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Shree Krishna Gaarudi]]'' || Kannada || [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]] || Nandi Pictures ||
|-
| 1958 || ''Sri Krishna Garudi'' || Telugu || [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]] || Nandi Pictures ||
|-
| 1958 || ''Sree Ramanjaneya Yuddham'' || Telugu || Acharya || Kasinadh Productions ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Bhagya Rekha|Veettukku Vandha Varalakshmi]]'' || Tamil || [[B. N. Reddy]] || Ponnaluri Brothers Pvt Ltd ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Jayabheri]]'' || Telugu || [[P. Pullaiah]] || Sarada Productions ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Kalaivaanan]]'' || Tamil || [[P. Pullaiah]] || Sarada Productions ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Naan Valartha Thangai]]'' || Tamil || [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao|Ch. Narayanamurthy]] || Saravanabhava Unity Pictures ||
|-
| 1959 || ''Soubhagyavati'' || Telugu || Jampana || Nandhi Pictures ||
|-
| 1960 || ''Bhakta Sabari'' || Telugu || [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao|Ch. Narayanamurthy]] || Sukhibhava Films ||
|-
| 1960 || ''Bhakta Sabari'' || Tamil || [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao|Ch. Narayanamurthy]] || Sukhibhava Films ||
|-
| 1960 || ''Bhakta Sabari'' || Kannada || [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao|Ch. Narayanamurthy]] || Sukhibhava Films ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Bhatti Vikramarka]]'' || Telugu || Jampana || Nandhi Productions ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Bhatti Vikramarka|Patti Vikramathithan]]'' || Tamil || Jampana || Nandhi Productions ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Mahakavi Kalidasu]]'' || Telugu || [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] || Sarani Productions ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam]]'' || Telugu || [[P. Pullaiah]] || Padmasri Pictures || [[Silver Jubilee]] [[Musical film]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]'' || Tamil || [[P. Pullaiah]] || Padmasri Pictures ||
|-
| 1961 || ''Bava Maradallu''|| Telugu || P. A. Padmanaba Rao || Krishna Chitra ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Jagadeka Veeruni Katha]]'' || Telugu ||[[K. V. Reddy]] || [[Vijaya Productions]] ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Jagadeka Veeruni Katha|Jagathalaprathapan]]'' || Tamil ||[[K. V. Reddy]] || [[Vijaya Productions]] ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Jagadeka Veeruni Katha|Jagadekaveerana Kathe]]'' || Kannada ||[[K. V. Reddy]] || [[Vijaya Productions]] ||
|-
| 1961 || ''Krishna Prema'' || Telugu || [[Adurthi Subbarao]] || Mahendra Pictures ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Mamiyarum Oru Veetu Marumagale]]'' || Tamil || [[K. B. Tilak]] || Anupama Films ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Vagdanam]]'' || Telugu || [[Acharya Aatreya]] || Kavitha Chitra ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Velugu Needalu]]'' || Telugu || [[Adurthi Subba Rao]] || [[Annapurna Studios]] ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Thooya Ullam]]'' || Tamil || [[Adurthi Subba Rao]] || [[Annapurna Studios]] ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Chitti Tammudu]]'' || Telugu || [[K. B. Tilak]] || Poorna Pictures || Film based on ''[[Oliver Twist]]''
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Mahamantri Timmarusu (film)|Mahamantri Timmarusu]]''|| Telugu || [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] || [[Vauhini Studios]] ||
|-
| 1963 || ''Anuragam'' || Telugu || [[G. Ramineedu]] || ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Eedu Jodu]]''|| Telugu || [[K. B. Tilak]] || Anupama Films ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Paruvu-Prathishta]]'' || Telugu || M. Appa Rao || Valta Productions ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Yudham]]'' || Telugu || [[K. V. Reddy]] || Jayanthi Pictures ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Yudham]]'' || Tamil || [[K. V. Reddy]] || Jayanthi Pictures ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Ramudu Bheemudu]]'' || Telugu || [[Tapi Chanakya]] || [[Suresh Productions]] ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Sabhash Suri]]'' || Telugu || [[I. N. Murthy]] || R. R. Pictures||
|-
| 1965 || ''Prachanda Bhairavi'' || Telugu || [[C. S. R. Rao]] || ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Prameelarjuneeyam]]''|| Telugu || M. Mallikarjuna Rao || S. R. Movies ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Satya Harishchandra (1965 Kannada film)|Satya Harishchandra]]'' || Kannada || [[K. V. Reddy]] || [[Vijaya Productions]] ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Satya Harishchandra (1965 Telugu film)|Satya Harishchandra]]'' || Telugu || [[K. V. Reddy]] || [[Vijaya Productions]] ||
|-
| 1965 || ''Uyyala Jampala'' || Telugu || [[K. B. Tilak]] || Anupama Chitra ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Srikakula Andhra Maha Vishnu Katha]]'' || Telugu || A. K. Sekhar || Sri Sambhu Films ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Sri Krishna Tulabharam (1966 film)|Sri Krishna Tulabharam]]'' || Telugu || [[Kamalakara Kameshwara Rao]] || Suresh Productions ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Bandipotu Dongalu]]'' || Telugu || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] || Madhavi Pictures ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Bhagya Chakram]]'' || Telugu || [[K. V. Reddy]] || Jayanthi Pictures ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Gramadevatalu'' || Telugu || [[C. S. Rao]] || Sudhni Pictures ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Panthalu Pattimpulu''|| Telugu || [[K. B. Tilak]] || Sri Sambhu Films ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Papa Kosam'' || Telugu || G. V. R. Seshagiri Rao || Vijaya Suresh Combines ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Uma Chandi Gowri Shankarula Katha]]'' || Telugu || [[K. V. Reddy]] || [[Vijaya Productions]]||
|-
| 1970 || ''Maa Nanna Nirdhoshi'' || Telugu || K. V. Nandana Rao || Mahalakshmi Movies ||
|-
| 1970 || ''Pelli Sambandham'' || Telugu || K. Varaprasad Rao || Praveena Pictures ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Manasu Mangalyam]]'' || Telugu || [[K. Pratyagatma]] || Uttama Chitra ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Ananda Nilayam'' || Telugu || B. S. Narayana || Mercury Cine Productions ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Naa Tammudu'' || Telugu || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] || S. B. R. Pictures ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'' || Telugu || [[K. V. Reddy]] || R. K. Brothers ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Sri Krishna Vijayamu]]'' || Telugu || [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]] || Kaumudi Art Pictures ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Mathru Murthy?'' || Telugu || Manapuram Apparao || Vishwajyoti Pictures ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Sampurna Theerthayatra''|| Telugu || || Rupesh Films ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Bhoomi Kosam]]'' || Telugu || [[K. B. Tilak]] || Anupama ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Deeksha (1974 film)|Deeksha]]'' || Telugu || [[Kotayya Pratyagatma|K. Pratyagatma]] || Sri Padmaja Films ||
|-
| 1974 || ''Dhanavanthulu Gunavanthulu''|| Telugu || K. Varaprasad Rao || Devi Arts ||
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Kode Nagu]]'' || Telugu || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] || Kowmudi Pictures ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Kolleti Kapuram''|| Telugu || [[K. B. Tilak]] || SH Movies ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Sri Rajeswari Vilas Coffee Club'' || Telugu || [[Aluri Chakrapani|Chakrapani]] & [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] || [[Vijaya Productions]] ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Suprabhatam'' || Telugu || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] || Model Productions ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Vemulawada Bheemakavi (film)|Vemulawada Bheemakavi]]'' || Telugu || [[D. Yoganand]] || [[Ramakrishna Studios]] ||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]'' || Telugu || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Ramakrishna Studios]] ||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Chanakya Chandragupta]]'' || Telugu || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Ramakrishna Studios]] ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Koyilamma Kusindi''|| Telugu || Y. R. Babu || Balaji Art Pictures ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Sati Savitri (1978 film)|Sati Savitri]]'' || Telugu || [[B. A. Subba Rao]] || Lalitha Siva Jyothi Studios ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Sri Rama Pattabhishekam]]'' || Telugu || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Ramakrishna Studios]] ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Gali Vaana''|| Telugu || Aadhiraju Anandmohan || Surendra Arts ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Sri Tirupati Venkateswara Kalyanam]]'' || Telugu || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Ramakrishna Studios]] ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Priya Bandhavi'' || Telugu || Dorai || Sripati Films ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Kotha Vennela''|| Telugu || Jayashyam || Mayur Enterprises ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Srushti Rahasyalu''|| Telugu || Pratap || Sri Venkata Sai Pictures ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Dharma Vaddi''|| Telugu || [[K. B. Tilak]] || Rupachitra Kalamandir ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Puramdara Dasu''|| Telugu || R. Ramamurthy || || with K. Subrahmanyam
|-
| 1985 || ''Kalaaranjani''|| Telugu || K. Babu Rao || ||
|-
| 1987 || ''Prema Deepalu''|| Telugu || C. S. Bose || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0619312}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]

Vinod Shankar Avasthi

2026-04-13T22:41:59Z

Swertvver: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinod Shankar Avasthi
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Dhaurahra Assembly constituency|Dhaurahra]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|11|15}}
| birth_place = [[Dhaurehra]], India
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| father = Ram Shankar Awasthi
}}
'''Vinod Shankar Avasthi''' is an Indian [[politician]], [[teacher]], and a member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/vinod-shankar-avasthi/ |title=Vinod Shankar Avasthi, BJP MLA from Dhaurahra |publisher=ourneta.com |access-date=24 May 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Dhaurahra Assembly constituency]].<ref name="upla">{{cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18141/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|UPLA]] |access-date=24 May 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==

Vinod Shankar Avasthi was born on 15 November 1959 in [[Dhaurehra]] to Ram Shankar Awasthi.<ref name="upla" />

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:People from Lakhimpur Kheri district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Educators from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Vem Narender Reddy

2026-04-13T20:30:04Z

Swertvver: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vem Narender Reddy
| image = Vem Narendar Reddy.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 1960
| birth_place = Arpanapalle, [[Kesamudram|Kesamudram Mandal]], [[Mahabubabad district|Mahabubabad District]], [[Telangana]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|Telangana]]
| predecessor = [[K. R. Suresh Reddy]]
| term_start = 10 April 2026
| constituency1 = [[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency|Mahabubabad]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 20 May 2004
| term_end1 = 25 May 2009
| predecessor1 = Bhadraiah Sreeram
| successor1 = [[Maloth Kavitha]]
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|40px]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|40px]] [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| years active =
| spouse = Vijaya Lakshmi
| date of marriage =
| children = Dr Krishna Bhargava Vem, Krishna Keerthan Vem
| parents = Vem Chenna Krishna Reddy, Venkatamma
| relatives =
| education = B.A
}}
'''Vem Narender Reddy''' is an Indian politician from Telangana. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and serves as a Member of Parliament in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the Upper House of the [[Parliament of India]], representing Telangana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Press Trust of |date=2026-03-05 |title=Telangana: Abhishek Singhvi, Vem Reddy nominated for Rajya Sabha seats |url=https://www.siasat.com/telangana-abhishek-singhvi-vem-reddy-nominated-for-rajya-sabha-seats-3424381/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> He previously served as a Member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, representing the [[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency]].<ref name="election2004">{{cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> He is a senior leader of the Indian National Congress.

==Political career==
Vem Narender Reddy started his political journey with the [[Telugu Desam Party]] and contested elections from [[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency]] in 2004 Assembly polls and elected as MLA. He Unsuccessfully contested by elections held in 2010 for [[Warangal West Assembly constituency]]. In 2015 he contested as MLC under TDP ticket and lost.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Narender Reddy resigned from the primary membership From TDP party 28 October 2017 later joined the [[Indian National Congress]] on 31 October 2017 along with [[Revanth Reddy]] in the presence of AICC Vice-president [[Rahul Gandhi]] at New Delhi.<ref name="Revanth Reddy officially joins Congress party">{{cite news |last1=The Hans India |title=Revanth Reddy officially joins Congress party |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2017-10-31/Revanth-Reddy-officially-joins-Congress-party/336570 |access-date=21 January 2024 |work= |date=31 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121162845/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2017-10-31/Revanth-Reddy-officially-joins-Congress-party/336570 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> On 26 June 2021, he was appointed as vice president of [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]] (TPCC).<ref name="Parliamentarian A Revanth Reddy appointed Telangana PCC chief">{{cite news |last1=Hindustan Times |title=Parliamentarian A Revanth Reddy appointed Telangana PCC chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/parliamentarian-a-revanth-reddy-appointed-telangana-pcc-chief-101624731781111.html |access-date=21 January 2024 |date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121162325/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/parliamentarian-a-revanth-reddy-appointed-telangana-pcc-chief-101624731781111.html |archive-date=21 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Narender Reddy have been appointed as coordination and administration, Election Commission rules and regulations, calendar programmer and intimations and organization and coordination with DCC presidents and mandal committees in [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023 Assembly Elections]].<ref name="TPCC tasks top-level cadre to run party affairs">{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |first1= |title=TPCC tasks top-level cadre to run party affairs |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/311222/tpcc-tasks-vice-presidents-high-level-cadre-for-running-of-party-affa.html |access-date=21 January 2024 |work= |date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121163159/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/311222/tpcc-tasks-vice-presidents-high-level-cadre-for-running-of-party-affa.html |archive-date=21 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He was appointed as Advisor to Chief Minister (Public Affairs) by Government of Telangana in the rank and status of Minister of State in the state on 20 January 2024.<ref name="Telangana State Govt appoints advisors, special representative in Delhi">{{cite news |last1=Telangana Today |first1= |title=Telangana State Govt appoints advisors, special representative in Delhi |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-state-govt-appoints-advisors-special-representative-in-delhi |access-date=21 January 2024 |date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121170455/https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-state-govt-appoints-advisors-special-representative-in-delhi |archive-date=21 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="rracaaga">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=21 January 2024 |title=Revanth Reddy appoints close aides as {{as written|Gove|rment [sic]}} Advisors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/revanth-reddy-appoints-close-aides-as-goverment-advisors/article67761831.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121050924/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/revanth-reddy-appoints-close-aides-as-goverment-advisors/article67761831.ece |archive-date=21 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

On 4 March 2026, Vem Narender Reddy was announced as the Congress party candidate from Telangana for the [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections]], which he won unopposed.<ref name="Congress Nominates Vem Narender Reddy for RS">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Congress Nominates Vem Narender Reddy for RS |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/congress-nominates-vem-narender-reddy-for-rs-1941532 |access-date=4 March 2026 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=4 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304184132/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/congress-nominates-vem-narender-reddy-for-rs-1941532 |archive-date=4 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Congress picks Singhvi, Vem Narender for RS seats">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Congress picks Singhvi, Vem Narender for RS seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/cm-meets-congress-top-leaders-to-finalise-rs-nominees/article70704552.ece |access-date=4 March 2026 |publisher=The Hindu |date=4 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304184316/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/cm-meets-congress-top-leaders-to-finalise-rs-nominees/article70704552.ece |archive-date=4 March 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Elections contested==
===Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Constituency
!Result
!Opposition Candidate
!Opposition Party
!Ref
|-
|2004
|[[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency|Mahabubabad]]
|{{Won}}
|Jannareddy Bharath Chand Reddy
|[[Janata Party]]
|
|-
|2010
|[[Warangal West Assembly constituency|Warangal West]]
|{{Lost}}
|[[Dasyam Vinay Bhaskar]]
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|<ref name="MLA By Election 2010 Affidavit">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of Telangana |date=2015 |title=MLA By Election 2010 Affidavit |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/2010/105_03_Vem_Narender_Reddy.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121171245/https://ceotelangana.nic.in/2010/105_03_Vem_Narender_Reddy.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|[[Telangana Legislative Council|MLA Quota (MLC)]]
|{{Lost}}
|
|
|<ref name="MLC Election 2015 Affidavit">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=MLC Election 2015 Affidavit |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Council/Affidavits/ByMLAs_Affidavits,%202015/AFFIDAVITS/Vem%20Narender%20Reddy%20(TDP).pdf |access-date=21 January 2024 |date=2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121171940/https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Council/Affidavits/ByMLAs_Affidavits,%202015/AFFIDAVITS/Vem%20Narender%20Reddy%20%28TDP%29.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>
|}

==Controversies==
A case was registered against him in connection with the cash for vote scam on 30 May 2015. When he was contesting as MLC from TDP, the other TDP MLA [[Revanth Reddy]] caught by the [[Anti-Corruption Bureau, Andhra Pradesh|Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB)]] officials while he was trying to give cash to the Nominated MLA [[Elvis Stephenson]] for voting in Favour of Vem Narender Reddy.<ref name="ACB questions TDP MLC nominee Narender Reddy">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=ACB questions TDP MLC nominee Narender Reddy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/TDP-MLC-nominee-inside-ACB-office/article60326564.ece |access-date=21 January 2024 |date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121170928/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/TDP-MLC-nominee-inside-ACB-office/article60326564.ece |archive-date=21 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Telangana]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:People from Mahabubabad district]]

Missamma (soundtrack)

2026-04-12T18:24:54Z

Swertvver: Creating Page

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Missamma
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| cover = Missamma soundtrack.jpg
| alt = Album cover depicting a man surrounded by two women
| caption = Cover of the Telugu version
| released = 21 September 1955
| recorded = 1954–1955
| venue =
| studio = Western Electric
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Film soundtrack]]
| length = 32:25
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer = S. Rajeswara Rao
| prev_title = [[Vipra Narayana]]
| prev_year = 1954
| next_title = Bala Sanyasamma Katha
| next_year = 1956
}}

'''''Missamma''''' is the soundtrack of the 1955 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film [[Missamma|of the same name]] directed by [[L. V. Prasad]]. Composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]], the soundtrack contains 11 songs with lyrics by [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]]. The film was written by [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]], who co-produced it with [[B. Nagi Reddy|B. Nagi Reddi]] for [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios|Vijaya Productions]]. [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] played the lead roles in the Telugu version, with [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Rushyendramani]], [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] and [[Ramana Reddy]] in supporting roles.

Until [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna|Bhanumathi]] was replaced by Savitri as the female lead, she was planned to provide vocals for her character in the film. After Bhanumathi left, [[P. Leela]] was chosen as Savitri's [[playback singer]]. Unlike their previous films, Vijaya Productions preferred [[A. M. Rajah]] over [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] to sing for Rama Rao in the Telugu version. Chakrapani chose [[P. Susheela]] to sing the remaining two songs featuring Jamuna, and Venkata Ramaiah sang two uncredited songs.

The soundtrack album was released by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] on 21 September 1955. Although Rajeswara Rao was initially unhappy with his work, feeling that it was primarily influenced by Chakrapani, the soundtrack was critically and commercially successful. ''Missamma'' was released simultaneously in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Missiamma]]'' with a different cast; the same soundtrack was used, with lyrics by [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]. The Tamil soundtrack, released a month later by His Master's Voice, also received similar critical acclaim.

== Development ==
[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] composed the soundtrack and background score, collaborating with [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]] and [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]] on the lyrics for the Telugu and Tamil versions of the film respectively.<ref name="Credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Missamma (Telugu) |date=3 October 2013 |publisher=Shalimar Telugu Movies |place=India |medium=Motion picture}} Clip from 00:00:20 to 00:03:20.</ref><ref name="maestro">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/when-the-maestro-was-proved-wrong/article17393860.ece |title=When the maestro was proved wrong… |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=2 March 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170801145050/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/when-the-maestro-was-proved-wrong/article17393860.ece |archive-date=1 August 2017}}</ref> The [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] was supervised by A. Krishnan and Siva Ram. It was [[Audio signal processing|processed]] by N. C. Sen Gupta and orchestrated by A. Krishnamurthy.<ref name="Credits" /> ''Missamma'' was written by [[Aluri Chakrapani]] (who co-produced the film with [[B. Nagi Reddy]] for [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]]) and directed by [[L. V. Prasad]]. The film starred [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], with [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Rushyendramani]], [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] and [[Ramana Reddy]] in supporting roles.<ref name="Credits"/> The Tamil version had a slightly-different cast.<ref name="BFP Missamma">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-missamma-1955/article6505603.ece |title=Blast from the past: Missamma (1955) |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=16 October 2014 |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607035606/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-missamma-1955/article6505603.ece |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref>

When Nagi Reddy told Bhanumathi that [[P. Leela]] would sing for her character, Bhanumathi (also a playback singer) refused to let anyone else sing for her.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/tribute-to-a-legend/article3185008.ece |title=Tribute to a legend |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=2 January 2006 |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607085444/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/tribute-to-a-legend/article3185008.ece |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> After Bhanumathi left the project, Leela was signed to sing for Savitri. Unlike their previous films, Vijaya Vauhini Studios preferred [[A. M. Rajah]] over [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] to sing for Rama Rao in the Telugu version.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|page=23}} Rajeswara Rao, who collaborated with Raja on vocals for Nageswara Rao in ''[[Vipra Narayana]]'' (1954), took Rama Rao's approval before recording the songs.<ref name="maestro"/> Chakrapani chose [[P. Susheela]] to sing the remaining two songs featuring Jamuna after he was impressed with her rendition of "Anuragam Virisena" in the film ''[[Kanna Talli]]'' (1953). Although Susheela had recorded for ''[[Donga Ramudu (1955 film)|Donga Ramudu]]'' (1955) first, ''Missamma'' was released earlier and was her [[Breakthrough role|breakthrough]] as a singer.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|page=23}} "Ariya Paruvamada" and its Telugu version, "Balanura Madana", were Susheela's first songs for Rajeswara Rao.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article469943.ece |title=P Susheela, playback singer |last=Suresh Kumar |first=S T |date=14 May 2011 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=27 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727032021/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article469943.ece |archive-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> Despite singing "Dharmam Chey" and "Sitaram Sitaram", Relangi Venkata Ramaiah was uncredited as a playback singer.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|page=23}}

"Ravoyi Chandamama" is based on the [[Abheri]] [[raga]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-aspects-of-abheri/article2325286.ece |title=A Raga's Journey – Aspects of Abheri |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |date=5 August 2011 |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607085031/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-aspects-of-abheri/article2325286.ece |archive-date=7 June 2015 |author-link=Charulatha Mani}}</ref> "Balanura Madana" is based on the [[Kharaharapriya]] raga,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-kingly-kharaharapriya/article3310742.ece |title=A Raga's Journey – Kingly Kharaharapriya |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |date=13 April 2012 |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607085029/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-kingly-kharaharapriya/article3310742.ece |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/of-kafi-and-karaharapriya/article3748013.ece |title=Of Kafi and Karaharapriya |last=Kumar |first=Ranee |date=10 August 2012 |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607085205/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/of-kafi-and-karaharapriya/article3748013.ece |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> and "Telusukonave Yuvathi" is based on the [[Mohanam]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/11/26/stories/2004112602360600.htm |title=Peace and prosperity with ragas |last=Venkatraman |first=Lakshmi |date=26 November 2004 |access-date=20 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920064548/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/11/26/stories/2004112602360600.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=20 September 2016}}</ref> "Brundavanamadi Andaridi" (its [[Bridge (music)|bridge]] in particular) is primarily based on the [[Shuddha Saveri]] raga, although an occasional ''[[Gandhara Kingdom#Gandhara musical note|gandhara]]'' note suggests the [[Arabhi]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/joyful-suddha-saveri/article3722266.ece |title=Joyful Suddha Saveri |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |date=3 August 2012 |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607085030/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/joyful-suddha-saveri/article3722266.ece |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> It was the soundtrack's last song to be recorded, since Chakrapani rejected several of Rajeswara Rao's versions. When the vexed Rajeswara Rao asked Chakrapani to suggest a tune, he referred to a folk song he had heard as a child. Pingali was inspired by the line "A thing of beauty is a joy forever" from [[John Keats]]' "[[Endymion (poem)|Endymion]]" for the song's phrase, ''"Andamulandari Aanandamule"'' ("Beauty gives joy to all").<ref name="maestro" />

== Release and reception ==
The Telugu soundtrack was released on 21 September 1955, and the Tamil version was released on 21 October 1955; both were marketed by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/missamma-original-motion-picture/id914260086|title=Missamma (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=21 September 1955|access-date=7 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607085203/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/missamma-original-motion-picture/id914260086|archive-date=7 June 2015|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gaana.com/album/missiamma-tamil|title=Missiamma (Tamil)|date=21 October 1955|access-date=7 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607085202/http://gaana.com/album/missiamma-tamil|archive-date=7 June 2015|publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> The Telugu soundtrack's album cover features Jamuna and Savitri, each tugging on one of Rama Rao's hands.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mio.to/album/Missamma+%281955%29 |title=Missamma (1955) |publisher=Music India Online |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190222051239/https://mio.to/album/Missamma+(1955) |archive-date=22 February 2019 |access-date=22 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rajeswara Rao's eldest son, musician Ramalingeswara Rao, said in an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'' that his father was initially unhappy with ''Missamma''{{'s}} music because he had to cater to Chakrapani (who had his own view of mainstream cinema). Rao said that his father was afraid of failure and rejection by filmmakers, and wanted to leave for [[Vizianagaram]] before the soundtrack's success.<ref name="maestro" />

The soundtrack was a commercial success, with "Adavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule" in particular becoming a classic romantic song.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/undying-love-for-romance/article2888792.ece |title=Undying love for romance |last=Bhandaram |first=Vishnupriya |date=13 February 2012 |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607085306/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/undying-love-for-romance/article2888792.ece |archive-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> According to M. L. Narasimham of ''The Hindu'', Rajeswara Rao's music and Pingali's "situational" lyrics were major contributors to the film's commercial success. Narasimham praised "Brundavanamadi Andaridi" in particular: "Pingali’s lyric and Saluri’s melodious score breathed life into the voices of P. Susheela and A. M. Raja {{sic}}".<ref name="maestro"/>

A 26 January 1955 ''[[Andhra Patrika]]'' reviewer called Rajeswara Rao's soundtrack "soothing", and praised his ability to tune "Brundavanamadi Andaridi{{"'}}s uneven background properly.<ref name="APR Missamma">{{Cite news |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/DZZ/1 |title=విజయావారి "మిస్సమ్మ" సమీక్ష |date=26 January 1955 |work=[[Andhra Patrika]] |access-date=27 January 2019 |language=te |trans-title=Review of Vijaya's "Missamma"}}</ref> A ''Kinima'' magazine reviewer praised Pingali's lyrics in its February 1955 issue, saying that they were in tune with the situations the characters went through and "sarcastic enough, in sync with the film's tone". The reviewer praised Rajeswara Rao's music as "easily acceptable by all the sectors of the audience".<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=February 1955 |title=చిత్రసమీక్షలు: మిస్సమ్మ/పహలీ ఝలక్ |trans-title=Reviews: Missamma/Pehli Jhalak |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/DZR/1 |language=te |access-date=27 January 2019 |magazine=Kinima}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
According to M. L. Narasimham, "Brundavanamadi Andaridi"{{'s}} popularity made it a part of music lessons for children in Telugu-speaking regions.<ref name="maestro"/> For "Sundarangulanu Choosina Velana" in the 1959 film ''[[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]'' (also produced by Vijaya Vauhuni Studios), Rajeswara Rao re-used the melody of "Brundavanamadi Andaridi" at Chakrapani's insistence – a rare example of the composer recycling an earlier song. Pingali wrote that song's lyrics, and [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] provided the vocals with Leela and Rajah.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/appu-chesi-pappu-koodu-1959/article7561720.ece |title=Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu (1959) |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=20 August 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609161335/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/appu-chesi-pappu-koodu-1959/article7561720.ece |archive-date=9 June 2016}}</ref>

Leela sang songs from ''Missamma'' at her concerts, to popular acclaim.{{Sfn|Baburao|2005|page=22}} "Njaan Ariyathen", from the Malayalam film ''[[Jailppulli]]'' (1957), is loosely based on "Brundavanamadi Andaridi".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/old-is-gold-jailpully-1957/article7800305.ece |title=Jailpully: 1957 |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=26 October 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123064037/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/old-is-gold-jailpully-1957/article7800305.ece |archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> "Adavari Matalaku Arthale Verule" was remixed by [[Mani Sharma]] with no changes to its melody and lyrics for the Telugu film ''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]'' (2001). It was sung by [[Khushi Murali|Korivi Muralidhar]], who was known as Kushi Murali after the success of the remixed version.<ref name="BFP Missamma"/> "Brundavanamadi Andaridi" was adapted by [[Hemanta Mukherjee]] as "Brindavan Ka Krishan Kanhaiya" for ''Missamma''{{'}}s [[Hindi]] remake, ''[[Miss Mary (1957 film)|Miss Mary]]'' (1957).<ref name="maestro"/>

== Track listing ==
{{tracklist
| headline = Track list<ref name="Credits" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 32:25
| all_lyrics = [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali]], except where noted
| title1 = Raaga Sudharasa
| note1 = Written by [[Tyagaraja]]
| extra1 = [[P. Leela]], [[Jikki]]
| length1 = 02:26
| title2 = Dharmam Chey
| extra2 = [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]]
| length2 = 02:30
| title3 = Adavari Matalaku Arthale Verule
| extra3 = [[A. M. Rajah]]
| length3 = 02:21
| title4 = Balanura Madana
| extra4 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length4 = 03:16
| title5 = Telusukonave Chelli
| extra5 = P. Leela
| length5 = 04:58
| title6 = Telusukonave Yuvathi
| extra6 = A. M. Rajah
| length6 = 02:51
| title7 = Karuninchu Mary Maathaa
| extra7 = P. Leela
| length7 = 02:30
| title8 = Ee Navanavabhyudaya
| extra8 = A. M. Rajah
| length8 = 03:04
| title9 = Brundavanamadi Andaridi
| extra9 = A. M. Rajah, P. Susheela
| length9 = 02:56
| title10 = Ravoyi Chandamama
| extra10 = A. M. Rajah, P. Leela
| length10 = 02:54
| title11 = Yemito Ee Maaya
| extra11 = P. Leela
| length11 = 02:39
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last1=Baburao |first1=V. |url=http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Missamma |title=మిస్సమ్మ - నిరుద్యోగ సమస్యపై వ్యంగ్యాస్త్రం |trans-title=Missamma – A satire on Unemployment |language=te |date=18 May 2005 |publisher=Navya Weekly |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Z6fh7CWu?url=http://s1056.photobucket.com/user/PavanJandhyala/library/Missamma?sort=3&page=1 |archive-date=7 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}

[[Category:1955 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:1950s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]

Arfaz Ayub

2026-04-07T22:38:22Z

Swertvver: Creating A Pg

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arfaz Ayub
| image =
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 July 2024|access-date=5 April 2026|title=Director Arfaz Ayub: Level Cross is not the so-called experimental film|website=[[Cinema Express]]|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2024/Jul/25/director-arfaz-ayub-level-cross-is-not-the-so-called-experimental-film}}</ref>
| occupation = {{Hlist|Film director|screenwriter|actor|assistant director}}
| father =
}}

'''Arfaz Ayub''' is an Indian film director, screenwriter, actor, and former assistant director who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=February 13, 2025 |title=NE's migrant workers issue to be Malayalam filmmaker Arfaz Ayub's next Hindi film topic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nes-migrant-workers-issue-to-be-malayalam-filmmaker-arfaz-ayubs-next-hindi-film-topic/articleshow/118205645.cms |access-date=February 13, 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He made his directorial debut in 2024 with the psychological thriller ''[[Level Cross (film)|Level Cross]]'', which received critical acclaim from critics and audiences.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Arjun |date=July 26, 2024 |title=Level Cross review: A gripping thriller with an intense plot and unusual treatment |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/malayalam/level-cross-malayalam-movie-review/ |access-date=February 13, 2025 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Arfaz Ayub was born and raised in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India. Arfaz's father [[Adam Ayub]] is an actor and screenwriter who works in the Malayalam film and television industry. He is an alumnus of [[Mar Ivanios College]], Thiruvananthapuram.

== Career ==
Arfaz Ayub assisted director [[Jeethu Joseph]] for several of his films including [[The Body (2019 film)|''The Body'']] (2019), ''[[Drishyam 2]]'' (2021), ''[[Drushyam 2]]'' (2021), [[12th Man (film)|''12th Man'']] (2022), and [[Kooman (film)|''Kooman'']] (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ബാലതാരമായി അരങ്ങേറ്റം, സംവിധായകനാക്കിയത് ജീത്തു ജോസഫ്; അർഫാസ് അയൂബ് അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2024/08/04/level-cross-director-arfaz-ayub-interview.html |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=ബാലതാരമായി അരങ്ങേറ്റം, സംവിധായകനാക്കിയത് ജീത്തു ജോസഫ്; അർഫാസ് അയൂബ് അഭിമുഖം |language=ml}}</ref> In 2024, he made his directorial debut with the film [[Level Cross (film)|''Level Cross'']], presented by Joseph.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-07-26 |title='Level Cross' is not the so-called experimental film: Director Arfaz Ayub |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Jul/26/level-cross-is-not-the-so-called-experimental-film-director-arfaz-ayub |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film was selected to be screened at the [[55th International Film Festival of India]] in the Indian Panorama section.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MYIFFI {{!}} Detail |url=https://filmguide.iffigoa.org/detail/?id=6117 |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=filmguide.iffigoa.org}}</ref> Whilst attending the 1st [[Guwahati]] Asian Film Festival in February 2025, Ayub announced that he was working on a [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] feature film that would portray how a section of [[Northeast India]]ns migrate to [[Kerala]] and integrate into the workforce, often in the labour sector.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ayub's lens on migrant workers: Up next, a film on Northeastern labourers in Kerala |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/arfaz-ayubs-lens-on-migrant-workers-up-next-a-film-on-northeastern-labourers-in-kerala/cid/2083425 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315113732/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/arfaz-ayubs-lens-on-migrant-workers-up-next-a-film-on-northeastern-labourers-in-kerala/cid/2083425 |archive-date=2025-03-15 |access-date=2025-07-19 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2013-2014
|''[[Bhoot Aaya]]''
|Television series
|
|-
|2024
|[[Level Cross (film)|''Level Cross'']]
|Also screenwriter; Directorial debut
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

==== Assistant Director ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Notes
|-
|2013
|[[Horror Story (film)|''Horror Story'']]
|Associate Director
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|[[Cabaret (2019 film)|''Cabaret'']]
|Associate Director
|-
|[[The Body (2019 film)|''The Body'']]
|Associate Director
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Undekhi]]''
|Web Series; Associate Director
|-
|''[[Torbaaz]]''
|Associate Director
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Drishyam 2]]''
|Chief Associate Director
|-
|''[[Drushyam 2]]''
|Co-Director
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[12th Man (film)|12th Man]]''
|Co-Director
|-
|''[[Kooman (film)|Kooman]]''
|Co-Director
|-
|2024
|''[[Aliya Basu Gayab Hai]]''
|Co-Director
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Valathu Vashathe Kallan]]''
|Chief Associate Director
|-
|''[[Drishyam 3]]''
|Chief Associate Director
|}

==== Acting Credits ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Drishyam 2]]''
| rowspan="2" |Forensic Assistant
|-
|''[[Drushyam 2]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[12th Man (film)|12th Man]]''
|Cashier Suresh
|-
|''[[Kooman (film)|Kooman]]''
|Joyce
|-
|2023
|[[Neru (film)|''Neru'']]
|James
|-
|2024
|''[[Aliya Basu Gayab Hai]]''
|Delivery Boy
|-
|2026
|''[[Valathu Vashathe Kallan]]''
|Emmanuel
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{IMDb name|6398172}}

[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Khalji dynasty

2026-03-17T06:54:09Z

Swertvver: fix information and corrected details

{{Short description|1290–1320 Turco-Afghan dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate}}
{{About|the Khalji dynasty centered in Delhi between 1290 and 1320|the Khalji dynasty in Bengal between 1204 and 1227|Khalji dynasty of Bengal|the Khilji dynasty which ruled the Malwa Sultanate between 1436 and 1531|Malwa Sultanate#Khalji dynasty}}
{{Redirect|Khalji|the Pashtun tribe|Ghalji}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name = خلجي
| conventional_long_name = Khalji
| common_name = Khalji dynasty
| year_start = 1290
| year_end = 1320
| date_start = 13 June
| date_end = 1 May
| event_start = [[Khalji Revolution]]
| event_end =
| p1 = Mamluk dynasty of Delhi
| p2 = Vaghela dynasty
| p3 = Seuna (Yadava) dynasty
| s1 = Tughlaq dynasty
| image_flag = Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg
| flag_border = no
| flag_type = Flag of the Delhi Sultanate according to the contemporary ''[[Catalan Atlas]]'' ({{circa}} 1375).{{efn|1=Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the ''[[Catalan Atlas]]'' ({{circa}} 1375): [[File:Flag of the Delhi Tughlaq Sultanate according to the Catalan Atlas.jpg|60px]] in the [[:File:Sultan of Delhi (top) and King of Vijayanagar (bottom) in the Catalan Atlas of 1375.jpg|depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas]]}}<ref name="On the Timurid flag" />
| image_coat =
| coa_size =
| image_map = Map_of_the_Khalji_Sultanate.png
| image_map_caption = Territory controlled by the Khaljis circa 1320.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=38|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?display_type=image_display&object=075#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| capital = [[Delhi]] [[Kilokhri]] (Delhi suburb)<ref name="Lee 2019"/>
| government_type = [[Sultanate]]
| legislature =
| title_leader = [[Sultan]]
| leader1 = [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji]] {{small|(first)}}
| year_leader1 = 1290–1296
| leader2 = [[Alauddin Khalji]] {{small|(second)}}
| year_leader2 = 1296–1316
| leader3 = [[Shihab-ud-din Omar]] {{small|(third)}}
| year_leader3 = 1316
| leader4 = [[Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah|Qutb ad-Din Mubarak]] {{small|(fourth & last)}}
| year_leader4 = 1316–1320
| common_languages = [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]] (lingua franca)<ref name="brown2008">{{Citation |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |author1=Keith Brown |author2=Sarah Ogilvie |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-08-087774-7 |publisher=Elsevier |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC |quote=Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi[.]}}</ref> [[Persian language|Persian]] (official)<ref name="asi.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp |title=Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological Survey of India |publisher=Asi.nic.in |access-date=2010-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929105219/http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp |archive-date=29 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| currency =
| today = [[India]] [[Pakistan]]
}}
The '''Khalji''' or '''Khilji dynasty'''{{efn|name=different_names}} was a [[Turco-Afghan]] dynasty that ruled the [[Delhi Sultanate]] for three decades between 1290 and 1320. It was the second dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate which covered large swaths of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="Khalji Dynasty">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045252/Khalji-Dynasty |title=Khalji Dynasty |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=2014-11-13 |quote=This dynasty, like the previous Slave dynasty, was of Turkish origin, though the Khaljī tribe had long been settled in Afghanistan. Its three kings were noted for their faithlessness, their ferocity, and their penetration to the South of India.}}</ref><ref name=gazet>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_403.gif Dynastic Chart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419084338/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_403.gif |date=19 April 2021 }} [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], v. 2, ''p. 368.''</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=80–89}}</ref> It was founded by [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mohammad Aziz Ahmad |date=1939 |title=The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India. (1206-1290 A.d.) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=Indian History Congress |volume=3 |pages=832–841 |jstor=44252438}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Origin of the dynasty}}Origins==
[[File:Tegin Shah (obverse).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Coin of [[Tegin Shah]], described as "[[Elteber|Iltäbar]] (sub-King) of the [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]]", dated to the year 728 CE.<ref name="KTS">{{cite web |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/coins/coin105?language=en |title= The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: Chorasan Tegin Shah|date= 2012–2013 |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna |access-date= July 22, 2017}}</ref><ref name="MA279">{{cite journal |last1=ALRAM |first1=MICHAEL |title=From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |date=2014 |volume=174 |page=279 |jstor=44710198 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44710198 |issn=0078-2696}}</ref>]]
{{Delhi Sultanate|Khalji}}
The Khalji dynasty was of [[Turko-Afghan]]<ref name="Indian Institute of Advanced Study">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Yusuf Husain |title=Indo-Muslim Polity (Turko-Afghan Period) |year=1971 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-_2b1sxbtAC&q=turco-afghan+khalji |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=Michael H. |title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century |date=18 October 2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-11162-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&q=turco-afghan+khalji&pg=PA86 |language=en |quote=In 1290, the Turk-Afghan Khalji clan ended the first mamluk dynasty and then ruled in Delhi until one of their own Turkish mamluk commanders rebelled and established his own Tugluq dynasty}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=History of Medieval India:800-1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|page=93|quote=The Khalji rebellion was welcomed by the non-Turkish sections in the nobility. The Khaljis who were of a mixed Turkish-Afghan origin, did not exclude the Turks from high offices, but the rise of the Khaljis to power ended the Turkish monopoly of high offices|language=en}}</ref> origin whose ancestors, the [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]] usually referred to as [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], are said to be the remnants of the [[Hephthalites]], There are several theories regarding the origins of the Hephthalites, with the [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]]{{sfn|Enoki|1959}}<ref name="Sinor">{{cite book |chapter=The establishment and dissolution of the Türk empire |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&pg=PA300 300] |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, volume 1|first= Denis|last= Sinor|date=1990 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-24304-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC |access-date=2017-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwUWAQAAMAAJ |title=Asia Major, volume 4, part 1 |date=1954 |publisher=Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica, University of Indiana |access-date=2017-08-19}}</ref> and [[Altaic]]<ref>{{cite book |author=M.A. Shaban |chapter=Khurasan at the Time of the Arab Conquest |editor=C.E. Bosworth |title=Iran and Islam ''in memory of the late Vlademir Minorsky'' |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1971 |page=481 |isbn=0-85224-200-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Christian |title=A History of Russia, Inner Asia and Mongolia |place=Oxford |publisher=Basil Blackwell |year=1998 |page=248}}</ref>{{sfn|Kurbanov|2010|p=14}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adas |first1=Michael |title=Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History |year=2001 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-56639-832-9 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcSsoJ0IXawC&pg=PA90}}</ref><ref name="CB">{{harvnb|Baumer|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA97 97–99]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Tamara Abelson Rice (Mrs David |title=Ancient arts of Central Asia |year=1965 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |page=93 |isbn=978-0-19-520001-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ha9RAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> theories being the main ones. The most prominent theory at present seems to be that the Hephthalites were of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic origin]], and later adopted the [[Bactrian language]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rezakhani|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VjVYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT187 135]}}. "The suggestion that the Hephthalites were originally of Turkic origin and only later adopted Bactrian as their administrative, and possibly native, language (de la Vaissière 2007: 122) seems to be most prominent at present."</ref> and migrated from Central Asia,<ref>{{Cite web|title=ḴALAJ i. TRIBE – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/khalaj-i-tribe-turkistan|access-date=2021-01-15|website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> into the southern and eastern regions of modern-day [[Afghanistan]] as early as 660 CE, where they ruled the region of Kabul as the Buddhist [[Turk Shahis]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rezakhani|first=Khodadad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&q=Turk+shahis+khalaj&pg=PA165|title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity|date=2017-03-15|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-0030-5|pages=165|language=en|quote=A Bactrian Document (BD T) from this period brings interesting information about the area to our attention. In it, dated to BE 476 (701 AD), a princess identified as `Bag-aziyas, the Great Turkish Princess, the Queen of Qutlugh Tapaghligh Bilga Sävüg, the Princess of the Khalach, the Lady of Kadagestan offers alms to the local god of the region of Rob, known as Kamird, for the health of (her) child. Inaba, arguing for the Khalaj identity of the kings of Kabul, takes this document as a proof that the Khalaj princess is from Kabul and has been offered to the (Hephthalite) king of Kadagestan, thus becoming the lady of that region. The identification of Kadagestan as a Hephthalite stronghold is based on Grenet's suggestion of the survival of Hephthalite minor stares in this region,' and is in con-}}</ref> According to R.S. Chaurasia, the Khaljis were a Turkic tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkic nobles had opposed the ascent of [[Jalal-ud-Din Khalji|Jalal-ud-din]] to the throne of Delhi after the [[Khalji Revolution]].<ref name="Ashirbadi2">{{harvnb|Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|1966|p=98}}: "His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks."</ref><ref name="Eraly">{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|author-link=Abraham Eraly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2015|isbn=978-93-5118-658-8|page=126}} "The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."</ref><ref name="Chaurasia">{{cite book|author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC|title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.|publisher=Atlantic|year=2002|isbn=81-269-0123-3|page=28}} "The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi."</ref>

According to [[The New Cambridge History of Islam]] in the thirteenth century the Khalji were regarded as a separate people distinct from the Turks. The so-called “Khalji revolution” was the transfer of power from a Turkish ruling elite to a non-Turkish one.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANiaBAAAQBAJ&dq=%C2%A0seventh/thirteenth+century+they+were+regarded+as+a+separate+people,+distinct+from+the+Turks&pg=PT185 |title=The New Cambridge History of Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781316184363 |edition=Volume 3 |publication-date=2010 |language=English}}</ref> [[André Wink]] however, states that Khaljis were a [[Turkification|Turkicized]] group and remnants of early [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] nomads such as [[Kushan Empire|Kushans]], Hephthalites, and [[Saka]]s who later merged with the Afghans. Also, stating that "at that time they were not perceived as Turks or [[Mongols]]. Contemporary historians clearly distinguish the Khaljis from the Turks" <ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ&q=The+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%0A%0AC.700-1800+CE+archive+org |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108417747 |pages=80 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&dq=khalaj+merged+with+afghana&pg=PA116 |title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1991 |edition=Volume 2 |pages=116 |isbn=9004102361 |language=English}}</ref> The Khalaj are, according to [[Gerhard Doerfer|Doerfer]], perhaps of [[Sogdia]]ns who were Turkicized.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhIeEAAAQBAJ&dq=arghu+sogdian&pg=PA469 |title=Verb-Verb Complexes in Asian Languages |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780191077432 |pages=469}}</ref> These Khalaj were later [[Pashtunization|Afghanized]] and are believed to be the ancestors of [[Ghilji]] Pashtuns.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Minorsky |first=Vladimir |title=The Turks, Iran and the Caucasus in the Middle Ages |year=1978 |isbn=9780860780281 |pages=53|publisher=Variorum Reprints }}</ref>

According to C. E. Bosworth, the Ghilzai, who make up the majority of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan, are the modern result of the [[Pashtunization#Pashtunization of the Khalaj Turks|Khalaj assimilation into the Pashtuns]].<ref name="iri">{{cite encyclopedia | title = ḴALAJ i. TRIBE | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | author = Pierre Oberling | date = 15 December 2010 | access-date = 4 July 2020 | url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khalaj-i-tribe-turkistan |quote=Indeed, it seems very likely that [the Khalaj] formed the core of the Pashto-speaking Ghilji tribe, the name [Ghilji] being derived from Khalaj.}}</ref> Between the 10th and 13th centuries, some sources refer to the Khalaj people as of Turkic, but some others do not.{{sfn|Sunil Kumar|1994|p=36}} Minorsky argues that the early history of the Khalaj tribe is obscure and adds that the identity of the name ''Khalaj'' is still to be proved.{{sfn|Ahmad Hasan Dani|1999|pp=180-181}} [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]] (11th century) does not include the Khalaj among the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] Turkic tribes, but includes them among the Oghuz-Turkman (where Turkman meant "Like the Turks") tribes. Kashgari felt the Khalaj did not belong to the original stock of Turkish tribes but had associated with them and therefore, in language and dress, often appeared "like Turks".{{sfn|Sunil Kumar|1994|p=36}}{{sfn|Ahmad Hasan Dani|1999|pp=180}} Muhammad ibn Najib Bakran's ''Jahan-nama'' explicitly describes them as Turkic,{{sfn|Sunil Kumar|1994|p=31}} although he notes that their complexion had become darker (compared to the Turks) and their language had undergone enough alterations to become a distinct dialect. However, the Jahan-nama describes them as "tribe of Turks" going through a [[language shift]], speaking the Khalaj dialect, which was summarized by V. Minorsky.{{sfn|Sunil Kumar|1994|p=31}}

== History ==
===Jalal-ud-din Khalji===
{{Main|Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji|Khalji Revolution}}
{{Continental Asia in 1300 CE|left|The Delhi Sultanate and main Asian polities circa 1300. Mongol forces, especially the [[Chagatai Khanate]], kept threatening the northwestern border.}}
[[File:Islamic Sultanates. Delhi (Khaljis). Jalal al Din Firuz. 1290-1296 AD. AV Tanka (10.95 gm). Delhi mint. Dated AH 691 (1291-2 AD). Legend citing the sultan Legend citing the caliph al Must'asim.jpg|thumb|Coinage of [[Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji]]. Delhi mint. Dated AH 691 (1291-2 AD). Legend citing the caliph [[Al-Musta'sim]].]]
Khaljis were vassals of the [[Mamluk dynasty of Delhi]] and served the Sultan of Delhi, [[Ghiyas ud din Balban]], as a minor part of the Muslim nobility. The last major Turkic ruler, Balban, in his struggle to maintain power over his insubordinate Turkish officers, destroyed the power of the [[Corps of Forty|Forty]]. However this indirectly damaged the Turkish integrity of the nobility, which had opposed the power of the non-Turks. This left them vulnerable to the Khalji faction, which took power through a series of assassinations.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mohammad Aziz Ahmad |title=The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India. (1206-1290 A.d.) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1939 |volume=3 |publisher=Indian History Congress |page=841 |jstor=44252438}}</ref> One by one the Mamluk officers were murdered, and the last ruler of the Turkic Mamluk dynasty - the 17-year old Muiz ud din Qaiqabad - was killed in the Kailu-gheri Palace during the coup known as the [[Khalji Revolution]] by [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji]].{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003}}

Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji, who was around 70 years old at the time of his ascension, was known as a mild-mannered, humble and kind monarch to the general public.{{sfn|Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|1966|p=141}}<ref name="Habibullah">{{cite book |author=A. B. M. Habibullah |chapter=The Khaljis: Jalaluddin Khalji |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |series=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=5 |title=The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 |page=312}}</ref>

Jalaluddin succeeded in overcoming the opposition of the Turkish nobles and ascended the throne of Delhi in January 1290. Jalal-ud-din was not universally accepted: during his six-year reign (1290–96), Balban's nephew revolted due to his assumption of power and the subsequent sidelining of nobility and commanders serving the Mamluk dynasty.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=81-86}} Jalal-ud-din suppressed the revolt and executed some commanders, then led an unsuccessful expedition against [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambhor]]. Jalal-ud-din used an Afghan enclave in the suburb of Delhi, Kilokhri, as his de facto capital.<ref name="Lee 2019"/>

He also repelled several [[Mongol invasions of India|Mongol attacks on India]] and was successful in destroying a Mongol force on the banks of the [[Sindh River|Sind River]] in central India with the help of his nephew Juna Khan.<ref name=vas/>

In a plot by his nephew, Jalaluddin was assassinated by Muhammad Salim of [[Samana, Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0S62AAAAIAAJ&q=to+the+barge+with+the+arm+of+his+nephew+in+his+hand+,+Alauddin+gave+the+signal+and+in+a+twinkling+Muhammad+Salim+of+Samana+struck |title=New Indian Antiquary:Volume 2 |date=1939 |page=545 |publisher=the University of California}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1inCfdq20jUC&q=muhammad+salim+samana |title=Journal of the University of Bombay: Volumes 17-18 |publisher=University of Bombay |date=1948 |page=8 |quote=salim of samana, the silahdar, accompanied the position behind the Sultan}}</ref>

===Alauddin Khalji===
{{Main|Alauddin Khalji}}
[[File:The Execution of Jalal-al-Din Firuzshah II (r1290-96), Jami al-Tawarikh.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The execution of [[Jalal-ud-Din Khalji]] (r 1290-96), with the usurper [[Alauddin Khalji]] enthroned. ''[[Jami al-Tawarikh]]'' (1314 painting)]]
[[Alauddin Khalji]] was the nephew and son-in-law of Jalal-ud-din. He raided the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] peninsula and [[Deogiri]] - then the capital of the state of Maharashtra, looting their treasure.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003}}<ref name=wwh>William Wilson Hunter, {{Google books|o845AQAAIAAJ|The Indian Empire: Its Peoples, History, and Products|page=334}}, WH Allen & Co., London, pp 334-336</ref> He returned to Delhi in 1296, murdered Jalal-ud-din and assumed power as Sultan.{{sfn|P. M. Holt et al.|1977|pp=8-14}} He would appoint his allies such as [[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar Khan]] (Minister of War),<ref>{{cite book |title= Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&q=Medieval%20India%3A%20From%20Sultanat%20to%20the%20Mughals-Delhi%20Sultanat%20(1206-1526%20...&pg=PA269 |author= Satish Chandra |year= 2004 |publisher= Har-Anand Publications |page= 269 |isbn = 9788124110645}}</ref> [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]] (Wazir of Delhi),<ref>{{cite journal |title= the Kotwals under the Sultans of Delhi |author= Yasin Mazhar Siddiqi |author-link= Yasin Mazhar Siddiqi |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year= 1972 |publisher= Indian History Congress |page= 194 |jstor= 44145331 |quote= Nusrat Khan Jalesari who was the Kotwal in the first year of the Alai reign was an Indian Muslim}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= The Life and Works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nbZgnqfXjnQC&q=nusrat%20khan%20follower%20of%20alauddin&pg=PA51 |quote= the Sultan appointed his Wazir Nusrat Khan to deal with the Jalali nobles...Nusrat Khan confiscated property worth about one crore. This brought to an end the influence of the Jalali nobles and strengthened the government treasury. Also the Sultan got a happy riddance from a nobility, whose loyalty was always doubtful. After this he created a new nobility whose distinctive feature was its loyalty and friendship of Ala-ud-Din |year= 1992 |publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn = 9788171563623}}</ref> [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]],<ref>{{cite journal |author= SHAIKH ABDUL LATIF |title= The Indian Elements in the Bureaucracy of the Delhi Sultanate |journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year= 1993 |volume= 54 |publisher= Indian History Congress |page= 159 |jstor= 44142942 }}</ref> [[Malik Kafur]], Malik Tughlaq,<ref>{{cite book |author=Fouzia Farooq Ahmed |title=Muslim Rule in Medieval India: Power and Religion in the Delhi Sultanate |date=27 September 2016 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=remKDwAAQBAJ&q=balbanid%20noble&pg=PA151 |pages=151 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9781786730824 }}</ref> and Malik Nayk (Master of the Horse).<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oh7ICQAAQBAJ&pg=PT110 |author= Kaushik Roy |title= Warfare in Pre-British India - 1500BCE to 1740CE
|publisher= Routledge |year= 2003 |isbn= 9781317586913 |quote= Malik Naik(a Hindu convert to Islam)}}</ref>

At the beginning of his reign, defeated a major Mongol invasion, at the [[Mongol invasion of India (1297–1298)|Battle of Jaran-Manjur (1298)]]. The victory consolidated Alauddin's power and prestige, thus stabilizing his position on the throne of Delhi.

To secure a route to Gujarat's trading ports, [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]] was sent to conquer the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] kingdom of [[Malwa]]. Its Rai defended it with a large Rajput army, but he was defeated by Multani who became the governor of the province.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&q=Medieval%20India%3A%20From%20Sultanat%20to%20the%20Mughals-Delhi%20Sultanat%20(1206-1526%20...&pg=PA90 |author= Satish Chandra |title= Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) = Part One |publisher= Har-Anand Publications |date= 2004 |isbn= 9788124110645 }}</ref>

[[File:Alai Darwaza.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Alai Darwaza]], completed in 1311 during the Khalji dynasty.]]
Then in 1299 [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]] was sent to conquer Gujarat itself, where he defeated its [[Chaulukya dynasty|Solanki]] king.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=18EKAQAAIAAJ&q=nusrat+khan+defeated+vaghela+king |title= History of medieval India (1000-1740 A.D.) |author= AL. P. Sharma |date= 1987 |publisher= TKonark Publishers |isbn= 9788122000429 }}</ref> Nusrat Khan plundered its chief cities and sacked its temples, such as the famous [[Somnath temple|temple of Somnath]] which had been rebuilt in the twelfth century. It was here where Nusrat Khan captured [[Malik Kafur]] who would later become a military general.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=POdjDwAAQBAJ&q=Old%20NCERT%20Histroy%20Medieval%20India%20by%20Satish%20Chandra%20(Class%2011)%20in%20PDF%20%26%20PRINT%3A%20Mocktime%20Publication&pg=PA53 |title= Old NCERT History Medieval India by Satish Chandra (Class 11) |publisher= Mocktime Publications }}</ref> Alauddin continued expanding Delhi Sultanate into South India, with the help of generals such as Malik Kafur and Khusraw Khan, collecting large war booty (''Anwatan'') from those they defeated.<ref>Frank Fanselow (1989), Muslim society in Tamil Nadu (India): an historical perspective, Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, 10(1), pp 264-289</ref> His commanders collected war spoils from conquered kingdoms and paid [[khums]] (one fifth) on ''ghanima'' (booty collected during war) to Sultan's treasury, which helped strengthen the Khalji rule.{{sfn|Hermann Kulke|Dietmar Rothermund|2004}}

Alauddin Khalji reigned for 20 years. He conquered [[Rajputana]], attacking and seizing the states of [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer (1299)]], [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore|Ranthambhor (1301)]], [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|Chittorgarh]] (1303), [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa|Malwa(1305)]], he also [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|conquered Gujarat]] and plundered the wealthy state of [[Devagiri]] during his raids in the south.<ref name="Sastri 1955, pp206–208">Sastri (1955), pp 206–208</ref> He also withstood two Mongol raids.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045252/Khalji-Dynasty |title=Khalji Dynasty |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=2014-11-13}}</ref>

[[File:Region of the Yadavas, with the city of Diogil (Deogil. Dwaigir. Daulatabad) in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Western coast of India, with the traditional Yadava capital of ''Diogil'' ("Deogiri", or [[Devagiri]] [[File:Diogil_(Deogil._Dwaigir._Daulatabad)_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_(1375).jpg|15px]]) at the center, in the [[Catalan Atlas]] (1375). On top of the city of ''Diogil'' floats a peculiar flag ([[File:Flag of Diogil, Catalan Atlas 1375.png|20px]]), while coastal cities are under the black flag of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ([[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|20px]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=Antiquities from San Thomé and Mylapore |date=1936 |pages=264–265 |url=https://archive.org/details/AntiquitiesFromSanThomeAndMylaporeHenriHosten1936/page/n319/mode/2up?q=diogil}}</ref><ref name="On the Timurid flag">{{cite journal |last1=Kadoi |first1=Yuka |title=On the Timurid flag |journal=Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie |date=2010 |volume=2 |page=148 |doi=10.29091/9783954909537/009 |s2cid=263250872 |url=https://www.academia.edu/17410816|quote="...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602-962/1206-1555)."}}</ref> Devagiri was ultimately captured by Alauddin Khalji in 1307.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beaujard |first1=Philippe |date=2019 |chapter=Chapter 8 |title=The worlds of the Indian Ocean: a global history: a revised and updated translation |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42456-1 |quote=The sultan captured the Rajput fort of Chitor, in Rājasthān, and in 1310 he subjected most of the Deccan to his power. He took Devagiri – the capital of the Yādava – in 1307}}</ref> The trading ship raises the flag of the [[Ilkhanate]] ([[File:Flag_of_the_Ilkhanate.svg|20px]]).]]
Alauddin was also known for his cruelty against attacked kingdoms after wars. Historians note him as a tyrant, and that anyone Alauddin Khalji suspected of being a threat to this power was killed, along with the women and children of that family. In 1298, between 15,000 and 30,000 people near Delhi, who had recently converted to Islam, were slaughtered in a single day, due to fears of an uprising.<ref name=vsoxford>Vincent A Smith, {{Google books|p2gxAQAAMAAJ|The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911|page=217}}, Chapter 2, pp 231-235, Oxford University Press</ref> He also killed his own family members and nephews, in 1299–1300, after he suspected them of rebellion, by first gouging out their eyes and then beheading them.<ref name=wwh/>

In 1308, Alauddin's lieutenant, [[Malik Kafur]] captured [[Warangal]], overthrew the [[Hoysala Empire]] south of the [[Krishna River]] and raided [[Madurai]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Sastri 1955, pp206–208"/> He then looted the treasury in capitals and from the temples of south India. Among these loots was the Warangal loot that included one of the largest known diamond in human history, the [[Koh-i-Noor]].{{sfn|Hermann Kulke|Dietmar Rothermund|2004}} Malik Kafur returned to Delhi in 1311, laden with loot and war booty from Deccan peninsula which he submitted to Alauddin Khalji. This made Malik Kafur, born in a Hindu family and who had converted to Islam before becoming Delhi Sultanate's army commander, a favorite of Alauddin Khalji.<ref name=vas/>

In 1311, Alauddin ordered a [[1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate|massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate]] wherein between 15,000 and 30,000 Mongol settlers, who had recently converted to Islam, were killed after Khalji suspected them of plotting an uprising against him.<ref name="vsoxford"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nbZgnqfXjnQC&pg=PA143 The Life and Works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji- By Ghulam Sarwar Khan Niazi]</ref>

===The last Khalji sultans===
{{Main|Shihabuddin Omar|Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah|Khusro Khan}}

Alauddin Khalji died in January 1316. Thereafter, the sultanate witnessed chaos, coup and succession of assassinations.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003}} Malik Kafur became the sultan but lacked support from the amirs and was killed within a few months.

[[File:Khusru khilji.jpg|thumb|Coinage of [[Khusrau Khan]].]]
Over the next three years following Malik Kafur's death, another three sultans assumed power violently and/or were killed in coups. First, the amirs installed a six-year-old named Shihab-ud-din Omar as sultan and his teenage brother, [[Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah|Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah]], as regent. Qutb killed his younger brother and appointed himself sultan; to win over the loyalty of the amirs and the Malik clan he offered Ghazi Malik the position of army commander in the Punjab. Others were given a choice between various offices and death. After ruling in his own name for less than four years, Mubarak Shah was murdered in 1320 by one of his generals, [[Khusrau Khan]]. Amirs persuaded Ghazi Malik, who was still army commander in the Punjab, to lead a coup. Ghazi Malik's forces marched on Delhi, captured Khusraw Khan, and beheaded him. Upon becoming sultan, Ghazi Malik renamed himself [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]], becoming the first ruler of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]].<ref name=wwh/>

== Government & administrations ==
{{main|Revenue reforms of Alauddin Khalji|Market reforms of Alauddin Khalji}}
Alauddin Khalji changed the tax policies to strengthen his treasury to help pay the keep of his growing army and fund his wars of expansion.{{sfn|P. M. Holt et al.|1977|pp=9-13}} He raised agriculture taxes from 20% to 50% – payable in grain and agricultural produce (or cash),{{sfn|Irfan Habib|1982|pp=61-62}} eliminating payments and commissions on taxes collected by local chiefs, banned socialization among his officials as well as inter-marriage between noble families to help prevent any opposition forming against him; he cut salaries of officials, poets and scholars in his kingdom.{{sfn|P. M. Holt et al.|1977|pp=9-13}}

Regarding the military, historians states the standing army of sultanate during Khilji dynasty consist of 300,000-400,000 horse cavalry and 2500-3000 [[war elephant]].<ref name="History of Kanauj To the Moslem Conquest">{{cite book |author1=Ram Shankar Tripathi |author1-link=Ram Shankar Tripathi |title=History of Kanauj To the Moslem Conquest |date=1989 |isbn=9788120804784 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |page=327 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8GPENMw_psC |access-date=14 April 2024 |language=En}}</ref><ref name="War-horse and Elephant in the Dehli Sultanate; Simon Digby">{{cite book |author1=Simon Digby |author1-link=Simon Digby (oriental scholar) |title=War-horse and Elephant in the Dehli Sultanate |date=1971 |publisher=Orient Monographs |isbn=9780903871006 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zo3fAAAAMAAJ |access-date=14 April 2024 |language=En |format=Hardcover}}</ref><ref name="Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE">{{cite book |author1=Kaushik Roy |title=Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE |date=2015 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317586920 |page=219 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xx7ICQAAQBAJ |access-date=14 April 2024 |language=En}}</ref> Which is smaller than its successor state, the [[Tughlaq dynasty]], which recorded to possess a standing army of 500,000 cavalry.<ref name="War-horse and Elephant in the Dehli Sultanate; Simon Digby" />

=== Economy ===
[[File:Replica_of_the_Koh-i-Noor_(cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond was seized by Alauddin Khalji's army in 1310, from the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] in [[Warangal]].{{sfn|Hermann Kulke|Dietmar Rothermund|2004}}]]
Alauddin Khalji enforced four taxes on non-Muslims in the Sultanate - ''[[jizya]]'' (poll tax), ''[[kharaj]]'' (land tax), ''kari'' (house tax), and ''chari'' (pasture tax).<ref name=hkdr162>[[Hermann Kulke]] and Dietmar Rothermund (1998), A History of India, 3rd Edition, Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-15482-0}}, pp 161-162</ref>{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=196-202}} He also decreed that his Delhi-based revenue officers assisted by local Muslim ''jagirdars'', ''khuts'', ''mukkadims'', ''chaudharis'' and ''zamindars'' seize by force half of all produce any farmer generates, as a tax on standing crop, so as to fill sultanate granaries.<ref>N. Jayapalan (2008), Economic History of India: Ancient to Present Day, Atlantic Publishers, pp. 81-83, {{ISBN|978-8-126-90697-0}}</ref> His officers enforced tax payment by beating up middlemen responsible for rural tax collection. Furthermore, Alauddin Khalji demanded, state Kulke and Rothermund, from his "wise men in the court" to create "rules and regulations in order to grind down the common man, so as to reduce them to abject poverty and deprive them of wealth and any form of surplus property that could foster a rebellion;<ref name=hkdr162/> At the same time, he confiscated all landed property from his courtiers and officers.<ref name=hkdr162/> Revenue assignments to Muslim ''jagirdars'' were also cancelled and the revenue was collected by the central administration.<ref name=kk5566>Kenneth Kehrer (1963), The Economic Policies of Ala-ud-Din Khalji, Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society, vol. 16, pp. 55-66</ref> Henceforth, state Kulke and Rothermund, "everybody was busy with earning a living so that nobody could even think of rebellion."<ref name=hkdr162/>

Alauddin Khalji taxation methods and increased taxes reduced agriculture output and the Sultanate witnessed massive inflation. In order to compensate for salaries that he had cut and fixed for Muslim officials and soldiers, Alauddin introduced price controls on all agriculture produce, goods, livestocks and slaves in the kingdom, as well as controls on where, how, and by whom these could be sold. Markets called ''shahana-i-mandi'' were created.<ref name=kk5566/>{{sfn|Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|1953|pp=156-158}}{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=244-248}} Muslim merchants were granted exclusive permits and monopoly in these ''mandi'' to buy and resell at official prices. No one other than these merchants could buy from farmers or sell in cities. Alauddin deployed an extensive network of ''Munhiyans'' (spies, secret police) who would monitor the ''mandi'' and had the power to seize anyone trying to buy or sell anything at a price different from the official controlled prices.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=244-248}}<ref>M.A. Farooqi (1991), The economic policy of the Sultans of Delhi, Konark publishers, {{ISBN|978-8122002263}}</ref> Those found violating these ''mandi'' rules were severely punished, such as by cutting out their flesh.<ref name=vas/> Taxes collected in form of seized crops and grains were stored in sultanate's granaries.<ref>[[Irfan Habib]] (1984), The price regulations of Alauddin Khalji - a defense of Zia Barani, Indian Economic and Social History Review, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 393-414</ref> Over time, farmers quit farming for income and shifted to subsistence farming, the general food supply worsened in north India, shortages increased and Delhi Sultanate witnessed increasingly worse and extended periods of famines.<ref name=vas>Vincent A Smith, The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, Chapter 2, Oxford University Press</ref><ref name=kslal/> The Sultan banned private storage of food by anyone. Rationing system was introduced by Alauddin as shortages multiplied; however, the nobility and his army were exempt from the per family quota-based food rationing system.<ref name=kslal>K.S. Lal (1967), History of the Khaljis, Asian Publishing House, {{ISBN|978-8121502115}}, pp 201-204</ref> During these famines, Khalji's sultanate granaries and wholesale ''mandi'' system with price controls ensured sufficient food for his army, court officials and the urban population in Delhi.{{sfn|P. M. Holt et al.|1977|pp=9-13}}<ref>Vincent A Smith (1983), The Oxford History of India, Oxford University Press, pp 245-247</ref> Price controls instituted by Khalji reduced prices, but also lowered wages to a point where ordinary people did not benefit from the low prices. The price control system collapsed shortly after the death of Alauddin Khalji, with prices of various agriculture products and wages doubling to quadrupling within a few years.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|1982|pp=87-88}}

=== Legacy ===
The tax system introduced during the Khalji dynasty had a long term influence on Indian taxation system and state administration,

{{blockquote|Alauddin Khalji's taxation system was probably the one institution from his reign that lasted the longest, surviving indeed into the nineteenth or even the twentieth century. From now on, the land tax (''[[kharaj]]'' or ''mal'') became the principal form in which the peasant's surplus was expropriated by the ruling class.|The Cambridge Economic History of India: c.1200-c.1750|{{sfn|Irfan Habib|1982|pp=62-63}}}}

==Slavery==

Within Sultanate's capital city of Delhi, during Alauddin Khalji's reign, at least half of the population were slaves working as servants, concubines and guards for the Muslim nobles, amirs, court officials and commanders.<ref>Raychaudhuri et al. (1982), The Cambridge Economic History of India: c. 1200-1750, Orient Longman, pp 89-93</ref> Slavery in India during the Khalji dynasty, and later Islamic dynasties, included two groups of people - persons seized during military campaigns, and people who defaulted on their taxes.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Irfan Habib |author-link=Irfan Habib |date=January 1978 |title=Economic History of the Delhi Sultanate - An Essay in Interpretation |journal=The Indian Historical Review |volume=IV |issue=2 |pages=293}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Scott Levi |date=November 2002 |title=Hindus beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=12 |issue= 3 |pages=281–283 |jstor=25188289}}</ref> The institution of slavery and bondage labor became pervasive during the Khalji dynasty; male slaves were referred to as ''banda'', ''qaid'', ''ghulam'', or ''burdah'', while female slaves were called ''bandi'', ''kaniz'' or ''laundi''.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

==Architecture==
Alauddin Khalji is credited with the early Indo-Mohammedan architecture, a style and construction campaign that flourished during [[Tughlaq dynasty]]. Among works completed during Khalji dynasty, are [[Alai Darwaza]] - the southern gateway of [[Qutb complex]] enclosure, the Idgah at Rapri, and the [[Jamat Khana Masjid]] in Delhi.<ref>Alexander Cunningham (1873), Archaeological Survey of India, Report for the year 1871-72, Volume 3, page 8</ref> The Alai Darwaza, completed in 1311, was included as part of Qutb Minar and its Monuments UNESCO World Heritage site in 1993.<ref>UNESCO, [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233 Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi], World Heritage Site</ref>

[[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] inscriptions on monuments have been traced to the Khalji dynasty era.<ref name="asi.nic.in" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="160px">
Alauddin's Madrasa, Qutb complex.jpg | [[Alauddin Khalji]]'s ''[[Madrasa]]'', [[Qutb complex]], [[Mehrauli]], which also has his tomb to the south.
Courts outside Quwwat ul-Islam mosque, Qutb complex.jpg | Courts to the east of [[Qutb complex#Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque|Quwwat ul-Islam mosque]], in [[Qutb complex]] added by Khalji in 1300 CE.
Qutub Minar with unfinished one.jpg | The unfinished [[Qutb complex#Alai Minar|Alai Minar]]
File:Window at Alai Darwaza, Qutb complex.jpg|Window of [[Alai Darwaza]].
</gallery>

==Historical sources==
Historians have questioned the reliability of historical accounts about the Khalji dynasty. Genuine primary sources and historical records from 1260 to 1349 period have not been found.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=49-52}} One exception is the short chapter on Delhi Sultanate from 1302 to 1303 AD by Wassaf in Persia, which is duplicated in ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami al-Tawarikh]]'', and which covers the Balban rule, start of Jalal-ud-din Chili's rule and circumstances of the succession of Alauddin Khalji. A semi-fictional poetry (''[[mathnawi]]'') by Yamin al-Din Abul Hasan, also known as [[Amir Khusrau]], is full of adulation for his employer, the reigning Sultan. Khusrau's adulation-filled narrative poetry has been used as a source of Khalji dynasty history, but this is a disputed source.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=49-52}} Three historical sources, composed 30 to 115 years after the end of Khalji dynasty, are considered more independent but also questioned given the gap in time. These are [[Abdul Malik Isami]]'s epic of 1349, Diya-yi Barani's work of 1357 and Sirhindi's account of 1434, which possibly relied on now lost text or memories of people in Khalji's court. Of these Barani's text is the most referred and cited in scholarly sources.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=49-52}}<ref>Irfan Habib (1981), "Barani's theory of the history of the Delhi Sultanate", Indian Historical Review, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp 99-115</ref>

== List of rulers ==

{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=7% |Titular Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=7% |Personal Name
! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=7% |Reign{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=385}}
|-
| align="center" |''Shāyista Khān''
''(Jalal-ud-din)'' {{Nastaliq|جلال الدین }}
|align="center"| [[Jalal-ud-Din Khalji|Malik Fīroz]] {{Nastaliq|ملک فیروز خلجی}}
|align="center"|1290–1296
|-
|align="center"|''Ala-ud-din'' {{Nastaliq|علاءالدین }}
|align="center"| [[Alauddin Khalji|Ali Gurshasp]] {{Nastaliq|علی گرشاسپ خلجی}}
|align="center"|1296–1316
|-
|align="center"|''Shihab-ud-din'' {{Nastaliq|شھاب الدین }}
|align="center"| [[Shihabuddin Omar|Umar Khan]] {{Nastaliq|عمر خان خلجی}}
|align="center"|1316
|-
|align="center"|''Qutb-ud-din'' {{Nastaliq|قطب الدین }}
|align="center"| [[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah|Mubarak Khan]] {{Nastaliq|مبارک خان خلجی }}
|align="center"|1316–1320
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" | [[Khusrau Khan|Khusro Khan]] ended the Khalji dynasty in 1320.
|}
{{Clear}}

==See also==
{{History of the Turks pre-14th century}}
* [[Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]]
* [[Persianate society]]
* [[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]]

== Notes ==

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn |name=different_names |In medieval Persian manuscripts, the word can be read as either "Khalji" or "Khilji" because of the omission of short vowel signs in orthography,<ref name="Gottschalk2005">{{cite book|author=Peter Gottschalk|title=Beyond Hindu and Muslim: Multiple Identity in Narratives from Village India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fl53OdhuU7YC&pg=PA99|date=27 October 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-976052-7|page=99 }}</ref> but "Khalji" is the correct name.<ref>{{cite book |author=Heramb Chaturvedi |title=Allahabad School of History 1915-1955 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqGaDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA222 |year=2016 |publisher=Prabhat |isbn=978-81-8430-346-9 |page=222 }}</ref>}}
}}
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Lee 2019">{{cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan L. |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-78914-019-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=asR9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 55] |quote=The Khaljis and other Afghan tribes kept apart from their mostly Hindu subjects, living in cantonments, or ''mahalas'', based on clan affiliation. Jalal al-Din Firuz, the first Khalji Sultan, even refused to attend the court in Delhi, and built a new capital a few kilometers away in the Afghan enclave of Kilokhri.}}</ref>
}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |author-link=Abraham Eraly |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178 |year=2015 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |page=178 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ahmad Hasan Dani |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&pg=PA179 |year=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1540-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava |title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D. |edition=Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ |year=1966 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |oclc=575452554 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava |title=The Sultanate of Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ht21AAAAIAAJ |year=1953 |publisher=S. L. Agarwala |oclc=555201052 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Hermann Kulke |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PP1 |year=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32919-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Irfan Habib |author-link=Irfan Habib |chapter=Northern India under the Sultanate: Agrarian Economy |editor1=Tapan Raychaudhuri |editor2=Irfan Habib |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |volume = 1, c.1200-c.1750 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA62 |year=1982 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author=Marshall Cavendish |title=World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa |year=2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=0-7614-7571-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C }}
* {{cite book |editor1=Peter Malcolm Holt |editor2=Ann K. S. Lambton |editor3=Bernard Lewis |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfQWT_esc5cC |year=1977 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29138-5 |ref={{harvid|P. M. Holt et al.|1977}}}}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA82 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia |title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |year=2002|publisher=Atlantic |isbn=81-269-0123-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC }}
* {{cite journal |author=Sunil Kumar |title=When Slaves were Nobles: The Shamsi Bandagan in the Early Delhi Sultanate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249767771 |journal= Studies in History |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=23–52 |year=1994 |doi= 10.1177/025764309401000102 |s2cid=162388463 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
*[https://archive.org/stream/shorthistoryofmu035015mbp#page/n121/mode/2up Khilji - A Short History of Muslim Rule in India] I. Prasad, University of Allahabad
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595059 The Role of Ulema in Indo-Muslim History], Aziz Ahmad, Studia Islamica, No. 31 (1970), pp. 1–13

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Khalji dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Pashtun dynasties]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Muslim dynasties of India]]
[[Category:13th century in India]]
[[Category:14th century in India]]
[[Category:1290 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1320 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:14th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1320]]

Punjabi nationalism

2026-03-15T15:52:18Z

Swertvver:

{{Short description|Ethnonationalist ideology}}
{{Use Oxford English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{about|the nationalist ideology focusing on all ethnic Punjabis|the separatist movement aimed at creating an independent Sikh state|Khalistan movement}}
[[File:Punjab_region_in_Indian_subcontinent.svg|thumb|[[Punjab]], with its [[Punjab Province (British India)|colonial era borders]], within the modern [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]]]]
{{Nationalism sidebar}}
{{Punjabis}}
'''Punjabi nationalism'''{{efn|{{langx|pnb|{{nq|پنجابی قوم پرستی}}|Panjābī qaum-parastī|label=[[Punjabi language|Western Punjabi]]}} {{langx|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਵਾਦ|Panjābī rāśaṭaravāda|label=[[Punjabi language|Eastern Punjabi]]}}}} is an [[ethnic nationalism|ethnonationalist]] [[ideology]] that focuses on [[Punjabis]] as a single and distinct nation, emphasising [[Punjabi culture|Punjabi cultural]] and [[Punjabis#Demography|social]] unity around the world, especially in their native [[Punjab]] — split between [[Pakistan]] and [[India]]. The demands of the Punjabi nationalist movement are [[Linguistic rights|linguistic]], [[Cultural rights|cultural]], [[Economic, social and cultural rights|socio-economic]] and [[Civil and political rights|political rights]] alongside promoting ethnic unity among Punjabis.{{efn|Sources: <ref name="Paracha 2015">{{cite web | last=Paracha | first=Nadeem F. | title=Smokers' Corner: The other Punjab | website=dawn.com | date=31 May 2015 | url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1184953 | access-date=15 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistani scholars come to grips with another ethnic ideology: Punjabi nationalism|url=http://scroll.in/article/731375/pakistani-scholars-come-to-grips-with-another-ethnic-ideology-punjabi-nationalism}}</ref><ref name="nationalism 2015">{{cite web | title=The News on Sunday | website= The News on Sunday | date=5 July 2015 | url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/a-case-of-punjabi-nationalism/ | access-date=15 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111103102/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/a-case-of-punjabi-nationalism/ | archive-date=11 November 2019 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="The News International, Pakistan 2015">{{cite web | title=A labour of love and a battle cry for logical minds | website=The News International, Pakistan | date=8 October 2015 | url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-5-341109-A-labour-of-love-and-a-battle-cry-for-logical-minds | access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Dogra 2013">{{cite web | last=Dogra | first=Chander Suta | title='Punjabiyat' on a hilltop | website=The Hindu | date=26 October 2013 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/punjabiyat-on-a-hilltop/article5275645.ece | access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/two-punjabs-one-south-asia/article25657528.ece|title=Two Punjabs, one South Asia|last=Dixit|first=Kanak Mani|date=2018-12-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/946246/readers-comment-pakistans-movement-to-revive-punjabi-culture-faces-no-viable-threat|title=Reader's comment: Pakistan's movement to revive Punjabi culture faces no viable threat|website=Scroll.in|date=9 December 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/a-history-steeped-in-punjabi-and-punjabiyat-783238|title=A history steeped in Punjabi and Punjabiyat|website=The Tribune|language=en|access-date=2019-12-25}}</ref><ref name="Bhardwaj 2012">{{cite web | last=Bhardwaj | first=Ajay | title=The absence in Punjabiyat's split universe | website=The Hindu | date=15 August 2012 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-absence-in-punjabiyats-split-universe/article3772133.ece | access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Priyanka KachhavaPriyanka Kachhava 2015">{{cite web | first=Priyanka | last=Kachhava | title=Of Punjabiyat, quest to migrate and 'muted masculinity' | website=The Times of India | date=26 January 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/other-news/Of-Punjabiyat-quest-to-migrate-and-muted-masculinity/articleshow/46018873.cms | access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ayres|first=Alyssa|date=August 2008|title=Language, the Nation, and Symbolic Capital: The Case of Punjab|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|publisher=The Association for Asian Studies, Inc.|volume=67|issue=3|pages=917–946|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=1956644&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0021911808001204|doi=10.1017/s0021911808001204|s2cid=56127067|url-access=subscription}}</ref>}}

With its origins in [[History of Punjab#Durrani and Maratha invasions|post-Mughal Punjab]], early forms of Punjabi nationalism spurred the coalescence of Punjabis into a broader common "Punjabi" [[national identity]] in the wake of [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|Afghan]] and [[Afghan–Maratha War|Maratha]] invasions of Punjab. Various [[History of Punjab#Early Modern period (1526 AD – 1849 AD)|independent Punjabi states]] arose during the [[decline of the Mughal Empire|Mughal decline]], including several [[History of Punjab#Early Modern period (1526 AD – 1849 AD)|Muslim states]] (most notably [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur]], [[History of Punjab#Pakpattan state (1692–1810 CE)|Pakpattan]], [[List of rulers of Pothohar plateau|Pothohar]], [[Sial dynasty|Sial State]]) and twelve [[Sikh Confederacy|Sikh Misls]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Malhotra|first=Anshu|title=Punjab reconsidered : history, culture, and practice|year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-807801-2|url=http://global.oup.com/academic/product/punjab-reconsidered-history-culture-and-practice-9780198078012;jsessionid=67C0F3362215BC7FE368DF643C70CA16?cc=de&lang=en&|author2=Mir, Farina|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307092802/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/punjab-reconsidered-history-culture-and-practice-9780198078012;jsessionid=67C0F3362215BC7FE368DF643C70CA16?cc=de&lang=en&|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ayers|first=Alyssa|title=Language, the Nation, and Symbolic Capital: The Case of Punjab|journal=Journal of Asian Studies|year=2008|volume=67|issue=3|pages=917–46|url=http://alyssaayres.com/pdf/Ayres-JAS-Language-Nation.pdf|doi=10.1017/s0021911808001204|s2cid=56127067|issn = 0021-9118}}</ref><ref name="Thandi 1996">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pritam|last2=Thandi|first2=Shinder S.|title=Globalisation and the region : explorations in Punjabi identity|year=1996|publisher=Association for Punjab Studies (UK)|location=Coventry, United Kingdom|isbn=978-1-874699-05-7}}</ref>

Punjabi nationalism arose as a prominent ideology during the process of [[History of Punjab#Punjabi Unification|Punjabi Unification]] initiated by [[Ranjit Singh]] under which foreign powers such as the [[Durrani Empire]] were forced to retreat from Punjab.{{sfn|Grewal|1990|p=99}} As [[List of monarchs of Punjab|Maharaja of Punjab]], Ranjit Singh established an inclusive and secular Punjabi state under the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Nandini |date=22 May 2018 |title=Fieldwork in Punjab, Pakistan, March 2018 |url=https://lawforms.hypotheses.org/147 |access-date=18 August 2024 |website=Lawforms |doi=10.58079/qqvc}}</ref> During the [[Punjab Province (British India)|British colonial era]], Punjabi nationalism was largely driven by the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]], and other Punjab-based anti-colonial movements.

Punjabi nationalism — closely linked with [[Khalistan movement|Sikh nationalism]] in India — arose under the [[Singh Sabha Movement]] to protect the [[Punjabi language]] and [[Gurmukhi script]], due to the advent of the notion of [[Hindi]] and [[Devanagari]]'s association with [[Hindu nationalism]], with the [[Arya Samaj]] advocating for the use of Devanagari. Following the [[partition of Punjab]] in 1947, the prior Sikh movement culminated in the [[Punjabi Suba movement]] in [[East Punjab]] where [[Sikhs]] who mostly identified Punjabi as their mother tongue — with [[Hindus]] identifying with Hindi in the census — demanded a separate state leading to the [[Punjabi Suba movement|trifurcation of East Punjab]] on a linguistic basis in 1966 and the formation of the sole Sikh-majority and [[Punjab, India|Punjabi state in India]]. The [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] had declared the Punjab region as the natural homeland of Sikhs in 1946; with the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] of 1973 also linking [[Sikhism]] to Punjab as a [[Khalistan movement|Sikh homeland]]. During the [[Khalistan movement]], [[Kharku|Sikh militants]] enforced the Punjabi language, the Gurmukhi script, and [[Punjabi clothing|traditional Punjabi clothing]] in Punjab.{{efn|Sources: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Militants tell villagers in Punjab to mention Punjabi as their mother tongue |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19910228-militants-tell-villagers-in-punjab-to-mention-punjabi-as-their-mother-tongue-814095-1991-02-27 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=India Today |date=28 February 1991 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-16 |title=Anandpur Sahib Resolution 1973 – JournalsOfIndia |url=https://journalsofindia.com/anandpur-sahib-resolution-1973/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-15 |title=SGPC's 1946 resolution on 'Sikh state': What Simranjit Singh Mann missed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/sgpcs-1946-resolution-sikh-state-what-simranjit-singh-mann-missed-7918440/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasudeva |first=Vikas |date=2022-05-12 |title=SGPC urged to support pro-Khalistan resolution |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sgpc-urged-to-support-pro-khalistan-resolution/article65408126.ece |access-date=2023-05-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-17 |title=How Punjab was won |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/how-punjab-was-won/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-18 |title=RSS and Sikhs: defining a religion, and how their relationship has evolved |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/rss-and-sikhs-defining-a-religion-and-how-their-relationship-has-evolved-6075272/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Kenneth W. |date=1973 |title=Ham Hindu Nahin: Arya-Sikh Relations, 1877–1905 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2052684 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=457–475 |doi=10.2307/2052684 |jstor=2052684 |s2cid=163885354 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupte |first=Pranay |date=1985-09-08 |title=THE PUNJAB: TORN BY TERROR |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/08/magazine/the-punjab-torn-by-terror.html |access-date=2023-05-14 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-28 |title=Gurmukhi Script: An artistic tradition that captures Punjab's soul and spirit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/gurmukhi-script-an-artistic-tradition-that-captures-punjabs-soul-and-spirit-101682667393078.html |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>}}

In Pakistan, Punjabi nationalism emerged in the 1980s as a reaction to the [[Saraiki language#Status of language or dialect|Saraiki movement]], a [[political movement]] which sought to separate the [[Punjabi dialects|southern Punjabi dialects]] from the Punjabi language, and to instead declare them to constitute a [[Saraiki language|separate language]] for which the term ''Saraiki'' was adopted — separating erstwhile southern Punjabis from their Punjabi ethnic identity and subsequently giving rise to the [[Saraikistan province movement]]. Punjabi intellectuals considered the Saraiki movement as "an attack on Punjabi"; with Punjabi nationalists, and by extension many Punjabis, still refusing to recognise Saraiki as a separate language, citing its [[Saraiki language#Status of language or dialect|linguistic status as a variety]] of Punjabi. The [[Punjabi Language Movement]], driven by [[Punjabiyat]] and Punjabi nationalism, demands official recognition of the Punjabi language in Pakistan.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Paracha |first=Nadeem F. |date=2015-05-31 |title=Smokers' Corner: The other Punjab |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1184953 |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayres |first=Alyssa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FddJQi1dQ30C&q=alyssa+ayres+speaking+like+a+nation |title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan |date=2009-07-23 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51931-1 |language=en}}</ref>

The goals of Punjabi nationalist movement are widespread, but the promotion Punjabi culture, language and unity is common to all. Supporters in the [[Punjabi diaspora]] also focus on the promotion of a shared ethnocultural heritage.<ref name="Singh 2015">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=IP | title=No Punjabi versus Hindi divide now | website=The Times of India | date=17 May 2015 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-Punjabi-versus-Hindi-divide-now/articleshow/47313787.cms | access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-01 |title=The idea of Punjabiyat |url=https://www.himalmag.com/the-idea-of-punjabiyat/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=Himal Southasian |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Pre-colonial history==
[[File:Lohri.jpg|left|thumb|[[Lohri|Lohri Bonfire]], it is celebrated in the wider [[Punjab]] region in remembrance of [[Dulla Bhatti]]]]
The coalescence of the various tribes, castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab region into a broader common "Punjabi" identity initiated from the onset of the 18th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last=Malhotra |first=Anshu |url=http://global.oup.com/academic/product/punjab-reconsidered-history-culture-and-practice-9780198078012;jsessionid=67C0F3362215BC7FE368DF643C70CA16?cc=de&lang=en& |title=Punjab reconsidered : history, culture, and practice |author2=Mir, Farina |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-807801-2 |location=New Delhi |access-date=2023-04-30 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307092802/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/punjab-reconsidered-history-culture-and-practice-9780198078012;jsessionid=67C0F3362215BC7FE368DF643C70CA16?cc=de&lang=en& |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ayers |first=Alyssa |year=2008 |title=Language, the Nation, and Symbolic Capital: The Case of Punjab |url=http://alyssaayres.com/pdf/Ayres-JAS-Language-Nation.pdf |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=917–46 |doi=10.1017/s0021911808001204 |s2cid=56127067}}</ref><ref name="Thandi 1996"/> Historically, the Punjabi people were a [[heterogeneous]] group and were subdivided into a number of clans called ''[[Baradari (brotherhood)|biradari]]'' (literally meaning "brotherhood") or ''[[Punjabi tribes|tribes]]'', with each person bound to a clan. With the passage of time, tribal structures became replaced with a more cohesive and holistic society, as [[community building]] and [[group cohesiveness]] form the new pillars of Punjabi society.<ref name="Thandi 1996" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mukherjee |first=Protap |author2=Lopamudra Ray Saraswati |date=20 January 2011 |title=Levels and Patterns of Social Cohesion and Its Relationship with Development in India: A Woman's Perspective Approach |url=http://www.oecd.org/dev/pgd/46839502.pdf |journal=PhD Scholars, Centre for the Study of Regional Development School of Social Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi – 110 067, India}}</ref>

The Punjab region's history of warfare and foreign invasions has contributed to a culture of engaging in warfare to protect the land.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kamala Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA7 |title=The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism |date=2012 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-4070-5 |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule, [[Dulla Bhatti]], a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[folk hero]] led the Punjabis to a revolt against [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule during the reign of the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |title=Lohri legends: the tale of Abdullah Khan 'Dullah' Bhatti, the Punjabi who led a revolt against Akbar |url=http://scroll.in/article/801803/lohri-legends-the-tale-of-abdullah-khan-dullah-bhatti-the-punjabi-who-led-a-revolt-against-akbar |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Scroll.in |date=13 January 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is entirely absent from the recorded history of the time, and the only evidence of his existence comes from [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] folklore, and took the form of [[social banditry]].<ref name="SinghGaur2008">{{cite book |author1=Surinder Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC&pg=PA89 |title=Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia |author2=I. D. Gaur |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1358-7 |pages=89–90}}</ref> According to Ishwar Dayal Gaur, although he was "the trendsetter in peasant insurgency in medieval Punjab", he remains "on the periphery of Punjab's historiography".{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=27, 37, 38|ps=}}<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1112454 |author=Mushtaq Soofi|title=Punjab Notes: Bar: forgotten glory of Punjab |date=13 June 2014|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref>

Both his father, Farid, and his grandfather, variously called Bijli or Sandal,{{efn|Surinder Singh's analysis of regional folklore names Bhatti's grandfather as Sandal and suggests the possibility, given the influence that he had in the region, that the area of [[Sandal Bar]] is named after him.{{sfnp|Singh|2008|p=106|ps=}}}}<ref name="Dawn2">{{cite news |author=Mushtaq Soofi |date=13 June 2014 |title=Punjab Notes: Bar: forgotten glory of Punjab |newspaper=Dawn (newspaper) |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1112454 |access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref> were executed for opposing the new and centralised land revenue collection scheme imposed by the Mughal emperor Akbar.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=34, 37|ps=}}<ref name="Dawn2" />

His general anti-authoritarian, rebellious nature is described to "crystallise" with the Akbar regime as its target, although not as a means of revenge specifically for the deaths of his relatives but in the wider sense of the sacrifices made by rural people generally. Bhatti saw this, says Gaur, as a "peasant class war".{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=35–36|ps=}} Bhatti's class war took the form of social banditry, taking from the rich and giving to the poor.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=36|ps=}}{{efn|''Social bandit'' is a concept devised by [[Eric Hobsbawm]], defined as "peasant outlaws whom the lord and state regard as criminals, but who remain within peasant society, and are considered by their people as heroes, as champions."{{sfnp|Hobsbawm|2010|p=13}}}} Folklore gave him a legendary status for preventing girls from being abducted and sold as slaves.{{sfnp|Purewal|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AxzmEYM0g84C&pg=PA83 83]|ps=}}

His efforts may have influenced Akbar's decision to pacify [[Guru Arjan Dev]] Ji, and through Guru Arjan Dev Ji's influence the people of Bari Doab, by exempting the area from the requirement to provide land revenues.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=36|ps=}}

The end for Bhatti came in 1599 when he was hanged in Lahore. Shah Hussain, a contemporary [[Sufi]] poet who wrote of him, recorded his last words as being "No honourable son of Punjab will ever sell the soil of Punjab".{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=37|ps=}}{{sfnp|Ayres|2009|p=76|ps=}} The memory of Bhatti as a saviour of Punjabi girls is recalled at the annual [[Lohri]] celebrations in the region to this day, although those celebrations also incorporate many other symbolic strands.{{sfnp|Purewal|2010|p=83|ps=}}

During the rule of the [[Mughal Empire]] in India, two [[Sikh gurus]] were martyred. ([[Guru Arjan]] was martyred on suspicion of helping in betrayal of Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]] and [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] was martyred by the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]])<ref>{{cite journal |last=McLeod |first=Hew |year=1987 |title=Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=22 |issue=s1 |pages=155–165 |doi=10.1080/00856408708723379}}</ref> As the Sikh faith grew, the Sikhs subsequently militarized to oppose Mughal rule.

In the late 18th century, during frequent invasions of the [[Durrani Empire]], the Sikh Misls were in close combat with the Durrani Empire,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soofi |first=Mushtaq |date=2014-04-11 |title=Gora Raj: our elders and national narrative |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1099140 |access-date=2019-10-02 |website=dawn.com |language=en}}</ref> but they began to gain territory with the capture of Lahore, by Ranjit Singh, from its Afghan ruler, [[Zaman Shah Durrani]], and the subsequent and progressive expulsion of Afghans from the Punjab, by capitalizing off Afghan decline in the [[Afghan-Sikh Wars]], and the unification of the separate Sikh ''misls''. Ranjit Singh was proclaimed as Maharaja of the Punjab on 12 April 1801 (to coincide with [[Vaisakhi]]), creating a unified political state.<ref>[http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/ The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508213214/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/|date=8 May 2014}}, section ''Sāhib Siṅgh Bedī, Bābā (1756–1834)''.</ref>

Despite the religious diversity of the [[Sikh Empire]], the people of Punjab were united by a shared identity as Punjabis and a growing sense of Punjabi nationalism.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />
[[File:Painting of the Darbar (royal court) of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, ca.1850.jpg|thumb|Punjabis of [[Punjabi Sikhs|Sikh]], [[Punjabi Muslims|Muslim]] and [[Punjabi Hindus|Hindu]] backgrounds gather together at the [[Durbar (court)|court]] of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]]. c.1850]]
In her 2022-book ''Muslims under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century'', Dr. Robina Yasmin, a Pakistani historian who teaches at the [[Islamia University Bahawalpur]], tries to give a balanced picture of Ranjit Singh, between the contradictory images of "a great secular ruler" and that of "an extremist Sikh who was bent upon eliminating Islam in the Punjab", Dr. Robina Yasmin's own assessment after her study being that Ranjit Singh himself was tolerant and secular and that the mistreatment of the Muslim population often ascribed to him based on dubious anecdotes in fact came from his subordinates.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yasmin |first=Robina |title=Muslims under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century: Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Religious Tolerance |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2022 |pages=63}}</ref>

This sense of identity was bolstered by the secular rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, a Sikh Punjabi who had successfully expelled the Afghan invaders from Punjab and established a powerful Sikh kingdom in the region. As a result, Punjab was a secular nation with a strong sense of Punjabi nationalism.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/history/pakistan-lahore-mughal-ranjit-singh-statue-sikh|title=In Honouring Ranjit Singh, Pakistan Is Moving Beyond Conceptions of Muslim vs Sikh History|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/punjab-ruler-maharaja-ranjit-statue-pakistan-lahore-5803723/|title=Explained: The enduring legacy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab|date=2019-06-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>

== During British colonial rule ==
After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the empire was weakened by the British East India Company stoking internal divisions and political mismanagement. Finally, by 1849 the state was dissolved after the defeat in the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/explained-how-the-1846-treaty-of-amritsar-between-gulab-singh-and-east-india-company-led-to-the-formation-of-jammu-kashmir-state/468488|title=[EXPLAINED] How the 1846 Treaty of Amritsar led to the formation of Jammu and Kashmir|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=13 August 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/dogra-raj-in-kashmir/article9946288.ece|title=Dogra raj in Kashmir|last=Noorani|first=A. G.|website=Frontline|date=8 November 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>

During the [[British Raj]], after the [[Bengalis]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] speaking people, Punjabis were the third biggest nation in South Asia and for the British, Punjab was a frontier province of British India. Therefore to rule, the prime factor for the British rulers was to control the Punjab by dominating or eliminating the Punjabi nation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1425486/british-indian-army-recruited-half-a-million-from-punjab-in-ww1/|title=Why half a million people from Punjab enlisted to fight for Britain in World War I|last=Das|first=Santanu|website=Quartz India|date=19 October 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>

The British rulers imposed [[martial law]] in Punjab to govern Punjab and due to a fear from Punjabi nationalism, started to eliminate the Punjabi nation into fractions by switching over the characteristics of [[Punjabi Muslims|Muslims]], [[Punjabi Hindus|Hindus]], and [[Sikhs]] from "Affinity of Nation to Emotions of Religion".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/punjabs-pain-indias-agony-britains-unrepentance/article29483227.ece|title=Punjab's pain, India's agony, Britain's unrepentance|last=Datta|first=Nonica|date=2019-09-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

For demolishing the nationalism and promoting the religious fundamentalism in the Punjab, British rulers, not allowed the Punjabis to use their mother tongue as an educational and official language. Therefore, the British rulers first introduced the [[Urdu]] as an official language in Punjab for the purpose of Punjab administration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-did-pakistan-where-pu_b_12711010|title=How did Pakistan, where Punjabi literature was born, come to shun the language?|last1=Khalid|first1=Haroon|date=2016-11-01|website=HuffPost|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/105124/punjabi-should-be-taught-in-schools/|title=Punjabi should be taught in schools|date=2014-04-14|website=Daily Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.com/opinion/a-pro-punjabi-movement-is-building-up.html|title=A pro-Punjabi movement is building up|last=Dhaliwal|first=Sarbjit|date=2017-11-01|website=Rozana Spokesman|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref> As a result, the Punjabi nation became a socially and politically depressed and deprived nation due to the domination and hegemony of Urdu-Hindi language.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/50-years-of-Punjab-Is-Punjabi-losing-out-to-Hindi-English/articleshow/55170476.cms|title=50 years of Punjab – Is Punjabi losing out to Hindi, English? |first=I.P. |last=Singh|website=The Times of India|date=November 2016 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/pak-s-punjab-govt-replaces-english-with-urdu-as-medium-of-instruction-in-primary-schools-1574670-2019-07-29|title=Pak's Punjab govt replaces English with Urdu as medium of instruction in primary schools|agency= Press Trust of India|website=India Today|date=29 July 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apnaorg.com/book-chapters/language/|title=The Language Divide in Punjab|website=apnaorg.com|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC&dq=hindi+hate+punjabi&pg=PA126|title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants|last=Mahmood|first=Cynthia Keppley|date=2010-08-03|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=9780812200171|language=en}}</ref>

As a consequence of preferring Hindi language by Hindu Punjabi's by declaring the Hindi as a language of Hindus<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/future-tense/articleshow/71408895.cms|title=Future tense?|last=Singh|first=I.P.|website=The Times of India|date=5 October 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref> and preferring the Urdu language by the Muslim Punjabi's by declaring the Urdu as a language of Muslims, the characteristics of assimilation to accomplish the sociological instinct started to switch over from " Affinity of Nation to Emotions of Religion" and "A Great Nation of Sub-Continent Got Divided on Ground of Religion with Partition of Punjab and Got Emerged into Muslim and Hindu States, Pakistan and India".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19770831-sikhs-in-punjab-shed-its-blind-hostility-towards-hindi-818907-2015-04-24|title=Sikhs in Punjab shed its blind hostility towards Hindi|date=April 24, 2015|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjabi-in-pakistan-forging-ahead-against-great-odds/articleshow/71398666.cms|title=Punjabi in Pakistan: Forging ahead against great odds|last=Kamal|first=Neel|website=The Times of India|date=October 1, 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1373629|title=The transformation of Punjabi identity over the centuries|last=Khalid|first=Haroon|date=2017-11-29|website=dawn.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/859012/the-revolutionary-udham-singh-is-just-one-of-the-many-faces-of-the-punjabi-identity|title=The revolutionary Udham Singh is just one of the many faces of Punjabi identity|last=Khalid|first=Haroon|website=Scroll.in|date=24 November 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/30-Sep-2019/thank-you-punjabi|title=Thank you Punjabi!|date=2019-09-30|website=The Nation|language=en|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref>

==Post-Partition==
=== Pakistan ===
Punjabi nationalism in Pakistan largely emerged in the 1980s due to the emergence of the [[Saraiki language]] movement that looked to separate the Saraiki-speaking areas of the Punjab from the rest of the province.<ref name=":3"/> [[Alyssa Ayres]], a cultural historian, suggests that many Punjabi intellectuals considered the Saraiki movement as "yet another attack on Punjabi."<ref name=":3" />{{sfn|Ayres|2009|p=}}{{pn|date=October 2025}} Punjabi nationalists accuse the elite sections made up of fellow Punjabis of neglecting the Punjabi language and forgetting the Punjabi culture to maintain their personal influence and power.<ref name="apnaorg">{{cite web |title=Punjabis Without Punjabi |url=http://apnaorg.com/articles/ishtiaq8/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525144848/http://apnaorg.com/articles/ishtiaq8/ |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=13 January 2017 |publisher=apnaorg.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2015 |title=Urdu-isation of Punjab – The Express Tribune |language=en-US |newspaper=The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/880483/urdu-isation-of-punjab/ |url-status=live |access-date=30 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127215535/http://tribune.com.pk/story/880483/urdu-isation-of-punjab/ |archive-date=27 November 2016}}</ref> Punjabi nationalism is a more recent phenomenon, and compared to other ethno-nationalisms in Pakistan, it is often overlooked due to the dominance of the Punjabi ethnic group in the country.<ref name=":3" />

In August 2015, the Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer's Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised the ''Khawaja Farid Conference'' and demanded that a Punjabi-language university should be established in [[Lahore]] and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level.<ref name="The Nation 2011">{{cite web |date=21 February 2011 |title=Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi |url=http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142807/http://nation.com.pk/lahore/21-Feb-2011/Rally-for-ending-150yearold-ban-on-education-in-Punjabi |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=15 September 2015 |website=The Nation}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=26 August 2015 |title=Sufi poets can guarantee unity |url=http://nation.com.pk/lahore/26-Aug-2015/sufi-poets-can-guarantee-unity |url-status=live |magazine=The Nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030021751/http://nation.com.pk/lahore/26-Aug-2015/sufi-poets-can-guarantee-unity |archive-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> In September 2015, a case was filed in [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] against [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan]] as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province.<ref name="The Nation 2015">{{cite web |date=15 September 2015 |title=Supreme Court's Urdu verdict: No language can be imposed from above |url=http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916165410/http://nation.com.pk/blogs/15-Sep-2015/supreme-court-s-urdu-verdict-no-language-can-be-imposed-from-above |archive-date=16 September 2015 |access-date=15 September 2015 |website=The Nation}}</ref><ref name="Business Recorder 20152">{{cite web |date=14 September 2015 |title=Two-member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP |url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021133224/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/109-world-top-news/254518-two-member-sc-bench-refers-punjabi-language-case-to-cjp.html |archive-date=21 October 2015 |access-date=15 September 2015 |website=Business Recorder}}</ref> Additionally, several thousand Punjabis gather in [[Lahore]] every year on [[International Mother Language Day]].

===India===
{{Main articles|Punjabi Suba movement}}
The [[Punjabi Suba movement]] was a long-drawn political agitation, launched by Punjabi speaking people (mostly [[Sikhs]]) demanding the creation of autonomous Punjabi [[Subah|Suba]], or [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-speaking state, in the post-independence [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[East Punjab]].{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=391}} The movement is defined as the forerunner of [[Khalistan movement]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Rina Ramdev, Sandhya D. Nambiar, Debaditya Bhattacharya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4GTCwAAQBAJ |title=Sentiment, Politics, Censorship: The State of Hurt |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2015 |isbn=9789351503057 |page=91 |quote=The forerunner to the Khalistan movement the Punjabi Suba movement of the 1960s also stressed the right of control over territory and water.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chopra |first=Radhika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJupAgAAQBAJ |title=Militant and Migrant: The Politics and Social History of Punjab |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-136-70435-2 |page=42 |access-date=2023-03-10}}</ref>

Borrowing from the pre-[[Partition of India|partition]] demands for a Sikh country, this movement demanded a fundamental constitutional autonomous state within India.<ref name="ajit">{{cite book |last=Saith |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-uVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA290 |title=Ajit Singh of Cambridge and Chandigarh: An Intellectual Biography of the Radical Sikh Economist |publisher=Springer International Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=978-3-030-12422-9 |series=Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought |page=290 |access-date=2023-03-10}}</ref> Led by the [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Dal]], it resulted in the formation of the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. The state of [[Haryana]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Chandigarh]] were also created and some [[Western Pahari|Pahari]]-majority parts of the East Punjab were also merged with [[Himachal Pradesh]] following the movement. The result of the movement failed to satisfy its leaders.<ref name="wolpert">{{cite book |author=[[Stanley Wolpert]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmkL1tp2Nl4C |title=India |publisher=University of California Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-520-24696-6 |page=216}}</ref>

From 1938 to 1947, [[Akali Dal – Master Tara Singh Group|Akali Dal]] led by [[Tara Singh (activist)|Master Tara Singh]] proposed the whole Punjab region (Azad Punjab) as the ‘[[Khalistan movement|natural homeland’ of the Sikhs]].<ref>{{Citation |title=The Partition of India and the Sikhs, 1940–1947 |date=2021 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sikh-nationalism/partition-of-india-and-the-sikhs-19401947/0D2A53533807C713CD1E07217298705D |work=Sikh Nationalism |pages=82–109 |editor-last=Shani |editor-first=Giorgio |access-date=2023-05-24 |series=New Approaches to Asian History |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781316479940.006 |isbn=978-1-107-13654-0 |editor2-last=Singh |editor2-first=Gurharpal|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This demand was raised throughout this period along with the 1946 SGPC resolution declaring the Punjab as [[Khalistan movement|homeland of the Sikhs]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-15 |title=SGPC's 1946 resolution on 'Sikh state': What Simranjit Singh Mann missed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/sgpcs-1946-resolution-sikh-state-what-simranjit-singh-mann-missed-7918440/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The image of [[Punjab|Punjab region]] as an independent Sikh Homeland continues to exist in sections of the Sikh, particularly being advocated by Sikhs in the diaspora post 1947.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Bhabani Sen |date=1990 |title=Punjab: Fading of Sikh Diaspora |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4395948 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=25 |issue=7/8 |pages=364–366 |jstor=4395948 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

==Reunification proposals==
[[File:Punjab_1909.jpg|thumb|The [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]] (1909)]]
{{further|Indian reunification}}
[[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] proposed the idea of the Punjabi Reunification, in which the modern Indian states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Haryana, and [[Himachal Pradesh]] would reunify into a single Punjab state within India, with its borders corresponding to the former [[East Punjab]] state.<ref name="Bhatia1997">{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Prem |title=Witness to history |date=1997 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |page=296 |language=English |quote=Mr Bhajan Lal's "reunification" scheme would turn Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, together with Chandigarh, into one enlarged State.}}</ref> The idea of the reunification of these states with the area corresponding to [[West Punjab]] has not been one that has been heavily contemplated apart from the context of [[Indian reunification]] in general.<ref name="Dhanda2019">{{cite web |last1=Dhanda |first1=Anirudh |title=Lingering pain of Partition |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/lingering-pain-of-partition/816630.html |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |accessdate=5 October 2019 |language=English |date=12 August 2019 |quote=Even after seven decades of Partition, it is difficult to comprehend and grasp the trauma in its full essence. ‘May be it is for this reason that the writers are still obsessed with this theme, but hardly any writer has contemplated the reunification of Punjab,’ pondered Amarjit Chandan. |archive-date=5 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005221734/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/lingering-pain-of-partition/816630.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Katju2017">{{cite web |author1=[[Markandey Katju]] |title=India And Pakistan Must Reunite For Their Mutual Good |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/markandey-katju/india-and-pakistan-must-reunite-for-their-mutual-good_a_22033158/ |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |language=English |date=10 April 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*Punjabization
*[[Punjabi culture]]
*[[Punjabi Culture Day]]
*[[Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)|Punjabi festivals]]
*[[Punjabi Language Movement]] ([[Pakistan]])
*[[Punjabi Suba movement]] (India)
*[[Punjabi Wikipedia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Punjabi language topics}}
{{Ethnic nationalism}}

[[Category:Punjabi nationalism|*]]
[[Category:Punjab]]
[[Category:Punjabi language]]
[[Category:Punjabi culture]]
[[Category:Pan-nationalism]]
[[Category:Nationalism in India]]
[[Category:Nationalism in Pakistan]]

Rizwanur Rahman

2026-03-14T19:47:06Z

Swertvver: update

{{Short description|Indian murder victim (1977–2007)}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rizwanur Rahman
| image = Rizwanur Rahman.jpg
| alt = Rizwanur Rahman
| caption = Rizwanur Rahman
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1977}}
| birth_place =[[Tiljala]], [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2007|9|21|30|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Patipukur railway station]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| education =
| occupation = Computer graphics trainer
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Priyanka Todi]]|2007}}
| relatives = [[Rukbanur Rahman]] (brother)
}}

'''Rizwanur Rahman''' (1977 – 21 September 2007) was a 30-year-old computer graphics trainer who was driven into committing suicide according to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]].<ref name= CBIfinal>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120323190004/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-29/india/27763682_1_priyanka-todi-todi-family-anil-saraogi Rizwanur death was suicide]". CBI-India, ''The Times of India''</ref>

== Love and marriage ==
Rizwanur Rahman, a middle-class man, met the 23-year-old Priyanka Todi, daughter of [[Ashok Todi]], owner of Lux Cozi, at the graphics training school where he taught. They began an affair, which was kept secret from their families.<ref name=autogenerated1>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023143231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-13/kolkata/27959276_1_anil-saraogi-ashok-todi-todi-family What the Todis have to say]", ''The Times of India''</ref>

It is believed that on 18 August 2007, the two secretly married according to the Special Marriage Act to which a few close friends and colleagues of Rizwanur were witnesses.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The two families were not informed about the marriage and no witnesses were declared in the case later on.

After the ceremony, Priyanka went back to the Todi family, and Rizwanur continued his work at the multi-media centre. In late August, Rizwanur Rahman approached his brother and confessed to having secretly married. On 31 August, he brought Priyanka home to his family's small apartment in a working class Muslim neighbourhood.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/weekinreview/28sengupta.html?ref=world|title=THE WORLD; A Tale of Tragic Love Cracks Calcutta's Mirror|last=Sengupta|first=Somini|date=28 October 2007|work=The New York Times|page=3|accessdate=3 February 2011}}</ref> He and Priyanka signed and sent a letter to the police asking for protection from her father.

Later, Priyanka would say: "My mind was a blank... I was just signing whatever letters Rizwan was telling me to sign. I once told him we shouldn’t mention my father, but he said Pappu and [[Rukbanur Rahman|Rukbanur]] had insisted that we frame the letters like that and they knew best."<ref>Sumit Das Gupta and Devadeep Purohit. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20071210185126/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071208/asp/frontpage/story_8644420.asp I really regret involving Rukbanur and Pappu- Priyanka Todi breaks her silence]", ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'', 8 December 2007.</ref>

It is alleged that Priyanka's father, [[Ashok Todi]], and the Todi family were displeased that Priyanka had married into a lower income family, and Rahman, being a [[Muslim]], exacerbated their displeasure.<ref name="pio">Gupta, Kanchan. In Bengal, blood keeps dripping. Daily Pioneer Delhi. 7 October 2007</ref> It has also been alleged that Rahman was told to "remove himself" from Priyanka's life and was also threatened by various fronts for this inter-religious marriage.<ref>"[https://archive.today/20110606050758/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=ea5a8129-2521-4524-aae7-be3357c97867&MatchID1=4571&TeamID1=8&TeamID2=2&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1146&PrimaryID=4571&Headline=Where+were+the+police+when+Rizwanur+died%3F Where were the police when Rizwanur died?] Hindustan Times – 5 October 2007</ref> On 31 August, Priyanka and Rahman notified the authorities that they were staying together at Rahman's house.<ref name="iex">"[http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/225519.html Police saw their marriage papers and yet charged Rizwanur with abducting wife]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014224840/http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/225519.html |date=14 October 2007 }} ''Indian Express'', 7 October 2007</ref>

== Return to parents ==
It has been alleged that due to an understanding with the Todi family, top level police officers of the state summoned the couple several times to State Police Headquarters at Lalbazar, Kolkata, and threatened Rizwan of dire consequences if he did not separate from his wife. Rizwan refused to yield. This is an unsubstantiated allegation levelled against the police force, not against Priyanka's parents, and there is nothing in official records to indicate that any such thing happened. What is on record is a meeting held at the police station on 8 September, eight days after Rahman's marriage was certified. On this occasion, the police summoned Rizwan and strongly urged him to allow his wife to visit her parents for a week or so. They told him that he was liable to be arrested on various charges, including abduction and illegal confinement, if his wife remained confined inside his tiny, rundown house; also that there was a minor charge against him of stealing a cell phone and other items from the Todi mansion,<ref name="iex" /> He was told that the girl, Priyanka, had never spoken to her parents properly after disappearing from the house one fine day, and that the parents were totally aghast and bewildered. Rizwan was always present when Priyanka spoke to her parents, and because of his presence, the conversations were necessarily stilted and stifled, with no mutual understanding in sight. Also, Priyanka was speaking only in very brief sentences, monosyllables, yes-no answers and low voice to her parents. It was suspected that she was under pressure from Rizwan; perhaps she was scared of him and his family, perhaps she was unable to speak frankly and clearly to her parents. The police therefore strongly felt that Priyanka should return to her parental house for a week or so, during which time she could speak clearly to her parents and explain what had happened, and also convince them that she was happy.

Rahman continued for a long time to resist the arguments of the police. He finally agreed to let Priyanka visit her parents, but only after he had obtained a signed document stating that she would return to him after a week. One of Priyanka's uncles, who was present at the police headquarters, signed an agreement on plain paper in front of a police witness that Priyanka would be sent back to Rahman's house after 7 days, on 15 September.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011165225/http://telegraphindia.com/1070924/asp/calcutta/story_8353718.asp Doubts over suicide claim – Top cops’ role under cloud], ''The Telegraph'', Calcutta – 24 September 2007</ref> After all this was done, and on the same day (08 Sept), Priyanka returned to the house of her parents.

== Last days ==
At her father's house, Priyanka Todi spoke to Rahman for the last time on 11 September. On 15 September, Rahman tried calling Priyanka but was refused permission to speak to her by her parents. On 18 September, a witness to their marriage was threatened with arrest by the police for "forcing Priyanka into marriage".

On 19 September, Priyanka, still not sent back, Rahman filed a case with an NGO, documenting police harassment. According to his diary and conversations with close friends, he was also planning further legal moves to get his wife back.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110525185305/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070923/asp/bengal/story_8350862.asp ‘Some people came, said I would be murdered’] Telegraph India – 23 September 2007</ref> In a letter allegedly written by Rahman to an NGO before his death, he stated that he was ready to convert to Hinduism in exchange for a peaceful married life.<ref>"[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Rizwan-was-ready-to-convert-to-Hinduism/220517/ Rizwan was ready to convert to Hinduism]" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203030345/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Rizwan-was-ready-to-convert-to-Hinduism/220517/ |date=3 December 2007 }} ''Express India'', – 24 September 2007</ref>

Rahman died in the afternoon of 21 September, about 2 weeks after his wife was separated from him.<ref name="toi">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20121105234115/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-04/edit-page/27955411_1_priyanka-todi-rizwanur-rehman-honour-killings LEADER ARTICLE: Hide Your Love Away]". ''Times of India'', 4 October 2007</ref> His body was found lying beside a railway line,<ref>{{cite news
| title = Why did Kolkata police murder Rizwanur Rahman?
| url = http://www.indiatime.com/2007/09/28/why-did-kolkata-police-murder-rizwanur-rahman/
| publisher = Indiatime.com
|date=28 September 2007
| accessdate = 26 October 2007
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071019050949/http://www.indiatime.com/2007/09/28/why-did-kolkata-police-murder-rizwanur-rahman/ |archivedate = 19 October 2007}}</ref> with hands folded over his chest and a deep wound on the back of his head.

After his death, Priyanka met a state Women's Commission delegation and told them that: "There was no police pressure on me" and that "no police officer ill-treated me".<ref>"[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/No_police_pressure_Priyanka_Todi/rssarticleshow/2446841.cms Rizwanur case: No police pressure, says Priyanka Todi]", ''The Times of India'', 10 October 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105232426/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/No_police_pressure_Priyanka_Todi/rssarticleshow/2446841.cms |date=5 November 2012 }}</ref> Finally a CBI probe has judged that he had committed suicide and they plan to charge Mr Todi with abetment of suicide.

== Fallout ==
Even before the post-mortem results were released, the then Police Commissioner, [[Prasun Mukherjee]], brushed aside the death of Rahman as a "simple case of suicide".<ref name="toi" /> He added that cases of eloping, even by adults, were unacceptable morally. So the police had always intervened in such cases in the past, and would continue to do so in the future. He made the infamous statement, "If the police does not interfere in these (family) matters, who will do it? PWD (Public Works Department)?". When pressed on the legality of his comments (the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] had previously ruled that a legal inter-religious marriage should be protected by the police), the commissioner became angry and left the conference.

During primary investigations by the media, it was revealed that Mukherjee met the brother of Ashok Todi a few days after Rizwanur got married, and assured him of help from the police force to separate the couple. Mukherjee is also the president of the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]]. He won this post without contest due to an active support from the [[Chief Minister]] of [[West Bengal]], Mr. [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]], and also alleged financial support from Ashok Todi.<ref name="pio" />

The suicide theory has been challenged by reports in the media.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070928/asp/frontpage/story_8371355.asp | title = Too perfect a suicide – holes in police theory on Rizwanur | accessdate = 8 October 2007 | last = Basu | first = Kinsuk | work = The Telegraph | date = 28 September 2007 | location = Calcutta, India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011154711/http://telegraphindia.com/1070928/asp/frontpage/story_8371355.asp | archive-date = 11 October 2007 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071004/asp/frontpage/story_8394579.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011161100/http://telegraphindia.com/1071004/asp/frontpage/story_8394579.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 11 October 2007 | title = Looking but not seeing | accessdate = 8 October 2007 | work = The Telegraph|date=4 October 2007 | location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=4&id=199347&usrsess=1 | title = Suicide or homicide? | accessdate = 8 October 2007 | work = The Statesman|date=2 October 2007 }} {{dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref> A train driver, who was the first person to see Rizwanur Rahman's body beside the tracks, said that Rizwanur was not hit by the train he was driving.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071003/asp/frontpage/story_8390085.asp | title=Driver hole in Rizwanur theory 'Body by tracks, my train didn't hit him' | accessdate=8 October 2007 | work=The Telegraph | date=3 October 2007 | location=Calcutta, India | first1=Pronab | last1=Mondal | first2=Sanjay | last2=Mandal | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011012324/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071003/asp/frontpage/story_8390085.asp | archive-date=11 October 2007 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== High Court ruling and transfer of the suspected officers ==
On 16 October 2007, the High Court ruled that the Rizwanur death investigation carried out by the State Government is illegal, and ordered a [[Central Bureau of Investigations]] (CBI) enquiry.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070029555 Rizwanur case: CBI probe ordered] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018134232/http://ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070029555 |date=18 October 2007 }}. NDTV, 16 October 2007</ref> On 17 October 2007, under intense pressure from the civil society, the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]] stated that all five suspected police officers, including the commissioner, [[Prasun Mukherjee]], and deputy commissioners Gyanwant Singh and Ajay Kumar, who were fully aware that Rizwanur did not commit any crime according to law, but still actively participated in the threatening and torturing due to some understanding with Ashok Todi, will be transferred from their current posts with immediate effect.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zeenews.com/news401798.html|title=Rizwan case: Police chief transferred|date=17 October 2007|website=zeenews.com}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070029657&ch=10/17/2007%204:39:00%20PM Rizwan case: Top cop transferred] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619034906/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070029657&ch=10%2F17%2F2007%204%3A39%3A00%20PM |date=19 June 2008 }} NDTV, 17 October 2007</ref> He also agreed to run a CBI enquiry according to the High Court ruling and said that if the transferred police officers are found guilty by the CBI, they will be punished according to law.

== Bank accounts of Rizwanur's relatives ==
During the investigations, it was alleged that several people including local goons and also some of Rahman's family members received money from Ashok Todi to sabotage the marriage. The CBI has checked the bank transactions of some close relatives of Rahman but the results are unknown.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200710251557.htm Bank accounts of Rizwanur's relatives being checked]", ''The Hindu'', 25 October 2007</ref> The family members of Rahman have denied taking any money, but said that a blank cheque was offered to them, which they refused to take.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130125085930/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=84481c34-a327-42d1-a061-01e536758c58&ParentID=b8e856ab-8ec1-4373-98e4-610a3723b7c6&&Headline=Rizwanur's+kin+deny+accepting+money Rizwanur's kin deny accepting money]. ''Hindustan Times''</ref>

The Telegraph reported that Rizwanur's family friend Syed Mohiuddin, alias Pappu, has admitted to the CBI that financial deal was made to separate Rizwanur Rahman and Priyanka Todi. Pappu, a family friend of the Rahmans, claimed that part of the amount he had taken from Pradip Todi, Priyanka's uncle, had been passed on to [[Rukbanur Rahman]], Rizwanur's elder brother. The transactions involved Rs 500,000 taken on 13 September and Rs 600,000 taken on 19 September.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20071203172839/http://telegraphindia.com/1071201/asp/calcutta/story_8613552.asp Mediator admits to money deal Cops & kin under scan – Brother defiant as CBI turns scanner on Rizwanur friend and family]". ''The Telegraph'' (Calcutta), 1 December 2007</ref>

== Text messages from Rizwanur's mobile ==
A month after his death, while public opinion against the role of police was overwhelming, a series of text messages allegedly sent from Rahman's mobile just before his death were supplied to a few pro-government members of the media from an unknown source. Along with publishing the SMS details, some parts of the media also vigorously started to highlight the arguments of a suicide, and tried to turn the public opinion away from the role of the police force.

In India, it is illegal to record private messages of an individual unless he is suspected of a serious crime. SMS is considered private and Rizwanur did not commit any crime, so it is still unanswered who asked the mobile service provider to do so in Rizwanur's case.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120323190016/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-26/india/27985437_1_ashok-todi-rizwanur-rahman-cbi-probe Rizwanur SMS leak sparks furore – The Times of India] ''The Times of India''</ref> There are also questions about the authenticity of these SMSes, which are being published as follows:<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Im-going-to-die-in-5-min-let-me-hear-her-once-Rizwanur-in-SMS-to-inlaws-no-one-heard/232212/ I'm going to die in 5 min, let me hear her once: Rizwanur in SMS to in-laws, no one heard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814175025/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Im-going-to-die-in-5-min-let-me-hear-her-once-Rizwanur-in-SMS-to-inlaws-no-one-heard/232212/ |date=14 August 2008 }} ''Express India''</ref>

To Mr. Ashok Todi: "Papa, there is 10 mins before I kill myself, let me talk to her for the last time", reads one message. (Timestamp: 21 September 9:24AM)
To Mrs. Vimala Todi: "Mom, I will kill myself in five minutes, please let me talk to her".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071111032114/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14550613 Rizwanur, wife had feared foul play by Todi] sify.com Friday, 26 October 2007</ref> (Timestamp: 21 September 9:30AM)
Both messages were sent in Hindi. It is claimed by Rahman's brother that Rahman, being a graduate from a Catholic College, used English to send messages.

There are other rumours spread by some sources which said that Rizwanur sent one SMS to one of his friends that read "Please protest aloud after I am gone", and called a former "girlfriend" (Pompi Roy) to express his desire to kill himself, which were later proved to be false.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120323190022/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-29/india/27956853_1_rizwanur-rahman-sms-rumour-cbi-officers Student claims she got Rizwanur's last SMS] ''The Times of India''</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121018213512/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-25/kolkata/27990857_1_rahman-family-todis-pompi-roy Rizwan case: CBI grills second woman] ''The Times of India''</ref> These facts also point to the possibility that Rizwanur was not the person who was sending these messages, if they are at all authentic.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120323190026/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-27/india/27960302_1_priyanka-todi-rizwanur-rehman-todi-family CBI in a tizzy over selective leak – The Times of India] ''The Times of India''</ref> The CBI enquiry is still in progress and are expected to submit their first report to the Kolkata High Court within the third week of December.

== Self-claimed kidnap witness ==
On 3 November 2007, a man named Indranil Ghosh claimed on a TV channel that he saw Rahman being kidnapped. His statements tallied with an anonymous letter previously sent to CBI in which it was claimed that Rahman was kidnapped the day he died.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120323190045/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-05/kolkata/27957015_1_nizam-palace-cbi-officers-rizwanur-rahman 'Kidnap' witness story peters out]". ''The Times of India'', 5 November 2007</ref> After interrogation, the CBI found some inconsistencies in his story and concluded that there was no concrete evidence that suggested such a kidnap took place.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110814200748/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cbi-brushes-away-eyewitness-story-on-rizwan-abduction/51756-3.html CBI brushes away eyewitness story on Rizwan abduction]". IBN Live, 5 November 2007</ref>

== Priyanka's legal communique to her in-laws ==
Priyanka Todi has sent a letter to her mother-in-law stating on 6 November, that:

:"Priyanka Todi will not return to the house of Rizwanur Rehman. She will stay with her father Ashok Todi at his residence. She is equally shocked after the incident as is Rizwanur’s family. Please return her belongings... including saris, greeting cards, personal diaries, photographs, birth certificates, school certificates and others."<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Priyanka-wants-her-things-back-her-lawyers-tell-Rehmans/236975/ Priyanka wants her things back, her lawyers tell Rehmans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109105935/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Priyanka-wants-her-things-back-her-lawyers-tell-Rehmans/236975/ |date=9 November 2007 }} ''The Indian Express''</ref>

The letter was delivered through a solicitor and was addressed to Rizwanur's mother Kishwar Jehan.

Priyanka had asked her in-laws to explain how a private vernacular news channel could get hold of her photographs without her permission.<ref>[http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=23&theme=&usrsess=1&id=175766 I will reside with father, Priyanka tells in-laws] Statesman News Service KOLKATA, 6 Nov {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803173029/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=23&theme=&usrsess=1&id=175766 |date=3 August 2022 }}</ref>

Rahman's mother has termed Priyanka Todi's letter as "rubbing salt on her wounds". She said she was "deeply hurt" after reading the letter. She also said that she had expected her to attend the last rites of her son. She wrote back a reply which said: “You should have come to meet a mother who lost her son because of the conspiracy hatched by influential police officers and your father. It is a matter of deep regret that you have sent the letter through your advocate...”

Agreeing to return Priyanka’s personal articles, Kishwar said: “I am hoping that you will come yourself and take these things. It will be very unfortunate if I have to hand them over to an advocate’s peon or clerk instead of my daughter-in-law with whom I have no judicial dispute.”<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/kolkata/Priyanka-s-letter-hurts-says-Kishwar-Jahan/Article1-256895.aspx Priyanka’s letter hurts, says Kishwar Jahan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020185701/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/kolkata/Priyanka-s-letter-hurts-says-Kishwar-Jahan/Article1-256895.aspx |date=20 October 2012 }} ''Hindustan Times''</ref>

== Politicians' statements and rioting ==
The prominent [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] Politburo member [[Brinda Karat]] has stated that<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071105233514/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/05/stories/2007110560071600.htm Nandigram: Brinda Karat sees a conspiracy] ''The Hindu''</ref>

:"Police officers here were transferred over the death of Rizwanur Rahman in keeping with the "progressive culture" that existed in West Bengal... We are with Rizwanur Rahman's family and want justice and action against those found guilty [of involvement in the death of the computer graphics teacher]"

In a statement dated 15 October, State Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]], Mr Soumen has stated:<ref>[http://maoistresistance.blogspot.com/2007/10/rizwanur-rehmanmaoists-dub-it-murder.html Rizwanur Rehman: Maoists dub it a murder] 27 October 2007</ref>

:"Rizwanur was murdered as he had dared to fall in love and later marry a Hindu girl... The chief minister is not able to shield the guilty officers of [[Kolkata Police]] because of the public outrage against administrative high-handedness."

Front partner [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) has issued a state secretariat resolution stating:<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/I-saw-how-police-pressurised-Rehman-says-Nazrul-Islam/221290/ I saw how police pressurised Rehman, says Nazrul Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923023533/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/I-saw-how-police-pressurised-Rehman-says-Nazrul-Islam/221290/ |date=23 September 2012 }}, ''The Indian Express'', 26 September 2007</ref>
:"The youth was said to be well educated, decent and belonged to a cultured family. His unnatural death has shaken a large number of people. The public outrage following his death should not be undermined. The intervention of the Kolkata police in a marriage between two adults was not a healthy signal."

[[Kshiti Goswami]] of the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] demanded a judicial inquiry into the matter. [[Forward Bloc]] Secretary Ashok Ghosh described the incident as "shocking and shameful". He said an inquiry commission should be instituted immediately so that the Kolkata police cannot influence investigations into Rehman's death.

[[All India Trinamool Congress]] chairperson [[Mamata Banerjee]] visited the Rizvanur's family and held the city police directly responsible for the death. It organised a public rally in the city where Ms Banerjee and Rizwanur's relatives accused the CPI(M) leadership of "offering money" to them to hush up the case.<ref>[http://www.dailyindia.com/show/177554.php/Bengal-CPI(M)-in-a-spot-over-Muslim-youths-death]. dailyindia.com, 27 September 2007. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021100136/http://www.dailyindia.com/show/177554.php/Bengal-CPI(M)-in-a-spot-over-Muslim-youths-death|date=21 October 2007}}</ref> Mamata Banerjee has said:

:It has been 23 days since Rizwanur died. Today is the holy day of Id and we have been out greeting people on the occasion of Id. But in this neighbourhood no one is celebrating Id for obvious reasons. There have been no arrests and no progress in the case,'' "the foolish arrogant chief minister is thinking whether it is the right protocol for him to go and see the mother of the murdered son."''<ref>[http://indiainteracts.in/members/2007/10/14/Black-Flags-For-Capitalist-Marxist-Buddha/ Black Flags For Capitalist Marxist Buddha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162437/http://indiainteracts.in/members/2007/10/14/Black-Flags-For-Capitalist-Marxist-Buddha/ |date=21 July 2011 }} indiainteracts.com, 14 October 2007</ref>

Indian singer and ex-MP [[Kabir Suman]] also sang a protest song showing his sympathy for the Hindu-Muslim couple named "Rizwanur Brityo" in the year 2008.

== Violence and rioting by disaffected Muslims ==
On 22 September 2007, a violent [[Muslim]] mob went on rampage in the Park Circus and Tiljala area of [[Kolkata]] – Beniapukur, Topsia, Tangra and Kkaraya Police Station Areas – and set a police vehicle on fire when a rumour spread that Rehman's body had disappeared from the police morgue.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071004232605/http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/sep/23/kolkata_police_defence_mode_over_muslim_youths_death.html Kolkata police in defence mode over Muslim youth's death {{!}} Indian Muslims]}} Indianmuslims.info</ref> More than a dozen policemen were injured in brickbatting and stone-pelting. They again set a police vehicle on fire around noon. The area became a battlefield as the angry mob first blocked a road and then burned out 8 private buses. Some young Muslims were seen brandishing swords and shotguns. A few shots were fired at the mob by the police. The enraged mob, numbering around 300, then attacked policemen with bricks and yet another 4x4 jeep was set on fire.<ref>"[https://archive.today/20120903151814/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/india/news/article_1358703.php/Violence_after_Kolkata_youths_death_top_cops_under_cloud Violence after Kolkata youth's death, top cops under cloud] India News. 22 September 2007</ref> Heavily outnumbered and facing unprecedented ferocity from angry Muslim youths brandishing swords, machetes and shotguns, Police was forced to beat a retreat.
It was only after Eastern Frontier Rifles was deployed that the riot was quelled. 17 policemen were injured, while 24 Muslim youths were injured. 12 vehicles had been completely damaged – including three police vehicles, including a special 4x4 jeep.

== Ruling front's fear of alienation of the Muslim voters ==
Muslims form a large fraction the voters in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/presentation/leftnavigation/mjakbar%27s-corner/bylines/item-number.aspx |title=The Asian Age | Home |website=www.asianage.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028082031/http://www.asianage.com/presentation/leftnavigation/mjakbar%27s-corner/bylines/item-number.aspx |archive-date=28 October 2007 |access-date=20 November 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> Members of the ruling front acknowledge that the police claim of Rizwanur Rahman committing suicide is alienating Muslim voters.<ref>"[https://www.livemint.com/2007/11/05004443/Bengal-seeks-housing-quota-for.html Bengal seeks housing quota for Muslims in run-up to local poll]", livemint.com, 5 November 2007</ref> [[M. J. Akbar]] writes:

:"The fate of Rizwan ur Rehman, the young man whose death in suspicious circumstances has set off a firestorm in Bengal. The Muslim vote, my Calcuttan friend said bitterly, had become like an item number in Hindi films. It was used to pump up the box office, and then dumped completely from the script."

:"Left bulwark in Bengal has been the substantial Muslim vote: Muslims account for 27% of the population and over 30% of the vote since they tend to vote in larger numbers. This support has weakened in rural areas because of Nandigram, and in Kolkata because of the case of a young man called Rizwan ur Rehman."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=7&section=0&article=102451&d=14&m=10&y=2007|title=India: Nuclear Winter|last=Akbar|first=M.J.|date=14 October 2007 |work=[[ArabNews]]|accessdate=3 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616060415/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=7&section=0&article=102451&d=14&m=10&y=2007|archive-date=16 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Veteran Bengali politician [[Jyoti Basu]] has said:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenews.com/politics/20071019/76045.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020132444/http://www.indiaenews.com/politics/20071019/76045.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 October 2007|title=Rizwanur episode has affected Left government: Basu|website=indiaenews.com}}</ref>
:"Yes, the state government's image has received a beating due to the delay in transferring the policemen who had allegedly coerced Rizwanur. We have suffered politically".

== Final verdict ==
According to the CBI probe, the cause of death of Rizwanur was suicide.<ref name=CBIfinal/> However the CBI charged Priyanka's father Ashok Todi, her uncle Pradip Todi, maternal uncle Anil Saraogi, three police officers—former deputy commissioner [[Ajoy Kumar]], ACP Sukanti Chakraborty, sub-inspector Krishnendu Das, and Mohiuddin alias Pappu, who acted as a link between cops and the Todis, with abetment to suicide of Rahman.<ref name= CBIfinal/> The CBI framed charge sheet against them for non-bailable criminal proceedings. The CBI also recommended departmental proceedings against former Kolkata Police commissioner [[Prasun Mukherjee]] and administrative proceedings against former DC Gyanwant Singh for interfering in the marriage of two consenting adults.<ref name= CBIfinal/>

On 13 October 2008, the Supreme Court of India stopped all proceedings in the Rizwanur Rahman case till the [[Calcutta High Court]] decided Ashok Todi's petition challenging CBI's charge sheet against him.<ref>ABC Live "[http://abclive.in/abclive_regional/supreme-court-rizwanur-rehman-case-ashok-todi.html] {{dead link|date=February 2011|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

== Murder of investigating officer ==
On 11 February 2009, Arindam Manna, the Government Railway Police officer who started the probe into the death of Rizwanur, was found murdered beside a railway track, a considerable distance away from his work place.<ref name="toi-manna"/>

Manna was also on the list of witness that the CBI submitted along with its charge sheet to the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate.<ref name="toi-manna"/>

The body has injuries on the left eye, right leg and a deep cut on the throat.<ref name="toi-manna">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023143236/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-11/kolkata/28001516_1_arindam-manna-mankundu-station-rizwanur-rahman-case Cop who probed Rizwan case found dead – The Times of India]</ref>

The family members of Manna claimed that there was enough evidence to prove that Manna had been murdered.

"Arindam had two mobile phones – one had Vodafone and the other had Airtel connection. The police recovered the cell phones, but the SIM cards are missing," Manna's brother Debaprasad Moitra claimed.

"The SIM cards have been deliberately taken out to destroy the evidence. Arindam's hands and legs have been broken and his eyes were jutting out. This cannot happen in a suicide. It is a murder and we want the criminals to be punished," Moitra said.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

== See also ==
*[[List of unsolved murders (2000–present)]]
*[[Nitish Katara]]
*[[Prasun Mukherjee]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Rizwanur}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:2007 suicides]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Unsolved deaths in India]]
[[Category:Unsolved murders in India]]
[[Category:Suicides in India]]
[[Category:People murdered in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Crime in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in India]]
[[Category:Interfaith marriage]]

Cyrtodactylus guwahatiensis

2026-03-13T17:03:24Z

Swertvver: Made initial details v1.

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status =
| taxon = Cyrtodactylus guwahatiensis
| authority = Agarwal, Mahony, Giri, Chaitanya, & [[Aaron Matthew Bauer|Bauer]], 2018
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Cyrtodactylus guwahatiensis''''' is a species of [[gecko]] endemic to [[India]].<ref>{{NRDB species |genus=Cyrtodactylus |species= guwahatiensis |accessdate=30 April 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q63951939}}

[[Category:Cyrtodactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2018]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Aaron M. Bauer]]
{{Cyrtodactylus-stub}}

A Decent Arrangement

2026-03-11T08:12:55Z

Swertvver: fixed content per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = A Decent Arrangement
| image = A Decent Arrangement.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster of A Decent Arrangement
| director = Sarovar Banka
| writer = Sarovar Banka
| producer= Sarovar Banka
| starring = [[Shabana Azmi]] Adam Laupus Lethia Nall Farid Currim Shreya Sharma Vikram Kapadia Navniit Nisshan, Adhir Bhat
| music = Neel Murgai
| cinematography = [[Amol Rathod]]
| editing = Tom Quinn
| studio = Secret Pact Productions
| distributor=[[Manoj Nandwana]] (Jai Viratra Entertainment Limited)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|03|08|New York Indian Film Festival|2014|11|07|ref2=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.movietalkies.com/news/shabana-azmis-a-decent-arrangement-to-release-on-7th-november/ |title=Shabana Azmi's A Decent Arrangement To Release On 7th November - Movie Talkies|date=October 2014 |publisher=movietalkies.com}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = English
| gross =
}}
'''''A Decent Arrangement''''' was released in India on 7 November 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141001/entertainment-bollywood/article/shabana-azmi%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98-decent-arrangement%E2%80%99-release-november-7 |title=Shabana Azmi's 'A Decent Arrangement' to release on November 7 |publisher=Deccanchronicle.com |date= |access-date=2022-08-17}}</ref> This film stars [[Shabana Azmi]], Adam Laupus, Lethia Nall, Farid Currim, Shreya Sharma, Vikram Kapadia, Navniit Nisshan, and Adhir Bhat. The film was directed by Sarovar Banka.

==Plot==
''A Decent Arrangement'' is the story of Ashok Khosla (Adam Laupus), an Indian-American copywriter who journeys to India seeking an arranged marriage. After he encounters an American woman travelling through India and is set up with an Indian woman who unexpectedly captivates him, Ashok must navigate the complexity of cultural traditions and the leanings of his own heart. With sharp comedy and true-to-life drama, A Decent Arrangement delivers an affecting story that resonates with those of us in search of our place in a changing world.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/previews/A-Decent-Arrangement/articleshow/43994997.cms|title = A Decent Arrangement - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=October 2014 }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Shabana Azmi]] as Preeti Mehta
* Adam Laupus as Ashok Khosla
* [[Diksha Basu]] as Amita Chandra
* Lethia Nall as Lorie Sanders
* Farid Currim as Bashi Mehta
* [[Shreya Sharma]] as Suriya Mehta
* Vikram Kapadia as Arun Khosla
* [[Navneet Nishan]] as Gita Khosla
* Adhir Bhat as Vikram Kohli

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1704680}}
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20141012185731/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/753199 A Decent Arrangement]'' on Bollywoodhungama
* {{official website|http://adecentarrangement.com}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Decent Arrangement, A}}
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2011 English-language films]]
[[Category:English-language drama films]]

{{India-film-stub}}
{{2010s-drama-film-stub}}

Hooghly Branch Government School

2026-03-10T20:30:38Z

Swertvver: page fix

{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Hooghly Branch (Govt) School
| native_name =
| logo =
| seal_image =
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| alt = School campus
| caption =
| motto = Satyam, Shivam, Sundaram
| motto_translation = Truth, Spirituality, Beauty
| address = Chawk Bazar, Hooghly
| city = Hughli-Chuchura
| state = West Bengal
| postal_code = 712103
| zipcode =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.9077673|N|88.3980147|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| schooltype =
| fundingtype =
| type = [[Education in India#Private schools|Public]]
| religious_affiliation =
| established = 1834
| founder =
| status =
| closed =
| locale =
| sister_school =
| school_board = [[WBBSE]] & [[WBCHSE]]
| authority = Government of West Bengal
| category = Higher Secondary
| chairman =
| principal =
| head_teacher =
| executive_headteacher =
| acting_headteacher =
| head =
| chaplain =
| staff =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| employees =
| key_people =
| grades =
| years =
| gender = Boys
| affiliations = Department of Higher Education, Government of West Bengal
| alumni =
| website = {{URL|http://www.hooghlybranchgovtschool.org}}
| campus = Urban
| enrollment =
| enrollment_as_of =
}}
'''Hooghly Branch Government School''' (or '''Hooghly Branch (Govt) School'''), established in 1834, is one of the oldest<ref>{{Cite web|title = General report on public instruction in the Bengal Presidency. Calcutta: G. H. Huttmann, Bengal Mily. Orphan Press. 1843. |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KH8IAAAAQAAJ&dq=Hooghly+Branch+school&pg=PA1|last1 = Southey|first1 = Robert|year = 1843}}</ref> schools in West Bengal. It is located in Chawk Bazar, Hooghly, within the area of Hooghly-Chinsurah Municipality.<ref>{{Cite web|title = List of schools - Welcome to Hooghly Chinsurah Municipality |url = http://hcm.net.in/Default.aspx?PageId=83}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hcm.net.in/Default.aspx?PageId=83|title=List of schools|website=Hooghly-Chinsurah Municipality}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://wbscsgs.in/govtmeet_perticipation2018.php|title=All Bengal Inter-Govt.Schools Sports Meet, 2019|work=West Bengal State Council for Sports, Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

The school is administered by the state government of West Bengal and admits only males. The School has two sessions, morning and day session. Students are taught from class 1 to class 12.

The school's primary medium of instruction is Bengali and English is second language. However, on the higher secondary section, people are allowed to choose the medium of instruction as English.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Hooghly Branch (Govt) School/iCBSE |url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/hooghly-branch-govt-school-o9q8wz?amp=1}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Sankar Basu]], electrical engineer and contributor to US science policy
* [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]], Bengali novelist
* [[Bijan Kumar Mukherjea]], 4th Chief Justice of India<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bijon Kumar Mukherjee |url = https://en.m.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Bijan_Kumar_Mukherjea}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=September 2023}}
* [[Surajit Sengupta]], Footballer<ref>{{Cite web|title = Surajit Sengupta |url = https://en.m.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Surajit_Sengupta}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=September 2023}}

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of schools in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://wikimapia.org/171501/Hooghly-Branch-School] Hooghly Branch School location at [[Wikimapia]]

{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:1834 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1834]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Papagni River

2026-03-10T12:16:41Z

Swertvver: Put up some location from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}{{Infobox river
| name = Papagni
| country = [[India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| mouth = [[Penna River]]
| length = {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| image = River bank of Papagni at Gandi Kshetram.jpg
| image_caption = River bank of Papagni at Gandi Kshetram
}}
'''Papagni River''' is a non-perennial, inter-state river in [[southern India]] that flows through the states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a right bank tributary of the [[Pennar River|Pennar river]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ravindranath|first=R|title=The Role of Participatory Hydrological Monitoring in Groundwater Governance: Towards Evolving Informed Adaptative Mechanisms|url=http://iasc2008.glos.ac.uk/conference%20papers/papers/R/Ravindranath_108101.pdf|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082947/http://iasc2008.glos.ac.uk/conference%20papers/papers/R/Ravindranath_108101.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pennar Basin|url=http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/pennar_about.htm|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629191333/http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/basin%20maps/pennar_about.htm|archive-date=29 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Pāpāgni'' is a [[compound word|compound]] of the words ''pāpa'' (meaning sin) and ''agni'' (meaning [[Agni|fire]]). According to legend a king who once killed an innocent tribal chieftain of the [[Chenchu people|Chenchus]], who live in this region, was afflicted by [[leprosy]] as punishment for his sin. He was supposedly cured of the affliction only after he undertook penance in the Papagni valley and took a dip in the river upon which the river is said to have turned his sins to ashes thus acquiring for itself the name ''Pāpāgni''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Papagni River|url=http://vayusutha.in/vs4/temple47.html|access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref>

== Course ==
The Papagni originates in the [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]] of [[Chikkaballapur district]] in Karnataka. It is a non-perennial river that is rainfed with its basin receiving 60–80 cm of rainfall annually. It traverses through a region of [[granitic]] deposits and [[red soil]] that is frequently affected by [[soil erosion]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sinha|first=Himadri|title=People and Forest: Unfolding the Participation Mystique|year=2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uh8DFm5ckdwC&q=papagni+river&pg=PA237|isbn=9788180692468}}</ref> It drains the districts of Kolar in Karnataka<ref>{{cite web|title=PAPAGNI RIVER SUB-WATERSHED, KOLAR DISTRICT|url=http://watershed.kar.nic.in/website_dec2006/Kol_papagniriv.htm|publisher=Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054255/http://watershed.kar.nic.in/website_dec2006/Kol_papagniriv.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the districts of [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]] and [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="waterconflictforum">{{cite journal|last=Rao|first=M Chandrasekhara|title=Groundwater Depletion in Papagani Catchment|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=18 February 2006|url=http://waterconflictforum.org/pdf/resources/Economic%20and%20Political%20Weekly%20case%20studies/conflicts_papagani.pdf|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084750/http://waterconflictforum.org/pdf/resources/Economic%20and%20Political%20Weekly%20case%20studies/conflicts_papagani.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The basin covers an area of 8,250 km2. and drains 30 [[Mandal (country subdivision)|mandals]] of which 21 lie in the [[Rayalseema|Rayalseema region]] of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="indiansss">{{cite journal|last=Krishnaiah|first=Y V|title=Landuse Pattern and Landuse Efficiency of the Papagni River Basin, India|journal=Indian Journal of Spatial Science|date=1 February 2013|volume=4.0|issue=1|pages=59–68|url=http://indiansss.org/pdf/2013-issues/summer-issues/Article8_Krishnaiah.pdf|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-date=26 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226153843/http://indiansss.org/pdf/2013-issues/summer-issues/Article8_Krishnaiah.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It joins the Pennar near [[Kamalapuram, Kadapa|Kamalapuram]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Sharad Kumar|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India|year=2007|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|page=728|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&q=papagni+&pg=PA728|isbn=9781402051807}}</ref>

== Land use pattern ==
Although flowing through a largely [[semi-arid region]], wet cultivation including that of [[rice|paddy]] and [[wheat]] is undertaken along the Papagni's banks.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sreenivasulu|first=G.|title=An Analysis on Land Use/Land Cover Using Remote Sensing and GIS – A Case Study In and Around Vempalli, Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India|journal=International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications|date=May 2013|volume=3|issue=5|page=3|url=http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0513/ijsrp-p1761.pdf|access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> [[Vertisol|Black]], [[Loamy soil|loamy]] and [[red soil]]s are found in the river basin area. 60% of the river basin comprises cultivated, [[fallow]] and culturable wastelands while another 15% is under forests.<ref name="indiansss" /> The forests here are mostly [[dry deciduous forest]]s, [[thorn forest]]s and [[scrubland|scrub]]. The [[yellow-throated bulbul]], [[Indian star tortoise|starred tortoise]], [[red sand boa]] and the [[Kolar leaf-nosed bat]] are among the major [[threatened species]] of fauna found here.<ref>{{cite web|title=FES Field Office: Chintamani, Karnataka|url=http://fes.org.in/includeAll.php?pId=My0zNy0z|publisher=Foundation for Ecological Security|access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FES Field Office: Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh|url=http://fes.org.in/includeAll.php?pId=My0zNi0z|publisher=Foundation for Ecological Security|access-date=29 June 2013}}</ref>

== Environmental issues ==
The river has faced serious damage in recent years due to various human activities. Unregulated and excessive [[sand mining]] in the [[Stream bed|riverbed]] has led to falling [[groundwater]] levels in the river basin, besides damaging civil structures on and near the river and has led to both a deepening of the riverbed and deterioration in the quality of groundwater.<ref name="waterconflictforum" /> Restoration activities under the [[Foundation for Ecological Security]] through community participation towards maintenance of [[check dam]]s, curbing grazing and felling of trees has however led to a revival of the river leading to rising groundwater levels and an increase in tree cover. The success with the Papagni is now being seen as a possible model for the rejuvenation of the [[Arkavathy River|Arkavathy river]] in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Papagni's course to show way for River Arkavathy|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article148468.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629191315/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article148468.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2013|access-date=29 June 2013|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Penna basin}}
{{Hydrology of Karnataka|state=expanded}}
{{Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh}}

{{coord|14|35|N|78|42|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Penna River]]

Myristica swamp

2026-03-06T06:47:30Z

Swertvver: Creating New Info.

{{Short description|Freshwater swamp forest}}
[[File:Myristica TR.jpg|thumb|Myristica swamp with stilt roots and knee roots]]
'''''[[Myristica]]'' swamps''' are a type of [[freshwater swamp forest]] predominantly composed of species of ''[[Myristica]]''. These are found in three localities in India. ''Myristica'' swamps have adapted to inundation by way of [[stilt roots]] and [[knee roots]]. ''Myristica'' swamps are found in the [[Uttara Kannada]] district of [[Karnataka State]] and in the southern parts of [[Kerala]], in the sacred groves of [[Goa]] and two locations in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Desai |first=Pravin |last2=Sadekar |first2=Vishal |last3=Desai |first3=Shital |date=2024-08-26 |title=Discovery of a new Myristica swamp in the northern Western Ghats of India |url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/8952 |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=25779–25786 |doi=10.11609/jott.8952.16.8.25779-25786 |issn=0974-7907|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sreedharan |first=Gayathri |last2=Indulkar |first2=M |year=2018 |title=New distributional record of the northernmost Myristica swamp from the Western Ghats of Maharashtra |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328852893_New_distributional_record_of_the_northernmost_Myristica_swamp_from_the_Western_Ghats_of_Maharashtra |journal=Current Science |volume=115 |issue=8 |pages=1434-1436}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Santhakumaran |first=L. N |last2=Singh |first2=A |last3=Thomas |first3=V. T |year=1995 |title=Description of a sacred grove in Goa (India) with notes on the unusual aerial roots produced by its vegetation |journal=Wood News |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=24-28}}</ref>

== History ==

''Myristica'' swamps were described as a separate [[evergreen forest]] type by Krishnamurthy in 1960.<ref>Krishna Moorthy, K. 1960. Myristica swamps in the evergreen forests of Travancore. Indian Forester 86(5):314-315. </ref> These received attention in 1988 when Rodgers and Panwar<ref> Rodgers, WA. and Panwar, HS. 1988. Planning Wildlife Protected Area Network in India. Wildlife Institute of India. </ref> described it as the most endangered forest [[ecosystem]] in India. The swamps in Karnataka has been studied in detail by Chandran, MDS and his colleagues in 1999.<ref name="CHANDRAN REPORT">Chandran, MDS, Mesta, DK, Naik, MB. 1999. Myristica swamps of Uttara Karnataka District. My Forest 35(3):217-222.</ref><ref name="CHANDRAN PDF">[http://keralapages.org/info/places/links/myr_subash.pdf Kerlalapages.org ''Myristica'' swamps, Karnataka]</ref>
[[File:Myristica swamp in Arippa forest.jpg|thumb|Myristica swamp in Arippa forest]]
Nair, PV and his team has conducted a detailed study on the flora and fauna of the ''Myristica'' swamps of southern Kerala in 2007.<ref name="NAIRPV PDF">[http://keralapages.in/wiki/Myr_369_all.pdf Kerlalapages.org ''Myristica'' swamps, Kerala]</ref> In Kerala, the Myristica swamps are found predominantly in [[Kulathupuzha]] , Anchal and Shendurney regions of [[Kollam]] district. Nair PVand Pandalai carried out successful re-introduction of one of the swamp tree species in 2012.<ref> Nair, PV and Pandalai, RC. 2012. Species recovery plan for ''Semecarpus kathalekanensis'': a critically endangered fresh water swamp species of western ghats. Research Report. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, India.</ref>

== Mapping ==

The swamps occur on either side of first order streams. The swamp boundary can be seen distinctly in the field due to the stilt roots.
Chandran and his colleagues were able to locate 51 swamps in [[Uttara Kannada]].<ref name="CHANDRAN PDF"/> They were able to show them on maps, and describe location, but exact boundary mapping was not attempted. Mapping by Nairpv and colleagues in 2007 was more detailed and they mapped 60 swamps using [[GPS]] technology.<ref name="NAIRPV PDF"/> The swamps ranged in area from about 0.25 to 10 [[hectare]]s. The swamps are distributed in two river systems spread over two districts. Boundary mapping has revealed that the total area of Myristica swamps in [[Kerala]] is about 1.5 km2 which hardly make up 0.004% of the total land area of [[Kerala]] (38,864 km2) and 0.014% of the total forest area of Kerala (11,126 km2). The swamps in Karnataka are located at about 300m altitude, the swamps in Kerala are at an altitude of 200m.

== Flora ==

Chandran and his colleagues give detailed description of the [[flora]]. They found that 63 of 130 flowering plants identified are endemic to [[Western Ghats]] of India. Major species of trees were ''[[Gymnocranthera canarica]], [[Myristica fatua]], [[Mastixia arborea]], [[Semecarpus travancorica]], [[Hopea ponga]], [[Lophopetalum wightianum]], [[Holigarna grahami]], [[Sysygium laetum]]'', etc.<ref name="CHANDRAN PDF"/>
Studies by Nair and colleagues in southern Kerala in 2007 documents eighty two trees and ninety four species of herbs/shrubs. Forty nine [[lianas]] have also been recorded. Twelve of these plants species have been redlisted and about 28 species of them are endemic to Western Ghats. Out of the 19 sample plots, ''[[Gymnacranthera farquhariana]]'' was dominant in 10 plots. ''[[Myristica fatua]]'' was the dominant tree in 6 swamps. In the remaining plots, ''[[Vateria indica]]'' was the dominant tree. ''[[Holigarna arnottiana]]'' and ''[[Lophopetalum wightianum]]'' dominated in another two plots.<ref name="NAIRPV PDF"/>

== Fauna ==
[[File:Myristica Sapphire ( Calocypha laidlawi) Male.JPG|thumb|Myristica Sapphire, (''[[Calocypha laidlawi]]''); a [[damselfly]] found only in Myristica swamps.]]
Nair and colleagues in southern Kerala in 2007 focussed on fauna also.<ref name="NAIRPV PDF"/> Faunal biodiversity of the Myristica swamps consisted of [[Platyhelminthes]]- (Bipalium-2, tapeworm-1) 3 species, [[Nematode|Nemathelminthes]] – 1 species, [[Annelida]] ([[Oligochaeta]] -2and [[Hirudinea]]-2) 4 species, [[Mollusca]]- 10 species, Unidentified [[Crustacean]]-1 species, [[Insecta]]- 281 species belonging to 83 identified families, [[Myriapoda]]- 6 species and [[Arachnidae]] 54 species, [[Fish|Pisces]] 14 species, [[Amphibia]] 56 species, [[Reptilia]] 55 species, [[Aves]] 129 species and [[Mammalia]] 27 species.<ref>Joyce Jose, Ramachandran, K. K. and Nair, P. V. 2007. A Preliminary Overview and Checklist of the spider fauna of Myristica swamp forests of southern Kerala, India. Newsletter of British Arachnological Society109: 12-14.</ref><ref> Joyce Jose, Ramachandran, K. K. and Nair, P.V. 2007. A rare and little known lizard, ''Otocryptis beddomi'' from the Myristica swamps of Southern Kerala, India. The Herpetological Bulletin 101:27-31.</ref> Quantitative analysis of [[herpetofauna]] revealed that the differences in the environmental characteristics inside and outside the swamp play an important role in regulating the species diversity and abundance of both [[amphibians]] and [[reptiles]]. [[Amphibians]] were more susceptible to environmental changes. Patterns of diversity and abundance during day and night, across swamps and among months varied. There was no significant difference in patterns of diversity and abundance recorded during the two years. Many of the animals documented belong to [[red list]] and [[endemic]] categories.

== Conservation ==

Nair and colleagues in southern Kerala highlight the enormous [[biodiversity]] of the Myristica swamp forests. The study also indicates that there are gaps in information which can be filled up only with further studies in this region. A challenge is how further studies can be carried out without disturbing the delicate ecosystem of these swamps. A pertinent question is whether all human entry should be banned into the best and least disturbed patches of swamps, leaving only the disturbed patches for human visits (tourism and academic study). Conservation of these small and scattered swamp patches must also address the contiguous areas. Strategies for management and conservation have been suggested in the above context.<ref name="NAIRPV PDF"/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Wetlands}}
* [[Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary]]
* [[Deepwater rice]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Swamps]]
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]
[[Category:Malabar Coast moist forests]]

Latura

2026-03-05T23:58:32Z

Swertvver: Creating A Stub

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Latura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Laturra
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Laturra.png
| map_caption = Map showing Latura in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.16841|N|78.31882|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.906
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1671
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 283203
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Latura''' ({{IAST|Laturā}}), also spelled '''Laturra''', is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located just northwest of the city. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,671, in 273 households.

== Geography ==
Latura is located to the northwest of Firozabad, less than 1 km south of the main line of the [[Northern Railway Zone|Northern Railway]]. The village of [[Khemkaranpur, Firozabad|Khemkaranpur]] is located about 1 km to the northwest of Latura, by the railway tracks, and the Hirangaon railway station is located in Khemkaranpur. (The village of [[Hirangaon]] itself is located farther away to the northeast of the tracks). Less than 1 km to the southeast of Latura is the village of [[Kurri Kupa]], and a bit to the northeast of Kurri Kupa is [[Daragpur, Firozabad|Daragpur]]. To the southwest of Latura are the hamlets of Darapur and Mehari, and to the west of them is the [[Jhirna Nala]].<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Latura had a population of 1,671, in 273 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 52.2% male (873) and 47.8% female (798). The 0–6 age group numbered 254 (120 male and 134 female), making up 15.2% of the total population. 157 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 9.4% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|110–1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Latura (as "Laturra" in English, but "{{lang|hi|लतुरा}}", ''Laturā'', in Hindi) as having a population of 1,064 people (557 male and 507 female), in 261 households and 261 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|192-3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Latura as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 643 people (335 male and 308 female), in 105 households and 81 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 471 acres and it had a medical practitioner at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Latura had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|119–24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Army (1996 film)

2026-03-03T23:26:53Z

Swertvver: minor expanded layout to improve readability additionally and corrected details based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Army
| image = ArmySRK.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Raam Shetty]]
| producer = [[Mukul Anand]] Nitin Manmohan
| writer = [[Anees Bazmee]]
| starring = [[Sridevi]] [[Shah Rukh Khan]] [[Danny Denzongpa]] [[Sudesh Berry]] [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]] [[Ronit Roy]] [[Ravi Kishan]] [[Mohnish Behl]].
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
| cinematography = {{unbulleted list|Rajeev Jain|Rajiv Jain}}
| editing =
| distributor = [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
| released = {{Film date|1996|6|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 2:55
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}} 4 [[crore]]<ref name=BOI>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2789 |title=Army |author= |website=boxofficeindia |publisher=BOI |access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}} 17.3 crore<ref name=BOI/>
}}

'''''Army''''' is a 1996 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Raam Shetty]]. The film stars [[Sridevi]], [[Mohnish Behl]], [[Sudesh Berry]], [[Ronit Roy]], [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish]], [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Kiran Kumar]], and [[Danny Denzongpa]]. [[Shah Rukh Khan]] makes an extended guest appearance. The movie was reported to be inspired by ''[[Sholay]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |authorlink1=Subhash K. Jha |title=Movie Review: AK-47 |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/AK-47.asp |website=glamsham |accessdate=2020-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041009200154/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/AK-47.asp |archivedate=2004-10-09 |url-status=unfit}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story follows Face Flashback Major Arjun Singh ([[Shah Rukh Khan]]), a dutiful army officer and Friend of acclaimed Jailer Raghuvir Singh ([[Kiran Kumar]]). He is in love with Geeta ([[Sridevi]]), and they get married, and Geeta gets pregnant. Arjun soon gets involved in the bad books of a notorious gangster named Naagraj ([[Danny Denzongpa]]). Arjun starts working undercover in Nagraj's gang, but soon enough, Nagraj is informed about Arjun's real identity, and Arjun is brutally killed face off. When Geeta finds out, she decides to avenge Arjun's murder. When Naagraj finds out that Geeta is out for vengeance, he scoffs at her, refusing to believe that a lone defenseless widow can do him any harm. But Naagraj is in for a surprise when he comes face to face with Geeta and a group of young convicted men on the run who are dedicated to bringing him down - even if they die trying.

==Cast==
*[[Sridevi]] as Geeta Arjun Singh
*[[Shahrukh Khan]] as Major Arjun Singh (special appearance)
*[[Danny Denzongpa]] as Naagraj, the main antagonist.
*[[Sudesh Berry]] as Khan
*[[Mohnish Behl]] as Kabir
*[[Ronit Roy]] as Kevin
*[[Ravi Kishan]] as Kartar
*[[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish Kumar]] as Kishan
*[[Aashif Sheikh]] as Rahul
*[[Ashok Saraf]] as Pascal
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Jailer Raghuveer Singh
*[[Tinnu Anand]] as Pancham, Rahul's father.
*[[Kanchan (actress)|Kanchan]] as Bobby, Naagraj's daughter.
*Neena Softa as Gayatri Singh, Arjun's younger sister.
*[[Neelam Mehra]] as Pascal's wife, Reeta's mother.
*Raymon Singh as Reeta, Kevin's girlfriend.
*[[Vikas Anand]] as Police Commissioner
*[[Arun Bakshi]] as Corrupt Police Inspector Bakshi
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Parsi Baba (cameo appearance)
*Naushaad Abbas as Fake Cop
*Prem Rishi
*Roopesh Mantri
*Gulshan
*Jaikar Shetty
*Harish Shetty
*Yasmin
*Sigal
*Krishna
*Prakash
*Kumud
*Master Imran
*Fatima Sheikh as Khan's wife (guest appearance)

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Army
| type = album
| artist = [[Anand–Milind]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| label = United Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)!! Length
|-
| 1
| "Main To Hoon Pagal Munda"
| [[Vinod Rathod]] & [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 05:41
|-
| 2
| "Dil Mein Kuch Hone Laga"
| [[Kumar Sanu]] & [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| 06:10
|-
| 3
| "De Taali"
| Vinod Rathod, [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Jolly Mukherjee]] & Sadhana Sargam
| 07:03
|-
| 4
| "Ek Beeti Hui Kahani"
| Alka Yagnik
| 05:18
|-
| 5
| "Achiko Bachiko"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Aditya Narayan]] & Sadhana Sargam
| 05:23
|-
| 6
| "Ho Gayee Tiyar Hamari Army"
| Vinod Rathod, Abhijeet, Jolly Mukherjee & Alka Yagnik
| 06:39
|}

== Box office ==It is the 18th-highest-grossing film of 1996 worldwide.<ref name=BOI/> It opened on Friday, 28 June 1996, across 190 screens, and earned {{INRConvert|63|l}} nett on its opening day. It grossed {{INRConvert|1.74|c}} nett in its opening weekend, and had a first week of {{INRConvert|2.99|c}} nett. The flm earned a total of {{INRConvert|6.58|c}} nett.<ref name=BOI/> It is the 19th-highest-grossing film of 1996 in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_gross_boxoffice/1996#.VbtY09xViko|title=Top India Total Nett Gross 1996|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|accessdate=22 July 2015}}</ref>

It earned $85,000 ({{INR|link=Indian rupee}}29.96 [[lakh]]) outside India.<ref name=BOI/> Overseas, It is the 18th-highest-grossing film of 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_over_total/1996#.VbtY09xViko|title=Top Overseas Gross 1996|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|accessdate=22 July 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0115568|title=Army}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]
[[Category:1996 action films]]

Isabella (1988 film)

2026-03-03T20:59:48Z

Swertvver: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Isabella
| image = Isabella 1988 poster.png
| caption = Poster designed by [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]]
| director = [[Mohan (director)|Mohan]]
| producer = [[Shogun_Films|GoodKnight Films]]
| writer = Ipe Paramel Kallikkadu Ramachandran (dialogues)
| screenplay = Mohan
| starring = [[Sumalatha]] [[Balachandra Menon]] [[Nedumudi Venu]]
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] [[O. N. V. Kurup]] (Lyrics) 
| cinematography = Saroj Padi
| editing = G. Murali
| studio = Good Knight Films
| distributor = Good Knight Films
| released = {{Film date|1988|07|01|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}
'''''Isabella''''' is a 1988 [[Malayalam language|Malayalam–language]] [[Romance film|romantic drama]] film, directed by [[Mohan (director)|Mohan]] and starring [[Sumalatha]] in the lead, who played Isabella, a tour guide. It also stars [[Balachandra Menon]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2132|title=Isabella|accessdate=2014-10-24|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4713|title=Isabella|accessdate=2014-10-24|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/isabella-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024164114/http://spicyonion.com/title/isabella-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 October 2014|title=Isabella|accessdate=2014-10-24|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref> The film contains evergreen love songs which are still topping charts.

==Plot==
Isabella, a tour guide, who falls in love with Unnikrishnan, one of her customers. Unni has spent all his Singapore earned wealth for the wellbeing of his sister and family and a bachelor even in his 40s. Isabella has several family problems as her father (Alby) is dead, her mother (Maggy) has become a drunkard and her brother (Tony) is autistic. She has to be the sole breadwinner of her family. Her mentor and well-wisher is one who introduced her to Unnikrishnan.

Bella, fed up with the agony of solitude, family problems and abandonment, decides to exit from life. Unni knows the saddest news from her mentor, her only well-wisher and Unni picks his crutches once again which he threw away in hope of reunion with Bella, and leaves for his lone journey remaining and visuals fade to scrolling last cards.

==Cast==
*[[Sumalatha]] as Isabella
*[[Balachandra Menon]] as Unnikrishna Menon
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as a Tourist Guide
*Anand Mahadevan as Ananthu
*Ajay Menon as the receptionist
*Vettukili Prakash as Tony
*[[K. P. A. C. Sunny]] as Alby
*Asha Jayaram as Devi
*[[Valsala Menon]]
*[[Nanditha Bose]]
*[[Jayalalita]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] and the lyrics were written by [[O. N. V. Kurup]]. The song "Isabella..." has turned to a cult song and remains top rated even among today's younger generation.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Isabella" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Mangalya Yaamam" || K. J. Yesudas, Chorus, Sethu Parvathi || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|-
| 3 || "Neram Mangiya Neram" || K. J. Yesudas || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|-
| 4 || "Thalir Munthiri" || [[S. Janaki]] || O. N. V. Kurup ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0243992}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1988 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mohan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Johnson]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Moksha (2013 film)

2026-03-03T17:49:35Z

Swertvver: added references

{{Other uses|Moksha (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Moksha
| image =
| caption =
| director = Srikanth Vemulapalli
| producer = P. Amarnath Reddy
| writer = Srikanth Vemulapalli
| starring = {{ubl|[[Meera Jasmine]]|Rajeev Mohan|[[Disha Pandey]]}}
| music = Vijay Kurakula
| cinematography = Venkata Prasad
| editing = M.R.Varma
| distributor = Amarnathan Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|06|28}}
| runtime = 97 min
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INRConvert|1|c}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|2|c}}(9 days)
}}
'''''Moksha''''' is a 2013 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[horror film]] which is loosely based on the 2010 Hollywood movie [[Let Me In (film)|''Let Me In'']] and directed by Srikanth Vemulapalli, who has earlier directed the movie ''Black and White'' (2008).<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/blackandwhite_moviereview.php |title=Reviews : Movie Reviews : Black & White: Movie Review |access-date=2011-03-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209155620/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/blackandwhite_moviereview.php |archive-date=9 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The film stars actress [[Meera Jasmine]] in lead role.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/moksha/movie-review/20815552.cms|title=Moksha Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Moksha |access-date=29 November 2021|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Rajeev Mohan and [[Disha Pandey]] played significant roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/meera-jasmine-s-moksha-imagegallery-tollywood-liipRvacbbh.html |title=Meera Jasmine's Moksha |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=1 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901215051/https://www.sify.com/movies/meera-jasmine-s-moksha-imagegallery-tollywood-liipRvacbbh.html|archive-date=1 September 2019|url-status=dead }}</ref>

The movie was released on 28 June 2013.

==Plot ==
Sreenu is a frightened college student. Everyone in the college teases and starts hitting Sreenu but Nisha loves Sreenu. But Sreenu does not like her much. In the meantime, Moksha our lead heroine Meera Jasmine comes into picture.

Moksha and her father shifted to the city and whose residence is next to the Sreenu's house. As Moksha attitude is totally different like she will not come out of the home in the morning and will be out in the nights itself. One fine night Sreenu met Moksha. By that time some murders already take place in their area.

One night Sreenu's classmates see him sitting with Moksha and invite them to the "Valentine's day" party. At the party, Sreenu's classmates get him drunk and try to rape Moksha, however the friend who tries to rape Moksha dies in a horrendous manner.

Moksha's father warns her not to go out with Sreenu else they would have to move away from this house too. Moksha silently listens to him.

Nisha approaches a tantrik hoping to learn a trick or two to attract Sreenu. However the Tantrik tells her that her dreams cannot be realised.

==Cast==
* [[Meera Jasmine]] as Moksha
* Rajeev Mohan as Sreenu
* [[Disha Pandey]]
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Moksha's father
* [[Rahul Dev]]
* [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]

== Production ==
The film's shooting started in November 2009 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/undefined|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130701143721/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14918195&cid=2364|url-status=dead|title=Sify.com|website=[[Sify]]|archive-date=1 July 2013|access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> and was held in [[Ramoji Film City]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Chennai]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]

Thaiyalkaran

2026-03-03T05:03:01Z

Swertvver: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thaiyalkaran
| image = Thaiyalkaran poster.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| producer = [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
| writer = [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[R. Parthiban]]|[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]]|[[Saikumar Pudipeddi]]|[[Sreeja]]|[[Charmila]]}}
| music = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| cinematography = T. S. Vinayagam
| editing = R. Vittal
| studio = Kalaipuli International
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1991|01|14}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thaiyalkaran''''' ({{translation|Tailor}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]], written by [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] and produced by [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]. The film stars [[R. Parthiban]], [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]], [[P. Sai Kumar|Saikumar Pudipeddi]], [[Sreeja]] and [[Charmila]], with Muralikumar, Chokkalinga Bhagavathar, [[Vasu Vikram]], [[Dubbing Janaki]] and [[Ganeshkar]] in supporting roles. It was released on 14 January 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaiyalkaran ( 1991 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1468 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050116033724/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1468 |archive-date=16 January 2005 |access-date=6 October 2016 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahendran |title=சினிமாவும் நானும் |publisher=Karpagam Publications |year=2013 |pages=344 |language=ta |trans-title=Cinema and I |oclc=54777094 |author-link=Mahendran (filmmaker) |orig-date=2004}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=April 2022}}
Pandian is a poor tailor, he is a fearless and smart man. He is appreciated by most of the villagers for his bravery. Kaveri is in love with Pandian but Pandian has no feelings for her. Kaveri is the sister of Jayabal, a wealthy rowdy who controls the fish market. Later, Pandian saves many people. He first saves a woman who has been beaten by her alcoholic son. He then saves an old man who was a famous singer in the past, but now suffers from poverty. He then rescues a young girl Lakshmi who was kidnapped by pimps. He then protects a jobless youngster Gopi from drug dealers. Pandian accommodates them in his house. To feed them, Pandian starts working day and night. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Parthiban]] as Pandian
*[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Kaveri
*[[Saikumar Pudipeddi]] as Jayabal
*[[Sreeja]] as Omana
*[[Charmila]] as Lakshmi
*Muralikumar as Inspector Sukumar
*[[Chokkalinga Bhagavathar]] as Chokkalinga Bhagavathar
*[[Vasu Vikram]] as Gopi
*[[Dubbing Janaki]]
*[[Ganeshkar]] as Khaja
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy]] as Nayar
*[[Suryakanth]]
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] in a guest appearance
}}

==Production==
''Thaiyalkaran'' was S. P. Muthuraman's second collaboration with Kalaipuli S. Thanu. The film was primarily shot at Nagercoil. For an important elderly character, Chokkalinga Bhagavathar of ''[[Veedu]]'' fame was chosen for the role.{{sfn|Muthuraman|2017|pages=350-351}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaiyalkaran (1991) |url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Thaiyalkaaran-songs-T0003893 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009170544/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Thaiyalkaaran-songs-T0003893 |archive-date=9 October 2016 |access-date=6 October 2016 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaiyalkaaran (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/thaiyalkaaran-original-motion/654937827 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316092949/https://music.apple.com/us/album/thaiyalkaaran-original-motion/654937827 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Appaadi Papaali" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]] || 4:41
|-
| "Otthaiya Naan" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. Sailaja]], Chokkalinga Bhagavathar, G. Prabhu || 4:50
|-
| "Mai Mai Kannmai" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:37
|-
| "Adichan Thavilu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 5:06
|-
| "Ulagam Oru Vaadagai" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 4:49
|}

==Reception==
Sundarji of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said Muthuraman had tried something different, but by forcing many things like love, action and drama, it felt bored watching like a slow moving film from the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சுந்தர்ஜி |date=27 January 1991 |title=தையல்காரன் |url=https://ibb.co/x6LMd70 |url-status=usurped |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=Tamil |page=16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208081410/https://ibb.co/x6LMd70 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022}}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Parthiban seems to have worked on histrionics. TS Vinayagam handles the camera capably for director SP Muthuraman".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=1 February 1991 |title=Thaiyalkaaran |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910201&printsec=frontpage |access-date=6 October 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to Muthuraman, the film was neither a commercial nor an art film and ended up being a hotchpotch.{{sfn|Muthuraman|2017|page=352}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |title=AVM Thandha SPM |language=Tamil |publisher=Vikatan |year=2017 |oclc=607342391 |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |edition=3rd |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{S. P. Muthuraman}}

[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 drama films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Mahendran (filmmaker)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Rajesh Jolly

2026-03-01T14:48:38Z

Swertvver: improve details for accuracy

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajesh Jolly
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|8|20}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cintaa.net/membership/cintaa_profile/1426 |title=CINTAA Rajesh Jolly |publisher=CINTAA.net |date= |accessdate=2013-10-10}}</ref>
| birth_place = India
| native_name =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|voice actor}}
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| years_active = 1989–present
}}

'''Rajesh Jolly''' (Rājēśa Jaulī; born 20 August 1960) is an Indian actor who's been working with [[Bollywood]] films and is also a [[voice acting|voice actor]] who has been participating in [[dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] foreign films into the Hindi language, mostly for [[English language]] films. He is fluent into English, Hindi and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].

He first began his career in an Indian television sitcom, ''[[Flop Show]]'', created and starring [[Jaspal Bhatti]]. Rajesh is now currently running an acting school as well.{{fact|date=November 2024}}

==Filmography==

===Live action television series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Program title !! Airdate !! Role !! Language !! Episodes !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Flop Show]]'' || 1989 || - || Hindi || 10 ||
|-
|}

===Live action films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1995 || [[Taaqat (1995 film)|''Taaqat'']] || - || Hindi ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Veer-Zaara]]''|| - || Hindi ||
|-
|}

===Animated films & series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2005 || [[Hanuman (2005 film)|''Hanuman'']] || [[Ravana]] || Hindi ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Manav''|| Yogiraj and Narrator || Hindi ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[The Legend of Hanuman]]'' || [[Sampati]] || Hindi || Airing on [[Disney Plus Hotstar]]
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Kurukshetra: The Great War of Mahabharata]]'' || [[Vyasa]]|| Hindi || Airing on [[Netflix India]]
|}

==Dubbing career==
Throughout Rajesh's career, he's been voicing for B-list characters and for various superheroes in Hindi-dubbed versions of [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] films, for over more than 18 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.dailypioneer.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=129263:a-jolly-good-fella-for-sadda-bruce-willis&catid=360:todays-newspaper&Itemid=425 |title=A Jolly good fella for sadda Bruce Willis – The Pioneer |publisher=dailypioneer.com |date=2013-02-24 |accessdate=2013-10-10}}</ref>

He has also Hindi-dubbed for animated films and television series, such as Commander Ulysses Feral from [[SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron]], Spike from [[Tom & Jerry]] and [[Bluto]] from [[Popeye]] when they were shown on [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network India]].

==Dubbing roles==

===Anime/Animated series===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Program title !! Original voice !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Number of episodes !! Original airdate !! Dubbed airdate !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Dexter's Laboratory]]'' || [[Jeff Bennett]] || Dad || Hindi || English || 78 || 4/27/1996–11/20/2003 || 8/22/1999–2006 ||
|-
| ''[[SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron]]'' || [[Gary Owens]] || Commander Ulysses Feral || Hindi || English || 24 || 9/11/1993– 8/9/1995 || 1/4/1999– 2000 || Hindi dub produced by [[Sound & Vision India]] and it aired on [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network India]] and aired on 4 January 1999, which was the day when the channel started providing content in the Hindi-dubbed format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icmrindia.org/free%20resources/casestudies/Cartoon%20Network-Business%20Strategy%20Case.htm |title=Cartoon Network – The Indian Experience – Case Studies |publisher=icmrindia.org |date= |accessdate=2014-06-15}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go!]]'' || [[Kevin Michael Richardson]] || Antauri || Hindi || English || 52 || 18 September 2004 – 16 December 2006 || ||
|-
| ''[[Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness]]'' || [[Fred Tatasciore]] || Master Shifu || Hindi || English || 70 || 11/7/2011–Current || Early 2012–Current ||
|-
| ''[[Love, Death & Robots]]'' || Time Winters || Dicko || Hindi || English || 18 (dubbed 1) || 15 March 2019 – present || || Episode: "Sonnie's Edge"
|-
| ''[[Naruto]]'' || [[Hidekatsu Shibata]] || [[Hiruzen Sarutobi]]|| Hindi || Japanese || 220 || October 3, 2002 – February 8, 2007 || August 15, 2022 - August 4, 2023 || Aired on [[Sony YAY]]
|-
| ''[[Naruto Shippuden]]'' || [[Hidekatsu Shibata]] || [[Hiruzen Sarutobi]]|| Hindi || Japanese || 500 || February 15, 2007 – March 23, 2017 || March 18, 2024 - Present || Airing on [[Sony YAY]]
|-
| ''[[Batman: Caped Crusader]]'' || Eric Morgan Stuart || [[Jim Gordon (character)|James Gordon]] || Hindi || English || 10 || 01/8/2024 || 01/8/2024 || All Episodes
|}

===Live action films===
====Foreign language films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original Year Release !! Dub Year Release !! Notes
|-
|[[Jesus (1979 film)|''Jesus'']]
|Unknown
|Devil
|Hindi
|English
|1979
|
|
|-
| ''[[Braveheart]]''|| [[Mel Gibson]] || [[William Wallace]] || Hindi || English || 1995 || 1995 ||
|-
| ''[[The Matrix]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindidubbing.blogspot.com/2013/10/a-grade-dubbing-artist-rajesh-jolly.html |title=Hindi Dubbing Stars A Grade Dubbing Artist-Rajesh Jolly |publisher=blogspot.com |date=2013-10-06 |accessdate=2013-10-10}}</ref>''|| [[Laurence Fishburne]] || [[Morpheus (The Matrix)|Morpheus]] || Hindi || English || 1999 || 1999 ||
|-
| ''[[The Matrix Reloaded]]'' || [[Laurence Fishburne]] || [[Morpheus (The Matrix)|Morpheus]] || Hindi || English || 2003 || 2003 ||
|-
| ''[[The Matrix Revolutions]]'' || [[Laurence Fishburne]] || [[Morpheus (The Matrix)|Morpheus]] || Hindi || English || 2003 || 2003 ||
|-
| [[Predators (2010 film)|''Predators'']] || [[Laurence Fishburne]] || Noland || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
| [[Sleepy Hollow (film)|''Sleepy Hollow'']] || [[Michael Gough]] † || Notary James Hardenbrook || Hindi || English || 1999 || 1999 ||
|-
| [[X2 (film)|''X2'']] || [[Brian Cox (actor)|Brian Cox]] || [[William Stryker|Colonel William Stryker]] || Hindi || English || 2003 || 2003 ||
|-
| [[Hellboy (2004 film)|''Hellboy'']] || [[Ron Perlman]] || [[Hellboy]] || Hindi || English || 2004 || 2004 ||
|-
| ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe]]'' || [[Liam Neeson]] || [[Aslan]] (voice) || Hindi || English || 2005 || 2005 ||
|-
| ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian]]'' || [[Liam Neeson]] || [[Aslan]] (voice) || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 || Rajesh's name was mentioned on the Hindi dub credits of the DVD release of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUod6nbGfwQ|title=The Chronicles of Narnia – Prince Caspian (Hindi Credits) – YouTube |publisher=YouTube.com |date=2014-03-24 |accessdate=2014-08-22}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]'' || [[Liam Neeson]] || [[Aslan]] (voice) || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 || Rajesh's name was mentioned on the Hindi dub credits of the DVD release of the film, also containing the Tamil and Telugu credits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRTuu3aI1Cc |title=The Chronicles of Narnia – Voyage of the Dawn Trader (Hindi, Tamil and Telugu Credits) – YouTube |publisher=YouTube.com |date=2014-03-08 |accessdate=2014-08-22}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bandidas]]''|| [[Ismael 'East' Carlo]] || Don Diego Sandoval || Hindi || English Spanish || 2006 || 2006 ||
|-
| [[Casino Royale (2006 film)|''Casino Royale'']] || [[Rene Mathis]] || [[Giancarlo Giannini]] || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 ||
|-
| ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest]]'' || [[Geoffrey Rush]] || [[Captain Barbossa]] (uncredited cameo) || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 ||
|-
| ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End]]'' || [[Geoffrey Rush]] || [[Captain Barbossa]] || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
| ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides]]'' || [[Geoffrey Rush]] || [[Captain Barbossa]] || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales]]'' || [[Geoffrey Rush]] || [[Captain Barbossa]] || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Live Free or Die Hard]]'' || Various || President FBI Agent || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 || Internationally released as: ''Die Hard 4.0''.
|-
| ''[[A Good Day to Die Hard]]'' || [[Bruce Willis]] || [[John McClane]] || Punjabi || English || 2013 || 2013 ||
|-
| [[Iron Man (2008 film)|''Iron Man'']] || [[Terrence Howard]] || [[War Machine|James Rhodes]] || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 ||rowspan="3"|
|-
| ''[[Iron Man 2]]'' || [[Don Cheadle]] || [[War Machine|James Rhodes / War Machine]] || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010
|-
| ''[[Iron Man 3]]'' || [[Don Cheadle]] || [[War Machine|James Rhodes / War Machine]] || Hindi || English || 2013 || 2013
|-
| ''[[Fast Five]]'' || [[Dwayne Johnson]] || [[Luke Hobbs]] || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| [[Conan the Barbarian (2011 film)|''Conan the Barbarian'']] || [[Ron Perlman]] || Corin || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| ''[[Cowboys & Aliens]]'' || [[Harrison Ford]] || Woodrow Dolarhyde || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| ''[[Men in Black 3]]'' || [[Jemaine Clement]] || Boris || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
| ''[[Batman Begins]]'' || [[Ken Watanabe]] <hr/> [[Colin McFarlane]] || [[Ra's al Ghul]] (Decoy) <hr/> [[Commissioner Loeb]] || Hindi || English || 2005 || 2005 || Rajesh has voiced two characters in the Hindi dub.
|-
| ''[[The Legend of Zorro]]'' || [[Nick Chinlund]] || Jacob McGivens || Hindi || English || 2005 || 2005 ||
|-
| [[Ghost Rider (2007 film)|''Ghost Rider'']] || [[Sam Elliott]] || Caretaker || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
| ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]'' || [[Don Cheadle]] || [[War Machine|James Rhodes / War Machine]] || Hindi || English || 2015 || 2015 ||
|-
| [[Mission: Impossible (film)|''Mission: Impossible'']] || [[Ving Rhames]] || [[Luther Stickell]] || Hindi || English || 1996 || 1996 ||
|-
| ''[[Mission: Impossible 2]]'' || [[Ving Rhames]] || [[Luther Stickell]] || Hindi || English || 2000 || 2000 ||
|-
| ''[[Mission: Impossible III]]'' || [[Laurence Fishburne]] || Theodore Brassel || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 ||
|-
| ''[[Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol]]'' || [[Tom Wilkinson]] || IMF Secretary (Uncredited) || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
|[[The Phantom (1996 film)|''The Phantom'']] || [[Bill Smitrovich]] || Dave Palmer || Hindi || English || 1996 || 1996 ||
|-
| ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' || [[Don Cheadle]] || [[War Machine|James Rhodes / War Machine]] || Hindi || English || 2016 || 2016 ||
|-
| [[The Mummy (2017 film)|''The Mummy'']] || [[Russell Crowe]] || [[Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (character)|Dr. Henry Jekyll / Edward Hyde]] || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' || [[Don Cheadle]] || [[War Machine|James Rhodes / War Machine]] || Hindi || English || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
| [[Captain Marvel (film)|''Captain Marvel'']] || [[Don Cheadle]] || [[War Machine|James Rhodes / War Machine]] (uncredited cameo) || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' || [[Don Cheadle]] || [[War Machine|James Rhodes / War Machine]] || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
|[[Spider-Man (2002 film)|''Spider-Man'']] || [[J. K. Simmons]] || [[J. Jonah Jameson]] || Hindi || English || 2002 || 2002 ||
|-
|''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' || [[J. K. Simmons]] || [[J. Jonah Jameson]] || Hindi || English || 2004 || 2004 ||
|-
| ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' || [[J. K. Simmons]] || [[J. Jonah Jameson]] || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
| ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]'' || [[J. K. Simmons]] || [[J. Jonah Jameson]] (Cameo) || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home]]'' || [[J. K. Simmons]] || [[J. Jonah Jameson]] || Hindi || English || 2021 || 2021 ||
|-
|}

====Indian films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original Year Release !! Dub Year Release !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Khal-Naaikaa]]''
|Unknown actor
|A wellwisher came to Dr. Rajan's funeral
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Hindi
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |1993
|rowspan="2"|He was uncredited despite all his efforts in the film. The actors were also uncredited in the film.
|-
|Unknown actor
|Police Officer
|-
| ''[[Saaho]]''|| [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] || Ibrahim || colspan="2"|Hindi || colspan="2" | 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' || [[Suman Talwar]] || Adiseshan || Hindi || Tamil || 2007 || 2010 ||
|-
| ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]'' || [[Kelly Dorjee]] (voice in original version dubbed by [[P. Ravi Shankar]]) || Antonio Rosarius || Hindi || Telugu || 2014 || 2014 || The Hindi dub was re-titled: ''1: Ek Ka Dum''.
|-
| [[Rudhramadevi (film)|''Rudhramadevi'']] || [[Suman Talwar]] || Hari Hara Devudu || Hindi || Telugu || 2015 || 2015 ||
|-
| ''[[Raatchasi]]'' || [[Hareesh Peradi]] || Ramalingam || Hindi || Tamil || 2019 || 2020 || The Hindi dub was re-titled: ''Madam Geeta Rani''.
|-
| ''[[Naa Alludu]]'' || [[Suman Talwar]] || Venkayya Naidu || Hindi || Telugu || 2005 || 2021 || The Hindi dub was re-titled: ''Main Hoon Gambler''.
|-
| ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' || [[Mohan Babu]] || M. Bhaktavatsalam Naidu || Hindi || Tamil || 2020 || 2021 || The Hindi dub was re-titled: ''Udaan''.
|-
| [[Asuran (2019 film)|''Asuran'']] || [[Balaji Sakthivel]] || Inspector || Hindi || Tamil || 2019 || 2021 ||
|-
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|[[Ajay Ghosh]]
|Konda Reddy
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2021
|2021
|
|}

===Animated films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Film title!!Original voice!!Character!!Dub Language!!Original language!!Original Year Release!! Dub year Release !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero]]'' || [[Michael Ansara]] || [[Mr. Freeze|Dr. Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze]] || Hindi || English || 1998 || ||
|-
|''[[The Wild]]'' || [[Kevin Michael Richardson]] || Samson's Father || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 || Rajesh's name is mentioned in the Hindi dub credits taken from the DVD release of the film. Samson's name was changed to Samsher in the Hindi dub.
|-
| ''[[Kung Fu Panda (film)|Kung Fu Panda]]'' || [[Michael Clarke Duncan]] † || Commander Vachir || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 ||
|-
| ''[[How to Train Your Dragon 2]]'' || [[Gerard Butler]] || Stoick the Vast || Hindi || English || 2014 || 2014 || Rajesh's name was mentioned in the Hindi dubbing credits of the DVD release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3jDHtQgW4w |title=How To Train Your Dragon - Hindi Cast |publisher=YouTube.com |date=2015-03-13 |accessdate=2015-03-13}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rio 2]]'' || [[Andy García]] || Eduardo || Hindi || English Portuguese || 2014 || 2014 ||
|-
| ''[[Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama]]'' || Uday Mathan || [[Ravana]] || Hindi || English || 10 January 1993 (International Film Festival of India) 3 November 1997 (Japan) || 24 January, 2025 ||
|}

==See also==
*[[Dubbing (filmmaking)]]
*[[List of Indian Dubbing Artists]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2111791|Rajesh Jolly}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jolly, Rajesh}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Sanjay Gupta (director)

2026-02-26T18:42:05Z

Swertvver: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjay Gupta
| image = SanjayGupta.jpg
| caption = Gupta at launch of Priyanka Sinha Jha's book ''Supertraits of Superstars''
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|04|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other names =
| occupation = Director, producer, screenwriter
| known for =
| yearsactive = 1994–present
| parents =
| spouse = Anu Lekhi<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sanjay-Gupta-remarries-his-ex-wife/articleshow/4616453.cms | title=Sanjay Gupta remarries... his ex-wife! | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=5 June 2009 | access-date=24 December 2015 | author=Meena, Iyer | archive-date=1 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101135912/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sanjay-Gupta-remarries-his-ex-wife/articleshow/4616453.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
| children =
| relatives =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
}}
'''Sanjay Gupta''' is an Indian filmmaker, producer and screenwriter who works in [[Hindi films]]. Gupta is mostly known for his [[remake]]s of American [[action-thriller]] and [[crime film]]s, including films such as ''[[Aatish: Feel the Fire|Aatish]]'', ''[[Kaante]]'',<ref name="Rediff 2002 Interview">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/27gupta.htm|title=Movies: An interview with Sanjay Gupta|date=27 July 2002|work=[[Rediff]]|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021090412/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/27gupta.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Kaabil]], [[Shootout at Lokhandwala]], [[Shootout at Wadala]], [[Jazbaa]]'' and ''[[Karam (2005 film)|Karam]]'' and ''[[Zinda (film)|Zinda]]'', and ''[[Mumbai Saga]]''.<ref name="starnews">{{cite web|url=http://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2005111612490944162|script-title=ko:표절의혹 '올드보이', 제작사 법적대응 고려|trans-title=Plagiarism Doubts, 'OldBoy' Production Company Considers Legal Confrontation|publisher=[[STAR News]]|date=16 November 2005|language=Korean|access-date=26 August 2009|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301191111/https://star.mt.co.kr/stview.php?no=2005111612490944162|url-status=live}}</ref> He has frequently cast [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[John Abraham]] in his films.

==Film career==
Gupta started his career with ''[[Aatish: Feel the Fire]]'' (1994) starring [[Aditya Pancholi]] and [[Sanjay Dutt]]. Later he went on to write and direct films including ''[[Ram Shastra]]'', ''[[Khauff]]'' and ''[[Jung (2000 film)|Jung]]''. The filming of ''Jung'' (2000) lasted over two years.<ref name="RediffJung">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/mar/24jung.htm|title=I will not dub for Jung|last=Kanchana Suggu|work=[[Rediff]]|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801073035/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/mar/24jung.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> While filming ''[[Kaante]]'' in [[Los Angeles]] in 2001, the events of the [[9/11]] attack forced filming to relocate planned scenes from several areas that were then considered sensitive.<ref name="Rediff 2002 Interview" /> Commentators noted a similarity in ''Kaante'' to [[Quentin Tarantino]]'s film ''[[Reservoir Dogs]]''. Gupta said that he was inspired by a number of other films as well, including ''[[The Asphalt Jungle]]'', ''[[The Killing (film)|The Killing]]'', and the film that inspired ''Reservoir Dogs'', [[Ringo Lam]]'s ''[[City on Fire (1987 film)|City on Fire]]''. Further, responding to allegations of plagiarism, he went on to state that he would "beg, borrow and steal from any medium, be it films, newspapers, magazines, novels, reality, fiction, to make an interesting story."<ref name="Rediff 2002 Interview" />

Gupta's ''[[Zinda (film)|Zinda]]'' (2006) has been described as an unofficial remake of the [[South Korea]]n film ''[[Oldboy (2003 film)|Oldboy]]''.<ref name="RajinderJigna2008">{{cite book|last1=Rajinder|first1=Dudrah|last2=Jigna|first2=Desai|title=The Bollywood Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wz4AAAAQBAJ|access-date=16 November 2014|date=2008-10-01|publisher=McGraw-Hill International|isbn=9780335222124}}</ref><ref>Dudrah, Rajinder and Desai, Jigna. 2008. ''The Bollywood Reader: The Essential Bollywood''. Oxford University Press. pp. 6.</ref>

He also produced the films ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' (2007) and ''[[Dus Kahaniyaan]]'', and directed and co-produced ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]'', the prequel to ''Shootout at Lokhandwala''.

On 24 December 2019, he made an announcement on the acquisition of [[Yali Dream Creations]]' Rakshak. Gupta took to [[Twitter]] to share details about the project which revolves around a "vigilante" superhero. "So proud and happy to announce that my company White Feather Films has acquired the rights for 'RAKSHAK' A thrilling graphic novel about a vigilante superhero. This is India's first graphic novel to be made into a massive and ambitious feature film to be directed by me," the director wrote alongside the covers of the four issues to the comics. He said he would be producing it under his company, White Feather Entertainment, along with co-producers, [https://www.yalidreamcreations.com/our-team/ Asvin Srivatsangam] and Vivek Rangachari from [https://yalidreamworks.com/ Yali Dream Works].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sanjay-gupta-to-adapt-graphic-novel-rakshak-into-a-film/article30388268.ece|title=Sanjay Gupta to adapt graphic novel 'Rakshak' into a film|date=24 December 2019|access-date=29 November 2021|website=The Hindu|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421233731/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sanjay-gupta-to-adapt-graphic-novel-rakshak-into-a-film/article30388268.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! class="wikitable sortable" | Director
! class="wikitable sortable" | Producer
! class="wikitable sortable" | Writer
! Note
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Aatish: Feel the Fire]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| Inspired by ''[[Deewaar]]'',<ref name="Chaudhuri245">{{cite book|last=Chaudhuri|first=Diptakirti|title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters|date=2015|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=9789352140084|page=245|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT245}}</ref> ''[[A Better Tomorrow]]'',<ref>{{cite book|last=Peirse|first=Alison|title=Korean Horror Cinema|date=2013|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=9780748677658|page=190|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkurBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190}}</ref> and ''[[State of Grace (1990 film)|State of Grace]]''<ref name="rediff.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/19copy.htm|title=Whose movie is it anyway?|website=Rediff|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=1 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701030104/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/19copy.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Ram Shastra]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| Based on ''[[Hard to Kill]]''
|-
| 1997
| {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Hameshaa]]}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000
| ''[[Jung (2000 film)|Jung]] ''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| Based on ''[[Desperate Measures (film)|Desperate Measures]]''
|-
| ''[[Khauff]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| Based on ''[[The Juror]]''
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Kaante]]''
| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/27gupta.htm | title=Who is the surprise package of Kaante? | website=[[Rediff]] | date=27 July 2002 | access-date=21 December 2015 | archive-date=21 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021090412/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/27gupta.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
|
| {{yes}}
| Inspired by ''[[City on Fire (1987 film)|City On Fire]]'' and ''[[Reservoir Dogs]]''<ref name="Rediff 2002 Interview"/><ref name="rediff.com"/> Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Director]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
| ''[[Plan (film)|Plan]]''
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Based on ''[[Suicide Kings]]''
|-
| ''[[Musafir (2004 film)|Musafir]]''
| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20040802-sanjay-gupta-cuts-sameera-reddy-anil-kapoor-kiss-scene-from-musafir-promos-789731-2004-08-01 |title=Reddy to show |work=[[India Today]] |archive-date=21 December 2015 |last=Kanika |first=Gahlaut |date=2 August 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221104634/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sanjay-gupta-cuts-sameera-reddy-anil-kapoor-kiss-scene-from-musafir-promos/1/195768.html |access-date=2 June 2017}}</ref>
|
| {{yes}}
| Based on ''[[U Turn (1997 film)|U Turn]]''
|-
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Karam (2005 film)|Karam]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Zinda (film)|Zinda]]''
| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.timeout.com/london/film/zinda-2005 | title=Zinda review | work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] | date=2006 | access-date=21 December 2015 | archive-date=22 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222093555/http://www.timeout.com/london/film/zinda-2005 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
| {{yes}}
| Based on ''[[Oldboy (2003 film)|Oldboy]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
| ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]''
||
| {{yes}}
||
|
|-
| ''[[Dus Kahaniyaan]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| Inspired by ''[[The Ten (film)|The Ten]]'' and ''[[Tales from the Crypt (TV series)|Tales from the Crypt]]''
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Woodstock Villa]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
| Based on Japanese movie ''[[Chaos (2000 film)|Chaos]]''
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Acid Factory]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
| Based on ''[[Unknown (2006 film)|Unknown]]''
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Pankh]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]''
| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/shootout-at-wadala-my-most-challenging-film-sanjay-gupta/160996 | title='Shootout at Wadala' my most challenging film: Sanjay Gupta | work=[[Mid-Day]] | date=5 May 2012 | access-date=21 December 2015 | archive-date=3 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203013748/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/shootout-at-wadala-my-most-challenging-film-sanjay-gupta/160996 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Based on the book ''[[Dongri to Dubai: Six Decades of the Mumbai Mafia|Dongri to Dubai]]''
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Jazbaa]]''
| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchans-jazbaa-a-remake-of-south-korean-film-seven-days/|title=Aishwarya Rai Bachchan's 'Jazbaa' a remake of South Korean film Seven Days|date=17 December 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=21 December 2015|archive-date=15 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615091430/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aishwarya-rai-bachchans-jazbaa-a-remake-of-south-korean-film-seven-days/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Based on ''[[Seven Days (2007 film)|Seven Days]]''
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Kaabil]]''
| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-Roshan-pairs-with-Yami-Gautam-in-Kaabil/articleshow/50889711.cms|title=Hrithik Roshan pairs with Yami Gautam in 'Kaabil'|newspaper=[[The Times Of India]]|date=8 February 2016|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521093853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hrithik-roshan-pairs-with-yami-gautam-in-kaabil/articleshow/50889711.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|
| Inspired by ''[[Blind Fury]]'' and ''[[Broken (2014 film)|Broken]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kaabil/movie-review/56749675.cms|title=Kaabil Review {4/5}: Hrithik has what it takes to be Kaabil|access-date=29 November 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/56755434.cms|title=Kaabil movie review: Hrithik Roshan's best performance ever|first=Meena|last=Iyer|access-date=29 November 2021|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129135000/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/56755434.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Mumbai Saga]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| <ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web |date=27 August 2019 |title=Sanjay Gupta nervous to shoot for 'Mumbai Saga' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-gupta-nervous-to-shoot-for-mumbai-saga/articleshow/70854273.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827182446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-gupta-nervous-to-shoot-for-mumbai-saga/articleshow/70854273.cms |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=27 August 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Visfot]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|
|Official adaptation of 2012 Venezuelan film ''[[Rock, Paper, Scissors (2012 film)|Rock, Paper, Scissors]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sanjay-gupta-nervous-excited-to-begin-his-next-film/cid/1839489|title=Sanjay Gupta 'nervous, excited' to begin his next film|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=26 February 2022|archive-date=26 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226070627/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sanjay-gupta-nervous-excited-to-begin-his-next-film/cid/1839489|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Miranda Brothers]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0348495}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Sanjay Gupta}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Sanjay}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1966 births]]

U Mumba Volley

2026-02-17T21:19:23Z

Swertvver: New

{{short description|Indian volleyball team}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox volleyball club
|body1=ff6347
|body2=
|capacity=10,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsccochin.com/ |title=Home |website=rsccochin.com}}</ref>
|chairman=[[Ronnie Screwvala]]
|clubname=U Mumba Volley
|current=2019
|founded=2018
|league=[[Pro Volleyball League]]
|position=
|website=
|shorts1=000000
|shorts2=
|rightarm1=ff6347
|rightarm2=
|leftarm1=ff6347
|leftarm2=
|pattern_b1=
|pattern_b2=
|owner=Unilazer Ventures
|ground=}}

'''U Mumba Volley''' was a men's [[volleyball]] team from [[Mumbai]], [[Maharastra]] playing in the [[Pro Volleyball League]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/pro-volleyball-league-with-no-bollywood-stars-and-actors-as-owners-league-to-let-sport-and-players-be-the-heroes-5622511.html | title=Pro Volleyball League: With no Bollywood stars and actors as owners, league to let sport and players be the 'heroes'| date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

==Team==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%; text-align:center;"
! colspan=6 | Team roster – Season 2019
|-
! colspan=6 | U Mumba Volley
|-
!No.
!style="width:16em"|Name
!style="width:9em"|Position
|-
| {{sort|02|2}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Nicholas Del Bianco|Nicholas Bianco]] ||attacker
|-
| {{sort|13|13}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Pankaj Sharma ||attacker
|-
| {{sort|04|4}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hardeep Singh (volleyball)|Hardeep Singh]] ||attacker
|-
| {{sort|05|5}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Tomislav Coskovic]] ||attacker
|-
| {{sort|07|7}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[John Joseph E. J.]] ||blocker
|-
| {{sort|08|8}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Prince ||blocker
|-
| {{sort|09|9}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Parshant Saroha]] ||setter
|-
| {{sort|12|12}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepesh Sinha]][[Captain (sports)|(c)]] ||blocker
|-
| {{sort|14|14}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saqlain Tariq]] ||setter
|-
| {{sort|11|11}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[DNK Venkatesh]] ||libero
|-
| {{sort|15|15}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Vinit Kumar ||universal
|-
| {{sort|10|10}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shubam Chaudhary]] ||universal
|-

|colspan=4| Head coach: [[Pritam Singh Chauhan]]
|
|}
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.provolleyball.in/Team/u-mumba-volley|title=U Mumba Volley{{!}} Pro Volleyball Team|website=www.provolleyball.in|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-date=2019-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220062822/http://www.provolleyball.in/Team/u-mumba-volley|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Volleyball clubs in India]]
[[Category:Men's volleyball teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Mumbai]]

Kazheto Kinimi

2026-02-14T18:20:30Z

Swertvver:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Kazheto Kinimi''' (born 6 August 1954) is an Indian politician of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Nagaland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri. Kazheto Kinimi |url=https://nagaland.neva.gov.in/Member/Details/29 |website=National eVidhan Application}}</ref> He is currently serving as a member of [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] from [[Akuluto Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for candidates from the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2023-02-11 |title=BJP's Kazheto Kinimi re-elected unopposed from Nagaland's Akuluto Assembly constituency |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/nagaland/bjps-kazheto-kinimi-re-elected-unopposed-from-nagalands-akuluto-assembly-constituency/articleshow/97817399.cms |access-date=2023-02-27 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sheenu |date=2023-02-11 |title=Nagaland Election 2023: BJP's Kazheto Kinimi wins uncontested from Akuluto seat |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news/nagaland-election-2023-bjp-kazheto-kinimi-wins-uncontested-from-akuluto-seat-latest-updates-polling-assembly-constituency-2023-02-11-846330 |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en}}</ref> {{Infobox Indian politician | office = Member of the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kinimi, Kazheto}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Nagaland
[[Category:Politicians from Nagaland]]

{{Nagaland-BJP-politician-stub}}

Punjab Muslim League

2026-02-09T20:04:05Z

Swertvver: fix

{{Short description|Branch of the Muslim League in Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Punjab Muslim League
| logo = Flag of Muslim League.svg
| colorcode = #0A650C
| leader1_title = Historical Leaders
| leader1_name = Sir Mian [[Mian Muhammad Shafi|Muhammad Shafi]] Sir [[Muhammad Iqbal]] [[Malik Barkat Ali]]
| president = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
| foundation = {{Start date|1907}}
| dissolution = {{End date|1947}}
| ideology = [[Two-Nation Theory|Two Nation Theory]]
| national = [[All-India Muslim League|AIML]]
| headquarters = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], British Raj
| country = Punjab Province (British India)
}}
When the [[All-India Muslim League]] was founded at [[Dacca]], on 30 December 1906 at the occasion of the annual [[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference]], It was participated by the [[Punjabi Muslims|Muslim leaders from Punjab]], i.e., Sir Mian [[Mian Muhammad Shafi|Muhammad Shafi]], Mian Fazl-i-Hussain, Abdul Aziz, Khawaja Yusuf Shah and Sh. Ghulam Sadiq.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zaidi |first1=A. Moin |title=Evolution of Muslim political thought in India. Vol. 1., From Syed to the emergence of Jinnah |date=1975 |publisher=Michiko & Panjathan for the Indian Institute of applied political research |pages=89–90 |oclc=923333106 }}</ref> Earlier Mian Muhammad Shafi organised a Muslim Association in early 1906, but when the All-India Muslim League was formed, he established its powerful branch in the Punjab of which he became the general secretary. Shah Din was elected as its first president. This branch, organised in November 1907, was known as the '''Punjab Provincial Muslim League'''.<ref>[[Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz|Jahanara Shahnawaz]], Father and Daughter, p.19. Jahanara Shahnawaz, Father and Daughter: A Political Autobiography (Lahore: 1971)</ref>

==Early years==
In 1913, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] joined the All-India Muslim League, and he was in favour of [[Hindu-Muslim unity|Hindu – Muslim working relationship]] like Fazl-i-Hussain, [[Maulana Muhammad Ali]], Pir Taj-ud-Din, Khalifa Shuja-ud-Din and [[Zafar Ali Khan]] wanted to befriend the Indian National Congress to attain self-government through constitutional means.<ref>M. Rafique Afzal, 'Origin of the Idea of a Separate Muslim State', JRSP (1966), pp.177–82.</ref>

In 1916, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], negotiated with the [[Indian National Congress]] to reach an agreement to pressure the British Government to have a more liberal approach to India and give Indians more authority to run their country. The Muslim League changed its major objective and decided to join hands with the Congress to put pressure on the British government. Prior to this, the main objective of the Muslim League was to preserve only Muslim interests.

However, Muslim leaders from Punjab, led by Muhammad Shafi stood for the preservation of Muslim rights without alienating the sympathies of the British government and opposed the Lucknow Pact signed on 28 December 1916.

Muhammad Shafi and his other conservative friends like Maulvi [[Rafiuddin Ahmed|Rafi-ud-Din]], Abdul Aziz and Syed Ali Raza opposed the cooperation between the All-India Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, on the grounds that it would sacrifice the Muslim majority in provinces of Punjab and Bengal. He wanted to stress the separate Muslim entity and refused to give up his thinking, which according to him was the very blood of the Muslim nation.<ref>Jahanara Shahnawaz, Father and Daughter: A Political Autobiography (Lahore: 1971)</ref>

According to S. Qalb-i-Abid the conservative leaders in the Punjab Muslim League under Sir Muhammad Shafi's leadership were advised by the Punjab's administration to revolt against the supporters of Muhammad Ali Jinnah on various important political developments from time to time. The revolt against Mr. Jinnah became very serious splitting the Punjab Muslim League into two groups – the Jinnah group and the Shafi group. These deep divisions had earlier been created with British support on the eve of the conclusion of the historic [[Lucknow Pact]] of 1916 between the Congress and the Muslim League.<ref name="ReferenceA">Unionist – Muslim League relations and the Punjab Administration, by S. Qalb-i-Abid [J.R.S.P., Vol. 45, No. 2, 2008]</ref>

==Delhi Muslim proposals and Simon Commission==
In 1926, Sir Muhammad Shafi's was elected as president, while Sir [[Muhammad Iqbal]] was elected as general secretary.<ref>M. Rafique Afzal, 'Origin of the Idea of a Separate Muslim State', JRSP (1966),</ref> It is worth mentioning that Sir Muhammad Iqbal was also elected as a member of Punjab Council in the same year and started his political innings in a tremendous manner. During the period between 1927 and 1930, Punjab Muslim League also opposed central All India Muslim League due to differences over Delhi proposals and boycott of [[Simon Commission]].<ref name="Punjab 1938">Iqbal and Provincial Politics of Punjab (1926–1938), by Khurram Mahmood.</ref>

On the last two issues, Mr. Jinnah was sincerely trying to find a solution of ever-increasing communalism in Indian politics and at the same time he was trying to establish a common front for the freedom of India. But the Punjabi group of politicians with the support of British administration in India, engineered a coup d'état against Mr. Jinnah's leadership and successfully relegated the All India Muslim League to the background. At this point in time, both the British administration and the Congress party were happy that in their opinion, Mr. Jinnah could no longer represent the Muslims of British India. The All India Muslim Conference with official patronage emerged as a political organisation under the leadership of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan to represent the Muslims opinion in India replacing the All India Muslim League with all practical purposes.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

[[Nehru Report]] (1928) not only worsened the political situation but also ended the hopes of any future rapprochement between Hindus and the Muslims. It had left no alternatives for Muslims except to think in terms of separation from Indian federation and to ask for division of India.<ref name="Punjab 1938"/> Due to this report, both Punjab Muslim League and All India Muslim League forgot
their difference and the Muslim leaders took almost identical position on various issues

The British governor of the Punjab and the UP arranged a very high position for the Unionist party's top brass, their allies and also for their nominees to assume a leading role in all the negotiations for constitutional advance in India at the Round Table Conferences in London in 1930s leading to the Government of India Act – 1935. The All India Muslim League had little to say in these negotiations and it was under these circumstances that Mr. Jinnah had to spend a few years in self-exile in London.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==Allahabad address==
[[File:Mohammad Iqbal Lahouri.jpg|right|thumb|Sir Muhammad Iqbal]]

On 29 December 1930 Sir Muhammad Iqbal delivered his monumental address. He said:<ref>A.R. Tariq (ed.), Speeches and Statements of Iqbal (Lahore: 1973),</ref>

<blockquote>I would like to see Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.</blockquote>

It is important to note that Sir Muhammad Iqbal did not use the word "Pakistan" in his address. According to some scholars, that Iqbal had not presented the idea of an autonomous Muslim State; rather he wanted a large Muslim province by amalgamating Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan into a big North-Western province within India.<ref>K.K. Aziz, Making of Pakistan (London: 1970), p.81.</ref> They argued that
"Iqbal never pleaded for any kind of partition of the country. Rather he was an ardent proponent of a 'true' federal setup for India..., and wanted a consolidated Muslim majority within the Indian Federation".<ref>Verinder Grover (ed.), Muhammad Iqbal: Poet Thinker of Modern Muslim India Vol. 25 (New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1995), pp.666–67.</ref>

Another Indian historian Tara Chand also held that Iqbal was not thinking in terms of [[Partition of India|independence]] but in terms of a federation of autonomous states within India.<ref>Tara Chand, History of Freedom Movement in India Vol. III (New Delhi: 1972), p.253.</ref> Dr. Safdar Mehmood also fell a prey to the same misconception{{according to whom|date=October 2018}} and in a series of articles he asserted that in Allahabad address Iqbal proposed a Muslim majority province within the Indian federation and not an independent state outside the Indian Federation.<ref>lang, 23, 24 & 25 March 2003; Also see, Safdar Mahmood, Iqbal, Jinnah aur Pakistan (Lahore: Khazina Ilm-wa-Adab, 2004), pp.52–69.</ref>

On 28 January 1933, [[Choudhary Rahmat Ali]] voiced his ideas in the pamphlet entitled "Now or Never;<ref>Full text of the pamphlet "Now or Never," published by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408170321/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html |date=8 April 2016 }}</ref> Are We to Live or Perish Forever?" The word 'Pakistan' referred to "the five Northern units of India, viz. : Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind and Baluchistan"". By the end of 1933, the word "Pakistan" became common vocabulary where an “I” was added to ease pronunciation (as in Afghan-i-stan).
In a subsequent book Rehmat Ali discussed the etymology in further detail.<ref>{{cite book |last1=RahmatʻAli |first1=Choudhary |title=Pakistan: the fatherland of the Pak nation |date=1947 |publisher=Pakistan National Liberation Movement |oclc=12241695 }}{{page needed|date=March 2022}}</ref>
"Pakistan' is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our South Asia homelands; that is, Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan. It means the land of the Pure".

According to some scholars,<ref>Khalid Hasan, Let Chaudhry Rehmat Ali lie in peace http://www.khalidhasan.net/2004/10/15/let-chaudhry-rehmat-ali-lie-in-peace/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718130705/http://www.khalidhasan.net/2004/10/15/let-chaudhry-rehmat-ali-lie-in-peace/ |date=18 July 2011 }}</ref> "Rehmat Ali’s concept of Pakistan was nebulous, impractical and fantasy-ridden. It was to include the entire northwest of India, Kashmir, the Kathiawar peninsula, Kutch, and several enclaves deep within UP, including Delhi and Lucknow. There were to be two independent Muslim states besides Pakistan: Bangistan comprising Bengal and Assam in the east and Osmanistan in the south. These two were to form a federation with Pakistan. The 243 principalities or Rajwaras were to be divided among caste Hindus and “others” and then herded together in a ghetto called Hanoodia. As for the Sikhs, they were to be pushed into an enclave called Sikhia. Other races and religions were to inhabit an encampment by the name of Hanadika. Every non-Muslim was to remain subservient to the master race he called “The Paks”, and yes, the subcontinent was to be renamed Dinia. He did not say how he was going to bring all that about."

The British and the Indian Press vehemently criticised these two different schemes and created a confusion about the authorship of the word "Pakistan" to such an extent that even Jawahur Lal Nehru had to write:
""Iqbal was one of the early advocates of Pakistan and yet he appears to have realised its inherent danger and absurdity. Edward Thompson has written that in the course of conversation, Iqbal told him that he had advocated Pakistan because of his position as president of Muslim League session, but he felt sure that it would be injurious to India as a whole and to Muslims especially."<ref>J.L. Nehru, Discovery ofIndia (New York: 1946), p.353.</ref>

Sir Muhammad Iqbal disapproved the scheme of Ch. rahmat Ali because there were seven or eight other imaginary and utopian ‘…stans’ linked with this scheme. He wrote to Prof. [[Edward John Thompson]] of Oxford University, that{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}
<blockquote>You call me a protagonist of the scheme called "Pakistan". Now Pakistan is not my scheme. (''Iqbal is here, referring to Ch. Rehmat Ali's scheme of Pakistan'') The one that I suggested in my address is the creation of a Muslim Province – i.e.; a province having an overwhelming population of Muslims in the North-West of India. This new province will be, according to my scheme, a part of the proposed Indian Federation. Pakistan scheme (''i.e., scheme of Ch. Rahmat Ali'') proposes a separate federation of Muslim Provinces directly related to England as a separate dominion. This scheme originated in Cambridge. The authors<ref>Ch. Rehmat Ali, Khawaja Abdur Rahim, Muhammad Aslam Khan, Sheikh Muhammad Sadiq, Inayatullah Khan of Cambridge.</ref> of this scheme believe that we Muslim Round Tablers have sacrificed the Muslim nation on the altar of Hindu or the so called Indian Nationalism.</blockquote>

Like Iqbal, Jinnah also disapproved this scheme and considered it<ref>Frank. Moraes, Witness to an Era (Bombay: Vikas Publishing House, 1973), pp.79–80.</ref>
<blockquote>as some sort of Walt Disney dreamland, if not Wellsian nightmare", and thought that "he felt the professional's contempt for the amateur's mistake of showing his hand without holding the trumps.</blockquote>

==Punjab Muslim league and Unionist Party (Punjab)==
In the meantime, the British Government and Punjab administration was able to create a very dedicated class of loyal supporters of the British raj among the Punjab Muslims, (represented by the Unionist Party) the Sikhs and the followers of Hindu Mahasabha. This loyalist class seriously and most sincerely believed that the interests of their communities they represent were identical with those of the British government. In 1924, the Punjab Unionist party was established to follow this policy as a role model among of course other objectives such as to protect the interest of the landed classes.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In 1934, Jinnah returned to India with a new mission and a new vision to revive the Muslim League at centre and provincial levels. However, the actual reorganisation started in 1936 to contest the upcoming elections a year later.

According to Khurram Mahmood, if we observe only Punjab as being a Muslim majority province, there was no support for Muslim League, of any type from rural areas except some limited urban circles. Therefore, to secure the support of Muslim masses, Jinnah comprehended that it was essential to reorganise PPML. Jinnah was much concerned about the future of League in Punjab, because being a Muslim majority province it held a significant position in his eyes. As far as the re-organization of League was concerned, it was a long-term plan and could take several years, but election was due shortly.<ref>S. Qalb-i-Abid, Muslim Politics in the Punjab, 1921–47 (Lahore: Vanguard,1992)</ref> Therefore, Jinnah decided to co-opt with Unionist Party. For him it was the best solution as a short cut to the successful rebirth of Punjab Muslim League.<ref>S. Qalb-i-Abid, Muslim Politics in the Punjab, 1921–47 (Lahore: Vanguard, 1992), p.185. quoted in Iqbal and Provincial Politics of Punjab (1926–1938), by Khurram Mahmood.</ref>

He requested Fazl-i-Hussain, president of Unionist Party to preside the AIML session at Bombay in April 1936.<ref>Jinnah to Fazl-i-Hussain, Jan.05, 1936 in Waheed Ahmad (ed.), Letters of Mian Fazl-i-Hussain, pp.477–78.</ref>

Fazl-i-Hussain declined the offer of Jinnah on account of his bad health,<ref>Fazl-i-Hussain to Agha Khan, 22 June 1936, ibid., pp.596–97</ref> and calculating the advantages and disadvantages of his alliance with a purely Muslim Party, Fazl-i-Husain refused to oblige Mr. Jinnah. The Unionist Party leaders had decided to challenge the revival of the Punjab Muslim League and defeat Jinnah's efforts to put a new life into it. The Unionist Party was the in-charge of the corridors of the powers in the Punjab and therefore, their leaders were in the driving seats.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Private papers, letters and correspondence to and from the Unionist leaders indicated that they had made plans to keep the Punjab Muslim League out of politics and to keep the Punjab Muslims away from the activities of the Punjab Muslim League under the leadership of Allama Muhammad Iqbal.

[[Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan]], who later became Punjab's chief minister advised Jinnah to keep his finger 'out of Punjab pie' – 'and if the meddles – Jinnah might burn his fingers'.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

His successor [[Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana]] refused to alienate the Unionist Party's Hindu and Sikh supporters,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hardy |date=1972 |title=The Muslims of British India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA234 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=234 |isbn=978-0-521-09783-3}}</ref> and was [[Opposition to the partition of India|opposed]] to the [[partition of India]] as well.<ref name="Ahmed2016">{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Ishtiaq |title=The dissenters |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/the-dissenters/ |publisher=[[The Friday Times]] |language=English |date=27 May 2016|quote=Here, not only anti-colonial Muslims were opposed to the Partition – and there were many all over Punjab – but also those who considered the continuation of British rule good for the country – Sir Fazl-e-Hussain, Sir Sikander Hyat and Sir Khizr Hayat Tiwana for instance – were opposed to the Partition. The campaign against Sir Khizr during the Muslim League agitation was most intimidating and the worst type of abuse was hurled at him.}}</ref><ref name="Talbot1996">{{cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |title=Khizr Tiwana, The Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India |date=1996 |publisher=Curzon Press |page=303|language=English|quote=Khizr was opposed to the division of India on a religious basis, and especially to suggestions about partitioning Punjab on such a basis. He sincerely believed that Punjabi Muslims had more in common with Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs.}}</ref>

==1937 Elections==
As anticipated, in the 1937 elections the Unionist party was able to win a heavy mandate of the Muslims of the Punjab. On the other hand, the Punjab Muslim League was able to win only two seats in the Punjab Assembly. One of the winning candidates, Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan deserted the PML as soon as the results were officially announced. The other winning candidate was an urban elite, brilliant and an academic lawyer [[Malik Barkat Ali]]<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Sir Fazl-i-Husain died in 1936, leaving the way clear for Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan to become the first chief minister of the Punjab under the newly introduced provincially autonomy under the act of 1935. Sir Sikander was the strongest chief minister in India getting the support of 95 out of 175 members of the Punjab Assembly. He laid the foundation of the strongest pro-government ministry in the Punjab.

Contrary to his expectations, the Congress party soon after resuming power in India made Sir Sikandar's life extremely difficult in the Punjab. The Punjab Congress and their allies like the Khaksars, Majlis-e-Itihad-e-Millat and the Ahrars pooled their resources to give Sir Sikander a very tough opposition. He and his party could no longer afford to be politically isolated and some sort of alliance with the Punjab Muslim League, no matter how loose it may be, was essential for the survival of Sikandar Ministry.

He agreed to sign a pact with Jinnah called as Sikandar-Jinnah Pact. Sikandar Hayat Khan's motives remain unclear, but it is suspected that he hoped to become the leader of Muslim League in his own province, if not its ultimate leader. Whatever be the reason, this helped the Muslim League to carve out a niche in Punjab.

The PML leaders like Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Malik Barkat Ali,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Afzal |first1=M. Rafique |title=Malik Barkat Ali: his life and writings |date=1969 |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab |oclc=583786427 }}{{page needed|date=March 2022}}</ref> were not happy with this situation and began to send a catalogue of complaints to Jinnah against Sir Sikander alleging that the Punjab Premier had been hindering the growth the PML at all levels and both Barkat Ali and Iqbal also recommended the rupture of Sikandar-Jinnah alliance and punish the Punjab Premier.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Iqbal died in 1938 and Sir Shahnawaz Mamdot who was a personal friend of Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, became the Punjab Muslim League leader. The Nawab due to his connections with the British administrators and also due to his friendship with Sikander was not in favour of severing links with the Unionist party. Moreover, it seems that Jinnah would have made his own calculations that at least for the time being playing for time was the best policy in dealing with Sir Sikandar Hayat's policies based on maintaining the status quo model in Punjab politics. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a man of vision and farsightedness and he fully understood the limitations of the Punjab Muslim League analysing that Iqbal was a poet-philosopher and Barket Ali had personal grievances against Sikandar; and that putting undue pressure on Sir Sikandar was not in the best interest of the Punjab Muslim League.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The next biggest move by the Muslim League was passage of [[Lahore Resolution]],<ref>S. Q. Abid, Lahore Resolution and Punjab in K.F. Yusuf, (Ed.) Pakistan Resolution Revisited,</ref> in March 1940 which entailed the dismemberment of the Punjab and the division of India into Hindu and Muslim states. The Lahore resolution created many problems for Sikander and his successor Khizr Hayat Tiwana.<ref>. "The Tiwanas and Noons of Shahpur and the tumandars, or Biloch chiefs of Dera Ghazi Khan received numerous grants. The scheme of landed gentry grants thus helped to consolidate a key landed elite in Punjab." David Gilmartin, Empire in Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan, 26.</ref> The co-operation between PML and the Unionist therefore did not last long because Sir Sikander once again tried to sail into two boats. However his dual loyalty was tolerated by the League leadership and no strict action was taken against him.

Khizr was appointed chief minister of Punjab because of his family's deep loyalty to the British.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tanwar |first1=Raghuvendra |title=Politics of Sharing Power: The Punjab Unionist Party, 1923-1947 |date=1999 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-272-0 |page=133 |quote=Like the Hayats, the Tiwanas too, had a history of devoted and loyal service to the British. The most famous of the Tiwanas was Khizr Hayat who became Premier after Sikander in 1942. But his grandfather Malik Sahib Khan had also played an important role in suppressing the 1857 Revolt in Jhelum under the command of Col. Cooper. He later accompanied General Napier in the Central India campaigns to suppress the Revolt. His son [[Malik Umar Hayat Khan]] Tiwana (Khizar's Father) followed in his father's footsteps of unquestioned loyalty to the Government. He was among the six Muslims to represent his community at Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee Celebrations. He held various important positions in the army, being the first Indian to be chosen as a Herald for King George's Coronation Durbar. He was made a major-general and appointed aide-de-camp to King George. Khizr Hayat Khan graduated from Aitchinson College and served in the army for some time. He first joined Sikander's ministry in 1937 as minister for Public Works. Many of Khizr's cousins were provincial darbaries, zaildars, jagirdars, etc. }}</ref>

When he was considered for the chief ministership, there were eminent and experienced politicians available; they were Nawab Muzaffar Ali Khan, Nawab Sir [[Liaqat Hayat Khan]] and Malik Sir [[Feroz Khan Noon]]. However, the governor perhaps preferred Khizr because he was expected to rely more on his advice. When Khizr committed many political blunders and adopted anti-Muslim League policies, the alliance between the two parties came to an end. The Muslim supporters of Unionist party were therefore advised by the Muslim League to divorce themselves from the Unionist Party and join the Muslim League ranks as early as possible.

Thereafter the Muslim supporters of the Unionist party were trickling towards the Muslim League. Some leading [[Sajjada Nashin|Sajjada Nasheens]] and [[Pir (Sufism)|Pirs]]<ref>{{cite thesis |id={{ProQuest|251754597}} |last1=Ewing |first1=Katherine Pratt |title=The Pir or Sufi saint in Pakistani Islam |date=1980 }}</ref> joined the Muslim League and later on they appealed to the Muslims to support the Muslim League's Pakistan Movement<ref>Some important Pirs were Pir of Taunsa Sharif, Pir of Golara Sharif, Pir of Makhad, Pir of Jalalpur, Pir of Alipur, Pir of Pakpattan, the Qureshi and Gillani Pirs of Multan, Sajjada Nishin of the Chishti Shrine of Mahar Sharif (Bahawalpur)the Sajjada nashin of the Dargah of Khwaja Mouddin Chishti (Ajmer) and the Sajjada nishin of the Dargah of Nizamuddin Aulia (Delhi). All these pirs and sajjada nashins exercised a great deal of religious appeal and they were also big landlords.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}</ref> because by doing so they will be supporting the cause of Islam.

==1946 Elections==

On 21 August 1945 the viceroy announced that elections would be held that Winter to the Central and Provincial Legislative Assemblies. They were to precede the convention of a constitution-making body for British India. The Muslim League had to succeed in this crucial test if its popular support of its demand for Pakistan was to be credible. In particular it had to succeed in the Punjab as there could be no Pakistan without that province. But in the Punjab's last elections held in 1937 the League had fared disastrously. It had put forward a mere seven candidates for the 85 Muslim seats and only two had been successful.<ref>{{cite journal |author=I. A. Talbot |date=1980 |title=The 1946 Punjab Elections |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=65–91 |jstor=312214 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00012178|s2cid=145320008 }}</ref> One of those candidates, Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan also deserted the Punjab Muslim League, so there was only one Successful candidate of Punjab Muslim League.

On 23 February 1946, all the results of the elections were known and the Punjab Press reported with big headlines the crushing defeat of the Unionist party. Only 13 Muslims were elected on the Unionist ticket, even some of their minister lost their securities in the elections. The Muslim League won a grand victory by capturing 73 seats of a total of 86. Even at this stage, the Congress was all out to install a Unionist ministry to keep the Muslim League out of power.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The 1946 elections proved to be turning point in the history of the Punjab Muslim League. In the 1946 election campaign, the Muslim League was able to publicise its views widely. It claimed that Islam was threatened by Congress. "Pirs" and "Sajjada Nashin" helped the Muslim League to attract Muslim voters. By early 1946, the Muslim League had been able to secure the support of many leading families of Punjab and also eminent Pirs and Sajjada Nasheens.

To give one example of his own area Khizr Hayat Tiwana faced strong opposition from the descendants of Pirs and sajjada Nashins. In district Shahpur, [[Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi]], [[Qazi Zafar Hussain]], and [[Qazi Mazhar Qayyum]] gave tough competition to Tiwanas. [[Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi]] of [[Sial Sharif]], a descendant of great pir [[Sial Sharif|Khawaja Sham-ud-Din]] was president of District Shahpur Muslim League. He was very influential in his region. Likewise [[Qazi Zafar Hussain|Qazis]] of [[Soon Valley]] and descendants of Sufi [[Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad]] commanded great respect in their areas. They appealed to their people to vote against Tiwanas. With regard to the exertion of religious influence over the people,<ref>It was stated in Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the [[Partition of India|independence]] of Pakistan in 1947, that, Groups of sepoys mutinied in their Punjabi cantonments of Ferozepore, Jullunder, Ambala and Jhelum. When a body of sepoys massed for an attack on the British district headquarters at Shahpur, Malik Sahib Khan rode over from Mitha Tiwana to parley with the anxious British Deputy Commissioner. Their meeting entered the Raj's folklore. Malik Sahib stood before Mr. Ousley, salaamed and offered him the handle of his sword with the point directed to his own body and said "I have fifty horsemen and I can raise three hundred. I can clothe them and feed them, and if no questions are asked, I can find them arms too. They and my life are yours." Malik Sahib Khan's dramatic gesture was the first offer of assistance to the beleaguered authorities in the West Punjab. Moreover, it was proffered at a time when the triumph of British arms was uncertain. The deputy commissioner was well aware that he could have mounted only token resistance, if the Tiwana chief had jointed the 'rebels'. The British thereafter remembered that the Tiwanas' loyalty had stood firm when it had been put to the test." Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the [[Partition of India|independence]], by Ian Talbot.

On the other hand, in the neighbouring area, the [[Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad|Qazis]], also the heads of Awan tribe in Soon valley, did not join British Raj. Later in 1905, another British Deputy Commissioner of the same district Shahpur, C.H. Atkins, had to [[:File:Letterzafarhussain.jpg|recognised]] the influence wielded by the head of Awan tribe in the District, during the era of the British Raj.</ref><ref>Munaqib-i-Sultani, a biography of [[Sultan Bahu]], by Sultan Hamid. The writer Sultan Hamid belonged to the sixth or seventh generation of Sultan Bahu's lineage. Almost all biographers of Sultan Bahu have derived their facts from Manaqib-i-Sultani. The writer of this book mentions the name of Qazi Kalim Allah as a great Sufi and 'Alim' (scholar) of his time.</ref> and their father Qazi Mian Muhammad Amjad. According to SARAH F. D. ANSARI, the Sajjada Nashin or Pir families were not so rich in terms of land as the great land lords of Punjab but these Sajjada Nashin or Pir families exerted great political and religious influence over the people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ansari |first1=Sarah F. D. |title=Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843-1947 |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-40530-0 }}{{page needed|date=March 2022}}</ref>

According to Ayesha Jalal, David Gimartin believes that a number of pirs developed a personal stake in the League's election campaign; not because this was the most appropriate tactical response to the prospect of a British transfer of power but because the pirs saw in the Pakistan movement an opportunity to break out of the colonial structures that had for so long thwarted their religious interests.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jalal |first1=Ayesha |title=Review Article : Post-orientalist blues: Cultural fusions and confusions |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |date=March 1990 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=111–118 |doi=10.1177/001946469002700105 |s2cid=145195488 }}</ref>

Pakistan came into being on 14 August 1947, "Pakistan would never have come into being", Talbot argues, "had the Unionist Party held on to the support of Muslim rural elites during the 1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly Election. The Muslim Landlords and Pirs joined the Muslim League before the 1946 election, without its victory in Punjab in that election", Talbot asserts, "the Muslim League would not have gotten Pakistan".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |title=Punjab and the Raj, 1849-1947 |date=1988 |publisher=Riverdale Company |isbn=978-0-913215-28-9 }}{{page needed|date=March 2022}}</ref>

[[Penderel Moon]] simply attributes the League's rise to power to the alluring and irresistible appeal of the Pakistan cry to the Muslim masses.<ref>Sir Penderd Moon, Divide and Quit (London, 1961), p. 43.</ref> Peter Hardy's explained that the Muslim League gained its electoral success in the Punjab by making a religious appeal over the heads of the professional politicians.<ref>Peter Hardy, The Muslims of British India (Cambridge, 1972) p. 238 .</ref> Pakistani historians have explained the League's success in the Punjab, as elsewhere in the subcontinent, solely in terms of the Two Nation Theory.<ref>Khalid bin Sayeed, The Political system of Pakistan. (Boston, 1967), p.81</ref> Whatever the historians may suggest, one thing is clear that League's success was due to the political vision, farsightedness of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a man of high personal integrity and intelligence who became a Grandmaster of the game by his clever, and clever calculations.

==Role in communal violence==
In the few years before the partition, the Muslim League "monetarily subsidized" mobs that engaged in communal violence against Hindus and Sikhs in the areas of Multan, Rawalpindi, Campbellpur, Jhelum and Sargodha, as well as in the [[Hazara District]].<ref name="Abid2014"/><ref name="Chitkara1996">{{cite book |last1=Chitkara |first1=M. G. |title=Mohajir's Pakistan |date=1996 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=9788170247463 |language=English|quote=When the idea of Pakistan was not accepted in the Northern States of India, the Muslim League sent out its goons to drive the Hindus out of Lahore, Multan and Rawalpindi and appropriate their property.}}</ref><ref name="Bali1949">{{cite book |last1=Bali |first1=Amar Nath |title=Now it can be told |date=1949 |publisher=Akashvani Prakashan Publishers |page=19 |language=English|quote=The pamphlet 'Rape of Rawalpindi' gives gruesome details of what was done to the minorities in the Rawalpindi Division. No such details have been published for other towns but the pattern of barbarities committed by the Muslim League goondas was the same everywhere.}}</ref> The Muslim League paid assassins money for every Hindu and Sikh they murdered.<ref name="Abid2014">{{cite web |last1=Abid |first1=Abdul Majeed |title=The forgotten massacre |url=https://nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre |website=The Nation |date=29 December 2014|quote=On the same dates, Muslim League-led mobs fell with determination and full preparations on the helpless Hindus and Sikhs scattered in the villages of Multan, Rawalpindi, Campbellpur, Jhelum and Sargodha. The murderous mobs were well supplied with arms, such as daggers, swords, spears and fire-arms. (A former civil servant mentioned in his autobiography that weapon supplies had been sent from NWFP and money was supplied by Delhi-based politicians.) They had bands of stabbers and their auxiliaries, who covered the assailant, ambushed the victim and if necessary disposed of his body. These bands were subsidized monetarily by the Muslim League, and cash payments were made to individual assassins based on the numbers of Hindus and Sikhs killed. There were also regular patrolling parties in jeeps which went about sniping and picking off any stray Hindu or Sikh. ... Thousands of non-combatants including women and children were killed or injured by mobs, supported by the All India Muslim League.}}</ref> As such, leaders of the Muslim League, including Muhammad Ali Jinnah, issued no condemnation of the violence against Hindus and Sikhs in the Punjab.<ref name="Ranjan2018">{{cite book |last1=Ranjan |first1=Amit |title=Partition of India: Postcolonial Legacies |date=2018 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9780429750526 |language=English|quote=In the evening of 6 March Muslim mobs numbering in the thousands headed towards Sikh villages in Rawalpindi, Attock and Jhelum districts. ... According to British sources, some two thousand people were killed in the carnage in three rural district: almost all non-Muslims. The Sikhs claimed seven thousand dead. Government reports showed that Muslim ex-service persons had taken part in the planned attacks. The Muslim League leaders, Jinnah and others did not issue any condemenation of these atrocities.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
* [[All India Azad Muslim Conference]]
* [[Direct Action Day]]
* [[Indian Independence Movement]]
* [[Indian Muslim nationalism]]
* [[Indian Nationalism]]
* [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Muslim League (Pakistan)]]
* [[Pakistan Movement]]
* [[Pakistan Muslim League]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite thesis |last1=Mahmood |first1=Khurram |title=IQBAL AND PROVINCIAL POLITICS OF PUNJAB (1926-1938) |date=2005 |url=http://repository.pastic.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/9227 }}
* {{cite journal |first1=Muhammad Iqbal |last1=Chawla |title=Punjab Politics and the Wavell Plan |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |volume=14 |year=2007 |pages=69–87 |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/sitefiles/journals/volume14/no1/14.1_Chawla.pdf }}
* {{cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |title=Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India |date=1996 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7007-0427-9 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Syed |first1=Anwar H. |title=Factional Conflict in the Punjab Muslim League, 1947-1955 |journal=Polity |date=1989 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=49–73 |doi=10.2307/3234846 |jstor=3234846 |s2cid=155123002 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jeffrey |first1=Robin |title=Punjabi: The 'Subliminal Charge' |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1997 |volume=32 |issue=9/10 |pages=443–445 |jstor=4405144 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gilmartin |first1=David |title=A Magnificent Gift: Muslim Nationalism and the Election Process in Colonial Punjab |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |date=1998 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=415–436 |doi=10.1017/S0010417598001352 |jstor=179270 |s2cid=144603264 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Islam |first1=M. Mufakharul |title=The Punjab Land Alienation Act and the Professional Moneylenders |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=1995 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=271–291 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00012737 |jstor=312814 |s2cid=145793221 }}

{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Political parties established in 1906]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement|Muslim league]]
[[Category:Political parties in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Islamic political parties in India]]
[[Category:Islam in Pakistan]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League breakaway groups]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:1906 establishments in India]]

G. V. K. Reddy

2026-02-07T19:15:01Z

Swertvver: Made basic article added tags.

{{short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| image = G V Krishna Reddy (Horasis Global India Business Meeting 2010).jpg
| name = G. V. K. Reddy
| birth_name = Gunupati Venkata Krishna Reddy
| caption = G. V. K. Reddy at Horasis Global India Business Meeting, 2010.
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1937|03|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nellore District|Kothur]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| spouse = Indira Reddy
| children = Shalini Bhupal, G. V. Sanjay Reddy
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Founder, Chairman & MD of [[GVK Group]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2010)
| website = {{URL|gvkrishnareddy.com}}
}}

'''Gunupati Venkata Krishna Reddy''' (born 22 March 1937) is a philanthropist and entrepreneur. He is the founder and chairman of the [[GVK Group]], a business conglomerate with a predominant focus on infrastructure development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GVK {{!}} About Us - Board of Directors|url=https://www.gvk.com/aboutus/boardofdirectors.aspx|access-date=2021-06-24|website=www.gvk.com}}</ref>

Reddy also heads GVK EMRI, the [[corporate social responsibility]] initiatives of the GVK Group.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-03|title=GVK takes over EMRI management {{!}} M&A Critique|work=M&A Critique {{pipe}} The Whys and The Hows |url=https://mnacritique.mergersindia.com/news/gvk-takes-over-emri-management/|access-date=2021-06-24|language=en-US}}</ref> This is an emergency response services provider under a Public-Private Partnership model spread across 15 states and two [[Union territory|Union Territories]] of India. In 2009, he was elected as the Chairman of 108 Ambulance for [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-05-27|title=G.V.K. Reddy elected chairman of '108 ambulance'|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/4725/gvk-reddy-elected-chairman-108.html|access-date=2021-06-24|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

As the President of the All India Senior Tennis Association and a tennis player himself,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Advantage GVK|work=Business Today|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/network/story/advantage-gvk-241462-2019-12-24}}</ref> Reddy has been a keen supporter of budding sporting talent. He married his wife at the age of 9 . He has led the GVK Group to sponsor many young tennis players including [[Sania Mirza]] and [[Pranjala Yadlapalli]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-02-28|title=GVK to sponsor Kirti, Pranjala|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/gvk-to-sponsor-kirti-pranjala/article4459729.ece|access-date=2021-06-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
G. V. K. Reddy was born on 22 March 1937 in a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family in Kothur Village of [[Nellore district|Nellore District]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=V. Rishi|title=The builder of all things|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/meet/The-builder-of-all-things/article20754400.ece|access-date=2021-06-24|website=@businessline|date=31 January 2014 |language=en}}</ref> Reddy did his basic schooling from his village, early college from Nellore and graduated from Hyderabad. He later completed the Owner/President Management (OPM) Program from Harvard Business School, USA.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thecitizen.in//index.php/en/newsdetail/index/14/19995/who-is-gv-krishna-reddy-a-story-of-an-illustrious-business-career-and-active-social-action-|title=Who is GV Krishna Reddy? A story of an illustrious business career and active social action|work=The Citizen | access-date= February 11, 2021 |last1=Post |first1=Guest }}</ref> GV Krishna Reddy is married to Indira Reddy, and has a daughter, Shalini Bhupal, and a son GV Sanjay Reddy.

==Career==
Reddy began his career at the age of 21 by taking over his family construction business.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://corporatecitizen.in/issue16/cover-story-terrific-take-off.html|title= Cover story terrific take off| publisher = Corporate Citizen| access-date= October 16, 2015}}</ref> The starting business was contracting major irrigation projects including bridges, dams, and irrigation canals. His first project included construction of a canal and under the tunnel at Nagarjuna Sagar Right Canal at Adigoppula and Chamarajapuram.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Face Challenges, Work Hard'|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/from-the-mag/story/face-challenges-work-hard-says-gvk-reddy-founder-and-chairman-gvk-87308-2017-12-23|access-date=2021-10-14|website=Business Today|date=23 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Apart from airports, roads, and power, the GVK Group has a presence in the hospitality and life sciences sectors.

One of the milestone achievements for Reddy was winning the [[Jegurupadu Combined Cycle Power Plant]] in Andhra Pradesh for GVK Group in 1990. This helped the business scale up, form international collaborations and win national recognition in its upcoming projects. Before the Jegurupadu Power Plant, he had also led to group to hospitality projects in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Reddy for more challenges|work=Business Today|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/indias-new-business-families-gvk-reddy-18441-2011-04-13}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
The philanthropic focus of Reddy is driven by the GVK Foundation which formed to serve the underprivileged. The various endeavors of this foundation now extends to urban improvement initiatives and promoting sports talent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GVK Reddy on the motivation behind his charitable causes|url=https://www.femina.in/achievers/people/gvk-reddy-on-giving-back-to-the-society-24837.html|website=Femina}}</ref>

Under his leadership, the GVK Group has focused on environment preservation with the setting up of Deer Park which is spread over 6 hectares at the Jegurupada Power Plant and Botanical Gardens in Mumbai. The group has also adapted environment friendly practices in its constructed plants such as Jegurupada Power Plant, Goindwal Sahib Thermal Power Project, Punjab and waste management in airports.

GVK-EMRI's hospital offered free covid treatment after becoming operational on 7 June 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2021-06-07|title=Free COVID treatment at GVK-EMRI's hospital|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/free-covid-treatment-at-gvk-emris-hospital/article34753918.ece|access-date=2021-10-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> GVK Reddy contributed Rs 1 crore for the construction of Ram Mandir.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-10|title=GV Krishna Reddy contributes Rs. 1 crore for Ram Mandir construction|url=https://indiacsr.in/gv-krishna-reddy-contributes-rs-1-crore-for-ram-mandir-construction/|access-date=2021-12-09|website=India CSR Network|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==

* Felicitated by the Turf Authorities of India (TAI) for the lead role played by GVK in India's infrastructure development at the TAI Awards 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/dinesh-dagar-knocks-out-former-olympic-bronze-medallist-evaldas-petrauskas/articleshow/68317973.cms |title= TAI breaks tradition, recognizes social feats | publisher = MumbaiMirror| access-date= Mar 9, 2019 }}</ref>
* 'Lifetime Achievement Award' at the 'Realty Plus Conclave & Excellence Awards- South 2017'.
* "Lifetime Achievement Award" at the Construction Times Annual Awards, 2017.
* "Lifetime Achievement Award" at the Construction Week India Annual Awards, 2017.
* "Lifetime Achievement Award" at the 6th EPC World Awards, 2017 for a contribution toward infrastructure and construction sectors.
*'Padma Bhushan' award in 2011 by then President Pratibha Patil and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sunderarajan|first=P.|date=2011-03-25|title=President presents first set of Padma awards|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/President-presents-first-set-of-Padma-awards/article14962471.ece|access-date=2021-10-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*'Entrepreneur of the year' at ET Awards in 2008–09.<ref>{{Cite news|title=ET Awards 2008-09: Entrepreneur of the Year: GV Krishna Reddy|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-awards-2008-09-entrepreneur-of-the-year-gv-krishna-reddy/articleshow/4930993.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-10-14}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[GVK Industries]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, G. V. Krishna}}
[[Category:People from Nellore district]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:GVK Group]]

Gonds of Deogarh

2026-02-04T00:20:05Z

Swertvver: Made the post more to come

{{Short description|Gond royal house in 17th-century India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Noble house
| surname = House of Devgad
| estate =
| image = File:Approximate extent of the Gond kingdom of Deogarh.png
| caption = Approximate extent of the Gond kingdom of Deogarh<ref name="berar"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith Item Barcode 30112050248951 and Others |date=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4b4uPjJJFOkC&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en}}</ref><ref name="society"/><ref name="vidarbha"/>
| country = [[Nagpur Kingdom]]
| parent house = Gauli [[Yadav]] Princes
| titles = ''[[Raja]]''
| members = [[Ajanbahu Jatbasha|Jatba]] [[Bakht Buland Shah]] [[Chand Sultan]]
| founder = [[Ajanbahu Jatbasha|Jatba]]
| final ruler = Azam Shah
| current head = Virendra Shah
| founding year = 17th century
| cadet branches =
}}

[[File:Portait of Bakht Buland Shah.png|thumb|Portrait of Bakht Buland Shah, the greatest Gond ruler of Deogarh]]

The '''Gonds of Deogarh''' were a [[Gondi people|Gond]] royal house that ruled large parts of the [[Vidarbha]] region and parts of present-day India's southern [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Their Kingdom consisted of the area which later became the [[Nagpur Kingdom]].<ref name="berar">{{cite book |last1=Sil |first1=Jogendra Nath |title=History of the Central Provinces and Berar |date=1917 |publisher=J.N. Sil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emxBAQAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en}}</ref><ref name="gazetteer mp">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |last2=Krishnan |first2=V. S. |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Chhindwara |date=1995 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSELAQAAIAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en}}</ref><ref name="bulletin">{{cite book |title=Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India |date=1976 |publisher=Director, Anthropological Survey of India, Indian Museum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvK-QHwRM9YC&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en}}</ref><ref name="man">{{cite book |last1=Bahadur) |first1=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai |title=Man in India |date=1979 |publisher=A. K. Bose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1O9EAQAAIAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en}}</ref><ref name="gazetter mah">{{cite book |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Bhandara |date=1979 |publisher=Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WK9hAAAAIAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en}}</ref> They made [[Nagpur Kingdom|Nagpur]] region a prosperous and plentiful kingdom, founding the city of [[Nagpur]] and building further infrastructure. However, internal bickering led to their decline and they were practically made state pensioneries by the [[Maratha]] general [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]] in the 1743.<ref name="host">{{cite book |title=Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith Item Barcode 30112050248951 and Others |date=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4b4uPjJJFOkC&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en}}</ref><ref name="society">{{cite book |last1=Society (MANCHESTER) |first1=Northern Central British India |title=Proceedings of a Public Meeting for the formation of The Northern Central British India Society held in the Corn Exchange, Manchester, on Wednesday evening, August 26th, 1840 |date=1840 |publisher=Northern Central British India Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSFYAAAAcAAJ&dq=bakht+buland+shah&pg=RA2-PA8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="buddhism">{{cite book |last1=Naik |first1=C. D. |title=Buddhism and Dalits: Social Philosophy and Traditions |date=2010 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-792-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrlLNltm5dMC&dq=bakht+buland+shah&pg=PA199 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="community">{{cite book |last1=Kurup |first1=Ayyappan Madhava |title=Continuity and Change in a Little Community |date=1986 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCNfWRGXd04C&q=king+of+deogarh+chand+sultan&pg=PA8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="hunter">{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |title=Naaf to Rangmagiri |date=1881 |publisher=Trübner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYoIAAAAQAAJ&dq=bakht+buland+shah&pg=PA30 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="vidarbha">{{cite book |last1=Deogaonkar |first1=Shashishekhar Gopal |title=The Gonds of Vidarbha |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-474-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X39c2VODLT0C&pg=PA16 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="railways">{{cite book |title=Indian Railways |date=1997 |publisher=Railway Board |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzNUAAAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en}}</ref>

==Establishment==
The ''Gauli'' princes were the predecessors to the Gond house of Deogarh, ruling for 70 years from 1472 to 1542.<ref name="acta">{{cite book |title=Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis: Stockholm studies in comparative religion |date=1961 |publisher=Almquist & Wiksell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaMAB9UNBTwC&q=jatba |language=en}}</ref>

The Gond dynasty of Deogarh was founded by a Gond named [[Ajanbahu Jatbasha|Jatba]].<ref name="proceed"/> ''The Indian Antiquities'' says that Jatba was a servant under two Gaoli princes, Ransur and Ghansur, and that he treacherously deposed them.<ref name="central india">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Behram H. |title=Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands |date=1984 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2gpF5bsAjUC&dq=jatba&pg=PA274 |language=en}}</ref> Originally, the Gond house of Devagad hailed from Haraya or Harayagad, but later on it was shifted to [[Deogarh, Madhya Pradesh|Devagad]] about 24 miles from Haraya under Jatba.<ref name= "host"/><ref name="medieval nagpur">{{cite book |title=Medieval PERIOD (Complete History of Nagpur) |date=16 July 2021 |url=https://www.nagpurpulse.com/medieval-period/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728103442/https://www.nagpurpulse.com/medieval-period/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Virendra Shah.jpg|thumb|Photos of nagpur gond kings]]

==Peak==
{{Main|Bakht Buland Shah}}
The Gond kingdom of Deogarh reached its peak under the capable leadership of [[Bakht Buland Shah]] and his successor [[Chand Sultan]].{{cn|date=July 2023}}

==Decline==
After [[Chand Sultan]]'s death in 1739,<ref name="community"/> there were quarrels over the succession, leading to the throne being usurped by Wali Shah,<ref name="society"/><ref name="hunter"/><ref name="chanda">{{cite book |last1=Thusu |first1=Kidar Nath |title=Gond Kingdom of Chanda: With Particular Reference to Its Political Structure |date=1980 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Government of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoAtAAAAMAAJ&q=bakht+buland+shah |language=en}}</ref> an illegitimate son of [[Bakht Buland Shah]].<ref name="society"/><ref name="vidarbha"/> Chand Sultan's widow invoked the aid of the Maratha leader [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghuji Bhonsle of Berar]] in the interest of her sons Akbar Shah and Burhan Shah. Wali Shah was put to death and the rightful heirs placed on the throne. [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]] was sent back to Berar with a plentiful bounty for his aid. The Maratha general judged that [[Nagpur]] must be a plentiful and rich country by the magnificence of his reward.<ref name="chanda"/><ref name="hunter"/><ref name="society"/>

However, dissensions continued between the brothers and once again, the elder brother Burhan Shah requested the aid of [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghuji Bhonsla]]. Akbar Shah was driven into exile and finally poisoned at [[Hyderabad]]. However this time, Ragoji Bhonsle did not have the heart to leave such a plentiful and rich country, with it being within his grasp.<ref name="hunter"/><ref name="society"/> He declared himself 'protector' of the Gond king. Thus in 1743, Burhan Shah was practically made a state pensionary, with real power being in the hands of the Maratha ruler. After this event the history of the Gond kingdom of Deogarh is not recorded.<ref name="community"/> A series of [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Maratha rulers]] came to power following the fall of the Gonds from the throne of [[Nagpur Kingdom|Nagpur]], starting with [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghoji Bhonsle]].<ref name= "hotels">{{cite web|url=http://www.nagpur-hotels.com/nagpur-tourism/history-of-nagpur-people.aspx|title=Nagpur – History – People – Art and Culture – Festivals|publisher=Nagpur-hotels.com|access-date=25 November 2016|archive-date=9 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509161614/http://nagpur-hotels.com/nagpur-tourism/history-of-nagpur-people.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gond King |url=http://nagpur.nic.in/zpnagpur/English/history.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531051603/http://nagpur.nic.in/zpnagpur/English/history.htm |archivedate=2014-05-31 }}</ref>

===Rebellion of Raghunath Singh===
[[Raghunath Singh (diwan)|Raghunath Singh]], the [[Dewan|diwan]] of the Deogarh ruler, conspired along with Nilkanth Shah, the Gond ruler of Chandrapur to overthrow [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghuji Bhonsla]]'s rule.<ref>{{cite book |title=Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith Item Barcode 30112050248951 and Others |date=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4b4uPjJJFOkC&q=Raghunath+Singh,+the+Diwan+of+the+Gond |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Bhandara district |date=1979 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1MbAAAAIAAJ&q=Raghunath%20Singh,%20the%20Diwan%20of%20the%20Gond |language=en}}</ref> Raghuji in 1748, seeking respite from the Bengal campaign invaded Deogarh and killed Raghunath Singh.<ref>{{cite book |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |date=1979 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Raghunath+Singh,+the+Diwan+of+the+Gond |language=en}}</ref> He then completely took over the administration of Deogarh, making Burhan Shah a state pensionary.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History and culture of the Indian people |date=1977 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AaZFAQAAMAAJ&q=Raghunath%20Singh,%20the%20Diwan%20of%20the%20Gond |language=en}}</ref> He next proceeded against Nilkanth Shah of [[Chandrapur|Chanda]] and defeated him. Nilkanth Shah had to sign a treaty with him, dated 1749 A.D. This treaty rendered the king almost powerless, and when he rebelled against Raghoji, he was defeated with ease imprisoned him permanently in the Ballalpur fort.<ref name="cultural">{{cite web |title=The Gazetteers Department- Chandrapur |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/CHANDRAPUR/his_gonds.html |website=Cultural Maharashtra Government}}</ref> Hence the last attempts to overthrow the Marathas of Nagpur ended.

===Titular rulers under the Marathas and British===
Raja Burhan Shah was succeeded by Rahman Shah. He was succeeded by Suleiman Shah, a minor, his nephew and adopted son, succeeded him, just two years before the death of the [[Raghuji Bhonsle III|last Bhonsle king]]. Suleiman Shah was staunchly loyal to the British government, "he was a most humane and generous landlord and a just yet a merciful magistrate". He died on 15 April 1885.<ref name="society"/>

==Relations with the Mughals==
In 1564, [[Akbar]]'s general [[Asaf Khan I|Khwaja Abdul Majid Asaf Khan]] had attacked Panna and made it a feudatory state. Then he attacked & defeated [[Garha Kingdom|Garha-Katanga]] ruled by [[Rani Durgavati]] and made it also a feudatory state with reduced boundaries. However, he did not invade Deogarh and treated it as a border semi-independent state. He was satisfied with Deogarh accepting his suzerainty. The Mughal governors of the province allowed the Deogarh rulers to rule of their territory on payment of yearly tribute.<ref name="academia"/>

The ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' by [[Abul Fazl]] records that Jatba, the Gond king of Deogarh, was an ennobled vassal of [[Akbar]] and was paying annual tribute to him.<ref name="proceed">{{cite book |last1=Congress |first1=Indian History |title=Proceedings |date=1950 |publisher=Indian History Congress |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXAYwwyxgAsC&q=jatba |language=en}}</ref> It is said that Akbar visited Deogarh during Jatba's reign.<ref name="balaghat">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh: Balaghat |date=1992 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCduAAAAMAAJ&q=jatba |language=en}}</ref>

The ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' by [[Abul Fazl]] says that Jatba possessed 2,000 horses, 50,000 foot soldiers and 100 elephants<ref name="academia"/>- "To the east of the Kherla Sarkar lay the territories of a ''zamindar'' named Chatwa who possessed 2000 cavalry, 50,000 footmen and more than 100 elephants". This 'Chatwa' was probably Jatba.<ref name="census">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1991: District census handbook, A & B. Village and town directory : village & townwise primary census abstract 24 v. : Bhind |date=1997 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jhbf8rKK_JIC&q=jatba |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sil |first1=Jogendra Nath |title=History of the Central Provinces and Berar |date=1917 |publisher=J.N. Sil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emxBAQAAMAAJ&q=jatba |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Maharaja]]'' Jatba visited the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Jahangir]] in 1616.<ref name="acta"/>

If [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] sources are to be believed, the rulers of Deogarh often delayed in paying tribute or sometimes did not pay it at all. Hence in August 1669, the kingdom was brought under direct rule of the empire. In 1686, Bhagtu, one of the sons of Kok Shah went to [[Aurangzeb]] at Solapur or Bijapur for help, accepted Islam, and was rechristened as [[Bakht Buland Shah|Bakht Buland]].<ref name="academia"/>

=== Invasion of Nagpur by the Mughals ===
{{Main|Siege of Nagpur}}
In January of 1637, Deogarh was invaded by Khan-i-Dauran. One of the reasons could be [[Jhujhar Singh]], the rebellious [[Orchha state|raja of Orchha]] was allowed to pass through Deogarh territory unharmed. The other reason was arrears of tribute which was supposed to be paid annually. They were joined by [[Kingdom of Chanda|Krishna Shah of Chanda]], who had an enmity with the Deogarh kings since the reign of [[Ajanbahu Jatbasha|Jatba]].<ref name="vidarbha"/> Kok Shah was defeated in the siege of the Nagpur fort and submitted to Khan-i-Dauran on 16 January 1637. He made peace by presenting one and a half lakhs of rupees in cash and 170 elephants. The annual tribute was fixed (increased?) one and one third lakhs of rupees. He accepted the suzerainty of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. Nagpur was restored to him. This is the first invasion of Nagpur recorded in detail.<ref name="academia">{{cite book |last1=Sane |first1=Hemant |title=DEOGARH-NAGPUR GOND DYNASTY.docx |url=https://www.academia.edu/38055455 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711021539/https://www.academia.edu/38055455 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==List of rulers==
*[[Ajanbahu Jatbasha|Jatba]] (1580–1620)<ref name="mp district gazetteer">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Madhya |title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Narsimhapur |date=1995 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbs3AQAAIAAJ&q=jatba |language=en}}</ref>
*Kok Shah (c. 1620 – 1640)<ref name="vidarbha"/>
*Kesari Shah (1640 - 1657)
*Gorakh Shah (1657 - 1669)
*[[Mughal Empire|Direct Mughal rule]] (1669 - 1686)
*[[Bakht Buland Shah]] (1686–1706)
*[[Chand Sultan]] (1706–1739)
*Wali Shah
*Burhan Shah and Akbar Shah

===Titular rulers===
*Burhan Shah ({{circa|1740|1796}})
*Rahman Shah
*Suleiman Shah (1851 - 15 April 1885)
*Azam Shah (1956)

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of Nagpur]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]

List of Surat Metro stations

2026-01-28T17:24:57Z

Swertvver:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

This is a list of all stations of the '''[[Surat Metro]]''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-27 |title=Surat Metro: PayCraft Solutions, Airtel Payments Bank roped in for automatic collection of fare |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/surat/surat-metro-paycraft-solutions-airtel-payments-bank-roped-in-for-automatic-collection-of-fare-8578147/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> an under-construction [[rapid transit]] system serving Surat City and [[Surat Metropolitan Region]] in the state of [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-11-21 |title=Indian Navy, DRDO test indigenously developed naval anti-ship missile {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-navy-drdo-test-indigenously-developed-naval-anti-ship-missile-watch-11700559003756.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Surat Metro – Information, Route Maps, Fares, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/surat-metro-information-route-maps-fares-tenders-updates/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-11 |title=Sadbhav Engineering share price gains 3% on bagging Rs 780-crore metro rail contract |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/sadbhav-engineering-share-price-gains-3-on-bagging-rs-780-crore-metro-rail-contract-6329421.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> The Surat Metro will be the sixth transit system to be built in India. Construction was started on 18 January 2021 with two lines, the [[Red Line (Surat Metro)|Red Line]] and [[Green Line (Surat Metro)|Green Line]], with a total of 38 station. The project is expected to be completed by December 2027,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Surat Metro: Phase I to Start Operations in Dec 2027, Check Route, Distance, Stations and More |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/surat-metro-phase-i-to-start-operations-in-dec-2027-check-route-distance-stations-and-more-8310193.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> and will cover a distance of 41 kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-11 |title=Private properties of 700 families to be acquired for Surat metro |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/pvt-properties-700-families-acquired-surat-metro-6591705/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The metro network will allow Surat to connect with [[Sarthana]] to [[DREAM City]] (22 km (14 mi)) and from [[Bhesan, Surat|Bhesan]] Depot to [[Saroli, Surat|Saroli]] (18 km (11 mi)).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Journal |first=Tunnelling |date=2023-04-04 |title=TERRATEC EPBMs launched for Surat Metro |url=https://tunnellingjournal.com/terratec-epbms-launched-surat-metro/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=The Tunnelling Journal |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETInfra.com |title=Titagarh Rail Systems bags Rs 857 cr order for Surat Metro Rail - ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-transportation/titagarh-rail-systems-bags-rs-857-cr-order-for-surat-metro-rail/101340047 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref>

Each line of the Surat Metro is identified by a specific color. The first corridor, from Sarthana to [[DREAM City]], will be known as the [[Red Line (Surat Metro)|Red Line]], and the second corridor, from [[Bhesan, Surat|Bhesan]] Depot to [[Saroli, Surat|Saroli]], will be known as the [[Green Line (Surat Metro)|Green Line]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-10 |title=500-Year-Old African Baobab Tree Spared from Destruction in Surat Metro Rail Project |url=https://theblunttimes.in/500-year-old-african-baobab-tree-spared-from-destruction-in-surat-metro-rail-project/36926/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=The Blunt Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

The system uses rolling stocks of [[standard gauge]] trains and has a combination of elevated, underground and at-grade lines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Surat Metro phase I to start commercial run in December 2027, check stations and route details |url=https://www.news9live.com/utility/surat-metro-phase-i-to-start-commercial-run-in-december-2027-check-stations-and-route-details-2210891 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Metro stations==

{{selfref-inline|This list is sortable. Click on the [[File:Sort both.gif]] icon in the column header to change sort key and sort order.}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" style=font-size:95%; width="100%"
|-
! rowspan="2" width="5%"|Sr. No.
! colspan="2" width="28%"|Station name
! rowspan="2" width="13%"|Line
! rowspan="2" width="8%"|Layout
! rowspan="2" width="5%"|Platform layout
! rowspan="2" width="12%"|Status
! rowspan="2" width="23%"|Notes
! rowspan="2" width="5%"|Refs
|-
!English
![[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|-
!1
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Adajan Gam
|align="center"|અડાજણ ગામ
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!2
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Althan Tenament
|align="center"|અલથાણ ટેનામેન્ટ
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!3
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Althan Gam
|align="center"|અલથાણ ગામ
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!4
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Anjana Farm
|align="center"|અંજના ફાર્મ
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!5
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Athwa Chopati
|align="center"|અઠવા ચોપાટી
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!6
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Badri Narayan Temple
|align="center"|બદ્રી નારાયણ ટેમ્પલ
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!7
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Bharat Cancer Hospital
|align="center"|ભારત કેન્સર હોસ્પિટલ
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!8
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Bheshan
|align="center"|ભેસાણ
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=RVNL bags ₹198.93 crore order for construction of Bhesan Depot of Surat Metro Phase 1 {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/rvnl-bags-19893-crore-order-for-construction-of-bhesan-depot-of-surat-metro-phase-1 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref>
|-
|-
!9
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Bhimrad
|align="center"|ભીમરાડ
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!10
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Botanical Garden
|align="center"|બોટનિકલ ગાર્ડન
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!11
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Central Warehouse
|align="center"|સેન્ટ્રલ વેરહાઉસ
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!12
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Convention Center
|align="center"|કન્વેન્શન સેન્ટર
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!13
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|DREAM City
|align="center"|ડ્રીમ સિટી
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!14
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Gandhi Baug
|align="center"|ગાંધીબાગ
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!15
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Jagdishchandra Bose Aquarium
|align="center"|જગદીશચંદ્ર બોસ એક્વેરિયમ
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!16
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Kadarsha Ni Naal
|align="center"|કાદરશા ની નાળ
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Dilip Buildcon-RBL JV gets go-ahead for Surat Metro Rail project |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/companies/dilip-buildcon-rbl-jv-gets-go-ahead-for-surat-metro-rail-project-14862181.htm |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
!17
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Kamela Darwaja
|align="center"|કમેલા દરવાજા
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!18
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Kapodra
|align="center"|કાપોદ્રા
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!19
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Labheshwar Chowk
|align="center"|લાભેશ્વર ચોક
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!20
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|LP Savani School
|align="center"|એલ.પી.સવાણી સ્કૂલ
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!21
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Magob
|align="center"|મગોબ
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!22
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Majura Gate
|align="center"|મજુરા ગેટ
|align="center"| Line 1 Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|Interchange with [[Line 1 (Surat Metro)|Line 1]] & [[Line 2 (Surat Metro)|Line 2]]
|
|-
|-
!23
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Maskati Hospital
|align="center"|મસ્કતી હોસ્પિટલ
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!24
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Model Town
|align="center"|મોડલ ટાઉન
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!25
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Nature Park
|align="center"|નેચર પાર્ક
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!26
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Palanpur Road
|align="center"|પાલનપુર રોડ
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!27
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Performing Art Centre
|align="center"|પર્ફોર્મિંગ આર્ટ સેન્ટર
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!28
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Rupali Canal
|align="center"|રૂપાલી કેનાલ
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!29
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Sarthana
|align="center"|સરથાણા
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-surat-metro-phase-i-to-start-operations-in-december-2027-check-route-distance-and-stations-here-3168089/ | title=Surat Metro phase I to start operations in December 2027 – Check route, distance and stations here | date=13 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-07 |title=Metro tunnel work to be completed by December |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/metro-tunnel-work-to-be-completed-by-december/articleshow/100807893.cms |access-date=2023-11-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|-
!30
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Saroli
|align="center"|સારોલી
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!31
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Kalakunj
|align="center"|શ્રી સ્વામિનારાયણ મંદિર કલાકુંજ
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!32
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Surat Railway Station
|align="center"|સુરત રેલ્વે સ્ટેશન
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Underground
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|Transfer station to [[Surat railway station|Surat Railway Station]]
|
|-
|-
!33
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Udhna Darwaja
|align="center"|ઉધના દરવાજા
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!34
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Ugat Varigruh
|align="center"|ઉગત વરિગૃહ
|align="center"| Line 2
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!35
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Varachha Chopati Garden
|align="center"|વરાછા ચોપાટી ગાર્ડન
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!36
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|VIP Road
|align="center"|વી.આઈ.પી રોડ
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|-
!37
|align="center" style="background-color:#"|Woman ITI
|align="center"|વુમન આઈ.ટી.આઈ
|align="center"| Line 1
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Side
|align="center"|Under construction
|align="center"|–
|
|-
|}

== Statistics ==
{| class="₠wikitable" width="35%"
|Total number of metro stations
| width="5%" align="center" |'''38'''
|-
|Total number of metro stations under construction
| width="5%" align="center" |'''38'''
|-
| width="25%" |Number of interchange stations
| width="5%" align="center" |'''1'''
|-
| width="25%" |Number of elevated stations
| width="5%" align="center" |'''32'''
|-
| width="25%" |Number of underground stations
| width="5%" align="center" |'''6'''
|-
| width="25%" |Number of at-grade stations
| width="5%" align="center" |'''0'''
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Chennai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Coimbatore Metro stations]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Hyderabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Jaipur Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kochi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]
*[[List of Lucknow Metro stations]]
*[[List of Madurai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Noida Metro stations]]
*[[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[List of Navi Mumbai Metro Stations]]
*[[List of Pune Metro stations]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com//home GMRC homepage]

[[Category:Lists of metro stations in India|Surat]]
[[Category:Surat-related lists|Surat]]
[[Category:Surat Metro|*]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Gujarat|Surat Metro stations]]

Tara Tarini Mandir

2026-01-24T03:39:25Z

Swertvver: New

{{short description|Hindu temple in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Tara Tarini Mandira
| image = Taratarini maa.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Odisha#India
| map_caption = Location Purushottampur near Brahmapur city, District: Ganjam, Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|29|22.83|N|84|53|59.23|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = Kumari Hills, [[Purushottampur]]
| district = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]] & [[Maa Tarini|Tarini]]
| festivals = Chaitra Mela/Chaitra Parba/Chaitra Jatra, Dola Parba, [[Dusshera]], [[Navaratri]], [[Dipawali|Dipabali]], and [[Sankranti]]
| architecture = [[Kalinga Architecture]]
| temple_quantity = Five
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions = Two- At the Foot Hill of the Shrine (Shiv Temple)
| year_completed =
| creator = Kalinga Emperors in Ancient Period, Basupraharaj in Medieval period in 17th century and Tara Tarini Development Board at present
| website = http://taratarini.nic.in/}}

'''Tara Tarini Pitha''' (ତାରାତାରିଣୀ ପୀଠ) is a Hindu temple of [[Adi Shakti]] and one of the Adi [[Shakti Pitha]]s, at the Kumari hills on the bank of [[Rushikulya|Rushikulya river]]<ref name="the hindu">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Navy-honours-Tara-Tarini-hill-shrine-by-naming-sailboat/article17331284.ece |title=Navy honours Tara-Tarini hill shrine by naming sailboat |access-date=23 February 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |publication-date= 20 February 2017 }}</ref> near [[Purushottampur]] in [[Ganjam district]] of [[Odisha]], around 28km from [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]] city.

==Description of temple==

The main idols inside the [[garbagriha]] are two stone female faces adorned with gold and silver ornaments. Two brass heads representing their ''Chalanti Pratima'' are in between. There is also a small murti of the Buddha in the garbhagriha.<ref name=NIE/>

==Legends==

[[File:Dakshayani.jpg|thumb|Shiva carrying the corpse of Sati Devi]]

It is believed that the Shakti Pithas are the locations where the body parts of [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Maa Sati]] fell, after being cut by [[Sudarshan chakra]] of Lord [[Vishnu]] during the events of the [[Daksha yajna]].<ref name=ABP>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/lifestyle/religion/what-are-shakti-peeth-of-goddess-know-story-of-mukhye-dharmik-sthal-of-patan-devi-temple-1928289/amp|title=यहां गिरा था सती की जांघ का एक हिस्सा, 51 शक्तिपीठों में एक है यह मंदिर, जानें शक्तिपीठ बनने की कथा|website=[[ABP News|ABP Live]]|access-date=19 May 2024|archive-date=19 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519054330/https://www.abplive.com/lifestyle/religion/what-are-shakti-peeth-of-goddess-know-story-of-mukhye-dharmik-sthal-of-patan-devi-temple-1928289/amp}}</ref> It is said that Tara Tarini Mandir is located where Maa Sati's breasts fell.<ref>{{cite web|title=TARA-TARINI : The Ancient Shakti Pitha of Orissa|website=taratarini.nic.in|url=https://taratarini.nic.in/tt/history.htm|access-date=20 May 2024|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102185216/https://taratarini.nic.in/tt/history.htm}}</ref>

The temple is one of the four [[Shakti_pitha#List_of_4_Adi_Shakti_Pithas|Adi Shakti Pithas]]: the others being the [[Kamakhya Temple]] where the [[Yoni|genitals]] fell, the [[Vimala Temple]] where the feet fell, and the [[Kalighat Kali Temple]] where the toes of the right foot fell.<ref name=NIE>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/Sep/26/motherlodesof-power-2362905.html|title=Motherlodes of Power: The story of India's 'Shakti Peethas'|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=3 October 2021 |access-date=24 May 2024|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403112628/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2021/Sep/26/motherlodesof-power-2362905.html}}</ref>

==Festivals==

===Chaitra Jatra===
Chaitra Jatra, also known as Tara Tarini Jatra takes place on the Tuesdays (or [[Names_of_the_days_of_the_week#Hindu_tradition|Maṅgaḷabāra]]) of the Hindu month of [[Chaitra]]. Devotees believe that getting their children tonsured is auspicious during this period.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://kalingatv.com/features/chaitra-mela-of-goddess-taratarini-in-ganjam-district-of-odisha/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530171519/https://kalingatv.com/features/chaitra-mela-of-goddess-taratarini-in-ganjam-district-of-odisha/
|access-date=24 May 2024
|archive-date= 30 May 2023
|title=Chaitra Mela Of Goddess Taratarini In Ganjam District Of Odisha |website=kalinga.tv|date=13 April 2022
}}</ref> Hundreds of barbers are kept near the temple to aid the devotees.<ref name=festival/> During this festivity, special Khechidi Bhoga is served to the deities which later sold to devotees for ₹7 per serving from Monday midnight till 6 PM Tuesday.<ref name=newodisha>{{cite web|url= http://www.newodisha.in/2012/12/tara-tarini-mela.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608185234/http://www.newodisha.in/2012/12/tara-tarini-mela.html
|archive-date= 8 June 2013
|title=Tara Tarini Mela |work=newodisha.in |year=2012 |access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Birds Eyeview Taratarini temple at night during Chaitra festival.jpg|thumb|Tara Tarini Mandir during Chaitra Jatra]]

===Sankranti Mela===

The Sankranti Mela is held on each [[Sankranti]], i.e every 1st day of the each Hindu month. This day is considered to be very auspicious for Tantra Sadhakas. The temple stays open from 5:30 AM to 10 PM for the [[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshan]] of the deities. Offerings are not allowed inside the [[garbhagriha]] during the festival, they are offered to the Bije Pratima which is kept on the special Bije Pithastal during the festival, located near the temple's gate. Special khechudi bhoga prepared and sold to devotees for ₹7 per packet by the temple trust.<ref name=festival>{{cite web|title=Festival|website=taratarini.nic.in|url=https://taratarini.nic.in/tt/festi.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522104609/https://taratarini.nic.in/tt/festi.htm|archive-date=22 May 2024|access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref>

Special [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]s are done in the mandir.{{Clarify|date=May 2024}}

==See also==

* [[Shaktism]]
* [[Shakti Pitha]]
* [[Sati_(Hindu_goddess)|Sati]]

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

13. [https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/may/19/odisha-cm-naveen-patnaik-seeks-tara-tarini-blessings-dedicates-revamped-shrine-2455376.html Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik seeks Tara Tarini blessings, dedicates revamped shrine, 19th May 2022, New Indian Express]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tara Tarini Temple}}

* [https://taratarini.nic.in/ Tara Tarini Temple official website]
*[https://templeknowledge.com/tara-tarini-temple/ Maa Taratarini Temple]
* [http://ignca.nic.in/asp/all.asp?projectid=orgnjm0210001 Taratarini sculptures]

{{Shakti temples in Odisha}}
{{Shaktism}}

[[Category:Shakta pithas]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Ganjam district]]

Bharatiya Tribal Party

2026-01-20T02:49:41Z

Swertvver: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|logo = [[File:Bharatiya-Tribal-Party.webp|150px]]
|abbreviation = BTP
|colorcode = {{Party color|Bharatiya Tribal Party}}
|leader = [[Chhotubhai Vasava]]
|founder = Maheshbhai Vasava
|foundation = 2018
|headquarters = [[Gujarat]]
|ideology = [[Scheduled Tribes|Tribal]] interest {{nobr|[[Proposed states and union territories of India#Bhil Pradesh|Bhilistan statehood]]}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/White-House-to-be-centre-of-Bhilistan-movement/articleshow/12642136.cms|title='White House' to be centre of Bhilistan movement!|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-clamour-for-separate-saurashtra-bhilistan-to-get-louder-1868566|title=Clamour for separate Saurashtra, Bhilistan to get louder|date=2013-08-01|work=dna|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>
|colours = [[Red]]
{{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Tribal Party}}}}
|alliance = [[United Progressive Alliance]] (2018-2020) [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM+]] (2020-2022)
|symbol = [[File:Auto Rickshaw Election Symbol.svg|150px]]
|website = [https://www.bharatiyatribalparty.org bharatiyatribalparty.org]
|state_seats_name =
|state_seats =
| state2_seats_name = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|0|200|hex={{Party color|Bharatiya Tribal Party}}}}
|eci=|split=[[Loktantrik Janata Dal]]}}

'''Bharatiya Tribal Party''' (abbr. '''BTP''') is a political party based in [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It was formed in 2017 by [[Chhotubhai Vasava]] and Maheshbhai Vasava.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/|title=Partywise Result|website=eciresults.nic.in|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=18 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218160549/http://eciresults.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Election Commission of India]] allotted the [[Auto rickshaw]] symbol to BTP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/year2017/10B_09.08.2017.pdf|title=Election Commission of India letter|publisher=The Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== History ==
===Gujarat===
[[Chhotubhai Vasava]], a [[Bhil]] [[Tribal chief|tribal]] leader, was a member of the [[Janata Dal (United)]] (JD(U)) from 1990 to 2017. He left the party and founded the BTP ahead of the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] when JD(U) allied with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="jdu">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-07 |title=Nitish to campaign in Gujarat after BTP, JD(U) form pre-poll alliance |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/nitish-to-campaign-in-gujarat-after-btp-jdu-form-pre-poll-alliance-1160282.html |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> It won 2 seats; Chhotubhai Vasava from [[Jhagadiya Assembly constituency]] and his son Mahesh Vasava from [[Dediapada Assembly constituency]]; in the 2017 Gujarat election.<ref name="jdu" />

BTP formed the alliance with [[AIMIM]] in 2020 Gujarat panchayat election.<ref name="jdu"/> They announced an alliance with the [[AIMIM]] for the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/02/aimim-joins-hands-with-bhartiya-tribal-party-to-contest-local-polls-in-gujarat-2244564.html|title=AIMIM joins hands with Bhartiya Tribal Party to contest local polls in Gujarat|publisher=New Indian Express|date=2 January 2021|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> but it broke its alliance with AIMIM and allied with the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-05 |title=Arvind Kejriwal's AAP may seal first Gujarat alliance with Chhotu Vasava's BTP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arvind-kejriwal-s-aap-may-seal-first-gujarat-alliance-with-chhotu-vasava-s-btp-101649100623306.html |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It again broke its alliance with AAP in September 2022 and announced contesting the state legislative elections by itself but lost its two seats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-13 |title=Bharatiya Tribal Party ends ties with AAP for Gujarat polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/bharatiya-tribal-party-ends-ties-with-aap-for-gujarat-polls-8147399/ |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Rajasthan===
The BTP fought and won two seats [[Chorasi Assembly constituency|Chorasi]] and [[Sagwara Assembly constituency|Sagwara]] in the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान चुनाव 2018 बी टी पी उम्मीदवारों की सूची: विजेता-उपविजेता उम्मीदवारों, निर्वाचन क्षेत्रों और मतों की पूरी सूची |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/btp-candidates-list-for-rajasthan-assembly-election/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=hi}}</ref> It joined the [[Indian National Congress]] [[Third Ashok Gehlot ministry|government]], but withdrew its support in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-clamour-for-separate-saurashtra-bhilistan-to-get-louder-1868566|title=Why Chhotubhai Vasava's Bharatiya Tribal Party withdrew support to Congress govt in Rajasthan|date=15 December 2018|work=theprint|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> In September 2023, both of them left BTP and formed a new party [[Bharat Adivasi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=डूंगरपुर: MLA राजकुमार रोत ने कहा- BTP से अब नहीं कोई नाता, BAP का करेंगे गठन |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/dungarpur/dungarpur-news-mla-rajkumar-roat-said-no-relation-with-btp-now-will-form-bap/1782079 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
* [[Samata Party]]
* [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Elections in India]]
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.bharatiyatribalparty.org Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921222650/https://www.bharatiyatribalparty.org/ |date=21 September 2022 }}

{{Indian political parties}}
{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:Political parties established in 2017]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Political parties in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Tribal Party]]

Kutchi cinema

2026-01-05T10:09:33Z

Swertvver: creating entry

{{Short description|Kutchi-language film industry}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2018}}
'''Kutchi cinema''' refers to the [[Kutchi language]] film industry of [[Kutch district|Kutch]], [[Gujarat]]. The Kutchi films Haarun Arun and Heda Hoda were international award-winning films based on Kutchi people living on the Indo-Pak border.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/unwind//articleshow/36942654.cms?|title=KUTCHI FILMS GOING GLOBAL|date=July 15, 2010|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film [[The Good Road]] which was selected for the Indian entry for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[86th Academy Awards]] is set in [[Kutch]] and features Kutchi songs and language.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3jWCRU1meqvviSVV9dq0SI/The-Good-Road-Footloose-in-Kutch.html|title=The Good Road: Footloose in Kutch|first=Maulik|last=Pathak|date=July 20, 2013|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

==List of films==
*Kam Ja Kuda (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=KAM JA KUDA KUTCHI COMEDY FULL MOVIE કમ જા કુડા કરછી હાસ્ય સંપુર્ણ ચલચિત્ર.|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErTxhBXvnOI|date=July 23, 2015|website=[[YouTube]]|first=Paresh|last=Sankhla}}</ref>
*Tran Tapori Chotho Chor (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=HD Tran Tapori Chotho Chor Gujarati Kutchi Comedy Full Movie|date=October 24, 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPi6YouWYsE|author=Studio Sameer Digital|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
*Daku Jivalo (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Kutchi Comedy Film Daku Jivalo Full Film HD|author=Studio Sameer Digital|date=December 19, 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3uI1ZmGrsg|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
*Kutchi No. 1 (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=New Kutchi Telefilm Trailer Kutchi No 1|author=Studio Sameer Digital|date=December 23, 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCM8Or_ldxY|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
*Navda Natta Malen (2016)<ref>{{cite web|title=NAVDA NATTA MALEN FULL MOVIE HD (Kutchhi Comedy) Pinu|website=[[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Chc-8W92Sxk}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cinema of India}}

[[Category:Culture of Kutch]]
[[Category:Cinema by language of India]]

Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Tīrtha

2025-12-30T00:42:27Z

Swertvver: Creating A Entry

{{Short description|Jain temple in Maharashtra, India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Tīrtha
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = Antariksh Parshvanath Temple, Shirpur.jpg
| alt = Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Tīrtha
| caption = Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Tīrtha Main Temple
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_caption = Location of Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Tīrtha in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{coord|20.17|N|76.96|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = Shirpur, [[Akola district]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| deity = [[Parshvanatha]]
| sect = Jain
| festivals = [[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]], [[Pausha]] Dashami, [[Parshvanatha]]'s Moksha Kalyanaka
| temple_quantity = 4
| inscriptions = 1
| administration = Śrī Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Jain Trust
| ownership =
| governing_body = Śrī Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Jain Trust
}}
{{Jainism}}'''Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Tīrtha''' is a Jain temple in Shirpur (Jain) town in [[Akola district]], [[Maharashtra]], India. Most popular for the main deity which is supposedly a 'floating' black-colored idol of [[Parshvanatha]], the 23rd [[Tirthankara]], this temple has been a center of devotion for Jains as well as of disputes between the Digambara and Śvetāmbara sect of [[Jainism]]. The main deity at this temple is one of the 108 most prominent idols of Pārśvanātha worshipped by Śvetāmbaras, and is also very sacred to Digambaras.<ref>{{Cite web |title=98.Antriksh Parshwanath – The Jainsite World's Largest Jain Website |url=https://jainsite.com/jainism_post/98-antriksh-parshwanath/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CYbXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22antarikshji%22 |title=Teerth Darshan |date=2002 |publisher=Shree Jain Prarthana Mandir Trust (Regd.) |language=en}}</ref>

== Traditional beliefs ==
Several legends are associated with this idol and the ancient structure it is housed in. According to Acharya Jinaprabhasuri's [[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]], the idol is believed to have had been carved out of cow dung and sand by King Khara, [[Ravana|Ravana's]] sister's husband. This idol, as per traditional beliefs, is said to be the 3rd oldest idol in the universe after [[Neminatha|Neminatha's]] idol at [[Girnar Jain temples]] and [[Parshvanatha|Parshvanatha's]] idols at [[Shankheshwar Jain Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhuvantilaksuri |first=Acharya |title=Antariksh Tirth Mahatmya |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/032034/175}}</ref>

As per [[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]], later on, King Śrīpāla of Achalpur was cured of an illness after consuming water from a well.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nagraj |first=B.C. |title=All India Jain Temples and Tourist Places |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006742/71}}</ref> With the help of [[Dharanendra]], a demi-god, Śrīpāla recovered this idol which was immersed in the well from which he drank water. He was asked not to look back at the chariot he was transporting the idol in. However, against Dharnendra's advice, he looked back and the idol froze at the said spot, midway in air in Shirpur. In 1142 CE, the idol was consecrated by Jain ascetic Ācārya Abhaydevasuri there itself. It is said that since the idol floated above the ground at the time of this consecration ceremony, the name ''Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha'' ({{Translation|floating idol of Pārśvanātha}}) was coined.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bhuvantilaksuri |first=Acharya |title=Antariksh Tirth Mahatmya |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/032034/15}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Antariksh Parshvanath Idol With Devdushya Aangi.jpg
| alt1 = The idol of Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha during Śvetāmbara rituals
| caption1 = The idol of Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha during Śvetāmbara rituals
| image2 = Antariksh_Parshvanath_Idol_Without_Chakshu.jpg
| alt2 = The idol of Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha during Digambara rituals
| caption2 = The idol of Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha during Digambara rituals
| align = center
| total_width = 300
}}
A 17th century hymn, ''Śrī Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Stotra'' and Acharya Bhuvantilaksuri's ''Antariksh Mahatmya'' state that [[Śvetāmbara]] ascetic Ganivarya Bhavavijaya recovered his lost eyesight by writing and singing a hymn dedicated to this idol. The literary piece also mentions that the temple was renovated after idol was consecrated again under his guidance.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

== Early history ==
Both the [[Digambara|Digambaras]] and [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbaras]] claim the ownership of the main deity, which has been a matter of several legal disputes between the two sects at least since 1850s.

A 1406 CE inscription mentions that a person named ''Jagasimha'' donated the land to build this temple in Shirpur (Jain). It is suspected he was possibly the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyan king]] [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]. In 1649 CE, many newly sculpted idols were installed by [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Jain]] ascetic Acharya Devsuri of the [[Tapa Gaccha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhuvantilaksuri |first=Acharya |title=Antariksh Tirth Mahatmya |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/032034/199}}</ref> It was conducted by Amichand, a [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|Śrāvaka]] from [[Aurangabad]]. ''Śrī Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Stotra'' by Ganivarya Bhavavijaya also mentions that the idol was reinstalled and the temple was renovated in 1658 CE.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrasowitz |first=Ctto |title=Verzeichnis Der Handschriften Im Deutschen Reich Part 02 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/020888/69 |pages=284–285}}</ref>

Due to the migration of Jains out of villages, in late 17th century CE, the [[Maratha Confederacy]] reportedly appointed ''Polkars'', a [[Marathi language|Marathi-speaking]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] clan to maintain and protect the temple from attacks by the [[Mughal Empire]]. The temple was renovated again in 1867 CE and the idol supposedly floated only one finger above ground then.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jambuvijaya |first=Muni |title=Jain Shwetambar Tirth Shree Antariksh Parshwanath |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/005693/74}}</ref>

In 1877 CE, a silver pole was installed at the temple by the [[Śvetāmbara]] Jain community. While [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] published that it was a [[Digambara]] temple, [[Bombay High Court]], in the case ''Yadarao Dajiba Shrawane vs. Nanilal Harakchand Shah (2002)'' stated that ownership and title was not subject to decision based on reports by the Imperial Gazetteer of India. Later, in the same case, the [[Supreme Court of India]] passed an order stating that the Śvetāmbara community had an exclusive right to manage the temple as well as the disputed idol.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Yadarao Dajiba Shrawane (Dead) By Lrs. v. Nanilal Harakchand Shah (Dead) And Others, Supreme Court Of India, Judgment, Law |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5767b129e691cb22da6d53d4 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website= |language=en}}</ref>
"We are inclined to think that the use of the historical works to establish title to the property cannot be justified on the strength of Section 57 of the Indian Evidence Act. The question of title between the trustee of a mosque, though an old and historical institution, and a private person, cannot, in our opinion, be deemed to be a "matter of public history" within the meaning of the said Section. These statements in the Gazetteer are not relied on as evidence of title but as providing historical material and practice followed by the Math and its head. The Gazetteers can be consulted on matters of public history."

- Bombay High Court in ''Yadarao Dajiba Shrawane vs. Nanilal Harakchand Shah'', referring to ''Farzand Ali vs. Zafar Ali'' and ''Mahant Shri Srinivas Ramanydas vs. Suraj Narayan Das''<ref name=":4" />

== History of the dispute ==
By early 1900s, ''Polkars'' started to claim ownership of the temple due to the absence of Śvetāmbara residents in the town. Śvetāmbara trustees residing in nearby towns sought assistance from Digambaras to legally fight against ''Polkars''. [[Digambara|Digambaras]] and [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbaras]] united and sued ''Polkars'' in a district court in 1901 to reclaim the ownership of the temple from ''Polkars''. In 1903, the court ruled in favor of the Śvetāmbara trustees, also known as the ''Jain'' ''panchas''. The court called for a settlement between Jains and ''Polkars'' emphasizing that even though they were not the rightful owners, the court could not repeal their employment rights and ruled: -<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shirpur (Jain) |first=Antriksha Parshwanath Sansthan |title=Jain Shwetambar Tirth Antriksha Parshwanath |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/005202/80}}</ref>

# Four Polkars would be employed for maintenance of the temple.
# Each of them would be paid INR 261 a year for their service.
# All currency deposited in the temple would be the property of ''Śrī Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Mahārāja Saṃsthāna,'' a Śvetāmbara trust, except any currency between INR 1 and INR 10 which would be given to ''Polkars''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jambuvijaya |first=Muni |title=Jain Shwetambar Tirth Shree Antariksh Parshwanath |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/005693/58}}</ref>

By 1905-06, clashes between devotees of both sects increased due to ritualistic differences with respect to the worshipping of idols. Several meetings culminated into an agreement: -<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jambuvijaya |first=Muni |title=Jain Shwetambar Tirth Shree Antariksh Parshwanath |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/005693/59}}</ref>

# Four time slots were decided (3 hour-long each), with 2 for each sect to perform religious rituals before the idol as per their customs.
# During the 8 days of [[Paryushana]] celebrated by [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbaras]], all slots except one were given to Śvetāmbaras. Similar policy was applied to Digambaras during the Digambara celebration of ''Das-Lakshana''.
# During [[Naraka Chaturdashi]], [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbaras]] had a single slot and the rest were for the Digambaras. The reverse happened on [[Diwali (Jainism)|Diwali]].
# Praying without worshipping through offerings was permitted for devotees of both the sects throughout the day.
On 12 February 1908, with permission from [[Digambara|Digambaras]], [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbaras]] started plastering the idol as per tradition, to repair and protect it from damage. Digambaras alleged that the artisan made additions of lower waist-cloth and that this was not authorized by them. Śvetāmbaras worshipped a clothed idol. However, Digambaras only worshipped a nude idol without jewelry. Severe damage was inflicted upon the idol after an enraged mob from the Digambara community forcibly used metallic instruments and objects to remove the carving of the lower waist-cloth on 13 February 1908. The situation escalated and Śvetāmbaras filed a case for exclusive control of the temple citing the danger Digambaras pose to the idol. Śvetāmbaras produced over 600 evidences including jewelry for the idol that was gifted to the temple trust.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Honasa Ramasa Lad Dhakad and others v Kalyanchand lalchand Patni Gujrathi and others (The Court of the Judicial Commissioner of the Central Provinces), [1929] UKPC 71 {{!}} Privy Council, Judgment, Law |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/uk/5b4dc24c2c94e07cccd23b30 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website= |language=en}}</ref> In response to the case, in March 1908, Digambaras filed a counter-appeal claiming full ownership of the temple and that Śvetāmbaras had wrongly filed a case. They also said that full ownership could not be given to Śvetāmbaras due to the 1905 agreement between both the sects.<ref name=":1" />

On 11 February 1910, Akola's Additional District Judge delivered a judgment: -<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shirpur (Jain) |first=Antriksha Parshwanath Sansthan |title=Jain Shwetambar Tirth Antriksha Parshwanath |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/005202/143}}</ref>

# The idol belonged to the Śvetāmbaras.
# Even though the rightful owner was established to be the Śvetāmbara sect, absolute ownership could not be given to any of the two sects due to the 1905 agreement.
# The lower waist-cloth was already carved over the idol before the plastering began in 1908 and that it was not added later as insinuated by Digambaras.
# No arrests could be made for damaging the idol because the perpetrator had not been identified.
# Both the sects must be obliged to observe the particulars of the 1905 agreement.
# Śvetāmbaras were fully permitted to perform the necessary plastering of the idol and worship it with jewelry as per their rituals and customs.
# Digambaras were restrained from obstructing or objecting to the process of plastering of the idol by Śvetāmbaras.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jambuvijaya |first=Muni |title=Jain Shwetambar Tirth Shree Antariksh Parshwanath |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/005693/61}}</ref>

In response to the appeal filed by Śvetāmbaras on 17 July 1918, the Judicial Commissioner of Nagpur High Court passed an order giving the ownership and the exclusive right to manage the temple and the full right to worship as per their customs to the Śvetāmbaras. Digambaras were allowed to worship as per the 1905 agreement and without ornaments and jewelry as per their own customs. However, they were not permitted to remove the lower waist-cloth and were permanently restrained from interfering with the process of plastering by Śvetāmbaras.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court of India: Yabdyarlaros.Dajiba Shrawane (Dead) vs Ma&Niolrasl. Harakchand Shah (Dead) on 2 August 2002 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/848899/}}</ref> Śvetāmbara ascetic Acharya Sagaranandsuri was subjected to attacks and insults, but reportedly, he forgave the perpetrators and was honored by a British judge for this move.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Pankaj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1LKEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22antarikshji%22&pg=PA146 |title=Modern Jainism: A Historical Approach |date=2023-07-07 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-99-2485-1 |language=en}}</ref>
"We declare that the Swetambaris are entitled to the exclusive management of the temple and the image of Shri Antariksha Parshwanath Maharaj at Kasbe Shirpur, with Katisutra, Kardora and Lape, and that they have the right to worship that image with Chakshu, Tika and Mugut and to put ornaments over the same in accordance with their custom. That the Digambaris have a right of worshipping the image in accordance with the arrangement made in 1905 without Chakshu, Tika and Mugut or ornaments, but are not to remove or interfere with the Kachota, Katisutra and Lape; we also declare that the Digambari Sect are permanently restrained from obstructing the Swetambari Sect in getting the image restored to its original form adorned with the Kachota, Katisutra and plastering the same now and hereafter. In supersession of the lower Court's decree, a decree as above will now be passed. The cross objections are dismissed. As regards costs, we think it proper that each party should bear its cost."

- Judicial Commissioner, Nagpur<ref name=":4" />
In 1923, Digambaras appealed the order in the [[Privy council|Privy Council]]. As per the directions of the Judicial Commissioner of Nagpur High Court, Śvetāmbaras had begun the process of plastering the idol by then. Digambaras demanded a stay order, which the court refused. After plastering of the idol was completed, members of the Digambara community reportedly poured 'boiling hot' milk over the idol, which damaged the plaster. On 9 July 1929, the Privy Council, in response to the appeal by Digambaras, rejected it and held that order passed by the Judicial Commissioner of Nagpur High Court was to be followed and that the temple as well as the idol were to continue to be managed by Śvetāmbaras.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gudhka |first=Premchand Meghji |title=Jain Shasan 2002 2003 Book 15 Ank 01 to 21 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/537267/339}}</ref>
"In the result, the Appellate Court declared and held that the Shwetambaris were, in the facts found, entitled to the exclusive management of the temple. On full consideration of the whole case their Lordships have reached the conclusion that the decree is right. In the result, therefore, the appeal fails and their Lordships will humbly advice His Majesty that it be dismissed with costs. Their Lordships will further humbly advice His Majesty that a petition lodged by the appellants for a stay of execution of the decree of the Judicial Commissioner be also dismissed with costs."

- Privy Council in ''Honasa Ramasa Lad Dhakad vs. Kalyanchand Lalchand Patni Gujrathi''<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Antariksha_Parshvanatha_Damaged_Plaster.jpg|thumb|The damaged idol of Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha after violent means to remove the plaster were used]]
[[File:Antariksh_Parshvanath_Idol_With_Chakshu.jpg|center|thumb|300x300px|The idol of Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha]]
In 1934, Śvetāmbaras initiated the process of restoring the damaged idol. Digambaras filed an appeal against it in Akola Court, which dismissed the appeal. Digambaras moved to the High Court, which ruled that Akola Court was to direct on the size of the lower waist-cloth. On 11 January 1937, Justice R.V. Paranjpe visited the temple and tried to scratch the idol using his nails. On witnessing a sand-like mixture in his nails, he concluded that the idol was certainly not made of stone as believed by Digambaras and that the necessity for plastering this idol was obvious.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jambuvijaya |first=Muni |title=Jain Shwetambar Tirth Shree Antariksh Parshwanath |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/005693/55}}</ref>

On 13 September 1944, Akola Court decided the size of the lower waist-cloth. It declared that the authority to decide on when would plastering begin rested with Śvetāmbaras and Digambaras were not permitted to object to it. Digambaras were further restrained from making any ritualistic offerings before the plaster was completely dry. When the process was begun by Śvetāmbaras in 1944, Digambaras filed another case in Nagpur High Court, stating that the plaster was not required as the idol was made of stone and not a mixture of sand and cow-dung as believed by Śvetāmbaras. On 8 July 1947, Justice R.T. Pollock, a [[British Raj|British]] judge, ruled that Śvetāmbaras were allowed to perform plastering and the previous order was to be honored by Digambaras as well. He further stated that Digambaras were only trying to delay the plastering. The court ordered Digambaras to pay reparations to Śvetāmbaras with respect to the expense made by them in the proceedings of this case. Digambaras then filed an appeal in the Nagpur High Court, which refused to hear the plea. Between 3 October 1948 and 13 November 1948. Śvetāmbaras completed the process of plastering of the idol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shirpur (Jain) |first=Antriksha Parshwanath Sansthan |title=Jain Shwetambar Tirth Antriksha Parshwanath |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/005202/97}}</ref>

In 1959, there arose a need to replaster the idol due to deterioration of the old plaster with time. Removal of plaster was performed under careful invigilation of a retired judge and one member from each of the two sects. According to Śvetāmbaras, the plaster was sufficiently removed at a point. However, Digambaras said that the process must go on, so that it could be proved that the idol is nude and made up of stone instead of sand and cow-dung. This allegation led to violent disputes, after which, the government put the idol inside a cage to protect it from damage due to the violence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shirpur (Jain) |first=Antriksha Parshwanath Sansthan |title=Jain Shwetambar Tirth Antriksha Parshwanath |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/005202/147}}</ref>

In 1960, Digambaras filed a plea in a Civil Court to stop the process of replastering and to proclaim that Śvetāmbaras had obtained Privy Council's support through unlawful means. Later, both the sects instituted a 5-member committee to visit the temple and guide on further course of action. Three visits were conducted, one each in July 1967, October 1967, and February 1968. By their third visit, they noted that Digambaras had placed several new idols which were not present at the time of their first visit. These idols were not consecrated and cemented, and were reportedly only placed to influence the committee. However, they tried to spread the narrative that the idols were present since ancient times, the committee did not accept their views.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jambuvijaya |first=Muni |title=Jain Shwetambar Tirth Shree Antariksh Parshwanath |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/005693/19}}</ref> They also observed that Digambaras had scribbled and declared their ownership on the temple's walls, against the Privy Council's directions. The idol of [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]] was also displaced.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shirpur (Jain) |first=Antriksha Parshwanath Sansthan |title=Jain Shwetambar Tirth Antriksha Parshwanath |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/005202/38}}</ref>

In 1977, Digambaras filed a plea in Bombay High Court to completely deplaster the idol, while Śvetāmbaras responded by saying that Digambaras planned to convert the temple which was unlawful as per the Places of Worship Act. On 22 April 1981, replastering was resumed. However, extremely violent clashes between members of both sects prompted the government to seal the temple. On 18 May 1981, goons attacked a group of Śvetāmbara nuns staying at a ''[[Dharmasala|dharmaśālā]]'' owned by Śvetāmbaras. Two days later, a similar attack occurred, but was prevented due to police protection. The goons were reportedly sent to vacate and illegally occupy the Śvetāmbara ''dharmaśālā'' by Digambaras.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Views |first=Jain News |title=The Court Case of Antrikshji Parshwanath Prabhu |url=https://jainnewsviews.blogspot.com/2018/04/the-court-case-of-antrikshji.html |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Jain News Views}}</ref> The matter of unprecedented violence against Śvetāmbaras, Śvetāmbara monks and nuns, and discrimination against Śvetāmbaras by local police was also taken up for discussion in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 18 September 1981, by Ratansinh Rajda, the then [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vE03AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22antarikshji%22&pg=RA2-PA323 |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1903 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref>

On 8th March 2007, [[Bombay High Court]] ruled that findings proved that the idol had the lower waist-cloth on 15 August 1947. Therefore, according to [[Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991]], demands by the Digambara sect to remove the plaster were unlawful and illegal. On 5 April 2007, the matter was recommended to the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manikchand Pratapmal Baj v. Sakarchand Premchand Gujarathi, Bombay High Court, Judgment, Law |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/56b493bf607dba348f0081bb |access-date=2024-09-01 |website= |language=en}}</ref>

After 17 years of hearing, the Supreme Court of India passed an interim order on 22 February 2023 which gave management rights of the temple and idol exclusively to [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbaras]]. Further, the court permitted Śvetāmbaras to perform plastering of the idol necessary to protect it from further damage. It also permitted the [[Digambara]] sect to worship the idol without making any changes in the plaster of the idol. Worshipping was permitted as per the agreement made between Śvetāmbaras and Digambaras in 1905.<ref>{{Cite web |title=तब्बल ४२ वर्षांनंतर महाराष्ट्रातील या जगप्रसिद्ध मंदिराचे दार उघडणार, सुप्रीम कोर्टाचा आदेश |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/washim/the-door-of-the-antariksh-parshwanath-bhagwan-jain-temple-at-shirpur-will-be-opened-after-42-years-after-supreme-court-order/articleshow/98157551.cms |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
"Consequently, the interim order dated 05.04.2007, passed by this court, is modified in the following terms:

(i) The management of the temple and the idol shall be that of the Shwetambari sect, subject to the final outcome of this appeal;

(ii) The Digambari sect will be allowed to worship the idol as per the agreement entered into between the parties in 1905 but without changing the character of the idol; and

(iii) The Shwetambari sect will be at liberty to carry out necessary plaster (lep) on the idol to prevent any wear and tear of the idol and for the purpose of maintenance and proper upkeep of the same."

- Supreme Court of India in ''Manikchand vs. Sakarchand S/O Premchand Gujrathi''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manikchand And Ors. vs Sakarchand S/O Premchand Gujrathi And ... on 22 February 2023 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/172426889/}}</ref>
Following the court's orders, on 11 March 2023 the keys of the temple were handed over to Sakarchand Shah of the Śvetāmbara sect and the temple was reopened after 42 years of litigation.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-03-12 |title=४२ वर्षांनंतर उघडले अंतरिक्ष पार्श्वनाथ जैन मंदिर; ९८ वर्षीय साकरचंद शाहांनी स्वीकारली चावी |url=https://www.lokmat.com/vashim/antariksh-parshwanath-jain-temple-opens-after-42-years-98-year-old-sankalchand-shah-accepted-the-key-a719/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref> ''Śrī Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Mahārāja Saṃsthāna,'' the managing trust of the temple, proceeded with performing the necessary plastering of the idol. An official notice was issued by the trust, stating that the temple would not open until the plastering and necessary repairs in the ancient structure were completed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-12 |title=Finally after 42 years antariksh parshwanath tirth opened {{!}} આખરે બેતાલીસ વર્ષે અંતરિક્ષજી પાર્શ્વનાથ તીર્થનાં તાળાં ખૂલ્યાં |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/news/mumbai-news/article/finally-after-42-years-antariksh-parshwanath-tirth-opened-189703 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=www.gujaratimidday.com |language=gu}}</ref>

Plastering was to begin, when a mob from [[Digambara]] sect forcefully broke into the temple on 14 March 2023, when it was closed for plastering. They, reportedly, entered on the stating their wish to worship other idols. No action was taken by the police. Due to this, the already scheduled plastering process had to be delayed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-15 |title=antarikshji mahatirth akola now lap controversy between svetambara and digambara jains {{!}} અંતરીક્ષજી તીર્થમાં શ્વેતાંબર અને દિગંબર વચ્ચે હવે લેપનો વિવાદ |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/news/mumbai-news/article/antarikshji-mahatirth-akola-now-lap-controversy-between-svetambara-and-digambara-jains-189923 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=www.gujaratimidday.com |language=gu}}</ref> Later, the Digambara sect appealed to the Supreme Court to issue an injunction on its order. On 18 March 2023, violent clashes happened between devotees of both sects, which continued on 1h March 2023. Devotees of the Śvetāmbara sect sustained severe injuries due to attack by objects such as iron rods and bricks.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Khushbu |last2=Hindi |first2=India TV |date=2023-03-19 |title=अंतरिक्ष पार्श्वनाथ तीर्थ के बाहर भिड़े जैन समाज के दिगंबर और श्वेतांबर गुट, कई घायल |url=https://www.indiatv.in/maharashtra/washim-shirpur-antariksh-parshwnath-temple-jain-community-clash-four-injured-2023-03-19-942929 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-17 |title=antarikshji mahatirth akola process of lap on god s idol to start from today {{!}} અંતરીક્ષજી તીર્થમાં ભગવાનના લેપની પ્રક્રિયા આજે શરૂ થઈ શકશે? |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/news/mumbai-news/article/antarikshji-mahatirth-akola-process-of-lap-on-god-s-idol-to-start-from-today-190097 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=www.gujaratimidday.com |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=report |first=Ground |title=Explained: Antriksha Parshwanath dispute between two Jain sects |url=https://groundreport.in/antriksha-parshwanath-dispute-explained/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=groundreport.in |language=hi}}</ref>

To end the violent turmoil, ascetics and members of [[Śvetāmbara]] community proposed an agreement, based on which, it was mutually agreed by both the and decided that the plastering would begin on 23 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=report |first=Ground |title=अंतरिक्ष पार्श्वनाथ के लिए जैन धर्म के दो पंथों में खूनी संघर्ष |url=https://groundreport.in/antariksh-parasnath-controversy-explained/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=groundreport.in |language=hi}}</ref> The first round of plastering concluded on 30 March 2023. On 5 April 2023, the [[Supreme Court of India]] passed an order on the injunction application made by the [[Digambara]] sect.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-24 |title=antarikshji mahatirth akola process of lap on god s idol started very peacefully {{!}} અંતરીક્ષજી તીર્થમાં ભગવાનના લેપની પ્રક્રિયા શાંતિથી શરૂ થઈ |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/news/mumbai-news/article/antarikshji-mahatirth-akola-process-of-lap-on-god-s-idol-started-very-peacefully-190665 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=www.gujaratimidday.com |language=gu}}</ref> The court did not pass any injunction and allowed the repairs of the temple to happen under the district administrator's supervision. The second and third rounds of plastering were completed by 18 April 2023, and on 29 May 2023 respectively.<ref name=":5" />

After plastering concluded on 20 June 2023, the [[Śvetāmbara]] trust gave the first chance to worship the idol to the [[Digambara]] community. Digambaras performed worshipping as per their rituals. On 21 June 2023, [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbaras]] performed ''18 abhiṣeka'' (ritualistic bathing of the idol with eighteen different types of medicinal fluids) on the idol. [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbaras]] all over the world celebrated the reopening of the temple through ''bhāv-yātrā'' ({{Translation|visiting a pilgrimage through imagination, backed by devotional music}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-31 |title=Shree Antariksh Parshwanath Bhagwaan ni Bhavyatra |url=https://www.bjs.org.au/event/shree-antariksh-parshwanath-bhagwaan-ni-bhavyatra/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Brisbane Jain Sangh |language=en-US}}</ref>

== In literature ==
Several Śvetāmbara texts mention Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha: -

# ''[[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]]'' (14th century)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jinaprabhasuri |first=Acharya |title=Vividha Tirtha Kalpa |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/009519/3}}</ref>
# ''Śrī Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Chanda'' (15th century)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lavanyavijaya |first=Muni |title=Śrī Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Chaṇḍ |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/229435/1}}</ref>
# ''Upadeśataraṅgiṇī'' (16th century)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gani |first=Ratnamandir |title=Upadeśataraṅgiṇī |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/010552/3}}</ref>
# ''Śrī Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Stotra'' (17th century)
# ''Sakala Tīrtha Vandanā'' (18th century)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevavijaya |first=Muni |title=Sakala Tīrtha Vandanā |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/300500/2}}</ref>
# ''Hīrasaubhāgya Mahākāvya'' (17th century)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devvimalsuri |first=Acharya |title=Hīrasaubhāgya Mahākāvya 1/3 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/005967/414}}</ref>
# ''Caturviṃśati Jina Stuti''
# ''Puruṣādāni Pārśvadevanām Mālā''
# ''Gurjar Kāvya Sañcaya''
# ''Prācīnā Tīrtha Mālā Saṅgraha''
# ''Tīrthamālā''
Apart from the above, some Digambara scriptures such as the 14th century text ''Nirvān Kānd'', and those written by [[Bhattaraka|Bhattarakas]] mention this pilgrimage site.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Sagarmal |title=Jain Dharm me Tirth ki Avdharna |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/711406/837}}</ref>

[[Yashovijaya]] had composed two hymns dedicated to Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vishalrl |date=2010-12-02 |title=Bhavyatra: Jay jay jay prabhu parsva jinand ! |url=https://bhavyatra.blogspot.com/2010/12/jay-jay-jay-prabhu-parsva-jinand.html |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Bhavyatra}}</ref> [[Anandghan]], a [[Śvetāmbara]] ascetic known for composing musical hymns, also composed several hymns dedicated to the idol of Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nāhaṭā |first=Bham̐varalāla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mmAeAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5 |title=Sirī Sahajāṇandaghana cariyaṃ |date=1989 |publisher=Prākr̥ta Bhāratī Akādamī |language=hi}}</ref>

[[Kalyansagarsuri|Acharya Kalyansagarsuri]], a 16th-century [[Śvetāmbara]] ascetic, wrote a comprehensive ritual of worshipping the idol of Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha, which also hints at the fact that the Śvetāmbara sect worshipped the idol at least since 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalyansagarsuri |first=Acharya |title=Antariksha Parshvanatha Mahapuja Vidhi |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/600326/3}}</ref>

''Śabdon Ke Śikhara'', a scripture written by [[Rajendrasuri]], describes the temple and the idol.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajendrasurishwarji |first=Shree |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4ikDwAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5 |title=Shabdo ke Shikhar: The Mountain of Words |date=2011-12-30 |publisher=Veer Gurudev Foundation |language=hi}}</ref>

== Other temples nearby ==
Near the ancient disputed temple, an undisputed [[Śvetāmbara]] temple, as well as the [[Digambara]] Jain ''Pavali'' Temple are situated. Śvetāmbaras recently consecrated another pilgrimage site near the ancient disputed temple taking the total number of temples to 4.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindi |first=Bhaskar |date=2023-01-16 |title=श्री अंतरिक्ष पार्श्वनाथ श्वेतांबर संस्थान में लाखों भक्त होंगे शामिल, 26 जनवरी से प्रतिष्ठा महोत्सव |url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/city/news/lakhs-of-devotees-will-participate-in-shree-antriksh-parshwanath-shwetambar-sansthan-446715 |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=www.bhaskarhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== External links ==

* The official YouTube channel of ''Śrī Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Mahārāja Saṃsthāna'': https://www.youtube.com/@AntarikshjiTirth

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Antariksa Parsvanatha Tirtha}}
[[Category:Jain temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:14th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]

Kolkata Youth Theatre Festival

2025-12-23T18:10:30Z

Swertvver: creating new page

{{Orphan|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name= Kolkata Youth Theatre Festival
| logo=
| image=
| caption= Official Mascot for 2016 Kolkata Youth Theatre Festival
| location= [[India]], [[Kolkata]] city
| founded= 2014
| leader_name = Shriek of Silence
| years_active=2014 – Present
| genre= [[Drama|Theatre]]
| attendance=
| patron=
| website=
}}

The '''Kolkata Youth Theatre Festival''' popularly known as '''KYTF'''. This Youth Theatre Festival<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/epapermain.aspx?queryed=9&eddate=2%2F19%2F2015 |title=Ei Samay ePaper: Bengali News | Latest News in Bengali | Bengali e-Paper | Bengali NewsPaper |access-date=2015-02-21 |archive-date=2015-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221231931/http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/epapermain.aspx?queryed=9&eddate=2%2F19%2F2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> was launched by '''Shriek of Silence(S.O.S)'''. After the grand success of the festival in 2014, [https://www.facebook.com/kytf.sos Kolkata Youth Theatre Festival ] is primed to become bigger and better. The [[festival]] is unique with different genres of [[theatre]] melting in the same pot.

==Introduction==
[[Kolkata]] being the cultural capital of the country is also synonymous with [[theatre]], legends like Girish Ghosh, [[Utpal Dutta]], [[Sambhu Mitra]] and many others have contributed to the upliftment of the [[theatre]] scenario in the city. It is the city with the maximum number of registered theatre groups <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/75785-1642631.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221232013/http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/75785-1642631.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 21, 2015|title = Telegraph india epaper Calcutta 18 Nov 2021 | Page 1}}</ref> per capita in the world. [https://www.facebook.com/shriekofsilence Shriek of Silence (S.O.S)] steps forward to contribute to the current theatre scenario on its birthday. Kolkata Youth Theatre Festival is launched by Shriek of Silence. It is a confluence point of celebrities and theatre veterans along with upcoming thespians.

==History==
The Kolkata Youth Theatre Festival began in the year 2014 under the aegis of '''Shriek of Silence (S.O.S)'''.

''' Shows'''

*The Stone Age
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141106092617/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=MERCHANT-COMES-TO-KOLKATA-05042014106020 Merchant Of Venice -The Kolkata Musical]
*Jawab
*Hitchcock
*The East Side Story<ref>{{Cite web | title=Details | url=http://www.ebela.in/details/26737-20123593.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222232754/http://www.ebela.in/details/26737-20123593.html/ | access-date=2025-11-24 | archive-date=2015-02-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150221232013/http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/75785-1642631.html The Telegraph Article ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150221233847/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=MERCHANT-COMES-TO-KOLKATA-05042014106020 Times of India Article ]
*[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/bards-play-captures-citys-1970-scenario/article5853251.ece/ The Hindu Article ]
*[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=City-campuses-unite-for-theatre-festival-03022015005025/ Times of India Article ]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
*[http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/epapermain.aspx?queryed=9&eddate=2%2F19%2F2015/ Ei Samay Article ]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150221231512/http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/139302-175353421.html/ The Telegraph Article ]
*[http://www.ebela.in/details/26737-20123593.html/ Ebela Article]
*[https://www.facebook.com/kytf.sos/ Kolkata Youth Theatre Festival Page ]
*[https://www.facebook.com/shriekofsilence/ Shriek Of Silence (S.O.S) Page ]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&list=UUdB00wFnUrJjszPXBMbqdkQ&v=giLywx2ZWRM/ Youtube Music Video ]
*[http://www.ebela.in/details/27308-72336638.html/ Ebela Article ]
*[http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=WHATS-UP-TODAY-15032015103017/ The Times of India]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

[[Category:Theatre festivals in India]]

Chhal Kapat

2025-12-17T14:00:23Z

Swertvver:

{{Short description|2025 Indian web series}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Chhal Kapat.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| writer = Prakriti Mukherjee
| screenplay = Karishmaa Oluchi
| director = Ajay Bhuyan
| starring = [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]] Kamya Ahlawat [[Ragini Dwivedi]] [[Tuhina Das]] [[Yahhve Sharma]] Pranay Pachauri Smaran Sahu [[Anuj Sachdeva]] Keshav Lokwani
| music = Soutrik Chakraborty
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| producer = Aditya Pittie Samar Khan
| editor = Rajkumar Chaturvedi
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Start date|2025|6|6|df=y}}
}}

'''''Chhal Kapat: The Deception''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language mystery-thriller web series directed by Ajay Bhuyan and produced by Juggernaut Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sunanda |title=Chhal Kapat: The Deception On OTT- When And Where To Watch Shriya Pilgaonkar's Crime Thriller Series |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/chhal-kapat-the-deception-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-shriya-pilgaonkars-crime-thriller-series |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> The series is set around a wedding ceremony in [[Burhanpur, Madhya Pradesh]], where a suspicious death prompts a police investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Irani |first=Shaheen |title=Chhal Kapat: Shriya Pilgaonkar and her series co-stars share an interesting take on viral social media tune {{!}} Video |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/chal-kapat-shriya-pilgaonkar-and-her-series-co-stars-share-an-interesting-take-on-viral-social-media-tune-video/bbe36312ec572 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]] stars as SP Devika Rathore, the officer assigned to the case.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Arpita |title=Chhal Kapat - The Deception: Release date, OTT platform, cast, plot, and more about the thriller series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/chhal-kapat-the-deception-release-date-ott-platform-cast-plot-and-more-about-the-thriller-series/45f57e2492968 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The cast also includes Kamya Ahlawat, [[Ragini Dwivedi]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ragini Dwivedi about Chhal Kapat: There are 9 suspects, but the main story is about 4 friends and I am one of them |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/ragini-dwivedi-about-chhal-kapat-there-are-9-suspects-but-the-main-story-is-about-4-friends-and-i-am-one-of-them/ba698cb3dc711 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> [[Tuhina Das]], [[Yahhve Sharma]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-02 |title=Yahhve Sharma Impresses in ZEE5’s Murder Mystery Chhal Kapat |url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzz/article/yahhve-sharma-impresses-in-zee5s-murder-mystery-chhal-kapat-6138 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Pranay Pachauri, Smaran Sahu, [[Anuj Sachdeva]], and Keshav Lokwani. It is scheduled to premiere on 6 June 2025 on [[ZEE5]].<ref name=":0" />

== Plot ==
The story takes place in a village near [[Burhanpur, Madhya Pradesh]], during a [[Wedding|destination wedding]]. Alisha Dixit, the [[Wedding|bride-to-be]], reunites with her childhood friends Mehek, Ira, and Shalu. The celebrations are interrupted when Shalu, a social media influencer, is found dead under unclear circumstances.

SP Devika Rathore is assigned to lead the investigation. As she conducts inquiries, multiple individuals present at the wedding emerge as potential suspects. The investigation reveals past conflicts, hidden relationships, and unresolved issues among the guests.

== Cast and characters ==

* [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]] as SP Devika Rathore
* Kamya Ahlawat as Alisha Dixit
* [[Ragini Dwivedi]] as Mehek
* [[Tuhina Das]] as Ira
* [[Yahhve Sharma]] as Shalu
* Pranay Pachauri as Rohan
* Smaran Sahu as Jugal
* [[Anuj Sachdeva]] as Vikram
* Keshav Lokwani as Sapan

== Production ==
The series was directed by Ajay Bhuyan and produced by Aditya Pittie and Samar Khan under the banner of Juggernaut Productions. Filming took place in and around [[Burhanpur, Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-25 |title=Chhal Kapat Teaser: Shriya Pilgaonkar Turns Police Officer In Investigative Thriller Series With Many Suspects - Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/chhal-kapat-teaser-shriya-pilgaonkar-turns-police-officer-in-investigative-thriller-series-with-many-suspects-watch-article-151716111 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The trailer of the series was released on 4 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varghese |first=Kripa Elsa |title=ZEE5 drops trailer for Shriya Pilgaonkar-led crime thriller ‘Chhal Kapat – The Deception’ |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/06/02/zee5-drops-trailer-for-shriya-pilgaonkars-crime-thriller-chhal-kapat-the-deception.html |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> The series is scheduled to premiere on [[ZEE5]] on 6 June 2025.

==Reception==
Abhishek Srivastava of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that "Watch this if you're in the mood for a quick, no-frills murder mystery that sticks to the basics but keeps you guessing till the end."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Abhishek|date=2025-06-06 |title=Chhal Kapat - The Deception Season 1 Review : This whodunit is no game-changer, but it keeps you engaged|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/chhal-kapat-the-deception/chhal-kapat-the-deception-season-1/seasonreview/121573300.cms|access-date=2025-06-06 |website=The Times of India|language=en-US}}</ref>
Mayur Sanap of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 1.5/5 stars and said that "Chhal Kapat is a bland whodunnit, which does not have the necessary skills and smarts to pull it off".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanap|first=Mayur|date=2025-06-06 |title=Chhal Kapat Review: Wobbly Whodunnit|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/chhal-kapat-review-wobbly-whodunnit/20250606.htm|access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Rediff.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
Sumit Rajguru of ''[[Times Now]]'' also gave 1.5 stars out of 5 and said that "the show fails to keep the audience hooked due to its poor execution".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajguru|first=Sumit|date=2025-06-06 |title=Chhal Kapat The Deception Review: Shriya Pilgaonkar Show Struggles To Hook You Due To Poor Execution|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/chhal-kapat-the-deception-review-shriya-pilgaonkar-show-struggles-to-hook-you-due-to-poor-execution-review-151796636|access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Times Now|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=37048418}}
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/chhal-kapat-the-deception/0-6-4z5758569 Chhal Kapat]'' on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Madhya Pradesh]]

Irfan Hafiz Lone

2025-12-14T15:33:16Z

Swertvver: creating article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{For|the Sri Lankan differently-abled writer and internet personality|Irfan Hafiz}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Wagoora–Kreeri Assembly constituency|Wagoora-Kreeri]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Irfan Hafiz Lone''' is an Indian politician from Jammu and Kashmir. He is a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Wagoora–Kreeri Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Wagoora–Kreeri, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Irfan Hafiz Lone with 13705 defeats JKPDP's Syed Basharat Ahmed Bukhari |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/wagoora-kreeri-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612878-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Wagoora-Kreeri Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/wagoora-kreeri-election-result-2024-live-update-9077397.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Wagoora–Kreeri Assembly constituency|Wagoora–Kreeri]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||{{Won}}||38.17%||[[Syed Basharat Ahmed Bukhari]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||20.77%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}
== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lone, Irfan Hafiz}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Baramulla district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-INC-politician-stub}}

Amarnath land transfer controversy

2025-12-09T07:28:16Z

Swertvver:

{{Short description|none}}
{{for|the Amarnath cave temple|Amarnath temple}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{excessive citations|date=November 2018}}
On 26 May 2008, the [[government of India]] and the state [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] reached an agreement to transfer {{convert|99|acre|km2}} of forest land to the ''Shri Amarnathji Shrine Board'' (SASB) in the main [[Kashmir Valley]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=451819&sid=NAT|title=Zee News: Latest News Headlines, Current Live Breaking News from India & World|publisher=Zeenews.com|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> to set up temporary shelters and facilities for [[Hindu]] pilgrims to [[Amarnath Temple#Yatra (pilgrimage) details and routes|Amarnath Temple]]. This caused a controversy, with demonstrations from the Kashmir valley against the land transfer and protests from the [[Jammu]] region supporting it. The largest demonstration saw more than 500,000 protesters at a single rally, among the largest in [[Kashmir]]'s history.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1838586,00.html |magazine=Time |title=Valley of Tears |date=4 September 2008 |access-date=23 April 2010 |first=Jyoti |last=Thottam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505142414/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1838586%2C00.html |archive-date=5 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Kashmir protests==
Six people were killed and 100 injured when police fired into a crowd in [[Srinagar]] protesting the transfer of forest land.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=5492bdcc-eeb4-4374-b1e8-1245ffa50458&ParentID=04ff6b34-348b-4d08-b41b-e6e5713706ac&&Headline=Kashmiri+Pandits+seek+PM%27s+intervention|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125072203/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=5492bdcc-eeb4-4374-b1e8-1245ffa50458&ParentID=04ff6b34-348b-4d08-b41b-e6e5713706ac&&Headline=Kashmiri+Pandits+seek+PM's+intervention|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|title=Amarnath row: Kashmiri Pandits seek PM's intervention|publisher=Press Trust of India|date=25 June 2008|access-date=2008-06-25}}</ref> Separatist [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|JKLF]] (R) organised a march to the controversial land in Baltal. Senior separatist leaders [[Shabir Shah|Shabir Ahmad Shah]], [[Syed Ali Shah Geelani]] and [[Mirwaiz Omar Farooq]], leaders of the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]] (APHC), which planned the protests, were placed under house arrest.<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Shutdown_in_Kashmir_separatist_leaders_under_house_arrest/articleshow/3341886.cms {{Dead link|date=February 2012|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Land_allotment_Violence_in_Srinagar/articleshow/3156807.cms|title=Violence in Srinagar over land allotment to Amarnath board|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 June 2008|access-date=2008-06-25|archive-date=24 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124192333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Land_allotment_Violence_in_Srinagar/articleshow/3156807.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Throughout the [[Srinagar]] area, most public buildings, including schools and government offices, and many businesses, have remained closed.<ref name=gilani>{{cite news|last=Gilani|first=Iftikhar|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C06%5C26%5Cstory_26-6-2008_pg1_7|title=Hindu-Muslim clashes escalate in IHK|work=Daily Times|date=26 June 2008|access-date=2008-06-26|archive-date=16 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716165627/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C06%5C26%5Cstory_26-6-2008_pg1_7|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Environmental concerns===
Initial opposition to the land transfer was based on environmental concerns. Some environmentalists argued that the land transfer would hamper the region's delicate ecological balance.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/File_Controversy_over_Amarnath_land_allotment_poll_gimmick/articleshow/3173849.cms | work=The Times of India | first1=Rajeev | last1=Deshpande | title=Controversy over Amarnath land allotment poll gimmick? | date=28 June 2008 | access-date=8 August 2008 | archive-date=24 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124192333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/File_Controversy_over_Amarnath_land_allotment_poll_gimmick/articleshow/3173849.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

Reports that the SASB was planning to construct dams across the river [[Indus]] to generate electricity for the shrine were unconfirmed.<ref name=gilani/>

===Government response===
The state government accepted the demands of the protesters from the Kashmir valley region by revoking the land transfer decision on 1 July 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=328520|title=India News Latest News Headlines, Financial News, Business News & Market Analysis on Indian Economy – Business Standard News|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=11 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211141213/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=328520|url-status=live}}</ref> Hindu groups in the Jammu division reacted by mounting their own counter-protests against the revocation and called for the cancellation of the revocation decision.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080060403 |title=Amarnath row divides Jammu and Kashmir |access-date=8 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810002045/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080060403 |archive-date=10 August 2008 }}</ref>

===Political turmoil===
As the Kashmiri protests grew wider and more violent, the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) said that it would withdraw support to the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)-led state government if it did not revoke the land transfer agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=0c696ab1-f13c-4ef8-b7a1-1d287972d74c&MatchID1=4715&TeamID1=10&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1189&MatchID2=4752&TeamID3=2&TeamID4=5&MatchType2=2&SeriesID2=1197&PrimaryID=4715&Headline=PDP+to+pull+out%26nbsp%3b+of+J%26amp%3bK+ruling+alliance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717044850/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=0c696ab1-f13c-4ef8-b7a1-1d287972d74c&MatchID1=4715&TeamID1=10&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1189&MatchID2=4752&TeamID3=2&TeamID4=5&MatchType2=2&SeriesID2=1197&PrimaryID=4715&Headline=PDP+to+pull+out%26nbsp%3B+of+J%26amp%3BK+ruling+alliance|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2009|title=Crisis in J&K as PDP pulls out|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=65e9f303-bfb3-49e0-8e91-06c086a1a115&MatchID1=4714&TeamID1=7&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1189&MatchID2=4713&TeamID3=8&TeamID4=14&MatchType2=2&SeriesID2=1189&PrimaryID=4714&Headline=45+injured+as+clashes+continue+in+J%26amp%3bK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717050229/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=65e9f303-bfb3-49e0-8e91-06c086a1a115&MatchID1=4714&TeamID1=7&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1189&MatchID2=4713&TeamID3=8&TeamID4=14&MatchType2=2&SeriesID2=1189&PrimaryID=4714&Headline=45+injured+as+clashes+continue+in+J%26amp%3BK |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2009 |title=45 people injured as clashes continue in Kashmir |newspaper=Hindustan Times|agency=Press Trust of India |date=26 June 2008}}</ref>
Though the land transfer was revoked (after the PDP withdrew its support), the crisis deepened further when the PDP did not lend support to the state government even after the revocation. Meanwhile, the Gulam Nabi Azad's minority government decided to step-down on 7 July 2008.<ref name="ndtv.com" />

The protests, however, took a more political tone as state elections were scheduled to be held later in 2008.<ref>[http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-34243220080626?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 Protests over Hindu lands escalate in Kashmir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717095030/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-34243220080626?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 |date=17 July 2009 }}. Reuters. 2008-06-26.</ref> With elections already due in the state, Omar Abdullah played down the incident and said that PDP's decision to withdraw was not a major constitutional crisis.<ref>[[CNN-IBN]] Times Now</ref>

==Jammu protests==
In [[Jammu]], mass protests<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080060583 |title= NDTV.com: Jammu unrest, a people's movement|website=ndtv.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080811001741/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080060583 |archive-date=11 August 2008}}</ref> erupted against the government's decision to revoke the land transfer. The Hindus of the Jammu division generally supported the land transfer, and threatened to shut down the Division on 26 June 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/lifestyle/bjp-activists-stage-protest-in-jammu-over-amarnath-shrine-board-issue_10064443.html|title=BJP activists stage protest in Jammu over Amarnath Shrine Board issue|publisher=The Indian|date=25 June 2008|access-date=2008-06-25|archive-date=19 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919205718/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/lifestyle/bjp-activists-stage-protest-in-jammu-over-amarnath-shrine-board-issue_10064443.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 20 kilometres away, in [[Nagrota]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) supporters blocked a highway<ref>{{cite news|last=Masoodi|first=Nazir|author2=Razdan, Nidhi|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080054234&ch=6/24/2008%209:54:00%20PM|title=J&K tense over land transfer to Amarnath shrine|publisher=NDTV|date=24 June 2008|access-date=2008-06-26|archive-date=3 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803193533/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080054234|url-status=live}}</ref>
It has been joined by 35 other organisations, under the banner of Amarnath Shrine Sangharsh Samiti, that have two main demands: that of recalling Governor NN Vohra and the restoration of land to the Shrine Board.
<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/special-news-report/News-Feed/It-s-not-Jammu-or-Kashmir/Article1-329067.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017180609/http://www.hindustantimes.com/special-news-report/News-Feed/It-s-not-Jammu-or-Kashmir/Article1-329067.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2012|title=It's not Jammu or Kashmir |author=Balraj Puri |newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=5 August 2008|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
Hindu groups such as the [[Bajrang Dal]] and the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) protested in front of [[Kashmir House]] in [[Delhi]] in support of the land transfer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/protests-in-delhi-over-amarnath-land-row_10065628.html|title=Protests in Delhi over Amarnath land row|work=Thaindian News|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016122137/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/protests-in-delhi-over-amarnath-land-row_10065628.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The situation in Jammu suddenly deteriorated after Kuldeep Raj committed suicide on 23 July and his body was mishandled and dishonoured by the police. Slowly, protests spread to other parts of Jammu.<ref name="hindustantimes"/> A curfew was imposed in many districts. Protesters claimed that an economic blockade of the Kashmir Valley was being imposed by stopping traffic on the [[Jammu–Srinagar National Highway]].<ref name="ndtv.com" /> The "economic blockade" theory was however fiercely contested, with the Government of India, the Army, the District Administration, SASB maintaining that there was no blockade. BJP called the blockade "a lie perpetuated by the ISI", of which there was no compelling evidence, and maintained the people of the Valley were being misled with a false propaganda, aiding the designs of separatists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nglEFdDQX1c |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/nglEFdDQX1c |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Arun Jaitley in Devil"s Advocate(Part 3)|date=28 August 2008 |via=YouTube|access-date=6 October 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> One person was killed and another injured on 6 August 2008 when the Army fired to disperse a violent mob, which blocked the Jammu-Pathankot Highway in Kathua district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/345556.html|title=One killed as Army fires at protestors, curfew defied|date=7 August 2008|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080060363&ch=8/6/2008%205:42:00%20PM {{dead link|date=October 2014}}</ref> Two protesters were killed and eight injured as police opened fire to quell a mob in Samba district on 1 August 2008<ref name="freshnews.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.freshnews.in/army-carries-out-flag-marches-in-jammu-13-injured-in-clashes-42471 |title=Army carries out flag marches in Jammu, 13 injured in clashes |access-date=8 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717054321/http://www.freshnews.in/army-carries-out-flag-marches-in-jammu-13-injured-in-clashes-42471 |archive-date=17 July 2009 }}</ref> Conversely there were also Muslims who, backed by the local Muslim federation and the Muslim [[Gujjar]] community, who supported the demands of the Hindus of Jammu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsfeedresearcher.com/data/articles_w32/idw2008.08.09.16.19.51.html#hdng8|title=Newsfeedresearcher.com|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009234400/http://newsfeedresearcher.com/data/articles_w32/idw2008.08.09.16.19.51.html#hdng8|archive-date=9 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Shri Amarnath Yatra Sangharsh Samiti convener Leela Karan Sharma said on 6 August 2008 that nothing short of revocation of the land transfer to Amarnath Shrine Board would be acceptable. He opined that the state government was responsible for flaring religious sentiments by allowing construction of the Muslim Jama Masjid at Baltal, yet not allowing a temporary structure for the benefit of Hindu yatris.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Politics_on_land_row_wont_be_tolerated/articleshow/3335405.cms|title='Politics on land row won't be tolerated'|work=The Times of India|date=7 August 2008 |access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=24 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124192333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Politics_on_land_row_wont_be_tolerated/articleshow/3335405.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Government response===
Despite the protests, the state government has not annulled the revocation decision. Central Government moved hundreds of security forces into the region. Indian authorities restored the Amarnath pilgrimage route after a brief disruption.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/Amarnath_yatra_resumes_from_Jammu/articleshow/3167112.cms Amarnath yatra resumes from Jammu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214005909/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/Amarnath_yatra_resumes_from_Jammu/articleshow/3167112.cms |date=14 February 2019 }}. ''The Economic Times''. 2008-06-26.</ref> Opposition party BJP spokesperson Prakash Javadekar said on 2 August 2008 that "It seems the Centre only understands the voices of the valley and not of the Jammu region. It is trying to find a solution through force and is not initiating a dialogue".<ref name="freshnews.in" /> The prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] spoke to BJP president [[Rajnath Singh]] and sought his party's help in finding a solution to the issue.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/345722.html|title=All parties present a united front in call to bridge the J&K divide|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=7 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907002207/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/345722.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Fruit growers' protests==
Kashmir Fruit Growers Association gave a 24-hour ultimatum to the government failing which they would start agitation for the opening of Muzaffarabad Road for export. "We will export our products to various Indian states via Muzaffarabad and [[Wagah]] border", said president of the association. The Indian government alleges that the claims of an economic blockade were fabricated by the Hurriyat and the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] to provoke locals into joining the pro-independence protests.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/JK_blockade_staged_by_ISI/articleshow/3362369.cms | work=The Times of India | first1=Vishwa | last1=Mohan | title=J&K blockade staged by ISI to help Hurriyat? | date=14 August 2008 | access-date=14 August 2008 | archive-date=17 August 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817024700/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/JK_blockade_staged_by_ISI/articleshow/3362369.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> The Ex-Indian Home Minister [[Shivraj Patil]], appealed to the fruit growers to call off their protests. He offered to buy all their fruit and also to pay compensation to those whose fruit has perished.<ref name="bbc_police_fire" />

===Party wise stand===
Congress Working Committee spokesperson, [[Veerappa Moily]], said "Providing makeshift and temporary accommodation for yatris and pilgrims all over the country is not a new phenomenon... the authorities spend a lot of money in providing temporary facilities during [[Kumbh Mela]], [[Puri]] [[rath yatra]] festival" and said that it was absurd to suggest all such temporary shelters could be made permanent. Moily said that the Hurriyat factions and other separatist groups had exploited the mood during the turmoil to revive their "diabolic agenda". He said that playing mischief, Hurriyat had spread rumours that the highways from the Valley to the plains had been blocked stopping movement of goods and essential commodities. Making use of this false propaganda, they organised the march to Muzaffarabad to seek market for the fruit, Moily said.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Subverse/Hurriyat_using_stir_to_revive_own_agenda/articleshow/3386927.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Hurriyat using stir to revive own agenda | date=21 August 2008 | access-date=22 August 2008 | archive-date=24 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124192333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Subverse/Hurriyat_using_stir_to_revive_own_agenda/articleshow/3386927.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

Ignoring the Indian government's curfew orders, People's Democratic Party and Kashmiri separatist leaders<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hu44uusY7VI6OBS0i8QEOSv0ENuA |title=Indian troops fire shots to halt Kashmir march |access-date=12 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520155414/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hu44uusY7VI6OBS0i8QEOSv0ENuA |archive-date=20 May 2011 }}</ref> backed the local fruit growers.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-34944920080811 | work=Reuters| title=Thousands of Indian traders clash with police | date=11 August 2008 | access-date=12 August 2008 | archive-date=17 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717095040/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-34944920080811 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/13/stories/2008081360121200.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125060656/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/13/stories/2008081360121200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 January 2013 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=In Kashmir, a reign of error | date=13 August 2008}}</ref>

===Government position===
Claiming that there is no blockade along the Srinagar-Jammu highway, the ministry said as many as 236 trucks and tankers carrying oil, gas, sheep, medicines and poultry products crossed the Jawahar Tunnel from the Jammu side early on Wednesday morning. Of these, 82 trucks and tankers had reached Srinagar by afternoon, it said. Referring to the stranded trucks in the Valley, an official said a fleet of them actually belonged to one individual close to the Hurriyat. The transporter refused to move his vehicles towards Jammu despite the promise of full security cover along the route.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The Kashmiri media, however, reported shortages of food, drugs, and other essential supplies in the Kashmir Valley as a result of the alleged blockade and consequently prices of essential commodities increased substantially in the Valley.

===March to the LOC===
On 11 August 2008, 50,000 to 2,50,000 Kashmiri protesters<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2008/08/12/top4.htm|title=Troops open fire as 250,000 'march to Muzaffarabad': APHC leader Sheikh Aziz killed|date=12 August 2008|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=31 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031225927/http://www.dawn.com/2008/08/12/top4.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Curfew_in_Srinagar_Hurriyat_leader_dies_in_police_firing/articleshow/3352939.cms|title=Amarnath row: 5 killed in firing at march to PoK|work=The Times of India|date=11 August 2008 |access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411105759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Curfew_in_Srinagar_Hurriyat_leader_dies_in_police_firing/articleshow/3352939.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="times_tensions">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4507868.ece|title=Tensions rise as Kashmiri leader Sheikh Abdul Aziz shot dead|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=14 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314134945/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|url-status=dead}}</ref> attempted to cross the [[Line of Control|LoC]] to [[Muzaffarabad]], in violation of march ban orders.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} Despite intelligence warnings that the LoC march would gather tens of thousands of supporters, the State government and top police officials failed to act immediately and refused to impose a curfew. In the event, small groups of police personnel were left to hold back the marchers.<ref name="hindu.com" />

===11 August violence===
Fifteen people were killed and hundreds more injured when police and paramilitary forces opened fire on protesters attempting to cross the LoC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=4ecfa6f8-0c4e-4e09-8936-46fd8c5121f8&ParentID=0d22db88-be05-412c-b6e9-63910b735b83&&Headline=Troops+on+alert+to+halt+protest+march|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717050757/http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=4ecfa6f8-0c4e-4e09-8936-46fd8c5121f8&ParentID=0d22db88-be05-412c-b6e9-63910b735b83&&Headline=Troops+on+alert+to+halt+protest+march|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2009|title=Troops on alert to halt Kashmir protest march|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=11 August 2008|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=&id=af08203b-9f30-4976-b80b-43a37daefcf2AmarnathLandRow_Special&&Headline=Eleven+killed+in+firing%2c+Valley+under+curfew|title=Protests over Amarnath land transfer gain communal, separatist tones|access-date=6 October 2014}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
[[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]] (APHC) leader [[Sheikh Abdul Aziz]], a moderate separatist, was among those killed on 11 August.<ref name="times_tensions" /> Police say several of their personnel were injured from stones thrown by the protesters.<ref name="bbc_police_fire">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7553317.stm|title=Police fire on Kashmir protesters|date=11 August 2008|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=10 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010144204/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7553317.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 12 August violence ===
Following the death of the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference|APHC]] separatist leader [[Sheikh Abdul Aziz]] and others during the police firing on 11 August,<ref name="times_tensions" /> the separatists in Kashmir region organized protests. Fifteen Kashmiri civilians were killed in the firing by Kashmir police and paramilitary forces.<ref name="thehindu_fifteen">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/13/stories/2008081360960100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080816003137/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/13/stories/2008081360960100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Fifteen shot dead in Jammu & Kashmir |date=2008-08-13|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> More than 100 people were also injured in a twelve separate incidents of police firing across the Kashmir valley region.<ref>[http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/Story.asp?Article=226206&Sn=WORL&IssueID=31146 Kashmir turmoil]. Daily News, Bahrain.</ref> Six protesters were killed in [[Srinagar]] police firing.<ref name="thehindu_fifteen" /> In [[Lasjan]], on the outskirts of Srinagar, four were killed after police forces opened fire on a protest led by former government minister Javed Mustafa Mir. Police sources claim that the service weapon of one of Mir's personal security guards "accidentally" went off, injuring seven [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) troopers, and provoking the retaliatory firing that left four protesters dead.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Amarnath_Sangharsh_Samiti_vows_to_continue_campaign/articleshow/3358461.cms | work=The Times of India | first1=M Saleem | last1=Pandit | title=Amarnath Sangharsh Samiti vows to continue campaign | date=13 August 2008 | access-date=15 August 2008 | archive-date=16 August 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080816065026/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Amarnath_Sangharsh_Samiti_vows_to_continue_campaign/articleshow/3358461.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> However, local villagers claimed that the CRPF forces opened fire on the protesters first, killing two, then opening once more when others went to help the injured, killing two women in the process.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/full_story.asp?Date=13_8_2008&ItemID=36&cat=1 |title=COPS ON KILLING SPREE, 27 DIE IN 2 DAYS, Kashmir news Kashmir Discussion Forum, Kashmir Tour, Srinagar, Book hotel in Kashmir, Kashmir Bazaar, kashmir SMS, All about kashmir, Kashmir Gifts, Kashmir Websites, Great Kashmiris, kashmir travel forum, forum post, websites on kashmir, kashmiri websites, best website of Kashmir |website=greaterkashmir.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922195448/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/full_story.asp?Date=13_8_2008&ItemID=36&cat=1 |archive-date=22 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Three protesters, including a woman, were killed in firing at [[Paribal]] by the Indian Army. The army spokesperson for the 15 Corps said that the protesters were throwing stones at a military picket, and refused to disperse despite repeated appeals.<ref name="thehindu_fifteen" /> Another protester was reportedly killed in [[Anantnag]]. In [[Kishtwar]], communal clashes broke out after Kashmiri Muslims began protesting the death of Sheikh Abdul Aziz. Muslim and Hindu owned homes and businesses were torched, and two protesters, including a 12-year-old boy, were killed in the rioting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Security/?id=1.0.2413127929|title=India: Fresh protests continue in Kashmir – Adnkronos Security|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=10 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010001749/http://www1.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Security/?id=1.0.2413127929|url-status=live}}</ref> The burial of Sheikh Aziz, held in the Martyrs Graveyard in Srinagar, passed without incident.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4514293.ece|title=At least 13 people killed in Kashmir as protesters clash with armed police|access-date=6 October 2014}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===14 August Jammu death===
In Jammu, a man named Balwant Raj Sharma poisoned himself. He donated all his property to Shree Amarnath Sangharsh Samiti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kashmirlive.com/story/Senior-citizen-commits-suicide-over-shrine-land/348890.html |title=Senior citizen commits suicide over shrine land – KashmirLive.Com |website=kashmirlive.com |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127044955/http://www.kashmirlive.com/story/Senior-citizen-commits-suicide-over-shrine-land/348890.html |archive-date=27 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14740445 |title=Man commits suicide, Amarnath issue blamed |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=14 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716050736/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14740445 |archive-date=16 July 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200808141521.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Protestor commits suicide in Kathua district | date=14 August 2008 | access-date=14 August 2008 | archive-date=18 September 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918051211/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200808141521.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

===20 August protests in Jammu and Kashmir===
The peaceful demonstrations in this otherwise bustling Jammu city was in stark contrast to the high decibel protests in Srinagar.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Agitation_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir_A_study_in_contrast/articleshow/3386922.cms | work=The Times of India | first1=Mohua | last1=Chatterjee | title=Agitation in Jammu and Kashmir: A study in contrast | date=21 August 2008 | access-date=20 August 2008 | archive-date=23 August 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823123726/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Agitation_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir_A_study_in_contrast/articleshow/3386922.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> While in Jammu, women walked silently with candles in their hands demanding restoration of forestland to Shri Amarnath Shrine Board (SASB), in Srinagar, they joined their protesting men against years of perceived injustices.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Amarnath_row_Women_power_on_full_display_in_JK/articleshow/3386937.cms | work=The Times of India | first1=M Saleem | last1=Pandit | title=Amarnath row: Women power on full display in J&K | date=21 August 2008 | access-date=20 August 2008 | archive-date=23 August 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823222455/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Amarnath_row_Women_power_on_full_display_in_JK/articleshow/3386937.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Shri Aamarnath Yatra Sangarsh Samiti spearheading the agitation in Jammu, called for civil disobedience<ref>{{cite web|url=http://etalaat.com/english/News/state-scan/2370.html|title=Daily Etalaat|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=16 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716061555/http://etalaat.com/english/News/state-scan/2370.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On the third and final day of the "Jail Bharo Andolan" of Shri Amarnath Yatra Sangharsh Samiti (SAYSS), over 2,00,000 protesters, including thousands of children, courted arrest in the Jammu region on 20 August 2008 .In the violent protests and clashes between the protesters and security forces, which continued till late evening, one person was killed while over 60 people, including six police personnel, sustained injuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://howrah.org/india_news/25225.html|title=Engine Tuning: Increase The Power of Your Ride|access-date=6 October 2014}}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Meanwhile, National Security Adviser [[M.K. Narayanan]] reviewed the security and political situation in Jammu and Kashmir at a meeting with Governor [[N.N. Vohra]]. The government has also pushed Track-II activists into a dialogue process with the separatists even as a four-member panel was scheduled to talk with the Shri Amarnath Sangarsh Samiti.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/21/stories/2008082156500100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919054431/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/21/stories/2008082156500100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 September 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Narayanan reviews J&K situation | date=21 August 2008}}</ref>

==End to SASB agitation==
On 31 August 2008, the 61-day-old agitation in the Jammu region over the Amarnath land row ended following the signing of an agreement between the group leading the agitation and the Jammu and Kashmir Governor-appointed panel. Under the terms of the agreement the shrine board would be making temporary use of 40-hectares of land during the relevant yatra period. The SASB convenor Leela Karan Sharma said, "We have suspended the agitation for the time being, though not called it off, as some of our demands are yet to be met."

==Reactions==

===Domestic===
* Analysts have said that the environmental and political furore in the region is baseless as the government has not allotted land to SASB, nor has land been demarcated for this purpose.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=fb017cd0-8ad8-42ff-aa96-5440965dc158&ParentID=0c696ab1-f13c-4ef8-b7a1-1d287972d74c&MatchID1=4715&TeamID1=10&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1189&MatchID2=4752&TeamID3=2&TeamID4=5&MatchType2=2&SeriesID2=1197&PrimaryID=4715&Headline=Sound+%26amp%3b+fury+over+nothing%3f|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717050658/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=fb017cd0-8ad8-42ff-aa96-5440965dc158&ParentID=0c696ab1-f13c-4ef8-b7a1-1d287972d74c&MatchID1=4715&TeamID1=10&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1189&MatchID2=4752&TeamID3=2&TeamID4=5&MatchType2=2&SeriesID2=1197&PrimaryID=4715&Headline=Sound+%26amp%3B+fury+over+nothing%3F|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2009|title=Sound & fury over nothing?|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
* Government agencies also claimed that the land being considered for the transfer to SASB was barren and inhospitable and the political agenda of the groups opposing the land transfer was obvious.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" />
* News agencies such as ''[[Times of India]]'' claimed that PDP's stance on the land transfer issue is a "political gimmick" as the current Forest Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, Qazi Afzal, and his predecessor are both from PDP and the proposal to transfer the land to SASB was examined by the state's forest department, law ministry and [[Supreme Court of India]] before being approved.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" />
* Awami National Conference, alleged that political parties in Jammu and Kashmir were using the issue to divide the state on communal lines so as to gain political mileage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=6bfe8f13-101d-4485-84a2-422cf355ca83&MatchID1=4715&TeamID1=10&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1189&MatchID2=4752&TeamID3=2&TeamID4=5&MatchType2=2&SeriesID2=1197&PrimaryID=4715&Headline=Don%27t+politicise+SASB+land+transfer+issue%3a+ANC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716174308/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=6bfe8f13-101d-4485-84a2-422cf355ca83&MatchID1=4715&TeamID1=10&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1189&MatchID2=4752&TeamID3=2&TeamID4=5&MatchType2=2&SeriesID2=1197&PrimaryID=4715&Headline=Don%27t+politicise+SASB+land+transfer+issue%3A+ANC|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2009|title=Don't politicise SASB land transfer issue: ANC|date=27 June 2008|publisher=Press Trust of India|access-date=2008-06-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200806272066.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Don't politicise SASB land transfer issue: ANC | date=27 June 2008 | access-date=8 August 2008 | archive-date=18 September 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918051206/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200806272066.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister remarked that "things were blown out of proportion" and "the parties are playing politics over the Amarnath land row".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080054842 |title=Parties playing politics over religion: Azad |access-date=8 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808001849/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080054842 |archive-date=8 August 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Omar Abdullah]], [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] leader, accused the PDP of hypocrisy over the issue as PDP's minister was a part of the government that took the decision to transfer land to SASB.<ref>[[CNN-IBN]] interview of Omar Abdullah on 28 June 2008</ref> He also described the protests in the Kashmir region as "Kashmiri nationalism" and added that "[Kashmiri] people aren't against the Amarnath Yatra – they are only protesting against the land transfer which is pure nationalism" he also added "India calls itself the world's largest functioning democracy. But if we are really a democracy, can't we let people express their dissent?" .<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Amarnath_land_row_turns_ugly/articleshow/3174004.cms | work=The Times of India | first1=Sameer | last1=Arshad | title=Amarnath land row turns ugly | date=28 June 2008 | access-date=8 August 2008 | archive-date=24 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124192333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Amarnath_land_row_turns_ugly/articleshow/3174004.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/27/AR2008082703195.html | newspaper=The Washington Post| title=Peaceful Protests in Kashmir Alter Equation for India | first=Emily | last=Wax | date=28 August 2008 | access-date=23 April 2010}}</ref>

===Party To dispute===
On Wednesday 6 August 2008 the [[Pakistani Senate]] unanimously passed a [[Resolution (law)|resolution]] on the matter. The resolution expressed concerns over attacks on Muslims and their properties by Hindus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C08%5C07%5Cstory_7-8-2008_pg7_22|title=Daily Times|access-date=6 October 2014|archive-date=10 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010181711/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C08%5C07%5Cstory_7-8-2008_pg7_22|url-status=live}}</ref>
*In response the Indian Foreign Ministry said, "We have seen reports in the Pakistani media that the Senate of Pakistan has passed a resolution about the situation in J & K. Such a resolution amounts to gross interference in our internal affairs. The Senate should attend to issues where it has a [[locus standi]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meaindia.nic.in/pressbriefing/2008/08/07pb01.htm |title= 14123|website=meaindia.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410141524/http://www.meaindia.nic.in/pressbriefing/2008/08/07pb01.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Kashmir separatist movement}}

*Chowdhary, Rekha. [https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/2785 ''"Electoral Politics in the Context of Separatism and Political Divergence: An Analysis of 2009 Parliamentary elections in Jammu & Kashmir"'']. ''South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal'', 3, 2009.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amarnath Land Transfer Controversy}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 2008]]
[[Category:Politics of the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:2000s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:2008 in India]]

Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in India

2025-11-30T06:59:38Z

Swertvver: cleaned up structure for consistency

{{Short description|Statistics about the COVID-19 pandemic in India}}
This article contains statistics about the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. [[COVID-19]] cases, deaths, recoveries, and other statistics are shown in nationwide and [[States and union territories of India|regional]] maps and graphs.

== Classifying COVID-19 deaths ==
The [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR) governs classification of a COVID-19 related death in India. ICMR in turn follows WHO guidelines, recording COVID-19 deaths as U07.1 as per [[International Classification of Diseases]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last1=Gupta|first1=Aashish|last2=Rajendran|first2=Dhanya|last3=S.|first3=Rukmini|date=11 May 2021|title=India is undercounting Covid-19 deaths. Here's how to work around the problem|url=https://scroll.in/article/994619/india-is-undercounting-covid-19-deaths-heres-how-to-work-around-the-problem|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> The National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research, ICMR, released a document titled "Guidance for appropriate recording of COVID-19 related deaths in India".<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 May 2021|agency=PTI|title=ICMR issues guidance for appropriate recording of COVID-19 deaths to create robust data|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/11/icmr-issues-guidance-for-appropriate-recording-of-covid-19-deaths-to-create-robust-data-2141917.html|access-date=2021-05-28|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

In March 2020, the first two COVID-19 infected people to die in India officially died due to their co-morbidities and not COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pulla|first=Priyanka|date=2020-03-17|title=The Curious Case of the Deaths That Weren't Due to COVID-19|url=https://science.thewire.in/health/coronavirus-covid-19-comorbidity-diabetes-hypertension-community-transmission/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Wire Science|language=en-GB}}</ref> Around India, people dying of their co-morbidities are not be considered as a COVID-19 death, "if a comorbid patient dies then a committee of experts decides the primary and secondary causes of death [...] If that committee identifies the main cause of death as heart attack, then even if the patient was infected, such a death is not counted as being caused by Covid."<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 April 2021|title=Toll haze in Gujarat: If comorbid, Covid death not counted?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/toll-haze-if-comorbid-covid-death-not-counted/articleshow/82056748.cms|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Times of India|language=en|quote=CM Vijay Rupani had denied reports that the state government was hiding the true count of Covid fatalities. "As per the guidelines of the ICMR, if a comorbid patient dies then a committee of experts decides the primary and secondary causes of death," he said. "If that committee identifies the main cause of death as heart attack, then even if the patient was infected, such a death is not counted as being caused by Covid. The same system is followed across the entire country."}}</ref> Testing of dead bodies to COVID-19 is being done according to ICMR guidelines and government orders.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-21|agency=PTI|title=Collect nasal samples from dead bodies for Covid-19 test before sending to mortuary: ICMR|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nasal-samples-from-dead-bodies-be-collected-for-covid-19-test-before-sending-to-mortuary-icmr/story-qvPy3WHlgUYl02WjExCRBK.html|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-15|title=Coronavirus: Rapid Antigen Tests to be conducted on dead bodies|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/coronavirus-rapid-antigen-tests-to-be-conducted-on-dead-bodies-887750.html|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> On 17 May 2020, the Delhi government changed COVID-19 testing policy by stopping tests of dead bodies.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Johari|first=Aarefa|date=30 May 2020|title=376 burials in 25 days: What explains the surging death rate in Ahmedabad's burial grounds?|url=https://scroll.in/article/963293/376-burials-in-25-days-what-explains-the-surging-death-rate-in-ahmedabads-burial-grounds|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

== National serological surveys ==
India's first national [[Serological survey|serological (seroprevalence) survey]] was conducted by ICMR during May–June 2020; 0.73% sero-positivity was observed. The results were published on 10 September 2021 on the website of the ''[[Indian Journal of Medical Research]]''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Ramachandran|first=R.|date=2020-09-23|title=Six Curious Questions About ICMR's First National Seroprevalence Survey Paper|url=https://science.thewire.in/health/icmr-national-covid-19-seroprevalence-survey-balram-bhargava-data-discrepancies/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=The Wire Science|language=en-GB}}</ref> However the survey and subsequent press releases and the final publication saw a number of discrepancies.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Banaji|first=Murad|date=2021-02-05|title=COVID-19: What the Third National Sero-Survey Result Does and Doesn't Tell Us|url=https://science.thewire.in/health/third-national-seroprevalence-survey-icmr-covid-19-rural-prevalence-test-positivity/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=The Wire Science|language=en-GB}}</ref> ICMR also clarified that the observed sero-positivity did not represent the entire population.<ref name=":5" /> While ICMR came out with a 49% sero-positivity rate for [[Ahmedabad]], the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] conducted its own survey and came out with an average sero-positivity of 17.61%.<ref name=":5" /> The second serological survey, published in ''[[The Lancet]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Murhekar|first1=Manoj V|last2=Bhatnagar|first2=Tarun|last3=Selvaraju|first3=Sriram|last4=Saravanakumar|first4=V|last5=Thangaraj|first5=Jeromie Wesley Vivian|last6=Shah|first6=Naman|last7=Kumar|first7=Muthusamy Santhosh|last8=Rade|first8=Kiran|last9=Sabarinathan|first9=R|last10=Asthana|first10=Smita|last11=Balachandar|first11=Rakesh|date=March 2021|orig-date=27 January 2021|title=SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in India, August–September, 2020: findings from the second nationwide household serosurvey|journal=The Lancet Global Health|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=e257–e266|doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30544-1|pmc=7906675|pmid=33515512}}</ref> was conducted in August–September 2020; 6.6% sero-positivity was observed, i.e. for every case detected, about 15 went undetected.<ref name=":6" /> India's third national serological survey conducted in December 2020 and January 2021 revealed that only 3.5% of the total infections had been "detected" or "recorded".<ref name=":6" /> In other words, for every case detected, about 30 went undetected.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last1=Frayer|first1=Lauren|last2=Pathak|first2=Sushmita|date=30 April 2021|title=India Is Counting Thousands Of Daily COVID Deaths. How Many Is It Missing?|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/04/30/992451165/india-is-counting-thousands-of-daily-covid-deaths-how-many-is-it-missing|access-date=2021-05-27|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref>

== Reconciliation of data ==
Reconciled and backlogged data includes both deaths and number of tests.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|date=12 June 2021|title=Covid death recount: Late reporting is not peculiar to India alone|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/covid-death-recount-late-reporting-is-not-peculiar-to-india-alone/articleshow/83451989.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-07-22}}</ref> States and union territories that have reconciled deaths include Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Goa and Delhi.<ref name=":11" /> 7.6 million tests have been reconciled.<ref name=":11" /> Until 21 July 2021, Maharashtra had reconciled deaths 14 times.<ref name=":HT MH" />

== Maps ==
{{gallery|File:India COVID-19 confirmed cases map.svg|Total Confirmed cases by state and union territory|File:India COVID-19 cases density map.svg|Confirmed cases per million population by state and union territory|File:India COVID-19 active cases map.svg|Active cases by state and union territory|File:India COVID-19 deaths per million map.png|Deaths per million population by state and union territory|File:India COVID-19 deaths map.svg|Deaths by state and union territory|File:India COVID-19 recoveries map.png|Recoveries per million population by state and union territory
}}

=== Interactive maps ===
{{Image frame|align=left|caption=Interactive map of confirmed COVID-19 deaths in India. Click the play button in the top left to interact with the map. Hover over the regions for values.|content=
{{columns-start}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic interactive maps/India|data-template = Template:COVID-19 pandemic interactive maps/India/India deaths by region|legend-title = Deaths|color-ramp-type = sqrt|domain-upper-value = 20000|scale=0.75
}}
{{column}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic interactive maps/India|color-ramp-type=linear|data-template=Template:COVID-19 pandemic interactive maps/India/India deaths by region|domain-upper-value=250|legend-title=Deaths per million population|per-capita=1000000|scale=0.75
}}
{{columns-end}}
}}
{{Image frame|align=left|caption=Interactive map of confirmed COVID-19 cases in India. Click the play button in the top left to interact with the map. Hover over the regions for values.|content=
{{columns-start}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic interactive maps/India|data-template = Template:COVID-19 pandemic interactive maps/India/India cases by region|legend-title = Cases|domain-upper-value = 5e5|scale=0.75
}}
{{column}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic interactive maps/India|color-ramp-type=linear|data-template=Template:COVID-19 pandemic interactive maps/India/India cases by region|domain-upper-value=8000|legend-title=Cases per million population|per-capita=1000000|scale=0.75
}}
{{columns-end}}
}}
{{clear}}

== Charts ==
<section begin="Statistics"/>

=== Daily new cases ===
<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; width:1000px; margin:1em 0;">

{{Chart|definition=Daily new COVID-19 cases in India.chart|data=Daily new COVID-19 cases in India.tab|Width=850}}
</div>

=== Daily new deaths ===
<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; width:1000px; margin:1em 0;">
{{center|
{{legend inline|#A50026|New deaths per day}}
{{legend inline|red|7-day moving average of new deaths per day}}
}}
{{Graph:Chart|width = 850|height = 300|xAxisTitle = Date|xAxisAngle = -45|yAxisTitle = No. of deaths|yAxisMin = 0|type = line|xGrid =|yGrid =|xType = date|x = 2020-03-12, 2020-03-13, 2020-03-14, 2020-03-15, 2020-03-16, 2020-03-17, 2020-03-18, 2020-03-19, 2020-03-20, 2020-03-21, 2020-03-22, 2020-03-23, 2020-03-24, 2020-03-25, 2020-03-26, 2020-03-27, 2020-03-28, 2020-03-29, 2020-03-30, 2020-03-31, 2020-04-01, 2020-04-02, 2020-04-03, 2020-04-04, 2020-04-05, 2020-04-06, 2020-04-07, 2020-04-08, 2020-04-09, 2020-04-10, 2020-04-11, 2020-04-12, 2020-04-13, 2020-04-14, 2020-04-15, 2020-04-16, 2020-04-17, 2020-04-18, 2020-04-19, 2020-04-20, 2020-04-21, 2020-04-22, 2020-04-23, 2020-04-24, 2020-04-25, 2020-04-26, 2020-04-27, 2020-04-28, 2020-04-29, 2020-04-30, 2020-05-01, 2020-05-02, 2020-05-03, 2020-05-04, 2020-05-05, 2020-05-06, 2020-05-07, 2020-05-08, 2020-05-09, 2020-05-10, 2020-05-11, 2020-05-12, 2020-05-13, 2020-05-14, 2020-05-15, 2020-05-16, 2020-05-17, 2020-05-18, 2020-05-19, 2020-05-20, 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2020-11-03, 2020-11-04, 2020-11-05, 2020-11-06, 2020-11-07, 2020-11-08, 2020-11-09, 2020-11-10, 2020-11-11, 2020-11-12, 2020-11-13, 2020-11-14, 2020-11-15, 2020-11-16, 2020-11-17, 2020-11-18, 2020-11-19, 2020-11-20, 2020-11-21, 2020-11-22, 2020-11-23, 2020-11-24, 2020-11-25, 2020-11-26, 2020-11-27, 2020-11-28, 2020-11-29, 2020-11-30, 2020-12-01, 2020-12-02, 2020-12-03, 2020-12-04, 2020-12-05, 2020-12-06, 2020-12-07, 2020-12-08, 2020-12-09, 2020-12-10, 2020-12-11, 2020-12-12, 2020-12-13, 2020-12-14, 2020-12-15, 2020-12-16, 2020-12-17, 2020-12-18, 2020-12-19, 2020-12-20, 2020-12-21, 2020-12-22, 2020-12-23, 2020-12-24, 2020-12-25, 2020-12-26, 2020-12-27, 2020-12-28, 2020-12-29, 2020-12-30, 2020-12-31, 2021-01-01, 2021-01-02, 2021-01-03, 2021-01-04, 2021-01-05, 2021-01-06, 2021-01-07, 2021-01-08, 2021-01-09, 2021-01-10, 2021-01-11, 2021-01-12, 2021-01-13, 2021-01-14, 2021-01-15, 2021-01-16, 2021-01-17, 2021-01-18, 2021-01-19, 2021-01-20, 2021-01-21, 2021-01-22, 2021-01-23, 2021-01-24, 2021-01-25, 2021-01-26, 2021-01-27, 2021-01-28, 2021-01-29, 2021-01-30, 2021-01-31, 2021-02-01, 2021-02-02, 2021-02-03, 2021-02-04, 2021-02-05, 2021-02-06, 2021-02-07, 2021-02-08, 2021-02-09, 2021-02-10, 2021-02-11, 2021-02-12, 2021-02-13, 2021-02-14, 2021-02-15, 2021-02-16, 2021-02-17, 2021-02-18, 2021-02-19, 2021-02-20, 2021-02-21, 2021-02-22, 2021-02-23, 2021-02-24, 2021-02-25, 2021-02-26, 2021-02-27, 2021-02-28, 2021-03-01, 2021-03-02, 2021-03-03, 2021-03-04, 2021-03-05, 2021-03-06, 2021-03-07, 2021-03-08, 2021-03-09, 2021-03-10, 2021-03-11, 2021-03-12, 2021-03-13, 2021-03-14, 2021-03-15, 2021-03-16, 2021-03-17, 2021-03-18, 2021-03-19, 2021-03-20, 2021-03-21, 2021-03-22, 2021-03-23, 2021-03-24, 2021-03-25, 2021-03-26, 2021-03-27, 2021-03-28, 2021-03-29, 2021-03-30, 2021-03-31, 2021-04-01, 2021-04-02, 2021-04-03, 2021-04-04, 2021-04-05, 2021-04-06, 2021-04-07, 2021-04-08, 2021-04-09, 2021-04-10, 2021-04-11, 2021-04-12, 2021-04-13, 2021-04-14, 2021-04-15, 2021-04-16, 2021-04-17, 2021-04-18, 2021-04-19, 2021-04-20, 2021-04-21, 2021-04-22, 2021-04-23, 2021-04-24, 2021-04-25, 2021-04-26, 2021-04-27, 2021-04-28, 2021-04-29, 2021-04-30, 2021-05-01, 2021-05-02, 2021-05-03, 2021-05-04, 2021-05-05, 2021-05-06, 2021-05-07, 2021-05-08, 2021-05-09, 2021-05-10, 2021-05-11, 2021-05-12, 2021-05-13, 2021-05-14, 2021-05-15, 2021-05-16, 2021-05-17, 2021-05-18, 2021-05-19, 2021-05-20, 2021-05-21, 2021-05-22, 2021-05-23, 2021-05-24, 2021-05-25, 2021-05-26, 2021-05-27, 2021-05-28, 2021-05-29, 2021-05-30, 2021-05-31, 2021-06-01, 2021-06-02, 2021-06-03, 2021-06-04, 2021-06-05, 2021-06-06, 2021-06-07, 2021-06-08, 2021-06-09, 2021-06-10, 2021-06-11, 2021-06-12, 2021-06-13, 2021-06-14, 2021-06-15, 2021-06-16, 2021-06-17, 2021-06-18, 2021-06-19, 2021-06-20, 2021-06-21, 2021-06-22, 2021-06-23, 2021-06-24, 2021-06-25, 2021-06-26, 2021-06-27, 2021-06-28, 2021-06-29, 2021-06-30, 2021-07-01, 2021-07-02, 2021-07-03, 2021-07-04, 2021-07-05, 2021-07-06, 2021-07-07, 2021-07-08, 2021-07-09, 2021-07-10, 2021-07-11, 2021-07-12, 2021-07-13, 2021-07-14, 2021-07-15, 2021-07-16, 2021-07-17, 2021-07-18, 2021-07-19, 2021-07-20, 2021-07-21, 2021-07-22, 2021-07-23, 2021-07-24, 2021-07-25, 2021-07-26, 2021-07-27, 2021-07-28, 2021-07-29, 2021-07-30, 2021-07-31, 2021-08-01, 2021-08-02, 2021-08-03, 2021-08-04, 2021-08-05, 2021-08-06, 2021-08-07, 2021-08-08, 2021-08-09, 2021-08-10, 2021-08-11, 2021-08-12, 2021-08-13, 2021-08-14, 2021-08-15, 2021-08-16, 2021-08-17, 2021-08-18, 2021-08-19, 2021-08-20, 2021-08-21, 2021-08-22, 2021-08-23, 2021-08-24, 2021-08-25, 2021-08-26, 2021-08-27, 2021-08-28, 2021-08-29, 2021-08-30, 2021-08-31, 2021-09-01, 2021-09-02, 2021-09-03, 2021-09-04, 2021-09-05, 2021-09-06, 2021-09-07, 2021-09-08, 2021-09-09, 2021-09-10, 2021-09-11, 2021-09-12, 2021-09-13, 2021-09-14, 2021-09-15, 2021-09-16, 2021-09-17, 2021-09-18, 2021-09-19, 2021-09-20, 2021-09-21, 2021-09-22, 2021-09-23, 2021-09-24, 2021-09-25, 2021-09-26, 2021-09-27, 2021-09-28, 2021-09-29, 2021-09-30, 2021-10-01, 2021-10-02, 2021-10-03, 2021-10-04, 2021-10-05, 2021-10-06, 2021-10-07, 2021-10-08, 2021-10-09, 2021-10-10, 2021-10-11, 2021-10-12, 2021-10-13, 2021-10-14, 2021-10-15, 2021-10-16, 2021-10-17, 2021-10-18, 2021-10-19, 2021-10-20
|y1 =  1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 3, 2, 1, 0, 6, 3, 0, 8, 5, 3, 6, 12, 9, 13, 8, 28, 13, 25, 20, 37, 36, 31, 51, 29, 39, 28, 32, 36, 31, 40, 44, 49, 34, 37, 56, 47, 60, 51, 71, 67, 77, 71, 83, 83, 194, 111, 89, 103, 95, 128, 97, 87, 122, 134, 100, 103, 120, 157, 134, 140, 132, 148, 137, 147, 154, 146, 170, 194, 175, 265, 193, 230, 204, 217, 260, 273, 294, 287, 271, 271, 274, 357, 396, 386, 311, 325, 380, 2003, 334, 336, 375, 306, 445, 312, 465, 418, 407, 384, 410, 380, 418, 507, 434, 379, 442, 613, 425, 467, 482, 487, 475, 519, 551, 500, 553, 582, 606, 687, 671, 543, 681, 587, 648, 1129, 740, 757, 705, 708, 654, 768, 775, 779, 764, 853, 771, 803, 857, 904, 886, 933, 861, 1007, 871, 834, 942, 1007, 996, 944, 941, 876, 1092, 977, 983, 945, 912, 836, 848, 1059, 1023, 1057, 1021, 948, 971, 819, 1045, 1043, 1096, 1089, 1065, 1016, 1133, 1115, 1172, 1209, 1201, 1114, 1136, 1054, 1290, 1132, 1174, 1247, 1133, 1130, 1053, 1085, 1129, 1141, 1089, 1124, 1039, 776, 1179, 1181, 1095, 1069, 940, 903, 884, 986, 971, 964, 926, 918, 816, 706, 730, 680, 895, 837, 1033, 579, 587, 717, 702, 690, 650, 578, 480, 488, 508, 517, 563, 551, 470, 496, 490, 514, 704, 670, 577, 559, 490, 448, 512, 550, 547, 520, 447, 435, 449, 474, 585, 584, 564, 501, 511, 480, 481, 524, 492, 485, 496, 443, 482, 501, 526, 540, 512, 482, 391, 385, 402, 412, 414, 442, 391, 336, 354, 387, 355, 338, 347, 341, 333, 301, 333, 312, 336, 251, 279, 279, 252, 286, 299, 256, 224, 217, 214, 201, 264, 222, 234, 228, 201, 161, 167, 202, 198, 191, 175, 181, 145, 137, 162, 151, 163, 152, 155, 131, 117, 137, 123, 163, 137, 127, 118, 94, 110, 107, 120, 95, 78, 84, 78, 94, 108, 87, 103, 92, 90, 81, 100, 101, 97, 101, 90, 83, 78, 104, 138, 120, 113, 113, 106, 91, 98, 89, 113, 108, 100, 97, 77, 133, 126, 117, 140, 161, 118, 131, 188, 172, 154, 188, 197, 212, 199, 275, 251, 257, 291, 312, 291, 271, 354, 459, 469, 714, 513, 478, 446, 630, 685, 780, 794, 839, 904, 879, 1027, 1038, 1185, 1341, 1501, 1619, 1761, 2023, 2104, 2263, 2624, 2767, 2812, 2771, 3293, 3645, 3498, 3523, 3689, 3417, 3449, 3780, 3980, 3915, 4187, 4092, 3754, 3876, 4205, 4120, 4000, 3890, 4077, 4106, 4329, 4529, 3870, 4209, 4194, 3741, 4454, 3511, 4157, 3847, 3660, 3617, 3460, 3128, 2795, 3207, 2887, 2713, 3380, 2677, 2427, 2123, 2219, 6148, 3403, 4002, 3303, 3921, 2726, 2542, 2330, 1587, 1647, 1576, 1422, 1167, 1358, 1321, 1329, 1183, 1258, 979, 907, 817, 1005, 853, 738, 955, 723, 553, 930, 817, 911, 1206, 895, 724, 2020, 624, 581, 542, 560, 518, 499, 374, 3998, 507, 483, 546, 535, 416, 415, 640, 640, 555, 593, 541, 442, 442, 562, 533, 464, 617, 491, 447, 373, 497, 490, 585, 478, 493, 417, 437, 440, 530, 540, 375, 403, 389, 354, 648, 607, 496, 509, 460, 380, 350, 460, 509, 366, 330, 308, 219, 290, 369, 338, 260, 308, 338, 219, 339, 284, 431, 320, 281, 309, 295, 252, 383, 282, 318, 290, 260, 276, 179, 378, 311, 277, 234, 244, 180, 263, 278, 318, 271, 248, 214, 193, 248, 181, 226, 246, 379, 166, 144, 166, 164, 197
|y2 =  0.14, 0.29, 0.29, 0.29, 0.29, 0.43, 0.43, 0.43, 0.29, 0.29, 0.71, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.71, 2.14, 2.14, 2.86, 3.29, 3.57, 4.43, 5.29, 6.14, 8.00, 8.00, 11.29, 12.71, 15.43, 16.57, 20.57, 23.86, 27.14, 30.43, 32.71, 34.71, 35.86, 35.14, 35.14, 35.14, 33.57, 35.71, 37.14, 38.00, 38.71, 41.57, 43.86, 46.71, 47.71, 50.86, 55.57, 61.29, 63.43, 68.57, 71.86, 92.29, 98.00, 101.14, 104.86, 108.29, 114.71, 116.71, 101.43, 103.00, 109.43, 109.00, 110.14, 109.00, 117.57, 124.29, 126.86, 126.57, 133.43, 138.29, 142.14, 141.71, 143.43, 147.71, 156.57, 160.43, 178.71, 185.29, 196.14, 204.43, 211.14, 220.57, 234.57, 238.71, 252.14, 258.00, 267.57, 275.71, 289.57, 307.14, 320.29, 323.71, 331.43, 347.00, 594.00, 590.71, 582.14, 580.57, 579.86, 597.00, 587.29, 367.57, 379.57, 389.71, 391.00, 405.86, 396.57, 411.71, 417.71, 420.00, 416.00, 424.29, 453.29, 459.71, 466.71, 463.14, 470.71, 484.43, 495.43, 486.57, 497.29, 509.57, 523.86, 540.86, 571.14, 592.86, 591.71, 617.57, 622.43, 631.86, 706.57, 714.14, 726.43, 749.57, 753.43, 763.00, 780.14, 729.57, 735.14, 736.14, 757.29, 766.29, 787.57, 800.29, 818.71, 834.00, 858.14, 859.29, 893.00, 902.71, 899.43, 904.86, 922.14, 931.14, 943.00, 933.57, 934.29, 971.14, 976.14, 972.71, 965.43, 960.86, 945.86, 941.86, 937.14, 943.71, 954.29, 965.14, 970.29, 989.57, 985.43, 983.43, 986.29, 991.86, 1001.57, 1018.29, 1024.71, 1069.57, 1079.57, 1098.00, 1114.14, 1130.14, 1137.14, 1154.29, 1143.00, 1168.00, 1162.29, 1157.29, 1163.86, 1166.57, 1165.71, 1165.57, 1136.29, 1135.86, 1131.14, 1108.57, 1107.29, 1094.29, 1054.71, 1068.14, 1075.57, 1069.00, 1066.14, 1039.86, 1020.43, 1035.86, 1008.29, 978.29, 959.57, 939.14, 936.00, 923.57, 898.14, 861.57, 820.00, 810.14, 797.43, 813.86, 780.00, 763.00, 761.14, 764.29, 735.00, 708.29, 643.29, 629.14, 615.00, 585.14, 558.71, 540.57, 526.43, 511.00, 513.29, 513.57, 514.43, 541.14, 556.43, 560.14, 572.86, 572.00, 566.00, 565.71, 543.71, 526.14, 518.00, 502.00, 494.14, 494.29, 488.86, 493.86, 499.14, 505.43, 513.14, 524.00, 528.43, 529.43, 520.71, 507.57, 496.29, 495.57, 485.86, 486.14, 489.00, 489.29, 496.14, 500.00, 498.00, 490.57, 476.71, 462.57, 446.29, 428.29, 418.29, 405.29, 397.43, 393.00, 390.86, 382.71, 371.86, 358.29, 351.14, 350.71, 343.14, 335.43, 329.29, 329.00, 315.29, 306.43, 298.71, 291.71, 285.00, 283.14, 271.71, 267.86, 259.00, 249.71, 242.43, 239.29, 228.29, 225.14, 225.71, 223.43, 215.86, 211.00, 202.14, 198.71, 192.57, 185.00, 182.14, 179.86, 175.57, 169.86, 163.14, 159.14, 155.86, 152.14, 150.14, 147.29, 143.71, 139.71, 139.71, 137.57, 133.57, 131.71, 128.43, 124.57, 122.29, 116.14, 110.14, 103.14, 98.29, 96.00, 93.71, 93.86, 89.14, 90.29, 92.29, 93.14, 93.57, 94.43, 93.43, 94.86, 94.57, 94.29, 93.29, 92.86, 93.43, 98.71, 102.00, 103.71, 107.00, 110.29, 112.14, 111.29, 104.29, 103.29, 102.57, 100.71, 99.43, 97.43, 102.43, 107.71, 108.29, 112.86, 121.57, 124.57, 132.29, 140.14, 146.71, 152.00, 158.86, 164.00, 177.43, 187.14, 199.57, 210.86, 225.57, 240.29, 256.71, 268.00, 278.29, 289.57, 319.29, 349.57, 410.00, 438.71, 465.43, 490.43, 529.86, 562.14, 606.57, 618.00, 664.57, 725.43, 787.29, 844.00, 894.43, 952.29, 1030.43, 1125.00, 1227.14, 1353.14, 1495.43, 1647.71, 1801.71, 1985.00, 2165.86, 2336.29, 2480.57, 2662.00, 2882.14, 3058.57, 3187.00, 3318.71, 3405.14, 3502.00, 3571.57, 3619.43, 3679.00, 3773.86, 3831.43, 3879.57, 4001.29, 4021.29, 4033.43, 3991.00, 3988.86, 4039.14, 4103.86, 4150.14, 4114.43, 4144.29, 4187.71, 4139.71, 4189.43, 4072.57, 4019.43, 4016.14, 3937.71, 3855.29, 3815.14, 3625.71, 3523.43, 3387.71, 3250.57, 3115.29, 3081.43, 2969.57, 2869.43, 2773.43, 2632.29, 3098.14, 3196.71, 3285.57, 3375.00, 3588.43, 3674.57, 3720.71, 3175.29, 2915.86, 2579.43, 2332.71, 1975.71, 1753.00, 1583.86, 1439.71, 1402.86, 1336.57, 1291.14, 1227.86, 1190.71, 1113.43, 1068.29, 1000.29, 936.71, 893.43, 856.86, 806.29, 822.43, 795.57, 803.86, 870.71, 862.14, 862.29, 1071.86, 1028.14, 994.43, 941.71, 849.43, 795.57, 763.43, 528.29, 1010.29, 999.71, 991.29, 989.29, 991.71, 979.86, 985.71, 506.00, 525.00, 535.29, 542.00, 542.86, 546.57, 550.43, 539.29, 524.00, 511.00, 514.43, 507.29, 508.00, 498.14, 488.86, 482.71, 500.00, 480.14, 480.43, 476.14, 485.29, 477.14, 482.86, 476.43, 461.71, 448.86, 444.86, 433.00, 462.71
|colors = #A50026, red }}
{{smalldiv|1=
'''Notes:'''
* On 17 June 2020, 1,672 backlogged deaths from Maharashtra and Delhi were added taking reported daily deaths to 2,003 on that day.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-17|title=India's death toll soars past 10K, backlog deaths raise count by 437 in Delhi, 1,409 in Maharashtra|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-death-toll-soars-past-10k-backlog-deaths-raise-count-by-437-in-delhi-1-409-in-maharashtra/story-9GNbe7iMBKLsiHtByjRKCJ.html|access-date=2020-06-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* On 23 July 2020, Tamil Nadu reported 528 deaths including backlogged deaths, taking reported daily deaths to 1,129.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-23|title=45,720 new cases in 24 hrs, 13% positivity, single-day toll 1,129 after Tamil Nadu update|url=https://theprint.in/health/45720-new-cases-in-24-hrs-13-positivity-single-day-toll-1129-after-tamil-nadu-update/466882/|access-date=2020-08-05|website=The Print|language=en}}</ref>
* On 10 June 2021, Bihar added 3,951 backlogged fatalities taking the day's death toll to 6,148 deaths.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Rohit Kumar|date=10 June 2021|title=Bihar govt revises Covid deaths by 72% after HC-ordered audit|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/bihar-govt-revises-covid-deaths-by-72-per-cent-after-hc-ordered-audit-1813101-2021-06-10|access-date=2021-06-18|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
* From 1 May to 7 June 2021, Maharashtra added 8,756 backlogged/reconciliation deaths.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chakraborty|first=Rupsa|date=2021-06-10|title=Maharashtra: 9,000 more Covid deaths added after reconciliation|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/maharashtra-9-000-more-covid-deaths-added-after-reconciliation-101623264250504.html|access-date=2021-06-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* On 21 July 2021, Maharashtra added 3,509 reconciled deaths.<ref name=":HT MH">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Poulomi |title=Maharashtra reconciles over 3,000 Covid deaths pushing India's daily toll to 3,998 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-reconciles-over-3-000-covid-deaths-pushing-india-s-daily-toll-to-3998-101626845777446.html |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 July 2021}}</ref>
}}
</div>

=== Daily new recoveries ===
<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; width:1000px; margin:1em 0;">
{{center|
{{legend inline|#87CEEB |New recoveries per day}}
}}
{{Graph:Chart|width = 850|height = 300|xAxisTitle = Date|xAxisAngle = -45|yAxisTitle = No. of recoveries|yAxisMin = 0|type = line|xGrid =|yGrid =|xType = date|x = 2020-01-30, 2020-01-31, 2020-02-01, 2020-02-02, 2020-02-03, 2020-02-04, 2020-02-05, 2020-02-06, 2020-02-07, 2020-02-08, 2020-02-09, 2020-02-10, 2020-02-11, 2020-02-12, 2020-02-13, 2020-02-14, 2020-02-15, 2020-02-16, 2020-02-17, 2020-02-18, 2020-02-19, 2020-02-20, 2020-02-21, 2020-02-22, 2020-02-23, 2020-02-24, 2020-02-25, 2020-02-26, 2020-02-27, 2020-02-28, 2020-02-29, 2020-03-01, 2020-03-02, 2020-03-03, 2020-03-04, 2020-03-05, 2020-03-06, 2020-03-07, 2020-03-08, 2020-03-09, 2020-03-10, 2020-03-11, 2020-03-12, 2020-03-13, 2020-03-14, 2020-03-15, 2020-03-16, 2020-03-17, 2020-03-18, 2020-03-19, 2020-03-20, 2020-03-21, 2020-03-22, 2020-03-23, 2020-03-24, 2020-03-25, 2020-03-26, 2020-03-27, 2020-03-28, 2020-03-29, 2020-03-30, 2020-03-31, 2020-04-01, 2020-04-02, 2020-04-03, 2020-04-04, 2020-04-05, 2020-04-06, 2020-04-07, 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2020-09-21, 2020-09-22, 2020-09-23, 2020-09-24, 2020-09-25, 2020-09-26, 2020-09-27, 2020-09-28, 2020-09-29, 2020-09-30, 2020-10-01, 2020-10-02, 2020-10-03, 2020-10-04, 2020-10-05, 2020-10-06, 2020-10-07, 2020-10-08, 2020-10-09, 2020-10-10, 2020-10-11, 2020-10-12, 2020-10-13, 2020-10-14, 2020-10-15, 2020-10-16, 2020-10-17, 2020-10-18, 2020-10-19, 2020-10-20, 2020-10-21, 2020-10-22, 2020-10-23, 2020-10-24, 2020-10-25, 2020-10-26, 2020-10-27, 2020-10-28, 2020-10-29, 2020-10-30, 2020-10-31, 2020-11-01, 2020-11-02, 2020-11-03, 2020-11-04, 2020-11-05, 2020-11-06, 2020-11-07, 2020-11-08, 2020-11-09, 2020-11-10, 2020-11-11, 2020-11-12, 2020-11-13, 2020-11-14, 2020-11-15, 2020-11-16, 2020-11-17, 2020-11-18, 2020-11-19, 2020-11-20, 2020-11-21, 2020-11-22, 2020-11-23, 2020-11-24, 2020-11-25, 2020-11-26, 2020-11-27, 2020-11-28, 2020-11-29, 2020-11-30, 2020-12-01, 2020-12-02, 2020-12-03, 2020-12-04, 2020-12-05, 2020-12-06, 2020-12-07, 2020-12-08, 2020-12-09, 2020-12-10, 2020-12-11, 2020-12-12, 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|colors = #87CEEB }}
</div>

=== Daily new cases vs active cases ===
<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; width:1000px; margin:1em 0;">
{{center|
{{legend inline|#5528A2|New cases as percentage of active cases}}
{{legend inline|#CC691E|7-day moving average of new cases as percentage of active cases}}
{{legend inline|#82A43D|7-day moving CAGR of active cases}}
}}
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2020-11-03, 2020-11-04, 2020-11-05, 2020-11-06, 2020-11-07, 2020-11-08, 2020-11-09, 2020-11-10, 2020-11-11, 2020-11-12, 2020-11-13, 2020-11-14, 2020-11-15, 2020-11-16, 2020-11-17, 2020-11-18, 2020-11-19, 2020-11-20, 2020-11-21, 2020-11-22, 2020-11-23, 2020-11-24, 2020-11-25, 2020-11-26, 2020-11-27, 2020-11-28, 2020-11-29, 2020-11-30, 2020-12-01, 2020-12-02, 2020-12-03, 2020-12-04, 2020-12-05, 2020-12-06, 2020-12-07, 2020-12-08, 2020-12-09, 2020-12-10, 2020-12-11, 2020-12-12, 2020-12-13, 2020-12-14, 2020-12-15, 2020-12-16, 2020-12-17, 2020-12-18, 2020-12-19, 2020-12-20, 2020-12-21, 2020-12-22, 2020-12-23, 2020-12-24, 2020-12-25, 2020-12-26, 2020-12-27, 2020-12-28, 2020-12-29, 2020-12-30, 2020-12-31, 2021-01-01, 2021-01-02, 2021-01-03, 2021-01-04, 2021-01-05, 2021-01-06, 2021-01-07, 2021-01-08, 2021-01-09, 2021-01-10, 2021-01-11, 2021-01-12, 2021-01-13, 2021-01-14, 2021-01-15, 2021-01-16, 2021-01-17, 2021-01-18, 2021-01-19, 2021-01-20, 2021-01-21, 2021-01-22, 2021-01-23, 2021-01-24, 2021-01-25, 2021-01-26, 2021-01-27, 2021-01-28, 2021-01-29, 2021-01-30, 2021-01-31, 2021-02-01, 2021-02-02, 2021-02-03, 2021-02-04, 2021-02-05, 2021-02-06, 2021-02-07, 2021-02-08, 2021-02-09, 2021-02-10, 2021-02-11, 2021-02-12, 2021-02-13, 2021-02-14, 2021-02-15, 2021-02-16, 2021-02-17, 2021-02-18, 2021-02-19, 2021-02-20, 2021-02-21, 2021-02-22, 2021-02-23, 2021-02-24, 2021-02-25, 2021-02-26, 2021-02-27, 2021-02-28, 2021-03-01, 2021-03-02, 2021-03-03, 2021-03-04, 2021-03-05, 2021-03-06, 2021-03-07, 2021-03-08, 2021-03-09, 2021-03-10, 2021-03-11, 2021-03-12, 2021-03-13, 2021-03-14, 2021-03-15, 2021-03-16, 2021-03-17, 2021-03-18, 2021-03-19, 2021-03-20, 2021-03-21, 2021-03-22, 2021-03-23, 2021-03-24, 2021-03-25, 2021-03-26, 2021-03-27, 2021-03-28, 2021-03-29, 2021-03-30, 2021-03-31, 2021-04-01, 2021-04-02, 2021-04-03, 2021-04-04, 2021-04-05, 2021-04-06|y1 =  21.28, 24.56, 10.00, 4.35, 36.11, 4.21, 23.23, 11.67, 16.42, 33.56, 46.94, 15.62, 32.83, 12.03, 18.55, 15.91, 22.12, 11.23, 12.94, 25.19, 13.07, 35.30, 14.25, 25.70, 22.61, 18.14, 21.87, 13.19, 11.25, 12.54, 17.17, 12.72, 13.84, 12.21, 18.18, 12.06, 8.10, 9.94, 8.24, 10.77, 11.58, 9.32, 9.83, 7.75, 10.50, 8.32, 10.42, 7.25, 7.54, 8.24, 7.93, 7.26, 9.59, 9.37, 9.17, 13.05, 8.38, 10.63, 9.44, 8.76, 8.23, 10.16, 8.19, 7.66, 7.84, 8.06, 7.72, 9.40, 9.72, 8.83, 9.54, 9.17, 9.57, 10.03, 9.72, 9.48, 8.48, 7.91, 7.91, 8.67, 8.85, 9.70, 9.32, 8.76, 9.13, 9.17, 9.23, 8.91, 8.60, 8.29, 7.99, 7.69, 7.48, 7.97, 8.08, 8.18, 7.70, 6.97, 7.16, 8.30, 8.47, 8.89, 9.16, 8.75, 8.56, 8.97, 9.25, 9.27, 9.79, 10.08, 9.58, 8.81, 8.67, 8.70, 9.21, 10.01, 10.56, 9.90, 8.79, 8.77, 9.39, 9.82, 9.80, 10.10, 9.82, 9.45, 9.45, 10.22, 10.56, 10.19, 10.85, 10.83, 9.51, 9.37, 11.12, 11.57, 11.11, 10.67, 10.67, 9.83, 9.76, 10.23, 10.43, 10.47, 9.69, 9.33, 8.98, 8.96, 9.60, 10.50, 10.13, 10.40, 9.87, 8.44, 9.53, 10.40, 9.88, 9.83, 9.50, 8.56, 8.14, 9.59, 10.30, 10.04, 10.10, 9.93, 8.68, 8.58, 9.53, 10.71, 10.64, 10.31, 10.47, 10.26, 8.94, 9.97, 10.47, 10.22, 10.40, 10.71, 10.53, 8.59, 10.15, 10.67, 10.51, 10.34, 9.85, 9.46, 8.49, 9.10, 9.83, 9.55, 9.17, 9.13, 8.60, 7.48, 8.54, 8.93, 8.90, 8.80, 9.22, 8.59, 7.33, 8.49, 9.23, 8.66, 8.43, 8.02, 7.94, 6.56, 7.84, 8.65, 7.81, 8.20, 8.42, 7.69, 6.42, 7.57, 8.19, 7.80, 7.73, 7.78, 7.11, 6.06, 7.22, 7.54, 7.60, 7.67, 7.36, 6.76, 5.58, 7.01, 8.17, 8.06, 8.12, 8.06, 7.93, 6.82, 8.54, 9.41, 9.02, 9.67, 8.84, 8.95, 7.47, 8.83, 9.68, 9.17, 9.22, 8.55, 6.37, 6.27, 8.52, 10.20, 10.35, 10.42, 10.28, 9.99, 8.56, 10.12, 10.00, 9.52, 9.07, 9.19, 8.54, 6.96, 8.40, 8.29, 8.65, 8.81, 8.79, 8.18, 6.70, 8.36, 8.32, 7.90, 8.25, 8.41, 7.59, 6.26, 7.76, 7.23, 7.10, 8.01, 8.62, 7.97, 6.44, 8.19, 8.54, 8.13, 7.90, 6.65, 7.18, 5.93, 7.65, 8.32, 7.78, 7.50, 7.27, 6.68, 6.71, 7.83, 8.94, 7.95, 8.08, 8.32, 7.30, 5.66, 7.37, 7.90, 7.30, 7.12, 7.18, 6.60, 4.84, 6.89, 7.72, 7.56, 7.56, 8.00, 7.16, 4.94, 7.16, 6.61, 10.85, 7.62, 7.69, 6.77, 5.13, 6.76, 8.06, 8.00, 7.73, 8.12, 7.95, 6.13, 7.71, 9.13, 6.53, 8.93, 8.93, 8.47, 6.53, 8.48, 9.43, 9.61, 10.03, 9.97, 9.75, 7.05, 9.33, 11.39, 10.93, 10.57, 10.50, 9.43, 7.29, 8.90, 10.23, 9.71, 10.39, 10.38, 10.08, 8.15, 9.56, 12.38, 12.31, 12.62, 12.53, 12.49, 11.17, 12.94, 15.30, 15.74, 15.10, 15.20, 15.19, 12.17, 13.68, 14.51, 14.96, 14.79, 13.85, 13.99, 10.77, 9.89, 13.09, 13.95, 14.50, 14.15, 14.97, 13.07|y2 =  12.50, 14.81, 15.78, 14.81, 17.44, 15.96, 17.16, 15.79, 14.68, 17.90, 23.81, 20.96, 25.22, 23.53, 24.59, 24.51, 22.93, 18.14, 17.74, 16.75, 16.90, 19.13, 18.89, 19.38, 21.05, 21.83, 21.36, 21.38, 18.04, 17.78, 16.61, 15.21, 14.60, 13.26, 13.96, 14.08, 13.42, 12.40, 11.75, 11.31, 11.22, 9.99, 9.68, 9.63, 9.71, 9.72, 9.67, 9.05, 8.79, 8.57, 8.59, 8.13, 8.31, 8.17, 8.44, 9.22, 9.24, 9.62, 9.94, 9.82, 9.65, 9.80, 9.11, 9.00, 8.61, 8.41, 8.26, 8.43, 8.37, 8.46, 8.73, 8.92, 9.13, 9.47, 9.51, 9.48, 9.43, 9.19, 9.01, 8.88, 8.72, 8.71, 8.69, 8.73, 8.90, 9.08, 9.16, 9.17, 9.02, 8.87, 8.76, 8.55, 8.31, 8.13, 8.01, 7.95, 7.87, 7.72, 7.65, 7.77, 7.84, 7.95, 8.09, 8.24, 8.47, 8.73, 8.86, 8.98, 9.11, 9.24, 9.36, 9.39, 9.35, 9.27, 9.26, 9.30, 9.36, 9.41, 9.40, 9.42, 9.52, 9.60, 9.57, 9.51, 9.50, 9.59, 9.69, 9.81, 9.91, 9.97, 10.07, 10.22, 10.23, 10.22, 10.34, 10.49, 10.62, 10.60, 10.57, 10.62, 10.68, 10.55, 10.39, 10.29, 10.15, 9.96, 9.84, 9.73, 9.64, 9.65, 9.60, 9.70, 9.78, 9.70, 9.78, 9.89, 9.81, 9.76, 9.63, 9.45, 9.40, 9.41, 9.39, 9.42, 9.46, 9.52, 9.53, 9.60, 9.59, 9.65, 9.74, 9.77, 9.84, 10.07, 10.12, 10.18, 10.15, 10.09, 10.10, 10.14, 10.18, 10.12, 10.15, 10.18, 10.22, 10.21, 10.09, 9.94, 9.92, 9.77, 9.65, 9.52, 9.35, 9.25, 9.12, 8.98, 8.90, 8.77, 8.68, 8.63, 8.64, 8.64, 8.62, 8.61, 8.65, 8.62, 8.56, 8.39, 8.30, 8.19, 8.10, 8.01, 7.89, 7.86, 7.92, 7.88, 7.86, 7.82, 7.76, 7.75, 7.69, 7.60, 7.51, 7.46, 7.41, 7.32, 7.29, 7.28, 7.22, 7.17, 7.10, 7.07, 7.16, 7.23, 7.29, 7.39, 7.56, 7.74, 7.96, 8.13, 8.27, 8.49, 8.60, 8.75, 8.84, 8.88, 8.92, 8.94, 8.88, 8.84, 8.47, 8.29, 8.25, 8.32, 8.49, 8.66, 8.90, 9.42, 9.76, 9.99, 9.96, 9.84, 9.65, 9.49, 9.29, 9.05, 8.81, 8.57, 8.44, 8.41, 8.35, 8.30, 8.26, 8.25, 8.26, 8.15, 8.07, 8.01, 7.93, 7.87, 7.78, 7.63, 7.51, 7.48, 7.51, 7.56, 7.59, 7.65, 7.84, 7.98, 7.97, 7.69, 7.57, 7.50, 7.42, 7.39, 7.34, 7.28, 7.37, 7.30, 7.41, 7.44, 7.53, 7.55, 7.63, 7.78, 7.87, 7.72, 7.66, 7.51, 7.42, 7.28, 7.12, 7.02, 6.90, 6.83, 6.80, 6.84, 6.90, 7.02, 7.10, 7.11, 7.15, 6.99, 7.46, 7.46, 7.42, 7.36, 7.39, 7.33, 7.54, 7.14, 7.16, 7.22, 7.39, 7.53, 7.67, 7.82, 7.61, 7.78, 7.90, 7.97, 8.03, 8.14, 8.18, 8.62, 8.78, 8.92, 9.11, 9.18, 9.31, 9.58, 9.77, 9.85, 9.92, 9.88, 9.91, 9.85, 9.69, 9.51, 9.49, 9.47, 9.56, 9.69, 9.78, 10.09, 10.46, 10.77, 11.08, 11.42, 11.86, 12.35, 12.76, 13.24, 13.60, 13.98, 14.37, 14.51, 14.62, 14.51, 14.40, 14.35, 14.16, 13.99, 13.79, 13.24, 13.03, 12.89, 12.85, 12.89, 13.03, 13.36|y3 =  12.50, 14.58, 13.75, 12.79, 14.87, 13.42, 14.33, 12.99, 11.40, 16.08, 21.90, 19.42, 23.10, 21.50, 22.45, 22.95, 21.09, 16.10, 15.48, 14.84, 14.87, 16.89, 16.65, 17.57, 19.10, 19.95, 19.34, 19.52, 16.19, 15.88, 14.63, 13.21, 12.65, 11.10, 11.56, 11.65, 10.99, 9.80, 9.21, 8.71, 8.51, 7.24, 6.51, 6.38, 6.38, 6.38, 6.14, 5.79, 5.51, 5.44, 5.43, 4.96, 4.92, 4.83, 4.97, 5.48, 5.54, 5.82, 6.04, 5.98, 5.73, 5.79, 5.34, 5.10, 4.61, 4.44, 4.17, 3.83, 3.58, 3.57, 3.68, 3.74, 3.71, 3.96, 4.53, 4.59, 4.63, 4.46, 4.42, 4.45, 3.14, 2.92, 2.76, 2.75, 2.92, 3.12, 3.04, 4.29, 4.25, 4.26, 4.16, 4.01, 3.68, 3.57, 3.33, 3.13, 2.94, 2.39, 2.16, 2.23, 2.03, 2.07, 1.82, 1.88, 2.17, 2.38, 2.18, 2.15, 2.31, 2.62, 2.70, 2.74, 2.67, 2.84, 2.64, 2.55, 2.71, 2.71, 2.72, 2.68, 2.50, 2.84, 2.68, 2.56, 2.53, 2.64, 2.73, 2.97, 3.09, 3.42, 3.56, 3.76, 3.73, 3.65, 3.67, 3.65, 3.49, 3.28, 3.15, 3.06, 3.11, 3.12, 3.11, 3.11, 2.80, 2.57, 2.39, 2.03, 1.73, 1.55, 1.31, 1.47, 1.32, 1.26, 1.35, 1.34, 1.23, 1.10, 1.07, 0.92, 0.73, 0.71, 0.70, 0.64, 0.61, 0.63, 0.70, 0.65, 0.64, 0.80, 1.00, 1.09, 1.12, 1.37, 1.58, 1.80, 1.68, 1.63, 1.70, 1.72, 1.74, 1.69, 1.63, 1.72, 1.83, 1.79, 1.74, 1.60, 1.64, 1.50, 1.36, 1.09, 0.81, 0.54, 0.24, -0.21, -0.40, -0.63, -0.68, -0.76, -0.79, -0.59, -0.42, -0.42, -0.38, -0.42, -0.24, -0.28, -0.42, -0.44, -0.50, -0.59, -0.75, -0.96, -1.10, -1.15, -1.30, -1.33, -1.49, -1.49, -1.49, -1.45, -1.56, -1.61, -1.57, -1.79, -2.06, -2.19, -2.25, -2.35, -2.52, -2.71, -2.40, -2.22, -2.20, -2.23, -2.14, -2.05, -1.91, -1.90, -1.87, -1.70, -1.51, -1.38, -1.10, -1.08, -1.08, -1.02, -1.02, -0.96, -1.29, -1.42, -1.44, -1.40, -1.25, -1.26, -1.18, -0.69, -0.47, -0.07, 0.29, 0.37, 0.49, 0.42, 0.11, -0.10, -0.53, -0.96, -1.29, -1.49, -1.68, -1.69, -1.79, -1.75, -1.81, -1.90, -1.84, -1.74, -1.67, -1.73, -1.87, -2.04, -2.09, -2.16, -2.19, -2.11, -2.12, -1.95, -1.80, -1.52, -1.30, -1.30, -1.29, -1.21, -1.39, -1.37, -1.46, -1.68, -1.70, -1.81, -2.13, -2.01, -1.73, -1.70, -1.55, -1.44, -1.30, -0.92, -0.84, -0.93, -0.81, -0.86, -0.96, -0.96, -1.09, -1.19, -1.49, -1.72, -1.81, -1.76, -1.72, -1.75, -1.57, -1.44, -1.34, -1.27, -1.26, -1.29, -1.16, -1.39, -1.62, -1.77, -1.89, -1.79, -1.76, -1.82, -1.74, -1.19, -1.53, -1.20, -1.11, -0.89, -0.69, -0.51, -0.53, 0.38, 0.67, 0.82, 1.03, 1.06, 1.05, 1.43, 1.60, 1.57, 1.76, 1.68, 1.93, 2.12, 1.93, 1.77, 1.76, 1.65, 1.62, 1.55, 1.17, 1.25, 1.61, 1.64, 1.90, 2.16, 2.54, 3.47, 4.20, 4.66, 5.22, 5.64, 6.23, 6.42, 6.67, 6.62, 6.48, 6.65, 6.69, 6.55, 6.61, 5.96, 5.74, 5.55, 5.51, 5.16, 5.15, 5.53|colors = #5528A2, #CC691E, #82A43D
}}
</div>

=== Confirmed cases by regions ===
{{center|'''>1,000,000'''}}
{{Chart|chart=Confirmed COVID-19 cases in India by State and UT (over one million).chart}}

{{center|'''>100,000 and <1,000,000'''}}
{{chart|chart=Confirmed COVID-19 cases in India by State and UT (between 100k and 1m).chart}}

{{center|'''>10,000 and <100,000'''}}
{{chart|chart=Confirmed COVID-19 cases in India by State and UT (between 10k and 100k).chart}}

=== Confirmed deaths by regions ===
{{center|'''>10,000'''}}
{{chart|chart=Confirmed COVID-19 deaths in India by State and UT (over 10k).chart}}

{{center|'''>1,000 and <10,000'''}}

{{chart|chart=Confirmed COVID-19 deaths in India by State and UT (between 1k and 10k).chart}}

{{center|'''>100 and <1,000'''}}
{{chart|chart=Confirmed COVID-19 deaths in India by State and UT (between 100 and 1k).chart}}

=== Case fatality rate ===
The trend of [[case fatality rate]] for COVID-19 from 12 March, the day first death in the country was recorded.<ref name="death1">{{cite web|title=India's first coronavirus death is confirmed in Karnataka|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-first-coronavirus-death-in-karnataka-confirmed/story-2ZJ6IuxJ38EiGndBq5pfHO.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=12 March 2020|access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref>

<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; width:1000px; margin:1em 0;">
{{Chart|definition=COVID-19 case fatality rate in India.chart|data=COVID-19 case fatality rate in India.tab|Width=850}}
</div>

<section begin="Test_Statistics"/>

=== Total samples tested ===
{{Graph|width = 850|height = 300|type = line|xType = date|yType = number|colors = #2FA073|showValues = offset:2|interpolate = monotone|xAxisTitle = Date|xAxisAngle =|xAxisFormat =|x = 2020/03/20, 2020/03/21, 2020/03/22, 2020/03/23, 2020/03/24, 2020/03/25, 2020/03/26, 2020/03/27, 2020/03/28, 2020/03/29, 2020/03/30, 2020/03/31, 2020/04/01, 2020/04/02, 2020/04/03, 2020/04/04, 2020/04/05, 2020/04/06, 2020/04/07, 2020/04/08, 2020/04/09, 2020/04/10, 2020/04/11, 2020/04/12, 2020/04/13, 2020/04/14, 2020/04/15, 2020/04/16, 2020/04/17, 2020/04/18, 2020/04/19, 2020/04/20, 2020/04/21, 2020/04/22, 2020/04/23, 2020/04/24, 2020/04/25, 2020/04/26, 2020/04/27, 2020/04/28, 2020/04/29, 2020/04/30, 2020/05/01, 2020/05/02, 2020/05/03, 2020/05/04, 2020/05/05, 2020/05/06, 2020/05/07, 2020/05/08, 2020/05/09, 2020/05/10, 2020/05/11, 2020/05/12, 2020/05/13, 2020/05/14, 2020/05/15, 2020/05/16, 2020/05/17, 2020/05/18, 2020/05/19, 2020/05/20, 2020/05/21, 2020/05/22, 2020/05/23, 2020/05/24, 2020/05/25, 2020/05/26, 2020/05/27, 2020/05/28, 2020/05/29, 2020/05/30, 2020/05/31, 2020/06/01, 2020/06/02, 2020/06/03, 2020/06/04, 2020/06/05, 2020/06/06, 2020/06/07, 2020/06/08, 2020/06/09, 2020/06/10, 2020/06/11, 2020/06/12, 2020/06/13, 2020/06/14, 2020/06/15, 2020/06/16, 2020/06/17, 2020/06/18, 2020/06/19, 2020/06/20, 2020/06/21, 2020/06/22, 2020/06/23, 2020/06/24, 2020/06/25, 2020/06/26, 2020/06/27, 2020/06/28, 2020/06/29, 2020/06/30, 2020/07/01, 2020/07/02, 2020/07/03, 2020/07/04, 2020/07/05, 2020/07/06, 2020/07/07, 2020/07/08, 2020/07/09, 2020/07/10, 2020/07/11, 2020/07/12, 2020/07/13, 2020/07/14, 2020/07/15, 2020/07/16, 2020/07/17, 2020/07/18, 2020/07/19, 2020/07/20, 2020/07/21, 2020/07/22, 2020/07/23, 2020/07/24, 2020/07/25, 2020/07/26, 2020/07/27, 2020/07/28, 2020/07/29, 2020/07/30, 2020/07/31, 2020/08/01, 2020/08/02, 2020/08/03, 2020/08/04, 2020/08/05, 2020/08/06, 2020/08/07, 2020/08/08, 2020/08/09, 2020/08/10, 2020/08/11, 2020/08/12, 2020/08/13, 2020/08/14, 2020/08/15, 2020/08/16, 2020/08/17, 2020/08/18, 2020/08/19, 2020/08/20, 2020/08/21, 2020/08/22, 2020/08/23, 2020/08/24, 2020/08/25, 2020/08/26, 2020/08/27, 2020/08/28, 2020/08/29, 2020/08/30, 2020/08/31, 2020/09/01, 2020/09/02, 2020/09/03, 2020/09/04, 2020/09/05, 2020/09/06, 2020/09/07, 2020/09/08, 2020/09/09, 2020/09/10, 2020/09/11, 2020/09/12, 2020/09/13, 2020/09/14, 2020/09/15, 2020/09/16, 2020/09/17, 2020/09/18, 2020/09/19, 2020/09/20, 2020/09/21, 2020/09/22, 2020/09/23, 2020/09/24, 2020/09/25, 2020/09/26, 2020/09/27, 2020/09/28, 2020/09/29, 2020/09/30, 2020/10/01, 2020/10/02, 2020/10/03, 2020/10/04, 2020/10/05, 2020/10/06, 2020/10/07, 2020/10/08, 2020/10/09, 2020/10/10, 2020/10/11, 2020/10/12, 2020/10/13, 2020/10/14, 2020/10/15, 2020/10/16, 2020/10/17, 2020/10/18, 2020/10/19, 2020/10/20, 2020/10/21, 2020/10/22, 2020/10/23, 2020/10/24, 2020/10/25, 2020/10/26, 2020/10/27, 2020/10/28, 2020/10/29, 2020/10/30, 2020/10/31, 2020/11/01, 2020/11/02, 2020/11/03, 2020/11/04, 2020/11/05, 2020/11/06, 2020/11/07, 2020/11/08, 2020/11/09, 2020/11/10, 2020/11/11, 2020/11/12, 2020/11/13, 2020/11/14, 2020/11/15, 2020/11/16, 2020/11/17, 2020/11/18, 2020/11/19, 2020/11/20, 2020/11/21, 2020/11/22, 2020/11/23, 2020/11/24, 2020/11/25, 2020/11/26, 2020/11/27, 2020/11/28, 2020/11/29, 2020/11/30, 2020/12/01, 2020/12/02, 2020/12/03, 2020/12/04, 2020/12/05, 2020/12/06, 2020/12/07, 2020/12/08, 2020/12/09, 2020/12/10, 2020/12/11, 2020/12/12, 2020/12/13, 2020/12/14, 2020/12/15, 2020/12/16, 2020/12/17, 2020/12/18, 2020/12/19, 2020/12/20, 2020/12/21, 2020/12/22, 2020/12/23, 2020/12/24, 2020/12/25, 2020/12/26, 2020/12/27, 2020/12/28, 2020/12/29, 2020/12/30, 2020/12/31, 2021/01/01, 2021/01/02, 2021/01/03, 2021/01/04, 2021/01/05, 2021/01/06, 2021/01/07, 2021/01/08, 2021/01/09, 2021/01/10, 2021/01/11, 2021/01/12, 2021/01/13, 2021/01/14, 2021/01/15, 2021/01/16, 2021/01/17, 2021/01/18, 2021/01/19, 2021/01/20, 2021/01/21, 2021/01/22, 2021/01/23, 2021/01/24, 2021/01/25, 2021/01/26, 2021/01/27, 2021/01/28, 2021/01/29, 2021/01/30, 2021/01/31, 2021/02/01, 2021/02/02, 2021/02/03, 2021/02/04, 2021/02/05, 2021/02/06, 2021/02/07, 2021/02/08, 2021/02/09, 2021/02/10, 2021/02/11, 2021/02/12, 2021/02/13, 2021/02/14, 2021/02/15, 2021/02/16, 2021/02/17, 2021/02/18, 2021/02/19, 2021/02/20, 2021/02/21, 2021/02/22, 2021/02/23, 2021/02/24, 2021/02/25, 2021/02/26, 2021/02/27, 2021/02/28, 2021/03/01, 2021/03/02, 2021/03/03, 2021/03/04, 2021/03/05, 2021/03/06, 2021/03/07, 2021/03/08, 2021/03/09, 2021/03/10, 2021/03/11, 2021/03/12, 2021/03/13, 2021/03/14, 2021/03/15, 2021/03/16, 2021/03/17, 2021/03/18, 2021/03/19, 2021/03/20, 2021/03/21, 2021/03/22, 2021/03/23, 2021/03/24, 2021/03/25, 2021/03/26, 2021/03/27, 2021/03/28, 2021/03/29, 2021/03/30, 2021/03/31, 2021/04/01, 2021/04/02, 2021/04/03, 2021/04/04, 2021/04/05, 2021/04/06, 2021/04/07, 2021/04/08, 2021/04/09, 2021/04/10, 2021/04/11, 2021/04/12, 2021/04/24, 2021/04/25|y1 = 13125, 14175, 15404, 16911, 18127, 20707, 22694, 25144, 27688, 34931, 38442, 42788, 47951, 56680, 69245, 79950, 89534, 101068, 114015, 127919, 144910, 161330, 179374, 195748, 217554, 244893, 274599, 302956, 335123, 372123, 401586, 435678, 462621, 500542, 541789, 579957, 625309, 665819, 716733, 770764, 830201, 902654, 976363, 1046450, 1107233, 1191946, 1276781, 1357413, 1437788, 1523213, 1609037, 1673688, 1759579, 1854250, 1947041, 2039952, 2134277, 2227642, 2302792, 2404267, 2512388, 2615920, 2719434, 2834798, 2943421, 3033591, 3126119, 3242160, 3362136, 3483838, 3611599, 3737027, 3837207, 3966075, 4103233, 4242718, 4386379, 4524317, 4666386, 4774434, 4916116, 5061332, 5213140, 5363445, 5507182, 5658614, 5774133, 5921069, 6084256, 6249668, 6426627, 6616496, 6807226, 6950493, 7137716, 7352911, 7560782, 7776228, 7996707, 8227802, 8398362, 8608654, 8826585, 9056173, 9297749, 9540132, 9789066, 9969662, 10211092, 10473771, 10740832, 11024491, 11307002, 11587153, 11806256, 12092503, 12412664, 12739490, 13072718, 13433742, 13791869, 14047908, 14381303, 14724546, 15075369, 15428170, 15849068, 16291331, 16806803, 17334885, 17743740, 18190382, 18832970, 19358659, 19821831, 20202858, 20864750, 21484402, 22149341, 22788383, 23387161, 24106525, 24583548, 25281838, 26015287, 26845678, 27694406, 28563085, 29309693, 30041390, 30941254, 31742782, 32661242, 33467337, 34491063, 35292210, 35902127, 36827510, 37651502, 38576500, 39477838, 40406599, 41461626, 42307904, 43324824, 44337191, 45509370, 46679135, 47738481, 48831135, 49551497, 50650118, 51804667, 52934423, 54097965, 55189216, 56260918, 57239428, 58312273, 59429115, 60565728, 61572343, 62454254, 63661060, 64392594, 65325779, 66279462, 67436031, 68928440, 70269975, 71257836, 71967230, 73110041, 74196729, 75619781, 76717728, 77850403, 78992534, 79982394, 81071797, 82271654, 83465975, 84634680, 85798698, 86877242, 87872093, 88945107, 90090122, 91226305, 92254927, 93254017, 94224190, 95083976, 96116771, 97200379, 98670363, 100113085, 101382564, 102523469, 103462778, 104420894, 105487680, 106563440, 107728088, 108796064, 109887303, 110743103, 111789350, 112998959, 114208384, 115429095, 116542304, 117736791, 118572192, 119615857, 120769151, 121962509, 123101739, 124031230, 124836819, 125698525, 126542907, 127480186, 128508389, 129591786, 130657808, 131733134, 276199222, 277918810|yGrid =|xGrid =
}}

=== Daily samples tested ===
<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; width:1000px; margin:1em 0;">
{{Graph|width = 850|height = 300|type = line|xType = date|yType = number|colors = #2FA073|showValues = offset:2|interpolate = monotone|xAxisTitle = Date|xAxisAngle =|xAxisFormat =|x = 2020/03/20, 2020/03/21, 2020/03/22, 2020/03/23, 2020/03/24, 2020/03/25, 2020/03/26, 2020/03/27, 2020/03/28, 2020/03/29, 2020/03/30, 2020/03/31, 2020/04/01, 2020/04/02, 2020/04/03, 2020/04/04, 2020/04/05, 2020/04/06, 2020/04/07, 2020/04/08, 2020/04/09, 2020/04/10, 2020/04/11, 2020/04/12, 2020/04/13, 2020/04/14, 2020/04/15, 2020/04/16, 2020/04/17, 2020/04/18, 2020/04/19, 2020/04/20, 2020/04/21, 2020/04/22, 2020/04/23, 2020/04/24, 2020/04/25, 2020/04/26, 2020/04/27, 2020/04/28, 2020/04/29, 2020/04/30, 2020/05/01, 2020/05/02, 2020/05/03, 2020/05/04, 2020/05/05, 2020/05/06, 2020/05/07, 2020/05/08, 2020/05/09, 2020/05/10, 2020/05/11, 2020/05/12, 2020/05/13, 2020/05/14, 2020/05/15, 2020/05/16, 2020/05/17, 2020/05/18, 2020/05/19, 2020/05/20, 2020/05/21, 2020/05/22, 2020/05/23, 2020/05/24, 2020/05/25, 2020/05/26, 2020/05/27, 2020/05/28, 2020/05/29, 2020/05/30, 2020/05/31, 2020/06/01, 2020/06/02, 2020/06/03, 2020/06/04, 2020/06/05, 2020/06/06, 2020/06/07, 2020/06/08, 2020/06/09, 2020/06/10, 2020/06/11, 2020/06/12, 2020/06/13, 2020/06/14, 2020/06/15, 2020/06/16, 2020/06/17, 2020/06/18, 2020/06/19, 2020/06/20, 2020/06/21, 2020/06/22, 2020/06/23, 2020/06/24, 2020/06/25, 2020/06/26, 2020/06/27, 2020/06/28, 2020/06/29, 2020/06/30, 2020/07/01, 2020/07/02, 2020/07/03, 2020/07/04, 2020/07/05, 2020/07/06, 2020/07/07, 2020/07/08, 2020/07/09, 2020/07/10, 2020/07/11, 2020/07/12, 2020/07/13, 2020/07/14, 2020/07/15, 2020/07/16, 2020/07/17, 2020/07/18, 2020/07/19, 2020/07/20, 2020/07/21, 2020/07/22, 2020/07/23, 2020/07/24, 2020/07/25, 2020/07/26, 2020/07/27, 2020/07/28, 2020/07/29, 2020/07/30, 2020/07/31, 2020/08/01, 2020/08/02, 2020/08/03, 2020/08/04, 2020/08/05, 2020/08/06, 2020/08/07, 2020/08/08, 2020/08/09, 2020/08/10, 2020/08/11, 2020/08/12, 2020/08/13, 2020/08/14, 2020/08/15, 2020/08/16, 2020/08/17, 2020/08/18, 2020/08/19, 2020/08/20, 2020/08/21, 2020/08/22, 2020/08/23, 2020/08/24, 2020/08/25, 2020/08/26, 2020/08/27, 2020/08/28, 2020/08/29, 2020/08/30, 2020/08/31, 2020/09/01, 2020/09/02, 2020/09/03, 2020/09/04, 2020/09/05, 2020/09/06, 2020/09/07, 2020/09/08, 2020/09/09, 2020/09/10, 2020/09/11, 2020/09/12, 2020/09/13, 2020/09/14, 2020/09/15, 2020/09/16, 2020/09/17, 2020/09/18, 2020/09/19, 2020/09/20, 2020/09/21, 2020/09/22, 2020/09/23, 2020/09/24, 2020/09/25, 2020/09/26, 2020/09/27, 2020/09/28, 2020/09/29, 2020/09/30, 2020/10/01, 2020/10/02, 2020/10/03, 2020/10/04, 2020/10/05, 2020/10/06, 2020/10/07, 2020/10/08, 2020/10/09, 2020/10/10, 2020/10/11, 2020/10/12, 2020/10/13, 2020/10/14, 2020/10/15, 2020/10/16, 2020/10/17, 2020/10/18, 2020/10/19, 2020/10/20, 2020/10/21, 2020/10/22, 2020/10/23, 2020/10/24, 2020/10/25, 2020/10/26, 2020/10/27, 2020/10/28, 2020/10/29, 2020/10/30, 2020/10/31, 2020/11/01, 2020/11/02, 2020/11/03, 2020/11/04, 2020/11/05, 2020/11/06, 2020/11/07, 2020/11/08, 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2021/01/31, 2021/02/01, 2021/02/02, 2021/02/03, 2021/02/04, 2021/02/05, 2021/02/06, 2021/02/07, 2021/02/08, 2021/02/09, 2021/02/10, 2021/02/11, 2021/02/12, 2021/02/13, 2021/02/14, 2021/02/15, 2021/02/16, 2021/02/17, 2021/02/18, 2021/02/19, 2021/02/20, 2021/02/21, 2021/02/22, 2021/02/23, 2021/02/24, 2021/02/25, 2021/02/26, 2021/02/27, 2021/02/28, 2021/03/01, 2021/03/02, 2021/03/03, 2021/03/04, 2021/03/05, 2021/03/06, 2021/03/07, 2021/03/08, 2021/03/09, 2021/03/10, 2021/03/11, 2021/03/12, 2021/03/13, 2021/03/14, 2021/03/15, 2021/03/16, 2021/03/17, 2021/03/18, 2021/03/19, 2021/03/20, 2021/03/21, 2021/03/22, 2021/03/23, 2021/03/24, 2021/03/25, 2021/03/26, 2021/03/27, 2021/03/28, 2021/03/29, 2021/03/30, 2021/03/31, 2021/04/01, 2021/04/02, 2021/04/03, 2021/04/04, 2021/04/05, 2021/04/06, 2021/04/07, 2021/04/08, 2021/04/09, 2021/04/10, 2021/04/11, 2021/04/12, 2021/04/13, 2021/04/14, 2021/04/15, 2021/04/16, 2021/04/17, 2021/04/18, 2021/04/19, 2021/04/20, 2021/04/21, 2021/04/22, 2021/04/23, 2021/04/24, 2021/04/25,|y1 = 1050, 1229, 1507, 1216, 2580, 1987, 2450, 2544, 7243, 3511, 4346, 5163, 8729, 12565, 10705, 9584, 11534, 12947, 13904, 16991, 16420, 18044, 16374, 21806, 27339, 29706, 28357, 32167, 37000, 29463, 34092, 26943, 37921, 41247, 38168, 45352, 40510, 50914, 54031, 59437, 72453, 73709, 70087, 60783, 84713, 84835, 80632, 80375, 85425, 85824, 64651, 85891, 94671, 92791, 92911, 94325, 93365, 75150, 101475, 108121, 103532, 103514, 115364, 108623, 90170, 92528, 116041, 119976, 121702, 127761, 125428, 100180, 128868, 137158, 139485, 143661, 137938, 142069, 108048, 141682, 145216, 151808, 150305, 143737, 151432, 115519, 154935, 163187, 165412, 176959, 189869, 190730, 143267, 187223, 215195, 207871, 215446, 220479, 231095, 170560, 210292, 217931, 229588, 241576, 242383, 248933, 180596, 241430, 262679, 267061, 283659, 282511, 280151, 219103, 286247, 320161, 326826, 333228, 361024, 358127, 256039, 333395, 343243, 350823, 352801, 420898, 442263, 515472, 528082, 408855, 446642, 642588, 525689, 463172, 381027, 661892, 619652, 664939, 639042, 598778, 719364, 477023, 698290, 733449, 830391, 848728, 868679, 746608, 731697, 899864, 801518, 918470, 805985, 1023836, 801147, 609917, 925383, 823992, 924998, 901338, 928761, 1055027, 846278, 1016920, 1012367, 1172179, 1169765, 1059346, 1092654, 720362, 1098621, 1154549, 1129735, 1163542, 1091251, 1071702, 978500, 1072845, 1116842, 1136613, 1006615, 881911, 1206806, 731534, 933185, 953683, 1156569, 1492409, 1341535, 987861, 709394, 1142811, 1086688, 1423052, 1097947, 1132675, 1142131, 989860, 1089403, 1199857, 1194321, 1168705, 1164018, 1078544, 994851, 1073014, 1145015, 1136183, 1028622, 999090, 970173, 859786, 1032795, 1083608, 1469984, 1442722, 1269479, 1140905, 939309, 958116, 1066786, 1075760, 1164648, 1067976, 1091239, 855800, 1046247, 1209609, 1209425, 1220711, 1113209, 1194487, 835401, 1043665, 1153294, 1193358, 1139230, 929491, 805589, 861706, 844382, 937279, 1028203, 1083397, 1066022, 1075326, 849596, 1099545, 1159032, 1090238, 1131204, 1157605, 1283449, 876173, 969325, 1096651, 1111698, 1170099, 1157763, 1101063, 801081, 1026399, 1022712, 922959, 872497, 1065176, 1014434, 855157, 993665, 1085625, 1158960, 1113406, 1171868, 1107681, 900134, 1072228, 1098164, 1039645, 997396, 853527, 943368, 715397, 983695, 1120281, 1127244, 1062420, 829964, 958125, 735978, 896236, 931408, 937590, 935369, 916951, 843307, 659209, 897056, 836227, 743191, 730096, 803090, 779377, 548168, 709791, 764120, 780835, 800242, 837095, 781752, 570246, 725577, 550426, 725653, 742306, 756329, 750964, 504263, 659422, 721121, 742841, 715776, 740794, 695789, 532236, 687138, 736903, 699185, 765944, 743614, 697114, 486122, 615664, 644931, 726562, 771071, 786618, 670050, 620216, 678685, 805844, 793383, 831807, 773918, 795723, 627668, 759283, 785220, 775631, 761834, 751935, 737830, 537764, 748525, 763081, 778416, 740345, 840635, 864368, 703772, 873350, 969021, 1063379, 1057383, 1060971, 1133602, 880655, 967459, 1025628, 1065021, 1100756, 1164915, 1181289, 913319, 785864, 1022915, 1125681, 1113966, 1046605, 1166716, 893749, 1211612, 1208329, 1237781, 1237781, 1400122, 1411758, 1384549, 1473210, 1495397, 1566394, 1356133, 1519486, 1639357, 1651711, 1740550, 1753569, 1719588,|yGrid =|xGrid =
}}
{{smalldiv|1=
'''Notes:'''
* Between 1 and 5 June 2021, 7.6 million tests were reconciled.<ref name=":11" />
}}
</div>

===Positive sampling rate===
<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; width:1000px; margin:1em 0;">
{{center|
{{legend inline|#FA9703|Daily positive sampling ratio}}
{{legend inline|#975B02|Total positive sampling ratio}}
}}
{{Graph:Chart |width = 850|height = 300|xAxisTitle = Date|yAxisTitle = Positive|xAxisAngle = -45|type = line|xType = date|yAxisFormat = %|xGrid =|yGrid =|x = 2020-03-19, 2020-03-20, 2020-03-21, 2020-03-22, 2020-03-23, 2020-03-24, 2020-03-25, 2020-03-27, 2020-03-29, 2020-03-30, 2020-03-31, 2020-04-01, 2020-04-02, 2020-04-03, 2020-04-04, 2020-04-05, 2020-04-06, 2020-04-07, 2020-04-08, 2020-04-09, 2020-04-10, 2020-04-11, 2020-04-12, 2020-04-13, 2020-04-14, 2020-04-15, 2020-04-16, 2020-04-17, 2020-04-18, 2020-04-19, 2020-04-20, 2020-04-21, 2020-04-22, 2020-04-23, 2020-04-24, 2020-04-25, 2020-04-26, 2020-04-27, 2020-04-28, 2020-04-29, 2020-04-30, 2020-05-01, 2020-05-02, 2020-05-03, 2020-05-04, 2020-05-05, 2020-05-06, 2020-05-07, 2020-05-08, 2020-05-09, 2020-05-10, 2020-05-11, 2020-05-12, 2020-05-13, 2020-05-14, 2020-05-15, 2020-05-16, 2020-05-17, 2020-05-18, 2020-05-19, 2020-05-20, 2020-05-21, 2020-05-22, 2020-05-23, 2020-05-24, 2020-05-25, 2020-05-26, 2020-05-27, 2020-05-28, 2020-05-29, 2020-05-30, 2020-05-31, 2020-06-01, 2020-06-02, 2020-06-03, 2020-06-04, 2020-06-05, 2020-06-06, 2020-06-07, 2020-06-08, 2020-06-09, 2020-06-10, 2020-06-11, 2020-06-12, 2020-06-13, 2020-06-14, 2020-06-15, 2020-06-16, 2020-06-17, 2020-06-18, 2020-06-19, 2020-06-20, 2020-06-21, 2020-06-22, 2020-06-23, 2020-06-24, 2020-06-25, 2020-06-26, 2020-06-27, 2020-06-28, 2020-06-29, 2020-06-30, 2020-07-01, 2020-07-02, 2020-07-03, 2020-07-04, 2020-07-05, 2020-07-06, 2020-07-07, 2020-07-08, 2020-07-09, 2020-07-10, 2020-07-11, 2020-07-12, 2020-07-13, 2020-07-14, 2020-07-15, 2020-07-16, 2020-07-17, 2020-07-18, 2020-07-19, 2020-07-20, 2020-07-21, 2020-07-22, 2020-07-23, 2020-07-24, 2020-07-25, 2020-07-26, 2020-07-27, 2020-07-28, 2020-07-29, 2020-07-30, 2020-07-31, 2020-08-01, 2020-08-02, 2020-08-03, 2020-08-04, 2020-08-05, 2020-08-06, 2020-08-07, 2020-08-08, 2020-08-09, 2020-08-10, 2020-08-11, 2020-08-12, 2020-08-13, 2020-08-14, 2020-08-15, 2020-08-16, 2020-08-17, 2020-08-18, 2020-08-19, 2020-08-20, 2020-08-21, 2020-08-22, 2020-08-23, 2020-08-24, 2020-08-25, 2020-08-26, 2020-08-27, 2020-08-28, 2020-08-29, 2020-08-30, 2020-08-31, 2020-09-01, 2020-09-02, 2020-09-03, 2020-09-04, 2020-09-05, 2020-09-06|y1 =  0.0000, 0.0210, 0.0407, 0.0610, 0.0370, 0.0419, 0.0257, 0.0355, 0.0550, 0.0146, 0.0647, 0.0336, 0.0846, 0.0269, 0.0380, 0.0490, 0.0527, 0.0610, 0.0392, 0.0349, 0.0348, 0.0546, 0.0426, 0.0561, 0.0415, 0.0535, 0.0376, 0.0291, 0.0335, 0.0259, 0.0449, 0.0452, 0.0493, 0.0392, 0.0298, 0.0459, 0.0329, 0.0488, 0.0287, 0.0295, 0.0305, 0.0252, 0.0238, 0.0344, 0.0409, 0.0304, 0.0457, 0.0332, 0.0443, 0.0397, 0.0387, 0.0507, 0.0491, 0.0381, 0.0380, 0.0401, 0.0421, 0.0425, 0.0664, 0.0517, 0.0460, 0.0542, 0.0542, 0.0528, 0.0613, 0.0750, 0.0754, 0.0563, 0.0532, 0.0540, 0.0584, 0.0635, 0.0836, 0.0634, 0.0650, 0.0667, 0.0686, 0.0717, 0.0702, 0.0924, 0.0704, 0.0688, 0.0658, 0.0729, 0.0797, 0.0788, 0.0996, 0.0688, 0.0672, 0.0779, 0.0768, 0.0765, 0.0808, 0.1035, 0.0798, 0.0742, 0.0814, 0.0803, 0.0841, 0.0861, 0.1141, 0.0881, 0.0856, 0.0834, 0.0865, 0.0939, 0.0998, 0.1343, 0.0922, 0.0866, 0.0932, 0.0934, 0.0960, 0.1022, 0.1310, 0.0996, 0.0919, 0.1000, 0.1049, 0.0966, 0.1086, 0.1579, 0.1114, 0.1099, 0.1303, 0.1398, 0.1162, 0.1100, 0.0969, 0.0903, 0.1187, 0.1167, 0.0857, 0.1087, 0.1182, 0.1390, 0.0786, 0.0847, 0.0846, 0.0979, 0.1028, 0.0895, 0.1301, 0.0768, 0.0831, 0.0807, 0.0761, 0.0748, 0.0850, 0.0792, 0.0612, 0.0805, 0.0758, 0.0855, 0.0682, 0.0864, 0.1007, 0.0659, 0.0815, 0.0819, 0.0857, 0.0823, 0.0746, 0.0928, 0.0688, 0.0776, 0.0716, 0.0712, 0.0816, 0.0829|y2 =  0.0132, 0.0157, 0.0204, 0.0213, 0.0258, 0.0251, 0.0267, 0.0332, 0.0370, 0.0358, 0.0363, 0.0429, 0.0431, 0.0449, 0.0444, 0.0447, 0.0478, 0.0474, 0.0463, 0.0458, 0.0467, 0.0467, 0.0471, 0.0478, 0.0497, 0.0487, 0.0465, 0.0457, 0.0441, 0.0433, 0.0440, 0.0436, 0.0443, 0.0434, 0.0433, 0.0430, 0.0430, 0.0426, 0.0418, 0.0412, 0.0405, 0.0392, 0.0387, 0.0385, 0.0387, 0.0392, 0.0387, 0.0390, 0.0392, 0.0392, 0.0391, 0.0401, 0.0402, 0.0401, 0.0401, 0.0402, 0.0403, 0.0408, 0.0418, 0.0421, 0.0425, 0.0430, 0.0436, 0.0441, 0.0448, 0.0458, 0.0465, 0.0468, 0.0471, 0.0476, 0.0481, 0.0487, 0.0497, 0.0501, 0.0506, 0.0511, 0.0517, 0.0523, 0.0529, 0.0537, 0.0542, 0.0546, 0.0550, 0.0555, 0.0561, 0.0567, 0.0576, 0.0579, 0.0582, 0.0587, 0.0592, 0.0597, 0.0603, 0.0612, 0.0617, 0.0620, 0.0626, 0.0631, 0.0636, 0.0643, 0.0653, 0.0658, 0.0663, 0.0668, 0.0673, 0.0680, 0.0688, 0.0700, 0.0705, 0.0709, 0.0714, 0.0720, 0.0726, 0.0733, 0.0744, 0.0750, 0.0754, 0.0760, 0.0768, 0.0773, 0.0781, 0.0796, 0.0803, 0.0810, 0.0822, 0.0835, 0.0844, 0.0850, 0.0854, 0.0856, 0.0863, 0.0871, 0.0870, 0.0876, 0.0883, 0.0893, 0.0889, 0.0888, 0.0887, 0.0890, 0.0893, 0.0893, 0.0901, 0.0897, 0.0896, 0.0893, 0.0889, 0.0884, 0.0884, 0.0881, 0.0874, 0.0872, 0.0869, 0.0868, 0.0863, 0.0863, 0.0865, 0.0860, 0.0859, 0.0858, 0.0858, 0.0857, 0.0854, 0.0856, 0.0852, 0.0850, 0.0847, 0.0843, 0.0843, 0.0842|colors = #FA9703, #975B02
}}
</div>

=== Plot of new samples tested per day vs new confirmed positive per day ===
<div class='toccolours' style="display:inline-block; width:1000px; margin:1em 0;">
{{Switcher|{{Graph:Chart|height = 300|width = 850|showSymbols = 1.8|xAxisTitle = New tests per day|xAxisAngle = -45|yAxisTitle = New cases per day|type = line|xType = number|yType = number|yGrid =|xGrid =|linewidth=0|x = 1050,1229,1507,1216,2580,1987,2450,2544,7243,3511,4346,5163,8729,12565,10705,9584,11534,12947,13904,16991,16420,18044,16374,21806,27339,29706,28357,32167,37000,29463,34092,26943,37921,41247,38168,45352,40510,50914,54031,59437,72453,73709,70087,60783,84713,84835,80632,80375,85425,85824,64651,85891,94671,92791,92911,94325,93365,75150,101475,108121,103532,103514,115364,108623,90170,92528,116041,119976,121702,127761,125428,100180,128868,137158,139485,143661,137938,142069,108048,141682,145216,151808,150305,143737,151432,115519,154935,163187,165142,176959,189869,190730,143267,187223,215195,207871, 215446, 220479, 231095, 170560, 210292, 217931, 229588, 241576, 242383, 248934, 180596, 241430, 262679, 267061, 283659, 282511, 280151, 219103, 286247, 320161, 326826, 333228, 361024, 358127, 256039, 333395, 343243, 350823, 352801, 420898, 442263, 515472, 528082, 408855, 446642, 642588, 525689, 463172, 381027, 661892, 619652, 664939, 639042, 598778, 719364, 477023, 698290, 733449, 830391, 848728, 868679, 746608, 731697, 899864, 801518, 918470, 805985, 1023836, 801147, 609917, 925383, 823992, 924998, 901338, 928761, 1055027, 846278, 1016920, 1012367, 1172179, 1169765, 1059346, 1092654, 720362, 1098621, 1154549, 1129756, 1163542, 1091251, 1071702, 978500, 1072845, 1116842, 1136613, 1006615, 881911, 1206806, 731534, 933185, 953683, 1156569, 1492409, 1341535, 987861, 709394|y = 50,92,45,108,51,87,88,84,227,146,437,235,478,525,505,704,508,485,591,896,768,918,905,1463,1118,826,1076,957,1324,1540,1329,1486,1229,1752,1490,1975,1463,1594,1813,1823,1755,2411,2487,2573,3875,2680,3561,3390,3320,3277,4213,3604,3525,3722,3967,3970,4987,5242,4970,5611,5609,6088,6654,6767,6977,6535,6387,6566,7466,7964,8380,8392,8171,8909,9304,9851,9887,9971,9983,9987,9985,9996,10956,11458,11929,11502,10667,10974,12881,13586,14516,15413,14821,14933,15968,16922, 17296, 18552, 19906, 19459, 18522, 18653, 19148, 20903, 22771, 24850, 24248, 22252, 22752, 24879, 26506, 27114, 28637, 28701, 28498, 29429, 32695, 34956, 34884, 38902, 40425, 37148, 37724, 45720, 49310, 48916, 48661, 49931, 47703, 48513, 52123, 55078, 57118, 54735, 52972, 52050, 52509, 56282, 62538, 61537, 64399, 62064, 53601, 60963, 66999, 64553, 65002, 63490, 57981, 55079, 64531, 69652, 68898, 69878, 69239, 61408, 60975, 67151, 75760, 77266, 76472, 78761, 78512, 69921, 78537, 83883, 83341, 86432, 90632, 90802, 75809, 89706, 95735, 96551, 97570, 94372, 92071, 83809, 90123, 97894, 96424, 93337, 92605, 86961, 75083, 89746, 86508, 86052, 85362, 88600, 82170|colors = #FF6347
}}|Linear scale|{{Graph:Chart|height = 300|width = 850|showSymbols = 1.8|linewidth=0|xAxisTitle = New tests per day|xAxisAngle = -45|yAxisTitle = New cases per day|type = line|xType = number|yType = number|yGrid =|xGrid =|yScaleType=log|xScaleType=log|x = 1050,1229,1507,1216,2580,1987,2450,2544,7243,3511,4346,5163,8729,12565,10705,9584,11534,12947,13904,16991,16420,18044,16374,21806,27339,29706,28357,32167,37000,29463,34092,26943,37921,41247,38168,45352,40510,50914,54031,59437,72453,73709,70087,60783,84713,84835,80632,80375,85425,85824,64651,85891,94671,92791,92911,94325,93365,75150,101475,108121,103532,103514,115364,108623,90170,92528,116041,119976,121702,127761,125428,100180,128868,137158,139485,143661,137938,142069,108048,141682,145216,151808,150305,143737,151432,115519,154935,163187,165142,176959,189869,190730,143267,187223,215195,207871, 215446, 220479, 231095, 170560, 210292, 217931, 229588, 241576, 242383, 248934, 180596, 241430, 262679, 267061, 283659, 282511, 280151, 219103, 286247, 320161, 326826, 333228, 361024, 358127, 256039, 333395, 343243, 350823, 352801, 420898, 442263, 515472, 528082, 408855, 446642, 642588, 525689, 463172, 381027, 661892, 619652, 664939, 639042, 598778, 719364, 477023, 698290, 733449, 830391, 848728, 868679, 746608, 731697, 899864, 801518, 918470, 805985, 1023836, 801147, 609917, 925383, 823992, 924998, 901338, 928761, 1055027, 846278, 1016920, 1012367, 1172179, 1169765, 1059346, 1092654, 720362, 1098621, 1154549, 1129756, 1163542, 1091251, 1071702, 978500, 1072845, 1116842, 1136613, 1006615, 881911, 1206806, 731534, 933185, 953683, 1156569, 1492409, 1341535, 987861, 709394|y = 50,92,45,108,51,87,88,84,227,146,437,235,478,525,505,704,508,485,591,896,768,918,905,1463,1118,826,1076,957,1324,1540,1329,1486,1229,1752,1490,1975,1463,1594,1813,1823,1755,2411,2487,2573,3875,2680,3561,3390,3320,3277,4213,3604,3525,3722,3967,3970,4987,5242,4970,5611,5609,6088,6654,6767,6977,6535,6387,6566,7466,7964,8380,8392,8171,8909,9304,9851,9887,9971,9983,9987,9985,9996,10956,11458,11929,11502,10667,10974,12881,13586,14516,15413,14821,14933,15968,16922, 17296, 18552, 19906, 19459, 18522, 18653, 19148, 20903, 22771, 24850, 24248, 22252, 22752, 24879, 26506, 27114, 28637, 28701, 28498, 29429, 32695, 34956, 34884, 38902, 40425, 37148, 37724, 45720, 49310, 48916, 48661, 49931, 47703, 48513, 52123, 55078, 57118, 54735, 52972, 52050, 52509, 56282, 62538, 61537, 64399, 62064, 53601, 60963, 66999, 64553, 65002, 63490, 57981, 55079, 64531, 69652, 68898, 69878, 69239, 61408, 60975, 67151, 75760, 77266, 76472, 78761, 78512, 69921, 78537, 83883, 83341, 86432, 90632, 90802, 75809, 89706, 95735, 96551, 97570, 94372, 92071, 83809, 90123, 97894, 96424, 93337, 92605, 86961, 75083, 89746, 86508, 86052, 85362, 88600, 82170|colors = #FF6347
}}|Logarithmic scale}}
</div>
<section end="Statistics"/>
{{small|Graph sources: Data from [https://www.mohfw.gov.in/ MoHFW] and [https://www.icmr.gov.in/ ICMR]}}

== Issues ==

=== Background ===

==== Global mortality excess ====
According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), the global mortality excess for COVID-19 is significant, "while 1,813,188 COVID-19 deaths were reported in 2020... WHO estimates suggest an excess mortality of at least 3,000,000."<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=The true death toll of COVID-19: estimating global excess mortality|url=https://www.who.int/data/stories/the-true-death-toll-of-covid-19-estimating-global-excess-mortality|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521131741/https://www.who.int/data/stories/the-true-death-toll-of-covid-19-estimating-global-excess-mortality|archive-date=21 May 2021|access-date=2021-05-28|website=www.who.int|publisher=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> The worldwide average for underreporting COVID-19 deaths in cities is 30%.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Jon|date=2021-04-30|title=Will India's devastating COVID-19 surge provide data that clear up its death 'paradox'?|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/will-india-s-devastating-covid-19-surge-provide-data-clear-its-death-paradox|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Science {{!}} American Association for the Advancement of Science|language=en}}</ref>

==== Legacy issues ====
In India the accuracy of counting its dead is further complicated by its system of tracking deaths in its population in general. In 2018, about 86% of the deaths in the country were [https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/iit/aashishgupta registered] while medical certificates were given for an estimated 22% of the deaths. Recently released reports by the Civil Registration suggest that death registration has improved further in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Civil Registration System|url=https://crsorgi.gov.in/annual-report.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=crsorgi.gov.in}}</ref> Still, there are inaccuracies in the medical certificates.<ref name=":2" /> Death registration also varies. In 2019 the [[National Family Health Survey]] registration of deaths varied from 37% (Bihar) to 100% (Goa).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last1=NB|first1=Devikrishna|last2=Besra|first2=Bishwajeet|last3=Mishra|first3=Nand Lal|date=6 January 2021|title=Birth, death registration improves across states: NFHS-5|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/governance/birth-death-registration-improves-across-states-nfhs-5-74920|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Down To Earth|language=en}}</ref>

=== India's low COVID-19 death count ===
India's low death count has puzzled experts such as microbiologist [[Gagandeep Kang]] and epidemiologist [[Prabhat Jha (epidemiologist)|Prabhat Jha]].<ref name=":10" /> Epidemiologist [[Ramanan Laxminarayan]] points to India's relatively young population and uneven disease surveillance as reasons for the low death count.<ref name=":10" /> [[Anurag Agrawal (medical scientist)|Anurag Agrawal]], director of the [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]], points to genetics and air pollution in India as a factor for the low death count.<ref name=":10" />

=== Accuracy ===
In April 2021 the [[Gujarat High Court]] and the [[Telangana High Court]] both commented on the need of states to provide accurate data with respect to the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 April 2021|title=Give real Covid picture, hiding will cause serious problem: Gujarat high court|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/give-real-covid-picture-hiding-will-cause-serious-problem-gujarat-high-court/articleshow/82112391.cms|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mutha|first=Sagar Kumar|date=28 April 2021|title=Don't fudge Covid death numbers, HC tells Telangana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dont-fudge-covid-death-numbers-hc-tells-telangana/articleshow/82283731.cms|access-date=2021-05-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In May 2021, Prime Minister Modi made a comment related to death counts, "states should be encouraged to report their numbers transparently without any pressure of high numbers showing adversely on their efforts".<ref>{{Cite web|last=M|first=Kaunain Sheriff|date=2021-05-16|title=PM urges states: report numbers 'transparently'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/modi-calls-for-audit-of-ventilators-provided-to-state-by-centre-after-reports-of-them-lying-unutilised-come-to-light-7316226/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==== Undercounting ====
{{See also|Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country}}
{{Wikinews|According to recent study, deaths in India number roughly 4 million during COVID-19 pandemic}}

Undercounting of cases and deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic in India is not unique to the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-22|title=Estimation of total mortality due to COVID-19|url=https://www.healthdata.org/special-analysis/estimation-excess-mortality-due-covid-19-and-scalars-reported-covid-19-deaths|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521113522/http://www.healthdata.org/node/8660|archive-date=21 May 2021|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> Journalists,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|date=2021-05-10|title=India's Covid crisis: The newsroom counting the uncounted deaths|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56969086|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref> mathematicians,<ref name=":4" /> epidemiologists,<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 April 2021|title=Actual Covid-19 cases in India may be 5 to 10 times higher, says epidemiologist|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/video/actual-covid-19-cases-in-india-may-5-10-times-higher-epidemiologist-1791602-2021-04-16|access-date=2021-05-27|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> statisticians, and scientists have attempted,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=14 April 2021|title=US 'undercounted' 3.4 lakh deaths, India 4.3 lakh: Study|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/us-undercounted-3-4-lakh-deaths-india-4-3-lakh-study/articleshow/82622386.cms|access-date=2021-05-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> according to their expertise, to arrive at a truer number of the actual cases and deaths. The aim of this is to ultimately improve national and international responses to the pandemic.<ref>[https://www.ncdirindia.org/Downloads/CoD_COVID-19_Guidance.pdf Guidance for appropriate recording of COVID-19 related deaths in India.] ''National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20210510052021/https://www.ncdirindia.org/Downloads/CoD_COVID-19_Guidance.pdf Archived] on 10 May 2021 via— archive.org. "Patterns of disease and patterns of death can come from only standardised recording of clinical disease history and cause of death, and therefore epidemiological surveillance of disease and death are important. Robust data is needed from every district and state in India to measure the public health impact of COVID 19 and to plan for timely health interventions and protect communities."</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Banaji|first=Murad|date=2021-05-09|title=The Importance of Knowing How Many Have Died of COVID-19 in India|url=https://science.thewire.in/health/how-many-died-covid-19-india-undercounting-underreporting-prevent-next-surge/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=The Wire Science|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 May 2021|agency=AP|title=Explained: Why India's Covid-19 data is vastly undercounted|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/explained-why-indias-covid-19-data-is-vastly-undercounted/articleshow/82366707.cms|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Journalists have spent time at burial-grounds and crematoriums and counted in-person the number of burials and cremations. These manual counts have been compared to government figures and have been found significantly different.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> India's national [[serological surveys]] also point to large numbers (ratios of one is to thirty) of cases remaining undetected.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /> The scale of under-reporting from one place to another can be very large.<ref name=":8" /> The undercounting may or may not be intentional. Rather undercounting may occur due to unreported COVID-19 cases, inefficiencies in the data collection system, inability to adapt to pandemic like situation and people not reporting deaths.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mulye|first=Prathamesh|date=4 May 2021|title=The lapses in India's Covid-19 data are a result of decades of callousness towards statistics|url=https://qz.com/india/2002374/covid-19-data-india-hasnt-cared-about-statistics-for-decades/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Quartz|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Yasir|first2=Sameer|last3=Kumar|first3=Hari|last4=Raj|first4=Suhasini|last5=Loke|first5=Atul|date=2021-04-24|title=As Covid-19 Devastates India, Deaths Go Undercounted|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/24/world/asia/india-coronavirus-deaths.html|access-date=2021-05-29|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

*Undercounting of total cases and death figures was reported during the first wave in 2020. The discrepancies were detected by comparing official death counts released by the governments to the number of deaths reported in obituaries, at crematoria and burial grounds, etc. Some states were reported to have not added suspected cases to the final count contrary to WHO guidelines.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54985981|title=India coronavirus: How a group of volunteers 'exposed' hidden Covid-19 deaths|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|publisher=BBC|date=20 November 2020|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53773070|title=Coronavirus: How many Covid-19 deaths is India missing?|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|publisher=BBC|date=18 August 2020|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://science.thewire.in/health/india-mccd-comorbidities-covid-19-deaths-undercounting/|title=India Is Undercounting Its COVID-19 Deaths. This Is How.|last=Pulla|first=Priyanka|work=The Wire|date=4 August 2020|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
*Starting April 2021, reporters of the Gujarati newspaper [[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|''Sandesh'']] based in seven cities in Gujarat including [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Gandhinagar]] went to mortuaries, hospitals and cremation sites and recorded what they saw. On 16 April, reporters in Ahmedabad counted over 200 bodies; the next day the governments official count was 25. For a number of days ''Sandesh'' reporters did this. The newspaper publishes the findings on a regular basis.<ref name=":0" /> ''[[The Hindu]]'' also pointed to similar discrepancies.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Langa|first=Mahesh|date=2021-04-18|title=COVID-19 deaths in Gujarat far exceed government figures|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/coronavirus-covid-19-deaths-in-gujarat-far-exceed-government-figures/article34352916.ece|access-date=2021-05-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* On 15 April 2021, a report in ''[[Dainik Bhaskar|Dainik Bhaskar's]]'' Bhopal edition stated that the official number of COVID-19 deaths in [[Bhopal]] during the last 5 days were 21, however cremations had taken place for 356 COVID-19 cases.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=16 April 2021|title='Burning pyres telling the truth': Dainik Bhaskar says govt data on Covid deaths in Bhopal is a 'lie'|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/04/16/burning-pyres-telling-the-truth-dainik-bhaskar-says-govt-data-on-covid-deaths-in-bhopal-is-a-lie|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Newslaundry}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' and ''[[The New York Times]]'' found similar discrepancies in Bhopal in April.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Ravish Pal|date=14 April 2021|title=Bhopal crematoriums flooded with bodies: 187 cremated following Covid norms while records show only 5 deaths|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/bhopal/story/bhopal-crematoriums-flooded-with-bodies-far-more-covid-deaths-than-official-tally-1790720-2021-04-14|access-date=2021-05-29|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9" />
*On 24 April 2021, data scientist [[Bhramar Mukherjee]] said "From all the modeling we’ve done, we believe the true number of deaths is two to five times what is being reported."<ref name=":9" />
*In April 2021, the ''Observer'' collected data from [[Muzaffarnagar]], Uttar Pradesh and found large differences in the official count and the numbers given by frontline workers.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ellis-Petersen|first1=Hannah|last2=Alam|first2=Mohammad Sartaj|date=2021-05-01|title='We're burning pyres all day': India accused of undercounting deaths|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/01/were-burning-pyres-all-day-india-accused-of-undercounting-deaths|access-date=2021-05-29|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
* On 18 May 2021 ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'' published a story which was the outcome of a collaborative effort of 30 of its reporters. The story reported at least 2000 bodies along a 1140 km stretch of the [[River Ganga]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=18 May 2021|title='Uncountable corpses on banks of Ganga': Dainik Bhaskar's front-page story on deaths in UP|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/05/18/uncountable-corpses-on-banks-of-ganga-dainik-bhaskars-front-page-story-on-deaths-in-up|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Newslaundry}}</ref> On 15 May, ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that they had accessed an official confirmation that COVID-19 deaths were being dumped in rivers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-15|title=Bodies of COVID-19 victims among those dumped in India's Ganges -govt document|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/bodies-covid-19-victims-among-those-dumped-indias-ganges-govt-document-2021-05-15/|access-date=2021-05-29|website=Reuters}}</ref>
* On 13 May 2021, the [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] placed India's total deaths at 736,811 while the reported number of cases were 248,016.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ghose|first1=Anuprova|last2=Bajpai|first2=Isha|others=Factchecker.in|title=Explained: How Indian states misreport their Covid-19 death toll|url=https://scroll.in/article/994631/explained-how-indians-states-are-able-to-misreport-the-covid-19-death-toll|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Scroll.in|date=12 May 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* On 25 May 2021, ''[[The New York Times]]'' has estimated a number from double the official figure, to over 1 million.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gamio|first1=Lazaro|last2=Glanz|first2=James|date=2021-05-25|title=Just How Big Could India's True Covid Toll Be?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/05/25/world/asia/india-covid-death-estimates.html|access-date=2021-05-27|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The worst-case scenario according to NYT was 4.2 million deaths; 13.7 times India's official figure in the same time period.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zompa|first=Tenzin|date=2021-05-26|title=At 'worst case', India's Covid deaths are 14 times higher than govt count, says NYT|url=https://theprint.in/india/at-worst-case-indias-covid-deaths-are-14-times-higher-than-govt-count-says-nyt/665718/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>
* On 12 June 2021, ''[[The Economist]]'' reported that Christopher Leffler of [[Virginia Commonwealth University]] analyses data on excess mortality from different parts of India, showing a rough estimate of between 1.8 million and 2.4 million total death since the start of the pandemic. Indian polling organization [[CVoter]], which conducted surveys throughout the pandemic, calculated that the likely death toll from COVID-19 by mid-May 2021 was around 1.83 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2021/06/12/more-evidence-emerges-of-indias-true-death-toll-from-covid-19 |title=More evidence emerges of India's true death toll from covid-19 |website=Economist |date=12 June 2021}}</ref>
* Based on data from the National Family Health Survey, a research paper in Science Advances showed that even in the year 2020, deaths were undercounted by about eight times. Marginalized groups were more likely to have been affected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk2070 |title=Large and unequal life expectancy declines during the COVID-19 pandemic in India in 2020
|website=Science |date=5 Oct 2024}}</ref>

==== Overcounting ====
Following reports of under-counting in May 2021, ''[[ThePrint]]'' published figures that the Delhi government may have started over-counting. Irrespective of either, the accuracy of government figures, irrespective of high or low counts, is brought to question.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bedi|first=Aneesha|date=2021-05-24|title=Delhi govt was first under-counting Covid deaths. Now, it is over-counting|url=https://theprint.in/health/delhi-govt-was-first-under-counting-covid-deaths-now-it-is-over-counting/663889/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.ncdirindia.org/Downloads/CoD_COVID-19_Guidance.pdf Guidance for appropriate recording of COVID-19 related deaths in India.] National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research.
{{COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}

[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic|India]]