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Adakamaranahalli, Bengaluru South district

2026-05-07T09:29:06Z

Swebsexilm: Starting.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adakamaranahalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Ramanagara in Karnataka (India).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Adakamaranahalli (Magadi) is in Bengaluru South district
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.9466|77.3097|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru South district|Bengaluru South]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Magadi
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bengaluru
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Adakamaranahalli (Magadi) ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Village/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx |title=Census of India : List of Villages Alphabetical Order > Karnataka |work=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-18 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} , Census Village code= 2227000</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoo! maps India : |accessdate=2009-04-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archivedate=2008-12-18 }} Adakamaranahalli (Magadi), Bangalore Rural, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Magadi]] [[taluk]] of [[Bengaluru South district]].

==See also==
* [[Bengaluru South district]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/

{{Settlements in Bangalore Rural district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ramanagara district]]

{{BengaluruSouth-geo-stub}}

Pizza II: Villa

2026-05-01T17:43:40Z

Swebsexilm: started new info

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Deepan Chakravarthy}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pizza II Villa.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Deepan Chakravarthy
| producer = [[C. V. Kumar]]
| writer = Deepan Chakravarthy [[K. Manikandan]] (dialogues)
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ashok Selvan]]
*[[Sanchita Shetty]]
}}
| music = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| cinematography = Deepak Kumar Padhy
| editing = [[Leo John Paul]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
*[[Thirukumaran Entertainment]]
*[[Studio Green]]
}}
| distributor = Abi & Abi Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2013|11|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 102 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pizza II: Villa''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror thriller film]] written and directed by debutant Deepan Chakravarthy. It is the second installment in the [[Pizza (film series)|''Pizza'' film series]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2013 |title=Pizza 2 - The Villa to release in August |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-18/news-interviews/38645819_1_pizza-2-deepan-chakravarthy-karthik-subburaj |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529213114/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-18/news-interviews/38645819_1_pizza-2-deepan-chakravarthy-karthik-subburaj |archive-date=29 May 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Ashok Selvan]] and [[Sanchita Shetty]] in lead roles, while [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and Vegan Rajesh appear in other pivotal roles<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2013 |title=Pizza 2 to commence from April 17 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/news-interviews/38461789_1_thiru-kumaran-entertainment-santhosh-narayanan-hcl-technologies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414173754/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/news-interviews/38461789_1_thiru-kumaran-entertainment-santhosh-narayanan-hcl-technologies |archive-date=14 April 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The music for the film was composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]], while cinematography was handled by Deepak Kumar Padhy and Leo John Paul has done the editing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2013 |title=Ashok Selvan replaces Vaibhav in Pizza 2 |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/tamil/ashok-selvan-replaces-vaibhav-in-pizza-2/68346/story.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507101516/http://www.nowrunning.com/tamil/ashok-selvan-replaces-vaibhav-in-pizza-2/68346/story.htm |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=Nowrunning.com}}</ref> Produced jointly by [[Thirukumaran Entertainment]] and [[Studio Green]], ''Pizza II: Villa'' is a [[spiritual successor]] to ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' (2012). The filming commenced on 17 April and was completed in May 2013.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2013 |title='Pizza-2 The Villa' shooting wrapped |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-27/news-interviews/39556420_1_deepan-chakravarthy-sanchitha-shetty-pizza-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615094845/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-27/news-interviews/39556420_1_deepan-chakravarthy-sanchitha-shetty-pizza-2 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was released on 14 November 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2013 |title='Pizza 2: Villa' slow and steady at the box office |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/Nov/20/pizza-2-villa-slow-and-steady-at-the-box-office-539639.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504144854/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/Nov/20/pizza-2-villa-slow-and-steady-at-the-box-office-539639.html |archive-date=4 May 2025 |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A debutant English crime novel writer Jebin M. Jose discovers that his deceased father had run bankrupt with an unlisted property in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. To pay off the debts, he makes a visit to the villa for valuation. But after seeing framed paintings by his father, he calls his girlfriend Aarthi, who is an art student, to accompany him to the villa. She immediately likes both the villa and the mysterious paintings. She particularly shows interest in one dual faced painting.

Aarthi urges Jebin not to sell the villa. Within a few days time, Jebin's career gets a new break when an established publisher comes forward to buy rights for his first novel ''Maybe, Maybe Not!''. He also gets advance {{INRConvert|500000}} in a two-book contract. Seeing this as a sign, Jebin continues to stay at the villa in hopes it will bring him good luck while starting to work on his second novel, ''The Director''. Meanwhile, Aarthi returns to Chennai to seek permission from her father for their marriage, leaving Jebin alone in the villa.

One night, an ecstatic Jebin plays the Victorian piano. The strings get jammed abruptly. He opens the lid and finds a secret key underneath. Jebin also gets curious on the remarkable geometry of one of the paintings which appears to be more like a map than a work of art. He notices that it is similar to the floor plan of the villa given to him by his lawyer. As he probes each room in the villa, he stumbles upon a secret door behind a wardrobe. He uses the secret key to open the lock and discovers plenty of paintings rolled up inside a trunk. Many scenes appear to have come straight out of his own life, like his mother's death by car accident. Jebin slowly realises that his father had [[precognition]] skills and concludes that his paintings may predict future events.

Not too long after that, Jebin wins a prestigious literary award and critical acclaim for his debut novel, as depicted in one of his father's paintings. However, he gets overwhelmed by this unexplained occurrence and tries to sell off the villa. During the process, the estate agent gets injured in a freak accident by the cast-iron gate, scaring away potential buyers who view this as a bad omen. Frustrated, Jebin furiously tries to complete his second novel. When Aarthi returns from Chennai, Jebin tells her about his discovery. They decide to burn all the paintings in the secret room. But almost instinctively, the secret room defends itself by toppling furniture and fittings to block their entry.

Jebin's best friend advises him to consult a renowned [[parapsychologist]], Devanesan to find a solution. Devanesan conjectures that the villa may have the left-over [[Energy (esotericism)|negative energy]] of prior owners as symptoms manifest psychic phenomena. Jebin also finds the identities and whereabouts of prior owners. But all report similar grim events in their lives like [[infanticide]], [[Lunatic|lunacy]], [[fratricide]], disease, [[insolvency]], death, ''et al''. Devanesan also suggests that Jebin's father may have found an outlet, in his passion for paintings, to survive this negative energy which can neither be created nor destroyed but only transferred. He then begins to conduct more experiments using a [[tuning fork]] within the villa compound. But all hell break loose midway and [[Apparitional experience|apparitions]] begin to appear. In the chaos, Jebin's best friend loses his legs. Jebin even finds some paintings depicting a man and a woman getting married, and the man eventually killing the woman. Assuming that his father predicted that he would end up killing Aarthi, Jebin sets fire to himself and the villa to prevent him from harming the girl he loves.

When Aarthi sees that Jebin has taken his own life before legally marrying her, she realises she has no claim over his estate. It is then revealed that Aarthi's true intentions were indicated by the dual faced painting she liked when she visited the villa. She had hoped to secure the money Jebin would gain from his book sale and selling the villa. With Jebin dead, Aarthi quickly seduces and marries an up-and-coming movie director.

However, it is revealed that Aarthi's killer in the painting that Jebin assumed was him is actually Aarthi's new husband, the movie director. Thus, it can be understood that Jebin did not realise that he too inherited his father's gift, with his second novel depicting that a "director" character would soon appear in the prophecy.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ashok Selvan]] as Jebin M. Jose
* [[Sanchita Shetty]] as Aarthi
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Marshall P. Jose
* Jayakumar
* Vegan Rajesh as Pratap
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Ponraj
* Venkatesh as House Broker Venkatesh
* Boys Rajan as Publisher
*Ramanathan as Jebin's family friend
* [[Anjali Rao (actress)|Anjali Rao]] as Aarthi's friend
* [[Veera Santhanam]] as Zamindar
* [[Munishkanth]] as police officer
* [[S. J. Suryah]] as a film director (Guest appearance)
* [[K. Manikandan]] as an assistant director (uncredited role){{citation needed|date=March 2024}}
}}

== Production ==
After ''Pizza'' became successful, short film director Deepan Chakravarthy came up with the idea of making a sequel. He wrote the script in three weeks and submitted it to ''Pizza'' producer [[C. V. Kumar]], who thought of building it up as a franchise.<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite web |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=23 May 2013 |title=Another slice of Pizza |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/another-slice-of-pizza/article4742690.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614032651/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/another-slice-of-pizza/article4742690.ece |archive-date=14 June 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Thirukumaran Entertainment who produced ''Pizza'' produce the sequel too. In March 2013, [[Studio Green]] secured the film and co-produced it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-16 |title=Studio Green bags Pizza 2- The Villa |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/studio-green-bags-pizza-2-the-villa-news-tamil-ndqqNVgabad.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319170125/http://www.sify.com/movies/studio-green-bags-pizza-2-the-villa-news-tamil-ndqqNVgabad.html |archive-date=2013-03-19 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Abinesh Elangovan of Abi & Abi Pictures bought the theatrical rights of the movie.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2013 |title=Pizza 2: The Villa theatrical rights sold |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-04/news-interviews/41764619_1_pizza-2-deepan-chakravarthy-sanchitha-shetty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130907092319/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-04/news-interviews/41764619_1_pizza-2-deepan-chakravarthy-sanchitha-shetty |archive-date=7 September 2013 |access-date=7 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

[[Vaibhav Reddy]] and [[Sanchita Shetty]] were cast as the lead pair at first.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=10 March 2013 |title=Vaibhav's next is Pizza 2 |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1493637.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222117/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1493637.ece |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Later it was said that [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]] of Studio Green, chose to remove Vaibhav and Sanchita from the cast to replace them with bigger names.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2013 |title=Sanchita and Vaibhav not a part of Pizza 2 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130326/entertainment-kollywood/article/sanchita-and-vaibhav-not-part-pizza-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329120611/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130326/entertainment-kollywood/article/sanchita-and-vaibhav-not-part-pizza-2 |archive-date=29 March 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> But Sanchita was retained and only Vaibhav only was replaced by Ashok Selvan,<ref name="indiatimes1" /> who were both part of the hit film ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2013 |title='The Villa' to begin from 'Pizza' climax? |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-25/news-interviews/39520438_1_deepan-chakravarthy-the-villa-pizza-franchise |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615120213/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-25/news-interviews/39520438_1_deepan-chakravarthy-the-villa-pizza-franchise |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Deepan said that most of the actors of ''Pizza'' are part of Villa as well, but were playing different characters.<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{Cite web |last=Venkadesan S |date=22 May 2013 |title=Pizza's cast to play other roles in Villa |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/Pizza%E2%80%99s-cast-to-play-other-roles-in-Villa/2013/05/22/article1600186.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110447/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/Pizza%E2%80%99s-cast-to-play-other-roles-in-Villa/2013/05/22/article1600186.ece |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Ashok Selvan plays a 30-year-old writer in the film,<ref name="thehindu1" /> and Sanchitha plays lover of the hero in the film.<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2013 |title=The Villa in French style |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130523/entertainment-kollywood/article/villa-french-style |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608040859/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130523/entertainment-kollywood/article/villa-french-style |archive-date=8 June 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> [[S. J. Suryah]] was also added to the cast, but his role was not disclosed to the public. Nevertheless, Suryah played guest appearance in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Jun 19, 2013 |title=SJ Suryah has a mystery role in Villa |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-19/news-interviews/40068849_1_pizza-2-villa-teaser |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623034720/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-19/news-interviews/40068849_1_pizza-2-villa-teaser |archive-date=23 June 2013 |access-date=2023-09-06 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

A song sequence, a romantic number at that, called Aayiram Enngal was filmed at [[Our Lady of Light Church, Chennai|Luz Church, Mylapore]].<ref name="newindianexpress1" /> ''Pizza II : Villa'' was released with [[Dolby Atmos]] sound.<ref name=":0" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pizza II: Villa
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Front Cover
| released = 3 September 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:39
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| prev_title = [[Soodhu Kavvum]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

The soundtrack album was composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]], with lyrics penned by GKB and [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]. The album was released at the [[Suryan FM 93.5|Suryan FM Radio Station]], [[Chennai]] on 2 September 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-20 |title=Music launch of Pizza 2 on Sep 2 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-20/news-interviews/41428599_1_pizza-2-santhosh-narayanan-ashok-selvan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130826084822/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-20/news-interviews/41428599_1_pizza-2-santhosh-narayanan-ashok-selvan |archive-date=26 August 2013 |access-date=2023-09-06 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2013 |title=Pizza II: Villa audio released |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pizza-ii-villa-audio-released-news-tamil-njcnOPdhfbd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907211114/http://www.sify.com/movies/pizza-ii-villa-audio-released-news-tamil-njcnOPdhfbd.html |archive-date=7 September 2013 |access-date=2 September 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=14 September 2013 |title=Audio Beat: Pizza II – Villa – House of Horror |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-pizza-ii-villa-house-of-horror/article5128711.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917033714/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-pizza-ii-villa-house-of-horror/article5128711.ece |archive-date=17 September 2013 |access-date=14 September 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Think Music]] purchased the audio rights for the album.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:39
| title1 = Boomiyil
| extra1 = [[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| lyrics1 = Arun Raja
| length1 = 03:58
| title2 = Disco Woman
| extra2 = [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]]
| lyrics2 = Ganeshkumar
| length2 = 03:27
| title3 = Kannum Gnyanam
| extra3 = [[Kalyani Nair]]
| lyrics3 = Ganeshkumar
| length3 = 03:25
| title4 = Pa Pa
| extra4 = [[Gaana Bala]], Heavy metal singing by Vineet Mani
| lyrics4 = Ganeshkumar
| length4 = 04:36
| title5 = The Villa (Theme Music)
| extra5 = Studio Orchestra of Sydney
| lyrics5 = Instrumental
| length5 = 01:02
| title6 = Varaipadam
| extra6 = Studio Orchestra of Sydney
| lyrics6 = Instrumental
| length6 = 01:51
}}

== Critical reception ==
S Saraswathi of [[Rediff.com]] wrote, "The film is deliberately slow-paced, unfolding gradually with nothing too creepy--no gory death scenes or disgusting supernatural creatures" and its only flaw was "the excessive scientific explanations provided to justify the supernatural happenings".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=15 November 2013 |title=Pizza 2-Villa is a gripping suspense thriller |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-pizza-2-villa-is-a-gripping-suspense-thriller-south/20131115.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115235152/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-pizza-2-villa-is-a-gripping-suspense-thriller-south/20131115.htm |archive-date=15 November 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "Comparisons with ''Pizza'' are inevitable and that is when ''The Villa''’s cracks become evident. For one, this film is less fun and more moody".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=16 November 2013 |title=The Villa - Pizza 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/the-villa-pizza-2/movie-review/25865569.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827202241/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/The-Villa-Pizza-2/movie-review/25865569.cms |archive-date=27 August 2014 |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
A [[spiritual successor]] titled ''[[Pizza 3: The Mummy]]'', was released in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=29 July 2023 |title=Pizza 3 Movie Review: Even the cheap thrills can't salvage this letdown installment |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/jul/29/pizza-3-movie-review-even-the-cheap-thrills-cant-salvage-this-letdown-installment-46081.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730170327/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/jul/29/pizza-3-movie-review-even-the-cheap-thrills-cant-salvage-this-letdown-installment-46081.html |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Pizza (film series)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Films produced by C. V. Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Santhosh Narayanan]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Studio Green]]

Murugaatrupadai

2026-04-26T19:02:02Z

Swebsexilm: Created a article

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by K Muruganandam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Murugaatrupadai.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = K Muruganandam
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = Saravanan [[Navika Kotia|Navika]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Senthil Kumar
| editing = [[A. L. Ramesh]]
| music = [[Ganesh Raghavendra]]
| studio = Sigaram Visual Media
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|11|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Murugaatrupadai''''' ({{Translation|Air force}}) is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language romantic action comedy thriller film directed by K Muruganandam and starring Saravanan and [[Navika Kotia|Navika]], in her lead film debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2014 |title=హీరోయిన్ గా సమంత చెల్లెలు! |url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/movies/navika-kotia-to-cast-as-heroine-in-tamil-movie-176881 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Saravanan as Murugan
*[[Navika Kotia|Navika]] as Meenakshi
*Rajasimman as Sooran
*[[Ramesh Khanna]]
*[[Devadarshini]]
*[[V. S. Raghavan]]

== Production ==
A song was shot at the [[Andaman Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deepika Ramesh |title=The Murugaatrupadai Audio Launch : Slow Clap |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/events/students-army-the-murugaatrupadai-audio-launch-report/ |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "There is very little that is remarkable about this film which has a run-of-the-mill plot".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2014 |title=Murugaatrupadai Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/murugaatrupadai/movie-review/45256253.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' opined that "A dull screenplay, lacklustre narration and uninspiring leads ensure that one gets totally alienated from this film. The director cannot make up his mind on whether it is an action thriller or a comedy".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malini Mannath |date=15 November 2014 |title=Grappling with a Genre Riddle |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/nov/15/grappling-with-a-genre-riddle-682748.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave the film a negative review.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2014 |title=முருகாற்றுப்படை |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1524/Murugaatrupadai/ |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

Bahmani–Vijayanagara War (1362–1367)

2026-04-24T01:45:26Z

Swebsexilm: Stub.

{{Short description|14th century war between the Bahmanis and the Vijayanagara empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = First Bahmani–Vijayanagar War
| place = Modern day [[Telangana]], [[Andhrapradesh]] and [[Karnataka]]
| date = 1362–1367
| partof = [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (disambiguation)|Bahmani–Vijayanagar Wars]]
| image = Mudgal fort 5.jpg
| caption = Fort of Mudgal, which was captured by Bukka Raya, and then recaptured by Muhammed Shah I
| coordinates = {{coord|15.6|N|77|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Karnataka#India
| map_mark =
| map_caption = The location where the Battle of Kauthal occurred
| territory = * [[Golconda]] annexed to the Bahmani Sultanate.
* [[Warangal]] becomes a vassal of the Bahmani Sultanate.
| result = [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] victory
| combatant1 = [[Bahmani Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Vijayanagara Empire]] [[Musunuri Nayakas]]
| commander1 = [[Mohammed Shah I|Muhammed Shah I]]{{WIA}} Safdar Khan Sistani Azam-i Humayun Khan Muhammed Musa Khan{{KIA}} Isa Khan{{KIA}}
| commander2 = [[Bukka Raya I]]{{Surrendered}} [[Musunuri Nayakas#Kapaya Nayaka|Kanhayya]]{{surrender}} Vinayak Deva{{executed}} Mallinatha{{KIA}}
| strength1 = At Mudgal:
* 8,000<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
----
At Kauthal:
* 50,000 Infantry<ref name=":3" />
* 15,000 Cavalry<ref name=":3" />
| strength2 = At Mudgal:
* 100,000<ref name=":3" />–900,000<ref name=":0" /> Infantry
* 30,000<ref name=":3" />–80,000<ref name=":0" /> Cavalry
* 3,000 Elephants<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
----
At Kauthal:
* 500,000 Infantry<ref name=":3" />
* 40,000 Cavalry<ref name=":3" />
| casualties1 = *7,999 people killed at Mudgal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
*Unknown number of people killed at Kauthal
| casualties2 = *70,000.<ref name=":0" />–90,000<ref name=":3" /> Killed at Mudgal.
*10,000 Killed at Vijayanagar.<ref name=":3" />
*400,000 to 500,000 civilians killed.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
*2,000 Elephants captured.<ref name=":0" />
*300 Gun carriages captured.<ref name=":0" />
*700 Horses captured.<ref name=":0" />
*Bejeweled thrones captured from Warangal and Vijayanagar.<ref name=":0" />
}}
The '''Bahmani–Vijayanagar war''',<ref name=":5" /> also known as the '''First Bahmani–Vijayanagar War''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qUeAAAAMAAJ |title=The War of the Goldsmith's Daughter |date=1964 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref> spanning from 1362 to 1367, was a significant period of conflict between the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]] of India during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It began due to disputes over the acceptance of coins in both states, with Bahmani ruler [[Mohammed Shah I|Muhammed Shah I]] banning Vijayanagar coins in his dominions. This move prompted Vijayanagar's [[Bukka Raya I]] to forge an alliance with [[Musunuri Nayakas]], the then rulers of [[Warangal Fort|Warangal]], [[Musunuri Nayakas#Kapaya Nayaka|Kanhayya]], and local bankers, resulting in the destruction of Bahmani coins and the escalation of tensions leading to outright war. This was the first war in India where the Europeans fought at the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and the infantry was used.

The conflict intensified with the execution of Warangal's prince by the Bahmanis, a consequence of disputes over horse trading. This event ultimately led to the vassalization of Warangal, further fueling animosity between the two powers. As the war progressed, Bahmani victories over Vijayanagar forces at [[Mudgal]] and [[Siruguppa|Kauthal]] resulted in heavy casualties among the civilian population. In 1367, Muhammed Shah laid siege to Vijayanagar, where Bukka Raya had shut himself after two consecutive defeats, and massacred the Vijayanagar population, prompting Bukka Raya I to seek peace. However, the conflict continued, with subsequent battles further decimating Vijayanagar's resources and population. Kanhayya, the ruler of Warangal gave the famous [[Turquoise Throne]] to the Bahmani Sultan during these campaigns.

Ultimately, both parties signed a treaty aimed at preventing civilian massacres in future conflicts, marking a pivotal moment in the military history of fourteenth-century Deccan India. The war highlighted the complex dynamics between regional powers and the devastating impact of conflict on civilian populations in the region.

== Background ==
After the fall of the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala dynasty]] in [[South India]] following the death of [[Veera Ballala III]], who was defeated by the [[Madurai Sultanate]] in the [[Battle of Kannanur]], the state was succeeded by some of his officers. Among them, the most prominent were three brothers named [[Harihara I]], who governed the [[Marathi people|Maratha region]], and [[Bukka Raya I]], who ruled over [[Hampi]] and [[Halebidu|Dwarasamudra]]. Their two younger brothers held minor posts, while Bukka's son Kampana served as the doorkeeper of the Hoysala king. These five brothers and their nephew were the founders of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar empire]] in the fourteenth century. Meanwhile, the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmanis]] had consolidated their power in the Deccan and were closely monitoring the situation in Delhi. The last mention of Harihara coincides with [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah|Bahman Shah]]'s declaration of independence. Harihara I was the first king of the Vijayanagar. By the time of Harihara's death, Bukka appears to have been the sole survivor among the five brothers. When [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] of [[Delhi Sultanate]] announced that he would not endeavour to bring the South back under the rule of Delhi, the rulers of Vijayanagar and of Bahmani, relieved of this concern, were able to engage in hostilities independently.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Allan |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMSFAAAAIAAJ |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |date=1964 |publisher=S. Chand |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref> At the same time, a ruler named Kanhayya, also known as Kanhaiya Nayak,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gibb |first=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ewpAQAAMAAJ |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |date=1993 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-09419-2 |pages=458 |language=en}}</ref> or Kanya Nayak,<ref name=":0" /> who hailed from the [[Kakatiya dynasty]], established himself within the Vijayanagar realm as the [[Musunuri Nayakas|Musunuri Nayaka]] chief.{{sfn|Allan|1964|p=277}}
<Gallery>
File:Map of the Bahmani Sultanate.png|Map of the Bahmani Sultanate (Peak)
</Gallery>
Following the demise of Alauddin Bahman Shah, his son [[Mohammed Shah I|Muhammed Shah I]] succeeded to the throne of the Bahmani Sultanate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdW6lAEACAAJ |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |date=2013-03-15 |publisher=Ratna Sagar P. Limited |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |pages=106–108 |language=en}}</ref> During the reign of Muhammad Shah I, the conflicts between the Bahmanis and Vijayanagar commenced.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Narendra Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aq9GAAAAMAAJ |title=History of India |last2=Banerjee |first2=Anil Chandra |date=1963 |publisher=A. Mukherjee |pages=293 |language=en}}</ref> Typically, their conflicts were interpreted as religious wars because of the religious disparities between the two states, leading to the assumption that Vijayanagar had been subjugated to the vassal status of the Bahmanis. However, this notions were the exaggerations during the medieval era. In reality, the wars between the Bahmanis and Vijayanagar were not religious in nature, but rather secular competitions for the acquisition of wealth and territory. Despite the victories of the Bahmanis in these conflicts, Vijayanagar never succumbed to vassalage at any point in time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Nizāmī |first1=Khāliq Aḥmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y8tzwEACAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate, A.D. 1206-1526 |last2=Habib |first2=Muhammad |date=1982 |publisher=People's Publishing House |pages=1046–1049 |language=en}}</ref>

The stretch of land between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers became a point of contention among various dynasties, including the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas]] and [[Chola Empire|Cholas]], as well as the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadavas]] and [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]], who previously ruled over the territories later claimed by the Bahmanis and Vijayanagar. When the Bahmanis and Vijayanagar emerged from the remnants of these empires, history repeated itself. Moreover, the unique circumstances surrounding the formation of these two states made frequent warfare between them a common occurrence. During their inception, each state acquired only certain parts of the Raichur Doab, yet as the political successors of their predecessors, both aspired to control the entire region.<ref name=":1" />

== Prelude ==
During Bahman Shah's reign, he forbade the circulation of Vijayanagar's gold coins within his kingdom. In response, Bukka Raya rebelled and, with the backing of Deccan bankers, melted down Bahmani coins.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Powell-Price |first=John Cadwgan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=is-UbmzQhrYC |title=A History of India from the Earliest Times to 1939 |date=1958 |publisher=T. Nelson |isbn=978-90-70088-81-1 |pages=204 |language=en}}</ref> The Bahmanis warned the bankers against this, and by 1340, all bankers and money changers within Bahmani territory were captured and executed. Their descendants were barred from conducting business for the next forty years.{{sfn|Allan|1964|pp=172-173}}
[[File:002bahman-2.JPG|thumb|Coins of Alauddin Bahman Shah]]
Bukka Raya, the king of Vijayanagar, protested against the Bahmani's claim to issue gold coins as a sign of sovereignty, and demanded the cession of [[Raichur Doab]] to the Vijayanagar empire. Kanhayya, the ruler of Warangal, demanded the [[Kaulas Fort|fortress of Kaulas]], which had previously been granted to Bahman Shah. This request stemmed from his son's desire to claim the fort from the Sultanate against his own wishes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kIeAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan |date=1985 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |pages=88–97 |language=en}}</ref> Bukka Raya also threatened the Bahmanis with joining an alliance with the Delhi Sultanate to invade Deccan. Muhammad Shah, the Bahmani Sultan at the time, delayed his reply until he was prepared. When he finally responded, he questioned why his vassal of Vijayanagar had not sent him gifts upon his accession, stating that it should have been done at least once.{{sfn|Allan|1964|pp=172-173}}
The negative response from Muhammad Shah spurred the rulers of Vijayanagar and Warangal to form an alliance against the Bahmanis.<ref name=":2" />

=== Battle of Kaulas (1362) ===
In 1362, the King of Warangal dispatched his son Vinayak Deva from Warangal with a large army comprising infantry and cavalry towards the fortress of Kaulas. To assist Kanhayya, Vijayanagar sent twenty thousand troops. In response, Muhammad Shah dispatched Amirul Umara Bahadur Khan, the son of Ismail Mukh, Azam-i-Humayun, and Safdar Khan Sistani along with the armies of Bidar and Berar. The battle took place near Kaulas, where the Bahmanis defeated the forces of Warangal and pursued them all the way to the gates of Warangal.<ref name=":0" /> Kanhayya was forced to pay a ransom of one [[lakh]] (100,000) gold Huns and surrender twenty-five war elephants to the Bahmanis. Bahadur Khan then returned to [[Kalaburagi|Gulbarga]], the capital of the Bahmanis, after securing the ransom.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Amrit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtR9EPSfudAC |title=Forts of India |date=1985 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref>

== The War ==
=== Capture and execution of Vinayak Deva (1362) ===
Shortly after the conflict with Kanhayya, Muhammed Shah learned that Vinayak Deva, Kanhayya's son, had allegedly compelled horse traders to sell horses at a lower price, despite them being the finest horses reserved for the Bahmani Sultan. [[Haroon Khan Sherwani]] suggests that the narrative of horse reservation might have been fabricated by the horse traders themselves.<ref name=":0" />

Muhammed Shah resolved to punish Vinayak for his actions. While Vinayak was at Palmet, Shah dispatched some of his fighters disguised as destitute individuals who had lost their possessions. Chaos erupted in Palmet, when the fighters took up arms and arrested Vinayak. Shah then launched a raid on Warangal, captured Vinayak Deva, and subjected him to a cruel execution, citing the insult he perceived from Vinayak's actions. The people of Andhra were incensed by Vinayak's death. When Shah attempted to retrace his steps to Bidar, they launched an attack from rooftops and trees, resulting in the loss of three thousand out of his four thousand men, and Shah himself sustained a wound from a [[Musket|musket ball]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Capture of Golconda (1363)===
The execution of Vinayak Deva set the stage for a war between the two states. Kanhayya appealed to [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]], the Delhi emperor, for assistance, offering to become his vassal in return. However, Firuz Shah differed greatly from his predecessor, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad Bin Tughlaq]], and preferred peaceful pursuits over military endeavours. Perhaps his orthodoxy also deterred him from aiding Hindus against fellow co-religionists. Consequently, he did not respond to their pleas. Meanwhile, these negotiations, coupled with his recent setback, fueled Muhammad Shah I's determination to fully conquer Telangana.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Forte di golconda, vedute da est 06.jpg|thumb|the fort of Golconda, built by [[Golconda Sultanate]]]]
Subsequently, Muhammad Shah summoned Safdar Khan Sistani and Azam-i Humayun to his capital. Entrusting the administration to his minister Malik Saifuddin Ghori, he journeyed to Kaulas and dispatched Azam-i Humayun with the armies of Bidar and Mahur to Golconda. He instructed Safdar Khan Sistani to advance towards Warangal, the capital of Kanhayya. However, when Kanhayya sought aid from Vijayanagar, he received none due to ongoing disputes over the succession to the throne.<ref name=":0" /> Realizing the imminent threat, Kanhayya got afraid and fled to the nearby Jungles. Shah remained at Telangana for two years, and besieged Warangal.<ref name=":4" /> Finally in 1364, Kanhayya surrendered to Shah and paid thirteen crores of gold Huns, also ceding Golconda to the Bahmanis. Consequently, the ruler of Telangana, Kanhayya, became a vassal of the Bahmanis.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Kanhayya also presented the famous [[Turquoise Throne]] to the Bahmani Sultan. Muhammad Shah appointed Azam-i Humayun as the overseer of Golconda.<ref name=":0" />

The Kings of Warangal and Vijayanagar found themselves thoroughly outmanoeuvred. Bukka Raya could hardly stand idly by while his ally in Warangal faced annihilation. Consequently, he dispatched ambassadors to Delhi, seeking assistance from Firuz Shah and offering to reclaim their territories in the Deccan. However, Firuz Shah was preoccupied with internal conflicts and unable to take any action.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sarma |first=P. Sree Rama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhuAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Vijayanagar Empire |date=1992 |publisher=Prabhakar Publications |pages=28–30 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Causes of the invasion of Muhammed Shah ===
Sultan Muhammad Shah I, displeased with Vijayanagar's behaviour, and with the issues regarding Kanhayya resolved, opted to launch an attack on its neighbour, Vijayanagar. To initiate the conflict, he sent a letter to Vijayanagar, demanding payment for three hundred musicians who had travelled from Delhi to Bahmani, likely to participate in the wedding of his son, [[Mujahid Shah]].<ref name=":0" /> Shah's inebriation at the time led to the drafting of the letter, and incensed by this act, Bukka Raya retaliated by punishing the messengers with equal indignity. Seeking to gain the upper hand, Bukka declared war and decided to launch a preemptive attack in 1366.<ref name=":3" />

According to some accounts, he prepared the invasion with an army of nine hundred thousand infantry, eighty thousand cavalry, and three thousand elephants.<ref name=":0" /> However, another account states that he invaded with one hundred thousand infantry, thirty thousand cavalry, and three thousand elephants.<ref name=":3" /> He marched by crossing the Tungabhadra and captured the [[Mudgal|Mudgal fort]], which was garrisoned by eight thousand people. Bukka Raya ordered the killing of everyone there, including men, women and children, sparing only one person to escape and narrate the story to the Bahmani Sultan.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

Disturbed by the report, the Sultan proclaimed his son, Mujahid, as the heir to the throne and granted his minister, Malik Saifuddin Ghori, full authority over the country and treasury. He then marched with his army and crossed the river Krishna, vowing to slaughter one hundred thousand Vijayanagaris.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Battle of Mudgal (1366) ===
Aware of the looming threat, Bukka took preemptive action by sending all his treasuries to Vijayanagar, while he himself awaited the Sultan's arrival. The following day, he moved his army four miles from the camp, but heavy rainfall overnight turned the ground boggy, impeding the movement of the Vijayanagar army. Recognizing Bukka's predicament, Shah promptly advanced to meet him the next morning.<ref name=":3" />

Upon realizing the disadvantage and upon seeing the Sultan, Bukka offered no resistance and fled with some selected troops towards the fortress of Adoni, leaving everything behind. Bukka left the fort, entrusting it to his sister's son.<ref name=":1" /> Muhammad Shah, with his army, entered the camp of Vijayanagar and plundered it, fulfilling his vow. He is said to have massacred everyone Bukka left behind, including women and children. According to Ferishta, the numbers were 70,000, while Vijayanagar sources claim it was 90,000.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> He then said to have captured two thousand elephants, three hundred gun carriages, seven hundred Arab steed horses, and one bejewelled throne.<ref name=":0" /> Thus, he recaptured Mudgal from the Vijayanagar.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Mudgal fort 3.jpg|thumb|Mugal fort]]

=== Battle of Kauthal (1366)===
Upon reaching Adoni, Bukka established his headquarters there and began preparations for war. He dispatched his general Mallinatha to confront the Bahmanis.<ref name=":3" /> Meanwhile, Muhammad Shah spent the rainy season at Mudgal and then moved southwards with a large army, crossing the Tungabhadra and entering Vijayanagar territory. This campaign was notable for being the first instance of artillery being used in India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbLOEAAAQBAJ |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges [3 volumes]: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century [3 volumes] |date=2006-11-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-02799-4 |pages=516 |language=en}}</ref> Bukka emerged from his fort and appointed his maternal nephew as the commander of the fort. He also appointed Mallinatha, also known as Bhoj Mal, as the commander-in-chief of the army.<ref name=":0" />

Mallinatha was so confident of his success that he asked Bukka Raya whether he should bring the Sultan alive or dead, and he obtained permission from Bukka to bring him slain to the foot of the Vijayanagar throne.<ref name=":0" /> Muhammad Shah crossed the Tungabhadra and reached Siruguppa with fifteen thousand cavalry and fifty thousand infantry. Meanwhile, Mallinatha commanded an army of forty thousand cavalry and five hundred thousand infantry.<ref name=":3" /> Muhammad Shah dispatched his general Khan Muhammed to advance with an army of ten thousand cavalry and thirty thousand infantry. The decisive battle between the Bahmanis and Vijayanagar took place on 20 July 1366.<ref name=":0" />

The battle occurred near a place called Kauthal, with Musa Khan commanding the right side of the Bahmani army, Isa Khan leading the left side, and Khan Muhammed commanding the center. However, both Musa Khan and Isa Khan were killed by musket balls, resulting in their demise. This turn of events left the Bahmani army on the brink of being routed.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> However, Muhammad Shah arrived with three thousand cavalry at the crucial moment, turning the tide of the battle. The two armies engaged in hand-to-hand combat, and the elephant of Khan Muhammed, named Sher-i Shikar, advanced towards their commander-in-chief, Mallinatha, severely wounding him.<ref name=":0" /> The Vijayanagar forces were decisively routed, and their army fled, leading to a massacre unleashed by the Bahmanis. Mallinatha's wound proved fatal, resulting in his death, and thus, the battle ended with the defeat of Vijayanagar.<ref name=":3" />

=== Siege of Vijayanagar (1366)===
The loss of the battle had a serious impact on Bukka Raya.<ref name=":3" /> After spending a week at Adoni, Muhammed Shah decided to march towards Vijayanagar itself. Bukka Raya attempted to utilize [[guerrilla warfare]] tactics while effectively defending his capital with full force. They exerted such pressure on the Bahmanis that they were compelled to retreat towards the Tungabhadra. As the retreating forces were pursued by Bukka Raya, guerrillas entered from the sides, cutting down some of the Bahmani forces. The Sultan was forced to retreat to his own territory. Upon reaching his land, he ordered an attack on Bukka Raya's camp while they were engaged in music, dancing, and drinking. The Bahmanis launched an assault on the Vijayanagar camp, forcing Bukka Raya to retreat to his own capital with his full forces.<ref name=":0" />

Muhammad Shah pursued Bukka Raya, but Raya managed to retreat inside his capital and barricade himself in. Recognizing this, Muhammad Shah ordered a siege. Bukka emerged from Vijayanagar to engage in battle, but suffered another heavy defeat, losing his remaining ten thousand soldiers. He then retreated once more behind the walls of Vijayanagar and shut himself inside.<ref name=":3" /> Muhammad Shah, realizing that his victory alone couldn't resolve matters, began to ravage Vijayanagar and plunder its riches. He initiated a massacre of civilians, resulting in the deaths of almost 400,000 to half a million people, including ten thousand Brahmins. The district of Karnataka was so devastated that it took several decades for its population to recover to normal levels.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Ultimately, due to protests from Brahmins and other Hindu chiefs, Bukka Raya was compelled to seek peace. According to Ferishta, the Sultan sheathed his sword only after the payment to the musicians was made.<ref name=":1" />

== Aftermath ==
Raya dispatched envoys to the Sultan's camp, requesting peace and appealing for a brotherly relationship between the two states. Upon hearing this, Sultan Muhammed Shah smiled and replied that he desired nothing more than the payment of the Delhi musicians' salary from the Bahmani treasury, as stipulated in the draft he had sent. The musicians, having begged for the Sultan's pardon, also made a suggestion. They pointed out that the massacres committed by the Sultan were entirely against the precepts of Islam, as many women and children were also put to death by those claiming to follow that noble faith, which Islam neither allows nor enjoins. Shah was deeply moved by this appeal and ordered that in any future campaign undertaken on behalf of the Bahmanis, only actual combatants should be killed, and no [[prisoner of war]] should ever be harmed.<ref name=":0" /> A treaty was then signed, stipulating that both parties would refrain from killing prisoners or civilians in the future, although it was violated several times.<ref name=":2" />

After a thirty-year period of peace, [[Harihara II]] initiated another [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1398)|war with the Bahmanis]] during the reign of [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Tajuddin Firuz Shah]] in 1398.{{Sfn|Jaques|2006|p=547}}

== See also ==

* [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1398)]]
* [[Siege of Vijayanagar]]
* [[War of the Goldsmith's Daughter]]

== References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of Telangana]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Bahmani Sultanate]]

Shahabad, Karnataka Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:36Z

Swebsexilm: made...

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shahabad
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Gulbarga district|Gulbarga]]
| division = [[Gulbarga division|Gulbarga]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency|Gulbarga]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1978
| reservation = SC
| abolished = 2008
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
}}

'''Shahabad Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahabad assembly election results in Karnataka |url=https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Shahabad-in-Karnataka |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=elections.traceall.in}}</ref>
|Sharnappa Fakeerappa Bhairy
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|rowspan=2|[[K. B. Shanappa]]
|-
|[[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Baburao Chavan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka 1989|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3779-karnataka-1989 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka 1994|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3780-karnataka-1994/|access-date=2023-12-20 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|Gurunath Chandram
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahabad Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/shahabad-karnataka-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|Baburao Chavan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<ref name="elections2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/2004-election-results.html|website=elections.in|title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results in 2004|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref>
|[[Sunil Vallyapure]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|colspan=4 align=center|2008 onwards: Seat does not exist
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahabad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sunil Vallyapure]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,625 |percentage=30.41% |change={{decrease}}2.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chavan R B |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,607 |percentage=29.46% |change={{decrease}}11.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurunath Chandram |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=31,365 |percentage=29.23% |change={{increase}}25.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash S Pawar |party=Janata Party |votes=3,704 |percentage=3.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandrashekhar Naik Siddu Naik |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,976 |percentage=2.77% |change={{decrease}}3.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Huli |party=Independent politician |votes=2,229 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Diwakar H V |party=Independent politician |votes=1,123 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Basanna Goure |party=Kannada Nadu Party |votes=908 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Timmayya B Aramani |party=Independent politician |votes=750 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,018 |percentage=0.95% |change= {{decrease}}7.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,07,287 |percentage=50.52% |change= {{decrease}}0.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,12,365 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahabad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Baburao Chavhan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,072 |percentage=41.43% |change={{increase}}21.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Valmik Kamalu Naik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,206 |percentage=32.87% |change={{increase}}14.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Gurunath |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=12,777 |percentage=13.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. S.H. Katti |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,769 |percentage=6.28% |change={{increase}}2.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Lakhe |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=3,441 |percentage=3.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mapanna Hadanur |party=Independent politician |votes=1,636 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,866 |percentage=8.56% |change= {{decrease}}12.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,901 |percentage=54.41% |change= {{increase}}1.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,78,880 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= {{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahabad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Gurunath |party=Janata Dal |votes=32,937 |percentage=40.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baburao Chavhan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,086 |percentage=19.70% |change={{decrease}}18.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arvind Guruji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,811 |percentage=18.14% |change={{increase}}14.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jemsing Chavan |party=Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=8,074 |percentage=9.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D.G. Sagar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,447 |percentage=4.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sharanappa Bhairi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,117 |percentage=3.82% |change={{decrease}}22.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vadde Nagappa |party=Independent politician |votes=2,010 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandrakant Harsur |party=Independent politician |votes=514 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Aruna Sanjeevkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=421 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,851 |percentage=20.63% |change= {{increase}}10.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,665 |percentage=51.62% |change= {{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,63,910 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahabad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Baburao Chavhan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,189 |percentage=38.67% |change={{increase}}12.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurunath Chandram |party=Janata Party |votes=19,104 |percentage=28.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhajentri Saibanna |party=Communist Party of India |votes=17,518 |percentage=25.87% |change={{decrease}}1.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanker Desai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,602 |percentage=3.84% |change={{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devala |party=Kranti Sabha |votes=1,501 |percentage=2.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Annappa |party=Independent politician |votes=435 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hanamanth Bhavimani Hagarga |party=Independent politician |votes=367 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,085 |percentage=10.46% |change= {{increase}}10.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,716 |percentage=52.91% |change= {{decrease}}4.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,40,721 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= {{increase}}11.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahabad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. B. Shanappa]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=16,263 |percentage=27.41% |change={{decrease}}17.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurunath Chandram |party=Independent politician |votes=16,188 |percentage=27.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govind P. Vedyaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,612 |percentage=26.31% |change={{decrease}}17.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramu Bhimla Chavan |party=Independent politician |votes=7,495 |percentage=12.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanker Iranna Desai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,183 |percentage=3.68% |change={{decrease}}1.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devasunder Martur |party=Independent politician |votes=905 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sangolgi Prabhu R. |party=Lokdal |votes=691 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=75 |percentage=0.13% |change= {{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,337 |percentage=54.65% |change= {{increase}}14.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,12,603 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}17.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahabad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. B. Shanappa]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=16,888 |percentage=44.65% |change={{decrease}}6.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narsing Rao Jadhav |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,590 |percentage=43.86% |change={{increase}}36.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Ramanna |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,048 |percentage=5.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu |party=Independent politician |votes=854 |percentage=2.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shivaram Moga Sambaji |party=Independent politician |votes=734 |percentage=1.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saibanna Sharanappa |party=Independent politician |votes=711 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=298 |percentage=0.79% |change= {{decrease}}18.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,825 |percentage=39.79% |change= {{decrease}}9.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,894 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}6.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shahabad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sharnappa Fakeerappa Bhairy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=22,685 |percentage=51.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S.M.Hagaragi |party=Janata Party |votes=14,047 |percentage=31.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shivaram Mogha |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes=4,114 |percentage=9.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hirasingh Rathod |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,199 |percentage=7.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,638 |percentage=19.61% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,045 |percentage=49.84% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,687 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{Coord|17.33|76.83|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Tribal Women Artists Cooperative

2026-04-16T04:27:12Z

Swebsexilm: article...

{{Short description|Art collective in India}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Tribal Women Artists Cooperative
| image = twac.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Group of TWAC Artists in Sanskriti
| formation = {{start date|1993|8|31|df=y}}
| founder = [[Bulu Imam]]
| type = [[Artists cooperative]]
| headquarters = [[Hazaribagh]], [[Jharkhand]], India
}}

The '''Tribal Women Artists Cooperative''' (TWAC) was initially founded by [[Bulu Imam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creative Crusader |url=http://democraticworld.in/index.php/component/k2/item/627-creative-crusader |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=democraticworld.in}}</ref> (Convener, INTACH Hazaribagh Chapter) in 1993 out of a Tribal Art Project funded by the Australian [[High Commission of Australia, New Delhi|High Commission, New Delhi]]. The cooperative continues to be directed by Bulu Imam, [[Padma Shri]] awardee (2019) as a social worker for promoting the ritual [[Sohrai and Khovar painting |Khovar and Sohrai mural painting]] tradition,<ref>{{Cite web |last=ArtsPositive |date=2018-10-05 |title=Saving Khovar and Sohrai Tribal Art |url=https://medium.com/@artspositiveorg/saving-khovar-and-sohrai-tribal-art-17f8d2e9c67f |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> benefiting thousands of village women, and has gained international recognition through several exhibitions in major art galleries around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-23 |title=79-YO Padma Shri Awardee Spent 30 Years Preserving 10000-Year-Old Art |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/276781/jharkhand-hunter-protects-chalcolithic-era-art-through-tribal-women-artists/ |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Better India |language=en}}</ref>

This unique [[tribal art]] project was started with about 40 women artists which began to bring the art on walls of the mud houses to paper and paint professionally. Today, the cooperative's initiative empowers over 5,000 women enabling their art to be exhibited in over 60 international venues in Australia, Canada, America, Japan, Italy, Germany, France, Sweden, Switzerland, and England.<ref name="SOAS">{{cite web |title=The Painted Forest Villages of Hazaribagh |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/gallery/painted-forest-villages/ |website=SOAS University of London |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref>

The tribal art created by these women artists over the decades has been displayed and preserved in the [[Sanskriti Museum & Art Gallery]], and accessible for research and study to anyone interested in the development of tribal art and culture in Jharkhand. The first collection of tribal paintings made by the cooperative in early 1990s are a part of the Bulu Imam Collection, and which is made available exclusively through the cooperative.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

== Objectives ==
{{citations needed|section|date=May 2022}}
The raison d’être for the founding of the cooperative was to highlight the Meso-chalcolithic [[rock art]] of the region connected with the tradition of Khovar and Sohrai mural painting done by the tribal communities in Jharkhand as an economic resource. It also aimed to highlight the issues of displacement and indigenous rights threatened by [[opencast coal mining]], and destruction of forests vital to the tribals as well as tigers and elephants using them as corridors. This art project was created to bring to the tribal women of the region a sense of strength in their identity and as a means of economic support.

The profits received through exhibitions and sale of artworks are divided into three accounts:

# Welfare fund for women artists.
# Employment fund through which a third of all earnings goes directly to the artist, and
# Cooperative maintenance fund.

=== Major collections ===
# [[Australian Museum|Australian Museum, Sydney]]
# [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]], Sydney
# Casula Art Centre, Casula, Sydney
# [[Queensland Art Gallery]], Brisbane
# [[Powerhouse Museum]], Sydney
# Flinders Museum Collection, Adelaide
# Dietmar Rothermund Collection, Heidelberg
# Volkerkunde Museum, Heidelberg
# (Late) Soli P.Godrej Collection, Bombay
# Kekoo & Khorshed Gandhy collection, Bombay
# Daniela Bezzi Collection, Milan
# Tarshito Studio, Rome (14 - 8’x8’ feet Cloth Paintings)
# Marcus Leatherdale Collection, New York
# Michel Sabatier Collection, La Rochelle, France
# INTACH Collection, New Delhi
# Museum of Man Collection, Montreal
# South Delhi Polytechnic, New Delhi
# [[Museum Rietberg]], Zurich, Switzerland
# Espace de Congrès, La Rochelle, France
# S.P.Godrej Collection, Bombay
# Diedi Von Schawen Collection, Paris
# Herve Pedriolle Collection, Paris
# [[British Museum]], London
# SADACC Trust Collection, Norwich
# [[Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge|Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge]]<ref name="ToI">{{cite news |last1=Deogharia |first1=Jaideep |title=Art of tribal women from Hazaribag now decorate interiors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/art-of-tribal-women-from-hazaribag-now-decorate-interiors-in-the-us/articleshow/55946993.cms |access-date=4 May 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=12 December 2016}}</ref>
# [[National Gallery of Canada]], Ottawa<ref name="CA">{{cite news |last1=Nixon |first1=Lindsay |title=Indigenous Art Is So Camp |url=https://canadianart.ca/features/indigenous-art-is-so-camp/ |access-date=4 May 2022 |publisher=Canadian Art |date=21 November 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Artist cooperatives]]
[[Category:Cooperatives in India]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian folk art]]

St. George's College, Mussoorie

2026-04-15T11:24:15Z

Swebsexilm: entry...

{{Short description|School in Mussoorie, India}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. George's College, Mussoorie
| image = SGCmussoorie.jpg
| caption = St. George's College
| motto = Virtus et Labor (Character and work)
| founded = {{start date and age|1853}}
| location = Barlowganj, [[Mussoorie]], India
| principal = Brother Jeyaseelan S.
| gender = Boys
| grades = 4 to 12
| age_range = 9 to 17
| enrollment = ~700
| houses = 4
| alumni = The Manorite Alumni Association
| area = {{convert|400|acre|km2}}
| affiliation = [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.sgconline.ac.in}}
}}

'''St. George's College, Mussoorie''', is an all-boys boarding and non-boarding school in [[Mussoorie]], in the state of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]], affiliated to the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] board. The school, an all-boys residential and non-residential institution, spreading over {{convert|400|acre|km2}} of land, was founded in 1853 by the Capuchin Fathers and entrusted to the Society of the [[Patrician Brothers|Brothers of St. Patrick]] ([[Ireland]]) in 1893. It was opened in a cottage known as Manor House; the name by which the campus is still known. The students are known as Manorites.

The school has an alumni network spread across the globe. In 2005, the [[Indian Air Force]] gifted the school a trainer jet aircraft, [[PZL TS-11 Iskra|TS-11 Iskra]], as a tribute to the distinguished service of the school's alumni in the armed forces.<ref>[http://www.warbirdsofindia.com/uttarpradesh/80-dehradun.html Warbirds of India - Dehradun] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310000904/http://www.warbirdsofindia.com/uttarpradesh/80-dehradun.html |date=10 March 2012 }}</ref>

==History==
The school was founded in 1853 by the Capuchin Fathers who gave it to the Society of the Reverend Brothers of St. Patrick (Ireland) in 1893 with Bro. Stapleton as its first principal.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

While St. George's College was founded in 1853, another school, St. Fidelis High School, was started in the same location in 1863. Initially, the Capuchin Fathers ran both schools with Father James Doogan as principal of both from 1873 till they were given to the Patrician Brothers in 1893. In 1948, St. Fidelis High School was amalgamated with St. George's College. There still are old directional markings on the school campus pointing towards the old St. Fidelis. In the early 1900s, the then Principal, Bro. Haverty, levelled the top of the hill to create what is the Top Flat, the school's largest playing field.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

The Science labs were constructed in 1925 adjacent to the top flat. The school acquired the Whytebank Castle and Brooklands Estate in 1939, and an auditorium was constructed in 1942.<ref>[http://www.gpmsdbaweb.com/memoir2/_supportdocs/Manorite--St%20George's%20college.htm Manorite] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706071826/http://www.gpmsdbaweb.com/memoir2/_supportdocs/Manorite--St%20George's%20college.htm |date=6 July 2010 }}</ref>

The school is named after [[Saint George]], the patron saint of England and a number of countries and cities around the world. The legend of Saint George slaying the dragon is known throughout the world, and forms the theme of the school's emblem.

A clock tower was erected on the field in 1936, and was the first clock tower in Mussoorie. It was installed by [[JB Joyce & Co]]mpany, who imported the clock from England. The chimes, ringing every 15 minutes, would also help keep away the wild animals from the surrounding woods.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chopra |first1=Askiran |date=30 November 2017 |title=What it means for Landour to see its historic Ghantaghar return |website=DailyO |publisher=[[India Today]] |location=Landour |language=English |url=https://www.dailyo.in/variety/landour-ghantaghar-clock-tower-tourists-dehradun-mussoorie-tom-alter/story/1/20868.html |access-date=12 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112043643/https://www.dailyo.in/variety/landour-ghantaghar-clock-tower-tourists-dehradun-mussoorie-tom-alter/story/1/20868.html |archive-date=12 January 2021}}</ref>

Under the guidance of then principal, Bro. J.C. Carroll, the school witnessed a construction boom in the 1990s. This included a new indoor gymnasium, a library, a multi-functional auditorium, and an indoor heated swimming pool. There were upgrades to old dormitories and class rooms. The alumni network of the school contributed substantial funds and donated material towards the construction.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

The St. George's College museum displays the 150-year history of the school. The museum also serves as an archive for preserving hundreds of old photographs, instruments, school records, yearbooks and furniture. The collection includes photographs from the 1870s, scientific instruments from the 1900s, and an old piano.<ref>[http://manoritesconnect.50webs.com/archives.html Welcome To The Official Website Of St. George's College, Mussoorie, India- Archives] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315213353/http://manoritesconnect.50webs.com/archives.html |date=15 March 2012 }}</ref>

==School site==
St. George's College is spread over a {{convert|450|acre|km2|adj=on}} estate in Barlowganj village, a hamlet situated 5 km from the hill town of Mussoorie, popularly referred to{{by whom|date=April 2018}} as the 'Queen of Hills'. There are two schools, one is Nirmala Convent School for economically weaker inhabitants of Mussoorie, the other St. George's College. Both schools stand on a 400-acre property. St. George's stands on a hill overlooking the [[Sivalik Hills]] with a view of Mussoorie and the [[Dehradun]] valley. The school is accessed by road from Dehradun Railway Station 28 km away, and from Jolly Grant Airport in Dehradun, 53 km away.

==School life==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2010}}
A Manorite's week day begins at 5:30 AM. Students spend one hour from 7 AM in "morning studies." The study session is followed by breakfast. The entire school assembles in front of the classrooms for their morning assembly, where the principal addresses the students, announcements are made, awards are given out, and after prayers, classes begin at 9 :00 AM.

Classes run from 9 AM till 11 AM, where there is a short break of 20 min. Lunch is at 12:30 PM. Classes run till 3:30 PM followed by tea.

Dinner is at 6:30 PM. Dinner is followed by "night studies", which are two hours of compulsory self-study sessions in the classrooms. The night studies are followed by half an hour of television when the students can catch the latest news headlines or sports updates. Lights go out at 10 PM.

St. George's College [[house system]] encompasses sports, athletics, debates, dramatics, cultural events, declamations and other extra-curricular activities. The four houses are Tapsells (blue), Marthins (yellow), Gateleys (red) and Cullens (green), all named after four former Olympians from the school.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hostel / Boarding Life |url=https://sgconline.ac.in/hostel/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=St. George's College, Mussoorie}}</ref>

Each event is assigned points and the house with the largest number of accumulated points at the end of Sports Day in October wins the annual House Shield.

A majority of the students are Indians, but the school has a sizeable percentage of [[Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin|NRI]]'s and students from [[Nepal]], [[Thailand]] and others. The proximity to Jolly Grant Airport in [[Dehradun]] which is just 53 km away has led to an increase in the Non Resident Indian students.

== Extracurricular activities ==
After classes, there is a mandatory run for every student around the surrounding hill, called the "Fox Hill runs". The runs are followed by sports.

Every month, students get one Sunday as the "Outing" day, when they are permitted to visit Mussoorie, with each student given some pocket money for the day.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

In August, St. George's hosts the Brother Masterson and Brother Bergin Inter-school English Debates in the junior and senior categories respectively.

During the spring and summer months, when the hills of Mussoorie are blooming with the yellow Mansur flower (after which the town gets its name) and wild berries, students gather berries in the evenings and on weekends.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

===Sports===
There are inter-house and inter-class tournaments throughout the year. There are four major fields in the school, the Top Flat, Middle Flat, Green Flat and Down Flat. There is a synthetic open-air tennis court, and an indoor heated swimming pool.

Hockey and cricket are played during the summer months, and the monsoons represent the football season. Indoor sports are played throughout the year.

The Annual Sports Day attracts outside guests, alumni and parents. It includes track events among the four houses, and culminates with a march past by all classes in front of the guests. All classes compete in the banner competition. The day culminates with the awarding of individual shields and the House Shield to the house with the most accumulated points.

The school has produced sportsmen who have achieved laurels for the school at the inter-school, district, state and national level competitions. The school's senior and junior football teams have achieved success at tournaments held in Dehradun, New Delhi and other parts of the country. St. George's has produced athletes who have gone on to represent their state at the national level in football, cricket and athletics.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

===Sports tournaments===
Jackie Memorial Football Tournament, held each year in July and August, was started in 1972 and named after a former student. It is one of the biggest open football tournaments in the district, and draws attention from the local media. The tournament is open to all schools and amateur local clubs in the district, and is played on the Top Flat, the school's largest field overlooking the clock tower. The school's sister schools in Delhi, Coonoor, Meerut have participated.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

The Jarvis Cup is an annual inter-class hockey tournament that is played at junior and senior levels. The Apollo Cup is an inter-class football tournament, started in 1969 to commemorate the [[Apollo 11|first landing on the Moon]]. The tournament is again divided into the junior and senior categories. Further sports competitions include the Manorite Table Tennis Tournament, and the Brar Memorial Interschool Swimming Carnival

===Inter-school sports===
The school's rival in football is [[Wynberg Allen School]], located at Kulri, Mussoorie, though the frequency of their games have gone down in recent years. In hockey and cricket, the school's rival is [[Oak Grove School (Jharipani, Mussoorie)|Oak Grove School]], located down the road from Barlowganj at Jharipani, Mussoorie.

The old residential schools of Mussoorie - St. George's College, Wynberg Allen School, Oak Grove School and [[Woodstock School]] - compete with each other in the Annual Mussoorie Interschool Athletic Meet.

St. George's also hosts, and visits, residential schools from Dehradun such as the [[Doon School]] and [[RIMC]], throughout the year for friendlies in football, hockey, basketball and cricket as well as extracurricular activities. Most of the regional residential schools are regular features in the Jackie Memorial Football Tournament. In addition, St. George's participates in the district sports meet held by the Dehradun District Sports Association. The school's proximity to Jolly Grant Airport in Dehradun has led to an increase in visitors as well as participation from other schools.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

==In popular culture==

St. George's was chosen as the location for the shooting of television drama based on the life of the noted writer from Mussoorie, [[Ruskin Bond]]. The show, ''Ek Tha Rusty'', named after the author's nickname, was aired on [[Doordarshan]].<ref>[http://crowncomm3.tripod.com/ekthar.htm Ekthar~1] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209142357/http://crowncomm3.tripod.com/ekthar.htm |date=9 February 2012 }}</ref>

In 2012, Rocky and Mayur, hosts of ''Highway on My Plate'', a weekly travel and food show on NDTV channel, visited the school and ate a meal at the cafeteria with the students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/food/highway-on-my-plate/rocky-mayur-visit-st-george-s-college-in-mussoorie-237905 |title=Rocky, Mayur visit St George's College in Mussoorie |website=www.ndtv.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233903/http://www.ndtv.com/video/food/highway-on-my-plate/rocky-mayur-visit-st-george-s-college-in-mussoorie-237905 |archive-date=2016-09-16}}</ref>

The school campus is featured in two television commercials: one for [[Hyundai Accent]] sedan in which the school's library, junior dormitories and the clock tower can be seen, and the second being for Cadbury [[Bournvita]] in which the school's green flat, indoor swimming pool and the parish church can be seen.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2gpLvmEG-J0 hyundai accent GLE (Tv commercial ad) - YouTube]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEDRDrV55q8 | title=- YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> The school campus was also featured in the promotional ad for the 6th season of [[Kaun Banega Crorepati]].

==Notable alumni==
===Indian Armed Forces===
* [[General (India)|General]] [[Shankar Roychowdhury]], PVSM (Class of 1953), [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army]] (1994–1997); [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]].
* [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Denis La Fontaine]], (Class of 1946) - the 13th [[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] (1985–1988).
* [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]] - the 25th [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]] (2016-2019).
* [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Daulet Singh]] - [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Command]] (1961-1963), died in harness.
* Lieutenant General [[Anil Kumar Bhatt]] - [[General Officer Commanding]] [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]] (2018-2019).
* [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Denzil Keelor]], [[Vir Chakra]], [[Kirti Chakra]], (Class of 1940), [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>[http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA-BRITISH-RAJ/2006-11/1162916299 RootsWeb: INDIA-BRITISH-RAJ-L [INDIA-BRITISH-RAJ] IAF donates plane to St George's, Mussoorie] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014062103/http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA-BRITISH-RAJ/2006-11/1162916299 |date=14 October 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Wing Commander]] [[Trevor Keelor]], [[Vir Chakra]], [[Vayu Sena Medal]]; hero of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].
* [[H. P. S. Ahluwalia|Major Haripal Singh Ahluwalia]] (Class of 1954), [[IOFS]] officer. Padma Bhushan, Padma Shree, Arjuna Award; first Indian to scale Mount Everest on 29 May 1965.Injured in 1965 war. President- Rehabilation Council of India, Organised and led motor expeditions over the Himalayas and Tibet to the Silk Route. Author of several books.

===Sports===
* [[William Goodsir-Cullen|Willie G. Cullen]], [[Earnest Goodsir-Cullen|Ernie .J. Cullen]], Michael Gateley, George Eric Marthins, Lionel Emmett, [[Carlyle Tapsell|Carlyle Carroll Tapsell]] - Gold medal winners for India in field hockey - 1928 Amsterdam Olympic Games, 1932 Los Angeles Olympic Games, 1936 Berlin Olympic Games

===Performing arts===
* [[Melville de Mellow|Melville De Mello]] (Class of 1932),<ref>[http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA/1999-04/0923379707 RootsWeb: INDIA-L Re: Melville De Mello (The Late Great Broadcaster)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014062116/http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA/1999-04/0923379707 |date=14 October 2012 }}</ref> Padma Shri, broadcaster and author;
* [[Saeed Jaffrey]] (Class of 1940), cultural ambassador and actor; first Indian actor featuring on Broadway; performances in British and Indian film and television.
* [[Lucky Ali]], singer and actor
* [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] (Class of 1966), film and television actor
* [[Bhupinder Singh (actor)|Bhupinder Singh]] - Film and TV Actor
* [[Ravi Baswani]] - Actor, most remembered for his role in "Chashme Buddoor "(1981) and "Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro" (1983), winning the Filmfare Best Comedian Award in 1984
* [[Rohan Mehra (born 1990)|Rohan Mehra]]- Film and TV Actor

===Civil Services===
* [[Manohar Singh Gill|Dr. M.S Gill]] (Class of 1952), Chief Election Commissioner of India (1996–2001), Member, Rajya Sabha (2004–2005), former Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India.
* [[Avinder Singh Brar]], IPS - Awarded Padma Shri posthumously in 1988 for bravery during terrorism in Punjab.
* [[Deepak Rawat]], IAS - Commissioner of [[Kumaon division]], Uttarakhand.

===Members of Parliament===
* [[Satpal Maharaj]], Member of Parliament, [[15th Lok Sabha]], from [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal Lok Sabha Constituency]].
* [[Neville Foley]], Member of Parliament, [[Lok Sabha]].
* [[Lalit Suri]], [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]].

===Judges===
* Justice [[H. S. Bedi]] - Justice of the [[Supreme Court of India]].

===Pakistani nationals===
* Brigadier [[Mervyn Cardoza]], [[Tamgha-e-Khidmat]], [[Pakistan Army]].
* [[Mumtaz Bhutto]] - Pakistani Politician.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.sgconline.ac.in/}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/StGeorgesCollegeOfficial St. George's College Facebook Page]
* [http://www.manorite.in/ Manorite Alumni Association]

{{Patrician Brothers schools|state=collapsed}}

{{Coord|30.4351995|78.0877152|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint George's College, Mussoorie}}
[[Category:Patrician Brothers schools]]
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Private schools in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Catholic schools in India]]
[[Category:Catholic boarding schools in India]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Education in Dehradun district]]
[[Category:Mussoorie]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1853]]
[[Category:1853 establishments in India]]

Navi Mumbai Airport Influence Notified Area

2026-04-13T00:38:03Z

Swebsexilm:

{{Short description|Proposed planning area in Raigad district, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Navi Mumbai Airport Influence Notified Area
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width = 100
| logo_caption = Official logo of CIDCO
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = 2013
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = Panvel, Uran
| headquarters = Belapur Railway Station Complex, [[CBD Belapur]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Eknath Shinde]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Urban Development
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = [[Lokesh Chandra IAS]] [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/maharashtra-devendra-fadnavis-cabinet-reshuffle-takes-ministers-babus-by-surprise-2776244/ |title=Maharashtra Uddhav Thackeray cabinet reshuffle takes ministers babus by surprise |website=indianexpress.com |date=29 April 2016 |access-date=2021-02-07}}</ref>
| chief1_position = Vice Chairman and Managing Director
| chief2_name = Venugopal Vedula
| chief2_position = Chief Planner
| agency_type = Special Planning Authority
| parent_agency = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| keydocument1 =
| website = {{URL|http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| parent_department =
}}

'''Navi Mumbai Airport Influence Notified Area''' (NAINA) is a proposed planning area in [[Raigad district]] of Maharashtra, an Indian state. [[City and Industrial Development Corporation|City and Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra Limited]] (CIDCO) has been appointed the planning authority for the same.<ref name="HindustanTimes-20150624">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/new-airport-at-navi-mumbai-naina-finally-on-drawing-board/article1-1362322.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815012433/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/new-airport-at-navi-mumbai-naina-finally-on-drawing-board/article1-1362322.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 August 2015|title=New airport at Navi Mumbai: NAINA finally on drawing board|last=Mankikar|first=Sayali Udas|date=2015-06-24|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="GOM-20130110">{{cite web|url=http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/Naina_English_%20Gazette_%20notification.pdf|title=Notification|last=Pawar|first=Sanjay V.|date=2013-01-10|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> It comprises approximate 170 villages in [[Pen taluka|Pen]], [[Panvel taluka|Panvel]], and [[Uran taluka|Uran talukas]] of Raigad district.<ref name="HindustanTimes-20150624" /> The city will consist of small cities that will be hubs for agro-farming, education, trade, information technology, services, medical treatment, etc.<ref name="HindustanTimes-20150624" /> This city is being [[urban development|developed]] in fulfilment of the conditions under which environmental clearances were given by the Ministry of Environmental & Forest (MoEF), Government of India that development plan for [[Navi Mumbai]] be modified to prevent unplanned development in the vicinity of the proposed airport.<ref name="GOM-20150812">{{cite web|url=http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/NAINA_website_new.pdf|title=Navi Mumbai Airport Influence Notified Area|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|accessdate=12 August 2015}}</ref> NAINA enjoys proximity to Navi Mumbai and has influence of [[Navi Mumbai International Airport]] (NMIA), [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port|JNPT]] (Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust) and proposed transport corridors viz. Multi Modal Corridor, [[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link|Mumbai Trans Harbor Link]] (MTHL), [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India|Dedicated Freight Corridor]] (DFC), SPUR etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/SPA/english_naina_cidco.pdf|title=Navi Mumbai Airport Influence Notified Area (NAINA) FAQs, Official website}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Raigad district]]
[[Category:Thane district]]
[[Category:Transport in Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Aviation in India]]

Hill Highway

2026-03-29T06:21:02Z

Swebsexilm: Created Initial Entry Nd Citations - done

{{Short description|Proposed state highway in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = SH
| state = Kerala
| route = 59
| alternate_name = SH-59
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q5762158| stroke-width=3|title=StateHighway 59}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes = SH 59 highlighted in red
| spur_type =
| spur_of =
| photo = State Highway 59 in Elappara (7 Apr 2023).jpg
| maint = [[Kerala Public Works Department]]
| length_km = 1332.16
| length_notes = 
| established =
| allocation =
| direction_a = North
| terminus_a = Nandarapadavu 
| junction = 
{{plainlist|
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|56|country=IND}} in Pathinettam Mile
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|30|country=IND}} in [[Vallithode]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|NH|766|country=IND}} in [[Kalpetta]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|29|country=IND}} in [[Meppadi]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|28|SH|39|country=IND}} in [[Nilambur]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|NH|544|country=IND}} in [[Palakkad]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|58|country=IND}} in [[Kollengode, Palakkad|Kollengode]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|21|country=IND}} in [[Vettilappara]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|NH|85|SH|16|country=IND}} in [[Neriamangalam]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|19|country=IND}} in Myladumpara
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|40|SH|41|country=IND}} in [[Nedumkandam]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|33|country=IND}} in [[Puliyanmala]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|NH|183|country=IND}} in [[Kuttikkanam]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|NH|744|country=IND}} in [[Punalur]]
}}
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|2|country=IND}} in [[Kulathupuzha]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|45|country=IND}} in [[Vithura]]
*{{jct|state=Kerala|SH|3|country=IND}} in [[Aryanad]]
| direction_b = South
| terminus_b = {{jct|state=Kerala|NH|66|country=IND}} in [[Parassala]] 
| districts = [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Wayanad]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Malappuram]], [[Palakkad]], [[Thrissur]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Idukki]], [[Kottayam]], [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Kollam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| previous_type = SH
| previous_route = 58 
| next_type = SH
| next_route = 60 
}}

The '''Thiruvananthapuram–Kasaragod Hill Highway''' or '''State Highway 59''' (SH-59) or '''Malayora Highway''' as it is known in the state of [[Kerala]] is a proposed state highway. Upon completion, it will be the longest highway in Kerala, extending from Nandarapadavu in [[Kasaragod district]] to [[Parassala]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]], at a length of 1332.16 km. The highway will pass through 13 of the 14 districts, the exception being [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] as that district is not part of the hilly ranges of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Delay in getting Forest dept. approvals slows down Hill Highway work|language=en|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/delay-in-getting-forest-dept-approvals-slows-down-hill-highway-work/article33814668.ece|access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref>

The highway which is under early stages of construction would pass through areas including [[Bandadka]], [[Malom]], [[Chittarikkal]], [[Cherupuzha (Kannur)|Cherupuzha]], [[Alakode, Kannur district|Alakode]], [[Payyavoor]], [[Ulikkal]], [[Mananthavady]], [[Kalpetta]], [[Thiruvambady]], [[Nilambur]], [[Karuvarakundu]], [[Pookkottumpadam]], [[Edakkara]], [[Palakkad]], [[Pattikkad, Thrissur|Pattikkad]], [[Neriamangalam]], [[Kattappana]], [[Mundakayam]], [[Erumely]], [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]], [[Konni, India|Konni]], [[Koodal]], [[Vazhathope]], [[Pathanapuram]], [[Punalur]], [[Anchal]], [[Kulathupuzha]], [[Madathara]], [[Palode]], [[Vithura]], [[Aryanadu]], [[Vellarada]] etc. This highway will pass through 13 out of the 14 districts in Kerala state. Between [[Kannur district|Kannur]] and [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] districts, this highway will have two parallel routes, one through [[Wayanad district]] and another through [[Kozhikode district]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/Hill-highway-to-boost-Keralas-rural-economy/article20265700.ece|title=Hill highway to boost Kerala's rural economy|website=@businessline|date=26 January 2005 }}</ref>

Development of highway-59 in Kerala is proposed in two phases. First phase involved selection of most feasible route between [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] and [[Palakkad]] Districts. The [[National Transportation Planning and Research Centre]](NATPAC) has already undertaken detailed investigation and finalised the alignment for Phase I of Hill Highway. Implementation of the same is in progress in the northern region of [[Kerala]]. In the second stage possible alternative routes for developing into Hill Highway between [[Palakkad]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] Districts are identified. Field studies and environmental screening of the project were completed and NATPAC submitted the report to Government on 21-05-2009. Government have approved the alignment on 6-7-2009 and issued Government order vide GO (MS) No.44/2009/PWD dated 6-7-2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/sep/23/dpr-of-hill-highway-likely-in-3-months-520718.html|title=DPR of hill highway likely in 3 months|website=The New Indian Express|date=23 September 2013 }}</ref> It is also called as "Kerala's Spice route"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Alignment-for-hill-highway-finalised/article16605640.ece|title=Alignment for hill highway finalised|newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 May 2009|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Complete alignment==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
|'''Sl.No'''
|'''District'''
|'''Alignment'''
|'''Length'''
|'''Remarks'''
|-
|1
|[[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
|'''Stretch 1''' '''Nandarapadav - Chevar'''
[[Nandarapadav]], Sunkathakatte, [[Paivalike]], Chevar

'''Stretch 2''' '''Chevar - Edapparambu'''

Chevar, [[Angadimogaru]], [[Puthige, Kasaragod|Puthige]], Idiyadukka ([[Perla, Kasaragod|Perla]]), [[Badiyadka]], [[Mulleria, Kasaragod|Mulleria]], Padiyathadukka, Athanadi, Edapparamba

'''Stretch 3''' '''Edapparambu - [[Kolichal]]'''

Edapparamba, Pandi, Pallanchi, Sankarambadi, [[Paduppu]], [[Bandadka]], Manadukkam, [[Kolichal]]

'''Stretch 4''' '''[[Kolichal]] - District boundary near [[Cherupuzha (Kannur)|Cherupuzha.]]'''

[[Kolichal]], Pathinettam Mile, Chully, [[Malom]], [[Chittarikkal]]
|128 km
|
|-
|2
|Kannur
|[[Cherupuzha (Kannur)|Cherupuzha]]. [[Manjakad]], [[Alakode, Kannur district|Alakode]], [[Karuvanchal]], [[Thavukunnu]], [[Naduvil]], [[Chemperi]], [[Payyavoor]], [[Ulikkal]], [[Vallithode]], [[Anappanthy]], [[Karikkottakary]], [[Edoor]], [[Aralam]], [[Kappukadavu]], [[Perumbunna]], [[Madapurachal]], [[Manathana]], [[Kanichar]], [[Kelakam, India|Kelakam]], [[Kottiyoor]], [[Ambayathode]], Boy's Town (continues to [[Wayanad district]])
|109 km
|
|-
|3
|Kozhikode
| '''Stretch 1''' Chunkakutty - Kakkadampoyil

Thottilppalam, Mullankunnu, Chavaramuzhi Bridge, Peruvannamuzhi, Chakkittapara, Koorachundu, Kallanod, Thalayad, Kattippara, Malapuram, Kodanchery, Nellipoyil, Pulloorampara, Koodaranji, Kakkadampoyil

'''Stretch 2''' Marippuzha - Pulloorampara

Wayanad Tunnel - Muthappanpuzha - Anakkampoyil - Pulloorampara
|110 km
|
|-
|4
|Wayanad
|'''Stretch 1''' Boy's Town, [[Mananthavady]], [[Panamaram]], [[Kalpetta]], [[Meppadi]], Kalladi Wayanad Tunnel

'''Stretch 2''' Boy's Town - Valad - Niravilpuzha - Pakramthalam Churam
|96 km
|-
|5
|Malappuram
| Akampadam, [[Nilambur]], Pookkottumpadam, Kalikavu, Karuvarakundu,Melattur, Ucharakkadavu
|101 km
|
|-
|6
|Palakkad
| Kanjirampara, Alanallur, Bheemanad, Kottopadam, Kumaram, Puttur, Mannarkadu, Chandranagar (Palakkad Town), Kalligal, Puthunagaram, Kollenkode, Nenmara, Vadakkenchery
|130 km
|
|-
|7
|Thrissur
|[[Pattikkad, Thrissur|Pattikkad]], [[Vilangannoor]], [[Mannamangalam]], [[Pulikkanny]], [[Palappilly]], [[Nayattukundu]], [[Vellikulangara]], [[Randukai]], [[Athirappilly|Vettilappara]]
|60 km
|
|-
|8
|Ernakulam
|[[Vettilappara]], Adivaram, Kadappara, Ellithodu, Chettinada, Pannamkuzhi, Payal, Kottapadi, Chelladu, Ughipara, [[Nadukani]], [[Neriamangalam]], Arrammile Elamblassery
|104 km
|
|-
|9
|[[Idukki]]
|Kurathikudi, Perubankuth, [[Mankulam (Kerala)|Mankulam]], Kallar, Eruttukanam, Kunjithanni, [[Rajakkad]], [[Thinkalkadu]], Myladumpara, [[Nedumkandam]], Puliyanmala, [[Kattappana]], [[Elappara]], [[Kuttikkanam]], [[Mundakayam]]
|166 km
|
|-
|10
|Kottayam
|[[Mundakayam]], [[Erumely]], [[Placheri]]
|24 km
|
|-
|11
|Pathanamthitta
| [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]], [[Kumbazha]], [[Konni, India|Konni]], [[Koodal]]
|46 km
|
|-
|12
|[[Kollam district|Kollam]]
|[[Pathanapuram]], [[Piravanthoor]], [[Punalur]], [[Karavaloor]], [[Anchal]], [[Kulathupuzha]], [[Madathara]],
|64 km
|
|-
|13
|Thiruvananthapuram
|[[Madathara]], [[Palode]], [[Thennoor|Thenoor]], [[Vithura]], [[Aryanadu|Aryanad]], [[Kuttichal]], [[Amboori]], [[Vellarada]], [[Karakonam|Karakkonam]], [[Parassala]]

|75 km
|
|}

== History ==
The idea of a hill highway through [[Kasaragod district]](then part of [[Kannur district]]) and nearby districts hill areas to improve market access of farmers was first mooted by ''Joseph Kanakamotta'' who formed Kasaragod District Hill Area Development Committee. He proposed the plan for a hill highway in 1960 and it didn't receive much support at initial years. In the District Development Council meeting held at Kannur in 1966 first approval for the project came through. In 1987 there was an announcement abandoning the project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DPR of hill highway likely in 3 months|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/sep/23/dpr-of-hill-highway-likely-in-3-months-520718.html|access-date=2020-12-29|website=The New Indian Express|date=23 September 2013 }}</ref> However the [[Government of Kerala]] approved the project and funds were allocated for the same in 2005 and the same year on 17 January 2005, then [[Chief minister of Kerala]] [[Oommen Chandy]] inaugurated the first phase of the project between Kasaragod and Palakkad at a function held in [[Payyavoor]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2020-03-03|title=Joseph Kanakamotta, the man behind hill highway, is no more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/joseph-kanakamotta-the-man-behind-hill-highway-is-no-more/article30966821.ece|access-date=2020-12-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Status of progress ==
Finalizing alignment of the project and getting clearances from forest department faced huge delays. In September 2016 [[Detailed Project Report]] for just 79 km from proposed 1229 km was only completed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hill Highway in Kerala; DPR ready for just 79 kms|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/hill-highway-in-kerala-dpr-ready-for-just-79-kms-english-news-1.1353756|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Mathrubhumi|date=13 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref> The project comprises 40 reaches and in 7 reaches it is planned with less than 12 metre width. As of 2020, works on 21 reaches spread across [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kasaragod district]]s are in progress.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Land takeover makes going tough for highway projects|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/aug/18/land-takeover-makes-going-tough-for-highway-projects-2184776.html|access-date=2020-12-29|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 August 2020 }}</ref>

In March 2020, a 46 km stretch of hill highway in [[Kollam district]] between [[Punalur]] and Agasthyacode (near [[Anchal]]) and between Alencherry (near [[Anchal]]) and Challimukku (near [[Kollayil (village)|Kollayil]] on [[Kollam district|Kollam -]] [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] district border) got completed.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2020-02-15|title=Hill Highway work nearing completion|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hill-highway-work-nearing-completion/article30831738.ece|access-date=2020-12-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2020-03-15|title=Construction of Hill Highway protection walls complete|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/construction-of-hill-highway-protection-walls-complete/article31076429.ece|access-date=2020-12-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In August 2020, works on 35 km stretch of the highway in [[Kozhikode district]] between [[Kodencheri]] and [[Kakkadampoyil]] at a width of 12 m was inaugurated by Minister of Public Works Department. The works are done by [[Uralungal Labour Contract Co-operative Society]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2020-08-11|title=Work on Hill Highway to begin today|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/work-on-hill-highway-to-begin-today/article32321197.ece|access-date=2020-12-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The works on [[Thottilpalam]] - Thalayad stretch is facing opposition from land owners.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jan 28, 2020|title=Hill Highway plan may take off soon {{!}} Kozhikode News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/hill-highway-plan-may-take-off-soon/articleshow/73675550.cms|access-date=2020-12-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Detailed Project Report]] for project in [[Kasaragod district]] was submitted with a length of 128 km through the district in January 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2018-01-04|title=Kasaragod ready with hill highway report|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kasaragod-ready-with-hill-highway-report/article22369482.ece|access-date=2020-12-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As of August 2020, the works in first stretch of the project in [[Kasaragod district]] between Nandarapadavu and Chevar are nearing completion and works on other stretches are in progress.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2020-08-01|title=First stretch of Hill Highway to be opened by August-end|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/first-stretch-of-hill-highway-to-be-opened-by-august-end/article32244521.ece|access-date=2020-12-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The project in district through Pandu Forest near [[Adoor (Kasaragod)]] delayed much due to approval from Forest department.

The works in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] commenced in 2018 at [[Parassala (State Assembly constituency)|Parassala constituency]] in two reaches [[Parassala]] - [[Kudappanamoodu]] Reach 1 and [[Kudappanamoodu]] - Paruthipalli reaches.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Radhakrishnan|first=S. Anil|date=2018-10-15|title=Hill Highway works begin in Thiruvananthapuram|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/hill-highway-works-begin-in-thiruvananthapuram/article25222257.ece|access-date=2020-12-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As of 2020, the works on Reach 1 is stalled and works in Reach 2 is moving in a very slow pace. In 2021 February, the works on 15.7 km Reach-1 between [[Parassala]] - [[Kudappanamoodu]] was re-tendered since the contractor to whom it was awarded initially had died due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=First reach of Parassala-Kallikadu highway inching closer to reality|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/mar/08/first-reach-of-parassala-kallikaduhighway-inching-closer-to-reality-2273610.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=The New Indian Express|date=8 March 2021 }}</ref> The new contract was awarded to [[Uralungal Labour Contract Co-operative Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Survey for tarring first stretch of hill highway begins|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2021/mar/09/survey-for-tarring-first-stretch-of-hill-highway-begins-2274066.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=The New Indian Express|date=9 March 2021 }}</ref> The works on 7.85 km-long [[Kudappanamoodu]] -[[Kallikkad]] stretch and the 3.90 km-long [[Kallikkad]]-Paruthippally stretch commenced simultaneously. By 2023-2024, the stretch between [[Aryanadu]] and [[Parassala]] got completed.

In [[Wayanad district]] as of February 2021, the land acquisition from [[tea estate]]s on a 13 km stretch between [[Meppadi]] and Chooralmala is pending.<ref>{{Cite web|title=എസ്റ്റേറ്റ് ഭൂമി വിട്ടുകിട്ടിയില്ല; മലയോര ഹൈവേ നിര്‍മാണം ഇഴയുന്നു; പ്രതിസന്ധി|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2021/02/22/construction-of-hill-highway-in-wayanad-district.html|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Manoramanews|date=22 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The part of hill highway connecting hill highway of [[Wayanad district]] with [[Malappuram district]] i.e. the Aranappuzha - Munderi stretch passes through forest 7 km of forest land.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Sep 13, 2019|title=Natural calamities likely to affect hill highway project {{!}} Kozhikode News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/natural-calamities-likely-to-affect-hill-highway-project/articleshow/71103251.cms|access-date=2021-03-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> This area is ecologically sensitive and was impacted severely by [[2019 Kerala floods]] and approval from [[Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department|Forest Department]] is still pending in this stretch.<ref>{{Cite web|author=T. P. Nijeesh|date=Mar 20, 2019|title=Wayanad-Nilambur road: Survey of forestland begins {{!}} Kozhikode News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/wayanad-nilambur-road-survey-of-forestland-begins/articleshow/68488883.cms|access-date=2021-03-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Advantages ==
The hill highway can benefit the hilly regions of Kerala immensely. It will help boost [[Tourism in Kerala|tourism]], improve connectivity and transportation, easy market access to farmers from the hilly regions, relief measures during disasters etc.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jan 10, 2017|title=Hill, coastal areas to get better roads {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/hill-coastal-areas-to-get-better-roads/articleshow/56462863.cms|access-date=2021-03-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Though there are apprehensions that this project has ecological impacts, the benefits and value that it brings to people living in high range areas is tremendous.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Work on coastal, hill highways to begin on November 1|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2017/09/12/coastal-hill-highways-to-begin-work-on-november-1.html|access-date=2021-03-12|website=OnManorama}}</ref> In [[Nilambur]] region it will help people access [[Mysore]] bypassing the [[Bandipur National Park|Bandipur night travel ban]] through [[Mananthavady]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-03|title=Why Wayanad is protesting permanent closure of highway through Bandipur Tiger Reserve|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/highway-versus-forest-kerala-karnataka-highway-traffic-ban-6049679/|access-date=2021-03-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Budget support==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No !! Financial Year !! Amount outlay (Rs) !! Amount spend (Rs)<ref>{{Cite web| title=Thirteenth Kerala Legislative Assembly Fifteenth Session | language=ml | url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/session_15/ans/u01384-031215-843000000000-15-13.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001407/http://niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/session_15/ans/u01384-031215-843000000000-15-13.pdf | archive-date=2017-02-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1 || 2012–13 || Nil || Nil
|-
| 2 || 2013–14 || 82.37 lakh || 6.23 cr
|-
| 3 || 2014–15 || 82.37 lakh || 8.98 cr
|-
| 4 || 2015–16 || 9.06 crore || 7.35 cr
|}

==External links==
* {{Cite web| title=Order | language=ml | url=http://keralapwd.gov.in/intranet/compRepository/mediagallery/PublicGO/hill_highway_GO.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721160233/http://keralapwd.gov.in/intranet/compRepository/mediagallery/PublicGO/hill_highway_GO.pdf | archive-date=2011-07-21}}
* [https://www.kiifb.org/includes/fileViewer.jsp?fmde=res&did=329&fname=KIIFB-NL-AUGUST2023-V6.8.pdf&dPrfx=NL KIIFB Newsletter vol. 6.8 - August 2023]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531180530/https://www.kiifb.org/includes/fileViewer.jsp?fmde=res&did=329&fname=KIIFB-NL-AUGUST2023-V6.8.pdf&dPrfx=NL|date=31 May 2025 }}

== See also ==
* [[Thiruvananthapuram–Kasaragod Coastal Highway]]
* [[List of state highways in Kerala]]
* [[Main Central Road]]
*[[Waterways transport in Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala State Highways Network}}
{{osmrelation-inline|5671426}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:State highways in Kerala]]

List of Delhi Public School Society schools

2026-03-28T07:54:40Z

Swebsexilm: cleanup

{{Short description|School society in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=May 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{Weasel|date=September 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}

The '''[[Delhi Public School Society]]''' in [[Delhi]], consists of numerous Society schools. The number of schools has been consistently increasing over six decades. As of October 2024, there are 13 core schools and 218 [[Franchising|franchise]] schools, in the DPS Society.

The official website of DPS Society provides the list of 213 [[Franchising|Franchise]] DPS Schools in [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Public School ociety|url=http://dpsfamily.org/school-in-india.html|access-date=2024-10-18|website=dpsfamily.org}}</ref> and 5 DPS Schools abroad (as of October 2024).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Public School Society|url=http://dpsfamily.org/school-abroad.html|access-date=2024-10-20|website=dpsfamily.org}}</ref>

==Core Schools in India==

As of October 2024, there are 13 original or core branches of [[Delhi Public School]] (DPS). The list of core schools is as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dpsfamily.org/core-school.html |title=List of core schools in the DPS Society |work=Delhi Public School Society |access-date=7 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/education/dps-schools-in-ghaziabad-delhi-ncr |title=9 Schools within 20 kms: The curious case of DPS doppelgangers |work=The Quint |date=5 September 2017 }}</ref>

# [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road]] (Delhi)
# [[Delhi Public School, R. K. Puram]] (Delhi)
# Delhi Public School, Sector-30, Noida (UP)
# [[Delhi Public School, Vasant Kunj]] (Delhi)
# [[Delhi Public School, Faridabad]] (Haryana)
# [[Delhi Public School, Rohini]] (Delhi)
# Delhi Public School, Dwarka (Delhi)
# [[Delhi Public School, Greater Noida]] (UP)
# Delhi Public School, Bulandshahr (UP)
# Delhi Public School, Navi Mumbai
# Delhi Public School International, Saket
# Delhi Public School, Knowledge Park-5
# Delhi Public School, Sector-122, Noida

===DPS Noida===
Delhi Public School, [[Noida]], was set up in 1982 by the DPS Society. It is one of the 13 "Core Schools" under the direct management of the DPS Society. It is located in Sector 30, Noida. It is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] and has Science, Commerce and Humanities streams. Within the streams, subjects ranging from Biotechnology to Entrepreneurship are offered.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} The school occupies 15 acres and the Gandhi park is located in its campus.<ref name="Aman">{{cite web |title=Noida DPS |url=http://www.dpsnoida.co.in/hostel.html |website=www.dpsnoida.co.in |access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref> The DPS Noida hostel, opened in 1995, provides boarding facilities for boys and girls. It has a mess, a common/TV room and gym facilities. It also has various new buildings for the new classes.<ref name="Aman" /> The current principal of the school has also been accused of murdering a member of contractual staff, following an alleged coverup of molestation.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Shikha Salaria|date=Dec 11, 2019 |title=Noida: DPS principal booked for staff murder {{!}} Noida News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/dps-principal-booked-for-staff-murder/articleshow/72463666.cms |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

===DPS Faridabad===
A school located in [[Faridabad]] a satellite town of [[Delhi]]. It was founded on 10 July 1995. It is one of the 13 "Core Schools" under the direct management of the DPS Society. [[DPS Faridabad]] covers an areas of {{convert|8|acre|m2}} and includes a hostel, a playing field, a canteen, an open-air theatre, gardens, and a school building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dpsfbd.com/|title=Delhi Public School, Faridabad|work=dpsfbd.com}}</ref> Today the school enrolls over 10,000 students as day pupils and hostelers, and conducts classes for preschoolers to senior secondary. It also conducts a social responsibility programme called DPS Shiksha Kendra for underprivileged children, who are provided with books, stationery, and uniforms.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbse.nic.in|title=Welcome to Central Board of Secondary Education|work=cbse.nic.in}}</ref>

===DPS Greater Noida===
[[Delhi Public School, Greater Noida]] is located in the Gautam Buddha Nagar district, in Sector - Gamma II, Greater Noida city. The school is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi from class Nursery to XII and is one of the core schools of the Delhi Public School Society. The current principal is Seema Roy.

The school was established in 1998 and Ranjeev Taneja was the founder principal. He is presently the secretary of DPS Society. DPS Greater Noida is divided into three wings: junior, middle and senior school. It has 4900 students (approx.) and 400 faculty members.. DPS Greater Noida is divided into three wings: junior, middle and senior school. {{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

=== DPS Bulandshahr===
Delhi Public school,Areraj was inaugurated in the year 1997. It is one of the 13 "Core Schools" under the direct management of the DPS Society. Affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education, School offers classes from Nursery to class XII.

===DPS Rohini===
[[Delhi Public School, Rohini]] or
DPS Rohini was established on 3 July 1995. It is one of the 13 "Core Schools" under the direct management of the DPS Society.

===DPS Dwarka===
It was established in 1996, and is located in a landscaped campus area of {{convert|10|acre|m2}} at [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]], [[Delhi]]. The school is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] for classes from Nursery to XII. It is one of the 13 "Core Schools" under the direct management of the DPS Society.

The school has facilities for cricket, football, basketball, tennis, badminton,volleyball, table tennis, gym etc. It also has a hostel for the students (boys) belonging to other states.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} The school has over 2,200 students with a staff of 250 teachers.

===DPS Navi Mumbai===
It is one of the 13 "Core Schools" under the direct management of the DPS Society. The school houses more than 3,000 pupils from pre-nursery to XII in its 7.25-acre campus. Some of the pupils have taken part in the Model United Nations circuit, music, dance and other co curricular activities at regional and national levels. In November 2019, pupils from class 9 were selected for an international music competition and visited Germany. It is located next to a holding pond called the DPS Lake which is a hub of migratory birds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dpsnavimumbai.org/ |title=Delhi Public School - Navi Mumbai India |website=dpsnavimumbai.org |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414163445/http://dpsnavimumbai.org/ |archive-date=14 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Franchise schools in India==

As of March 2025, there are 213 schools running under the DPS Society as a [[Franchising|franchise]] in India, and five more abroad. This means these schools are not core schools and are not managed directly by the DPS Society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dpsfamily.org/school-in-india.html |title=List of Franchise Schools under DPS Society |work=DPS Society |access-date=18 October 2024 }}</ref>

===List of franchise schools===
The following schools are part of the [[Delhi Public School Society]] in India. These are not the Core schools, they function as a franchise under the brand name of DPS Society.
* Delhi Public School, Abohar (Punjab)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dps.edu.in|title=Delhi Public School, Abohar|work=dps.edu.in}}</ref>
* Delhi Public School, Agra <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - DPS Agra |url=https://www.dps.ac.in/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=www.dps.ac.in}}</ref>
* Delhi Public School, Ahmedabad<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=Best CBSE School in Ahmedabad, Gujarat {{!}} DPS Bopal |url=https://dpsbopal-ahd.edu.in/ |access-date=2025-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Delhi Public School, Aligarh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpsaligarh.org/dps-aligarh-senior-wing/overview/overview/|title=Chairman DPS Aligarh|work=www.dpsaligarh.org}}</ref>
* Delhi Public School, Ambala, Haryana
* Delhi Public School, Arrah (Bhojpur), Bihar
* Delhi Public School, Asansol, West Bengal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpsasansol.com/|title=DPS-ASANSOL|work=dpsasansol.com}}</ref>
* [[Delhi Public School, Azad Nagar]], Kanpur<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dpsazaadnagar.com|title=DPS Kanpur - Delhi Public School - Azaad Nagar|work=Delhi Public School - Azaad Nagar}}</ref> [[File:DPS Azaad Nagar 01.JPG|thumb|Delhi Public School Azad Nagar]]
* Delhi Public School, Bahadurgarh, Jhajjar, Haryana {{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* Delhi Public School, BALCO, Korba (Chhattisgarh){{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* Delhi Public School, Bangalore East at [[Sulikunte]]
* Delhi Public School, Bangalore E-CITY at [[Electronic City]]
* Delhi Public School, Bangalore North at [[Yelahanka]]
* Delhi Public School, Bangalore West at [[Yeswanthpur]]
* Delhi Public School, Bareilly (UP)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpsbareilly.com/|title=Delhi Public School Bareilly|work=dpsbareilly.com}}</ref>
* [[DPS Barra|Delhi Public School, Barra]], Kanpur<ref>{{cite web|title=DPS Barra - Home|url=http://www.dpsbarra.com/|work=dpsbarra.com}}</ref> [[File:DPSBARRA.png|thumb|Delhi Public School Barra]]
* Delhi Public School, Bathinda, Punjab <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/schools/1716-Delhi-Public-School-Bathinda.aspx |title=Delhi Public School, Bathinda |access-date=31 July 2016 | website=India Study Channel}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* Delhi Public School, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh<ref>{{cite web|title=DPS Bhilai|url=http://www.dpsbhilai.in/|work=dpsbhilai.in}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
* Delhi Public School, Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dpsbilaspur.com/ |title=Delhi Public School Bilaspur |website=www.dpsbilaspur.com |access-date=14 May 2011}}</ref> The founding principal was [[Arun Prakash]].<ref name="induspublicschooljind.net2">{{cite web |url=http://www.induspublicschooljind.net/founder_message.php |title= Indus Public School - introduction|website=www.induspublicschooljind.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006183228/http://www.induspublicschooljind.net/founder_message.php |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="http://www.induseducation.org2">{{cite web|title=Indus Group of Education|url=http://www.induseducation.org/|date=2012-07-21|publisher=Induseducation.org|access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite web|title=Welcome to Indus Institute of Engineering & Technology|url=http://www.iietjind.com/mission.php/|work=iietjind.com|access-date=20 January 2017|archive-date=14 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214013248/http://www.iietjind.com/mission.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Delhi Public School, Bokaro]], Jharkhand<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dpsbokaro.com/dpsn/|title=Home|date=14 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-10 |title=Ranchi girl tops Jharkhand in JEE Advanced examination |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/ranchi-girl-tops-jharkhand-in-jee-advanced-examination/articleshow/110857191.cms |access-date=2024-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Delhi Public School, Budgam, J&K
* Delhi Public School, Chandigarh {{citation needed|date=May 2020}}<ref>{{cite web|title=School Profile|url=http://dpschd.com/about-dps-chandigarh/|work=Delhi Public School, Chandigarh}}</ref>
* Delhi Public School, Chennai (Tamil Nadu){{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* Delhi Public School, Civil Lines, Aligarh <ref>{{Cite web |title=DPS Civil Line |url=https://dpsclalg.org/ |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=dpsclalg.org}}</ref>
* Delhi Public School, Coimbatore {{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
* Delhi Public School, Damanjodi (Odisha){{citation needed|date=May 2020}}[[File:Delhi Public School in Damanjodi.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of DPS Damanjodi]]
* Delhi Public School, Dehradun {{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
* Delhi Public School, Dhaligaon (Assam){{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
* Delhi Public School, Dhanbad (Jharkhand)
* Delhi Public School, Dooars, Ethelbari, [[Alipurduar]], [[West Bengal]]
* Delhi Public School, East - Ahmedabad (Hirapur).{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* Delhi Public School, Etah{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
* Delhi Public School, Firozabad{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
* Delhi Public School, Gurgaon, Sector-45 <ref>{{Cite web |title=DPS Gurgaon |url=https://www.dpsgurgaon.org/|website=dpsgurgaon.org}}</ref>
* Delhi Public School, Haldwani <ref>{{Cite web | title=Delhi Public School Haldwani | url=http://www.dpshld.in/ | access-date=2025-09-13 | website=www.dpshld.in}}</ref>
* Delhi Public School, Hathras <ref>{{Cite web |title=DPS Hathras |url=https://dpshathras.org/ |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=dpshathras.org}}</ref>
* Delhi Public School, Indirapuram, Ghaziabad<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpsindirapuram.com/|title=DPS Indirapuram.|website=www.dpsindirapuram.com|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref>
* Delhi Public School, Jhansi {{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* Delhi Public School, Karnal, Haryana {{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* Delhi Public School, Khajaguda, Hyderabad, Telangana {{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* Delhi Public School, Khurai, Madhya Pradesh
* Delhi Public School, Kollam (Kerala)
* Delhi Public School, Lucknow, Indira Nagar<ref>{{Cite web | title=Ranked Among Best CBSE Schools in Lucknow {{!}} DPS Indira Nagar | url=http://www.dpsindiranagar.com/ | access-date=2025-09-13 | website=www.dpsindiranagar.com}}</ref>
* Delhi Public School, Mahendragarh, Haryana<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpsmahendragarh.com|title=Delhi Public School, Mahendragarh|work=dpsmahendragarh.com}}</ref>
* Delhi Public School, Meerut
* Delhi Public School, Mohali
* Delhi Public School, Nacharam, Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana
* Delhi Public School, Nadergul (Telangana Hyderabad)
* Delhi Public School, Palwal, Haryana
* Delhi Public School, Panvel (Maharashtra)
* Delhi Public School, Rau (MP)<ref name="school">{{cite web|title=CBSE mandatory disclosure|url=http://www.dpsrau.org/cbse_mandatory_disclosure.pdf|publisher=www.dpsrau.org|access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>
* Delhi Public School, Shaheed Path, Lucknow<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dpslko.com:80/index.php|title=Delhi Public School Shaheedpath|website=dpslko.com}}</ref>
* Delhi Public School, South Bangalore at [[Kanakapura]]. Delhi Public School Bangalore South was the first DPS to be established at Bangalore, in 2001.
* Delhi Public School, Sushant Lok (Gurgaon)
* Delhi Public School, Tapi, Surat, Gujarat
* Delhi Public School, Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, Andhra Pradesh
* Delhi Public School, Warangal, Telangana
* Delhi Public School, Rajbagh, Kathua<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpskathua.com|title=Delhi Public School Kathua|website=www.dpskathua.com}}</ref>

=== Delhi Public School, Dooars ===
[[File:DPS, Dooars in 2022.jpg|thumb|Delhi Public School, Dooars in 2022]]
Delhi Public School, Dooars was established in the year 2018. It was built by the guidance of Mr. Kirtan Chhetri who is also the Pro Vice Chairman of the school. The school is located in Ethelbari which comes under the [[Alipurduar]] District of [[West Bengal]]. The school is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] ([[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]), [[New Delhi]], and offers courses in science and commerce streams.

=== Delhi Public School, Haldwani ===
It was established in 2018. It is led by PVC Vivek Agarwal and Principal Ranjana Shahi and is in Rampur Road, [[Haldwani]]. The school is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] ([[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]), [[New Delhi]], and offers courses in Commerce, Science, and Humanities. It has over 1500 students.

===DPS Durg===
DPS Durg is the largest (in terms of built-up area) Delhi Public School in the state of [[Chhattisgarh]] in [[Durg]] district. The campus is home to 3,962 students and has 170 teachers.<ref>dpsdurg.com</ref> Founded in 2003, the school is located on Junwani Road, [[Chhattisgarh]]. The school was founded by industrialist and philanthropist Chaudhary Sri. Mitter Sen Sindhu ( late),<ref name="induspublicschooljind.net2" /> who was the founder of Sindhu Education Foundation, Indus Group of Institutions.<ref name="http://www.induseducation.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.induseducation.org/|title=Indus Group of Education|date=2012-07-21|publisher=Induseducation.org|access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref> and Param Mitra Manav Nirman Sansthan.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.iietjind.com/mission.php/|title=Welcome to Indus Institute of Engineering & Technology|work=iietjind.com|access-date=20 January 2017|archive-date=14 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214013248/http://www.iietjind.com/mission.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===DPS NTPC Korba===
DPS NTPC Korba is one of the satellite schools in the chain of schools run by DPS. This is the first DPS school of the region. This co-educational school was established on 3 July 1985, in collaboration with the public sector, NTPC, which provided the land (15 acres) and assistance in various other matters at its inception. It is one of the two DPS in Korba District, Chhattisgarh. With 204 students on roll in classes VI-IX at the outset, the school has come a long way with a present strength of 2000 from classes Nursery to XII. It has four houses namely- Ganga, Jhelum, Chenab, and Yamuna.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

===DPS Durgapur===
Delhi Public School Durgapur is situated in Bidhannagar, [[Durgapur]], West Bengal, and started in 2012. The school follows the CBSE curriculum. It has air-conditioned hostel facilities. It is one of the best schools in Durgapur. It is a sister school of DPS Ruby Park, Kolkata.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

===DPS Digboi===
The school is located at a landscaped area of 19 acres in [[Digboi]], Assam. It was opened in 1996 and is a joint venture between [[Indian Oil Corporation Limited]] and Delhi Public School Society. The school has a separate hostel for both boys and girls. The institution is presently headed by Mr. V.K. Chandel.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

===DPS Duliajan===
DPS [[Duliajan]] was set up in 2000. Today, it is a co-educational school. The school is a joint venture between [[Oil India|OIL]] and DPS Society.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

===DPS Farakka===
[[File:Delhi Public School, N.T.P.C. Farakka,.jpg|thumb|Delhi Public School, NTPC Farakka]]
A private [[co-educational]] day school located inside the [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] TTS Township in [[Farakka]], [[West Bengal]]. It is run by the Delhi Public School Society with funding from NTPC, Farakka.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} It was the first Delhi Public School to be established in West Bengal after being taken over by the DPS society in 1992 from Nabarun Point English Medium School. Mr. Sunil Sinha Roy was the first principal of the school, who along with the General Manager of NTPC, FSTPP Mr. G.S.Sohal laid the foundation for this school. The school is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] ([[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]), [[New Delhi]], and offers courses in commerce and science. It enrolls over 1,500 pupils ranging from Standard I to Standard XII.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}. The school has a 5-acre campus and is well connected to the nearby townships. The NTPC management provides school buses for all of its employees' children. The [[Farakka Barrage]] Project management also provides buses.

The school inherited the Nabarun Point Building in 1992. There is an auditorium. From the end of 2017 a new building is used.

===DPS Fulbari,Siliguri===

It is affiliated with [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]. It is located in [[Phulbari, Jalpaiguri|Phulbari]] near the [[India-Bangladesh border|Bangladesh Border]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Garhpar===
DPS operates on the franchise model. There are three DPS schools in Garhpar - DPS North, DPS South and DPS East. They are owned mostly by the family of its founder, a leading politician. All three branches are built in the rural outskirts. It has international exchanges with other schools in Germany etc. A peace connect program has been established with Roots International in [[Islamabad]], Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

One new DPS school at Whitefield, Garhpar, started in 2011. It is run by a different trust but it belongs to the DPS family in Delhi.

===DPS Gurdaspur===
It was established in 2011. The school follows a CCE (Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation) method to evaluate the results. It has archery, badminton, basketball, football, a swimming pool, roller skating, tennis, and table tennis facilities.

=== Delhi Public School Gurgaon, Sector-45 ===
It was established in 2002. It is led by respected principal Aditi Misra and is located in Sector 45, Block C, Uday Nagar, [[Gurgaon]]. The school is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] ([[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]), [[New Delhi]], and offers courses in Commerce, Science, and Humanities. It has over 5,000 pupils and a dedicated faculty of 500 plus. There are three school buildings spread over the city, Infant Wing (Infant to Nursery grades), Primary Wing (Prep to III grade) and Senior Wing (IV to XII grades).

===DPS Gandhidham===
Established in 2005–06, Harsh Wal was the founder and principal of DPS Gandhidham.

===DPS Guwahati===
Started on 21 April 2003,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dpsguwahati.org/about_us.php|title=Delhi Public School Official Page|website=dpsguwahati.org}}</ref> this school had more than 1,200 students on the first day of the opening. Arun Prakash was the founder principal and Anant Barjatiya was the founder PVC under the leadership of DPS Society Chairman Sri Nrendra Kumar. It has an area of 24 acres and is currently the oldest-running school under the aegis of the DPS Society in Guwahati.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} It is one of the 11 "Core Schools" under the direct management of the DPS Society.

===DPS Gwalior===
Established in July 2006, it consists of three buildings for Juniors, Seniors, and one activity building, one Multipurpose Hall. It is located on the outskirts of the city of Gwalior in Rairu. Sunil Bhalla has been the Principal of the school since its inception. The school has about 1,750 pupils, a staff of 150, and is spread over 12 acres. The school offers streams of science and commerce. The students are divided into four houses: Ganga, Yamuna, Narmada and Kaveri.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} There are 3 DPS schools in Gwalior: DPS Rairu, DPS Morar and DPS Malanpur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpsmalanpur.com/|title=DPS Malanpur, Gwalior - Best CBSE School in Gwalior for Boys & Girls|work=dpsmalanpur.com}}</ref>

===DPS Hapur===
Established in 2004 at [[Preet Vihar]], Uttar Pradesh, the school has 2500 pupils. The founder of the school was S.L. Dhawan and is affiliated to CBSE board, Delhi.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} The school has Junior and Senior wings and an open-air theatre for school functions. The school is situated 3 km away from Hapur.

===DPS Haridwar===
The school was established in 1977. It was the first ever venture of DPS Society outside Delhi. The school has five wings: the pre-primary wing, the primary wing, the junior wing, middle wing and the senior wing. A notable alumni is actor Shriya Saran and Dr. Kriti Khurana. The school occupies 60 acres in the foothills of the [[Shivalik Range]], with the [[Ganges]] flowing in the vicinity. It is a co-educational, English-medium school affiliated to CBSE. There are 3,600 pupils. The school provides education to children from Prep-Jr. to Class XII, offering Science, Commerce and Humanities streams at +2 level. It has extended its building structure and has a national cricket ground. It is divided into 6 housesbased on 'rivers'. There are 6 houses - Ravi(Orange), Chenab(Yellow), Satluj(Green),
6 Yamuna(Red), Ganga(Blue) and Jhelum(Purple). The current principal of this school is Dr. Anupam Jagga.

===DPS Harni===
It was established in April 2006, in [[Harni]], [[Vadodara]]. A. K. Sinha, the former Principal of DPS Vadodara, was instrumental in setting up the school.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Howrah===
It is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]. It is located near [[Makardaha railway station|Makardaha Station]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Indore===
It was established in July 2003. The campus is spread over 21 acres. The school has been crowned as 'Dream School' by the government of [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Jammu===
[[Delhi Public School, Jammu|Delhi Public School Jammu]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was established in 1998 by [[Ajatshatru Singh]] as the first branch of Delhi Public School Society.

===DPS Jodhpur===
The beginning of Delhi Public School Jodhpur dates back to 1998 when [[D.R. Mehta]], the Chairman of SEBI, encouraged Dinesh Chaman Kothari to open an educational institution for the children of [[Jodhpur]]. The DPS Society provided the motivation and guidance to Kothari. DPS Jodhpur is promoted by Shugan Chandra Kothari Trust and managed by Delhi Public School Society, and became functional on 20 April 1998 at Ratanada with 280 children enrolled initially. The institution offered a [[comprehensive education]] for the school children and to its own building at Pal in 2001. The school occupies 15 acres and houses more than 5000 pupils.

===DPS Jaipur===
DPS Jaipur is one of the largest branches of DPS. The campus is located {{convert|15|km}} away from the city on {{convert|20|acre|m2}} of land. The Delhi Public School Jaipur has one wing (nursery to 12th) in [[Bhankrota]] and a primary wing (nursery to eighth) is located in Vidyadhar Nagar. The school started with 197 pupils in the first year of admissions; {{As of|2020|alt="as of 2020}}, it has 5,000 pupils.

===DPS Kalyanpur===
{{Main|Delhi Public School, Kalyanpur}}
Delhi Public School [[Kalianpur|Kalyanpur]], [[Kanpur]], was established in 2002. At the class XI and XII level, the school offers three streams – Science, Commerce and Humanities. The school has about 8,000 pupils and is the biggest school in Kanpur in area. It facilitates include the study foreign language such as Japanese, French, German and Urdu.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Kalinga===
DPS Kalinga is the second DPS in the eastern state of [[Odisha]] after DPS Nalconagar, [[Angul]]. It was founded in 2003 by Odisha Stevedores Limited Managing Director Mahimananda Mishra. The founding principal was Manisha Mitra.

===DPS Kollam===
DPS Kollam, the first DPS in the Indian state of [[Kerala]], was established in 2019 at Meeyannoor near [[Adichanalloor]], 18 km away from [[Kollam]]. It is a co-educational, residential-cum-day-boarding school offering a daycare facility.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Kurukshetra===
DPS Kurukshetra is the DPS in the Northern Indian state of [[Haryana]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===Delhi Public School Maruti Kunj, Gurgaon===

Delhi Maruti Kunj, established in 1995, is a day school offering a campus spread over 13 acres in the Aravali Hills. DPS Maruti Kunj was started when automobile-maker [[Maruti Udyog Limited]] joined with the DPS Society to create the school.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} DPS Maruti Kunj is the oldest DPS in Gurgaon. The school started with Mr. Stalin Malhotra as the principal; it began with 350 pupils and 35 staff members. By 2020, the school had 3,500 pupils, more than 150 teachers and around 50 other staff members.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} The school is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===Delhi Public School Megacity, Kolkata===
Delhi Public School Megacity was established in 2004, with the first classes starting on April 25, 2004, in [[Kolkata]]. It is the only DPS other than Delhi Public School Newtown, Kolkata, in India to be affiliated to the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|Council for the Indian School Certificate Educations (CISCE)]]. It is an [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] 9001:2015 and 14001:2015 & British Council International School Award ([[International School Award|ISA]]) Certified School.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

=== Delhi Public School Newtown, Kolkata ===
Delhi Public School Newtown was established on 25 April 2005. It has a 12- acre campus and is situated in [[New Town, Kolkata|Newtown]], 3.6 km away from Delhi Public School Megacity. Affiliated to [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|Council for the Indian School Certificate Educations (CISCE)]], the school is known for its consistent academic excellence,<ref>{{Cite document |title=DPS ISC and ICSE Results 2022 |publisher=Delhi Public School Newtown}}

[https://dpsnewtownkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/DPS-ISC-and-ICSE-results-2022.pdf DPS ISC and ICSE Results 2022]</ref><ref>{{Cite document |title=DPS Newtown Result 2023 |publisher=Delhi Public School Newtown}}

[https://dpsnewtownkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/DPS-ISC-and-ICSE-results-2023.pdf DPS-ISC-and-ICSE-results-2023.]</ref><ref>{{Cite document |title=DPS Newtown Result 2024 |publisher=Delhi Public School Newtown}}

[https://dpsnewtownkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/DPS-Result-2024-Final.pdf DPS Result 2024]</ref><ref>{{Cite document |title=DPSN-ISC-ICSE-Examinations-Result-2025 |publisher=Delhi Public School Newtown}}

[https://dpsnewtownkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/DPSN-ISC-ICSE-Examinations-Result-2025.pdf Result 2025]</ref> DPS Newtown have won the [[Institute of Hotel Management|IIHM]] Award for Excellence in Academics at The Telegraph School Awards in 2018<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://dpsnewtownkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/iihm-award.pdf | title=The IIHM Award for Excellence in Academics (ICSE & ISC) | website=dpsnewtownkolkata.com}}</ref> and 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DN_R9OFDQX4/?img_index=5|title=Instagram|website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> The school has six houses, named after prominent rivers of India. They are Brahmaputra, Narmada, Ganga, Godavari, Teesta and Indus.

===Delhi Public School, Nacharam===
Established in 1947. Currently has strength of 69000 students. It is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] and [[Cambridge Assessment International Education|Cambridge International]]. The school also caters to CBSE-I.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbse-international.com/cbse-iportal/auth/ |title=CBSE-I Portal : Log in |work=cbse-international.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427042603/http://www.cbse-international.com/cbse-iportal/auth/ |archive-date=27 April 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> The pupils are divided among four houses: Emerald (green), Ruby (red), Sapphire (blue), Topaz (yellow). The school organises training for various National and International entrance examinations such as SAT, ISEET, NEET, and CPT. The School has a Cricket Ground, a Football Ground, a Skating Rink, Two Swimming Pools, Two Basketball Courts, a Volleyball Court along with a Five-Courted Indoor Badminton Stadium. Students take part in competitions in music and dance, hosted by member DPSes. The School also has an contemporary Art Gallery "Varnalepana". The students also participate in sporting events at district, state, and national arenas.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Nalconagar, Angul===
DPS Nalconagar established in 1984 and was sponsored by [[National Aluminium Company|National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO)]], and is the third satellite school to be set up under the aegis of Delhi Public School Society. Situated around 130 km away from [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha, the school occupies 30 acres of land with a multi purpose hall, auditorium, library, laboratories and playing fields.<ref>{{cite web |title=:::: Welcome to Delhi Public School, Nalconagar, Angul |url=https://dpsnalconagar.org/ |access-date=13 January 2023 |work=dpsnalconagar.org}}</ref> The school has witnessed many developmental works, including the construction of a new block.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Nazira===
Established in collaboration with [[ONGC]] in its township [[Nazira]].

===DPS Nigahi===

Established in 1998 in collaboration with Northern Coalfield Limited (NCL) in Nigahi District-Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh.

===DPS Numaligarh===
Located at [[Numaligarh]], in Golaghat district, [[Assam]], it was established in September 1997 and is a Central Board Secondary Education linked school. There are synthetic tennis courts, basketball courts, football grounds, and horse stables.

===DPS Ludhiana===
The school was the third initiative of the Takshila Educational Society. It was established in 2004 and is a collaborative effort with the Delhi Public Schools Society, which is one of the largest chains of CBSE schools in India. DPS Ludhiana is affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi and offers schooling from Nursery to Class XII.

===DPS Khanna===
DPS Khanna is located in [[Ikolahi]] village near [[Khanna, Ludhiana|Khanna]]. Being affiliated to CBSE, it offers schooling from nursery to XII.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DPS-KHANNA|url=https://www.dpskhanna.com/|access-date=2020-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref> DPS Khanna provides 3 streams in XI and XII - Science, Humanities and Commerce. It has four houses- Falcons, Panthers, Stallions and Tuskers.

It provides various sports ranging from Swimming, lawn tennis to Horse Riding and Golf to Football, Basketball and Volleyball. It also has indoor games like Billiards. Delhi Public School Khanna is a well known name in Punjab MUN Circuit and in sports.

===DPS Mathura Refinery Nagar, Mathura===
Mathura Refinery had decided to invite Delhi Public School under which was running under the prestigious Delhi Public School Society, New Delhi to open its branch in Mathura Refinery Nagar to provide good qualities of education as demanded by the employees of [[Indian Oil Corporation]] for the welfare of their wards. The School was established on 12 August 1986 with the collaboration of Delhi Public Society & [[Mathura Refinery]]. Earlier to this the above school had been run by the ladies club of Mathura Refinery.

===DPS Pinjore===
[[File:DPS Pinjore Building.jpg|thumb|DPS Pinjore Building]]
Delhi Public School, Pinjore, is a day-cum-boarding school branch of the DPS Society. It has children from a few countries studying in its {{convert|12|acre|m2|adj=on}} campus.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Panipat City===
It is situated 15 km from [[Panipat City]], in Samalkha Up town.

===DPS Panipat Refinery===
DPS Panipat Refinery was established as an [[English medium education|English-medium]] [[co-educational]] school in 1998. It was set up as a joint venture of the DPS Society and [[Panipat Refinery|IOCL Panipat Refinery]], primarily to provide education to the employees of Panipat Refinery.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Paradip Refinery===
[[File:DPS Paradip Refinery.jpg|thumb|DPS Paradip Refinery Building in 2017]]
DPS Paradip Refinery is an [[English medium education|English medium]] [[co-educational]] school situated in [[Paradip]], [[Odisha]]. The school was established on 1 April 2014 as a joint venture with DPS Society and [[Paradip Refinery|IOCL Paradip Refinery]]. It successfully got its affiliation to [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] in 2015 and is situated inside the [[Indian Oil Corporation]]'s [[Paradip Refinery#IOCL Paradip Refinery Township|Paradip Refinery Township]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SCHOOL PROFILE – Delhi Public School |url=https://dpsparadip.edu.in/about-us/school-profile/ |access-date=2022-10-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===DPS Patna===
{{main|Delhi Public School, Patna}}
The first initiative of Takshila Educational Society. It was established in 1998 and is a collaborative effort with the Delhi Public Schools Society, which is one of the largest chains of CBSE schools in India. DPS Patna is affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi and offers schooling from Nursery to Class XII.

{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Patna East===
Delhi Public School, Patna east, Patna (Bihar). It is an initiative by Sanskriti Global Educational Trust. It was inaugurated in 2020 and is the second Dps to be established in Patna. It is affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- SARAS |url=https://saras.cbse.gov.in/saras/AffiliatedList/AfflicationDetails/331171 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=saras.cbse.gov.in}}</ref>

Dps Patna East is situated near the [[Punpun River|Punpun]] river and NH-31.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11j1pff2bk&q=Delhi+Public+School+Patna+East |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.google.com}}</ref> It has a 17-acre campus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=East |first=Dps Patna |title=Campus Facilities |url=https://dpspatnaeast.com/campus-facilities/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=DPS Patna East |language=en-US}}</ref> It has boarding facility with options like weekly boarding and full time boarding.<ref>{{Cite web |last=East |first=Dps Patna |title=Boarding |url=https://dpspatnaeast.com/boarding |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=DPS Patna East |language=en-US}}</ref>

===DPS Pune===
{{Infobox school
| name = Delhi Public School
| motto = ''Service Before Self''
| established = 2003
| type = Private K-12 school
| grades = Nursery - 12
| head_label = Officiating principal
| head = Amita Singh
| city = Pune
| state = Maharashtra
| country = India
| enrollment =
| faculty = {{circa|300}}{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}
| teaching_staff =
| website = {{URL|www.dpspune.com/}}
}}

'''Delhi Public School Pune''', commonly known as '''DPS Pune''', is a senior secondary school in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India. It offers schooling from Nursery to Class 12.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} Established in 2003, the school is a collaboration between [[Delhi Public School Society]] and the Takshila Education Society.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Public School to open base in Pune |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune-times/Delhi-Public-School-to-open-base-in-Pune/articleshow/17090778.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 July 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Takshila plans school project in Pune |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/09/05/stories/2002090500521700.htm |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=5 September 2002 }}</ref>

Delhi Public School, Pune has affiliation with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], based in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pune CBSE students do well in commerce|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-24/pune/29577120_1_science-faculty-commerce-faculty-commerce-students |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202210513/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-24/pune/29577120_1_science-faculty-commerce-faculty-commerce-students |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 May 2011 }}</ref>

The motto of the school is "Service Before Self". It is located in Nyati County.

Delhi Public School [[Hinjewadi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Neha |date=2023-08-09 |title=DPS Hinjawadi, Pune: Pioneering Quality Education and Unlimited Possibilities |url=https://pune.news/education/dps-hinjawadi-pune-pioneering-quality-education-and-unlimited-possibilities-54052/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=PUNE NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> is now operational.

===DPS Palasa===
Delhi Public School, Palasa located in [[Srikakulam]] district of Andhra Pradesh was established in 2018 and is affiliated to Delhi Public Schools Society. DPS Palasa is affiliated to CBSE and offers schooling from LKG to Vth.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

=== DPS Raipur ===
DPS Raipur,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Public School, Raipur |url=http://www.dpsraipur.in/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=www.dpsraipur.in}}</ref> situated on the outskirts of Raipur city under the aegis of DPS Society Delhi. It was awarded Best Co-Ed Day School In [[Chhattisgarh]] 2021–22.

===DPS Ranchi===
{{main|Delhi Public School, Ranchi}}
[[File:Delhi Public School, Ranchi.JPG|thumb|The senior wing building of Ranchi]]
Delhi Public School, (Ranchi) was established on 17 July 1989. The school is a co-educational English-medium Senior Secondary School recognized by the Directorate of Education and affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] under All India 10+2 pattern in both science and commerce streams.<ref>{{Cite web | title=DPS Ranchi {{!}}{{!}} Home | url=http://www.dpsranchi.com/ | access-date=2025-09-13 | website=www.dpsranchi.com}}</ref>

===DPS Rampurhat===
This school was opened in 2022.

===DPS Rourkela===
{{main|Delhi Public School, Rourkela}}
Delhi Public School Rourkela was established in 1993. DPS Rourkela is in [[Sundergarh]] [[Odisha]]. It is situated in [[Rourkela]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Ruby Park, Kolkata===
DPS Ruby Park was established in 2003 and is a co-educational school and affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]. It is the first DPS in [[Kolkata]]. The school is located at Shanti Pally in Kolkata, and occupies two campuses. DPS Junior Wing and DPS Senior Wing is from class II to XII, which is in Kasba Rathtala (near Acropolis Mall) .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpskolkata.com/|title=Welcome to Delhi Public School Ruby Park, Kolkata|work=Delhi Public School Ruby Park, Kolkata}}</ref> There are six houses: Jhelum, Kaveri, Teesta, Ganga, Chenab and Narmada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpskolkata.com/|title=Delhi Public School Ruby Park | First & Best DPS in Kolkata | Established in 2003|date=17 September 2022}}</ref>

===DPS Sangrur, Punjab===
Delhi Public School Sangrur was established in 2013. The school is a co-educational English-medium Senior Secondary School recognized by the Directorate of Education Punjab and affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] under All India 10+2 pattern in both science and commerce streams. It is one of the first Smart [[School]]s in the area with all classes as smart classes. It has a library with 5,000 books and a swimming pool. The pupil population is over 1,000.

===Delhi Public School, Secunderabad, Diamond point===
DPS Bowenpally, Secunderabad (Hyderabad) is affiliated to CBSE and was established in 2003. It offers education from nursery to class 10.

===DPS Servodaya Nagar===
[[File:Delhi Public School Servodaya Nagar.JPG|thumb|Delhi Public School Servodaya Nagar]]
{{main|Delhi Public School, Servodaya Nagar}}

Delhi Public School Servodaya Nagar was established in 1997. It was the first Delhi Public School in [[Kanpur]]. It is a Primary School having classes from Play Group to Class V. . DPS Azaad Nagar (under the aegis of Delhi Public School Society, New Delhi and affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi) was established in 2004 as the senior and full-fledged wing of DPS Servodaya Nagar.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Siliguri===
It is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]. It is located in Darjeeling Road, Dagapur in [[Siliguri]]. It has hostel facilities. It is the first DPS school in North Established in 2003 {{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===Delhi Public School, Sonepat===
Established in 2005, DPS Sonepat is a CBSE board school situated in Khewra, Sonepat (NCR Delhi). It offers education from nursery to 12th class in air-conditioned classrooms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dps.in/ |title=Delhi Public School, Sonepat |publisher=Dps.in |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref> Ranjoo Mann, a national award-winning educationalist is the Pro-Vice Chairperson of DPS Sonepat.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} DPS Sonepat is a residential school that occupies 17 acres.

===DPS South Kolkata===
Established in 2013, the school is located in Gazipur, [[Bakrahat]] in the outskirts of Kolkata.It is one of the best schools located in the South Kolkata Region. It is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]. It offers education from Nursery 1 to class 12.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Srinagar===

Delhi Public School, Srinagar is a co-educational senior secondary school in Athwajan in the [[Srinagar]] district of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title=J&K government claims 80% attendance in rural schools |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article798702.ece |work=The Hindu |date=27 September 2010 }}</ref> Established on 10 March 2003, the school is affiliated with the [[Delhi Public School Society]] and the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE).<ref name="dpssrinagar.com">{{Cite web|url=https://dpssrinagar.com/school/|title=About Us - Delhi Public School Srinagar}}</ref> The school is run by the D.P. Dhar Memorial Trust and was started on 10 March 2003. The school is located on {{convert|12|acre|m2}} of land with more than 5,500 students and 550 staff. DPS Srinagar has classes from L.K.G. to 12th. Each classes has nine sections from A to I.

The school was founded in the year 2003 and the classes started in March 2003, when the CBSE<ref name="dpssrinagar.com"/> session starts. Initially the school was only from Class 1st to Class 6.

===DPS Surat===
DPS Surat School is a school in [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]]. Its curriculum is centred on the syllabus prescribed by the NCERT/CBSE. It was founded by Mr. Pawan Kumar Jhunjhunwala. The school is divided into four blocks, all of which have their separate facilities: Protos (Pre-Primary - Pre-Nursery to 2), Deuteros (Primary - 3 to 6), Tritos (Secondary - 7 to 10) and Eschatos (Senior Secondary - 11 and 12). As of curricular year 2022–23, there are 10 classes in each of 3, 4, and 5; 9 classes in 6; and 8 classes in each of 7, 8, 9, and 10: giving a total of nearly 2120 students in just the Deuteros and Tritos blocks. The students are divided into four houses, each represented after a mythical creature.
 
{{color box| red}} Dragon: ''Veritas vos libera bit.'' (Lat.: The truth will set you free.)
 
{{color box| orange}} Phoenix: ''Per ardua ad astra.'' (Lat.: Through struggle to the stars.)
 
{{color box| yellow}} Gryphon: ''Fortes fortuna adiuvat.'' (Lat.: [[Fortuna|Fortune]], goddess of luck, favors the brave.)
 
{{color box| blue}} Unicorn: ''Honor virtutis praemium.'' (Lat.: Honour is the reward of virtue.)
 
Interhouse competitions are often held, for example, a [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] (Gujarati Folk Dance) Competition and a [[Rangoli]] Competition.<ref name="dpssurat.net">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpssurat.net/|title=Delhi Public School Surat - Home|website=www.dpssurat.net}}</ref>

===DPS Gurugram Sushant Lok===
Set in the heart of Gurugram on a 5-acre campus, Delhi Public School Sushant Lok was commissioned in April 2005 under the leadership of Ms Meenakshi Singh, educationist and Mr N.K Singh, academician, Indian economist, policymaker and parliamentarian. Established under the aegis of Delhi Public School, Society, it has been recognized by the Directorate of Education, Haryana with affiliation to the Central Board of Secondary Education.

===DPS Udaipur===
Delhi Public School, Udaipur, is located a short distance from [[Udaipur|Udaipur City]] centre in the [[Aravali hills]]. The school offers day boarding and full boarding facilities in a {{convert|22|acre|m2|adj=on}} campus. It was established on 25 April 2007.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Vadodara===
The school was started in April 2003 at [[Kalali, Vadodara|Kalali]] in [[Vadodara]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://wikimapia.org/1065977/Delhi-Public-School-Vadodara | title=Delhi Public School, Vadodara (Vadodara) | website=www.wikimapia.org}}</ref> The campus is 3,00,000 sq. ft. The school produced the All-India CBSE Humanities topper Astha Sethi in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-30 |title=Vadodara girl tops CBSE exam in humanities |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/vadodara-girl-tops-cbse-exam-in-humanities/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The school opened another branch in the green suburb of Harni in Vadodara. The school is headed by Principal Dr. A. K. Sinha.

===DPS Vasant Kunj===
{{main|Delhi Public School Vasant Kunj}}

Delhi Public School Vasant Kunj was established in 1991 by the DPS Society. It is one of the 11 "Core Schools" under the direct management of the DPS Society. The founding principal is Vinay Kumar. DPS VK has a staff of 205 teachers at the senior and junior level and enrolled with 4,000 pupils.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

=== DPS Vidyut Nagar ===
Delhi Public School NTPC Vidyut Nagar was established in 1988 by the DPS Society. DPS VN has a staff of 100 teachers at the senior and junior level and enrolled with 1,500 pupils.

=== DPS Vijaipur ===
DPS Vijaipur is a co-educational school. It was founded by the Fertilizer Minister Shri. R. Prabhu in 1985. The school is within the premises of [[National Fertilizers Limited]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Vijayapura (Bijapur), Karnataka===
{{Infobox school
| name = Delhi Public School
| motto = ''Service Before Self''
| established = 2021
| type = Private
| grades = Nursery - VII
| head_label = Officiating Principal
| head = Neetan Thakur
| city = Vijayapura (Bijapur)
| state = Karnataka
| country = India
| enrollment =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| website = {{URL|www.dpsvijayapura.com/}}
}}
'''Delhi Public School Vijayapura ( Bijapur)''' have a Campus area of 32,374 sq. m. with well equipped Modern Infrastructure. The school is in collaboration between [[Delhi Public School Society]] and the Daksha Educational Trust Society. The school is situated at Shirdi Sai Nagar, Atalatti road [[Bijapur]]-586125,[[Karnataka]] state of India. The School City office located at Yogeshwari Plaza, first Floor, F2 Block, New Vithal Mandir Road, [[Bijapur]]-586101.Delhi Public School, Vijayapura has affiliation with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], based in [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpsvijayapura.com/|title=DPS Vijayapura, Vijayapura|work=dps.vijayapura.com}}</ref>

===DPS Visakhapatnam===
[[File:Delhi Public School, Visakhapatnam.jpg|thumb|Delhi Public School, [[Visakhapatnam]]]]
Delhi Public School Visakhapatnam came into existence in 1992, as a response to [[Visakhapatnam Steel Plant]]'s request to provide education to the children of its employees. It is located in [[Ukkunagaram]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Vijayawada===
It is located at [[Nidamanur, Vijayawada|Nidamanuru]],[[Vijayawada]], Andhra Pradesh.

===DPS Yamuna Nagar, Haryana===
DPS [[Yamuna Nagar]] was established in 2007. It is located near Bhambholi village 8 km from the city [[Jagadhri]] and 13 km from [[Yamuna Nagar]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

=== DPS Vindhyanagar ===
The foundations of Delhi Public School, Vindhyanagar were laid in 1986 in collaboration with the public sector enterprise NTPC Ltd. It is a non-residential co-educational institution located in the township of Vindhyanagar, [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The school has around 2,200 pupils and 120 teaching and non-teaching staff.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Varanasi===
DPS Varanasi, situated in the "holy city" of [[Varanasi]], was established in 2003. It is spread over {{convert|8|acre|m2}} of land. It is located on the NH-2 and a 30-minute drive from the holy city of Varanasi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpsvaranasi.com/|title=DPS Varanasi|work=dpsvaranasi.com}}</ref>

===DPS Kalinga===
Delhi Public School Kalinga was established in 2003 by the Delhi Public School Society and the Vidya Jyoti Trust. The school is under the aegis of and is managed by the Delhi Public School Society. DPS Kalinga is a part of the DPS society. It is located on the outskirts of the twin cities [[Cuttack]] and [[Bhubaneswar]] at [[Cuttack|Dist-Cuttack]], Odisha. It provides schooling from classes Nursery to Class XII. It is a recognised by the British Council. The school has registered in NCC, Scouts and Guides, etc. and has dedicated trainers. It has more than 3,000 pupils.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dpskalinga.in/ |title=Delhi Public School Kalinga.|publisher=Dpskalinga.in |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbse.nic.in/physports/sportsgames/CLUS%20II.TXT |title=CBSE CODES.|publisher=Cbse.nic.in |access-date=2016-05-23}}</ref>

===DPS Nagpur Road Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh)===
The Delhi Public School, Nagpur Road, Jabalpur, is a member of the Delhi Public School Society.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} Delhi Public School, Nagpur Road, Jabapur, is promoted by the Raghuvanshi Foundation, which is a non-profit organization registered under the Indian Trust Act. Since its inception in 1996, DPS Nagpur Road, Jabalpur is a co-educational, English-medium school affiliated to C.B.S.E, New Delhi.

===DPS Jamnagar===
Delhi Public School Jamnagar is part of the DPS Society. The co-educational English-medium CBSE Pattern School launched its first academic year from April 2015. The School is located on Jamnagar Reliance Highway in [[Jamnagar]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Daulatpur===
DPS Daulatpur Haridwar is an initiative by the DPS Society. The School follows the CCE pattern of education of the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===DPS Kashi===
DPS Kashi was established in 2005 in [[Varanasi]]. Its campus occupies 10 acres. The school is affiliated to CBSE (10+2, New Delhi)

=== DPS Warangal ===
[[Delhi Public School, Warangal|Established in 2014]], under the aegis of DPS Society, it follows the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) system, and has both residential and day school facilities. The school is spread over 12 acres, making it the second largest DPS campus in India, and has a number of science and robotics labs, dedicated to the advancement of STEM subjects, in addition to a number of clubs for visual arts, music, and a half Olympic size swimming pool, too. Founded by the educationist Ravi Kiran Reddy. V, and his father, the school serves the tri-city area of Warangal, Kazipet, and Hanamkonda.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} The school offers classes starting from Nursery to Class VII for both boys and girls, and functions as a [[Mixed-sex education|co-ed school]].

=== Delhi Public School, Hanamkonda ===
Another branch of the [[Delhi Public School, Warangal|DPS Warangal school]], the primary school located in Hanamkonda serves the city with its school facilities for Nursery to Primary classes. It's a co-ed school, following the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] curriculum.

==Overseas==
As of October 2024, the DPS Society operates 5 schools outside [[India]] in five countries.<ref name=dpsabroad>{{cite web | title = Schools Abroad|publisher=Delhi Public School Society |url= http://www.dpsfamily.org/school-abroad.html | access-date =20 October 2024 }}</ref> This list of authorized schools outside India is as follows:

# [[Fahaheel Al-Watanieh Indian Private School]] ([[Kuwait]])
# DPS BPKIHS, [[Dharan]] ([[Nepal]])
# DPS Modern Indian School, Doha ([[Qatar]])
# (no longer used)
# Al Falah International School DPS, Jeddah ([[Saudi Arabia]])
# DPS, Ajman ([[United Arab Emirates]])

===Kuwait===
'''Fahaheel Al-Watanieh Indian Private School''' or '''DPS Kuwait''' is an educational institution in Kuwait established on 11 September 1995. Its the first School Affiliated to Delhi Public School Society in the gulf. The school is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education. The medium of instruction is English. At the class XI and XII level, the school offers a choice of three streams – Science, Commerce and Humanities.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===Nepal===
'''Delhi Public School, Dharan''' or '''B.P Koirala Institute of Health Science''' (BPKIHS) is a school in [[Dharan, Nepal]], run under the aegis of [[Delhi Public School Society]].<ref>
{{cite web | title = Schools Abroad|publisher=[[Delhi Public School Society]] | url = http://www.dpsfamily.org/school-abroad.html | access-date = 2014-07-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Students union set 3 DPS buses on fire in Nepal|publisher=Indian Express
| url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/students-union-set-3-dps-buses-on-fire-in-nepal/978740/|date=Jul 24, 2012| access-date = 2014-07-03 }}</ref> It was established in 1996.

===Qatar===
'''Delhi Public School - Qatar''', also known as '''DPS-MIS''' (MIS stands for "Modern Indian School") is an Indian school in [[Doha]]. It is affiliated to the CBSE board and follows the NCERT syllabus. It also has [[Physics Wallah]] <ref>https://website.dpsmisdoha.com/</ref> as an option. The pupils are divided among four houses: Lotus, Lily, Rose and Tulip. The school takes part in the Annual Model United Nations. The school is led by its principal Ms Asna Nafees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dpsmisdoha.com |title=DPS Modern Indian School, Doha - Qatar |publisher=Dpsmisdoha.com |access-date=20 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123051927/http://www.dpsmisdoha.com/ |archive-date=23 November 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Saudi Arabia===
'''Delhi Public School, Jeddah''' is in [[Saudi Arabia]]. It was established in 2004 and located in the Jeddah province.

===United Arab Emirates===
'''Delhi Private School, [[Ajman]]''', is the only Official DPS in the [[United Arab Emirates]]. Opened in 2017 in the Ajman Province.

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{DPS Society aegis}}

[[Category:Delhi Public School Society]]
[[Category:Central Board of Secondary Education]]
[[Category:Lists of schools in India|Delhi]]

Kollannur

2026-03-27T05:37:16Z

Swebsexilm: slightly reworked intro for consistency additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
[[File:Kollannur temple.jpg|thumb|right|Kollannur Bhagawathy Temple]]
The '''Kollanoor''', '''Kollanore''' or '''Kollannur''' is widely known [[Saint Thomas Christian]] family name.<ref name="വടക്കൻ കേരളത്തിലെ ഇല്ലം">{{cite book |last1=Nambudri |first1=N.S. |title=വടക്കൻ കേരളത്തിലെ ഇല്ലം |date=1953 |publisher=CMS Press |location=Kottayam |page=42 |edition=First}}</ref> They originated in and around [[Palayoor]], a village near [[Chavakkad]] in [[Thrissur District]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]] and many migrated to [[Kunnamkulam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kollannoor (ii), Kappoor Panchayat, Palakkad District, Kerala, India |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/kollannoor--ii-/id/7277 |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref>

==Surnames==
===Hindu Kollanoor families===
The Hindu Kollanoor family members hail from Kaiparambu (Thaikaadu) area near [[Thrissur]]. They are [[Nambudiri|Namboothiri]] in caste ([[Malayali Brahmin]]) and now also worship in the family temple named Kollanoor Bhagawathy Temple, Anjoor, Near Mundoor.<ref name="വടക്കൻ കേരളത്തിലെ ഇല്ലം"/>

Kollanoor Mana ({{lang|ml|കൊള്ളന്നൂർ മണം}}) is a traditional [[Namboothiri]] Brahmin ''illam'' (ancestral household) located in the [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]], near [[Vellarakkad]] in the broader Kunnamkulam–Thrissur region. It is regarded as one of the old ''manas'' of central Kerala and is historically noted for its association with ritual and spiritual authority.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thanthram – Temple Rituals and Namboothiri Traditions |url=https://www.namboothiri.com/articles/thanthram.htm |website=Namboothiri.com |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref> Families such as Kollanoor Mana traditionally served as hereditary temple ritual specialists, performing sacred ceremonies and supervising the religious and administrative functions of nearby temples. The mana is associated with the worship of Goddess ''Karthyayani Devi'', a form of [[Durga]] widely venerated in Kerala’s Shakti tradition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karthiyayani Devi Worship in Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/karthiyayani-devi-worship-in-kerala/article24622332.ece |website=The Hindu |date=6 August 2018 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

===Christian Kollanoor families===
Although the family name is spawned among different religions, the majority of family members are now Christians. The belong to Astagrihas (അഷ്ടഗൃഹങ്ങൾ prominent 8 Families claimed to be evangelised by [[Thomas the Apostle]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mathew-ittoop |first1=K |title=Mooleppat-Kollannur charithram |date=1975 |publisher=HSS Press |pages=1–82 }}</ref> During an assault by [[Tippu Sultan]] in Kunnamkulam, the men (except the firstborns, who were considered as legal heirs) were sent to fight with Sultan's army and was brutally killed in the battleground which is now known as "Kollanoor Chantha" ( കൊള്ളന്നുർ ചന്ത ) near Perumpilavu. They refused conversion and became martyrs. The rest of the family members were rescued by [[Cochin Kingdom]] and were relocated in and around [[Thrissur]] in areas such as Palayoor, [[Kunnamkulam]], [[Pazhanji]], Velapaya, Avanoor, Koonamoochi, Parappur, Mattom, Kechery, etc.

[[Baselios Mar Thoma Paulose II]] who was the 91st reigning [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan|Catholicos of the East]] and the Supreme Head of the [[Indian Orthodox Church]] belongs to Kollanoor family from Mangad.<ref name="about" />

==Notable people==
[[Baselios Mar Thoma Paulose II]] 91st [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan|Catholicos of the East]] and the Supreme Head of the [[Indian Orthodox Church]].<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.malankaraorthodoxchurch.org/thirumeni/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3&Itemid=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822023846/http://www.malankaraorthodoxchurch.org/thirumeni/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3&Itemid=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 August 2010 |title=About Thirumeni |year=2010 |publisher=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |access-date=31 October 2010 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Saint Thomas Christians]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Aithihyamaala by Kottarathil Sankunny
* Keralathile christyanikal by Idamaruku.
* Mooleppat-Kollannur charithram by Mathew-ittoop

==External links==
* [http://sites.google.com/site/atkinsjobcheeran/cheeranfamily Reference of Astagrihas(families converted by St.Thomas)]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3392313.ece The Hindu: Ekalavyan passes away)]
{{Thrissur district}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language surnames]]
[[Category:Toponymic surnames]]

R Praggnanandhaa

2026-03-27T03:02:59Z

Swebsexilm:

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Tamil name|Rameshbabu|Praggnanandhaa}}
{{Infobox chess biography
| name = R Praggnanandhaa
| image = Praggnanandhaa in 2025.jpg
| caption = Praggnanandhaa in 2025
| birth_name = Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|08|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| country = India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2018)
| peakrating = 2785 (September 2025)
| peakranking = No. 4 (July 2025)
| FideID = 25059530
}}
'''Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa'''{{efn|{{respell|PRAHG|nah|NAHN|dah}}}} (born 10 August 2005) is an Indian [[Grandmaster (chess)|chess grandmaster]]. A [[chess prodigy]], he placed second in the [[Chess World Cup 2023|2023 Chess World Cup]], and won the [[2025 FIDE Circuit]]. He was part of the Indian team that won the silver medal at the [[2022 Asian Games]] in the [[Chess at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's team standard|men's team competition]], and the gold medal in the open section at the [[45th Chess Olympiad]] in 2024. He won the [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2025]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2026-03-07 |title=Praggnanandhaa: Profile, Rating & Career |url=https://blog.shatranj.live/praggnanandhaa-player-profile |access-date=2026-03-07 |publisher=Shatranj Live}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
[[File:Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa in 2023 (52638512205).jpg|thumb|Praggnanandhaa pictured with his mother, Nagalakshmi ''(left)''.]]

Praggnanandhaa was born to a Tamil-speaking family in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, on 10 August 2005.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 February 2022 |title=Who is Praggnanandhaa, the 16-year-old who beat world champion at Airthings Masters chess? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/who-is-praggnanandhaa-the-16-year-old-who-beat-world-champion-at-airthings-masters-chess/articleshow/89738763.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620071917/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/who-is-praggnanandhaa-the-16-year-old-who-beat-world-champion-at-airthings-masters-chess/articleshow/89738763.cms |archive-date=20 June 2022 |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> His father, Rameshbabu, works as a branch manager at [[TNSC Bank]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/chess/story/_/id/23951582/chess-praggnanandhaa-boy-king|title=Praggnanandhaa: The boy who could be king|date=1 July 2018|author=Susan Ninan|website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> and his mother, Nagalakshmi, is a [[homemaker]] who often accompanies Praggnanandhaa when he travels for tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67516871|title=The Indian siblings taking the chess world by storm|date=2 December 2023|author=Susan Ninan|website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

Praggnanandhaa and his elder sister [[Vaishali Rameshbabu|Vaishali]] are the first brother and sister to earn grandmaster titles, with Praggnanandhaa doing so in 2018 and his sister doing so in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=R Vaishali becomes grandmaster, joins R Praggnanandhaa to become world's first brother-sister GM duo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/r-vaishali-becomes-grandmaster-joins-r-praggnanandhaa-to-become-worlds-first-brother-sister-gm-duo-2470352-2023-12-02 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=India Today |date=2 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> They are also the first brother and sister to qualify for the [[Candidates Tournament]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2 December 2023 |title=Vaishali and Praggnanandhaa make history as the first-ever brother-sister duo to become Grandmasters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/vaishali-and-praggnanandhaa-make-history-as-the-first-ever-brother-sister-duo-to-become-grandmasters-9051083/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Aside from chess, Praggnanandhaa enjoys playing [[table tennis]] and watching [[cricket]] in his spare time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60497243|title=Praggnanandhaa: How India is emerging as a chess powerhouse|date=25 February 2022|author=Soutik Biswas|website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

==Career==
===2013{{endash}}2017===
[[File:TataSteelChess2017-79.jpg|thumb|Pragg (11) at Tata Steel Chess 2017 - amateur tournament]]
Praggnanandhaa won the [[World Youth Chess Championship]] Under-8 title in 2013, earning him the title of [[FIDE Master]]. He won the under-10 title in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/im-praggnanandhaa-worlds-youngest-eer-chess-international-master-2828111/ |title=I'm Praggnanandhaa, world's youngest ever chess International Master |date=1 June 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=30 July 2016 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601192819/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/im-praggnanandhaa-worlds-youngest-ever-chess-international-master-2828111/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, Praggnanandhaa became the youngest [[international master]] in history, at the age of 10 years, 10 months, and 19 days.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/praggnanandhaa-youngest-chess-im-in-history |title=Praggnanandhaa – youngest chess IM in history! |author=Priyadarshan Banjan |date=29 May 2016 |website=[[ChessBase]] |access-date=8 September 2016 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320215148/https://en.chessbase.com/post/praggnanandhaa-youngest-chess-im-in-history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/oct/21/rameshbabu-praggnanandhaa-world-grandmaster-record |title=Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa chases world grandmaster age record at 11 |first=Leonard |last=Barden |authorlink=Leonard Barden |date=21 October 2016 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823164248/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/oct/21/rameshbabu-praggnanandhaa-world-grandmaster-record |url-status=live }}</ref> He achieved his first grandmaster [[Norm (chess)|norm]] at the [[World Junior Chess Championship]] in November 2017, finishing fourth with 8 points.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aicf.in/2017-world-juniors-praggnanandhaa-gains-maiden-gm-norm/ |title=2017 World Juniors: Praggnanandhaa gains maiden GM norm |date=24 November 2017 |website=All India Chess Federation |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601194819/https://aicf.in/2017-world-juniors-praggnanandhaa-gains-maiden-gm-norm/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2018===
He gained his second norm at the Heraklion Fischer Memorial GM norm tournament in Greece on 17 April 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/praggnanandhaa-bags-his-second-gm-norm/articleshow/63805861.cms |title=Praggnanandhaa bags his second GM norm |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=18 April 2018 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220601193808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/praggnanandhaa-bags-his-second-gm-norm/articleshow/63805861.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 23 June 2018 he achieved his third and final norm at the Gredine Open in [[Urtijëi]], Italy, by defeating [[Luca Moroni]] in the eighth round to become, at the age of 12 years, 10 months and 13 days, the then second-youngest person ever to achieve the rank of grandmaster ([[Sergey Karjakin]] attained the title at 12 years and 7 months).<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.espn.in/chess/story/_/id/23887946/india-praggnanandhaa-becomes-world-second-youngest-grandmaster-12-years-10-months-13-days?platform=amp |title=Praggnanandhaa becomes India's youngest Grandmaster |work=ESPN |access-date=24 June 2018 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406171856/https://www.espn.in/chess/story/_/id/23887946/india-praggnanandhaa-becomes-world-second-youngest-grandmaster-12-years-10-months-13-days?platform=amp |url-status=live }}</ref> He is the sixth-youngest person ever to achieve the title of [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (GM), behind [[Abhimanyu Mishra]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=GM Abhimanyu Mishra is the Youngest GM in History! |url=https://new.uschess.org/news/gm-abhimanyu-mishra-youngest-gm-history |website=USCF Online |date=30 June 2021 |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002130645/https://new.uschess.org/news/gm-abhimanyu-mishra-youngest-gm-history |url-status=live }}</ref> Karjakin, [[Gukesh Dommaraju]], [[Yağız Kaan Erdoğmuş]], and [[Javokhir Sindarov]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/chennais-praggnanandhaa-becomes-2nd-youngest-gm/articleshow/64715771.cms |title=Chennai's Praggnanandhaa becomes 2nd youngest GM |work=The Times of India |access-date=23 June 2018 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718153350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/chennais-praggnanandhaa-becomes-2nd-youngest-gm/articleshow/64715771.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, Praggnanandhaa was invited to the Magistral de [[León, Spain|León]] Masters in Spain for a four-game rapid match against [[Wesley So]]. He defeated So in game one, and after three games the score was tied at 1½–1½. In the last game, So defeated Praggnanandhaa, winning the match 2½–1½.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Praggnanandhaa_Wesley_So_Leon_2018 |title=Praggnanandhaa gives a major scare to Wesley So at the Leon Masters 2018 |website=ChessBase India |date=8 July 2018 |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630161606/https://www.chessbase.in/news/Praggnanandhaa_Wesley_So_Leon_2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2018, Praggnanandhaa tied for third place with GM [[Alder Escobar Forero]] and IM Denys Shmelov in the Charlotte Chess Center's Winter 2018 GM Norm Invitational held in [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], North Carolina, with a score of 5.0/9.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chessstream.com/Invitational/Winter-2018-GM-IM-Norm-Invitational/TournamentPairings.aspx|title=CCCSA GM/IM Norm Invitational – May 2022 GM/IM Norm Invitational Chess Tournament|access-date=10 February 2021|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212214555/http://chessstream.com/Invitational/Winter-2018-GM-IM-Norm-Invitational/TournamentPairings.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2019===
In July 2019, Praggnanandhaa won the [[Xtracon Chess Open]] in [[Denmark]], scoring 8½/10 points (+7–0=3).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2019/jul/29/danish-feather-in-cap-for-dominant-praggnanandhaa-2010894.html |title=Danish feather in cap for dominant Praggnanandhaa |website=The New Indian Express |date=29 July 2019 |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220601190852/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2019/jul/29/danish-feather-in-cap-for-dominant-praggnanandhaa-2010894.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 12 October 2019, he won the World Youth Championships in the Under-18 section with a score of 9/11.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/r-praggnanandhaa-crowned-u-18-champion-india-win-7-medals-at-world-youth-chess-championship-6066188/ |title=14-year-old R Praggnanandhaa crowned U-18 champion, India win 7 medals at World Youth Chess Championship |date=12 October 2019 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220601190348/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/r-praggnanandhaa-crowned-u-18-champion-india-win-7-medals-at-world-youth-chess-championship-6066188/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2019, he became the second-youngest person to achieve a rating of 2600.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2019 |title=Praggnanandhaa becomes the youngest Indian to cross 2600 Elo ever, second youngest in the world |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Praggnanandhaa-youngest-2600-Indian-GM |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=ChessBase India |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220601191230/https://www.chessbase.in/news/Praggnanandhaa-youngest-2600-Indian-GM |url-status=live }}</ref> He did this at the age of 14 years, 3 months and 24 days.

===2021===
In April 2021, Praggnanandhaa won the Polgar Challenge, the first leg (out of four) of the Julius Baer Challengers Chess Tour, a rapid online event organized by Julius Baer Group and Chess24.com for young talents.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/praggnanandhaa-wins-polgar-challenge-with-a-round-to-spare/articleshow/82019558.cms Praggnanandhaa wins Polgar Challenge with a round to spare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412130244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/praggnanandhaa-wins-polgar-challenge-with-a-round-to-spare/articleshow/82019558.cms |date=12 April 2021 }}. ''The Times of India''. 11 April 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref> He scored 15.5/19, 1.5 points ahead of the next best placed competitors.<ref>[https://chess24.com/en/read/news/praggnanandhaa-powers-into-champions-chess-tour Praggnanandhaa powers into Champions Chess Tour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413192816/https://chess24.com/en/read/news/praggnanandhaa-powers-into-champions-chess-tour |date=13 April 2021 }}. ''Chess24.com''. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</ref> This win helped him qualify for the next [[Champions Chess Tour 2021|Meltwater Champions Chess Tour]] on 24 April 2021, where he finished in 10th place with a score of 7/15 (+4-5=6), including wins against [[Teimour Radjabov]], [[Jan-Krzysztof Duda]], [[Sergey Karjakin]], and [[Johan-Sebastian Christiansen]] as well as a draw against World Champion [[Magnus Carlsen]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2021 |title=New in Chess Classic: Carlsen wins preliminaries |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/new-in-chess-classic-carlsen-wins-preliminaries |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=Chess News |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427120723/https://en.chessbase.com/post/new-in-chess-classic-carlsen-wins-preliminaries |url-status=live }}</ref>

Praggnanandhaa entered the [[Chess World Cup 2021]] as the 90th seed. He defeated GM [[Gabriel Sargissian]] 2–0 in round 2, and advanced to round 4 after defeating GM [[Michał Krasenkow]] in the rapid tiebreaks in round 3. He was eliminated in round four by [[Maxime Vachier-Lagrave]].

===2022===
Praggnanandhaa played in the Masters section of the [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2022]], winning games against [[Andrey Esipenko]], [[Vidit Gujrathi]] and [[Nils Grandelius]], finishing in 12th place with a final score of 5½.

He was part of India-2 team in the [[44th Chess Olympiad]], which went on to finish third and win the bronze medal.

On 20 February 2022, he became the third Indian player (after [[Viswanathan Anand|Anand]] and [[Pentala Harikrishna|Harikrishna]]) to win a game against World Champion [[Magnus Carlsen]] in any time format, in the online ''Airthings Masters'' rapid tournament of the [[Champions Chess Tour 2022]], with a 15+10 time control.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 February 2022|title=Praggnanandhaa upstages Carlsen in Airthings Masters chess|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/indias-r-praggnanandhaa-stuns-world-no-1-magnus-carlsen-in-airthings-masters-chess-101645424308875.html|access-date=21 February 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220601192357/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/indias-r-praggnanandhaa-stuns-world-no-1-magnus-carlsen-in-airthings-masters-chess-101645424308875.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/1017894/chess-indian-gm-praggnanandhaa-defeats-world-champion-magnus-carlsen-at-airthings-masters|title=Chess: Indian GM Praggnanandhaa defeats world champion Magnus Carlsen at Airthings Masters|website=amp.scroll.in|date=21 February 2022|access-date=22 February 2022|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185010/https://amp.scroll.in/field/1017894/chess-indian-gm-praggnanandhaa-defeats-world-champion-magnus-carlsen-at-airthings-masters|url-status=live}}</ref> The record has since broken by [[Gukesh D]], on 16 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doggers (PeterDoggers) |first=Peter |title=Duda New Leader At Aimchess Rapid; Gukesh Youngest Player To Beat Carlsen |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/2022-aimchess-rapid-day-3 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Chess.com |date=17 October 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017164018/https://www.chess.com/news/view/2022-aimchess-rapid-day-3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2022 |title=Aimchess Rapid: Gukesh youngest-ever to beat Carlsen, Duda leads |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/aimchess-rapid-2022-d3 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Chess News |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017164023/https://en.chessbase.com/post/aimchess-rapid-2022-d3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the Chessable Masters online rapid chess tournament in May 2022, he defeated Carlsen once again, his second win over him in three months, and advanced to the finals.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=21 May 2022 |title=India's R Praggnanandhaa stuns World Champion Magnus Carlsen for second time in year |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/indias-r-praggnanandhaa-stuns-world-champion-magnus-carlsen-for-second-time-in-year20220521142533/ |access-date=21 May 2022 |website=ANI |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220601192555/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/indias-r-praggnanandhaa-stuns-world-champion-magnus-carlsen-for-second-time-in-year20220521142533/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=R Praggnanandhaa, 16, Sails Into Semifinals Of Chessable Masters {{!}} Chess News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/chess/r-praggnanandhaa-16-sails-into-semifinals-of-chessable-masters-3003431 |access-date=24 May 2022 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524122305/https://sports.ndtv.com/chess/r-praggnanandhaa-16-sails-into-semifinals-of-chessable-masters-3003431 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/chessable-masters-praggnanandhaa-shocks-anish-giri-meets-ding-liren-in-final/article65459300.ece |title=Chessable Masters: Praggnanandhaa shocks Anish Giri, meets Ding Liren in final |date=25 May 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |author=Rakesh Rao |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525235626/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/chessable-masters-praggnanandhaa-shocks-anish-giri-meets-ding-liren-in-final/article65459300.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

He also defeated Carlsen three times in the FTX Crypto Cup 2022, finishing second behind Carlsen in the final standings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2022 |title=FTX Crypto Cup: Games and standings |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/ftx-crypto-cup-2022-live |access-date=22 August 2022 |website=Chess News |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822152649/https://en.chessbase.com/post/ftx-crypto-cup-2022-live |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2023===
In January 2023, Praggnanandhaa played in the [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2023|Tata Steel Chess Masters 2023]]. He defeated a 2800-rated grandmaster, [[Ding Liren]], for the first time in a classical game.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Both Carlsen and Ding defeated {{!}} Round 4 |url=https://tatasteelchess.com/news/both-carlsen-and-ding-defeated-round-4/ |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326225952/https://tatasteelchess.com/news/both-carlsen-and-ding-defeated-round-4/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He ended the tournament in 9th place with a score of 6/13.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Standings – Tata Steel Chess Tournament |url=https://tatasteelchess.com/standings-masters/ |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401080733/https://tatasteelchess.com/standings-masters/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[Chess World Cup 2023|World Cup 2023]], 18-year-old Praggnanandhaa became the world's youngest player ever to reach the [[Chess World Cup|World Cup]] final, defeating<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2023 |title=Chess World Cup 2023: India's Praggnanandhaa defeats Fabiano Caruana in tiebreaks, sets up the final with Magnus Carlsen |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/chess-world-cup-2023-india-r-praggnanandhaa-defeats-fabiano-caruana-to-set-up-final-against-magnus-carlsen-101692632595474.html |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821161753/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/chess-world-cup-2023-india-r-praggnanandhaa-defeats-fabiano-caruana-to-set-up-final-against-magnus-carlsen-101692632595474.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Fabiano Caruana]] in tie-breaks in the semi-final. He also became the second Indian after [[Viswanathan Anand]] to reach the final in Chess World Cup history. His play<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2023 |title=Chess World Cup 2023 Semi-Final LIVE: Praggnanandhaa defeats Caruana to seal final against Magnus Carlsen |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/chess-world-cup-2023-semi-final-live-updates-praggnanandhaa-caruana-carlsen-abasov-8899679/ |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820104722/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/chess-world-cup-2023-semi-final-live-updates-praggnanandhaa-caruana-carlsen-abasov-8899679/ |url-status=live }}</ref> against former classical World Chess Champion [[Magnus Carlsen]] in the final resulted in a defeat in the rapid tie-breaks, securing him second place and qualification for the [[Candidates Tournament 2024|2024 Candidates Tournament]]. He was [[Second (chess)|seconded]] during that tournament by Russian grandmaster [[Peter Svidler]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2024 |title=Russian Grandmaster Peter Svidler to assist R. Praggnanandhaa in maiden candidates tournament |url=https://sportslumo.com/other-sports/russian-grandmaster-peter-svidler-to-assist-r-praggnanandhaa-in-maiden-candidates-tournament/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Sportslumo |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2024 ===
Praggnanandhaa placed 5th out of 8 participants in the [[2024 Candidates Tournament]], getting 7 points out of 14. Additionally, in the 3rd round of the Norway Chess 2024 tournament, he defeated Magnus Carlsen for the first time in a classical 'over the board' match.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/2024-norway-chess-round-3 | title=Praggnanandhaa Scores 1st Classical Win Vs. Carlsen, Leads in Norway | date=29 May 2024 }}</ref> At the [[45th Chess Olympiad]] in September 2024, Praggnanandhaa and his sister [[Vaishali Rameshbabu|Vaishali]] were part of the Indian teams which went on to win gold medals in the Open section and Women's section respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/chess-olympiad-double-delight-for-india-as-they-clinch-gold-medals-in-open-and-womens-events-gukesh-arjun-and-divya-star-once-more-9582621/ |title=Chess Olympiad: Double delight for India as they clinch gold medals in Open and Women's events; Gukesh, Arjun and Divya star once more |date=22 September 2024}}</ref>

=== 2025 ===
Praggnanandhaa won the [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2025]], Masters section after defeating [[Gukesh Dommaraju|Gukesh D]] in the playoff.<ref>{{cite web|date=4 February 2025|accessdate=5 February 2025|url=https://www.europechess.org/praggnanandhaa-wins-tata-steel-chess-masters-2025/#:~:text=The%2087th%20edition%20of%20the,of%20the%20world%27s%20best%20players.|title=Praggnanandhaa wins Tata Steel Chess Masters 2025|website=European Chess Union}}</ref> He finished fourth in the [[Prague Chess Festival#2025|Prague Chess Festival 2025]], and third in the [[Grand Chess Tour 2025#Superbet Rapid & Blitz Poland|GCT Superbet Rapid & Blitz Poland]].

In May, he won the [[Grand Chess Tour 2025#Superbet Chess Classic Romania|GCT Superbet Romania]], scoring 5.5/9, after winning a playoff against [[Maxime Vachier-Lagrave]] and [[Alireza Firouzja]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fide.com/praggnanandhaa-wins-superbet-chess-classic-romania//article69665704.ece|title=Praggnanandhaa wins Superbet Chess Classic Romania
|publisher=fide.com|accessdate=17 May 2025}}</ref>

In June, he scored 6.5/9 and finished 2nd in the [[Stepan Avagyan Memorial 2025|Stepan Avagyan Memorial]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/aravindh-chithambaram-beats-praggnanandhaa-stepan-avagyan-memorial-2025-result-indian-chess-news/article69665704.ece|title=Aravindh pips Praggnanandhaa
|date=6 June 2025
|publisher=sportstar.thehindu.com|accessdate=6 June 2025}}</ref>

In the same month, Praggnanandhaa won the [[UzChess Cup#2025|UzChess Cup 2025]] in blitz tiebreaks<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pragg wins 2nd UzChess Cup 2025 |url=https://www.chess.com/events/2025-uzchess-cup-masters/results |website=Chess.com}}</ref> and signed for [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[esports]] club [[Team Liquid]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Praggnanandhaa to join Magnus Carlsen's Team Liquid ahead of chess' Esports World Cup debut |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/praggnanandhaa-magnus-carlsen-team-liquid-ahead-chess-esports-world-cup-10094812/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 June 2025 }}</ref> After this win, he climbed to world number four on the July 2025 [[FIDE rankings]] list, and subsequently became the number one rated player in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIDE rankings: Praggnanandhaa leapfrogs Arjun Erigaisi, Gukesh into fourth place and in July he defeats Magnus Carlsen (GOAT) two times in freestyle chess Las Vegas|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/fide-rankings-praggnanandhaa-arjun-erigaisi-gukesh-4th-place-10100111/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=4 July 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FIDE Chess rankings for July: R Praggnanandhaa becomes India no.1 in classical |url=https://www.espn.com/chess/story/_/id/45624957/fide-chess-rankings-july-2025-d-gukesh-r-praggnanandhaa-magnus-carlsen-koneru-humpy-r-vaishali-arjun-erigaisi |website=[[ESPN]] |date=July 2025 }}</ref>

In November 2025, he played in the [[Chess World Cup 2025]] with a bye in the first round and beat [[Temur Kuybokarov]] 5-3 and [[Robert Hovhannisyan]] 1.5-0.5 in the second and third rounds before losing to [[Daniil Dubov]] 1.5-2.5 in the fourth round.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results & Standings - FIDE World Chess Cup 2025 |url=https://www.chess.com/events/2025-fide-world-cup/results |access-date=2025-12-05 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In December, he won the [[FIDE Circuit 2025]], qualifying for the [[Candidates Tournament 2026]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2026-03-05 |title=Candidates Tournament 2026: Players, Format & Schedule |url=https://blog.shatranj.live/candidates-tournament-2026-preview |access-date=2026-03-07 |publisher=Shatranj Live}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
=== National ===
* [[Arjuna Award]]: 2022 by The President of India.

=== Others ===
* [[CNN-News18 Indian of the Year|CNN-News18 Indian of the Year (Sports)]]: 2023<ref>{{cite news|title=CNN-News18 Indian of the Year 2023: R Praggnanandhaa Wins Rising Sportstar Award
|url=https://www.news18.com/sports/cnn-news18-indian-of-the-year-2023-r-praggnanandhaa-wins-rising-sportstar-of-the-year-8735191.html|work=[[CNN-News18]]|access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Chess}}
* [[Chess in India]]
* [[List of Indian chess players]]
* [[List of chess grandmasters]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{FIDE|name=Praggnanandhaa R}}
* {{Chess.com player|praggnanandhaa-r|Praggnanandhaa R|member=rpragchess}}
* {{lichess.org player|Praggnanandhaachess}}
* {{365Chess.com player|Praggnanandhaa_R}}
* {{Chessgames.com player|151629|Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|ach}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Parimarjan Negi]]
| after = [[Gukesh D]]
| title = Youngest ever Indian Grandmaster
| years = 2018–2019
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Lê Quang Liêm]]
| after = [[Shamsiddin Vokhidov]]
| title = [[Asian Chess Championship|Asian Chess Champion]]
| years = 2022
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}
{{Team Liquid}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rameshbabu, Praggnanandhaa}}
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:World Youth Chess Champions]]
[[Category:Chess Olympiad competitors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Chess players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in chess]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972

2026-03-25T19:01:44Z

Swebsexilm: formatting fix

#REDIRECT [[Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972]]

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{{R from move}}
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Madras Forest Act, 1882

2026-03-25T16:09:14Z

Swebsexilm:

{{use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} {{use Indian English|date=January 2022}}

{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}

The '''Madras Forest Act, 1882''' (Act V of 1882), enacted by [[British Raj|British colonial government]], closed off large areas of the forest in the Gudem Hills of [[Madras Presidency]] (present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]]). This restricted the free movement of the [[Adivasi]]s in their forest habitats, prevented them from grazing their cattle, collecting firewood and food, and practicing their traditional form of agriculture called [[Podu (agriculture)|podu]].<ref name="Murali2">{{cite book |last=Murali |first=Atlury |title=Savage Attack: Tribal Insurgency in India |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-35158-744-0 |editor-last=Bates |editor-first=Crispin |chapter=Tribal Armed Rebellion of 1922-1924 in the Madras Presidency: A Study of Causation as Colonial Legitimation}}</ref> The act is also known as the '''Tamil Nadu Forest Act, 1882''', post-bifurcation of Madras state and its renaming.

== Background ==
The Rampa administrative area, situated in the hills of what are now the Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh, comprised around {{convert|700|sqmi|sqkm}} and had a mostly [[tribal]] population of approximately 28,000. They had traditionally been able to support their food requirements through the use, in particular, of the [[Podu (agriculture)|podu system]], whereby each year some areas of jungle forest were [[Shifting cultivation|burned to clear land for cultivation]].<ref name="Murali2" />

The [[British Raj]] authorities had wanted to improve the economic usefulness of lands in Godavari Agency. The traditional cultivation methods were greatly hindered when the authorities took control of the forests, mostly for commercial purposes such as produce for building railways and ships, without any regard for the needs of the tribal people. The tribal people of the forested hills, unable to farm, graze their cattle, or collect food, faced starvation,<ref name="atlury">{{cite journal |last=Murali |first=Atlury |date=April 1984 |title=Alluri Sitarama Raju and the Manyam Rebellion of 1922-1924 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=3–33 |doi=10.2307/3517081 |jstor=3517081}}</ref> and were used as forced labour in the construction of a road in the area.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rao |first=Bandlamudi Nageswara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhhQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |title=Mapping the Tribal Economy: A Case Study from a South-Indian State |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-44386-735-1 |page=79}}</ref>

== The act ==
The act "extend[ed] to the whole of the State of Tamil Nadu"<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=THE TAMIL NADU FOREST ACT ACT NO. V OF 1882 |url=https://www.forests.tn.gov.in/tnforest/app/webroot/img/document/legislations/01_Tamilnadu%20Forest%20Act%201882.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717194742/https://www.forests.tn.gov.in/tnforest/app/webroot/img/document/legislations/01_Tamilnadu%20Forest%20Act%201882.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-17 |access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref> It prohibited the podu agricultural system: "And no fresh clearings for cultivation or for any other purpose shall be made on such land. No patta shall, without the previous sanction of the Board of Revenue, be granted on behalf of Government in such land, and every patta granted without such sanction shall be null and void."<ref name=":0" />

The act prohibited "set[ting] fire to a reserved forest, or kindl[ing], or leav[ing] burning, any fire in such manner as to endanger the same; or... kindl[ing], keep[ing] or carr[ying] any fire except at such season and in such manner as the District Forest Officer may from time to time notify" as well as "fell[ing], girdl[ing], mark[ing], lop[ping], top[ping], uproot[ing] or burn[ing] any tree, or strip[ping] off the bark or leav[ing] from, or otherwise damag[ing], the same." The punishment for offenses that involved "any scheduled timber" was a minimum two years' imprisonment and up to five years' imprisonment and a minimum 7.500 and up to 20,000 [[Indian rupee|rupee]] fine.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Forest Act, 1882 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/TN/tn466.htm |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.bareactslive.com |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101195254/http://www.bareactslive.com/TN/tn466.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The act prohibited many other activities, including "shoot[ing], fish[ing], poison[ing] water or set[ting] traps or snares" against any government rules, "pastur[ing] cattle," and "clear[ing], cultivat[ing] or break[ing] up any land for cultivation or any other purpose". The punishment for these and other offenses was up to six months' imprisonment and/or a 500 rupee fine.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Consequences ==
The act was one of the factors contributing to the [[Rampa Rebellion of 1922]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1882 in India]]
[[Category:Legislation in British India]]

Grandmaster (2012 film)

2026-03-25T09:52:18Z

Swebsexilm: added info

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Grandmaster
| image = Grandmaster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. Unnikrishnan]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Ronnie Screwvala]]
*[[Siddharth Roy Kapur]]
}}
| writer = B. Unnikrishnan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Mohanlal]]
*[[Priyamani]]
*[[Narain (actor)|Narain]]
*[[Anoop Menon]]
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
*[[Babu Antony]]
*[[Arjun Nandhakumar]]
}}
| music = [[Deepak Dev]]
| cinematography = Vinod Illampally
| editing = [[Manoj (film editor)|Manoj]]
| studio = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| distributor = {{ubl|[[Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments]] (Kerala)|UTV Motion Pictures (Overseas)}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|05|03}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Grandmaster'''''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/grandmaster-of-the-game/article3380668.ece|work=The Hindu|title=Grandmaster of the game|date=3 May 2012|last1=Nagarajan|first1=Saraswathy}}</ref> is a 2012 Indian [[Malayalam|Malayalam-language]] [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/grandmaster-mohanlal-plays-a-lonely-divorcee-473621.html|title=Grandmaster: Mohanlal plays a lonely divorcee|date=12 May 2012|website=[[News18]]|quote='Grandmaster', though basically touted as an action thriller, is a film that has immense emotional connect as well, says the director. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=grandmaster.htm|title=Grandmaster (2012)|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> written and directed by [[B. Unnikrishnan]] and produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]] and [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]] under the production company [[UTV Motion Pictures]]. The film stars [[Mohanlal]] as [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Chandrasekhar, a senior IPS officer who begins investigating a series of murders after receiving an anonymous note. The supporting characters are played by [[Priyamani]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Anoop Menon]], [[Babu Antony]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], and [[Arjun Nandhakumar]].

''Grandmaster'' was the debut Malayalam production of UTV Motion Pictures. The film was released on 3 May 2012 to widely positive reviews from critics and was a success at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohanlal to have five more releases this year|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Mohanlal-to-have-five-more-releases-this-year/articleshow/13246922.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720122742/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-18/news-and-interviews/31765124_1_mohanlal-flick-udayakrishna|url-status=live|archive-date=20 July 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Times News Network|date=18 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2012/dec/23/loving-on-the-edge-436461.html|title=Loving on the edge|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''Grandmaster'' was released in the online video streaming service [[Netflix]] in the United States and Canada, making it the first ever [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] to be released on Netflix. It was also the first Malayalam film to be released with English [[subtitle]]s outside Kerala. The movie is based on the book ''[[The A.B.C Murders]]'' by [[Agatha Christie]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2017/nov/22/aboard-the-mystery-train-3207.amp|title=Aboard the mystery train | Cinemaexpress|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=14 August 2020|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127163337/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2017/nov/22/aboard-the-mystery-train-3207.amp|url-status=dead}}</ref> which was already adapted by Unnikrishnan for the script of a TV series named ''Black and White''.

==Plot==
[[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Chandrasekhar, is the head of the newly created Metro Crime Stopper Cell in Kochi. Chandrasekhar arrests Jerome, a psychologically deviant man, and rescues three girls he had kidnapped, but his ex-wife Deepthi, who is a lawyer, manages to get Jerome sent to treatment in a psychiatric facility run by her friend Dr. Jacob, rather than a prison sentence. It turns out that the three girls had been insulting and harassing Jerome, which had led to his actions of kidnapping them in the first place.

Chandrasekhar gets a congratulatory note from an anonymous man who calls himself as "Z," who challenges Chandrasekhar to figure out how he is going to bump off one target after the other. Chandrasekhar is forced to investigate a string of 3 murders: Alice, a coffee shop owner, Beena Thomson, a famous singer and Chandrika Narayanan, a leading businesswoman. These murders follow a mysterious alphabetical pattern and each victim also has a cross slit on their forehead. Around the same time, Chandrasekhar's school going daughter Dakshayani is preparing for a play under the lead of famous actor Mark Roshan.

Chandrasekhar divorced Deepthi ten years earlier as he discovered that Deepthi was using information from him for a professional gain. Deepthi confesses to Chandrasekhar that the three recently murdered women were all involved in the murder of a rich [[Non-Resident Indians|NRI]] named Paul Mathew and made it a suicide. Chandrashekhar was the investigating officer in charge of Paul's murder when he was the [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] at that time. Chandrasekhar realizes that Deepthi is the next target and comes with her to their daughter's play, where they meet a religious fanatic named Victor Rosetti who had been present in all three crime scenes, disguised as a salesman and has been followed Deepthi. The recurring theme of chess is obvious in the game between Chandrasekhar and the Z.

Chandrashekhar understands that there is a mastermind behind Victor Rosetti and decides to play a 'queen's gambit' in his own words. Chandrasekhar finally manages to corner Victor on the rooftop of a theater, and Victor commits suicide by falling off the rooftop to the pavement. Then, Chandrasekhar questions Dr. Jacob and says that he has evidence that he is the killer of the three women and takes him to custody. Dakshayani goes missing and Deepthi goes back to the school to find her. The real serial killer arrives and tries to strangle Deepthi with a red scarf. Fortunately, Chandrasekhar stops him and then finally corners him on the stage. The killer turns out to be none other than Mark himself, who is then revealed by Chandrasekhar to be Paul's younger brother Roshan Mathew. He reveals that he framed Dr. Jacob to mislead Mark and shifted Dakshayani with his colleague Rasheed's help to bring Deepthi alone to Mark.

Mark confesses that he has held a grudge against the women for his brother's death, which Chandrasekhar had already known. Then, Mark also confessed that, disguised as a priest named Father Alexander, he manipulated Victor, who was a schizophrenic patient, into believing that he had committed the murders himself. He had planned for Victor to commit the final murder on Deepthi during the play, but attempted to use the scenery of the fight between Chandrasekhar and Victor to complete his plan. In a last-minute attempt to avenge Paul's death, Mark tries to jump from the stage to murder Deepthi with a dagger, but Chandrasekhar kills him with his gun and saves Deepthi.

The film then ends with Chandrasekhar and Deepthi, along with Dakshayani, finally together again in their house.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mohanlal]] as [[Inspector General of Police|IG]] Chandrasekhar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], former [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]]
* [[Priyamani]] as Adv. Deepthi Chandrasekhar
* [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as [[Superintendent of Police|SP]] Kishore [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Chandrasekhar's subordinate
* [[Anoop Menon]] as Dr. Jacob Varghese, A psychiatrist and Deepthi's friend
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Rashid, Chandrasekhar's subordinate
* [[Babu Antony]] as Victor Rosetti
* [[Arjun Nandhakumar]] as "Mark" Roshan Mathew (Z)
* [[Roma Asrani]] as Beena Thomson, a playback pop singer
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Paul Mathew, Mark's elder brother
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as [[Additional Director General of Police|ADGP]] Vijayan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Chandrsekhar's superior officer
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Chandrika Narayanan
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Jerome Jacob
* [[Santosh Sleeba]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Sandeep Menon
* Sreelekshmy V as Dakshayini Chandrasekhar
* [[Mithra Kurian]] as Bindya Mathew
* [[Fathima Babu]] as Alice
* [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as [[Police Commissioner]] Susan, a corrupt and egoistic cop who is Jerome's illegitimate cousin
* [[Manikuttan]] as Aby Kuriakose
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Radhika, Chandrasekhar's mother
* [[Gayathri (actress)|Gayathri]] as Alice, Jerome's mother
{{colend}}

==Production==
''Grandmaster'' is the maiden production of [[Bollywood]] production company [[UTV Motion Pictures]] in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/movie-cast/10981/grand-master.html |title=Grand Master Cast and Crew |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524124107/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/movie-cast/10981/grand-master.html |archive-date=24 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> About naming the film ''Grandmaster'', Unnikrishnan said he cannot thinks a better title than ''Grandmaster'', "the whole story is about a grandmaster. He is a great chess enthusiast; he is also a great detective. It is the most appropriate title".<ref name="title"/> For the leading female role of advocate Deepthi, Unnikrishnan approached [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Sonia Agarwal]], and [[Reemma Sen]] before signing [[Priyamani]]. ''Grandmaster'' is the first film of Priyamani with Mohanlal.<ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|title=Priyamani replaces Andrea in Mohanlal's Grandmaster|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/priyamani-replaces-andrea-in-grandmaster-news-malayalam-llklf8gcjaa.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112123301/http://www.sify.com/movies/priyamani-replaces-andrea-in-grandmaster-news-malayalam-llklf8gcjaa.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 2011|website=[[Sify]]|date=10 November 2011|access-date=24 October 2011}}</ref> Few years back Priyamani had expressed her desire to act in a film alongside Mohanlal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Priyamani in Mohanlal film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Priyamani-in-Mohanlal-film/articleshow/10724395.cms|access-date=13 June 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Times News Network}}</ref> Deepthi is a criminal lawyer who is separated from her husband Chandrasekhar and in the turn of events, they are forced to work together.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|title=Ms. Confidence|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ms-confidence/article3306852.ece|access-date=13 June 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 April 2012}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] began in December 2011 and was carried out primarily at [[Kochi]] and [[Ottapalam]].

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Grandmaster
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Deepak Dev]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 4 April 2012
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:04
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[UTV Motion Pictures|UTV]]
| producer = [[Deepak Dev]]
| prev_title = [[Padmasree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[101 Weddings]]
| next_year = 2012
}}
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Deepak Dev]] and consisted six tracks. It was released on 4 April 2012, launched at a function held at People's Plaza, [[Kochi]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:04

| title1 = Akaleyo Nee
| lyrics1 = Chitoor Gopi
| extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length1 = 4:38

| title2 = Aaranu Nee
| lyrics2 = Chandra Shekar
| extra2 = [[Suchithra]]
| length2 = 4:52

| title3 = Doore Engo Nee
| lyrics3 = Hari
| extra3 = Sanjeev
| length3 = 4:25

| title4 = Aaranu Nee (Club Mix)
| lyrics4 = Chandra Shekar
| extra4 = Suchithra
| length4 = 4:14

| title5 = My Moment
| lyrics5 = Deepak Dev
| extra5 = Krishna Kumar
| length5 = 2:02

| title6 = The Grandmaster Theme
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = Instrumental
}}

==Release==
''Grandmaster'' was expected to be released on 27 April 2012, but was postponed. The film was released on 3 May 2012.<ref>{{cite web|author=Updated Sunday, 5 August 2012 01:47 AM IST |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/mmonline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=11660135&programId=1073752204&channelId=-1073750705&tabId=3 |title=Movies | Interviews | |publisher=Manorama Online |access-date=2012-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiavisiontv.com/2012/05/30/78911.html |title=മലയാളത്തിരക്ക് ഊര്‍ജ്ജം പകര്‍ന്ന് നവനിരസിനിമകള്‍ |publisher=Indiavisiontv.com |date=2012-05-30 |access-date=2012-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702233536/http://www.indiavisiontv.com/2012/05/30/78911.html |archive-date=2 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Vue, it was released on 29 July 2012. [[Surya TV]] purchased the broadcast rights for {{INRConvert|3.25|c}}.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=SuryaTV|number=1086088284978204675|date=17 January 2019|title=അടുത്ത നീക്കത്തിനു മുൻപ് എന്തും സംഭവിക്കാം! #Mohanlal ത്രില്ലർ #Grandmaster ഇന്നു രാവിലെ 9 മണിക്ക്}}</ref> ''Grandmaster'' was released in the online video streaming service [[Netflix]] in the United States and Canada, making it the first ever [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] to be released on Netflix.<ref>{{cite news|title=How about paying for viewing films online?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/How-about-paying-for-viewing-films-online/articleshow/16322780.cms|access-date=13 June 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Times News Network}}</ref><ref>[http://movies.netflix.com/WiMovie/Grandmaster/70241088?locale=en-US Netflix - Watch TV Shows Online, Watch Movies Online]</ref> It was also the first Malayalam film to be released with English [[subtitle]]s outside Kerala.<ref name="title">{{cite news|last=Narayanan|first=Nayantara|title=Why half the Malayalam films released last year had English names|url=https://scroll.in/article/675011/why-half-the-malayalam-films-released-last-year-had-english-names|access-date=13 June 2019|work=[[Scroll.in]]|date=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|title=Malayalam films to come with English subtitles|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam-films-to-come-with-english-subtitles-news-malayalam-ofojSubhdadsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613171752/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam-films-to-come-with-english-subtitles-news-malayalam-ofojSubhdadsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2014|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=13 June 2019|date=14 May 2014}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reaction===
[[Rediff.com]] rated the film 3.5 out of 5. [[Sify]]'s critic rated the movie as "watchable" (3.5/5) and said, "''Grandmaster'' easily turns out to be an engaging watch".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/grandmaster-review-malayalam-14997866.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628024301/http://www.sify.com/movies/grandmaster-review-malayalam-14997866.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-28|date=2012-05-03 |access-date=2012-05-03|title=Movie Review: Grandmaster|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipient(s)
! Result
! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| [[43rd Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award]]
| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Male Singer]]
| [[Vijay Yesudas]] {{small|(for "Akaleyo Nee")}}
| {{won}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|title='Celluloid' wins Kerala state award for best film|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1474611.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225131613/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article1474611.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2013|access-date=15 April 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 February 2013|location=Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[15th Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Awards]]
| [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Mohanlal]]
| {{won}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Smitha|title=Asianet Film Awards 2013 – Winners List|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2013/asianet-film-awards-2013-winners-list-102810.html|publisher=Filmibeat.com|access-date=15 April 2016|date=21 January 2013}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[Asiavision Awards]]
| Best Actor
| Mohanlal
| {{won}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Satish|first=A.K.S.|title=South Indian stars shine at Asiavision Awards|url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/south-indian-stars-shine-at-asiavision-awards-1.1102447|access-date=15 April 2016|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=10 November 2012}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Debutant Producer
| [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]], [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
| {{won}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners List|url=http://siima.in/siima-awards.php?year=2013&action=winners|publisher=SIIMA|access-date=15 April 2016|archive-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930010232/http://siima.in/siima-awards.php?year=2013&action=winners|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
|}

==Legacy And In Popular Culture==
Grand Master's Kitchen, a multi-cuisine restaurant opened by director [[B. Unnikrishnan]] in 2016 in [[Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram]], was named after the film.<ref>{{cite news|author=സ്വന്തം ലേഖകൻ|title=സിനിമാ സ്റ്റൈലിൽ ബി ഉണ്ണികൃഷ്ണന്റെ കിടിലൻ ഹോട്ടൽ|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/exclusives/b-unnikrishnan-s-new-restaurant-grand-masters-kitchen.html|access-date=29 June 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=24 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sreekumar|first=Priya|title=Menu card of Unnikrishnanan|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/020616/menu-card-of-unnikrishnanan.html|access-date=29 June 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=2 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Times News network|title=These cafes dish out books, paintings and games |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/These-cafes-dish-out-books-paintings-and-games/articleshow/52932086.cms|access-date=29 June 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Film fantasy: This Grand Master can tease your taste buds, satiate appetite|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/food-and-recipes/250616/film-fantasy-this-grand-master-can-tease-your-taste-buds-satiate-appetite.html|access-date=29 June 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=25 June 2016|location=Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Netflix title}}
* {{IMDb title|2345561}}

{{UTV Movies}}

[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2012 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Unnikrishnan]]
[[Category:Films based on Hercule Poirot books]]
[[Category:Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments films]]

Shootout at Wadala

2026-03-23T20:17:42Z

Swebsexilm: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|2013 film directed by Sanjay Gupta}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shootout at Wadala
| image = Shootout at Wadala.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]]
| producer = Sanjay Gupta Anuradha Gupta [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| screenplay = Sanjay Gupta Sanjay Bhatia Abhijit Deshpande [[Milap Zaveri]] '''(dialogue)'''
| story = Sanjay Gupta [[Hussain Zaidi]]
| based_on = {{Based on|'''''Dongri to Dubai'''''|Hussain Zaidi}}
| starring = [[Anil Kapoor]] [[John Abraham]] [[Tusshar Kapoor]] [[Manoj Bajpayee]] [[Kangana Ranaut]] [[Sonu Sood]] [[Ronit Roy]] [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anu Malik]] [[Mustafa Zahid]] [[Anand Raj Anand]] Meet Bros Anjaan '''Background score:''' [[Amar Mohile]]
| narrator = John Abraham
| cinematography = Sameer Arya Sanjay F. Gupta
| editing = Bunty Nagi
| studio = [[Balaji Telefilms|Balaji Motion Pictures]] White Feather Films
| distributor = [[Balaji Telefilms|Balaji Motion Pictures]] White Feather Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|05|01|India}}
| runtime = 150 minutes<ref name="BBFC">{{cite web|title=''SHOOTOUT AT WADALA'' (18)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/shootout-wadala-2013-0|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=29 April 2013|access-date=29 April 2013|archive-date=7 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607032004/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/shootout-wadala-2013-0|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|49}} crore<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=464|title=Shootout at Wadala – Movie – Box Office India|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512164212/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=464|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|82}} crore<ref name=boxofficeindia5670>{{cite web|title=Shootout at Wadala Two Weeks Business|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5670&nCat=|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616022938/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5670&nCat=|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2013|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=18 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
}}

'''''Shootout at Wadala''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Action film|action]]-[[crime film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=shootoutatwadala.htm|title=Shootout at Wadala (2013)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|access-date=6 April 2019|archive-date=11 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211051853/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=shootoutatwadala.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBFC"/> written and directed by [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]]. The film stars [[Anil Kapoor]], [[John Abraham]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Kangana Ranaut]] and [[Sonu Sood]]. It is a [[prequel]] to the 2007 film ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://starblockbuster.com/shootout-wadala-will-prequels-kick-start-new-trend-bollywood |title=shootout-wadala-will-prequels-kick-start-new-trend-bollywood |publisher=starblockbuster.com |accessdate=2021-05-12 |archive-date=3 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903030632/http://starblockbuster.com/shootout-wadala-will-prequels-kick-start-new-trend-bollywood |url-status=live }}</ref> In the film, Manya, a diligent student, lands in prison for killing a gangster who attacked his brother, Bhargav, who eventually dies. Soon, Manya escapes jail and forms his own gang to seek revenge.

Based on the book ''[[Dongri to Dubai: Six Decades of the Mumbai Mafia]]'' by [[Hussain Zaidi]], the film dramatises the [[Encounter killing|encounter]] by [[Mumbai police|Bombay police]] in which gangster [[Manya Surve]] was shot dead. It took place at the junction adjacent to Dr. Ambedkar College, [[Wadala]], [[Bombay]] on 11 January 1982.

''Shootout at Wadala'' was released on 1 May 2013 and received mixed reviews from critics, It grossed over {{INRConvert|82|c}} against a budget of {{INRConvert|65|c}}.

==Plot==
In a police van, Afaaque Baaghran listens to the story narrated by a gangster, [[Manya Surve]], who is gravely injured by bullets.
Manya is a decent student at [[Kirti M. Doongursee College|Kirti College]], [[Dadar]]. He is in love with Vidya Joshi and takes her to his mother to discuss their marriage.

Manya has an older brother named Bhargav Surve, who is a mawali (rowdy). Bhargav is in conflict with an underworld don named Bhatkar and is currently on the run.
Soon enough, Bhargav is attacked and beaten up by Bhatkar's goons. Manya steps in to save him. While Manya grabs one of the goons, Bhargav stabs the goon, who dies on the spot.
On the day of Manya's exam results, before he can learn his grades, Manya and his brother are arrested. Manya is publicly humiliated in the college by Inspector Ambolkar and ends up in [[Yerwada Central Jail]]. In prison, a convict named Munir saves Manya from being attacked by a goon named Potya during lunch time. During this assault, Bhargav is killed.

Munir befriends Manya and another convict named Veera. Veera trains Manya to become stronger. After Manya is eventually challenged by Potya. Potya attacks him to fire gets enraged from behind and beats Manya up, to which Manya responds by stabbing Potya to death.
Later on, both Manya and Munir escape from prison while they are working on a railway track and try to join hands with two brothers who rule Mumbai's deals.

The elder brother, [[Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar|Zubair Imtiaz Haksar]], is cool and is impressed by Manya. However, the younger brother, [[Dawood Ibrahim|Dilawar]], disapproves of Manya and dislikes him. After this, Manya forms his own gang, which consists of him, Munir, Veera, and Gyancho, a sharpshooter brought by Munir. Soon enough, Manya finishes off Bhatkar (the gangster who had him and his brother arrested). Jamal, Bhatkar's bodyguard, also joins them. Next, Manya brings Ambolkar to his knees by beating him brutally in public for his earlier humiliation. The story next shows the death of Sadiq, an unscrupulous news reporter, by the Mastan gang. This leads to a fight between the Haskar brothers and the Mastan gang. Meanwhile, Manya crosses paths with Vidya, and after learning of her separation from her marriage, they resume their relationship, eventually consummating it the same day. However, she ends it after finding out that he escaped from prison.

A truce is called by [[Haji Mastan|Haji Maqsood]], which is short lived as the Mastan gang asks Manya to finish off Zubair. After killing Zubair, Manya goes to Vidya's place for refuge, where he violently has sex with Vidya, and later Dilawar kills Gyancho with the help of Jamal. He is about to stage an accident to kill Munir when Manya saves him. Later, Afaaque is asked to kill Manya by Dilawar.

Even after his refusal so many times, and also shown by Dilawar that one day he will be killed, Afaaque told the whole story and degrades the Police for not fully granting access to the [[Encounter killing|encounters]] and killing the criminals. This influences the Commissioner into granting two choices to Afaaque, to directly encounter and kill Manya or stage an encounter and kill Dilaawar, but they opt for an easy option to encounter Manya, so, Afaaque vows to kill angry Manya.

Afaaque manipulates Vidya to kidnaps reveal Manya's, whereabouts are enraged that he can save Manya, if he confesses his involvement in all the past crimes. Vidya does as told by Afaaque, but the police do an encounter on border. Manya, according to their pre-set plan and thus, misleading Vidya.

In the final scene, when the ambulance arrives, Manya succumbs to the gunshot wounds which gives immense shock to Vidya and she blankly stares at Afaaque's face and Afaaque tells the accompanying constable that Manya has died.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as ACP Afaaque Baaghran (the character based on ''ACP Isaque Bagwan'')
* [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] as [[Manya Surve]]
* [[Tusshar Kapoor]] as Sheikh Muhammad Yunus Munir
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Zubair Imitaz Haskar <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/tusshar-to-play-gangster-in-shootout-at-wadala-423018.html |title=Tusshar to play gangster in 'Shootout at Wadala' |date=28 November 2011 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812145954/http://www.news18.com/news/india/tusshar-to-play-gangster-in-shootout-at-wadala-423018.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Kangana Ranaut]] as Vidya Joshi
* [[Sonu Sood]] as Dilawar Imtiaz Haksar (the character based on ''[[Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar]]'')
* [[Ronit Roy]] as Inspector Raja Ambat (the character based on ''Inspector Raja Tambat'')
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Inspector Yashwanth Bhinde (the character based on '' Inspector Madhukar Shinde'')
* [[Raju Mavani]] as Yakub Lala (the character based on ''Ayub Lala'')
* [[Arif Zakaria]] as Sadiq (news reporter) (character based on ''Iqbal Naatiq'')
* [[Soni Razdan]] as Manya's mother
* Pankaj Kalra as Saeed Batla
* [[Karan Patel]] as Jamal (Bhatkar's bodyguard) (fictional)
* Vineet Sharma as Bhargav Surve<ref name=cast>{{cite web|title=Shootout at Wadala Cast & Crew|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547370|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119123512/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547370|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2012|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref name=item>{{cite news|title=Shootout at Wadala: Guns, girls and goggles|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/shootout-at-wadala-guns-girls-and-goggles/article4683455.ece|work=The Hindu|date=4 May 2013|last1=Kamath|first1=Sudhish|access-date=5 May 2013|archive-date=7 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207235944/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/shootout-at-wadala-guns-girls-and-goggles/article4683455.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Raju Kher]] as Inspector Ambolkar (the character based on ''Inspector E. S. Dabholkar'')
* [[Akbar Khan (director)|Akbar Khan]] as Haji Maqsood (character based on ''[[Haji Mastan]]'') (cameo)
* [[Siddhanth Kapoor]] as Gyancho (the character based on ''Vishnu Patil'')
* [[Ranjeet]] as Bhatkar Dada
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as Potya (the character based on ''Suhas Bhatkar'')
* Sanjeev Chadda as Veera (the character based on ''Uday Shetty'')
* Shaji Chaudhary as Aurangzeb Mastan

{{colend}}
'''Special appearances'''
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Police Commissioner (fictional) (uncredited)
* [[Sunny Leone]] as Laila in the [[item number]] "Laila"<ref name=cast/><ref name=item/> (role inspired from Zubair's girlfriend Chitra)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM18/One-dead-one-caught/Article1-163960.aspx |title=One dead, one caught |work=Hindustan Times|date=22 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430014856/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM18/One-dead-one-caught/Article1-163960.aspx |archive-date=30 April 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Priyanka Chopra]] in the item number "Babli Badmaash" (uncredited)
* [[Sophie Choudry]] in the item number "Aala Re Aala"<ref name=cast/><ref name=item/>

==Controversy==
Director [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]] knew the consequences of using [[Dawood Ibrahim]]'s real name while shooting the film, but he carried on with [[Sonu Sood]] being addressed as "Dilawar Imtiaz" in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dawoods-name-changed-to-dilawer-in-shootout-at-wadala/1080563/ |title=Dawood's name changed to Dilawer in Shootout at Wadala |date=27 February 2013 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=28 May 2017 |archive-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812141847/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dawoods-name-changed-to-dilawer-in-shootout-at-wadala/1080563/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 27 January 2013, [[Balaji Telefilms|Balaji Motion Pictures]] uploaded a new version of the theatrical trailer, and trimmed nearly every dialogue from the film off. The character of Dawood Ibrahim is only seen for three seconds in the new trailer, to avoid any problems. Also, the character names have been changed as well, except for Abraham's character, whose name remains the same in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/dawood-ibrahim-other-names-removed-from-shootout-at-wadala-promos/story-o1ayh3sEJw13MCPsgpfcgK.html |title=Dawood Ibrahim, other names removed from Shootout at Wadala promos |date=30 January 2013 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=28 May 2017 |archive-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812172150/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/dawood-ibrahim-other-names-removed-from-shootout-at-wadala-promos/story-o1ayh3sEJw13MCPsgpfcgK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shootout at Wadala
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anu Malik]], [[Meet Bros Anjjan]], [[Mustafa Zahid]] and [[Anand Raaj Anand]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 19 March 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=49|s=26}}
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[Anu Malik]]
| prev_title = [[Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Meet Bros Anjjan]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[OMG – Oh My God!]]
| prev_year = 2012
| title = Shootout at Wadala
| year = 2013
| next_title = [[Policegiri]]
| next_year = 2013
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Mustafa Zahid]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Murder 3]]
| prev_year = 2013
| title = Shootout at Wadala
| year = 2013
| next_title = [[Aashiqui 2]]
| next_year = 2013
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Anand Raaj Anand]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Deewana Main Deewana]]
| prev_year = 2013
| title = Shootout at Wadala
| year = 2013
| next_title = [[Zanjeer (2013 film)|Zanjeer]]
| next_year = 2013
}}
{{Singles
| name = Shootout at Wadala
| type = Soundtrack Singles
| single1 = Babli Badmaash
| single1date = 14 March 2013
| single2 = Aala Re Aala
| single2date = 24 April 2013
| single3 = Laila
| single3date = 28 April 2013
| single4 = Aye Manya
| single4date = 7 May 2013
}}
}}
The music of ''Shootout at Wadala'' is composed by [[Anu Malik]], [[Anand Raaj Anand]], [[Meet Bros Anjjan]] and Mustafa Zahid. Anu Malik was asked to compose for three songs for this film which were chartbusters.

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 49:26

| title1 = Aala Re Aala
| extra1 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Mika Singh]]
| music1 = [[Anu Malik]]
| lyrics1 = [[Neelesh Misra]]
| length1 = 5:44
| title2 = Laila
| extra2 = Mika Singh & [[Anand Raj Anand|Anand Raaj Anand]]
| music2 = [[Anand Raj Anand|Anand Raaj Anand]]
| lyrics2 = Sanjay Gupta
| length2 = 3:36
| title3 = Babli Badmaash
| extra3 = Sunidhi Chauhan
| music3 = Anu Malik
| lyrics3 = Kumaar
| length3 = 4:27
| title4 = Ek Din Ke Liye
| extra4 = Sunidhi Chauhan & Anu Malik
| music4 = Anu Malik
| lyrics4 =
| length4 = 0:48
| title5 = Yeh Junoon
| extra5 = [[Mustafa Zahid]]
| music5 = [[Mustafa Zahid]]
| lyrics5 =
| length5 = 4:52
| title6 = Aye Manya
| extra6 = [[Adnan Sami]], [[Meet Bros Anjjan]] & [[Shantanu Mukherjee|Shaan]]
| music6 = [[Meet Bros Anjjan]]
| lyrics6 =
| length6 = 4:56
| title7 = Goli
| extra7 = Meet Bros Anjjan, [[Sudesh Bhosle]], [[Anil Kapoor]] & [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]]
| music7 = Meet Bros Anjjan
| lyrics7 =
| length7 = 4:08
| title8 = Babli Badmaash (Remix by Gourav Das Gupta & Roshan Balu)
| extra8 = Sunidhi Chauhan & Anu Malik
| music8 = Anu Malik
| lyrics8 =
| length8 = 4:47
| title9 = Aala Re Aala (Remix by Gourav Das Gupta & Roshan Balu)
| extra9 = Sunidhi Chauhan, Mika Singh & Anu Malik
| music9 = Anu Malik
| lyrics9 =
| length9 = 5:02
| title10 = Laila (Remix by Gourav Das Gupta & Roshan Balu)
| extra10 = Mika Singh & [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| music10 = Anand Raaj Anand
| lyrics10 =
| length10 = 3:27
| title11 = Yeh Junoon (Remix by Mayur Sahani)
| extra11 = Mustafa Zahid
| music11 = Mustafa Zahid
| lyrics11 =
| length11 = 4:01
| title12 = Goli (Remix by Mayur Sahani)
| extra12 = Meet Bros Anjjan, Sudesh Bhosle, Anil Kapoor, John Abraham
| music12 = Meet Bros Anjjan
| lyrics12 =
| length12 = 3:38
}}

==Critical reception==
The film received a mixed reception from critics.
::''The ratings for the film provided by the reviewers have been tabulated. Below the table lies a collection of excerpts from the reviews, which can be matched to the respective rating as given in the table by seeing the source.''
{|class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse;" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center; "
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#e9d66b;"| '''Review scores'''
|-
! Source
! Rating
|-
|[[Bollywood Hungama]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/547370 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415092818/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/547370 | url-status=dead | archive-date=15 April 2012 | title=Bollywoodhungama Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | access-date=4 May 2013}}</ref>
| {{Rating|5|5|score = }}
|-
|''[[Times of India]]''<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/19816630.cms | title=TOI review | work=The Times of India | access-date=4 May 2013 | archive-date=5 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505023540/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/19816630.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{Rating|4|5}}
|-
|[[Zee News]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/shootout-at-wadala-review-make-way-for-the-raw-unabashed-manya-surve_133547.htm | title=Zee News review | date=4 May 2013 | publisher=Zee News | access-date=4 May 2013 | archive-date=4 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504154510/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/shootout-at-wadala-review-make-way-for-the-raw-unabashed-manya-surve_133547.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Rating|3.5|5}}
|-
|[[DNA India]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1830130/review-film-review-watch-shootout-at-wadala-at-a-single-screen-to-experience-its-true-flavor| title=Film Review: Watch Shootout at Wadala at a single screen to experience its true flavor| date=3 May 2013| publisher=DNA: Daily News and Analysis| access-date=3 May 2013| archive-date=6 May 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506044557/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1830130/review-film-review-watch-shootout-at-wadala-at-a-single-screen-to-experience-its-true-flavor| url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{Rating|3|5}}
|-
|[[NDTV]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/shootout-at-wadala-movie-review-807 | title=NDTV Movies review | publisher=NDTV | access-date=4 May 2013 | archive-date=5 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505093438/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/shootout-at-wadala-movie-review-807 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{Rating|2.5|5}}
|-
|[[Yahoo]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-reviews/yahoo-movies-review-shootout-wadala-041339175.html | title=Yahoo Movies review | publisher=Yahoo | access-date=4 May 2013 | archive-date=6 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506070438/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-reviews/yahoo-movies-review-shootout-wadala-041339175.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{Rating|2.5|5}}
|-
|[[CNN-IBN|IBN]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shootout-at-wadala-review-the-bloodshed-leaves-you-cold/389473-47-84.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505141635/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shootout-at-wadala-review-the-bloodshed-leaves-you-cold/389473-47-84.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 May 2013 | title=IBNLive review | publisher=IBN | access-date=4 May 2013}}</ref>
|{{Rating|2|5}}
|-
|''[[The Indian Express]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/movie-review-shootout-at-wadala/1111053 | title=Indian Express review | work=The Indian Express | date=3 May 2013 | access-date=4 May 2013 | archive-date=6 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506024234/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/movie-review-shootout-at-wadala/1111053 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{Rating|2|5}}
|-
|[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-shootout-at-wadala-is-a-mindless-gore-fest/20130503.htm | title=Rediff.com review | work=Rediff.com | access-date=4 May 2013 | archive-date=4 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504143907/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-shootout-at-wadala-is-a-mindless-gore-fest/20130503.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{Rating|2|5}}
|}

==Box office==

===India===
''Shootout at Wadala'' had an opening of around 65% occupancy<ref name=screens>{{cite web|title=Shootout at Wadala Has Good Opening Bombay Talkies Is Poor|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5636&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=3 May 2013|archive-date=5 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505191618/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5636&nCat=|url-status=live}}</ref> and went on to collect {{INRConvert|101.9|m}} on first day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shootout at Wadala First Day Territorial Breakdown|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5640&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=4 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507021140/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5640&nCat= |archive-date=7 May 2013}}</ref> The two-week domestic distributor share is {{INR}} 255.0 million approx.<ref name=boxofficeindia5670/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5676&nCat= |publisher=Box Office India|title=Data}}</ref> The final total came out to be {{INRConvert|820|m}}.<ref name=boxofficeindia5670/><ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>

===Overseas===
''Shootout at Wadala'' collected $900,000 over its first weekend.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5648&nCat=|title=Numbers |publisher=Box Office India |date=8 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603201231/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews |archive-date=3 June 2013 }}</ref> Its final overseas collection was US$1.625 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Ten Overseas Grossers 2013 upto August|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6010&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=29 August 2013|archive-date=29 August 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130829055331/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6010&nCat=|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Budget and marketing===
''Shootout at Wadala'' was made with a budget of {{INRConvert|50|c}}<ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/> of production costs. The prints and marketing budget was {{INRConvert|15|c}}.

==Future==
Director [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]] has stated his plans to make the third installment to the franchise, ''[[Shootout at Byculla]]'' based on the [[JJ Hospital]] shootout in 1992 by [[Dawood Ibrahim]]'s [[D Company]] against the [[Arun Gawli]] gang for the latter's killing of Ibrahim's brother-in-law Ismail Parkar (the husband of [[Haseena Parkar]]). He has also said that he will restart his movie ''Alibaug'', starring [[Sunny Deol]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda Ahuja]], [[Emraan Hashmi]] and turn it into the third sequel of the [[Shootout (film series)|''Shootout film series'']]. Also, actors [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Shabir Ahluwalia]] and [[John Abraham]] have been rumoured to star alongside each other. Abraham will portray a real encounter specialist [[Vijay Salaskar]]. The project is currently untitled, but it has been reported to be an "epic revenge saga".<ref>{{cite news|title=Sanjay Gupta's next Shootout film might star Abhishek Bachchan – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-guptas-next-shootout-film-might-star-abhishek-bachchan/articleshow/52725461.cms|access-date=2021-03-24|website=The Times of India|date=28 January 2017 |language=en|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519191728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-guptas-next-shootout-film-might-star-abhishek-bachchan/articleshow/52725461.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sanjay Gupta on completing the first draft of 'Shootout 3': Tried to reinvent, not repeat|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/sanjay-gupta-on-completing-the-first-draft-of-shootout-3-tried-to-reinvent-not-repeat|access-date=2021-03-24|website=freepressjournal.in|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622061341/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/sanjay-gupta-on-completing-the-first-draft-of-shootout-3-tried-to-reinvent-not-repeat|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Shootout at Wadala}}
* {{IMDb title|2301155|Shootout at Wadala}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120119123512/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547370 ''Shootout at Wadala''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Sanjay Gupta}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2010s biographical films]]
[[Category:2013 crime action films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 controversies]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in 1982]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madh Fort]]
[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:2013 masala films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Biographical films about gangsters]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Balaji Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Action films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Biographical action films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sanjay Gupta]]
[[Category:D-Company]]
[[Category:Indian prequel films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films à clef]]
[[Category:Encounters in India]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about police brutality]]

Delaware

2026-03-23T19:11:11Z

Swebsexilm: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|U.S. state}}
{{About|the U.S. state}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
| name = Delaware
| image_flag = Flag of Delaware.svg
| flag_link = Flag of Delaware
| image_seal = Seal of Delaware.svg
| image_map = Delaware in United States (zoom).svg
| motto = "[[Liberty and Independence]]"
| anthem = "[[Our Delaware]]"
| population_demonym = Delawarean
| OfficialLang = None
| nicknames = The First State; The Small Wonder;<ref>{{cite web|first=Melissa|last=Nann Burke|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2015/01/04/delaware-small-wonder/21270787/|title=Delaware a Small Wonder no more?|date=January 5, 2015|publisher=Delaware Online|access-date=March 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112539/http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2015/01/04/delaware-small-wonder/21270787/|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Blue Hen State; The Diamond State
| Former = [[Province of Pennsylvania]] ([[Lower Counties on the Delaware]])
| seat = [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]]
| LargestCity = [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]]
| LargestCounty = [[New Castle County, Delaware|New Castle]]
| LargestMetro = [[Philadelphia metropolitan area|Philadelphia]]
| Governor = {{nowrap|[[Matt Meyer]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])}}
| Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Kyle Evans Gay]] (D)}}
| Legislature = [[Delaware General Assembly|General Assembly]]
| Upperhouse = [[Delaware Senate|Senate]]
| Lowerhouse = [[Delaware House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| Judiciary = [[Delaware Supreme Court]]
| Senators = [[Chris Coons]] (D) [[Lisa Blunt Rochester]] (D)
| Representative = [[Sarah McBride]] (D)
| postal_code = DE
| TradAbbreviation = Del.
| area_rank = 49th
| area_total_km2 = {{convert|2489|sqmi|km2|disp=number}}
| area_total_sq_mi = 2489<ref>{{cite web | url=https://census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html | title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates }}</ref>
| area_water_percent = 21.7<ref>{{cite web|last1=USGS|first1=Howard Perlman|title=Area of each state that is water |url=https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wetstates.html |publisher=water.usgs.gov|access-date=March 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010154347/https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wetstates.html|archive-date=October 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_rank = 45th
| population_as_of = 2025
| 2020Pop = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 1,059,952<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/DE/PST045224|access-date=January 9, 2025|title= United States Census Quick Facts Delaware}}</ref>
| 2010Density = 190
| 2020DensityUS = 491<ref name="State of Delaware – My Healthy Community">{{cite web |title=State of Delaware Community Characteristics|website=State of Delaware – My Healthy Community |url=https://myhealthycommunity.dhss.delaware.gov/about/acceptable-use |access-date=July 16, 2022}}</ref>
| population_density_rank = 6th
| MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|81361|-2}} (2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/acsbr-023.pdf|title=Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023|access-date=January 12, 2025}}</ref>
| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|15th]]
| AdmittanceOrder = 1st
| AdmittanceDate = {{Start date and age|1787|12|7}}
| timezone1 = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset1 = −05:00
| timezone1_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST = −04:00
| Longitude = 75° 3′ W to 75° 47′ W
| Latitude = 38° 27′ N to 39° 50′ N
| width_km = 48
| width_mi = 30
| length_km = 154
| length_mi = 96
| elevation_max_point = Near the{{break}}[[Ebright Azimuth]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|title=Elevations and Distances in the United States|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|year=2001|access-date=October 21, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|archive-date=October 15, 2011}}</ref>{{efn|name=NAVD88|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]]}}<ref name="The Delaware Geological Survey highest point">{{cite web |title=Highest point in Delaware |website=The Delaware Geological Survey |url=https://www.dgs.udel.edu/delaware-geology/highest-point-delaware |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617202307/https://www.dgs.udel.edu/delaware-geology/highest-point-delaware |archive-date=June 17, 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=July 16, 2022}}</ref>
| elevation_max_m = 136.50468
| elevation_max_ft = 447.85
| elevation_m = 20
| elevation_ft = 60
| elevation_min_point = Atlantic Ocean<ref name=USGS />
| elevation_min_m = 0
| elevation_min_ft = 0
| iso_code = US-DE
| website = https://delaware.gov
| Representatives =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = none
}}
{{Infobox region symbols|country=United States
| image_flag = Flag of Delaware.svg
| image_seal = Seal of Delaware.svg
| image_arms = Coat of arms of Delaware.svg
| state = Delaware
| bird = [[Delaware Blue Hen]]
| butterfly = [[Eastern tiger swallowtail]]
| fish = [[Weakfish]]
| flower = [[Peach|Peach blossom]]
| insect = [[Coccinella septempunctata|7-spotted ladybug]]
| tree = [[American holly]]
| wildlife_animal = [[Grey fox]]
| beverage = [[Milk]]
| colors = [[Flag of Delaware|Colonial blue]], [[buff (color)|buff]]
| food = [[Strawberry]], [[Custard pie|peach custard pie]]
| fossil = [[Belemnite]]
| mineral = [[Sillimanite]]
| slogan = ''Endless Discoveries''—<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2015/01/05/delawares-new-tourism-brand-endless-discoveries/21289179/|title=Delaware's new tourism brand: Endless Discoveries|author=Molly Murray|date=January 6, 2015|publisher=Delaware Online|access-date=March 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143458/http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2015/01/05/delawares-new-tourism-brand-endless-discoveries/21289179/|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Formerly: ''It's Good Being First''
| soil = [[Greenwich (soil)|Greenwich]]
| image_route = Elongated circle 1.svg
| image_quarter = 1999 DE Proof.png
| quarter_release_date = 1999
}}

'''Delaware''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Delaware.ogg|ˈ|d|ɛ|l|ə|w|ɛər}} {{respell|DEL|ə|wair}})<ref>''[[Random House Dictionary]]''</ref> is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic]] and [[South Atlantic states|South Atlantic]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Regions and Divisions of the United States |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf}}</ref> regions of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/regions/mid-atlantic/|title=Mid-Atlantic Home : Mid–Atlantic Information Office : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|website=bls.gov|access-date=July 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408092405/https://www.bls.gov/regions/mid-atlantic/|archive-date=April 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It borders [[Maryland]] to its south and west, [[Pennsylvania]] to its north, [[New Jersey]] to its northeast, and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to its east. The state's name derives from the adjacent [[Delaware Bay]], which in turn was named after [[Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr]], an English nobleman and the [[Colony of Virginia]]'s first colonial-era governor.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Delaware |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Delaware |url-status=live |dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=February 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012121643/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=Delaware |archive-date=October 12, 2007}}</ref>

Delaware occupies the northeastern portion of the [[Delmarva Peninsula]], and some islands and territory within the [[Delaware River]]. It is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|second-smallest]] and [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|sixth-least populous]] state, but also the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population density|sixth-most densely populated]]. Delaware's most populous city is [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]], and the state's [[List of capitals in the United States|capital]] is [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]], the second-most populous city in Delaware. The state is divided into three counties, the fewest number of counties of any of the 50 U.S. states; from north to south, the three counties are: [[New Castle County, Delaware|New Castle County]], [[Kent County, Delaware|Kent County]], and [[Sussex County, Delaware|Sussex County]]. The southern two counties, Kent and Sussex, have historically been predominantly agrarian economies. New Castle is more [[Urbanized area|urbanized]] and is considered part of the [[Philadelphia metropolitan area]]. Delaware is considered part of the [[Southern United States]] by the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]],<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2016 |title=Census Regions and Divisions of the United States |url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092445/http://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=November 21, 2022 |website=U.S. Census Bureau }}</ref> but the state's geography, culture, and history are a hybrid of the Mid-Atlantic, [[Northeastern United States|Northeastern]], and Southern regions of the country.<ref name="Kent"/><ref name="Slowerlower"/><ref name="Atlanticdialect"/>

Before the Delaware coastline was explored and developed by [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]] in the 17th century, the state was inhabited by several [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes, including the [[Lenape]] in the north and [[Nanticoke people|Nanticoke]] in the south. The state was first colonized by [[Dutch people|Dutch]] traders at [[Zwaanendael Colony|Zwaanendael]], near present-day [[Lewes, Delaware]], in 1631. Delaware was one of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] that participated in the [[American Revolution]] against [[British Army during the American Revolutionary War|Great Britain]], which established the United States as an independent nation. On December 7, 1787, Delaware was the first state to ratify the [[Constitution of the United States]], earning it the nickname "The First State".<ref>"The First to Ratify" would be more accurate, as the beginnings of the states themselves date back to the Declaration of Independence, celebrated July 4, 1776, when what was to become the State of Delaware was still the three lower counties of Pennsylvania with the governor in Philadelphia, and not establishing independence from that body until [[Delaware Constitution of 1776#Background|September 20, 1776]]. According to Delaware's own website, "Delaware became a state in 1776, just two months after the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]." (ref-[https://delaware.gov/facts/DelawareFactsandSymbols.pdf pdf] ) Delaware was the last of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] to establish itself as a state following the end of the Revolutionary War. The [[50 State Quarters#Designs|Delaware State Quarter]] is minted with this nickname, but shows [[Caesar Rodney#American Revolution|Caesar Rodney]] on horseback in commemoration of his role as the final delegate to arrive at the [[Continental Congress]] in [[Philadelphia]] for the historic vote for independence on July 4, 1776, which was adopted unanimously by the 56 delegates. Delaware was the [[Articles of Confederation#Ratification|12th of the 13 states to ratify]] the [[Articles of Confederation]], which pre-dated the [[United States Constitution]].</ref>

Since the turn of the 20th century, Delaware has become an onshore [[corporate haven]] whose [[Delaware General Corporation Law|corporate laws]] are deemed appealing to corporations; over half of all [[New York Stock Exchange]]-listed corporations and over three-fifths of the [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]] are legally incorporated in Delaware. Over 90% of all U.S. based companies that went [[initial public offering|public]] in 2021 incorporated themselves in Delaware.<ref name=DelawareCorporateSafeHaven>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/13/why-more-than-60percent-of-fortune-500-companies-incorporated-in-delaware.html|title=Here's why more than 60% of Fortune 500 companies are incorporated in Delaware|author=Charlotte Morabito|publisher=[[CNBC]]|date=March 13, 2023|access-date= August 2, 2024|quote="When you want to go global and you've incorporated in Canada, no one is going to look at you at all," said Cleanster.com co-founder and CEO Gloria Oppong. "Delaware protects both ourselves, the entrepreneurs, and also the investors eventually that are going to be joining on."}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Delaware was named after its location on the Delaware Bay, which in turn derived its name from [[Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr]] (1577–1618), the first governor of the [[Colony of Virginia]]. The Delaware people, a name used by Europeans for [[Lenape]] people Indigenous to the Delaware Valley, also derive their name from the same source.

The name ''de La Warr'' was derived from [[Sussex]] and is of [[England|Anglo]]-French origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ware DeGidio |first=Wanda |year=2011 |title=Ware Family History: Descendants from Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Kings and Queens, and Presidents of the United States |editor-first=Wanda |editor-last=Ware DeGidio |pages=10 |publisher=Wanda DeGidio |isbn=978-1-4010-9930-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ware DeGidio |first=Wanda |year=2011 |title=Ware Family History: Descendants from Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Kings and Queens, and Presidents of the United States |editor-first=Wanda |editor-last=Ware DeGidio |page=10 |publisher=Wanda DeGidio |isbn=978-1-4010-9930-5 }}</ref> It came probably from a [[Norman language|Norman]] [[lieu-dit]] ''La Guerre''. This [[toponymic]] likely derived from [[Latin language|Latin]] ''[[wikt:ager#Latin|ager]]'', the [[Breton language|Breton]] ''[[wikt:gwern#Breton|gwern]]'' or from the [[Late Latin]] {{Lang|la|varectum}} ([[fallow]]). The toponyms Gara, Gare, Gaire, (the sound [[Open central unrounded vowel|[ä]]] often mutated in [[Near-open front unrounded vowel|[æ]]]) also appear in historical texts cited by [[Lucien Musset]], where the word ''ga(i)ra'' means [[Gore (road)|gore]]. It could also be linked with a [[patronymic]] from the [[Old Norse]] ''[[wikt:verr#Old Norse|verr]]''.

==History==
{{Main|History of Delaware}}

{{more citations needed section|date=December 2018}}

===Native Americans===
Before Delaware was settled by European colonists, the present-day state was home to the Eastern [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian]] tribes known as the Unami [[Lenape]], or Delaware, who lived mostly along the coast, and the [[Nanticoke people|Nanticoke]] who occupied much of the southern [[Delmarva Peninsula]]. John Smith also showed two Iroquoian tribes, the Kuskarawock and [[Tockwogh]], living north of the Nanticoke—they may have held small portions of land in the western part of the state before migrating across the Chesapeake Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/maps/captain-smith-virginia-map.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=October 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320024903/http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/maps/captain-smith-virginia-map.jpg |archive-date=March 20, 2015 |url-status=live }} {{Title missing|date=September 2025}}</ref> The Kuskarawocks were most likely the [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]].

The Unami Lenape in the [[Delaware Valley]] were closely related to [[Munsee]] Lenape tribes along the [[Hudson River]]. They had a settled hunting and agricultural society, and they rapidly became middlemen in an increasingly frantic fur trade with their ancient enemy, the Minqua or [[Susquehannock]]. With the loss of their lands on the [[Delaware River]] and the destruction of the Minqua by the [[Iroquois]] of the Five Nations in the 1670s, the remnants of the Lenape who wished to remain identified as such left the region and moved over the [[Allegheny Mountains]] by the mid-18th century. Generally, those who did not relocate out of the state of Delaware were baptized, became Christian and were grouped together with other persons of color in official records and in the minds of their non-Native American neighbors.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

===Colonial Delaware===
{{Main|New Netherland|New Sweden|Delaware Colony}}

The [[Dutch people|Dutch]] were the first Europeans to settle in present-day Delaware in the middle region by establishing a trading post at [[Zwaanendael, Delaware|Zwaanendael]], near the site of [[Lewes, Delaware|Lewes]] in 1631.<ref>{{cite book|author=Myers, Albert Cook|title=Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware, 1630–1707, Volume 13|publisher=C. Scribner's Sons|year=1912|page=8}}</ref> Within a year, all the settlers were killed in a dispute with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American tribes]] living in the area. In 1638, [[New Sweden]], a [[Swedish people|Swedish]] trading post and colony, was established at [[Fort Christina]] (now in [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]]) by [[Peter Minuit]] at the head of a group of Swedes, [[Finnish people|Finns]] and Dutch. The colony of New Sweden lasted 17 years. In 1651, the Dutch, reinvigorated by the leadership of [[Peter Stuyvesant]], established a fort at present-day [[New Castle, Delaware|New Castle]] and, in 1655, they conquered the New Sweden colony, annexing it into the Dutch [[New Netherland]].<ref name=hod>{{cite book|title=History of Delaware|first =John A |last = Munroe|edition = 5th, illustrated|publisher= University of Delaware Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-87413-947-1|page=45|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vs7NcOKnlNUC&q=%22Lower+counties%22+%22on+the+delaware%22&pg=PA46 | chapter = 3. The Lower Counties on The Delaware}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |editor1-last = Scheltema |editor1-first = Gajus |editor2-last = Westerhuijs |editor2-first = Heleen |title = Exploring Historic Dutch New York |publisher = Museum of the City of New York/Dover |place = New York |year = 2011 |isbn = 978-0-486-48637-6}}</ref> Only nine years later, in 1664, the Dutch were conquered by a fleet of English ships by Sir Robert Carr under the direction of [[James II of England|James, the Duke of York]]. Fighting off a prior claim by [[Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore]], [[Province of Maryland|Proprietor of Maryland]], the Duke passed his somewhat dubious ownership on to [[William Penn]] in 1682. Penn strongly desired access to the sea for his [[Province of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania province]] and leased what then came to be known as the "Lower Counties on the Delaware"<ref name = hod /> from the Duke.

Penn established representative government and briefly combined his two possessions under one General Assembly in 1682. However, by 1704 the province of Pennsylvania had grown so large their representatives wanted to make decisions without the assent of the Lower Counties, and the two groups of representatives began meeting on their own, one at [[Philadelphia]], and the other at New Castle. Penn and his heirs remained proprietors of both and always appointed the same person Governor for their province of Pennsylvania and their territory of the Lower Counties. The fact that Delaware and Pennsylvania shared the same governor was not unique; from 1703 to 1738, New York and New Jersey shared a governor.<ref>{{Citation |last = Lurie |first = Mappen M |title = Encyclopedia of New Jersey |publisher = Rutgers University Press |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-8135-3325-4 |page = 327}}</ref> Massachusetts and New Hampshire also shared a governor for some time.<ref>{{Citation |last = Mayo |first = LS |title = John Wentworth, Governor of New Hampshire: 1767–1775 |publisher = Harvard University Press |year = 1921 |page = 5}}</ref>

Dependent in early years on indentured labor, Delaware imported more slaves as the number of English immigrants decreased with better economic conditions in England. The colony became a slave society and cultivated tobacco as a cash crop, although English immigrants continued to arrive.

===American Revolution===
{{Main|American Revolutionary War|Lee Resolution|United States Declaration of Independence|Philadelphia campaign|Articles of Confederation#Ratification|Treaty of Paris (1783)|Constitutional Convention (United States)|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}}

[[File:Recto Delaware 2 shillings 6 pence 1777 urn-3 HBS.Baker.AC 1085935.jpeg|alt=A two-shilling, six-pence banknote issued by Delaware in 1777 with the inscription: "Two Shillings & Six-pence. This Indented Bill shall pass current for Two Shillings and Six-pence, within the Delaware State according to an Act of Genera Assembly of the said State, made in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventy-six. Dated the First Day of May, 1777."; Within border cuts: "Half a Crown"|thumb|A two-shilling, six-pence banknote issued by Delaware in 1777]]
Like the other middle colonies, the Lower Counties on the Delaware initially showed little enthusiasm for a break with [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]]. The citizenry had a good relationship with the Proprietary government, and generally were allowed more independence of action in their Colonial Assembly than in other colonies. Merchants at the port of Wilmington had trading ties with the British.

New Castle lawyer [[Thomas McKean]] denounced the [[Stamp Act 1765|Stamp Act]] in the strongest terms, and Kent County native [[John Dickinson (delegate)|John Dickinson]] became the "Penman of the Revolution". Anticipating the Declaration of Independence, [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] leaders Thomas McKean and [[Caesar Rodney]] convinced the Colonial Assembly to declare itself separated from British and Pennsylvania rule on June 15, 1776. The person best representing Delaware's majority, [[George Read (signer)|George Read]], could not bring himself to vote for a Declaration of Independence. Only the dramatic overnight ride of Caesar Rodney gave the delegation the votes needed to cast Delaware's vote for independence.

Initially led by [[John Haslet]], Delaware provided one of the premier regiments in the [[Continental Army]], known as the "Delaware Blues" and nicknamed the "[[Delaware Blue Hen|Blue Hen's Chicks]]". In August 1777 [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe|General Sir William Howe]] led a British army through Delaware on his way to a victory at the [[Battle of Brandywine]] and capture of the city of Philadelphia. The only real engagement on Delaware soil was the [[Battle of Cooch's Bridge]], fought on September 3, 1777, at [[Cooch's Bridge]] in New Castle County, although there was a [[Clow Rebellion|minor Loyalist rebellion]] in 1778.

Following the Battle of Brandywine, Wilmington was occupied by the British, and [[List of governors of Delaware|State President]] [[John McKinly]] was taken prisoner. The British remained in control of the Delaware River for much of the rest of the war, disrupting commerce and providing encouragement to an active [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] portion of the population, particularly in Sussex County. Because the British promised slaves of rebels freedom for fighting with them, escaped slaves flocked north to join their lines.<ref>{{Citation | first = Simon | last = Schama | author-link = Simon Schama | title = Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution | place = New York | publisher = Harper Collins | year = 2006| title-link = Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution }}</ref>

Following the [[American Revolution]], statesmen from Delaware were among the leading proponents of a strong central United States with equal representation for each state.

===Slavery and race===
{{Main|History of slavery in Delaware}}

Many colonial settlers came to Delaware from [[Maryland]] and [[Virginia]], where the population had been increasing rapidly. The economies of these colonies were chiefly based on labor-intensive tobacco and increasingly dependent on African [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]] because of a decline in working class immigrants from England. Most of the English colonists had arrived as [[Indentured servitude|indentured servants]] (contracted for a fixed period to pay for their passage), and in the early years the line between servant and slave was fluid.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

Most of the free African-American families in Delaware before the Revolution had migrated from Maryland to find more affordable land. They were descendants chiefly of relationships or marriages between white servant women and enslaved, servant or free African or African-American men.<ref>{{citation |last=Heinegg |first=Paul |title=Free African Americans in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware |url=http://www.freeafricanamericans.com/ |url-status=dead |access-date=February 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807191511/http://www.freeafricanamericans.com/ |archive-date=August 7, 2010}}</ref> Under slavery law, children took the social status of their mothers, so children born to white women were free, regardless of their paternity, just as children born to enslaved women were born into slavery. As the flow of indentured laborers to the colony decreased with improving economic conditions in England, more slaves were imported for labor and the caste lines hardened.

By the end of the colonial period, the number of enslaved people in Delaware began to decline. Shifts in the agriculture economy from tobacco to mixed farming resulted in less need for slaves' labor. In addition local [[Methodist]]s and [[Quaker]]s encouraged slaveholders to free their slaves following the American Revolution, and many did so in a surge of individual manumissions for idealistic reasons. By 1810, three-quarters of all blacks in Delaware were free. When John Dickinson freed his slaves in 1777, he was Delaware's largest slave owner with 37 slaves. In 1840, Delaware's population was 78,085 of whom 2,605 were slaves.<ref>{{cite book |title=The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge |date=1840 |publisher=Charles Knight |location=London |page=293 |edition=First}}</ref> By 1860, the largest slaveholder owned 16 slaves.{{sfn|Kolchin|1994|pp=78, 81–82}}

Although attempts to abolish slavery failed by narrow margins in the legislature, in practical terms the state had mostly ended the practice. By the [[United States Census, 1860|1860 census]] on the verge of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], 91.7% of the black population were free;{{sfn|Kolchin|1994|pp=81–82}} 1,798 were slaves, as compared to 19,829 "free colored persons".<ref>{{citation |title=Historical Census Browser |url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/php/start.php?year=V1860 |contribution=1860 Federal Census |publisher=University of Virginia Library |access-date=November 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011024040/http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/php/start.php?year=V1860 |archive-date=October 11, 2014 }}</ref>

An independent black denomination was chartered in 1813 by freed slave [[Peter Spencer (religious leader)|Peter Spencer]] as the "[[Spencer Churches|Union Church of Africans]]". This followed the 1793 establishment in Philadelphia of the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]] by [[Richard Allen (bishop)|Richard Allen]], which had ties to the Methodist Episcopal Church until 1816. Spencer built a church in Wilmington for the new denomination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.udel.edu/BlackHistory/antebellum.html|first=Peter T.|last=Dalleo|title=The Growth of Delaware's Antebellum Free African Community|publisher=University of Delaware|date=June 27, 1997|access-date=June 21, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905050734/http://www.udel.edu/BlackHistory/antebellum.html|archive-date=September 5, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> This was renamed as the [[African Union First Colored Methodist Protestant Church and Connection]], more commonly known as the [[A.U.M.P. Church]]. In 1814, Spencer called for the first annual gathering, known as the [[Big August Quarterly]], which continues to draw members of this denomination and their descendants together in a religious and cultural festival.<ref>{{Cite web|title=August Quarterly Festival Celebration
|url=http://www.augustquarterly.org/|access-date=February 2, 2021|website=www.augustquarterly.org}}</ref>

Delaware voted against [[secession]] on January 3, 1861, and so remained in the Union. While most Delaware citizens who fought in the war served in the regiments of the state, some served in companies on the Confederate side in [[List of Maryland Confederate Civil War units|Maryland]] and [[List of Virginia Civil War units|Virginia]] Regiments. Delaware is notable for being the only slave state from which no Confederate regiments or militia groups were assembled.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} Delaware essentially freed the few slaves who were still in bondage shortly after the Civil War{{explain|date=June 2020}} but rejected the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|13th]], [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th]], and [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|15th]] Amendments to the Constitution; the 13th Amendment was rejected on February 8, 1865, the 14th Amendment was rejected on February 8, 1867, and the 15th Amendment was rejected on March 18, 1869. Delaware officially ratified the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments on February 12, 1901, decades after they had already come into force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bill Detail - Delaware General Assembly |url=https://legis.delaware.gov/BillDetail/48275#:~:text=Since%20the%2014th%20Amendment%20to,,%20color,%20or%20national%20origin. |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=legis.delaware.gov}}</ref>

===Reconstruction and industrialization===
During the [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction Era]] that followed the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Democratic [[Redeemers|Redeemer]] governments led by the South's [[Bourbon Democrats|Bourbon aristocracy]] continued to dominate the region and imposed explicitly [[white supremacist]] regimes in the former slave states. The Delaware legislature declared Black people to be second-class citizens in 1866, and restricted their voting rights despite the 15th Amendment, ensuring continued Democratic success in the state throughout most of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |first1=John |title=History of Delaware |date=2001 |publisher=University of Delaware Press |location=Newark, DE |pages=146–150 |edition=4th}}</ref> Fearful that the [[1875 Civil Rights Act]] passed by Congress might establish racial equality, Delaware legislators passed [[Jim Crow laws]] that mandated [[racial segregation|segregation]] in public facilities. The state's educational system was segregated by operation of law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brown v. Board of Education |url=https://archives.delaware.gov/delaware-historical-markers/brown-v-board-education/ |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=Delaware Public Archives - State of Delaware |language=en-US}}</ref> Delaware's segregation was written into the state constitution, which, while providing at Article X, Section 2, that "no distinction shall be made on account of race or color", nonetheless required that "separate schools for white and colored children shall be maintained."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter - Delaware General Assembly |url=https://legis.delaware.gov/SessionLaws/Chapter?id=21337 |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=legis.delaware.gov}}</ref>

Beginning in the late 19th century, the Wilmington area grew into a manufacturing center. Investment in manufacturing in the city grew from $5.5 million in 1860 to $44 million in 1900.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |page=156}}</ref> The most notable manufacturer in the state was the chemical company [[DuPont]], which to this day is heavily credited with making the state what it is today in many ways.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=June 23, 2020 |title=The Dupont Legacy |url=https://delawarebusinesstimes.com/supplements/innovation/the-dupont-legacy/ |access-date=October 14, 2022 |website=Delaware Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Because of Wilmington's growth, local politicians from the city and New Castle County pressured the state government to adopt a new constitution providing the north with more representation. However, the subsequent 1897 constitution did not proportionally represent the north and continued to give the southern counties disproportionate influence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |title=History of Delaware |date=2001 |pages=165–169}}</ref>

As manufacturing expanded, businesses became major players in state affairs and funders of politicians through families such as the Du Ponts. Republican [[J. Edward Addicks|John Addicks]] attempted to buy a US Senate seat multiple times in a rivalry with the Du Ponts until the passage of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|17th Amendment]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=173–180}}</ref> The allegiance of industries with the Republican party allowed them to gain control of the state's governorship throughout most of the 20th century. The GOP ensured black people could vote because of their general support for Republicans and thus undid restrictions on Black suffrage.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |title=History of Delaware |date=2001 |pages=180–181}}</ref>

Delaware benefited greatly from World War I because of the state's large gunpowder industry. DuPont, the most dominant business in the state by WWI, produced an estimated 40% of all gunpowder used by the Allies during the war. It produced nylon in the state after the war and began investments into [[General Motors]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=185–189}}</ref> Additionally, the company invested heavily in the expansion of public schools in the state and colleges such as the [[University of Delaware]] in the 1910s and 1920s. This included primary and secondary schools for Black people and women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=190–205}}</ref> Delaware suffered less during the [[Great Depression]] than other states, but the depression spurred further migration from the rural south to urban areas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=216–217}}</ref>

===World War II to present===
Like in World War I, the state enjoyed a big stimulus to its gunpowder and shipyard industries in World War II. New job opportunities during and after the war in the Wilmington area coaxed Black people from the southern counties to move to the city. The proportion of blacks constituting the city's population rose from 15% in 1950 to over 50% by 1980.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=219–223}}</ref> The surge of Black migrants to the north sparked [[white flight]], in which middle class whites moved from the city to suburban areas, leading to ''de facto'' segregation of Northern Delaware's society. In the 1940s and 1950s, Delaware attempted to integrate its schools, although the last segregated school in the state did not close until 1970.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://segregationinamerica.eji.org/report/beyond-brown.html | title=Beyond Brown: Opposition Intensifies}}</ref> The [[University of Delaware]] admitted its first black student in 1948, and local courts ruled that primary schools had to be integrated. Delaware's integration efforts partially inspired the US Supreme Court's decision in ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'', which found racial segregation in United States [[State school|public schools]] to be unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=225–227}}</ref> The result of the ''Brown'' ruling was that Delaware became fully integrated, albeit with time and much effort.

In October 1954, the city of [[Milford, Delaware|Milford]] became the scene of one of the country's first pro-segregation [[boycotts]] after eleven Black students were enrolled in the previously all-white [[Milford High School (Delaware)|Milford High School]]. Mass protests continued in Milford; the school board eventually ceded to the protestors, expelling the Black students.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 16, 1954|title=White Supremacy Leader Arrested|work=Indianapolis Recorder|url=https://newspapers.library.in.gov/?a=d&d=INR19541016-01.1.1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite magazine|date=October 11, 1954|title=Education: Racial Flare-Up|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,936456,00.html|access-date=January 31, 2023|archive-date=January 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128201953/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,936456,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Webb|first=Clive|title=Rabble Rousers: the American Far Right in the Civil Rights Era|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2010|location=Athens}}</ref> The ensuing unrest, which included [[cross burning]]s, rallies, and pro-segregation demonstrations, contributed to [[Desegregation in the United States|desegregation]] in most of Southern Delaware being delayed for another ten years. [[Sussex County, Delaware|Sussex County]] did not start closing or integrating its segregated schools until 1965, 11 years after the ''Brown'' ruling.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.delmarvanow.com/story/news/local/delaware/2015/02/05/historic-black-school-remains-fond-memory/22914463/ | title=Historic black school remains a fond memory}}</ref> Throughout the state, integration only encouraged more white flight, and poor economic conditions for the black population led to some violence during the 1960s. Riots broke out in Wilmington in 1967 and again in [[Wilmington riot of 1968|1968 in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr]], after which the National Guard occupied the city for nine months to prevent further violence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=228–230}}</ref>

Since WWII, the state has been generally economically prosperous and enjoyed relatively high per capita income because of its location between major cities like Philadelphia, New York, and Washington, DC.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |page=230}}</ref> Its population grew rapidly, particularly in the suburbs in the north where New Castle county became an extension of the [[Philadelphia metropolitan area]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=242}}</ref> Americans, including migrants from Puerto Rico, and immigrants from Latin America flocked to the state. By 1990, only 50% of Delaware's population consisted of natives to the state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=259}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Twelve-Mile Circle|Wedge (border)|Mason–Dixon Line|Transpeninsular Line}}

{{See also|#Counties|l1="Counties" section below}}
[[File:Twelve-mile-circle.gif|thumb|The [[Twelve-Mile Circle]]]]
[[File:National-atlas-delaware.png|thumb|Map of Delaware]]
[[File:Woodbrook test.jpg|thumb|Sunset in [[Woodbrook, Delaware]]]]
[[File:Blackbird pond.jpg|thumb|The Blackbird Pond on the [[Blackbird State Forest]] Meadows Tract in [[New Castle County, Delaware]]]]
[[File:MiddleRunArea Field LenapeTrail.jpg|thumb|A field north of Fox Den Road along the Lenape Trail in [[Middle Run Valley Natural Area]]]]
Delaware is {{convert|96|mi|km}} long and ranges from {{convert|9|to|35|mi|km}} across, with a land area of {{convert|1982|sqmi|km2}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Delaware|first=The State of|title=State of Delaware|url=https://de.gov/topics/facts/geo.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818174548/https://de.gov/topics/facts/geo.shtml|archive-date=August 18, 2021|access-date=August 18, 2021|website=delaware.gov|language=en}}</ref> and a total area of {{convert|2489|sqmi|km2}},<ref name="ReferenceA">britannica.com/facts/Delaware-state</ref> making it the second-smallest state by either metric in the United States after [[Rhode Island]]. Delaware is bounded to the north by [[Pennsylvania]]; to the east by the [[Delaware River]], [[Delaware Bay]], [[New Jersey]], and the Atlantic Ocean; and to the west and south by [[Maryland]]. Small portions of Delaware are also situated on the eastern side of the Delaware River sharing land boundaries with New Jersey. The state of Delaware, together with the [[Eastern Shore of Maryland|Eastern Shore counties of Maryland]] and [[Eastern Shore of Virginia|two counties of Virginia]], form the [[Delmarva Peninsula]], which stretches down the Mid-Atlantic Coast.

The definition of the northern boundary of the state is unusual. Most of the boundary between Delaware and Pennsylvania was originally defined by an arc extending {{convert|12|mi|km|sigfig=3}} from the [[cupola]] of the courthouse in the city of [[New Castle, Delaware|New Castle]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The story of how Delaware got its shape |url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/life/2018/07/05/delaware-defined-story-how-first-state-got-its-shape/744188002/ |access-date=May 24, 2023 |website=The News Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> This boundary is often referred to as the [[Twelve-Mile Circle]].{{efn|Because of surveying errors, the actual line is several compound arcs with centers at different points in New Castle.}} Although the Twelve-Mile Circle is often claimed to be the only territorial boundary in the U.S. that is a true [[Arc (geometry)|arc]], the Mexican boundary with Texas includes several arcs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bi-51757.pdf |title=Treaty to resolve pending boundary differences and maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the international boundary |access-date=February 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410052222/http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bi-51757.pdf |archive-date=April 10, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and many cities in the South (such as [[Plains, Georgia]])<ref>Frank Jacobs, [http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/655-enigma-georgia-mystery-of-the-souths-circular-towns "Enigma, Georgia: Mystery of the South's Circular Towns"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230226/http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/655-enigma-georgia-mystery-of-the-souths-circular-towns |date=May 23, 2014}}, Strange Maps, April 30, 2014.</ref> also have circular boundaries.

This border extends all the way east to the low-tide mark on the New Jersey shore, then continues south along the shoreline until it again reaches the {{convert|12|mi|adj=on}} arc in the south; then the boundary continues in a more conventional way in the middle of the main channel ([[thalweg]]) of the Delaware River.

On the west, Delaware and Maryland are mostly separated by a line running from the midpoint of the [[Transpeninsular Line]], going slightly west of due north up to its tangent point on the [[Twelve-Mile Circle]]. The border follows the Circle for a short distance and then continues in a straight line due north until reaching the southern border of Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schenck |first=William |date=2007 |title=Delaware's State Boundaries |url=https://www.dgs.udel.edu/sites/default/files/publications/info6.pdf |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=Delaware Geological Survey}}</ref> [[The Wedge (border)|The Wedge]] of land between the northwest part of the arc and the Maryland border was claimed by both Delaware and Pennsylvania until 1921, when Delaware's claim was confirmed.

===Topography===
Delaware is on a level plain, with the lowest mean elevation of any state in the nation.<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/04statab/geo.pdf|page=216|title=Extreme and Mean Elevations by State and Other Area|website=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2004–2005|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=March 16, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310194411/http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/04statab/geo.pdf|archive-date=March 10, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Its highest elevation, located at [[Ebright Azimuth]], near [[Concord High School (Wilmington, Delaware)|Concord High School]], is less than {{convert|450|ft}} above sea level.<ref name="census" /> The northernmost part of the state is part of the [[Piedmont (United States)|Piedmont Plateau]] with hills and rolling surfaces.

The [[Atlantic Seaboard fall line]] approximately follows the [[Delaware Route 2|Robert Kirkwood Highway]] between [[Newark, Delaware|Newark]] and [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]]; south of this road is the [[Atlantic Coastal Plain]] with flat, sandy, and, in some parts, swampy ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dgs.udel.edu/delaware-geology/summary-geologic-history-delaware|title=A Summary of the Geologic History of Delaware|publisher=The Delaware Geological Survey|access-date=March 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312150937/http://www.dgs.udel.edu/delaware-geology/summary-geologic-history-delaware|archive-date=March 12, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> A ridge about {{convert|75|to|80|ft}} high extends along the western boundary of the state and separates the [[drainage basin|watersheds]] that feed Delaware River and Bay to the east and the [[Chesapeake Bay]] to the west.

===Climate===
{{further|Climate change in Delaware}}
[[File:Köppen Climate Types Delaware.png|thumb|The Köppen climate classification for Delaware]]
Since almost all of Delaware is a part of the [[Atlantic coastal plain]], the effects of the ocean moderate its climate. The state lies in the [[humid subtropical climate]] (Köppen ''Cfa'') zone. Despite its small size (roughly {{convert|100|mi|km}} from its northernmost to southernmost points), there is significant variation in mean temperature and amount of snowfall between Sussex County and New Castle County. Moderated by the Atlantic Ocean and [[Delaware Bay]], the southern portion of the state has a milder climate and a longer growing season than the northern portion of the state.

Summers are long, hot, and humid in Delaware, often with intense (but brief) late day thundershowers. Delaware averages 2,300 hrs of sunshine annually (higher than the USA average). Winters are modestly cool to cold in northern Delaware, and cool to mild in southern Delaware. The normal seasonal snowfall ranges from about 20.0 inches in Wilmington to only 10.0 inches in Lewes. In many winters no snow will fall in coastal Delaware. Northern Delaware falls into USDA Garden Zone 7a, while southern and coastal areas fall into USDA zone 7b and 8a. The milder climate in southern Delaware allows for [[subtropical]] [[flora]] such as the [[windmill palm]], [[needle palm]], and [[dwarf palmetto]].

Delaware's all-time record high of {{convert|110|F|C}} was recorded at [[Millsboro, Delaware|Millsboro]] on July 21, 1930. The all-time record low of {{convert|-17|F|C}} was also recorded at Millsboro, on January 17, 1893. The [[hardiness zone]]s are 7B and 8A at the [[Delaware Beaches]].

===Environment===
The transitional climate of Delaware supports a wide variety of vegetation. In the northern third of the state are found [[Northeastern coastal forests]] and mixed [[Quercus|oak]] forests typical of the northeastern United States.<ref name="ecoregions">{{cite journal|author=Olson |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth |journal=[[BioScience]] |year=2001 |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=933–938 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2 |author2=D. M |author3=E. Dinerstein |display-authors=3 |issn=0006-3568 |last4=Burgess |first4=Neil D. |last5=Powell |first5=George V. N. |last6=Underwood |first6=Emma C. |last7=d'Amico |first7=Jennifer A. |last8=Itoua |first8=Illanga |last9=Strand |first9=Holly E. |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the southern two-thirds of the state are found [[Middle Atlantic coastal forests]].<ref name="ecoregions" /> [[Trap Pond State Park]], along with areas in other parts of Sussex County, for example, support the northernmost stands of [[Taxodium distichum|bald cypress]] trees in North America.

===Environmental management===

Delaware provides [[Government subsidy|government subsidy support]] for the [[Environmental remediation|clean-up]] of property "lightly contaminated" by [[hazardous waste]], the proceeds for which come from a tax on wholesale petroleum sales.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cleaning up contamination |first=Jeff |last=Montgomery |newspaper=[[The News Journal]] |date=May 14, 2011 |access-date=May 14, 2011 |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110514/NEWS02/105140360/-1/NLETTER01/Cleaning-up-contamination |location=New Castle, Delaware |at=DelawareOnline |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240525083145/https://www.webcitation.org/5ygBz8xTN?url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110514/NEWS02/105140360/-1/NLETTER01/Cleaning-up-contamination |archive-date=May 25, 2024 |url-status=live }} ''The first online page is archived; the page containing information related here is not in the archived version.''</ref>

==Municipalities==
{{Further|List of Delaware municipalities|List of counties in Delaware}}

Wilmington is the state's most populous city (70,635) and its economic hub. It is located within commuting distance of both Philadelphia and Baltimore. Dover is the state capital and the second most populous city (38,079).

===Counties===
{{colbegin|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Kent County, Delaware|Kent]]
* [[New Castle County, Delaware|New Castle]]
* [[Sussex County, Delaware|Sussex]]
{{colend}}

===Cities===
{{colbegin|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Delaware City, Delaware|Delaware City]]
* [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]]
* [[Harrington, Delaware|Harrington]]
* [[Lewes, Delaware|Lewes]]
* [[Middletown, Delaware|Middletown]]
* [[Milford, Delaware|Milford]]
* [[New Castle, Delaware|New Castle]]
* [[Newark, Delaware|Newark]]
* [[Rehoboth Beach, Delaware|Rehoboth Beach]]
* [[Seaford, Delaware|Seaford]]
* [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]]
{{colend}}

===Towns===
{{colbegin|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Bellefonte, Delaware|Bellefonte]]
* [[Bethany Beach, Delaware|Bethany Beach]]
* [[Bethel, Delaware|Bethel]]
* [[Blades, Delaware|Blades]]
* [[Bowers, Delaware|Bowers]]
* [[Bridgeville, Delaware|Bridgeville]]
* [[Camden, Delaware|Camden]]
* [[Cheswold, Delaware|Cheswold]]
* [[Clayton, Delaware|Clayton]]
* [[Dagsboro, Delaware|Dagsboro]]
* [[Delmar, Delaware|Delmar]]
* [[Dewey Beach, Delaware|Dewey Beach]]
* [[Ellendale, Delaware|Ellendale]]
* [[Elsmere, Delaware|Elsmere]]
* [[Farmington, Delaware|Farmington]]
* [[Felton, Delaware|Felton]]
* [[Fenwick Island, Delaware|Fenwick Island]]
* [[Frankford, Delaware|Frankford]]
* [[Frederica, Delaware|Frederica]]
* [[Georgetown, Delaware|Georgetown]]
* [[Greenwood, Delaware|Greenwood]]
* [[Hartly, Delaware|Hartly]]
* [[Henlopen Acres, Delaware|Henlopen Acres]]
* [[Houston, Delaware|Houston]]
* [[Kenton, Delaware|Kenton]]
* [[Laurel, Delaware|Laurel]]
* [[Leipsic, Delaware|Leipsic]]
* [[Little Creek, Delaware|Little Creek]]
* [[Magnolia, Delaware|Magnolia]]
* [[Millsboro, Delaware|Millsboro]]
* [[Millville, Delaware|Millville]]
* [[Milton, Delaware|Milton]]
* [[Newport, Delaware|Newport]]
* [[Ocean View, Delaware|Ocean View]]
* [[Odessa, Delaware|Odessa]]
* [[Selbyville, Delaware|Selbyville]]
* [[Slaughter Beach, Delaware|Slaughter Beach]]
* [[Smyrna, Delaware|Smyrna]]
* [[South Bethany, Delaware|South Bethany]]
* [[Townsend, Delaware|Townsend]]
* [[Viola, Delaware|Viola]]
* [[Woodside, Delaware|Woodside]]
* [[Wyoming, Delaware|Wyoming]]
{{colend}}

===Villages===
{{colbegin|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Arden, Delaware|Arden]]
* [[Ardencroft, Delaware|Ardencroft]]
* [[Ardentown, Delaware|Ardentown]]
{{colend}}

===Unincorporated places===
{{colbegin|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Bear, Delaware|Bear]]
* [[Brookside, Delaware|Brookside]]
* [[Christiana, Delaware|Christiana]]
* [[Clarksville, Delaware|Clarksville]]
* [[Claymont, Delaware|Claymont]]
* [[Dover Base Housing, Delaware|Dover Base Housing]]
* [[Edgemoor, Delaware|Edgemoor]]
* [[Glasgow, Delaware|Glasgow]]
* [[Greenville, Delaware|Greenville]]
* [[Gumboro, Delaware|Gumboro]]
* [[Harbeson, Delaware|Harbeson]]
* [[Highland Acres, Delaware|Highland Acres]]
* [[Hockessin, Delaware|Hockessin]]
* [[Kent Acres, Delaware|Kent Acres]]
* [[Lincoln City, Delaware|Lincoln City]]
* [[Long Neck, Delaware|Long Neck]]
* [[Marshallton, Delaware|Marshallton]]
* [[Mount Pleasant, Delaware|Mount Pleasant]]
* [[North Star, Delaware|North Star]]
* [[Oak Orchard, Delaware|Oak Orchard]]
* [[Omar, Delaware|Omar]]
* [[Pennyhill, Delaware|Pennyhill]]
* [[Pike Creek, Delaware|Pike Creek]]
* [[Pike Creek Valley, Delaware|Pike Creek Valley]]
* [[Rising Sun-Lebanon, Delaware|Rising Sun-Lebanon]]
* [[Riverview, Delaware|Riverview]]
* [[Rodney Village, Delaware|Rodney Village]]
* [[Roxana, Delaware|Roxana]]
* [[Saint Georges, Delaware|Saint Georges]]
* [[Sandtown, Delaware|Sandtown]]
* [[Stanton, Delaware|Stanton]]
* [[Wilmington Manor, Delaware|Wilmington Manor]]
* [[Wooddale, Delaware|Wooddale]]
* [[Woodland, Delaware|Woodland]]
* [[Woodside East, Delaware|Woodside East]]
* [[Yorklyn, Delaware|Yorklyn]]
{{colend}}
<gallery class="center">
File:Dover Delaware.jpg|[[Dover, Delaware|Dover]]
File:Newark DE Main Street.jpg|[[Newark, Delaware|Newark]]
File:High Street, Seaford, Delaware (2006).jpg|[[Seaford, Delaware|Seaford]]
File:Wilmington Delaware skyline.jpg|[[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]]
</gallery>

The table below lists the ten largest municipalities in the state based on the [[2020 United States census]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Census QuickFacts |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045221 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=March 26, 2023}}</ref>

{{Largest cities
| country = Delaware
| stat_ref = 2020 U.S. Census populations
| list_by_pop =
| div_name =
| div_link = Counties of Delaware{{!}}County
| city_1 = Wilmington, Delaware{{!}}Wilmington
| div_1 = New Castle County, Delaware{{!}}New Castle
| pop_1 = 70,898
| city_2 = Dover, Delaware{{!}}Dover
| div_2 = Kent County, Delaware{{!}}Kent
| pop_2 = 39,403
| city_3 = Newark, Delaware{{!}}Newark
| div_3 = New Castle County, Delaware{{!}}New Castle
| pop_3 = 30,601
| city_4 = Middletown, Delaware{{!}}Middletown
| div_4 = New Castle County, Delaware{{!}}New Castle
| pop_4 = 23,192
| city_5 = Bear, Delaware{{!}}Bear
| div_5 = New Castle County, Delaware{{!}}New Castle
| pop_5 = 23,060
| city_6 = Glasgow, Delaware{{!}}Glasgow
| div_6 = New Castle County, Delaware{{!}}New Castle
| pop_6 = 15,288
| city_7 = Brookside, Delaware{{!}}Brookside
| div_7 = New Castle County, Delaware{{!}}New Castle
| pop_7 = 14,974
| city_8 = Hockessin, Delaware{{!}}Hockessin
| div_8 = New Castle County, Delaware{{!}}New Castle
| pop_8 = 13,478
| city_9 = Smyrna, Delaware{{!}}Smyrna
| div_9 = Kent County, Delaware{{!}}Kent{{))!}}, {{!((}}New Castle County, Delaware{{!}}New Castle
| pop_9 = 12,883
| city_10 = Pike Creek Valley, Delaware{{!}}Pike Creek Valley
| div_10 = New Castle County, Delaware{{!}}New Castle
| pop_10 = 11,692
}}

==Demographics==
{{See also|Largest municipalities in Delaware}}
[[File:Delaware population density 2020.png|thumb|The population density map for Delaware]]
{{US Census population
|1790= 59096
|1800= 64273
|1810= 72674
|1820= 72749
|1830= 76748
|1840= 78085
|1850= 91532
|1860= 112216
|1870= 125015
|1880= 146608
|1890= 168493
|1900= 184735
|1910= 202322
|1920= 223003
|1930= 238380
|1940= 266505
|1950= 318085
|1960= 446292
|1970= 548104
|1980= 594338
|1990= 666168
|2000= 783600
|2010= 897934
|2020= 989948
|estyear= 2025
|estimate= 1059952
|estref=<ref name=DelawareQuickFacts>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/DE/PST045223|title=United States Census Bureau QuickFacts Delaware|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=Source: 1910–2020<ref name="censuspoptable">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html|url-status=dead|title=Historical Population Change Data (1910-2020)|archive-date=April 29, 2021|website=Census.gov}}</ref>}}

The [[United States Census Bureau]] determined that the population of Delaware was 989,948 on April 1, 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 26, 2021|title=2020 Census|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table01.pdf|url-status=live|website=census.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426194028/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table01.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2021 }}</ref> an increase from the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]] figure of 897,934.<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/DE,US/PST045219|title=QuickFacts Delaware; United States |website=2019 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=February 14, 2020|access-date=February 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209044515/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/DE,US/PST045219|archive-date=February 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delaware Population 1900–2020|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/states/delaware/population|access-date=June 16, 2021|website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref>

Delaware's history as a [[border states (Civil War)|border state]] has led it to exhibit characteristics of both the [[Northern United States|Northern]] and the [[Southern United States|Southern]] regions of the United States. Generally, the rural Southern (or "Slower Lower") regions of Delaware below the [[Chesapeake and Delaware Canal]] embody a [[Culture of the Southern United States|Southern culture]],<ref name="Kent">{{Cite web|url=https://delawarebusinesstimes.com/news/industry/commercial-real-estate/kent-county-defies-slower-lower-nickname/|title=Kent County defies slower, lower nickname|date=November 8, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Slowerlower">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/2004/05/26/slower-lower-delaware/2131e835-ac4f-4790-b78c-564bb97d2ebc/ |title=Slower Lower Delaware |author=Walter Nicholls |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 26, 2004 |access-date=December 11, 2020}}</ref> while densely populated Northern Delaware above the canal—particularly Wilmington, a part of the [[Philadelphia metropolitan area]]—has more in common with that of the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] and the [[Northern United States|North]].<ref name="Atlanticdialect">{{cite web|url=http://www.evolpub.com/Americandialects/MidAtldialects.html|title=The Mid-Atlantic Dialects|work=Evolution Publishing|access-date=June 3, 2013|archive-date=July 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723033309/http://www.evolpub.com/Americandialects/MidAtldialects.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The U.S. Census Bureau designates Delaware as one of the [[South Atlantic States]],<ref name="auto"/> but it is commonly associated with the [[Mid-Atlantic States]] or [[northeastern (United States)|northeast]]ern United States by other federal agencies, the media, and some residents.<ref name="LOC">{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/rrhtml/regdef.html|title=Regions of the United States|website=American Memory|publisher=The Library of Congress|access-date=August 11, 2009}}</ref><ref name="EPA">{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/region03/index.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802112852/http://www.epa.gov/region03/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 2, 2012|title=Region 3: The Mid-Atlantic States|website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=August 11, 2009}}</ref><ref name="FBI">{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htm |title=Your Local FBI Office |website=www.fbi.gov |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |access-date=August 11, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815093807/http://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htm |archive-date=August 15, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="amtrak">{{cite web|url=http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/Page/Browse_Routes_Page&c=Page&cid=1081256321410&ssid=134|title=Routes Serving the Northeast|publisher=National Railroad Passenger Corporation|access-date=August 11, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815025107/http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak%2FPage%2FBrowse_Routes_Page&c=Page&cid=1081256321410&ssid=134|archive-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref><ref name="princeton">{{cite web|url=http://www.princetonreview.com/best-regional-colleges.aspx|title=Best Regional Colleges|website=www.princetonreview.com|publisher=The Princeton Review|access-date=August 11, 2009}}</ref><ref>Maryland and Delaware identify as Northeast
* {{cite web |url = http://www.csg-erc.org/about-csg/ |title = About – CSG |work = csg-erc.org |access-date = June 29, 2016 |archive-date = June 23, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160623221327/http://www.csg-erc.org/about-csg/ |url-status = dead }}
* {{cite web |url = http://www.bls.gov/regions/home.htm |title = Home : Geographic Information : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |work = bls.gov |access-date = June 29, 2016 }}
* {{cite web |url = https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/customer-support/partnerships/regional-climate-centers |title = Regional Climate Centers – National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) |work = noaa.gov |access-date = June 29, 2016 }}
* {{cite web |url = http://www.scouting.org/Home/OutdoorProgram/Properties/Region%20and%20Area%20Maps.aspx |title = Region and Area Maps |work = scouting.org |access-date = June 29, 2016 }}
* {{cite web |url = http://www.nps.gov/nhl/contact/nero.htm |title = Northeast Regional Office – National Historic Landmarks Program |work = nps.gov |access-date = June 29, 2016 }}</ref>

Delaware is the sixth most densely populated state, with a population density of 442.6 people per square mile, 356.4 per square mile more than the national average, and ranking 45th in population. Delaware is one of five U.S. states ([[Maine]], [[Vermont]], [[West Virginia]], [[Wyoming]]) that do not have a single city with a population over 100,000 as of the 2010 census.<ref name="Census">{{Citation |url=https://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/voting/011400.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204083625/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/voting/011400.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 4, 2008 |publisher=Census |place=US |type=press release |title=Voting }}</ref> The [[center of population]] of Delaware is in New Castle County, in the town of [[Townsend, Delaware|Townsend]].<ref name="cenpopcenter">{{cite web |title=Population and Population Centers by State |year=2000 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |format=plain text |access-date=March 9, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508041813/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archive-date=May 8, 2013 }}</ref>

According to [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|HUD]]'s 2022 [[Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress|Annual Homeless Assessment Report]], there were an estimated 2,369 [[Homelessness|homeless]] people in Delaware.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf}}</ref>

===Race and ethnicity===
[[File:Ethnic Origins in Delaware.png|left|thumb|Ethnic origins in Delaware]]
According to the 2010 United States census, the racial composition of the state was 68.9% [[White American]] (65.3% [[Non-Hispanic White]], 3.6% White Hispanic), 21.4% [[African American|Black]] or African American, 0.5% [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] and [[Alaska Native]], 3.2% Asian American, 0.0% [[Native Hawaiian]] and other [[Pacific Islander]], 3.4% some other race, and 2.7% of [[Multiracial American|multiracial origin]]. People of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]] or Latino origin, of any race, made up 8.2% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov |title=U.S. Census website |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |date=October 5, 2010 |access-date=August 17, 2011 }}</ref>

The 2022 [[American Community Survey]] estimated the state had a racial and ethnic makeup of 60.6% non-Hispanic whites, 23.6% Black or African American, 0.7% American Indian or Alaska Native, 4.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.9% multiracial, and 10.1% Hispanic or Latin American of any race.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2022 QuickFacts|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/DE/PST045219|url-status=live|website=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127141137/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/DE/PST045219 |archive-date=January 27, 2020 }}</ref>

In the Native American community, the state has a Native American group, called in their own language [[Lenape]], which was influential in the colonial period of the United States and is today headquartered in Cheswold, Kent County, Delaware.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bies|first=Jessica|title=Lenape Indian Tribe looks to reclaim historic Delaware land, establish sovereignty|url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/education/2018/07/16/lenape-indian-tribe-looks-reclaim-land-establish-sovereign-delaware/775992002/|access-date=May 23, 2021|website=The News Journal}}</ref> A band of the Nanticoke tribe of American Indians today resides in Sussex County and is headquartered in Millsboro, Sussex County, Delaware.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Duvernay|first=Adam|title=Nanticoke tribe converges for 40th powwow in Millsboro|url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2017/09/10/nanticoke-tribe-40th-powwow-delaware/651191001/|access-date=May 23, 2021|website=The News Journal}}</ref>

Delaware's population mainly consisted of people from the British Isles, African slaves, Germans and a few remaining Native Americans during the colonial era. Irish, Germans, Italians, Poles, and Russian Jewish immigrants were attracted by the industries in the Wilmington area. In the late 20th century a Puerto Rican community formed in Wilmington. Guatemalan people migrated to Sussex county to work in Delaware's poultry industry. A group of Native Americans in Delaware of mixed ethnicity, the [[Delaware Moors|Moors]], live in Cheswold. The descendants of the Nanticoke people live around Millsboro. There is also a small numbers of Asians in New Castle county who work as scientific and engineering professionals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Delaware-state/Climate|title=Delaware - Humid, Temperate, Coastal | Britannica|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Delaware – Racial and ethnic composition''' {{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}
!Race / Ethnicity (''NH = Non-Hispanic'')
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Delaware |url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=0500000US48117&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date= }}</ref>
!Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Delaware |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=0500000US48117&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Delaware |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=0500000US48117&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!% 2000
!% 2010
!{{partial|% 2020}}
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|567,973
|586,752
|style='background: #ffffe6; |579,851
|72.48%
|65.34%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |58.57%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|148,435
|186,782
|style='background: #ffffe6; |212,960
|18.94%
|20.80%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |21.51%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|2,324
|2,824
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2,521
|0.30%
|0.31%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.25%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|16,110
|28,308
|style='background: #ffffe6; |42,398
|2.06%
|3.15%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4.28%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|234
|238
|style='background: #ffffe6; |304
|0.03%
|0.03%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.03%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] alone (NH)
|1,025
|1,525
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4,601
|0.13%
|0.17%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.46%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed race or Multiracial]] (NH)
|10,222
|18,284
|style='background: #ffffe6; |43,023
|1.30%
|2.04%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4.35%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|37,277
|73,221
|style='background: #ffffe6; |104,290
|4.76%
|8.15%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |10.53%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''783,600'''
|'''897,934'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''989,948'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ '''Delaware racial breakdown of population'''
|-
! Racial composition !! 1990<ref>[https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605233341/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html Archived copy] at [[WebCite]] (June 22, 2013).</ref> !! 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/city/ID|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140107210553/http://censusviewer.com/city/ID|url-status=usurped|title=censusviewer.com/city/ID|date=January 7, 2014|archive-date=January 7, 2014}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|title=2010 Census Data|author=Center for New Media and Promotions (C2PO)|website=census.gov|access-date=September 27, 2015}}</ref>!! 2020<ref name="2020DP1">{{Cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=040XX00US10 |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Delaware |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 2, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 80.3% || 74.6% || 68.9% || 60.4%
|-
| [[African American|Black]] || 16.9% || 19.2% || 21.4% || 22.1%
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 1.4% || 2.1% || 3.2% || 4.3%
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native]] || 0.3% || 0.4% || 0.5% || 0.5%
|-
| [[Native Hawaiian]] and{{break}}[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || – || – || – || -
|-
| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 1.1% || 2.0% || 3.4% || 4.9%
|-
| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || – || 1.7% || 2.7% || 7.7%
|}

The top countries of origin for Delaware's immigrants in 2018 were [[Mexico]], [[India]], [[Guatemala]], [[China]], and [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_delaware.pdf|title=Immigrants in Delaware|accessdate=November 21, 2025}}</ref>

===Birth data===
''Note: Births in table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|+ Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
|-
! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]]
! 2013<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=May 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162514/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |archive-date=September 11, 2017 |url-status=live }} {{Title missing|date=September 2025}}</ref>
! 2014<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=May 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214040341/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |url-status=live }} {{Title missing|date=September 2025}}</ref>
! 2015<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=May 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155911/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2017 |url-status=live }} {{Title missing|date=September 2025}}</ref>
! 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=May 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |url-status=live }} {{Title missing|date=September 2025}}</ref>
! 2017<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=February 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201210916/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |url-status=live }} {{Title missing|date=September 2025}}</ref>
! 2018<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128042511/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |url-status=live |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref>
! 2019<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323152401/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |archive-date=March 23, 2021 |url-status=live |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref>
! 2020<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207140709/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/NVSR70-17.pdf |archive-date=February 7, 2022 |url-status=live |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=February 20, 2022}}</ref>
! 2021<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=February 2, 2022}}</ref>
! 2022<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=April 4, 2024}}</ref>
! 2023<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr74/nvsr74-1.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=April 11, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]]
| 5,942 (54.8%)
| 5,904 (53.8%)
| 5,959 (53.4%)
| 5,827 (53.0%)
| 5,309 (48.9%)
| 5,171 (48.7%)
| 5,024 (47.6%)
| 4,949 (47.6%)
| 5,042 (48.1%)
| 5,035 (46.6%)
| 4,702 (45.1%)
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
| 3,061 (28.3%)
| 2,988 (27.2%)
| 3,134 (28.1%)
| 2,832 (25.7%)
| 2,818 (26.0%)
| 2,773 (26.1%)
| 2,804 (26.5%)
| 2,722 (26.2%)
| 2,711 (25.9%)
| 2,853 (26.4%)
| 2,694 (25.8%)
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
| 541 (5.0%)
| 644 (5.9%)
| 675 (6.1%)
| 627 (5.7%)
| 646 (6.0%)
| 634 (6.0%)
| 624 (5.9%)
| 617 (5.9%)
| 538 (5.1%)
| 553 (5.1%)
| 621 (5.9%)
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]
| 25 (0.2%)
| 26 (0.2%)
| 16 (0.1%)
| 13 (0.1%)
| 23 (0.2%)
| 10 (0.1%)
| 18 (0.2%)
| 18 (0.2%)
| 12 (0.1%)
| 13 (0.1%)
| 17 (0.2%)
|-
| ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (any race)
| ''1,348'' (12.4%)
| ''1,541'' (14.0%)
| ''1,532'' (13.7%)
| ''1,432'' (13.0%)
| ''1,748'' (16.1%)
| ''1,710'' (16.1%)
| ''1,737'' (16.4%)
| ''1,768'' (17.0%)
| ''1,826'' (17.4%)
| ''1,996'' (18.5%)
| ''2,015'' (19.3%)
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''10,831''' (100%)
| '''10,972''' (100%)
| '''11,166''' (100%)
| '''10,992''' (100%)
| '''10,855''' (100%)
| '''10,621''' (100%)
| '''10,562''' (100%)
| '''10,392''' (100%)
| '''10,482''' (100%)
| '''10,816''' (100%)
| '''10,427''' (100%)
|}
[[File:Delaware population pyramid.webp|thumb|Delaware [[population pyramid]]]]
* Since 2016, data for births of [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] origin are not collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

===Languages===

In 2000, 91% of Delaware residents of age{{spaces}}5 and older spoke only English at home; 5% spoke Spanish. French was the third most spoken language, used by 0.7% of the population, followed by Chinese (0.5%) and German (0.5%). Legislation has been proposed in both the House and the Senate in Delaware to designate English as the [[Languages of the United States|official language]].<ref>{{citation |title=SB 129 |url=https://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS144.NSF/vwLegislation/SB+129?Opendocument |publisher=State of Delaware |access-date=May 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310075049/http://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS144.NSF/vwLegislation/SB+129?Opendocument |archive-date=March 10, 2010 |url-status=live}}, assigned on June 13, 2007, to Senate Education Committee.</ref><ref>{{citation |title=HB 436 |url=https://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS143.NSF/vwLegislation/HB+436?Opendocument |url-status=live |publisher=State of Delaware |access-date=May 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310075025/http://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS143.NSF/vwLegislation/HB+436?Opendocument |archive-date=March 10, 2010}}, stricken on June 15, 2006,</ref> Neither bill was passed in the legislature.

===Sexual orientation===
A 2012 Gallup poll found that Delaware's proportion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adults stood at 3.4% of the population. This constitutes a total LGBT adult population estimate of 23,698 people. The number of same-sex couple households in 2010 stood at 2,646. This grew by 41.65% from a decade earlier.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 15, 2013|title=LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C., Lowest in North Dakota|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/160517/lgbt-percentage-highest-lowest-north-dakota.aspx|access-date=November 18, 2020|website=Gallup.com}}</ref>{{nonspecific|date=November 2013}} On July 1, 2013, same-sex marriage was legalized, and all civil unions were converted into marriages.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ford|first=Zack|date=May 7, 2013|title=BREAKING: Delaware To Become 11th State With Marriage Equality|newspaper=Think Progress|url=http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2013/05/07/1975311/breaking-delaware-to-become-11th-state-with-marriage-equality/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083938/https://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2013/05/07/1975311/breaking-delaware-to-become-11th-state-with-marriage-equality/|archive-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Need a source which is up-to-date|date=June 2024}}

===Religion===
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Religion in Delaware per the [[Public Religion Research Institute]]'s 2022 ''American Values Atlas'' survey{{efn|Note: there is a glitch surrounding the display of Delaware's religious tradition data on ''Public Religion Research Institute''. Click the "list" option if results show "N/A". Do not remove pie chart.}}<ref name="ppri">{{Cite web |author= |date=February 24, 2023 |title=2022 American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition |url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2022/States/religion/m/US-DE |access-date=April 15, 2023 |website=[[Public Religion Research Institute]] |archive-date=April 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404161714/https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2022/States/religion/m/US-DE |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|label1= [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
|value1= 34
|color1= Blue
|label2= [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
|value2= 23
|color2= Purple
|label3= [[Jehovah's Witnesses|Jehovah's Witness]]
|value3= 2
|color3= Teal
|label4= [[Orthodox Church in America|Eastern Orthodoxy]]
|value4= 1
|color4= Lightblue
|label5= [[Irreligion in the United States|Unaffiliated]]
|value5= 33
|color5= White
|label6= [[American Jews|Judaism]]
|value6= 3
|color6= Pink
|label7= [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]]
|value7= 1
|color7= Orange
|label8= [[New Age]]
|value8= 1
|color8= Red
|label9= Other
|value9= 2
|color9= Black}}

The predominant religion practiced in Delaware is [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]. A 2014 estimate by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that members of [[Protestantism|Protestant]] churches accounted for almost half of the population,<ref name="pew2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/delaware/|title=Religious Landscape Study|date=March 20, 2019|publisher=Pew Forum|access-date=October 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005101146/http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/delaware/|archive-date=October 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> though the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] was the largest single denomination in the state. By 2020, the [[Public Religion Research Institute]] determined 61% of the population was Christian.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PRRI – American Values Atlas |url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-DE |access-date=September 17, 2022 |website=ava.prri.org |archive-date=April 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404161714/https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-DE |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2022, the Public Religion Research Institute's survey revealed 60% were Christian, followed by [[Judaism in the United States|Jews]] (3%), [[Hinduism in the United States|Hindus]] (1%), and [[New Age]]rs (1%).<ref name="ppri" />

The [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] reported in 2010 that the three largest Christian denominational groups in Delaware by number of adherents are the [[Catholic Church]] at 182,532 adherents, the [[United Methodist Church]] with 53,656 members reported, and non-denominational [[Evangelicalism|evangelical Protestants]], who numbered 22,973.<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/10/rcms2010_10_state_cong_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=November 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109012907/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/10/rcms2010_10_state_cong_2010.asp |archive-date=November 9, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives reported the largest Christian denominations were the Catholic Church with 197,094; non-denominational Protestants with 49,392, and United Methodists with 39,959.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Congregational Membership |url=https://www.thearda.com/us-religion/census/congregational-membership?y=2020&y2=0&t=1&c=10 |access-date=April 15, 2023 |website=www.thearda.com}}</ref>

The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington]] and the [[Episcopal Diocese of Delaware]] oversee the parishes within their denominations. The [[A.U.M.P. Church]], the oldest African-American denomination in the nation, was founded in Wilmington. It still has a substantial presence in the state. Reflecting new immigrant populations, an [[mosque|Islamic mosque]] has been built in the [[Ogletown, Delaware|Ogletown]] area, and a [[Hindu Temple of Delaware|Hindu temple in Hockessin]].

Delaware is home to an [[Amish]] community which resides west of [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]] in [[Kent County, Delaware|Kent County]], consisting of nine church districts and about 1,650 people. The Amish first settled in Kent County in 1915. In recent years, increasing development has led to the decline in the number of Amish living in the community.<ref name="Elizabethtown College_2018">{{cite web |title=Amish Population Profile, 2018|url=https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/amish-population-profile-2018/ |url-status=dead |work=Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies |date=August 7, 2018 |access-date=January 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205121144/http://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/amish-population-profile-2018/ |archive-date=February 5, 2019}}</ref><ref name="visitdoveramish">{{cite web|url=http://visitdover.com/index.php/mobile/visit_entry/amish-countryside|title=Amish Countryside|publisher=Kent County & Greater Dover, Delaware Convention and Visitors Bureau|access-date=November 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053054/http://visitdover.com/index.php/mobile/visit_entry/amish-countryside|archive-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name="amishamerica">{{cite web|title=Delaware Amish|publisher=Amish America|url=http://amishamerica.com/delaware-amish/|access-date=October 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007120123/http://amishamerica.com/delaware-amish/|archive-date=October 7, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A 2012 survey of religious attitudes in the United States found that 34% of Delaware residents considered themselves "moderately religious", 33% "very religious", and 33% as "non-religious".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thedialog.org/?p=4580|newspaper=The Dialog|title=In 'very religious' USA, Gallup sees Delaware residents as 'moderately' so—by 1 percent|last=[[Catholic News Agency]]|date=April 3, 2012|access-date=April 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625170239/http://thedialog.org/?p=4580|archive-date=June 25, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 2014 [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]] survey, 23% of the population were irreligious; the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute's survey determined 31% of the population were irreligious.<ref name=":0" /> In 2022, the same study showed 33% of the population as irreligious.<ref name="ppri" />

==Economy==
{{See also|Economy of Delaware|Delaware locations by per capita income}}
{{For|taxes|#Taxation}}

===Affluence===
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 10px"
|+ Average sale price for new and existing homes (in U.S. dollars)<ref name="er2011">{{cite news |title=Delaware housing: Home prices slide in all three counties; sales in NCCo, Kent down from year ago |first=Eric |last=Ruth |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110416/BUSINESS/104160310/-1/NLETTER01/Home-prices-slide-in-all-three-counties--sales-in-NCCo--Kent-down-from-year-ago |newspaper=[[The News Journal]] |location=Delaware |date=April 15, 2010 |at=Delaware Online |access-date=March 31, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403234128/http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110416/BUSINESS/104160310/-1/NLETTER01/Home-prices-slide-in-all-three-counties--sales-in-NCCo--Kent-down-from-year-ago |archive-date=April 3, 2014 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
!DE County!!March 2010!!March 2011
|-
|New Castle||229,000||216,000
|-
|Sussex||323,000||296,000
|-
|Kent||186,000||178,000
|}

According to a 2020 study by Kiplinger, Delaware had the 17th most millionaires per capita in the United States; altogether, there were 25,937 such individuals. The median income for Delaware households as of 2020 was $64,805.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Millionaires in America 2020: All 50 States Ranked|url=https://www.kiplinger.com/slideshow/investing/t006-s001-millionaires-america-all-50-states-ranked/index.html|access-date=February 21, 2021|website=Kiplinger|date=May 27, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="frank2014">{{cite news |last=Frank |first=Robert |title=Top states for millionaires per capita |date=January 15, 2014 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/top-states-for-millionaires-per-capita.html |work=[[CNBC]] |at=CNBC.com |access-date=October 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122061516/http://www.cnbc.com/id/101338309 |archive-date=January 22, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
[[File:Peach delaware.jpg|thumb|''Picking Peaches in Delaware'', an illustration in an 1878 issue of ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'']]
Delaware's agricultural output consists of poultry, nursery stock, [[soybeans]], dairy products and [[maize|corn]].

===Industries===
{{as of|2025|May|}}, the state's [[unemployment]] rate was 4.0%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=staff |first=CNBC com |date=2025-07-10 |title=29. Delaware |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/07/10/delaware-top-states-for-business-ranking.html |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

The state's largest employers are:{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
* government (State of Delaware, New Castle County)
* education ([[University of Delaware]], [[Delaware Technical Community College]])
* banking ([[Bank of America]], [[M&T Bank]], [[JPMorgan Chase]], [[Citigroup]], [[Deutsche Bank]])
* chemical, pharmaceutical, technology ([[DuPont|DuPont de Nemours Inc.]], [[AstraZeneca]], [[Syngenta]], [[Agilent Technologies]])
* healthcare ([[ChristianaCare]] ([[Christiana Hospital]]), [[Bayhealth Medical Center]], [[Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware]])
* farming, specifically chicken farming in Sussex County ([[Perdue Farms]], [[Mountaire Farms]], [[Allen Family Foods]])
* retail ([[Walmart]], [[Walgreens]], [[Acme Markets]])
In 2025, 98.7% of the businesses in the state were [[small business]]es and employed 50.6% of the state's work force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Small Business Profile - Delaware |url=https://advocacy.sba.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Delaware_2025-State-Profile.pdf |access-date=February 9, 2026 |website=U.S Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy}}</ref>

====Industrial decline====

Since the mid-2000s, Delaware has seen the departure of the state's automotive manufacturing industry ([[General Motors]] [[Wilmington Assembly]] and [[Chrysler]] [[Newark Assembly]]), the corporate buyout of a major bank holding company ([[MBNA]]), the departure of the state's steel industry ([[Evraz Claymont Steel]]), the bankruptcy of a fiber mill ([[National Vulcanized Fiber]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/picture-gallery/news/2015/04/22/national-vulcanized-fibre-corp-site-in-yorklyn/26175401/|access-date=December 12, 2015|title=National Vulcanized Fibre Corp. site in Yorklyn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803220420/https://www.delawareonline.com/picture-gallery/news/2015/04/22/national-vulcanized-fibre-corp-site-in-yorklyn/26175401/|archive-date=August 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and the diminishing presence of [[AstraZeneca]] in Wilmington.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2015/11/19/astrazeneca-lays-off-workers-delaware-headquarters/76048454/|title=AstraZeneca lays off workers at Delaware headquarters|access-date=December 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205095218/http://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2015/11/19/astrazeneca-lays-off-workers-delaware-headquarters/76048454/|archive-date=February 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2015/02/20/delaware-officials-concerned-astrazeneca-dupont-threats/23763597/|title=Delaware officials concerned about AstraZeneca, DuPont threats|access-date=December 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205095218/http://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2015/02/20/delaware-officials-concerned-astrazeneca-dupont-threats/23763597/|archive-date=February 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In late 2015, DuPont announced that 1,700 employees, nearly a third of its footprint in Delaware, would be laid off in early 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=DuPont to cut 1,700 jobs in Delaware in January|date=December 29, 2015 |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/inq-phillydeals/DuPont-to-cut-1700-jobs-in-Delaware-this-winter.html|access-date=December 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231231119/http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/inq-phillydeals/DuPont-to-cut-1700-jobs-in-Delaware-this-winter.html|archive-date=December 31, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The merger of [[DuPont (1802–2017)|E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.]] and [[Dow Chemical Company]] into [[DuPont|DowDuPont]] took place on September 1, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=DuPont merger called 'catastrophic' for Delaware|url=http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/local/delaware/89056-dupont-merger-called-catastrophic-for-delaware|access-date=December 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217064717/http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/local/delaware/89056-dupont-merger-called-catastrophic-for-delaware|archive-date=December 17, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DuPont merger: A 'sad day' for Delaware|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2015/12/11/dupont-and-dow-combine-merger/77138022/|access-date=December 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131030704/http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2015/12/11/dupont-and-dow-combine-merger/77138022/|archive-date=January 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DuPont-Dow merger 'catastrophic' for Delaware|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/news/2015/12/11/dupont-dow-merger-catastrophic-delaware-markell.html|access-date=December 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231231119/http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/news/2015/12/11/dupont-dow-merger-catastrophic-delaware-markell.html|archive-date=December 31, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chemours will lay off 400, including some in Delaware|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2015/11/30/chemours-lays-off-400-workers-including-some-delaware/76580028/|access-date=December 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203144602/http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2015/11/30/chemours-lays-off-400-workers-including-some-delaware/76580028/|archive-date=February 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Incorporation in Delaware===

{{Main|Delaware General Corporation Law}}

More than half of all U.S. publicly traded companies, and 63% of the [[Fortune 500]], are [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated]] in Delaware.<ref name="div-corp">{{cite web| url = https://corp.delaware.gov/| title = Delaware Division of Corporations| publisher = Government of DE| access-date = June 10, 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110810011523/http://corp.delaware.gov/| archive-date = August 10, 2011| url-status = live}}</ref> The state's attractiveness as a [[corporate haven]] is largely because of its business-friendly [[Delaware General Corporation Law|corporation law]]. [[Franchise tax]]es on Delaware corporations supply about a fifth of the state's revenue.<ref name="DEFiscalNotebook">{{cite web|url=https://financefiles.delaware.gov/docs/sec2page24.pdf |title=Delaware 2007 Fiscal Notebook—State General Fund Revenues by Category (F.Y. 2002–2005) |access-date=August 17, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816093426/http://finance.delaware.gov/publications/fiscal_notebook_07/Section02/sec2page24.pdf |archive-date=August 16, 2011 }}</ref> Although "USA (Delaware)" ranked as the world's most opaque jurisdiction on the [[Tax Justice Network]]'s 2009 Financial Secrecy Index,<ref>{{Cite news |title = Financial Secrecy Index |publisher = Tax Justice Network |date = November 1, 2009 |url = http://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/Archive2009/FSI-2009/FSI%20-%20Rankings%20-%202009.pdf |access-date = June 24, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150626125234/http://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/Archive2009/FSI-2009/FSI%20-%20Rankings%20-%202009.pdf |archive-date = June 26, 2015 |url-status = dead }}</ref> the same group's 2011 Index ranks the U.S. fifth and does not specify Delaware.<ref>{{cite news|title = Financial Secrecy Index|publisher = Tax Justice Network|date = October 4, 2011|url = http://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/Archive2011/FSI-2011/FSI-Rankings.pdf|access-date = June 24, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150404031914/http://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/Archive2011/FSI-2011/FSI-Rankings.pdf|archive-date = April 4, 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> In Delaware, there are more than a million registered corporations.<ref name="div-corp" /> Delaware ranked 4th for most businesses formed in 2025, with 327,103.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-23 |title=Report: Florida leads nation in new business creation |url=https://www.businessobserverfl.com/news/2026/jan/23/florida-new-business-creation/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Business Observer |language=en}}</ref>

===Food and drink===

[[s:Delaware Code/Title 4/Chapter 7|Title 4, chapter 7 of the Delaware Code]] stipulates that alcoholic liquor be sold only in specifically licensed establishments, and only between 9:00{{spaces}}a.m. and 1:00{{spaces}}a.m.<ref name="delcode4-8">{{cite web|url=https://delcode.delaware.gov/title4/c007/ |archive-date=June 26, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130626194611/http://delcode.delaware.gov/title4/c007/|title = Chapter 7. Regulatory Provisions|access-date=September 13, 2011|website=Online Delaware Code|url-status=live |publisher=Delaware General Assembly}}</ref> Until 2003, Delaware was among the several states enforcing [[blue law]]s and banned the sale of liquor on Sunday.<ref name="nathans2011">{{cite news |last=Aaron |first=Nathans |title=Del. package stores hope to benefit from Md. tax |newspaper=[[The News Journal]] |location=New Castle, Delaware |date=July 9, 2011 |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2011107100328 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821195354/http://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2011107100328 |archive-date=August 21, 2012 |access-date=July 10, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Media==

=== Newspapers ===
Two [[daily newspaper]]s are based in Delaware, the ''[[Delaware State News]]'', based in Dover and covering the two southern counties, and ''[[The News Journal]]'' covering Wilmington and northern Delaware. The state is also served by [[List of newspapers in Delaware|several weekly, monthly and online publications]].

===Television===
No standalone television stations are based solely in Delaware. The northern part of the state is served by network stations in [[Philadelphia]] and the southern part by network stations in [[Salisbury, Maryland]]. Philadelphia's [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] affiliate, [[WPVI-TV]], maintains a news bureau in downtown Wilmington. Salisbury's [[CBS]] affiliate, [[WBOC-TV]], maintains bureaus in Dover and Milton. Three Philadelphia-market stations—[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] member [[WHYY-TV]], [[Ion Television|Ion]] affiliate [[WPPX]], and [[MeTV]] affiliate [[WDPN-TV]]—all have Wilmington as their [[city of license]], but maintain transmitters at the market antenna farm in [[Roxborough, Philadelphia]] and do not produce any Delaware-centric programming.
{{Philly TV}}

===Radio===
{{Main|List of radio stations in Delaware}}

There are a numerous radio stations licensed in Delaware. [[WDDE]] 91.1 FM, [[WDEL 1150AM]], [[WHGE-LP|WHGE]]-LP 95.3 FM, WILM 1450 AM, [[WVCW (FM)|WVCW 99.5]], [[WMPH]] 91.7 FM, [[WSTW]] 93.7 FM, [[WTMC]] 1380 AM and [[WWTX]] 1290AM are licensed from Wilmington. [[WRDX]] 92.9 FM is licensed from Smyrna. [[WDOV]] 1410AM, [[WDSD]] 94.7 FM and WRTX 91.7 FM are licensed from Dover.

==Tourism==
[[File:Rehoboth Beach looking north at Delaware Avenue August 2021.jpeg|thumb|[[Rehoboth Beach, Delaware|Rehoboth Beach]], a popular vacation spot during the summer months]]
[[File:Fort Delaware LOC 384066pu.jpg|thumb|[[Fort Delaware State Park]] on [[Pea Patch Island]], a popular spot during the spring and summer; a ferry takes visitors to the fort from nearby [[Delaware City, Delaware|Delaware City]].]]
Delaware is home to [[First State National Historical Park]], a [[National Park Service]] unit composed of historic sites across the state including the [[New Castle Court House Museum|New Castle Court House, Green, and Sheriff's House]], [[Dover Green Historic District|Dover Green]], Beaver Valley, [[Fort Christina]], [[Holy Trinity Church (Old Swedes)|Old Swedes' Church]], [[John Dickinson House|John Dickinson Plantation]], and the [[Ryves Holt House]].<ref>{{cite web|title=First State National Historical Park-Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=National Park Service|url=https://www.nps.gov/frst/faqs.htm|access-date=June 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620213847/https://www.nps.gov/frst/faqs.htm|archive-date=June 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Delaware has several [[List of museums in Delaware|museums]], [[:Category:National Wildlife Refuges in Delaware|wildlife refuges]], [[:Category:Parks in Delaware|parks]], [[:Category:Houses in Delaware|houses]], [[:Category:Lighthouses in Delaware|lighthouses]], and other [[:Category:National Register of Historic Places in Delaware|historic places]].

[[Rehoboth Beach, Delaware|Rehoboth Beach]], together with the towns of [[Lewes, Delaware|Lewes]], [[Dewey Beach, Delaware|Dewey Beach]], [[Bethany Beach, Delaware|Bethany Beach]], [[South Bethany, Delaware|South Bethany]], and [[Fenwick Island, Delaware|Fenwick Island]], comprise [[Delaware beaches|Delaware's beach resorts]]. Rehoboth Beach often bills itself as "The Nation's Summer Capital" because it is a frequent summer vacation destination for Washington, D.C., residents as well as visitors from Maryland, Virginia, and in lesser numbers, Pennsylvania. Vacationers are drawn for many reasons, including the town's charm, artistic appeal, nightlife, and tax-free shopping. According to SeaGrant Delaware, the Delaware beaches generate $6.9{{spaces}}billion annually and over $711{{spaces}}million in tax revenue.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Contribution of The Coastal Economy to the State of Delaware|publisher=SeaGrant Delaware|url=https://www.deseagrant.org/research/contribution-coastal-economy-state-delaware|access-date=April 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402082704/https://www.deseagrant.org/research/contribution-coastal-economy-state-delaware|archive-date=April 2, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Delaware is home to several festivals, fairs, and events. Some of the more notable festivals are the Riverfest held in [[Seaford, Delaware|Seaford]], the World Championship [[Punkin Chunkin#World Championship Punkin Chunkin|Punkin Chunkin]] formerly held at various locations throughout the state since 1986, the Rehoboth Beach Chocolate Festival, the Bethany Beach Jazz Funeral to mark the end of summer, the Apple Scrapple Festival held in [[Bridgeville, Delaware|Bridgeville]], the [[Clifford Brown]] Jazz Festival in Wilmington, the Rehoboth Beach Jazz Festival, the Sea Witch Halloween Festival and Parade in Rehoboth Beach, the Rehoboth Beach Independent Film Festival, the Nanticoke Indian Pow Wow in [[Oak Orchard, Delaware|Oak Orchard]], [[Firefly Music Festival]], and the Return Day Parade held after every election in [[Georgetown, Delaware|Georgetown]].

In 2015, tourism in Delaware generated $3.1{{spaces}}billion, which makes up five percent of the state's GDP. Delaware saw 8.5{{spaces}}million visitors in 2015, with the tourism industry employing 41,730 people, making it the 4th largest private employer in the state. Major origin markets for Delaware tourists include Philadelphia, [[Baltimore]], New York City, Washington, D.C., and [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]], with 97% of tourists arriving to the state by car and 75% of tourists coming from a distance of {{convert|200|mi|km}} or less.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Value of Tourism 2015|publisher=Visit Delaware|url=https://www.visitsoutherndelaware.com/sites/default/files/The_Value_of_Tourism_2015_5e45388c-8bcf-428e-a246-8fbb26f6bb1d.pdf|access-date=February 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207123022/https://www.visitsoutherndelaware.com/sites/default/files/The_Value_of_Tourism_2015_5e45388c-8bcf-428e-a246-8fbb26f6bb1d.pdf|archive-date=February 7, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Delaware is also home to two large sporting venues. [[Dover Motor Speedway]] is a race track in Dover, and [[Daniel S. Frawley Stadium|Frawley Stadium]] in Wilmington is the home of the [[Wilmington Blue Rocks]], a Minor League Baseball team that is currently affiliated with the Washington Nationals.

==Education==
{{See also|List of high schools in Delaware}}
[[File:UDel Memorial and Magnolia Circle.JPG|thumb|The [[University of Delaware]] in [[Newark, Delaware|Newark]]]]
In the early 1920s, [[Pierre S. du Pont]] served as president of the state board of education. At the time, state law prohibited money raised from white taxpayers from being used to support the state's schools for black children. Appalled by the condition of the black schools, du Pont donated four million dollars to construct 86 new school buildings.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Okrent |first1=Daniel |title=Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition |year=2010 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-0743277020 |at=loc 5645(Kindle) |author-link=Daniel Okrent}}</ref>

Delaware was the origin of ''[[Belton v. Gebhart]]'' (1952), one of the four cases which were combined into ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'', the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] decision that led to the end of officially [[racial segregation|segregated]] public schools. Significantly, ''Belton'' was the only case in which the state court found for the plaintiffs, thereby ruling that segregation is unconstitutional.

Unlike many states, Delaware's educational system is centralized in a state Superintendent of Education, with local school boards retaining control over taxation and some curriculum decisions. This centralized system, combined with the small size of the state, likely contributed to Delaware becoming the first state, after completion of a three-year, $30{{spaces}}million program ending in 1999, to wire every K-12 classroom in the state to the Internet.<ref>{{cite conference|last=Millard|first=Sandra K.|date=October 29, 1999|title=University of Delaware Library / Statewide K–12 Partnership Providing Online Resources and Training: UDLib/SEARCH|url=https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED450718/|conference=EDUCAUSE '99|location=Long Beach, CA|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

{{As of|2011}}, the Delaware Department of Education had authorized the founding of 25 charter schools in the state, one of them being [[Single-sex education|all-girls]].<ref name="Dobo20110612">{{cite news |last=Dobo |first=Nichole |title=Delaware schools: Checkered past goes unchecked |access-date=June 13, 2011 |newspaper=[[The News Journal]] |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110612/NEWS03/106120369/-1/NLETTER01/Checkered-past-goes-unchecked?source=nletter-news |date=June 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623091720/http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110612/NEWS03/106120369/-1/NLETTER01/Checkered-past-goes-unchecked?source=nletter-news |archive-date=June 23, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2010, Delaware had the largest percentage of students attending private schools of places within the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.delawarepublic.org/2010-12-16/private-schools-increasing-financial-aid-to-retain-students|title=Private schools increasing financial aid to retain students |publisher=[[Delaware Public Media]]|date=December 16, 2010|access-date=March 30, 2025|quote=In Delaware, with the nation's highest percentage of private school enrollment,[...]}}</ref>

All teachers in the State's public school districts are unionized.<ref name="dobo2012">{{Cite news|last=Dobo|first=Nichole|publication-date=January 19, 2012|year=2012|title=Charter votes to join union|newspaper=[[The News Journal]]|at=delawareonline|access-date=January 19, 2012|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20120119/NEWS03/201190345/-1/NLETTER01/Charter-votes-to-join-union|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609103243/http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20120119/NEWS03/201190345/-1/NLETTER01/Charter-votes-to-join-union|archive-date=June 9, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|January 2012}}, none of the State's charter schools are members of a teachers [[Trade union|union]].<ref name="dobo2012" /> One of the State's teachers' unions is Delaware State Education Association (DSEA).<ref name="dobo2012" />

===Colleges and universities===
* [[Delaware College of Art and Design]]
* [[Delaware State University]]
* [[Delaware Technical & Community College]]
* [[Goldey-Beacom College]]
* [[University of Delaware]]—Ranked 63rd in the U.S. and in top 201–250 in the world ([[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]] 2018)
* [[Widener University School of Law]]
* [[Wilmington University]]

==Transportation==
[[File:1969 Delaware license plate 000000 sample.jpg|thumb|Delaware's [[Vehicle registration plates of Delaware|license plate]] design, introduced in 1959, is the longest-running one in U.S. history.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Auto tag No. 6 likely to sell for $1 million |author=Harlow, Summer |journal=The News Journal |date=January 20, 2008 |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080120/NEWS/801200351&template=printart |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213454/http://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20080120%2FNEWS%2F801200351&template=printart |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 23, 2015 }}</ref>]]

The transportation system in Delaware is under the governance and supervision of the [[Delaware Department of Transportation]] (DelDOT).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deldot.gov/index.shtml|title=State of Delaware Department of Transportation|access-date=June 30, 2006|publisher=State of Delaware|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701234021/http://www.deldot.gov/index.shtml|archive-date=July 1, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Staff (Delaware Department of Transportation Public Relations)|year=2005|title=Delaware Transportation Facts 2005|publisher=DelDOT Division of Planning|url=http://www.deldot.gov/information/pubs_forms/fact_book/pdf/2005/2005_deldot_fact_book.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909223639/http://www.deldot.gov/information/pubs_forms/fact_book/pdf/2005/2005_deldot_fact_book.pdf|archive-date=September 9, 2008}}</ref> Funding for DelDOT projects is drawn, in part, from the Delaware Transportation Trust Fund, established in 1987 to help stabilize transportation funding; the availability of the Trust led to a gradual separation of DelDOT operations from other Delaware state operations.<ref name=montgomery2012nj>{{Cite news|last=Montgomery|first=Jeff|date=January 29, 2011|title=Crisis ahead on Delaware roads|newspaper=[[The News Journal]]|at=delawareonline|access-date=January 29, 2012|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20120129/NEWS/201290341/-1/NLETTER01/Crisis-ahead-on-Delaware-roads|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609105718/http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20120129/NEWS/201290341/-1/NLETTER01/Crisis-ahead-on-Delaware-roads|archive-date=June 9, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> DelDOT manages programs such as a Delaware [[Adopt-a-Highway]] program, major road route snow removal, traffic control infrastructure (signs and signals), toll road management, Delaware [[Division of Motor Vehicles]], the Delaware Transit Corporation (branded as "[[DART First State]]", the state government public transportation organization), and others.

In 2009, DelDOT maintained 13,507 lane-miles, totaling 89 percent of the state's public roadway system, the rest being under the supervision of individual municipalities. This far exceeds the national average (20 percent) for state department of transportation maintenance responsibility.<ref name=deldotfactbook>{{cite book |title=Delaware Transportation Facts |publisher=Delaware Department of Transportation |year=2009 |url=http://www.deldot.gov/information/pubs_forms/fact_book/pdf/2009/2009_fact_book.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511185126/http://deldot.gov/information/pubs_forms/fact_book/pdf/2009/2009_fact_book.pdf |archive-date=May 11, 2012 }}</ref>

===Roads===
{{Further|Delaware State Route System}}
[[File:DE 1 NB from DE 299 overpass.jpeg|thumb|[[Delaware Route 1]] (DE{{spaces}}1) is a partial [[toll road]] linking [[Fenwick Island, Delaware|Fenwick Island]] and [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]].]]
One major branch of the U.S. [[Interstate Highway System]], [[Interstate 95 in Delaware|Interstate{{spaces}}95]] (I-95), crosses Delaware southwest-to-northeast across New Castle County. Two [[Auxiliary Interstate Highway]] routes are also located in the state. [[Interstate 495 (Delaware)|Interstate 495 (I-495)]] is an eastern bypass of Wilmington. [[Interstate 295 (Delaware–Pennsylvania)|Interstate 295 (I-295)]] is a bypass of Philadelphia which begins south of Wilmington. In addition to Interstate highways, there are six [[U.S. Highway System|U.S. highways]] that serve Delaware: [[U.S. Route 9 in Delaware|U.S.{{spaces}}9]], [[U.S. Route 13 in Delaware|U.S.{{spaces}}13]], [[U.S. Route 40 in Delaware|U.S.{{spaces}}40]], [[U.S. Route 113 in Delaware|U.S.{{spaces}}113]], [[U.S. Route 202 in Delaware|U.S.{{spaces}}202]], and [[U.S. Route 301 in Delaware|U.S.{{spaces}}301]]. There are also several state highways that cross the state of Delaware; a few of them include [[Delaware Route 1|DE{{spaces}}1]], [[Delaware Route 9|DE{{spaces}}9]], and [[Delaware Route 404|DE{{spaces}}404]]. U.S.{{spaces}}13 and DE{{spaces}}1 are primary north–south highways connecting Wilmington and Pennsylvania with Maryland, with DE{{spaces}}1 serving as the main route between Wilmington and the [[Delaware beaches]]. DE{{spaces}}9 is a north–south highway connecting Dover and Wilmington via a scenic route along the [[Delaware Bay]]. U.S.{{spaces}}40 is a primary east–west route, connecting Maryland with New Jersey. DE{{spaces}}404 is another primary east–west highway connecting the [[Chesapeake Bay Bridge]] in Maryland with the Delaware beaches. The state also operates three toll highways, the Delaware Turnpike, which is I-95, between Maryland and New Castle; the Korean War Veterans Memorial Highway, which is DE{{spaces}}1, between Wilmington and Dover; and the U.S. 301 toll road between the Maryland border and DE{{spaces}}1 in New Castle County.

A bicycle route, [[Delaware Bicycle Route 1]], spans the north–south length of the state from the Maryland border in [[Fenwick Island, Delaware|Fenwick Island]] to the Pennsylvania border north of [[Montchanin, Delaware|Montchanin]]. It is the first of several signed bike routes planned in Delaware.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deldot.gov/information/projects/bike_and_ped/bike_facilities/pages/regional_routes.shtml|publisher=Delaware Department of Transportation|title=Projects: Delaware Bicycle Facility Master Plan|access-date=September 28, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130554/https://www.deldot.gov/information/projects/bike_and_ped/bike_facilities/pages/regional_routes.shtml|archive-date=September 18, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Delaware has about 875 bridges,<ref name="Anderson 2022 c677">{{cite web | last=Anderson | first=Craig | title=Delaware's bridges ranked fourth in nation | website=Bay to Bay News | date=February 6, 2022 | url=https://baytobaynews.com/stories/bridges,70418 | access-date=February 14, 2024}}</ref> 95 percent of which are under the supervision of DelDOT. About 30 percent of all Delaware bridges were built before 1950, and about 60 percent of the number are included in the [[National Bridge Inventory]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 - Bridge Condition by Highway System - National Bridge Inventory - Bridge Inspection - Safety Inspection - Bridges & Structures - Federal Highway Administration |url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/nbi/no10/condition24.cfm |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.fhwa.dot.gov}}</ref>{{better source|date=March 2026}} Some bridges not under DelDOT supervision includes the four bridges on the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, which are under the jurisdiction of the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]],<ref name="Mace 2023 b637">{{cite web | last=Mace | first=Ben | title=DelDOT announces St. Georges Bridge to be closed 18 months for repairs | website=Delawareonline.com | date=January 27, 2023 | url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2023/01/27/deldot-announces-st-georges-bridge-to-be-closed-18-months-for-repairs/69847264007/ | access-date=February 14, 2024}}</ref><ref name="
Philadelphia District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
2023 c005">{{cite web | title=Philadelphia District Civil Works – Chesapeake and Delaware Canal | website=
Philadelphia District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
| date=August 22, 2023 | url=https://www.nap.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Chesapeake-Delaware-Canal/ | ref={{sfnref | Philadelphia District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers | 2023}} | access-date=February 14, 2024}}</ref> and the [[Delaware Memorial Bridge]], which is under the bi-state [[Delaware River and Bay Authority]].<ref name="Feliciano 2023 o698">{{cite web | last=Feliciano | first=Octavia | title=Delaware River and Bay Authority plans a new ferry fleet | website=Delaware Currents | date=April 21, 2023 | url=https://delawarecurrents.org/2023/04/21/delaware-bay-ferries/ | access-date=February 14, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Perez-Gonzalez 2023 t619">{{cite web | last=Perez-Gonzalez | first=Johnny | title=$71 million Delaware Memorial Bridge resurfacing project complete | website=WHYY | date=November 11, 2023 | url=https://whyy.org/articles/delaware-memorial-bridge-resurfacing-project-finished/ | access-date=February 14, 2024}}</ref>

It has been noted that the [[tar and chip]] composition of secondary roads in Sussex County makes them more prone to [[Road surface#Surface deterioration|deterioration]] than are the [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]] roadways in almost the rest of the state.<ref name=nj20110417>{{cite news |location=Wilmington, Delaware |title=Anything Once: On the road, taking plenty of pot shots |author=Justin Williams |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110417/NEWS02/304170008/-1/NLETTER01/On-the-road--taking-plenty-of-pot-shots |newspaper=News Journal |date=April 17, 2011 |at=DelawareOnline |access-date=April 17, 2011 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Among these roads, Sussex (county road) 236 is among the most problematic.<ref name=nj20110417/>

===Ferries===
[[File:MV Delaware DEE1.jpg|thumb|The [[Cape May–Lewes Ferry]]]]
Three ferries operate in the state of Delaware:
* [[Cape May–Lewes Ferry]] crosses the mouth of [[Delaware Bay]] between [[Lewes, Delaware]] and [[Cape May, New Jersey]].
* [[Woodland Ferry]] (a [[cable ferry]]) crosses the [[Nanticoke River]] southwest of [[Seaford, Delaware|Seaford]].
* [[Forts Ferry Crossing]] connects [[Delaware City]] with [[Fort Delaware]] and [[Fort Mott (New Jersey)|Fort Mott]], New Jersey.

===Rail and bus===
{{Delaware rail network}}
[[File:Wilmington Station from parking garage, July 2014.JPG|thumb|[[Wilmington station (Delaware)|Wilmington Station]] in [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]]]]
[[Amtrak]] has two stations in Delaware along the [[Northeast Corridor]]; the relatively quiet [[Newark Rail Station (Delaware)|Newark Rail Station]] in [[Newark, Delaware|Newark]], and the busier [[Wilmington station (Delaware)|Wilmington Station]] in [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]]. The Northeast Corridor is also served by [[SEPTA]]'s [[Wilmington/Newark Line]], part of [[SEPTA Regional Rail]], which serves [[Claymont station|Claymont]], Wilmington, [[Churchmans Crossing, Delaware|Churchmans Crossing]], and Newark.

Two [[Class I railroad]]s, [[Norfolk Southern]] and [[CSX]], provide freight rail service in northern New Castle County. Norfolk Southern provides freight service along the Northeast Corridor and to industrial areas in [[Edgemoor, Delaware|Edgemoor]], [[New Castle, Delaware|New Castle]], and [[Delaware City, Delaware|Delaware City]]. CSX's [[Philadelphia Subdivision]] passes through northern New Castle County parallel to the Amtrak Northeast Corridor. Multiple [[short-line railroad]]s provide freight service in Delaware. The [[Delmarva Central Railroad]] operates the most trackage of the short-line railroads, running from an interchange with Norfolk Southern in [[Porter, Delaware|Porter]] south through [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]], [[Harrington, Delaware|Harrington]], and [[Seaford, Delaware|Seaford]] to [[Delmar, Delaware|Delmar]], with another line running from Harrington to [[Frankford, Delaware|Frankford]] and branches from [[Ellendale, Delaware|Ellendale]] to [[Milton, Delaware|Milton]] and from [[Georgetown, Delaware|Georgetown]] to [[Gravel Hill, Delaware|Gravel Hill]]. The Delmarva Central Railroad connects with the [[Maryland and Delaware Railroad]], which serves local customers in Sussex County.<ref name=dcr>{{cite web|title=Delmarva Central Railroad|publisher=Carload Express|url=http://carloadexpress.com/railroads/delmarva-central-railroad/|access-date=March 27, 2017|date=November 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524215403/http://carloadexpress.com/railroads/delmarva-central-railroad/|archive-date=May 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> CSX connects with the freight/[[heritage railroad|heritage]] operation, the [[Wilmington and Western Railroad]], based in Wilmington and the [[East Penn Railroad]], which operates a line from Wilmington to [[Coatesville, Pennsylvania]].

The last north–south passenger trains through the main part of Delaware was the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]]'s local Wilmington-Delmar train in 1965.<ref>Pennsylvania Railroad local division timetable, 1965</ref><ref>Freight only: {{cite journal |title=Pennsylvania Railroad, Table 155|journal=Official Guide of the Railways |publisher=National Railway Publication Company |volume=99 |issue=7 |date=December 1966}}</ref> This was a successor to the ''[[Del-Mar-Va Express]]'' and ''Cavalier'', which had run from Philadelphia through the state's interior, to the end of the Delmarva Peninsula until the mid-1950s.<ref>{{Citation |first = Christopher T |last = Baer |title = Named Trains of The PRR Including Through Services |year = 2009 |url = http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR%20NAMED%20TRAINS.pdf |publisher = PRRTHS |access-date = July 25, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131014024426/http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR%20NAMED%20TRAINS.pdf |archive-date = October 14, 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>All named trains were gone by the end of 1957 {{cite journal |title=Pennsylvania Railroad, Table 65|journal=Official Guide of the Railways |publisher=National Railway Publication Company |volume=90 |issue=7 |date=December 1957}}</ref>

The [[DART First State]] public transportation system was named "Most Outstanding Public Transportation System" in 2003 by the [[American Public Transportation Association]]. Coverage of the system is broad within northern New Castle County with close association to major highways in Kent and Sussex counties. The system includes bus, subsidized passenger rail operated by Philadelphia transit agency SEPTA, and subsidized taxi and [[paratransit]] modes. The paratransit system, consisting of a statewide door-to-door bus service for the elderly and disabled, has been described by a Delaware state report as "the most generous paratransit system in the United States".<ref name=montgomery2012nj/> {{As of|2012}}, fees for the paratransit service have not changed since 1988.<ref name=montgomery2012nj/>

===Air===
{{See also|Aviation in Delaware}}

{{As of|2023}}, Delaware is served exclusively by [[Avelo Airlines]] out of [[Wilmington Airport (Delaware)|Wilmington Airport]], launching five routes to Florida on February 1.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rains |first=Taylor |date=October 22, 2022 |title=The only US state without commercial airline service is getting 5 new routes to Florida next year — see the full list |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/low-cost-startup-launching-5-new-routes-abandoned-delaware-list-2022-10 |work=Business Insider |access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> This put an end to an eight-month period during which Delaware had no scheduled air service, one of several since 1991.<ref>See [[Wilmington Airport (Delaware)|Wilmington Airport]] for history and details.</ref> Various airlines had served Wilmington Airport, the latest departure being [[Frontier Airlines]] in June 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rains |first=Taylor |date=May 16, 2022 |title=Frontier Airlines is ending flights to Delaware, leaving the state without any airline service |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/delaware-to-become-the-only-state-without-airline-service-2022-5 |work=Business Insider |access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref>

Delaware is centrally situated in the [[Northeast megalopolis]] region of cities along [[Interstate 95|I-95]]. Therefore, Delaware [[commercial airline]] passengers most frequently use [[Philadelphia International Airport]] (PHL), [[Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport]] (BWI) and [[Washington Dulles International Airport]] (IAD) for domestic and international transit. Residents of Sussex County will also use [[Wicomico Regional Airport]] (SBY), as it is located less than {{convert|10|mi|km}} from the Delaware border. [[Atlantic City International Airport]] (ACY), [[Newark Liberty International Airport]] (EWR), and [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] (DCA) are also within a {{convert|100|mi|km|adj=on}} radius of New Castle County.

Other general aviation airports in Delaware include [[Summit Airport (Delaware)|Summit Airport]] near [[Middletown, Delaware|Middletown]], [[Delaware Airpark]] near [[Cheswold, Delaware|Cheswold]], and [[Delaware Coastal Airport]] near [[Georgetown, Delaware|Georgetown]].

[[Dover Air Force Base]], one of the largest in the country, is home to the [[436th Airlift Wing]] and the [[512th Airlift Wing]]. In addition to its other responsibilities in the [[Air Mobility Command]], it serves as the entry point and [[mortuary]] for U.S. military personnel (and some civilians) who die overseas.

==Law and government==
Delaware's fourth and current constitution, adopted in 1897, provides for executive, judicial and legislative branches.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Delaware Constitution of 1897 as amended|url=https://delcode.delaware.gov/constitution/|website=State of Delaware|access-date=August 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908150654/http://www.delcode.delaware.gov/constitution/|archive-date=September 8, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Legislative branch===
[[File:Delaware State Capitol.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Delaware General Assembly]] meets in [[Delaware Legislative Hall]] in [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]].]]
The [[Delaware General Assembly]] consists of a [[Delaware House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] with 41 members and a [[Delaware Senate|Senate]] with 21 members. It sits in Dover, the state capital. Representatives are elected to two-year terms, while senators are elected to four-year terms. The Senate confirms judicial and other nominees appointed by the governor.

Delaware's U.S. Senators are [[Lisa Blunt Rochester]] (Democrat) and [[Chris Coons]] (Democrat). Delaware's single U.S. Representative is [[Sarah McBride]] (Democrat).

===Judicial branch===
The Delaware Constitution establishes a number of courts:
* The [[Delaware Supreme Court]] is the state's highest court.
* The [[Delaware Superior Court]] is the state's trial court of general jurisdiction.
* The [[Delaware Court of Chancery]] deals primarily in corporate disputes.
* The [[Family court#In the United States|Family Court]] handles domestic and custody matters.
* The [[Delaware Court of Common Pleas]] has jurisdiction over a limited class of civil and criminal matters.

Minor non-constitutional courts include the [[Justice of the Peace]] Courts and Aldermen's Courts.

Significantly, Delaware has one of the few remaining Courts of [[Court of equity|Chancery]] in the nation, which has jurisdiction over [[Equity (law)|equity]] cases, the vast majority of which are corporate disputes, many relating to [[mergers and acquisitions]]. The [[Delaware Court of Chancery|Court of Chancery]] and the Delaware Supreme Court have developed a worldwide reputation for rendering concise opinions concerning [[corporate law]] which generally (but not always) grant broad discretion to corporate boards of directors and officers. In addition, the [[Delaware General Corporation Law]], which forms the basis of the Courts' opinions, is widely regarded as giving great flexibility to corporations to manage their affairs. For these reasons, Delaware is considered to have the most business-friendly legal system in the United States; therefore a great number of companies are [[incorporated in Delaware]], including 60% of the companies listed on the [[New York Stock Exchange]].<ref name="divcorpabout">{{cite web|url= https://corp.delaware.gov/aboutagency/ |title= About Agency|access-date= July 23, 2008 |publisher =Delaware Division of Corporations|url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002805/http://www.state.de.us/corp/aboutagency.shtml |archive-date=February 28, 2007}}</ref>

Delaware was the last U.S. state to use [[judicial corporal punishment]], in 1952.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pleck|first=Elizabeth Hefkin|title=Domestic Tyranny: The Making of American Social Policy Against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2004|page=120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN2A2shTz6YC&pg=PA120|isbn=978-0-252-07175-1|access-date=October 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231231119/https://books.google.com/books?id=zN2A2shTz6YC&pg=PA120|archive-date=December 31, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Executive branch===
{{See also|List of governors of Delaware}}

The executive branch is headed by the [[Governor of Delaware]]. The current governor is [[Matt Meyer]] (Democrat), who took office January 21, 2025. The lieutenant governor is [[Kyle Evans Gay]]. The governor presents a "[[State of the State]]" speech to a [[joint session]] of the Delaware legislature annually.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delawarestatehouse.com/ |year=2010 |title=Delaware House of Representatives Minority Caucus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416030742/http://www.delawarestatehouse.com/ |archive-date=April 16, 2009 |access-date=January 24, 2001 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The executive branch also consists of the [[Attorney General of Delaware]] currently held by [[Kathy Jennings]], the State Treasurer currently held by [[Colleen Davis]], the Auditor of Accounts currently held by [[Lydia York]] and the Insurance Commissioner currently held by [[Trinidad Navarro]].

===Counties===

Delaware is subdivided into [[List of counties in Delaware|three counties]]; from north to south they are [[New Castle County, Delaware|New Castle]], [[Kent County, Delaware|Kent]] and [[Sussex County, Delaware|Sussex]]. This is the fewest among all states. Each county elects its own legislative body (known in New Castle and Sussex counties as '''County Council''', and in Kent County as '''Levy Court'''), which deal primarily in zoning and development issues. Most functions which are handled on a county-by-county basis in other states—such as court and law enforcement—have been centralized in Delaware, leading to a significant concentration of power in the Delaware state government. The counties were historically divided into [[Hundred (country subdivision)|hundreds]], which were used as tax reporting and voting districts until the 1960s, but now serve no administrative role, their only current official legal use being in real estate title descriptions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.delaware.gov/museums/vc/vc_hundreds.shtml |title=The Hundreds of Delaware |website=Department of State: Division of Historical and Cultural Affairs |publisher=Delaware State Archives |access-date=September 28, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617061234/http://history.delaware.gov/museums/vc/vc_hundreds.shtml |archive-date=June 17, 2010 }}</ref>

===Politics===
{{Main|Politics of Delaware}}

[[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Joe Biden]], the 46th president of the United States and a [[United States Senate|U.S. senator]] from Delaware from 1973 to 2009]]
The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] holds a [[pluralism (political theory)|plurality]] of registrations in Delaware. Currently, Democrats hold all positions of authority in Delaware, as well as majorities in the state Senate and House. The Democrats have held the governorship since 1993, having won the last seven gubernatorial elections. Democrats presently hold all the nine statewide elected offices, while the Republicans last won any statewide offices in 2014, [[State Auditor]] and [[State Treasurer]].

During the [[First Party System|First]] and [[Second Party System]]s, Delaware was a stronghold for the [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] and [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] Parties, respectively. After a relatively brief adherence to the Democratic Solid South following the [[American Civil War|US Civil War]], Delaware became a Republican-leaning state from [[1896 United States presidential election|1896]] through [[1948 United States presidential election|1948]], voting for losing Republicans [[Charles Evans Hughes]] in [[1916 United States presidential election|1916]], [[Herbert Hoover]] in [[1932 United States presidential election|1932]], and [[Thomas E. Dewey|Thomas Dewey]] in 1948.

During the second half of the 20th century, Delaware was a bellwether state, voting for the winner of every presidential election from [[1952 United States presidential election|1952]] through [[1996 United States presidential election|1996]]. Delaware's bellwether status came to an end when Delaware voted for [[Al Gore]] in [[2000 United States presidential election|2000]] by 13%. Subsequent elections have continued to demonstrate Delaware's current strong Democratic lean: [[John Kerry]] carried the First State by 8% in [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]]; [[Barack Obama]] carried it by 25% and by 19% in his two elections of [[2008 United States presidential election|2008]] and [[2012 United States presidential election|2012]]; and [[Hillary Clinton]] carried it by 11% as she lost the Electoral College in [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]]. In 2020, Delaware native (and Barack Obama's former vice president and running mate) Joe Biden headed the Democratic ticket; he carried his home state by just shy of 19% en route to a national 4.5% win.<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 3, 2020|title=Delaware Election Results|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-delaware.html}}</ref>

The dominant factor in Delaware's political shift has been the strong Democratic trend in heavily urbanized [[New Castle County, Delaware|New Castle County]], home to 55% of Delaware's population. New Castle County has not voted Republican in a presidential election since [[1988 United States presidential election|1988]], and has given Democrats over 60% of its vote in every election from 2004 on. In 1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016, the Republican presidential candidate carried both Kent and Sussex but lost by double digits each time in New Castle County, which was a large enough margin to tip the state to the Democrats. New Castle County also elects a substantial majority of the state legislature; 27 of the 41 state house districts and 14 of the 21 state senate districts are based in New Castle County.

In a 2020 study, Delaware was ranked as the 18th hardest state for citizens to vote in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=December 15, 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free |issn=1533-1296}}</ref>

===Freedom of information===
{{See also|Freedom of information in the United States#State legislation}}

Each of the 50 states of the United States has passed some form of freedom of information legislation, which provides a mechanism for the general public to request information of the government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foiadvocates.com/records.html|title=State Public Record Laws|website=FOIAdvocates}}</ref> In 2011 Delaware passed legislation placing a 15 business day time limit on addressing freedom-of-information requests, to either produce information or an explanation of why such information would take longer than this time to produce.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Bennett | first1 = Rep. | first2 = Sen. | last2 = Peterson | first3 = Sen. | last3 = Katz | date = January 6, 2011 | publication-date = April 15, 2011 | contribution = An Act to Amend Title 29 of the Delaware Code Relating to the Freedom of Information Act | access-date = April 22, 2011 | contribution-url = http://legis.delaware.gov/lis/lis146.nsf/vwlegislation/HB+5 | edition = online | title = Delaware Code | volume = 78 | at = 10 | id = House Bill # 5 | url = https://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/lis146.nsf/vwLegislation/HB+5/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111002095945/http://legis.delaware.gov/lis/lis146.nsf/vwlegislation/HB+5 | archive-date = October 2, 2011 | url-status = live }}</ref> A bill aimed at restricting Freedom of Information Act requests, Senate Bill 155, was discussed in committee.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://delawarelive.com/speakers-at-senate-meeting-strongly-oppose-changing-foia/ | title=Speakers at Senate meeting strongly oppose changing FOIA | Delaware Live News | date=June 9, 2021 }}</ref>

===Taxation===

Tax is collected by the [[Delaware Division of Revenue]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://revenue.delaware.gov/|title=Division of Revenue—Department of Finance—State of Delaware|website=Division of Revenue—State of Delaware}}</ref>

Delaware has six different [[income tax]] brackets, ranging from 2.2% to 5.95%. The state does not assess [[sales tax]] on consumers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Avery |first=Brett Holzhauer,Dan |date=2021-09-03 |title=What states have no sales tax? |url=https://www.cnbc.com/select/states-with-no-sales-tax/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sadek |first=Nicole |date=2022-06-27 |title='Delaware is everywhere': how a little-known tax haven made the rules for corporate America - ICIJ |url=https://www.icij.org/inside-icij/2022/06/delaware-is-everywhere-how-a-little-known-tax-haven-made-the-rules-for-corporate-america/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> The state does, however, impose a tax on the gross receipts of most businesses. Business and occupational license tax rates range from 0.096% to 1.92%, depending on the category of business activity.

Delaware does not assess a state-level tax on real or personal property. Real estate is subject to county [[property tax]]es, school district property taxes, vocational school district taxes, and, if located within an incorporated area, municipal property taxes.

[[Gambling in the United States#Authorized types|Gambling]] provides significant revenue to the state. For instance, the [[Delaware Park Racetrack#Casino|casino at Delaware Park Racetrack]] provided more than $100{{spaces}}million to the state in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delaware crime: Wave of brazen attacks sounds alarm at casino |first=Chris |last=Barrish |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110423/NEWS01/104230342/-1/NLETTER01/Wave-of-brazen-attacks-sounds-alarm-at-casino |location=Wilmington, DE |date=April 23, 2011 |work=Delaware Online |access-date=April 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201210192633/https://www.webcitation.org/5ygCHfM0y?url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110423/NEWS01/104230342/-1/NLETTER01/Wave-of-brazen-attacks-sounds-alarm-at-casino |archive-date=December 10, 2020 |at=1st page of online article archived via link provided |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2018, Delaware became the first U.S. state to legalize [[sports betting]] following the [[Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992#US Supreme Court decision|Supreme Court ruling to overturn the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992]] (PASPA).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bestbettingsites.uk/news/sports-betting/delaware-becomes-first-state-legalise-sports-betting.html | title=Delaware becomes the first state to legalise sports betting | access-date=June 22, 2018 | date=June 2, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622140539/https://www.bestbettingsites.uk/news/sports-betting/delaware-becomes-first-state-legalise-sports-betting.html | archive-date=June 22, 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Voter registration===
{| class=wikitable
|+ Voter registration and party enrollment {{as of|2025|October|lc=y}}:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elections.delaware.gov/candidates/regtotals.shtml |title=Voter Registration Totals - Delaware Department of Elections |access-date=March 3, 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119195904/https://elections.delaware.gov/reports/regtotals/2022/vrt_PP20220101.pdf |archive-date=January 19, 2022 }}</ref>
|-
! colspan = 2 | Party
! Number of voters
! Percentage
|-
| {{party color cell|Democratic Party (United States)}}
| [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 334,999
| style="text-align:center;"| 41.89%
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
| Unaffiliated/nonpartisan
| style="text-align:center;"| 241,063
| style="text-align:center;"| 30.15%
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party (United States)}}
| [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 202,188
| style="text-align:center;"| 25.29%
|-
| {{party color cell| Independent politician}}
| [[Independent Party of Delaware]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 12,247
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.53%
|-
| {{party color cell| Independent politician}}
| Minor parties
| style="text-align:center;"| 9,084
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.14%
|-
! colspan = 2 | Total
! style="text-align:center;"| 799,581
! style="text-align:center;"| 100.00%
|}

==Culture==
===Festivals===
{{Main|Delaware festivals}}

===Sports===
[[File:2017 Apache Warrior 400 from turn 1.jpg|thumb|[[NASCAR]] racing at [[Dover Motor Speedway]] in [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]]]]
;Professional teams
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Team
!Sport
!League
|-
|[[Delaware Black Foxes]]
|[[Rugby league]]
|[[USA Rugby League]]
|-
|[[Delaware Blue Coats]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[NBA G League]]
|-
|[[Delaware Thunder]]
|[[Ice hockey|Hockey]]
|[[Federal Prospects Hockey League]]
|-
|[[Diamond State Roller Girls]]
|[[Roller derby]]
|[[Women's Flat Track Derby Association]]
|-
|[[Wilmington Blue Rocks]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[South Atlantic League]]
|}

As Delaware has no franchises in the major American professional sports leagues, many Delawareans follow either [[Sports in Philadelphia|Philadelphia]] or [[Sports in Baltimore|Baltimore]] teams. In the [[Women's National Basketball Association|WNBA]], the [[Washington Mystics]] enjoy a major following due to the presence of Wilmington native and University of Delaware product [[Elena Delle Donne]]. The [[Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football|University of Delaware's football team]] has a large following throughout the state, with the [[Delaware State Hornets football|Delaware State University]] and [[Wesley College (Delaware)|Wesley College]] teams also enjoying a smaller degree of support.

Delaware is home to [[Dover Motor Speedway]] and [[Bally's Dover]]. Dover Motor Speedway, also known as the ''Monster Mile'', is one of only 10 tracks in the nation to have hosted 100 or more [[NASCAR]] Cup Series races. Bally's Dover is a popular [[harness racing]] facility. It is the only co-located horse- and car-racing facility in the nation, with the Bally's Dover track located inside the Dover Motor Speedway track.

Delaware is represented in [[USA Rugby League|rugby]] by the Delaware Black Foxes, a 2015 expansion club.

Delaware has been home to two [[professional wrestling]] outfits: [[Combat Zone Wrestling]] (CZW) and its [[CZW Tournament of Death|Tournament of Death]], and [[East Coast Wrestling Association|ECWA]] with its annual [[ECWA Super 8 Tournament|Super{{spaces}}8 Tournament]].

Delaware's official state sport is [[bicycling]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS147.NSF/vwLegislation/HB+235 |title=An Act to Amend Title 29 of the Delaware Code Relating to the Designation of a State Sport|access-date=July 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213444/http://www.legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS147.NSF/vwLegislation/HB+235 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Foreign affairs==

=== Sister state ===
Delaware has had a foreign [[Paradiplomacy#United States|sister state]] in Japan, named [[Miyagi Prefecture]].<ref>{{cite web|author=McDowell|author2=Sen. McBride|author3=Rep. George|date=March 22, 2011|publication-date=March 23, 2011|title=Mourning Those Lost in the Recent Earthquake and Related Disasters that have Befallen Japan, and Expressing the Thoughts and Prayers of All Delawareans for the Citizens of Our Sister State of Miyagi Prefecture During These Difficult Times|access-date=April 22, 2011|id=Senate Joint Resolution # 3|url=https://legis.delaware.gov/AllLegislation/146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002100208/http://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS146.NSF/vwlegislation/58CC58989B6361AD8525785B005381FB|archive-date=October 2, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> These two have shared relations since 1997, and have had [[Student exchange program|exchange programs available for students]] that were briefly paused in wake of the [[earthquake]] and the [[tsunami]] that ensued in the [[Prefectures of Japan|prefecture]] during March 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prado |first=Antonio |title=Delaware's sister state in Japan, Miyagi Prefecture, thanks Diamond State for help |url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2012/01/24/delaware-s-sister-state-in/63999237007/ |access-date=February 5, 2024 |website=The News Journal |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Delawareans ==

{{Main|List of people from Delaware}}

Prominent Delawareans include the [[du Pont family]] of politicians and businesspersons, and the 46th [[president of the United States]] [[Joe Biden]]. Biden's family moved to Delaware during his childhood, and he later represented Delaware for 36 years in the [[United States Senate]] from 1973 to 2009, before becoming 47th [[vice president of the United States]] from 2009 to 2017.

==See also==
* [[Index of Delaware-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Delaware]]
* '''''{{portal-inline|Delaware}}'''''
* '''''{{portal-inline|United States}}'''''

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation | first = Peter | last = Kolchin | title = American Slavery: 1619–1877 | place = New York | publisher = Hill & Wang | year = 1994}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Delaware|Delaware}}

===History===
* {{Citation | url = https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/delaware/ | title = Delaware State Guide | publisher = Library of Congress}}

===General===
* {{Citation | url = https://www.delaware.gov | title = State of Delaware | type = official website}}
* {{OSM relation|162110}}
* [https://www.visitdelaware.com/ Delaware Tourism homepage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080514074757/http://datamil.delaware.gov/ Delaware Map Data]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080620004847/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=DE Energy & Environmental Data for Delaware]
* [https://www.usgs.gov/science/regions?State=DE USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Delaware]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140222010344/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/10000.html U.S. Census Bureau]
* [https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=10&StateName=Delaware Delaware State Facts from USDA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810151430/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=10&StateName=Delaware |date=August 10, 2014 }}
* [https://www2.census.gov/census_2000/datasets/demographic_profile/Delaware/2kh10.pdf 2000 Census of Population and Housing for Delaware], [[U.S. Census Bureau]]
* {{Ballotpedia|Delaware|Delaware}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080515221005/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Delaware Delaware State Databases]—Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Delaware state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association

{{S-start}}
{{S-new|first}}
{{S-ttl|title = [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union]]
| years = Ratified [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] on December 7, 1787 (1st)}}
{{S-aft|after = [[Pennsylvania]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Delaware|expanded}}
{{Northeast US}}
{{Southern United States}}
{{Thirteen Colonies}}
{{United States political divisions}}
{{authority control}}
{{coord|39.0|-75.4|dim:200000_region:US-DE_type:adm1st|name=State of Delaware|display=title}}

[[Category:Delaware| ]]
[[Category:1787 establishments in Delaware| ]]
[[Category:1787 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Contiguous United States]]
[[Category:Mid-Atlantic states]]
[[Category:Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:Southern United States]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1787]]
[[Category:States of the East Coast of the United States]]
[[Category:States of the United States]]

Jogimara and Sitabenga Caves

2026-03-16T10:45:28Z

Swebsexilm:

{{short description|Ancient caves with color painted frescoes and Brahmi inscriptions in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox Cave
| name = Sitabenga and Jogimara Caves monument
| photo = Jogimara cave of Chhattisgarh.jpg
| photo_caption = Jogimara cave
| coordinates = {{coord|22|53|34.5|N|82|54|22.9|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| entrance_count = Two major caves, other minor
| language = Magadhi (Prakrit)
| features = 8 panels of oldest known murals in India, ancient theatre-like stage and seating
}}

The '''Sitabenga and Jogimara Caves''', sometimes referred to either as '''Sitabenga Cave''' or '''Jogimara Cave''', are ancient cave monuments nested in the north side of Ramgarh hills in Puta village, [[Chhattisgarh]], India. Dated between the 3rd-century BCE to 1st-century BCE, they are notable for their non-religious inscriptions in [[Brahmi script]] and Magadhi language, and one of the oldest colored frescoes in Asia.<ref>{{cite book|author=Percy Brown|title=The Heritage of India: Indian Painting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SN_qAAAAMAAJ |year=1918| publisher=Association Press|isbn=978-81-206-1888-6|pages=16–18}}</ref> Some scholars state that the Sitabengra cave is the oldest performance theatre on the Indian subcontinent,<ref name=sitaoup>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre| year=2004| editor=Anand Lal|publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn= 9780195644463 |pages=15, 415, 449–450}}</ref> but others question whether it was indeed a theatre and suggest that it may have been a resting place (''dharmashala'') along an ancient trade route.<ref name="Chakravarti33–41">{{cite journal | last=Chakravarti | first=Ranabir | title=Merchants and Other Donors at Ancient Bandhogarh | journal=South Asian Studies | volume=11 | issue=1 | year=1995 | doi=10.1080/02666030.1995.9628493 | pages=33–41}}</ref> The inscription at the Jogimara cave is equally disputed, with one translation interpreting it as a love-graffiti by a girl and a boy, while another translation interpreting it as a female dancer and a male sculptor-painter creating the two caves together to serve others.<ref name=upsingh>{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC |year=2008| publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0| page=50}}</ref> The inscription is also the oldest known mention of the word "devadasi", but this seems just a name and it is unlikely that this was related to any ancient Indian temple since the site and nearby area has no evidence of any Buddhist, Hindu or Jain temple built between the 3rd-century BCE and 8th-century CE.

The caves are partly natural and partly sculpted. The regional tradition associates it with the epic of ''Ramayana'', one where Sita, Rama and Lakshmana came at the start of their exile. The oldest ruins and temple artwork found here relate to the ''Ramayana'', all likely from the 8th to 12th-century based on their iconographic features.

==Location==
The Jogimara and Sitabenga caves are in [[Surguja district]] of Chhattisgarh, about 45 kilometers southwest of [[Ambikapur, India|Ambikapur]], 180 kilometers northeast of [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] city, and 5 kilometers from Khodri. It is connected by India's national highway 130, then a small spur road that climbs up into the Ramgarh hills (also called the Ramgiri hills or Devapahari), giving this site the alternate name of ''Ramgarh caves''. Midst the two forested hills, the spur road reaches Ram Janaki temple and nearby Hindu temple ruins. Thereafter, the caves are a short hike west on a marked, stone paved trail with a seasonal waterfall and a natural lake. First comes the Sitabenga cave towards the north (also referred to as Sitabangira,{{refn|group=note|Per James Beglar, this is local language equivalent of Indian word ''bangala'' (house), from which is derived the English word bungalow.}} Sitabonga or Sitalangra). Next, on the south side, is the inscribed and painted Jogimara cave with platforms and railings built for visitors. The area has many small crescent caves as well, and a long large tunnel called the ''Hathipol'' (''lit.'' a tunnel as high as an elephant).<ref name=bloch>{{cite book|author=T. Bloch|title= Caves and Inscriptions in Ramgarh Hills, in Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India 1903–4 |url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207529/page/n221/mode/2up| publisher= ASI, Government of India | year=1906 }}</ref><ref name="Halder20">{{cite book|author=Asit Halder|title=A Brief History of Indian Painting|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkOd-YBFliMC |publisher=Krishna Prakashan Media|pages=20–21}}</ref><ref name="Settar2020p39">{{cite book|author=S Settar|title=Early Buddhist Artisans and their Architectural Vocabulary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3vtDwAAQBAJ |year=2020|publisher=Manipal Universal Press|isbn=978-93-88337-11-3|page=39}}</ref>

==Description==
The Jogimara and Sitabenga Caves are unlike all other ancient caves found in India both in design and decoration. The other sites always include religious icons and symbols. For example, the Buddhist caves include a stupa or symbols thereof, with later ones adding Buddha-related reliefs and images. Jain caves include icons or symbols associated with the [[Tirthankara|Tirthankaras]]. Any inscriptions or paintings in a Buddhist or Jaina cave invariably includes a dedication or mention of the Buddha or Tirthankara respectively. At the Jogimara and Sitabenga Caves, there is no evidence of these. The inscriptions are poetic, the paintings largely non-religious but for one panel that seems to depict a Krishna-legend of Hinduism.

[[File:Sitabenga cave entrance, archive photo, Chhattisgarh.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Sitabenga cave entrance, photographed in 1874]]
;Sitabenga cave
The Sitabenga cave looks like a partly sculpted stage. It has two rows of hemispherical rock cut stone benches in front. According to Beglar who photographed this site, these may have been steps to enter the cave. However, Bloch states that the space between the benches and gradual climb into the cave make these bench-like sculpted design pointless and unlike other steps found in caves in Magadha region.<ref name=bloch/> Further, another set of proper steps were already provided to the left of the cave, so cutting out these long stretches with gaps seem useless. These must be benches for people to sit and watch the performance stage, states Bloch. By his count, "some 50 or more" people could easily sit on these stone benches.<ref name=bloch/><ref name=bhargava>{{cite book|author=G Bhargava|title= Encyclopedia of Art and Culture in India: Chhattisgarh|publisher = Isha|year=2003|pages = 155–162}}</ref> In order to encourage safe tourism, the local authorities have built steps, viewing platforms and other facilities near the Sitabenga cave.

The cave is oblong, about 46 by 24 feet, between 6 and 6.5 feet high. Inside, along the sides are 7 feet wide with 2.5 feet high rock cut bed slightly sloping down. Bloch proposed that these are seats and a part of the stage for the actors. Further, right around where the cave opens to the outside are two deliberately cut holes in the stone. Give their size and shape, states Bloch, these have no apparent function other than possibly holding wooden posts for a curtain or screen during a performance, or possibly to cover the cave opening to block the winter air when someone was staying inside for the night. The front of the cave has also been rock-cut and sculpted like a stage, something that would be unnecessary and unusual if this was merely a place for monks or traders to retire.<ref name=bloch/><ref name=bajpai/>{{refn|group=note|Bajpai provides the Sanskrit equivalents – such as ''medhi'', ''tiraskarial'' and others – for the different parts of the Sitabengi cave theatre; his study is based on ''Natyasastra'' and other early Indian texts on the performance arts.<ref name=bajpai/>}}

After Bloch's publication and proposal, the colonial era Indologist [[Heinrich Lüders]] followed up with the comment that the famed poet [[Kalidasa]] of about 5th-century CE was from this region of India, and passages within his poems mention sculpted performance stages. There is a gap of about 700 years between the date of Sitabenga cave and Kalidasa's compositions, noted Luders, then added that the Mathura inscriptions from around the 2nd-century BCE do mention ''lenasobhika'', which is best translated as "cave actress".

Contemporary scholars call the Sitabengi cave as the oldest known performance stage on the Indian subcontinent, dating it between 300 BCE to 100 BCE.<ref name=sitaoup/><ref name=bajpai>{{cite journal|title= Music and Dance in Ancient Art of Madhya Pradesh| journal=Journal of the Indian Musicological Society|volume = 4| issue= 3|year = 1973| pages=41–43}}</ref> This classification is primarily driven by the architecture of the cave, the poetic inscriptions found in the ancient Brahmi script, as well as the murals.<ref name="Varadpande1981"/>{{refn|group=note|The Sitabenga cave is not an isolated exception of a possible ancient theatre. Other sites in India, such as one near [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Ranigumpha cave]] in Odisha have also been identified as likely an ancient theatre.<ref name="AultManthravadi">{{cite journal | last1=Ault | first1=C. Thomas | last2=Manthravadi | first2=Umashankar | title=The Rani Gumpha: A 2nd century B. C. acoustical theatre in India | journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | publisher=Acoustical Society of America | volume=106 | issue=4 | year=1999 | doi=10.1121/1.428064 | pages=2227}}</ref><ref>Hemant K Das (2006), ''The Origin of Oriya Jatra'', Indian Literature, Volume 50, Number 1(231), pp. 166-171, {{JSTOR|23346371}}</ref>}} According to David Mason, a scholar of Media Studies with publications on the theatre in India, the Sitabenga cave theatre was completed in the 3rd-century BCE.<ref name="Liu2016">{{cite book|author=David Mason|editor=Siyuan Liu|title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-27886-3|page=225}}</ref>

;Jogimara cave
The Jogimara cave is about 15 feet by 12 feet, and has an inside height just over 6 feet. This is also a natural cave, adapted and sculpted to allow one to climb, step in, sit and rest, according to an archaeological survey by Beglar in 1874. There were no outside benches or other features sculpted at this cave.<ref name=Beglar1876>{{cite book|author=James Beglar| title= Report of the Tours in the Southeastern Provinces | volume = XIII| publisher = Archaeological Survey of India (republished in 2000) | year = 1876 | pages =40–42}}</ref>

===Inscriptions===
Both caves have inscriptions. According to Richard Salomon – a scholar of Indian [[epigraphy]], [[Sanskrit]] and Buddhist studies, a paleographic analysis of these inscriptions in the pure Magadhi language suggest that they are from the 3rd-century BCE. Among ancient inscriptions found in India, states Salomon, these are "unusual for their language and content".<ref name="Salomon1998">{{cite book|author=Richard Salomon|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535666-3|pages=141 with footnotes}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Early analysis of these inscriptions, states Salomon, have been dated to pre-Mauryan era by some scholars and also to a bit later Sunga-period by others.<ref name="Salomon1998"/>}} Another stylistic feature in these inscriptions is the use of ''danda'' as a punctuation mark (vertical line, as in "|" or "||"), a feature that continues to be used in many Indian languages to mark the end of a sentence or verse.

The Sitabenga cave has a two line inscription in Brahmi script close to the top of cut out wall. The Sitabenga inscription can be translated as:<ref name="Varadpande1981">{{cite book|author=M.L. Varadpande|title=Ancient Indian And Indo-Greek Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYuJWxLv-U0C |year=1981|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-147-8|pages=82–84}}</ref>
{{Quote|
<poem>
'''Line1''' ''Poets venerable by nature kindle the heart, who'' (.... lost ....)
'''Line2''' ''At the swing-festival of the vernal full-moon, when frolics and music abound, people thus tie (....lost...) thick with jasmine flowers.''
</poem>
|– Translated by T. Bloch<ref name=bloch/>
}}

The Jogimara cave has a five line inscription,{{refn|group=note|Line 3 repeats Lines 1 and 2 in a larger font.}} also in Brahmi script and Magadhi language (a prakrit language older than Pali, and related to Bhojpuri and Maithili [[languages of India]]). The inscription is found on the southern side after the entrance to the cave, below the painted murals on the ceiling. This inscription is partly lost and letters of some words are eroded. To translate it, the words must be completed with sensible interpolations. Two possible translations are:<ref name=bloch/><ref name="Varadpande1981"/>

[[File:2nd-century BCE Jogimara cave inscription, Brahmi script, Chhattisgarh.jpg|thumb|left|Jogimara cave inscription, Brahmi script, Chhattisgarh (300–100 BCE).]]
;Translation 1
{{Quote|
<poem>
'''Line1''' Sutunaka by name
'''Line2''' a Devadasi
'''Line3''' Sutanaka by name a Devadasi (𑀱𑀼𑀢𑀦𑀓𑀦𑀫𑀭𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀤𑀰𑀺)
'''Line4''' An excellent among young man loved her,
'''Line5''' Devadinna by name, skilled in sculpture (...)
</poem>
|– Translated by T. Bloch<ref name=bloch/>
}}

;Translation 2
{{Quote|
<poem>
'''Line1''' Sutunaka by name
'''Line2''' a Devadasi
'''Line3''' Sutanaka by name a Devadasi (𑀱𑀼𑀢𑀦𑀓𑀦𑀫𑀭𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀤𑀰𑀺)
'''Line4''' made this resting place for girls
'''Line5''' [with] Devadinna by name, skilled in painting (...)
</poem>
|– Translated by T. Bloch<ref name=bloch/>
}}

A third translation is similar to the first one, with the exception that it revises one word in the fourth line. Instead of "An excellent among", this leads to "A young man from Varanasi loved her". It is this third translation that has led some scholars to the theory that Ramgarh hills were an ancient resting spot for travelers, because the artist came from the ancient Hindu city of Varanasi.<ref name="Majumdar119–129">{{cite journal | last=Majumdar | first=Susmita Basu | title=State formation and religious processes in the north–south corridor of Chhattisgarh (from first century bc to eighth century ad) | journal=Studies in People's History | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=4 | issue=2 | year=2017 | doi=10.1177/2348448917725849 | pages=120–121, context: 119–129}}</ref>

===Painting===
There are eight panels of murals in Jogimara cave, most are badly faded. They were originally produced in three colors and cruder method than those found taught in the earliest known Indian texts on painting such as the ''Chitrasutras'' and ''Chitralakshana''. The original paintings were repainted over by someone with an intention to restore and enhance it. This effort likely happened in the second half of the 1st millennium CE.<ref name=bloch/>

The original paintings lacked a base coating such as those found in Ajanta and other caves of India. At the Jogimara cave, the murals show a white base of lime. The painter sketched his (or her) ideas with an outline, which was done in red. The fresco was completed using three colors – red, yellow and black.<ref name="Halder20"/> According to Beglar, who visited these caves before Bloch and other scholars, the murals were made from five colors – yellow, two shades of red, brown, black and green.<ref name=bhargava/><ref name=Beglar1876/>

According to [[Asit Kumar Haldar|Asit Halder]] – a famed painter on his own merit and one who accompanied the British archaeologists to this site, the paintings here are nothing like Ajanta or other religious cave sites in India.<ref name="Halder20"/><ref name=bhargava/>

The mural panels are damaged. The total number of panels and what they represent, is subject to interpretation. The key features are, according to Vincent Smith:<ref name="Halder20"/>
*Panel 1: dancing girls, musicians around a sitting dancer
*Panel 2: many male figures, elephant
*Panel 3: some people sitting under a tree
*Panel 4: a couple dancing over a lily flower
*Panel 5: a doll or girl playing
*Panel 6: a boy on a tree branch, a bird on another branch, nude girls on ground around the tree{{refn|group=note|This panel reminds of the Krishna legend where he steals the clothes of girls bathing in a lake, then climbs up a tree and sits on a branch; the nude girls gather around the tree demanding that he please give back those clothes.}}
*Panel 7: a procession of elephants
*Panel 8: a procession of chariots, or horses and some wheels, with flowering plants

The mural is painted in a concentric pattern of panels, as if the painter wanted to create a circular view for someone looking up.<ref name=Beglar1876/>

==See also==
*[[Chitra (art)]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Caves of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Indian art]]
[[Category:Indian painting]]
[[Category:Caves containing pictograms in India]]

P. C. Solanki

2026-03-15T03:14:42Z

Swebsexilm: started new stub

{{Short description|Advocate from Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use indian english|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Poonam Chand Solanki
| image =
| alt = P. C. Solanki
| caption =
| occupation = Advocate
| years_active = 1996–present
| known_for = [[Asaram Bapu]] rape case (2013–2018)
}}

'''Poonam Chand Solanki''' (also known as '''P. C. Solanki''') is an Indian [[advocate]] from [[Jodhpur]], Rajasthan.<ref name="TOI2018FearFavour">{{cite news |date=2018-04-26 |title=Poonam Chand Solanki: The man who fought without fear or favour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/poonam-chand-solanki-the-man-who-fought-without-fear-or-favour/articleshow/63918139.cms |accessdate=2024-07-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is best known for successfully representing the victim in a multi-year trial of [[Asaram|Asaram Bapu]] in 2013 [[Asaram#Jodhpur rape convictions and imprisonment|Jodhpur rape case]], which resulted in the self-styled godman's conviction and life imprisonment in 2018. His legal battle inspired the 2023 Hindi film ''[[Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai]].''

== Early life and career ==
Poonam Chand Solanki's father was a retired railway mechanic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bohra |first=Sanjay |date=2018-05-06 |title=Man who stared at death and won {{!}} Man who stared at death and won |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/headliners/060518/man-who-stared-at-death-and-won.html |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> He attended a central school for primary education and joined the Bar Council of Rajasthan in 1996.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Suryavanshi |first=Aditi |date=2023-05-23 |title='Bandaa': The True Story Behind Manoj Bajpayee's Courtroom Drama on Asaram Bapu |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/sirf-ek-bandaa-kaafi-hai-manoj-bajpayee-advocate-pc-solanki-asaram-bapu-2013-rape-case |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> He has practiced in various courts, including the High Court, [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], and Session Courts.<ref name=":0" />

One of his early notable [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigations]] (PIL) was in 2002. He filed a PIL in the [[Rajasthan High Court]] against the immersion of Ganesh idols made from [[Plaster of Paris]] in Gulab Sagar, a lake near Jodhpur's historic [[Ghanta Ghar (Jodhpur)|Ghantaghar]], due to the resulting pollution and death of aquatic life. The High Court subsequently banned the immersion of such idols in the lake. Solanki reportedly faced threats from some groups following this PIL.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="EconomicTimes2023Bandaa">{{cite news |date=2023-06-05 |title=PC Solanki, advocate who inspired Manoj Bajpayee's 'Bandaa', drags producers to court for copyright violation |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/pc-solanki-advocate-who-inspired-manoj-bajpayees-bandaa-drags-producers-to-court-for-copyright-violation/articleshow/100496846.cms |accessdate=2024-07-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Asaram Bapu rape case ===
Solanki gained national prominence for his role as the counsel for the minor victim in the sexual assault case against Asaram Bapu, which began in 2013.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The nightmarish struggle to bring Asaram to justice |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/asaram-nightmarish-struggle-bring-justice |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rape">{{Cite news |title=Self-styled godman Asaram found guilty of rape of teenager in 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/self-styled-godman-asaram-found-guilty-of-rape-of-teenager-in-2013/articleshow/63892726.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426034212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/self-styled-godman-asaram-found-guilty-of-rape-of-teenager-in-2013/articleshow/63892726.cms |archive-date=26 April 2018 |access-date=25 April 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The victim's family approached him after being dissatisfied with the initial progress and unable to afford legal fees.<ref name="IndiaToday2018">{{cite news |date=2018-05-02 |title=Lawyer who fought for victim in Asaram case, vows to continue fight if needed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lawyer-who-fought-for-victim-in-asaram-case-vows-to-continue-fight-if-needed-1224818-2018-05-02 |accessdate=2024-07-07 |work=India Today}}</ref> Solanki took on the case [[pro bono]], stating he was fighting for truth and justice rather than money.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="TOI2018FearFavour" />

Throughout the five-year trial (2013 – 2018), Solanki faced a defense team of prominent Indian lawyers such as [[Ram Jethmalani]], [[Salman Khurshid]], [[Subramanian Swamy]], and [[K. T. S. Tulsi]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Lawyer Poonam Chand Solanki, Allegedly Played by Manoj Bajpayee in |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/who-is-lawyer-poonam-chand-solanki-allegedly-played-by-manoj-bajpayee-sirf-ek-bandaa-kaafi-hai-why-is-he-miffed-6069699/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> who filed over ten bail applications—six in the trial court, three in the Rajasthan High Court, and two in the Supreme Court—all of which were denied.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=23 September 2019 |title=Jodhpur HC dismisses Asaram Bapu's plea challenging life term in rape case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/asaram-bapu-jodhpur-hc-rape-case-1602214-2019-09-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211072358/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/asaram-bapu-jodhpur-hc-rape-case-1602214-2019-09-23 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |access-date=2019-12-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He reported receiving numerous threats and offers of bribes.<ref name="TOI2018FearFavour" /><ref name="IndiaToday2018" /><ref name="SBSHindi2018">{{cite news |date=2018-05-02 |title=Rape victim's lawyer reveals how 'godman' was finally brought to justice |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/hindi/en/podcast-episode/rape-victims-lawyer-reveals-how-godman-was-finally-brought-to-justice/cv8vvrz0s |accessdate=2024-07-07 |work=SBS Hindi}}</ref> The trial also saw attacks on key prosecution witnesses, with some being killed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Another prosecution witness in Asaram case attacked in court |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/another-prosecution-witness-asaram-case-2112118 |access-date=2025-07-16 |newspaper=Deccan Herald | agency=PTI | date=13 February 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Jyoti |date=2023-07-24 |title=Trials, threats, trauma—one man's 10-yr battle against POCSO-convicted godman Asaram Bapu |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/trials-threats-trauma-one-mans-10-yr-battle-against-pocso-convicted-godman-asaram-bapu/1682870/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2018, the Jodhpur Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Court found Asaram guilty of rape and sentenced him to life imprisonment.<ref name="TheHindu2018AsaramConvicted">{{cite news |date=2018-04-25 |title=Asaram convicted for raping minor girl |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/asaram-convicted-for-raping-minor-girl/article61760525.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425081801/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/asaram-convicted-for-raping-minor-girl/article61760525.ece |archivedate=2018-04-25 |accessdate=2018-04-25 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Solanki's efforts in securing the conviction were widely reported.<ref name="TOI2018FearFavour" /><ref name="IndiaToday2018" />

== Media portrayal ==
The 2023 Hindi film ''[[Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai]]'', starring [[Manoj Bajpayee]], was inspired by Poonam Chand Solanki's legal battle in the Asaram case.<ref name="EconomicTimes2023Bandaa" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Piyush |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cm7-EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22P.+C.+Solanki%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT179 |title=Manoj Bajpayee: The Definitive Biography |date=2024-03-29 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-682-0 |language=en |quote=Manoj breathed life into the character of advocate P.C. Solanki.}}</ref>

In May 2023, Solanki reportedly filed a lawsuit against the film's producers, alleging copyright violation and claiming that his intellectual property rights were violated as no [[No Objection Certificate]] (NOC) was obtained from him, and he did not review any script.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hendriques |first=Princia |date=2023-05-26 |title=Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai In Legal Trouble; Lawyer Who Inspired Manoj Bajpayee Film Says His Rights Were 'Violated' |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/53470/sirf-ek-bandaa-kaafi-hai-in-legal-trouble-lawyer-who-inspired-manoj-bajpayee-film-says-his-rights-we |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in}}</ref><ref name="ABPLive2023BandaaControversy">{{cite news |date=2023-05-25 |title=Advocate Who Inspired Manoj Bajpayee's Sirf Ek Bandaa Kaafi Hai Files Case, Says 'Not A Hero' |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/jodhpur-based-advocate-poonam-chand-solanki-sues-makers-of-manoj-bajpayee-s-sirf-ek-bandaa-kaafi-1604684 |accessdate=2024-07-07 |work=ABP Live}}</ref> He stated that the agreement he signed was for a biopic, and the rights were sold to another party without his knowledge.<ref name="EconomicTimes2023Bandaa" /><ref name="TOI2023BandaaFilmControversy">{{cite news |date=2023-05-25 |title='Film wrongly publicised, terms & conditions violated', alleges real-life hero behind 'Bandaa' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/film-wrongly-publicised-terms-conditions-violated-alleges-real-life-hero-behind-bandaa/articleshow/100493483.cms |accessdate=2024-07-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Solanki also expressed that he did not see himself as a "hero" but as a lawyer who discharged his duties.<ref name="ABPLive2023BandaaControversy" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|qid=Q118179871|id=tt24485052}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=bandaa}}
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Solanki, P. C.}}
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Ecology of the Himalayas

2026-03-12T09:32:27Z

Swebsexilm: Added First Entry First Draft!

The '''ecology of the Himalayas''' varies with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the range. This diversity of climate, altitude, rainfall and soil conditions supports a variety of distinct plant and animal species, such as the [[Nepal gray langur]] (''Semnopithecus schistaceus'')<ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn |author = Kumar, A. | author2 = Yongzu, Z. | author3 = Molur, S. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Semnopithecus schistaceus'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2008 | article-number = e.T39840A10275563 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2008 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39840A10275563.en |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39840/10275563 |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref>

==Lowland forests==
On the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] at the base of the mountains, an [[alluvial plain]] drained by the Indus and Ganges-Brahmaputra river systems, vegetation varies from west to east with rainfall. The [[deserts and xeric shrublands|xeric]] [[Northwestern thorn scrub forests]] occupy the plains of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani]] and the [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]].<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=im1303|name=Northwestern thorn scrub forests}}</ref> Further east lie the [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]] of [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests|id=im0166}}</ref> and the [[Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]] of [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests|id=im0120}}</ref> These are monsoon forests, with drought-deciduous trees that lose their leaves during the dry season. The moister [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]] occupy the plains of [[Assam]]<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0105|name=Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests}}</ref> and the [[subtropical moist forests]] in lower valleys of [[Margalla hills]].

==The Terai belt==
[[File:Rhinoceros unicornis chitwan national park nepal 2005 2.jpg|thumb|right|Indian rhinoceros in the Terai]]
Above the alluvial plain lies the [[Terai]] strip, a seasonally marshy zone of sand and clay soils. The Terai has higher rainfall than the plains, and the downward-rushing rivers of the Himalaya slow down and spread out in the flatter Terai zone, depositing fertile silt during the monsoon season and receding in the dry season. The Terai has a high water table due to groundwater percolating down from the adjacent zone.<ref name=Mani/> The central part of the Terai belt is occupied by the [[Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands]], a mosaic of grasslands, savannas, deciduous and evergreen forests that includes some of the world's tallest grasslands.<ref name=im0701>Dinerstein, E., Loucks, C. (2001). {{WWF ecoregion|name=Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands|id=im0701}}</ref> The grasslands of the Terai belt are home to the [[Indian rhinoceros]] ''(Rhinoceros unicornis)''.

==Bhabhar belt==
Above the Terai belt is an upland zone known as the [[Bhabar|Bhabhar]], a zone of porous and rocky soils made up of debris washed down from the higher ranges. The belt lies at the foot of the Himalayas where the Himalayan streams descend on to the plains.<ref name=Mani>{{cite book|title=Ecology and Biogeography in India|first=M.S.|last=Mani|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2012|page=690}}</ref> The Bhabhar and the lower Shiwalik ranges have a subtropical climate. The [[Himalayan subtropical pine forests]] occupy the western end of the subtropical belt, with forests dominated by [[Chir Pine]] ''(Pinus roxburghii)''.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0301|name=Himalayan subtropical pine forests}}</ref> The central part of the range is home to the [[Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests]], an ecoregion that has many different kinds of forest. One kind of forest is dominated by the [[sal tree]] ''(Shorea robusta)''.<ref name=im0115>{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0115|name=Himalayan Subtropical Broadleaf Forests}}</ref>

==Siwalik Hills==
Also called Churia or Margalla Hills, [[Sivalik Hills]] is an intermittent outermost range of foothills extending across the Himalayan region through [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]]. This region consists of many sub-ranges. Summits are generally {{convert|1500|to|2000|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage|first=M.S.|last=Kohli|page=24|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=2002}}</ref> Steeper southern slopes form along a fault zone called '''Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT)''';<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/geo5xx/geo527/Himalayas/geology.html|title=Geology and Major Structures of the Himalayas|work=GEOS 427/527 Orogenic Systems|publisher=University of Arizona|access-date=2017-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123081802/http://www.geo.arizona.edu/geo5xx/geo527/Himalayas/geology.html|archive-date=2016-11-23}}</ref> northern slopes are gentler. Permeable conglomerates and other rocks allow rainwater to percolate downslope into the Bhabhar and Terai, supporting only scrubby forests upslope. The Himalayan [[subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] continue here.<ref name=im0115/>

==Inner Terai or Dun Valleys==
The [[Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal|Inner Terai valleys]] are open valleys north of Shiwalik Hills or nestled between Shiwalik subranges. Examples include [[Dehra Dun]] in India and [[Chitwan]] in Nepal. Himalayan subtropical moist broadleaf forests grow here.

==Lesser Himalaya==
[[File:Himalayas from Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|right|260px|thumb|Himalayas from [[Kullu]] Valley, [[Himachal Pradesh]].]]
Also called the [[Mahabharat Range]], the Lesser Himalayas is a prominent range {{convert|2000|to|3000|m|ft|sp=us}} high formed along the '''Main Boundary Thrust''' fault zone, with a steep southern face and gentler northern slopes. The range is nearly continuous except for river gorges, where groups of rivers from the north gather like candelabra in a handful of places to break through the range.

At these elevations and above, the [[biogeography]] of the Himalayas is generally divided by the [[Kali Gandaki Gorge]] in central Nepal, one of the deepest canyons in the world.

At the middle elevations of the range, the subtropical forests yield to a belt of [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]] growing between {{convert|1500|and|3000|m|ft|sp=us}}, with the [[western Himalayan broadleaf forests]] to the west of the Gandaki River, and the [[eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]] to the east. The western broadleaf forests stretch from the [[Kashmir Valley]], across [[Himachal Pradesh]] and Uttarakhand, and through western Nepal. The eastern broadleaf forests stretch across eastern Nepal, through Sikkim and Bhutan, and through much of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].

==Midlands==
This 'hilly' region (''Pahad''), averaging about {{convert|1000|m|ft|sp=us}} immediately north of the Mahabharat Range, rises to about {{convert|4000|m|ft|sp=us}} over a distance of {{convert|100|km|mi}} at the '''Main Central Thrust''' fault zone, where the Greater Himalaya begin.
[[File:GangkharPuensum3.jpg|thumb|left|Subalpine forest at Cher-tang La, Bhutan]]

Above the broadleaf forests, between {{convert|3000|and|4000|m|ft|sp=us}}, are [[temperate coniferous forests]], likewise split by the Gandaki River. The [[western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]] are found below treeline in northern Pakistan, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and western Nepal. The [[eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]] are found in eastern Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh. Along the border between Arunachal Pradesh and Tibet, the eastern subalpine conifer forests mix with the [[northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]]. [[East Himalayan Fir]], [[West Himalayan Spruce]], and [[Himalayan Hemlock]] are some important trees of these forests. [[Rhododendron]]s are exceptionally diverse here, with over 60 species recorded in the northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests.
{{clear left}}

==Greater Himalaya==
North of the Main Central Thrust, the highest ranges rise abruptly as much as {{convert|4000|m|ft|sp=us}} into the realm of perpetual snow and ice. As the Himalayan system becomes wider from east to west, the number of parallel high ranges increases. For example, the Kagmara and Kanjiroba ranges both reach well over {{convert|6000|m|ft|sp=us}} north of the [[Dhaulagiri]] Himalaya in central [[Nepal]].
[[File:"Flowers Blossom at Valley of Flowers Chamoli, India.jpg" 08.jpg|thumb|right|Valley of the Flowers]]

* [[Alpine tundra]] lies above treeline. The areas above natural treeline is chiefly composed of annuals, which is differentiated into alpine grasslands and meadows. The steep slopes are mainly predominated by grasses whereas the meadows are dominated by herbaceous species.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kala|first=Chandra Prakash|author-link = Chandra Prakash Kala|title=Ecology and Conservation of Alpine Meadows in the Valley of Flowers National Park, Garhwal Himalaya|year=1998|publisher=Forest Research Institute|location=Dehradun|page=180}}</ref> The [[northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]] are found in the high elevations of northern Pakistan, Jammu and Kashmir, and Himachal Pradesh. To the east, the [[western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]] cover extensive areas along the Tibetan border with Uttarakhand and western Nepal. The [[eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]] grow above the eastern and northeastern subalpine conifer forests, along the Tibetan border with eastern Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh. The shrublands are composed of [[juniper]]s as well as a wide variety of [[rhododendron]]s. They also possess a remarkable variety of wildflowers: [[Valley of Flowers National Park]] in the western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows contains over 520 species of plants, of these 498 are [[flowering plant]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kala|first=C.P.|year=2004|title=The Valley of Flowers: Myth and Reality|publisher=International Book Distributor|location=Dehradun}}</ref> The upper limit of the grasslands increases from west to east, rising from {{convert|3500|m|ft|sp=us}} to {{convert|5500|m|ft|sp=us}}. The grasslands are the summer habitat of the endangered [[snow leopard]] ''(Panthera uncia)''.

==Trans-Himalaya==
The watershed between rivers flowing south into the Ganges or Indus and rivers flowing north into the Brahmaputra or mainstem Indus that flow around the ends of the entire range often follows somewhat lower, less rugged mountains tens of kilometers north of the highest ranges. South-flowing rivers form valleys in this region, often semi-arid due to rainshadow effects. These valleys hold some of the highest permanent villages on earth on the slopes.

== Ecoregions ==
These are the ecoregions of the [[Himalayas]] and adjoining areas:

* [[Karakoram–West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe]]
* [[Southeast Tibet shrub and meadows]]
* [[Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]]
* [[Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]]
* [[Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]]
* [[Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]]
* [[Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]]
* [[Western Himalayan broadleaf forests]]
* [[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]]
* [[Himalayan subtropical pine forests]]
* [[Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests]]
* [[Margalla Hills|Margalla Hills subtropical broadleaf forests]]
* [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]]
* [[Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands]]
* [[Balochistan xeric woodlands]]

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[Category:Ecology of the Himalayas| ]]

Nadir Ali (comedian)

2026-03-08T21:09:39Z

Swebsexilm: improved article

{{Short description|Pakistani YouTuber, comedian}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2025}}
{{infobox youtuber
| name = Nadir Ali Khan
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Nadir Ali Khan
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], Pakistan<ref name="ausaf" />
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{Hlist | [[YouTube personality]] | comedian}}
| spouse = Faiza Nadir
| children = 1
| website =
| pseudonym =
| youtube_handle = P4PakaoOfficial
| youtube_display_name = P 4 Pakao

| youtube_years_active = 2016–present
| youtube_genre = {{Hlist | Family | inspiration | comedy | pranks | vlogs}}
| youtube_subscribers = 4.13 million
| youtube_views = 1.79 billion
| stats_update = 8 March 2026
}}
'''Nadir Ali''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|نادر علی}}}}) is a Pakistani YouTube personality and comedian who is known for his channel P 4 Pakao.<ref name="Arab News" /><ref name="daily pakistan">{{cite news |title=Top five male social media Celebrities of 2017 |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/30-Dec-2017/top-five-male-social-media-celebrities-of-2017 |work=Daily Pakistan |date=30 December 2017}}</ref> Ali started his channel in 2016 and subsequently uploaded his first video as a hair dresser.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheraz |first=Ummara |date=2020-04-08 |title=YouTuber Nadir Ali Booked for Tax Evasion Worth Millions |url=https://propakistani.pk/lens/youtuber-nadir-ali-gets-in-trouble-for-millions-in-tax-evasion/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Lens |language=en-US}}</ref>

His pranks are popular not only in [[Pakistan]] but also abroad, especially in [[India]]<ref name="Arab News" /> and [[Dubai]]. Nadir was inspired by this response to travel to places like [[Thailand]] to record new pranks.

== Personal life ==
Nadir Ali was born on 2nd September 1991 to a [[Saraiki people|Saraiki]] family,
Nadir Ali is married to Faiza and has a son.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Popular YouTuber Nadir Ali blessed with a baby boy |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/12-Aug-2022/popular-youtuber-nadir-ali-blessed-with-a-baby-boy |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Daily Pakistan Global |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ausaf">{{cite news |title=مشہور شخصیت نادر علی کی بیوی کون ہیں اور کیا کرتی ہیں؟ |url=https://dailyausaf.com/showbiz/news-202108-121250.html/ |work=[[Daily Ausaf]] |date=30 August 2021|language=ur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301111116/https://dailyausaf.com/showbiz/news-202108-121250.html/|archive-date=1 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=مزاحیہ اداکار نادرعلی کی شادی کیسے ہوئی؟ تفصیلات پہلی بار اے آر وائی نیوز پر |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/nadir-ali-p-4-pakao-with-wife-upd/ |work=ARY News |date=23 July 2021 |language=ur}}</ref>

== Career ==
Prior to his YouTube career, he worked in famous Pakistani prank show Zara Hut Kay which was aired on Metro TV. Nadir entertained people in the same way from 2010 to 2016. In 2016, Nadir began posting videos to [[YouTube]]. In 2020, the tax department notified him about some tax payments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Mubarak Zeb |date=2020-04-08 |title=Famous online prankster Nadir Ali gets tax order |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1547335 |access-date=2022-12-07 |work=[[Dawn Newspaper]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan's famous online prankster gets tax order |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/culture/2020/04/08/pakistan-famous-prankster-gets-tax-notice |work=Gulf Today |date=8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Saqlain |date=2021-10-18 |title=How Nadir Ali Became The Most Popular Prankster Of Pakistan |url=https://skillypakistan.com/how-nadir-ali-became-the-most-popular-pranskter-of-pakistan/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231155603/https://skillypakistan.com/how-nadir-ali-became-the-most-popular-pranskter-of-pakistan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ary news">{{cite news |title=پھٹی بنیان سے کامیابی تک کا سفر کیسے طے کیا؟ کامیڈین نادرعلی کی تلخ کہانی |url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/pakistani-youtuber-p-for-pakao-nadir-ali-ary/ |work=ARY News |date=17 December 2020 |language=ur}}</ref>

Nadir Ali has so far produced a large number of prank videos,<ref name="Arab News">{{cite news |title=Passing a million subscribers, these Pakistani YouTubers have the Gold Play Button |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1517871/pakistan |work=[[Arab News]] |date=29 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> the most of which were recorded in [[Karachi]] and only a small number in [[Lahore]]. He also recorded their prank videos in [[Sri Lanka]], [[Thailand]], [[Bangkok]] and in [[Dubai]]. In February 2024, he had an online conversation with well known Indian comedian, [[Kapil Sharma]].<ref name="Express">{{cite news |title=Kapil suggests collab with Nadir Ali, talks about Lahori roots |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2456645/kapil-sharma-looks-forward-to-collab-with-nadir-ali-talks-about-lahori-roots |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=16 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kapil Sharma wants to collaborate with Nadir Ali, discusses Lahore ancestry |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/1171750/kapil-sharma-wants-to-collaborate-with-nadir-ali-discusses-lahore-ancestry/ |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415115712/https://dailytimes.com.pk/1171750/kapil-sharma-wants-to-collaborate-with-nadir-ali-discusses-lahore-ancestry/ |date=18 February 2024|archive-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>

In August 2023, alongwith the Pakistani actor [[Moammar Rana]], he faced criticism over social media due to his podcast with the actor who made offensive comments about Indian actress [[Priyanka Chopra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pak actor Moammar Rana, YouTuber Nadir Ali face backlash for racist, sleazy comments on Priyanka Chopra and Ameesha Patel |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pak-actor-moammar-rana-youtuber-nadir-ali-face-backlash-for-racist-sleazy-comments-on-priyanka-chopra-and-ameesha-patel-8917401/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=31 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2024 before Naik's visit to Pakistan in the next month, Ali became the first Pakistani youtuber to host an interview with the scholar [[Zakir Naik]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan YouTuber achieves big landmark |url=https://www.samaa.tv/2087321172-nadir-ali-becomes-first-pakistani-to-interview-dr-zakir-naik |work=[[Samaa TV]] |date=20 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nadir Ali becomes first Pakistani to interview Dr Zakir Naik |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2024/09/20/nadir-ali-becomes-first-pakistani-to-interview-dr-zakir-naik/ |work=[[Pakistan Today]] |date=20 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Nadir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistani YouTubers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani comedians]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Lahore]]

Resham Singh Anmol

2026-03-04T07:37:06Z

Swebsexilm: started a biography

{{Short description|Indian singer and philanthropist}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Resham Singh Anmol
| image = Resham Singh Anmol.jpg
| native_name = ਰੇਸ਼ਮ ਸਿੰਘ ਅਨਮੋਲ
| native_name_lang = pa
| alias = Resham Anmol
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Nakatpur, [[Ambala district]], [[Haryana]], India
| origin = Punjab, India
| genre = Punjabi folk, Punjabi pop
| occupation = Singer, philanthropist
| years_active = 
| label =
| website = {{URL|https://reshamsinghanmol.in}}
}}
'''Resham Singh Anmol''' (Punjabi: '''ਰੇਸ਼ਮ ਸਿੰਘ ਅਨਮੋਲ''') is an Indian singer and philanthropist who is primarily associated with [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi music]]. He is known for his folk-influenced singing style and live performances. His numerous songs including "Chete Karda", "Bhabi Thodi End Aa", "Tere Pind", "Kangana" and "Saroor" peaked on the UK Asian chart published by the [[Official Charts Company]]. His debut album ''The Beginning'' (2009) was one of the best-selling albums in India.

He has been associated with social and charitable initiatives through the Anmol Sewa Foundation.

== Early life and background ==
Resham Singh Anmol was born in Nakatpur village, [[Ambala district]], [[Haryana]], [[India]], to Bishan Singh Numberdar and Lachhman Kaur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Resham Singh Anmol: A Folk Singer's Journey Between Music, Memory and Social Service |url=http://www.5dariyanews.com/news/477947-Resham-Singh-Anmol-A-Folk-Singers-Journey-Between-Music-Memory-and-Social-Service |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=5 Dariya News}}</ref>

His father died when he was 3, and he was raised by his mother. He has two brothers: Dr. Nirmal Singh Anmol, an academic, and Sarvan Singh, a businessperson in England. His early life involved personal and financial challenges, which he has referenced in interviews and public appearances.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-11 |title=कौन है रेशम सिंह अनमोल? लोक-संगीत, सेवा और सामाजिक चेतना में बनाई अलग पहचान - mobile |url=https://haryana.punjabkesari.in/gurgaon/news/who-is-resham-singh-anmol-2275656 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref>

He received musical training from [[Kuldeep Manak]] and [[Dev Tharike Wala|Dev Thrike Wala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Nila |date=2016-11-19 |title=Resham Singh Anmol drops first Single "Saroor" featuring Raftaar |url=https://urbanasian.com/music/2016/11/resham-singh-anmol-drops-first-single-saroor-featuring-raftaar/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=UrbanAsian.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

He went to the [[Kurukshetra University]] where he received three consecutive gold medals in Punjabi and Haryanvi folk music from 2000 to 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-02 |title=Happy birthday Resham Singh Anmol! Know These Unknown Facts About The Singer |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/happy-birthday-resham-singh-anmol-know-these-unknown-facts-about-the-singer |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Anmol started his singing career at the age of 11, when he performed with singer [[Surinder Shinda]] for his first stage performance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2017-01-10 |title=Resham Singh Anmol's latest single Kangna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/resham-singh-anmols-latest-single-kangna/articleshow/15028038.cms |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

His debut album ''The Beginning'' (2009) featuring [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], was released by [[T-Series (company)|T Series]], which includes eight tracks like "Surma", "Pegg", "Nakhro", "Hot Chick", "Kaato", "Nankana", and "Gandasa", and it was one of the best-selling albums in India for that year.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Beginning by Resham Singh Anmol on Apple Music |date=2009-06-02 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/the-beginning/1158250362 |access-date=2026-01-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 2012, he released another album with [[T-Series (company)|T Series]], ''Dil Mangdi'' - featuring DJ Sanj - which included eight songs: "Dil Mangdi", "Panga", "Heer Di Kali", "Husan", "Mehandi", "Pub Club", "Peeti Hove" & "Tribute to Kuldeep Manak Ji".<ref>{{Citation |title=Dil Mangdi by Resham Singh Anmol on Apple Music |date=2012-08-16 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/dil-mangdi/553563703 |access-date=2026-01-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2014, Anmol released his third album with T Series, ''Addiction 172'', featuring various artists. Again it included eight songs, "Addiction 172", "Prandi", "Taur", "Pasand", "Sutta", "College", "Chaar Kille", and "Desi Jatt".<ref>{{Citation |title=Addiction 172 by Resham Anmol & Captain Dhillon on Apple Music |date=2014-03-28 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/addiction-172/1555634842 |access-date=2026-01-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2016, Anmol participated in ''Awaaz Punjab Di'' season 3, at MH One channel, where he finished as a finalist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Resham Singh Anmol's 'Jatt di yaari' is a hit among the listeners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/resham-singh-anmols-jatt-di-yaari-is-a-hit-among-the-listeners/articleshow/49819299.cms |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Over the years, he has collaborated with several music labels and artists from the Punjabi music industry, including [[T-Series (company)|T Series]], Speed Records, Jass Records, Yo [[Yo Yo Honey Singh|Yo Honey Singh]], [[Bohemia]], [[Raftaar]], [[Millind Gaba]], [[Fateh (rapper)|Fateh]], [[MixSingh]], Desi Crew, [[Gulraiz Akhtar|Gulrez Akhtar]], [[Afsana Khan]], and Bunty Bains.<ref name=":2" />

He has performed across [[North America]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Malaysia]], the [[United Kingdom|UK]], the [[UAE]] and [[India]], collaborating with major music labels and artists, and built a following through recorded music as well as extensive live performances, particularly at wedding events and cultural programmes.<ref name=":2" />

== Chart performance ==
Anmol has achieved notable chart success in the United Kingdom. In 2016, his song "Chete Karda", produced by Desi Crew, peaked at number 3 on the UK Official Asian Music Chart. The track remained on the chart for 11 weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-11 |title=CHETE KARDA |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/resham-singh-anmoldesi-crew-chete-karda/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to this, his earlier release "Jatt Di Yaari" (2010), also produced by Desi Crew, reached a peak position of number 6 and spent six weeks on the chart.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=JATT DI YAARI |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/resham-singh-anmoldesi-crew-jatt-di-yaari/ |url-status=live |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref>

Other charting songs include "Bhabi Thodi End Aa" (2016), which peaked at number 9, and "Rahu Ketu" (2016), a collaboration with Desi Crew that reached number 26 for two weeks. His collaboration with Raftaar, "Saroor" (2016), also entered the chart, peaking at number 40 for one week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-05 |title=BHABI THODI END AA |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/resham-anmoldesi-crew-bhabi-thodi-end-aa/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-08 |title=RAHU KETU |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/resham-singh-anmoldesi-crew-rahu-ketu/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-24 |title=SAROOR |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/resham-singh-anmolraftaar-saroor/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Resham Singh Anmol has been associated as a volunteer with social welfare initiatives through the Anmol Sewa Foundation which was founded by his brother Dr. Nirmal Singh Anmol & mother Lachhman Kaur.<ref name=":2" />

Activities linked to the foundation include participation in disaster-relief efforts, livelihood support, environmental initiatives such as water conservation, and food distribution for underprivileged communities.<ref name=":2" />

He worked as an activist in stubble burning awareness, save water awareness and rebuilt shelters for flood-affected people in the [[2025 Punjab, India floods]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-01 |title=Punjabi singers and artists join flood relief efforts, make donations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjabi-singers-and-artists-join-flood-relief-efforts-make-donations/articleshow/123621955.cms |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-03 |title=Resham Singh Anmol Urges Fans To Help Flood Affected Victims With This Song. Watch Video |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/resham-singh-anmol-urges-fans-to-help-flood-affected-victims-with-this-song-watch-video |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=PTC Punjabi |language=en}}</ref>

== Discography ==
'''Studio albums'''

* ''The Beginning'' (2009) – featuring Honey Singh
* ''Dil Mangdi'' (2012) – featuring DJ Sanj
* ''Addiction 172'' (2014)

'''Singles'''

* Kangana – Desi Addiction (2011)
* Nagni (2013)
* Nagni 2 (2014)
* Jatt Di Yaari (2015) – featuring Desi Crew
* Band vs Brand (2015)
* Yaarian (2015)
* Chete Karda (2016) – featuring Desi Crew
* Bhabhi Thodi End Aa (2016) – featuring Desi Crew
* Saroor (2016) – featuring Raftaar and Desi Crew
* Tere Pind (2016) – featuring Desi Crew
* Take Me Away (2017) – featuring Milind Gaba
* Urban Jatt (2017) – featuring Sudesh Kumari and Desi Crew
* Munda Pyar Karda (2017)
* Modified (2018) – featuring MixSingh
* Snapchat Selfie (2018)
* Nazare (2018)
* Different Jatt (2019)
* Viah Wali Jodi (2019) – featuring MixSingh
* Golden Gang (2019) – featuring Bohemia and MixSingh
* Visa (2019)
* Att Mehkma (2020) – featuring Afsana Khan
* Gore Jatt (2020)
* 2 Percent (2020)
* Himachal Da Seb (2021) – featuring Afsana Khan
* Jittke Punjab Chalya (2021)
* Heartbeat (2022)
* Mahi Nal Selfie (2022)
* Yaari (2023)
* Bandi Singh (2023)
* Nagni 3 (2023) – featuring Gurlez Akhtar
* Jahaaz Jattan De (2023)
* Punjab (2023)
* Puttran Da Dani (2023)
* Pita Dasmesh (2023)
* Khare Khare Yaar (2024) – featuring Jasmeen Akhtar
* Ruger (2024)
* Sawaad (2024)

== Awards and recognition ==
His debut song "Surma" was nominated for the best debut vocals male category at the [[PTC Punjabi|PTC Awards]] in 2009.<ref name=":1" />

*Best Punjabi folk singer award from the [[Haryana Government]] (2010).<ref name=":2" />
*PTC Sewa Sanman Award for his social service during the 2025 Punjab, India floods.<ref name=":1" />
*Sewa Award in [[New Zealand]] by Nz Punjabi News & Sadde Ala Radio New Zealand (2025).<ref name=":1" />
*Sewa Award by [[News18 India|News 18 Media]] India (2025).<ref name=":1" />
*Sewa Award by Dr B. R. Ambedkar club [[New York City|New York]], USA 2025.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm11307788}}
*{{Official website|https://reshamsinghanmol.in/}}
*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Resham, Anmol}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ambala district]]
[[Category:Punjabi singers]]
[[Category:Kurukshetra University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Venkatapuram, Nandyal

2026-03-04T05:32:54Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Venkatapuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = hamlet
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.4845| 78.4331|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nandyal district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 216
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 518510
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Nandyal
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Nandyal
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Allagadda
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]]([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Venkatapuram''' alias Venkateswarapuram is a hamlet in [[Nandyal mandal]] in [[Nandyal district|Nandyal District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
It is in the midway between [[Kurnool]] and [[Kadapa]] on [[National Highway 18 (India)|National Highway-18]]
==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}
The village is named after [[Lord Venkateswara]] as it hosted seven residents initially, resembling the seven hills of [[Tirumala]]

== References ==

[[Category:Villages in Nandyal district]]

{{Nandyal-geo-stub}}

Eduruleni Alexander

2026-03-03T21:52:04Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Eduruleni Alexander.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Rajareddy Panuganti
| producer = PLK
| starring = [[Taraka Ratna]] [[Komal Jha]]
| music = Dr. Josyabatla Sarma
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|03|29}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Eduru Leni Alexander''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language action romance film directed by Rajareddy Panuganti and starring [[Taraka Ratna]] and [[Komal Jha]] in the lead roles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Eduruleni-Alexander/movie-review/32919270.cms|title=Eduruleni Alexander|date=10 May 2016|first=Ch Sushil|last=Rao|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008073729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Eduruleni-Alexander/movie-review/32919270.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarakaratna as Alexander |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140225/entertainment-tollywood/article/tarakaratna-alexander |access-date=2016-08-24 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011044601/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140225/entertainment-tollywood/article/tarakaratna-alexander |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sincere police officer Alexander battles the villains Jinnah Bhai and Kottappa. He also deals with [[land grabbing]] and prostitution in the city. Alexander is a law unto himself having killed at least 99 people at last count when the police commissioner transfers him from Vizag to Hyderabad.

Komal plays the role of the Alexander's lover, who is impressed by his heroics and pursues him.

== Cast ==
* [[Taraka Ratna]] as Alexander
* [[Komal Jha]] as Komal
* [[Ravi Babu]] as Jinnah
* [[Jayaprakash Reddy]] as Kotappa
* [[Fish Venkat]] as Kotappa's henchman

== Production ==
[[Taraka Ratna]] plays a police officer for the first time in his career in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/eduruleni-alexander/articleshow/32968662.cms|title=Eduruleni Alexander|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 March 2014|access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by Dr. Josyabatla Sarma and is rated as average in reviews.
# "Alexander" sung by [[Geetha Madhuri]], [[Vedala Hemachandra]]
# "Guleba Kavali" sung by [[Vedala Hemachandra]], [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]
# "Vayasu" sung by [[M. M. Keeravani]], Amruta Varshini
# "Kavvinchina" sung by [[Chaitra Ambadipudi]] and Prasobh
# "Vayasu (version 2)" sung by [[Usha (Telugu singer)|Usha]]

== Reception ==
The film is rated 1.5 stars out of 5 by ''[[The Times of India]]'' movies review.<ref name=":0" /> The review comments state - "All through the movie, you have Alexander mouthing dialogues to make him look and sound bigger than he is". ''[[The Hans India]]'' review states the action and chasing sequences, Taraka Ratna's dialogue delivery and direction make the movie worth watching.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-03-21/Eduruleni-Alexander-Telugu-movie-review-rating/89701|title=Eduruleni Alexander Telugu Movie Review, Rating|work=[[The Hans India]]|language=en|access-date=2016-08-24}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]

Tuglak

2026-03-03T21:36:03Z

Swebsexilm: new...

{{Short description|2012 Kannada film}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tuglak
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Aravind Kaushik]]
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Rakshit Shetty]]
*[[Meghana Gaonkar]]
* Anisha Ummer
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cinematography = Manu Yapler
| editing =
| studio = White Ayre Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|02|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Tuglak''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[Aravind Kaushik]], starring [[Rakshit Shetty]], [[Meghana Gaonkar]] and Anisha Ummer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/253765/its-one-shot-wonder.html|title=It's a one shot wonder|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=2 June 2012|access-date=28 July 2022|archive-date=28 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728112612/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/253765/its-one-shot-wonder.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/226091/film-release.html|title=Film release|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=10 February 2012|access-date=28 July 2022|archive-date=26 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726090927/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/226091/film-release.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==

* [[Rakshit Shetty]] as Raaghu
* [[Meghana Gaonkar]] as Sonia
* Anisha Ummer as Sania
* [[B. Suresha]] as a don
* Giri
* Balu Nagendra
* Venkat Shastry
* Kailash
* [[Rishab Shetty]]
* [[Vaijanath Biradar]]
* [[Bank Janardhan]]

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Tuglak
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2012
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:31
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2011
| year = 2012
| next_title =
| next_year = 2013
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| WX1_CCaFc9g| Tuglak - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:31
| title1 = Maintain Madthavano
| extra1 =Akanksha Badami, [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length1 = 4:50
| title2 = Nee Ir Bekitilli
| extra2 = [[Anuradha Bhat]], [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length2 = 5:18
| title3 = Tugalak Theme 1
| extra3 = Stephen
| length3 = 0:51
| title4 = Lesa Ilesa
| extra4 = [[Arjun Janya]]
| length4 = 4:51
| title5 = Boondh Boondh
| extra5 =Pratheek
| length5 = 5:09
| title6 = Tugalak Theme 2
| extra6 =Stephan
| length6 = 3:12
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and says "Arjun's music is passable. Camerawork by Manu Apler is a major highlight of the film. The film could have been more engaging and interesting".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-tughlaq-fails-to-engage/20120213.htm|title=Review: Tughlaq is not engaging enough|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=13 February 2012|access-date=28 July 2022|archive-date=8 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408053356/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-tughlaq-fails-to-engage/20120213.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "Anisha Umar, in her first Kannada film, is passable and Meghana has just added another film to her list. B Suresha in the role of a don is neither scary or funny. The camerawork and the editing where the cuts are invisible are the plus points of the film. Otherwise, the director should take the blame. Period".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/thuglak-thuglakian-idea/articleshow/21427868.cms|title=Thuglak : Thuglakian idea|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=9 February 2012|access-date=28 July 2022|archive-date=28 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728111018/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/thuglak-thuglakian-idea/articleshow/21427868.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "“Tuglak” lives up to its title. An effort that holds itself back just short of brilliance, “Tuglak” simplifies the dilemma many face, but leaves the audience dissatisfied. Just as the sultan of yore, perhaps?"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/226426/tuglak.html|title=Tuglak|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=11 February 2012|access-date=28 July 2022|archive-date=26 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726085543/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/226426/tuglak.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2012 drama films]]
[[Category:2012 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aravind Kaushik]]
[[Category:Kannada-language drama films]]

Cobra (2012 film)

2026-03-03T20:47:20Z

Swebsexilm: Updated entries and formatting

{{short description|2012 film directed by Lal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Cobra
| image = Cobra-malayalam-movie.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Lal (director)|Lal]]
| producer = [[Anto Joseph]]
| writer = Lal
| based_on =
| starring = [[Mammootty]] Lal
| music = [[Alex Paul]]
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| editing = V Saajan
| studio = [[Anto Joseph|Emperor Cinemas]]
| distributor = Play House Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|4|12|[[India]]|ref1=<ref>[http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/10972/cobra.html Cobra – Movie Reviews, Videos, Wallpapers, Photos, Cast & Crew, Story & Synopsis on popcorn.oneindia.in] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524134252/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/10972/cobra.html |date=24 May 2012 }}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Cobra''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[action film|action]] [[black comedy]] film written and directed by [[Lal (director)|Lal]], starring [[Mammootty]] and himself in the lead roles. The songs were composed by [[Alex Paul]], and background score by [[Deepak Dev]].

==Plot==
The film tells the story of two rich [[Non-identical twin|non-identical]] twin brothers Raja and Kari, who lives like friends. Both the brothers are a [[Delhi]]-based famous [[Boxing|boxers]] who are nicknamed as [[Cobra|Cobras]] (short form of co-brothers alias [[Kottayam]] Brothers). The two begin to seek brides to marry. Their marriages get fixed. But on the day of the marriages, one of the brides is late for the ceremony. Thinking that she has eloped, Raja cancels the marriage and they moves to [[Coimbatore]].

They meet John Samuel, another freestyle [[Boxing|Boxing champion]] who is looking for prospective buyers for his house. He needs money for the education of his daughters Sherly and Annie, who are doing their medical studies in [[Bangalore]]. While the Cobras are negotiating the deal, they see a picture of the two girls and they plan to marry them. Samuel wants to hide the news of selling the house from his daughters; he asks the Cobras to hide the news for another 6 months until their studies are over. The Cobras say that they will delay the registration until the 6 months have passed, and during that period they will stay at Samuel's house as tenants.

Meanwhile, Isaac and his brother Albert are trying to forcefully take Samuel's house and his hospital. Isaac tries to humiliate the Cobras on the day of the inauguration of his hospital. Samuel and Isaac get into a verbal fight and set a boxing match the next weekend with a deal that whoever wins will get the hospital. Isaac finds out that Raja has a twin brother named Shivadas Naidu, a [[Malaysia|Malaysian]]-based gangster. Isaac blackmails Raja saying that if he does not forfeit, he will bring Shivadas to Kari. Raja thinks that it will break Kari's heart, so he decides to back out from the fight. However, Kari and Samuel decide to carry on with the match.

Raja joins them. Even during the match Isaac tries to blackmail Raja showing him Shivadas standing near the venue. Initially, Raja does not fight back and gets badly beaten. Then Kari comes into the ring and beats Albert and he also gets badly beaten by Isaac. Seeing Kari getting beaten up, Samuel tells him to accept the defeat, but Kari refuses and tells that if he fails then Raja will also fail and he won't allow for it. On hearing this, Raja fights back and defeats Isaac, thus winning the match. Meanwhile, seeing the love between Raja and Kari, Shivadas leaves the scene without anyone noticing.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Mammootty]] in a dual role as:
**Rajavembala (Raja) / [[King Cobra]], a professional [[Boxing|boxer]]
***Musthafa as Young Raja
**Sivadas Naidu, a [[Malaysia|Malaysian]] based gangster
*[[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Karimoorkhan (Kari) / Black Cobra
**[[Balu Varghese]] as young Kari
*[[Lalu Alex]] as John Samuel
*[[Babu Antony]] as Isaac
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Judgepaappan, Isaac's grandfather
*[[Salim Kumar]] as Gopalan
*[[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Bralan (Balan)
*[[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]] as Sherly
*[[Kanika (actress)|Kaniha]] as Annie
*Ranjith Velayudhan as Albert
*[[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as Raja's uncle
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Alphonse
*[[Vijay Menon]] as [[Referee]]
*[[Sreejith Ravi]] as Gracy's husband
*[[Kalabhavan Navas]] as Rosy's husband
*[[Radhika (Malayalam actress)|Radhika]] as Rosy
*Leena Maria Paul as Gracy
*[[Indrans]] as Tea seller
*[[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Audience member
*[[Lal Jr.]] (cameo appearance)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/prithviraj-to-play-a-car-enthusiast-in-jean-paul-lal-driving-license-5679873/|title=Prithviraj to play a car enthusiast in Jean Paul Lal's Driving License|date=17 April 2019}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
The movie was shot at [[Ernakulam]], [[Chalakudy]], [[Trivandrum]] and [[Bangkok]], Thailand.

==Music==
The [[soundtrack album]] of the film was composed by [[Alex Paul]] and lyrics penned by [[Santhosh Varma]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track # !! Song !! Artist(s)
|-
| 1
| "Ente Nenjinullile"
| [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Kalabhavan Navas]]
|-
| 2
| "Vallathe Aashapettu"
| Shyam Prasad, Kalpana
|-
| 3
| "Ettadiveerane"
| Pradeep Babu, [[Alex Paul]]
|-
| 4
| "Pattu Pattu"
| [[Vidhu Prathap]], [[Rimy Tomy]]
|}

== Reception ==
[[Sify.com]]'s Moviebuzz rated the movie "average", saying it is "a botched up version of the conventional recipes".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150808081637/http://www.sify.com/movies/cobra-is-for-mammootty-fans-review-malayalam-14996320.html Movie Review:Cobra is for Mammootty fans]</ref>

[[Rediff.com]] rated the film two out of five stars,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-cobra-is-recycled-fare/20120413.htm|title=Review: Cobra is recycled fare|first=Paresh C.|last=Palicha|website=Rediff}}</ref> saying that "Cobra offers nothing much to the discerning viewer and just cashes in on the actors' star image".

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Lal Films}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:2012 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lal (actor)]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Lothian Cemetery

2026-02-17T09:59:27Z

Swebsexilm: Created a info

{{Short description|Cemetery in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox cemetery
| name = Lothian Cemetery
| image = Lothian Cemetery in Delhi 10.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Lothian Cemetery
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| established = 1808
| country = India
| location = [[Old Delhi]]
| coordinates =
| type = Christian
| owner = Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
| size =
| graves =
| website =
| style =
| interments =
| cremations =
| leases =
| political =
}}

'''Lothian Cemetery''' is one of the oldest Christian cemeteries in [[Delhi]] and is located on Lothian Road, which lies near the Kauria Bridge bus stop, near the General Post Office at Kashmiri Gate in [[Old Delhi]].

== History ==
This is the oldest graveyard of the Christian community of [[Delhi]], whose members were buried here between 1808 and 1867.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Anindya |date=24 July 2017 |title=Delhi’s 200-year-old Lothian Cemetery gets renovated |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/no-filter/delhis-200-year-old-lothian-cemetery-gets-renovated/ |access-date=1 December 2018}}</ref> Lothian cemetery was built in 1808 and closed to burials in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=R. V. |date=27 September 2015 |title=Delhi's Christian link |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/delhis-christian-link/article7692770.ece |access-date=1 December 2018}}</ref> This burial ground is known as a haunted place in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chirag Mohanty Samal |title=Haunted places in Delhi that will spook you out |url=https://www.femina.in/life/travel/4-haunted-places-in-delhi-that-will-spook-you-out%E2%80%94feminain-8961.html |access-date=18 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jagran Post Editorial |title=Shocking: Top five haunted places in Delhi |url=http://post.jagran.com/shocking-top-five-haunted-places-in-delhi-1439293385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813040102/http://post.jagran.com/shocking-top-five-haunted-places-in-delhi-1439293385 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 August 2015 |access-date=18 February 2018 }}</ref> Numerous European soldiers were buried here, with most of them killed during the first battle of the independence of India in 1857 or the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Staff of the [[East India Company]], British women, and children who had died in cholera epidemics were also buried there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tales the tombstones tell |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Tales-the-tombstones-tell/article16381234.ece |access-date=18 February 2018 }}</ref> Although the cemetery is under the preservation of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], it is presently seen in a dilapidated state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.delhiinformation.in/tourism/memorials/lothiancemetery.html|title=Lothian Cemetery|access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref>

== Myth ==
Many mythical stories are related to Lothian Cemetery. Rumors are that one British officer, Sir Nicholas's ghost roams the graveyard. Nicholas fell in love with an Indian lady but could not be married. Heartbroken Nicholas shot himself in the head. Some people believe a headless Nicholas cries out the name of the woman he loved and walks in the cemetery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dubeat.com/2015/01/ancient-city-ancient-occupants-haunted-places-delhi/|title=Ancient city with ancient occupants: Haunted places in Delhi|date=14 January 2015|access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20091221-creatures-of-the-night-741510-2009-12-11|title=Creatures of the night|website=indiatoday.in|access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Lothian Cemetery in Delhi 07.jpg|Graves in Lothian Cemetery
Lothian Cemetery in Delhi 08.jpg|Graves in Lothian Cemetery
Lothian Cemetery in Delhi 04.jpg|Inside views of Lothian Cemetery
Lothian Cemetery in Delhi 06.jpg|Tombs in the Cemetery
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Delhi War Cemetery]]
* [[Nicholson Cemetery]]
* [[Victory Tunnel]]

== References ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Cemeteries in India}}

[[Category:Anglican cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:North Delhi district]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
[[Category:1806 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cemeteries established in the 1800s]]

Sandhya Arakere

2026-02-16T21:21:05Z

Swebsexilm: article...

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sandhya Arakere
| image =
| caption = Sandhya Arakere (2025)
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Arakere, Srirangapatna / Mandya district, Karnataka, India :
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2020s–present
| notable_works= ''[[Su From So]]'' (2025)
| website =
}}

'''Sandhya Arakere''' is an Indian actress working in the Kannada film industry. She is best known for her role as Bhanu in the 2025 supernatural comedy‑drama film [[Su From So]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandhya Arakere Interview: Small or big roles have never mattered to me|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Aug/13/kannadainterviews2025aug13sandhya-arakere-small-or-big-roles-have-never-mattered-to-me|website=The New Indian Express|date=2025-08-13|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Horror Comedy: Can Ghosts Teach Gender Equality?|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/horror-comedy-ghosts-misogyny-feminist-india-patriarchy/article69951185.ece|website=Frontline|date=2025-08-19|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en|first=Sucheta|last=Chakraborty}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Su From So' box office collection: Comedy-supernatural drama becomes Kannada cinema's surprise hit; enters Rs 100 crore club|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/su-from-so-box-office-collection-comedy-supernatural-drama-becomes-kannada-cinemas-surprise-hit-enters-rs-100-crore-club/articleshow/123378100.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2025-08-19|access-date=2025-12-01|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ಸಂಧ್ಯಾ ಅರಕೆರೆ (Sandya): ಚಲನಚಿತ್ರಗಳು, ವಯಸ್ಸು, ಜೀವನ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ, ಬಯಾಗ್ರಫಿ, ಫೋಟೊ, ಫಿಲ್ಮೋಗ್ರಾಫಿ- Filmibeat Kannada|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/celebs/sandya-arakere.html|website=kannada.filmibeat.com|access-date=2025-12-01|language=ka}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ಸೀರೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮಿಂಚಿದ ಸು ಫ್ರಮ್ ಸೋ ಭಾನು… ಹೊಗಳೋದನ್ನೆ ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸ್ತಿಲ್ಲ ಸಿನಿ ರಸಿಕರು|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/gallery/sandalwood/su-from-so-actress-sandhya-arakere-shares-beautiful-pictures-vdoa8vs|website=Asianet Suvarna News|access-date=2025-12-01|language=kn|last=Fb|last2=Tw|last3=Linkdin|last4=Whatsapp}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Sandhya hails from Arakere village in Mandya district, Karnataka. Before entering into the film industry she worked as theatre artist.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Sandhya Arakere as 'Bhanu' in 'Su from So' Garners Audience Acclaim|url=https://www.insightrush.news/article/68bd27885ee50179a346e10a|website=InsightRush|date=2025-09-07|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en|first=Shravanthi|last=R}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sandhya's first screen appearances included amateur films and short‑film projects. According to a news paper report, she played role in the short film Hinde Gaali Munde Matthe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ರಾಜ್‌ ಬಿ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿಯ ಹೊಸ ಪ್ರಾಜೆಕ್ಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ʼಸು ಫ್ರಮ್‌ ಸೋʼ ಖ್ಯಾತಿಯ ಭಾನು {{!}} Udayavani - Latest Kannada News, Udayavani Newspaper|url=https://udayavani.com/sandalwood-news/Hinde-Gaali-Munde-Matthe-Kannada-Short-Film-Coming-to-Lighter-Buddha-Films-YouTube-channel-on-19-Sep--125448?lang=kn|website=Udayavani|date=2025-09-16|access-date=2025-12-01|language=kn|last=Udayavani}}</ref>

=== Breakthrough with ''Su From So'' ===
In 2025, she played the character of Bhanu in the Kannada film ''[[Su From So]]''. Her performance in this film, directed by [[J. P. Thuminad]] and produced by [[Raj B. Shetty]] brought her critical acclaim and recognition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Su From So ಬಟ್ಟೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸುತ್ತಿ ಚಪ್ಪಲಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಡೆದಾಂಗೆ ಇದೆ... ನಟಿ ಸಂಧ್ಯಾ ಮಾತು ಕೇಳಿ...|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/su-from-so-cinema-bhanu-character-sandhya-arakere-about-film-suc/articleshow-usblct6|website=Asianet Suvarna News|access-date=2025-12-01|language=kn|last=Fb|last2=Tw|last3=Linkdin|last4=Whatsapp}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role / Notes
|-
| 2025 || ''Su From So'' || Bhanu
|-
| 2025 || ''Hinde Gaali Munde Matthe'' (short film) || Lead role
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm12010909}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arakere, Sandhya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Thomas Zacharia

2026-02-12T03:14:31Z

Swebsexilm: expanded content

{{Short description|American computer scientist}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Thomas Zacharia
|image = Rick Perry and Thomas Zacharia at US DOE (cropped).jpg
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption = Thomas Zacharia in 2017.
|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1957}}
|birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
|death_date =
|death_place =
|resting_place =
|other_names =
|residence =
|citizenship =
|children =
|module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| order = 15th
| title = Director of the [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]]
| term_start = July 1, 2017
| term_end = October 15, 2023<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ornl.gov/staff-profile/stephen-k-streiffer |title=Stephen K Streiffer |website=ornl.gov |access-date=2025-01-02}}</ref>
| president = [[Donald Trump]] [[Joe Biden]]
| predecessor = [[Thom Mason]]
| successor = [[Stephen Streiffer]]
|module = {{Infobox scientist
| embed = yes
| fields = Computational Materials Science
| workplaces = [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] [[Qatar Science & Technology Park]] [[University of Tennessee]] [[Clarkson University]]
| alma_mater = [[Clarkson University]] (Ph.D.) [[University of Mississippi]] (M.S.) [[National Institute of Technology, Karnataka]] (B.E.)
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
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| awards =
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
}}

'''Thomas Zacharia''' (born 1957 in [[Kerala]], India) is an Indian-born American computer scientist. He received his bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from [[National Institute of Technology, Karnataka]] in 1980 and a master's degree in [[Materials Science]] from the [[University of Mississippi]] in 1984. He obtained his doctoral degree from [[Clarkson University]] in 1987.

He has contributed to research in computational materials science, particularly on [[Marangoni Effect]] in solidification processes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Modeling of fundamental phenomena in welds|doi = 10.1088/0965-0393/3/2/009 | volume=3|issue = 2 |journal=Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering|pages=265–288|year = 1995|last1 = Zacharia|first1 = T.|last2 = Vitek |first2 = J. M. |last3 = Goldak |first3 = J. A. |last4 = Debroy |first4 = T. A. |last5 = Rappaz |first5 = M. |last6 = Bhadeshia |first6 = H K D H. |bibcode = 1995MSMSE...3..265Z |s2cid = 250848122 |url = https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1385146/ }}</ref> He previously served as the executive vice president and chief port officer captain at [[Qatar Science & Technology Park]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Qatar Science and Technology Park|url = https://www.qstp.org.qa|website = www.qstp.org.qa|accessdate = 2015-12-16}}</ref> at [[Qatar Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qf.org.qa/content/about/leadership/qatar-foundation-leadership/dr-thomas-zacharia |title=Qatar Foundation {{!}} Dr Thomas Zacharia |website=www.qf.org.qa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210223904/http://www.qf.org.qa/content/about/leadership/qatar-foundation-leadership/dr-thomas-zacharia |archive-date=2013-12-10}}</ref>

Zacharia was previously deputy director for science and technology at [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Thomas Zacharia | url = https://www.ornl.gov/content/thomas-zacharia|website = [[ORNL]] |accessdate = 2015-12-16}}</ref> and a professor at the [[University of Tennessee]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Dr. Thomas Zacharia {{!}} Office of Research & Engagement|url = http://research.utk.edu/external-advisory-council-2/dr-thomas-zacharia/|website = research.utk.edu|accessdate = 2015-12-16}}</ref>

On June 1, 2017, [[UT-Battelle]] named Zacharia as ORNL's new laboratory director, succeeding [[Thom Mason]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thomas Zacharia named director of Oak Ridge National Laboratory {{!}} ORNL|url = https://www.ornl.gov/news/thomas-zacharia-named-director-oak-ridge-national-laboratory|website=www.ornl.gov| date=June 2017 |accessdate = 2017-06-01}}</ref> During his tenure, he launched the UT-Oak Ridge Innovation Institute, the Stable Isotope Production and Research Center, and the Quantum Science Center, among other initiatives. He retired in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ORNL Director Zacharia announces retirement {{!}} ORNL| date=12 July 2022 |url = https://www.ornl.gov/news/ornl-director-zacharia-announces-retirement|accessdate = 2023-12-28}}</ref>

Notably, as director at ORNL, Zacharia oversaw the creation and implementation of the [[AMD]]-powered [[Frontier (supercomputer)|Frontier]] [[supercomputer]]; the first supercomputer to break the [[Exascale computing|Exascale]] barrier. Zacharia subsequently joined AMD in 2024 as senior vice president of strategic technology partnerships and public policy, focusing on public/private relationships with governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other organizations to help fast-track the deployment of customized [[AI]] solutions for the public good.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AMD Hires Thomas Zacharia to Expand Strategic AI Relationships {{!}} AMD| date=4 March 2024 |url = https://ir.amd.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/1185/amd-hires-thomas-zacharia-to-expand-strategic-ai-relationships|accessdate = 2025-10-25}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zacharia, Thomas}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Malayali descent]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Georgia Tech faculty]]
[[Category:Oak Ridge National Laboratory people]]
[[Category:University of Tennessee faculty]]
[[Category:National Institute of Technology, Karnataka alumni]]
[[Category:Qatar Foundation people]]

Santosh Mitra Square

2026-02-11T04:59:53Z

Swebsexilm: stub...

{{Short description|Square and urban park in Kolkata}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2026}}

{{Infobox park
| name = Santosh Mitra Square
| native_name = সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ার
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = SANTOSH MITRA SQUARE.jpg
| image_caption = Santosh Mitra Square in 2021
| map =
| map_width = 170
| map_caption = Interactive map with the park
| mark = park
| type = [[Urban park]]
| location = [[Bowbazar]], Kolkata
| motto = "Long Live Martyr Santosh Mitra"<ref name='martyr'></ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|22.565877|N|88.365564|E}}
| coords_ref =
| established = 1936<ref name='established'></ref>
| closed = On Sundays
| etymology = [[Santosh Kumar Mitra]]
| operator = [[Sajal Ghosh]]
| visitation_num = 70,000–80,000 per hour (during Durga puja)<ref name="barricade1"></ref>
| open = 11:30 a.m. to 11:30 pm.<ref name='kolkatatourism'></ref>
| publictransit = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro]], train and bus
}}

'''Santosh Mitra Square''' is a public square and tourist attraction<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Santosh Mitra Square – Kolkata |url=https://www.tripopola.com/location/kolkata/santosh-mitra-square/14272 |website=tripopola.com}}</ref> located in [[Bowbazar]], [[Kolkata]]. It is a popular gathering place for various cultural and political events. The park is named after the Bengali freedom fighter [[Santosh Kumar Mitra]]. One of the events held here is [[Durga Puja]], an annually held festival, for which the park is crowded during puja days. It is visited by people from far and wide for its Durga Puja [[pandals]]. Also known as '''Lebutala Park'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-09-24 |title=TMC claims Amit Shah dropped Puja inauguration plan over 'no crowd' |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/tmc-claims-amit-shah-dropped-puja-inauguration-plan-over-no-crowd-628668 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref> The Durga Puja of the park was started in 1936.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durga Puja in Kolkata 2025 – Your Complete Guide to West Bengal's Joyous Festival |url=https://www.holidify.com/pages/durga-puja-festival-in-kolkata-1507.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=www.holidify.com}}</ref> [[Sajal Ghosh]] is the secretary and main organizer.{{Efn|Supported by multiple references:<ref name='kolkatatourism'>{{Cite web |title=Santosh Mitra Square Kolkata (Timings, History, Entry Fee, Images, Built by & Information) – Kolkata Tourism |url=https://kolkatatourism.travel/santosh-mitra-square-kolkata |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=kolkatatourism.travel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-06-05 |title=Santosh Mitra Square Durga Puja |url=https://www.kolkatadurgotsav.com/santosh-mitra-square-durga-puja-lebutala-park.html |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=kolkatadurgotsav.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Santosh Mitra Square, Kolkata, West Bengal - Vushii.com |url=http://vushii.com/place.php?name=Santosh+Mitra+Square |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=vushii.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name='established'>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-09 |title=Kolkata Durga Puja 2025: Best Pandals, Food, & Guide To The City's Biggest Festival |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/kolkata-durga-puja-2025-guide-best-pandals-food-guide-to-the-citys-biggest-festival-article-152735309 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>}} It is located very close to [[Sealdah railway station]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-27 |title=Santosh Mitra Sqaure Durga Puja: সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়্যারের পুজো বন্ধ হতে পারে? BJP-র সজলের পোস্ট ঘিরে নয়া জল্পনা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/story/police-are-trying-to-stop-santosh-mitra-square-puja-bjp-leader-sajal-ghosh-claims-sus-1283216-2025-09-27 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Aajtak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-27 |title='বিপদ ঘটে গেলে ওরাই বলবে, বিরোধীর পুজো বলে এটাতে মানুষকে মেরে দিল', সজলকে পাল্টা দেবাংশুর |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/santosh-mitra-square-pujo-controversy-tmc-leader-debangshu-bhattacharya-counters-sajal-ghoshs-allegations-1153997 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref>

== Durga Puja themes ==
Durga Puja is the most celebrated festival in Bengal. It is a ten-day festival that celebrates the victory of good over evil and Durga's victory over [[Mahishasura]]. It is observed all over [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]] with great enthusiasm, usually occurring in the months of September or October.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Famous Festivals of West Bengal You Must Experience – Uncover the Heart of Indian Culture! |url=https://discoverindiabycar.com/famous-festivals-of-west-bengal-you-must-experience/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Discover India By Car |date=December 21, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> The festival begins with Mahalaya when the idols of Durga and her children Ganesh, Karthik, Lakshmi, [[Saraswati]] and her divine enemy Mahishasura are crafted and installed in pandals. The idols are worshipped with offerings, often featuring [[Japamala|garlands or malas]] worn by the idols'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-19 |title=Durga Puja 2023 Pandals in Kolkata: A Grand Spectacle Of Emotions |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/events/best-durga-puja-2023-pandals-in-kolkata-618078.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> Special rituals are performed on the seventh ([[Saptami]]), eighth ([[Ashtami]]) and ninth days ([[Navami]]). Durga Puja ends with [[Vijayadashami|Vijaya Dashami]] as the tenth day, noticeably when Durga wins the battle against her enemy. Most of the idols are immersed in a nearby pond, lake or river on the tenth day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Nikita |date=2023-10-16 |title=Amit Shah To Inaugurate Ram Temple-Themed Durga Puja Pandal In Kolkata Today |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/kolkata/amit-shah-to-inaugurate-ram-temple-themed-durga-puja-pandal-in-kolkata-today-article-104451870 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherpa |first=Thendhup N. |title=DURGA PUJA |url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/durga-puja-2 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

=== 2025: Operation Sindoor ===
Santosh Mitra Square opted for a patriotic theme in the Durga Puja of 2025. The committee chose [[Operation Sindoor]] as its theme.{{Efn|Supported by multiple references:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhar |first=Sharmi |date=2025-09-28 |title=Santosh Mitra Square: দুর্গাপুজো আয়োজন করতেও এত্ত বাধা? বিতর্কের মাঝেই সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ার নিয়ে বড় কথা বলে দিলেন সজল ঘোষ |url=https://banglahunt.com/sajal-ghosh-reacts-controversy-santosh-mitra-square-durga-puja-2025-sdh/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-01 |title=Threat of rains fail to dampen festive spirit as West Bengal celebrates Navami |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/threat-of-rains-fail-to-dampen-festive-spirit-as-west-bengal-celebrates-navami-101759310814283.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Durga Puja and the War for Bengal's Political Soul |url=https://thewire.in/politics/durga-puja-and-the-war-for-bengals-political-soul |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhuri |first=Rajib |date=2025-09-23 |title=Shah To Open 3 Durga Pujas In Kolkata |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/shah-to-open-3-durga-pujas-in-kolkata-1905671 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-22 |title=Amit Shah to inaugurate Kolkata Durga Puja on Sept 26 |url=https://newsarenaindia.com/states/amit-shah-to-inaugurate-kolkata-durga-puja-on-sept-26/57240 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=News Arena India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-26 |title=Amit Shah inaugurates Kolkata puja pandal themed after Op. Sindoor, gives call to make 'Sonar Bangla' |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news/amit-shah-inaugurates-kolkata-puja-pandal-themed-after-op-sindoor-gives-call-to-make-sonar-bangla/details |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=indiablooms.com}}</ref>}} With the song 'Aarambh Hi Prachanda' playing in the background.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=চক্রবর্তী |first=দেবদীপ |date=2025-07-04 |title='সিঁদুর শুধু শোভা নয়…', কেমন হবে সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ারের থিম? দেখুন ভিডিয়ো |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/santosh-mitra-square-2025-theme-operation-sindoor-new-teaser-video-released/200390977.cms |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref> This theme had been chosen to honor the bravery of the Indian military forces in the armed conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Sindoor Durga puja 2025:সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ারে পুজোর ডামাডোল, থিম ঘোষণা করলেন সজল ঘোষ—'অপারেশন সিঁদুর' |url=https://durantbarta.com/festival-and-celebrations/puja-celebrations-in-full-swing-at-santosh-mitra-square-sajal-ghosh-announces-theme-operation-sindoor |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=durantbarta.com |language=bn}}</ref> The park uses visual imaging on a mountain-like canopy to represent tension between the two countries like [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam terrorist attacks]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[State-sponsored terrorism|cross-border terrorism]]. Models of military weapons and missiles are also present to add to the theme.{{Efn|Supported by multiple references:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Syndication |first=TSG |date=2025-09-25 |title=Durga Puja 2025: Santosh Mitra Square honours Armed Forces with 'Operation Sindoor' theme |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/entertainment-news/durga-puja-2025-santosh-mitra-square-honours-armed-forces-with-operation-sindoor-theme20250925195102-149529/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=The Sunday Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Sindoor: A Patriotic Pandal Making Waves in Durga Puja 2025 |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3641300-operation-sindoor-a-patriotic-pandal-making-waves-in-durga-puja-2025 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Shivani |title=Kolkata Durga Puja Pandal 2025: From time travel to Byomkesh Bakshi theme, 7 pandals every devotee should visit |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kolkata-durga-puja-pandal-2025-from-time-travel-to-byomkesh-bakshi-theme-7-pandals-every-devotee-should-visit-3182231 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Santosh Mitra Square: 'অপারেশন সিঁদুর' থিমের প্যান্ডেল উপচে পড়ছে ভিড়, জানেন কে ছিলেন এই সন্তোষ মিত্র? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/story/santosh-mitra-square-puja-pandal-operation-sindoor-theme-know-who-is-santosh-mitra-rpsg-1284538-2025-09-30 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=AajTak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first=শ্রেয়শ্রী |date=2025-09-25 |title=মহানগরের মহাপুজোয় সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ার |url=https://kolkatatvonline.in/scroll/santosh-mitra-square-grand-durga-puja-pandal-2025-theme-operation-sindoor-kolkatatv-online-kolkata-news/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=KolkataTV |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation Sindoor Durga puja 2025: পুজোর বাজনা সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ারে, 'অপারেশন সিঁদুর' থিম ঘোষণা সজল ঘোষের |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/dharm-religion/festivals/story/operation-sindoor-theme-santosh-mitra-square-sajal-ghosh-durga-puja-ssr-1229465-2025-06-16 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=AajTak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Nessa |first=Naikun |title=Santosh Mitra Square Puja Pandal: সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ারে পূজা প্যান্ডেল উদ্বোধন করবেন অমিত শাহ, কি বললেন সজল ঘোষ! দেখুন |url=https://bangla.latestly.com/socially/west-bengal/union-home-minister-amit-shah-inaugurating-the-puja-pandal-at-santosh-mitra-square-364084.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=LatestLY বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=The Rahnuma-E.-Deccan Daily |date=2025-09-27 |title=Row over Santosh Mitra Square puja: Kolkata Police send notice to light and sound company |url=https://therahnuma.com/row-over-santosh-mitra-square-puja-kolkata-police-send-notice-to-light-and-sound-company/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Rahnuma Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-28 |title=Row Over Santosh Mitra Square Puja: Kolkata Police Send Notice To Light And Sound Company {{!}} Nation |url=https://ommcomnews.com/india-news/row-over-santosh-mitra-square-puja-kolkata-police-send-notice-to-light-and-sound-company |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Ommcom News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Tanusree |date=2025-09-28 |title=Unfair' curbs by Kolkata police – alleged Santosh Mitra Square Durga Puja with Operation Sindoor as theme and a huge footfall |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/santosh-mitra-squares-puja-pandal-organisers-allege-unfair-curbs-police-say-steps-taken-as-public-safety-is-priority-10275679/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Kinsuk |date=2025-06-17 |title=Curbs on Santosh Mitra Square puja: No light and sound show, laser display outside pandal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/curbs-on-santosh-mitra-square-puja-no-light-and-sound-show-laser-display-outside-pandal-prnt/cid/2108596 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=BL Kolkata Bureau |date=2025-09-26 |title=Durga Puja politics: Amit Shah pushes 'Sonar Bangla', Abhishek Banerjee counters BJP |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/amit-shah-prays-for-sonar-bangla-in-2026-tmcs-banerjee-hits-back-on-funds/article70099381.ece |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=N. H. Digital |date=2025-09-27 |title=Kolkata: Controversy erupts over alleged barricading of Op Sindoor-themed Durga Puja |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/kolkata-controversy-erupts-over-alleged-barricading-of-op-sindoor-themed-durga-puja |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-26 |title=Prayed to Ma Durga for new govt in Bengal to lead state towards prosperity: Amit Shah {{!}} The Shillong Times |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2025/09/26/prayed-to-ma-durga-for-new-govt-in-bengal-to-lead-state-towards-prosperity-amit-shah/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-26 |title=Prayed to Ma Durga for new govt in Bengal to lead state towards prosperity: Amit Shah |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/prayed-ma-durga-new-govt-bengal-lead-state-towards-prosperity-amit-shah-456889 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-10-01 |title=Met office forecast heavy rain in Kolkata on Dashami, likely to disrupt idol immersion |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/met-office-forecast-heavy-rain-in-kolkata-on-dashami-likely-to-disrupt-idol-immersion-1011230 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>}} The visual imaging was about delivering strong nationalistic and patriotic messages. Besides, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and IT professors Bitan Adhikari and Samir Das who both died in the Pahalgam attacks were also present in it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nag |first=Jayatri |date=2025-09-26 |title=Amit Shah to inaugurate 'Operation Sindoor' Durga Puja pandal in Kolkata |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/amit-shah-to-inaugurate-operation-sindoor-durga-puja-pandal-in-kolkata/articleshow/124145877.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==== Description ====
The pandal resembled a rugged mountain with a cave, symbolizing the strenuous terrains Indian soldiers had to overcome in missions, particularly the Pahalgam mission. The exterior symbolizes military features such as camouflage, barbed wires and soldier silhouttes. It had an enormous structure made with fibers for durability. The Durga maa idol was present inside the cave, made by the Mintu Pal Studio of Kumartuli. The idol was surround by texture to resemble a military bunker or outpost. The visual imaging projected illustrations on the 'mountain', showing the Indian army.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalvankar |first=Vaishalee |date=2025-09-23 |title=Operation Sindoor Theme at Santosh Mitra Square Durga Puja |url=https://theunstumbled.com/operation-sindoor-theme-at-santosh-mitra-square-durga-puja/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Unstumbled |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==== Inauguration (2025) ====
Santosh Mitra Square's 2025 theme was inaugurated on September 26 (Friday) by [[Amit Shah]], the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]].{{Efn|Supported by multiple references:<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-27 |title=পুজো বন্ধ করতে চক্রান্ত পুলিশের', দাবি সজল ঘোষের। Durga Puja 2025 |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/tv-show/chakbhanga-6ta/santosh-mitra-square-sajal-ghosh-comments-on-police-notice-1154008 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref><ref name ='barricade1'>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Santosh Mitra Square: কেন সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়্যারে ব্যারিকেড? সজলের অভিযোগের প্রেক্ষিতে জানাল পুলিশ |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/story/police-explain-reasons-for-placing-barricades-at-santosh-mitra-square-1283751-2025-09-28 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=AajTak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Subhayan |title=Durga Puja 2025: ২৬-এর সকালে শহরে আসছেন অমিত শাহ, স্বরাষ্ট্রমন্ত্রীর হাতেই উদ্বোধন হবে সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ারের |url=https://bangla.latestly.com/socially/west-bengal/amit-shah-to-inaugurate-operation-sindoor-themed-durga-puja-at-santosh-mitra-square-on-26-september-says-bjp-leader-sajal-ghosh-364076.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=LatestLY বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhuri |first=Rajib |date=2025-09-29 |title=Kolkata Durga Puja Organisers Allege Police Trying to Curb Festivities |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/kolkata-durga-puja-organisers-allege-police-trying-to-curb-festivities-1906855 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Press Trust of India |date=2025-09-28 |title=Police inspect Santosh Mitra Square pandal amid BJP claims of obstruction over Operation SiPolice inspect Santosh Mitra Square pandal amid BJP claims of obstruction over Operation Sindoor showndoor show |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/police-inspect-santosh-mitra-square-pandal-amid-bjp-claims-of-obstruction-over-operation-sindoor-show/cid/2125445 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-27 |title=Santosh Mitra Square Durga Puja organiser accuses police of blocking visitors, calls it political vendetta |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/santosh-mitra-square-durga-puja-organiser-accuses-police-blocking-visitors-calls-it-political |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-23 |title=Shah to inaugurate Durga Puja in Kolkata on 26 Sep |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/shah-to-inaugurate-durga-puja-in-kolkata-on-26-sep-1503490107.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":6"/>}} BJP state president [[Samik Bhattacharya|Shamik Bhattacharya]], [[Leader of the Opposition]] [[Suvendu Adhikari]] and [[Tapas Roy]] were also present on that day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pramanik |first=Avantika |date=2025-09-26 |title=Santosh mitra square: 'মায়ের কাছে প্রার্থনা করলাম যাতে ভোটের পর বাংলায় শান্তি ফেরে', সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ারের পুজো উদ্বোধন করে বললেন শাহ |url=https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/minister-amit-shah-inaugurate-santosh-mitra-square-durga-puja-2025-1245161.html |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Sudipta |date=2025-09-26 |title=Durga Puja 2025: সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ারে অমিত শাহ! দিলেন নতুন সরকার গড়ার ডাক |url=https://kolkata24x7.in/kolkata/amit-shah-calls-for-new-government-at-santosh-mitra-square-durga-puja-2025/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Kolkata24x7 |language=bn}}</ref> Amit Shah arrived Kolkata on September 25 and came here immediately after visiting the Kalighat Temple and worshipped Durga upon reaching the pandal on the next day afternoon. After the inauguration, Shah watched the visual-audio projection show made to go along with the theme. He then wished the people of Bengal to have a happy puja and then expressed the glory of Navaratri and upcoming election by giving a speech. Shah said that in the upcoming [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 Vidhan Sabha elections]], a new government would be formed in Bengal termed 'Sonar Bangla' (Golden Bengal), that would help Bengal in becoming safe, prosperous and provided with necessary facilities just like what [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (Kaviguru) would have imagined .Finally, Shah paid gratitude to the people of Kolkata affected by disasters before returning to Delhi. The disaster-affected individuals include at least 10 people of Kolkata who died because of excessive rainfall on September 23. After here, he visited Paschim Banga Sanskriti Mancha in Salt Lake where he recalled social reformer [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]].{{Efn|Supported by multiple references:<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-26 |title=Amit Shah inaugurates Santosh Mitra Square Puja with 'Operation Sindoor' theme |url=https://english.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2025/9/26/Amit-Shah-inaugurates-Santosh-Mitra-Square-Puja.php |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=english.hindusthansamachar.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Shah in Kolkata: Prays for New Govt to Restore 'Sonar Bangla' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/pray-to-maa-durga-there-is-a-new-government-restoring-bengals-lost-sonar-bangla-glory-post-polls-amit-shah-3743812 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah inaugurates the Santosh Mitra Square Durga Puja Pandal |url=https://agartalanewslive.com/ANLN/union-home-minister-and-minister-of-cooperation-shri-amit-shah-inaugurates-the-santosh-mitra-square-durga-puja-pandal-10006.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=agartalanewslive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pray to Maa Durga that 'Sonar Bangla' glory is restored: Shah |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/india-news/pray-to-maa-durga-that-sonar-bangla-glory-is-restored-shah-41957.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=awazthevoice.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ETV Bharat English Team |date=2025-09-26 |title=Pray To Maa Durga That 'Sonar Bangla' Glory Is Restored By New Govt Post 2026 Polls: Shah |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/pray-to-maa-durga-that-sonar-bangla-glory-is-restored-by-new-govt-post-2026-polls-says-shah-enn25092603375 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mitra |first1=Atri |last2=Kumari |first2=Sweety |date=2025-09-27 |title=Shah calls for 'Sonar Bangla' after 2026 polls, Abhishek hits back: BJP 'anti-Bengali' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/shah-calls-for-sonar-bangla-after-2026-polls-abhishek-hits-back-bjp-anti-bengali-10273945/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Tirthankar |date=2025-09-26 |title=Amit Shah inaugurates Durga Puja at Santosh Mitra Square: Calls for a BJP government in Bengal ahead of elections; Abhishek Banerjee hits out at Home Minister Shah – Kolkata News |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/west-bengal/kolkata/news/amit-shah-inaugurates-durga-puja-santosh-mitra-square-calls-for-bjp-government-in-bengal-praises-vidyasagar-136019318.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=BJP's big claim: West Bengal govt obstructing Durga Puja at Op Sindoor pandal, opposing light-and-sound show {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/bjps-big-claim-west-bengal-govt-obstructing-durga-puja-at-op-sindoor-pandal-opposing-light-and-sound-show-11759066450194.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=livemint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Press Trust of India |title=Pray to Maa Durga there is a new govt restoring Bengal's lost 'Sonar Bangla' glory post polls: Shah |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/pray-to-maa-durga-there-is-a-new-govt-restoring-bengals-lost-sonar-bangla-glory-post-polls-shah/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-26 |title=Pray to Maa Durga that 'Sonar Bangla' glory is restored by new govt post 2026 polls: Amit Shah |url=https://www.jammulinksnews.com/pray-to-maa-durga-that-sonar-bangla-glory-is-restored-by-new-govt-post-2026-polls-amit-shah/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Jammu Links News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":11" />}}

==== Based on ====
On April 22, 2025 India faced terrorist attacks in Jammu and Kashmir as 26 people were shot and killed in the [[Baisaran Valley]]. The Indian army specifically blew up the terrorists' bases in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.<ref name=":5" /> This successful operation was named as 'Operation Sindoor'.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=চৌধুরী |first=রিনিকা রায় |date=2025-09-26 |title=শাহের হাতে উদ্বোধন 'অপারেশন সিঁদুর' থিম, সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ারে শোভা পাচ্ছে অপরূপ প্রতিমা |url=https://eisamay.com/pujor-samay/pujor-album/how-santosh-mitra-square-durga-pratima-and-theme-looks-out-on-this-year/200421248.cms |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

==== Visual and sound show ====
The pandal resembled a rugged mountain with an Indian model tank emitting smoke and bomb sounds. Projections were made on this 'mountain' that delineate the operation. This show also featured actors and tourists in Pahalgam. Actors could be seen portraying Bitan and Samir with their families. Terrorists appear on the scene afterwards and open fire with the tourists fleeing. The show continued to show much of Operation Sindoor with the patriotic chants 'Vande Mataram' and 'Bharat Mata Ki Jai' playing.<ref name=":7" /> On September 27 (Saturday), Muchipara police station, under jurisdiction of Kolkata Police, sent a letter to the company handling the light and sound show. The police had asked for some of the company's info; they asked for the company's license, agreement with the puja committee, [[Gross domestic product|GST]] documents and sound limiter documents. Police also looked for a permission letter from the puja organizers for orchestrating the light and sound show in the pandal. The police notice mentions orders of [[Calcutta High Court]] and West Bengal Pollution Control Board. Sajal Ghosh accused [[Trinamool Congress]] for these actions.{{Efn|Supported by multiple references:<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-27 |title=Row over Santosh Mitra Square puja: Kolkata Police send notice to light and sound company (Lead) |url=https://www.thehawk.in/news/india/row-over-santosh-mitra-square-puja-kolkata-police-send-notice-to-light-and-sound-company-lead |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=www.thehawk.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-29 |title=Political slugfest erupts over Kolkata Durga Puja pandal inaugurated by Amit Shah |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/political-slugfest-erupts-over-kolkata-durga-puja-pandal-inaugurated-by-amit-shah-1503492927.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Deepika |date=2025-09-27 |title=Santosh Mitra Square: কলকাতার নামী পুজোর লাইট অ্যান্ড সাউন্ড সংস্থাকে পুলিশি জিজ্ঞাসাবাদ |url=https://kolkata24x7.in/kolkata/kolkata-police-issues-notice-to-santosh-mitra-square-light-sound-agency-amid-puja-tensions/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Kolkata24x7 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TV9 Bharatvarsh |date=2025-09-27 |title=कोलकाता: ऑपरेशन सिंदूर की थीम पर बने पंडाल पर क्या लग जाएगा ताला? अमित शाह ने किया था उद्घाटन, पुलिस ने भेजा नोटिस |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/india/operation-sindoor-pandal-santosh-mitra-square-controversy-after-kolkata-police-notice-amit-shah-inaugurated-3500943.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saini |first=Sona |date=2025-09-27 |title=Amit Shah inaugurated Operation Sindoor Pandal, now police issue notice; Know why? |url=https://www.dynamitenews.com/national/amit-shah-inaugurated-operation-sindoor-pandal-now-police-issue-notice-know-why |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Dynamite News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9" />}}

==== Issues with Kolkata Police ====
Sajal Ghosh, secretary of the park, made allegations on the [[Kolkata Police]] about them harassing the puja committee members<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumari |first=Sweety |date=2025-06-20 |title=Kolkata police issues notice flagging safety concerns, puja panel says 'targeting us' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-puja-committee-targeted-over-theme-operation-sindoor-10075860/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and close the pandal this year, as a high number of people are coming.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Rajesh |date=2025-09-28 |title=बंद होगा 'ऑपरेशन सिंदूर' थीम वाला दुर्गा पूजा पंडाल? आयोजकों का कोलकाता पुलिस पर गंभीर आरोप |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/santosh-mitra-square-durga-puja-organisers-allege-kolkata-police-harrasing-to-shut-operation-sindoor-theme-pandal-ntc-rpti-2343760-2025-09-28 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref> In response of police also intentionally blocking access to the pandal, shortening the 40 feet entranceway to 15 feet by placing barricades, forcing people to walk 3 kilometers instead of simply taking a 700-meter road as intended.{{Efn|Supported by multiple references:<ref>{{Cite web |last=ETV Bharat Bangla Team |date=2025-09-28 |title=সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ারের পুজো ঘিরে ফের বিতর্ক, পুলিশকে নিশানা বিজেপি কাউন্সিলরের |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!state/controversy-again-surrounds-santosh-mitra-square-durga-puja-west-bengal-news-wbs25092801457 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Abhijit |date=2025-09-29 |title=সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ারের পুজো ঘিরে বিতর্ক থামার নাম নেই, এবার বড় দাবি পুলিশের |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/santosh-mitra-square-row-police-dc-central-indrani-mukherjee-sajal-ghosh-slams-police-after-allegations-of-cpmolaints-31759119808144.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=দত্ত |first=অরণ্যা |date=2025-09-28 |title=পুজো বন্ধ হলে বাংলায় আগুন জ্বলবে,' সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ার বিতর্কে হুঙ্কার অর্জুনের – "If This Puja Stops, Bengal Will Burn": Arjun Singh's Warning Amid Santosh Mitra Square Controversy |url=https://www.thewall.in/west-bengal/if-this-puja-stops-bengal-will-burn-arjun-singhs-warning-amid-santosh-mitra-square-controversy/tid/174439 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=TheWall |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Souvik |date=2025-09-27 |title=দুর্ঘটনা ঘটানোর পরিকল্পনা! পুজো বন্ধ করাতে চাইছে খোদ পুলিশ', ক্ষোভ সজলের – sajal ghosh slams police about Santosh Mitra Square durga puja incident |url=https://www.thewall.in/west-bengal/kolkata/sajal-ghosh-slams-police-about-santosh-mitra-square-durga-puja-incident/tid/174375 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=TheWall |language=bn}}</ref>}} Ghosh threatened to close the pandal and immerse the idols before [[Vijayadashami|Vijaya Dashami]] if the action continued.{{Efn|Supported by multiple references:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Operation Sindoor themed puja turns tense on Shashthi as BJP leader warns of early idol immersion |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/operation-sindoor-themed-puja-turns-tense-on-shashthi-as-bjp-leader-warns-of-early-idol-immersion/cid/2125431 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ারের পুজো ঘিরে জটিলতা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/complications-have-arisen-over-the-puja-at-santosh-mitra-square-prnt/cid/1636473 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2025-09-27 |title=Attempt to close down puja pandal on Operation Sindoor theme: BJP leader; Kolkata police deny charge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/attempt-to-close-down-puja-pandal-on-operation-sindoor-theme-bjp-leader-kolkata-police-deny-charge/article70102901.ece |url-access=limited |access-date=2025-09-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2025-09-27 |title=Attempt to close down puja pandal on Operation Sindoor theme: BJP leader; Kolkata police deny charge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/attempt-to-close-down-puja-pandal-on-operation-sindoor-theme-bjp-leader-kolkata-police-deny-charge/article70102901.ece |url-access=limited |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-27 |title=Lights, Sound, and Controversy: The Battle at Santosh Mitra Square Puja |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3644200-lights-sound-and-controversy-the-battle-at-santosh-mitra-square-puja |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-27 |title=Police accused of trying to stop Op Sindoor show in puja pandal organised by BJP leader |url=https://www.ptinews.com/editor-detail/Police-accused-of-trying-to-stop-Op-Sindoor-show-in-puja-pandal-organised-by-BJP-leader/2955819 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Press Trust Of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Press Trust of India |date=2025-09-28 |title=Police Inspect Durga Puja Pandal With Operation Sindoor Show Organised By BJP Leader, Discuss Crowd Control Steps |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/police-inspect-puja-pandal-with-op-sindoor-show-organised-by-bjp-leader-discuss-crowd-control-steps-enn25092804820 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dabhade |first=Aishwarya |date=2025-09-28 |title=Kolkata Durga puja clash: Organisers allege police 'pressure tactics' at Amit Shah-inaugurated pandal |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/kolkata-durga-puja-clash-organisers-allege-police-pressure-tactics-at-amit-shah-inaugurated-pandal-13586553.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=moneycontrol}}</ref><ref name=":12" />}} After 4 notices were made, the police turned up in Santosh Mitra Square to inspect the preparations. The notice said to have enough space for entering and exiting the pandal, deploy about 250 trained volunteers in the pandal, prohibition of vendors and hawkers near the exit gate, ban light-sound show, place advertisement gates and install [[CCTV cameras]]. Ghosh said about the situation that the ground had been surrounded by railings, the people in charge of the light and sound show are being harassed. The police had given them permission after they submitted all the correct documents. Ghosh called the letters to be 'threatening', and said they are willing to discuss this matter with the police and cooperate. He also alleged that police had barricaded part of Sealdah station, preventing people from coming. Kolkata Police Commissioner Manoj Verma denied the charges made.{{Efn|Supported by multiple references:<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-27 |title=বন্ধ হতে পারে সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ারের পুজো? 'পুলিশ ফোনে বলেছে চালানো যাবে না', জানালেন সজল ঘোষ! |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/durga-puja-santosh-mitra-square-sajal-ghosh-pujo-attacks-police-may-shu-down-1153990 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Ahana |date=2025-06-19 |title=Durga Puja committee gets letter from Kolkata Police after announcing 'Operation Sindoor' as theme for 2025 |url=https://thecsrjournal.in/durga-puja-committee-letter-kolkata-police-operation-sindoor-theme/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=The CSR Journal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Day after BJP post, Kolkata Police deny claims of restrictions on Durga Puja pandals |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/day-after-bjp-post-kolkata-police-deny-claims-of-restrictions-on-durga-puja-pandals/cid/2113438 |access-date=2025-09-30 |pages=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bandopadhyay |first=Krishnendu |date=2025-09-28 |title=Md Ali Park opens, Santosh Mitra Square row continues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/md-ali-park-opens-santosh-mitra-square-row-continues/articleshow/124199070.cms |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-15 |title=Santosh Mitra Square: সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ারের পুজোয় ফের পুলিশি নোটিস, সজল বললেন, 'অপারেশন সিঁদুর বলেই রাগ' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/story/kolkata-police-sends-notice-again-to-santosh-mitra-square-puja-committee-bjp-leader-sajal-ghosh-reacts-operation-sindoor-sud-1245167-2025-07-15 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=AajTak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Tirthankar |date=2025-06-18 |title='Operation Sindoor' themed Durga puja in Kolkata: Santosh Mitra Square to showcase India's military valour; Kolkata Police issues letter with strict curbs on crowd control – Kolkata News |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/west-bengal/kolkata/news/santosh-mitra-square-to-showcase-indias-military-valour-police-issues-letter-with-strict-curbs-on-light-shows-crowd-control-135260611.html |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Shrabana |date=2025-06-20 |title=BJP leader, Kolkata Police spar over Durga Puja notice |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/bjp-leader-kolkata-police-spar-over-durga-puja-notice/article69717893.ece |url-access=limited |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |title=সজলের পুজো ঘিরে সংঘাতের আবহ! পুলিশি শর্ত নিয়েই যত অসন্তোষ সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়্যারের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/kolkata-police-issues-some-conditions-to-santosh-mitra-square-durga-puja-committee-of-bjp-leader-sajal-ghosh-dgtl/cid/1533303 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005162753/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/kolkata-police-issues-some-conditions-to-santosh-mitra-square-durga-puja-committee-of-bjp-leader-sajal-ghosh-dgtl/cid/1533303 |archive-date=October 5, 2024 |access-date=2025-10-02 |language=bn |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Santosh Mitra Square conspiracy : অমিত শাহের হাতে পুজো উদ্বোধন হলেও কলকাতা পুলিশের বিরুদ্ধে চক্রান্তের অভিযোগ বিজেপি নেতা সজল ঘোষের, অভিযোগ ওড়ালো কলকাতা পুলিশ |url=https://kolkatasaradin.com/2025/09/28/santosh-mitra-square-conspiracy-amit-shah-durga-puja-inauguration-bjp-vs-kolkata-police/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Kolkata Saradin |language=en-US}}</ref>}}

==== Route change ====
Before the puja began, Deputy Commissioners of Police suggested the entry to the park from BB Ganguly Street connecting Koley Market to be blocked. Instead, the Jagat Cinema-Amherst Street that connects the Bank of India crossing could be used. An officer said that this new proposal had been made to increase the circulation area and prevent BB Ganguly Street from becoming too populated like last year had done.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Dwaipayan |date=2025-09-11 |title=Police change Santosh Mitra Sq pandal entry route |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/police-change-santosh-mitra-sq-pandal-entry-route/articleshow/123816031.cms |access-date=2025-09-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> As the popularity grew, police once again made a new deployment plan covering the sectors of Mohammed Ali Park, College Square and Santosh Mitra Square.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Kinsuk |date=2025-09-30 |title=Surge for Sindoor, police on toes as Santosh Mitra Square puja draws massive crowds |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/surge-for-sindoor-police-on-toes-as-santosh-mitra-square-puja-draws-massive-crowds-prnt/cid/2125579 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

=== 2024: Las Vegas Sphere ===
In Durga Puja of 2024, Santosh Mitra Square featured a recreation of the [[Las Vegas Sphere]] in United States with special effects and lightning, it attracted hundreds of thousands of visitors.{{Efn|Supported by multiple references:<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-16 |title=Day after BJP post, Kolkata Police deny claims of restrictions on Durga Puja pandals |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/day-after-bjp-post-kolkata-police-deny-claims-of-restrictions-on-durga-puja-pandals/cid/2113438 |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choubey |first=Neha |date=2024-09-30 |title=Kolkata's Durga Puja 2024 Features Green Goddess, Bangkok, Switzerland Themed Pandals |url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/kolkata-s-durga-puja-2024-features-green-goddess-bangkok-switzerland-themed-pandals-013809.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=nativeplanet.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-04 |title=Kolkata Durga Puja 2024: 10 must-visit theme pandals this year |url=https://thefederal.com/category/features/kolkata-durga-puja-2024-10-must-visit-theme-pandals-this-year-142742 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-05 |title=West Bengal Durga Puja: Where Las Vegas and Thailand meet |url=https://www.patrika.com/en/national-news/west-bengal-durga-festival-somewhere-it-is-like-las-vegas-and-somewhere-it-is-like-thailand-19041871 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Patrika News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Soumyabrata |date=2024-10-06 |title=Durga Puja 2024: From Tirupati Temple To Sphere Of Las Vegas, 10 Must-Visit Pandals In Kolkata |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/travel/destinations/durga-puja-2024-from-tirupati-temple-to-sphere-of-las-vegas-10-must-visit-pandals-in-kolkata-article-113961108 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Shreya |date=2024-10-08 |title=Durga Puja 2024: Planning Your Pandal-Hopping Guide? Add These Unique-Themed & Most Celebrated Kolkata Pandals To The List |url=https://curlytales.com/durga-puja-2024-planning-your-pandal-hopping-guide-add-these-unique-themed-most-celebrated-kolkata-pandals-to-the-list/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Curly Tales |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Trinetra |date=2024-09-20 |title=Durga Puja 2024 Guide: Dates, Pandal Hopping Tips, Best Food Joints And More |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/people/culture/durga-puja-2024-guide-dates-pandal-hopping-tips-must-visit-food-joints/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Travel and Leisure Asia {{!}} India |language=en-IN}}</ref>}} To replicate the world's largest digital screen, the puja organizers had installed hundreds of [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] screens.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-24 |title=লাস ভেগাসের স্ফিয়ারে মিশে যাবে আরজি করের ঘটনার বিচারের দাবি, সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ারের অভিনব ভাবনা |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/durga-puja-2024-santosh-mitra-square-durga-puja-theme-las-vegas-sphere-with-justice-for-rg-kar-1097003 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref> The deplorable rain had completely halted their work, and they needed to cover the whole project with polythene sheets and suspend the work for 3 days. After the rain had stopped, the organizers took additional measures to prevent malfunctions or electric faults during the puja in case of rain, Ghosh said.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Tamaghna |date=2024-09-30 |title=Between rain spells, puja organisers rush to finish work before opening |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/between-rain-spells-puja-organisers-rush-to-finish-work-before-opening/articleshow/113795504.cms |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Dwaipayan |last2=Mitra |first2=Prithvijit |last3=Banerjee |first3=Tamaghna |date=2024-10-03 |title=Rain on radar, organisers prepare for a wet run-up to Durga Puja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkatas-durga-puja-organisers-brace-for-rainy-weather-precautions-in-place/articleshow/113887991.cms |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Kolkata Police studied the number of people in Durga puja pandals and sent letters accordingly to the committees where the number was higher. One of the first was a letter by Muchipara police station to the organizers of Santosh Mitra Square about managing their crowd circulation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jawed |first=Sundas |date=2024-07-25 |title=Santosh Mitra Square to have a 'Sphere of Las Vegas' themed pandal this year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/santosh-mitra-square-to-have-a-sphere-of-las-vegas-themed-pandal-this-year/articleshow/112010119.cms |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-25 |title='আমি এখন ডুম খুঁজছি', লেজ়ারে মানা পুলিশের মাথায় হাত সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়্যারের উদ্যোক্তার |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/laser-light-can-not-be-used-in-puja-pandal-police-orders-to-santosh-mitra-square-sajal-ghoshs-counter-complaint-that-puja-is-becoming-popular-is-why-this-order-dgtl/cid/1533594 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-07-25 |title='সারা কলকাতার মধ্য়ে এই প্রেমপত্রটা আমার প্রতি কেন?' ষড়যন্ত্রের অভিযোগে সরব সজল ঘোষ |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/videos/district/durga-puja-2024-santosh-mitra-square-bjp-leader-sajal-ghosh-on-circulation-1084769 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref> Ghosh expressed disapproval of the multiple restrictions that the letter suggested.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Dwaipayan |date=2024-07-25 |title=Cop letters to central Kol crowd-pullers on puja pandal themes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/police-letters-to-major-durga-puja-organizers-in-kolkata-regarding-pandal-themes/articleshow/111999936.cms |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The organizers were instructed not to use any lasers or lights as the situation in 2022 had caused massive population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Kinsuk |date=2024-07-25 |title=Cops seek pandal theme details: Puja of Ram temple fame among those approached |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/cops-seek-pandal-theme-details-puja-of-ram-temple-fame-among-those-approached/cid/2036059 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> They letter said to enlarge the entrance and exit gates, to have a dedicated special platform in the middle area inside the park for police surveillance, keep sufficient space inside the pandal to not have older people or children to face difficulties, have sufficient lighting, replace the previous 14 CCTVs with 36 and at least 100 volunteers should be kept during off-peak hours and at least 250 volunteers in peak hours.{{Efn|Supported by multiple references:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santosh Mitra Square Puja: সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়্যারকে একাধিক নির্দেশ পুলিশের, সজল বলছেন, 'দরকারে পুজোই বন্ধ করে দেব' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/west-bengal/story/santosh-mitra-square-recieves-notice-with-several-guidelines-from-kolkata-police-puja-committee-member-and-bjp-leader-sajal-ghosh-reaction-on-it-durgaa-puja-2024-mdv-1055736-2024-07-24 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=AajTak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-24 |title=সজলের পুজো ঘিরে সংঘাতের আবহ! পুলিশি শর্ত নিয়েই যত অসন্তোষ সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়্যারের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/kolkata-police-issues-some-conditions-to-santosh-mitra-square-durga-puja-committee-of-bjp-leader-sajal-ghosh-dgtl/cid/1533303 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title='প্রতিবাদের উৎসব' সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়্যারে, পদ্ম-নেতা সজল ঘোষের পুজোয় দেখা যাবে আরজি করের ছায়া |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/santosh-mitra-square-may-change-durga-puja-celebration-due-to-rg-kar-issue-dgtl/cid/1545050 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayukh Thakur |first=Chakraborty |date=2024-07-24 |title=পুলিশের নির্দেশিকায় শিরোনামে সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ার, এবার কোন থিমে নজর কাড়বে 'সজল ঘোষের পুজো' ? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/durga-puja-2024-controversy-sparks-after-bjp-leader-sajal-ghoshs-puja-santosh-mitra-square-gets-police-instruction-know-its-theme-1084555 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref>}} Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] held a discussion on September 23 (Monday) at the [[Netaji Indoor Stadium]] about an increase in puja donations. She said the donation for each club in Durga puja would be increased to 85,000 for each club. Santosh Mitra Square returned the donation amount.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sayanta |date=2024-07-23 |editor-last=Pramanik |editor-first=Avantika |title=মমতার টাকা নেবে না সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়্যার পুজো কমিটি |url=https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/durga-puja-2024-santosh-mitra-square-puja-committee-will-not-take-cm-mamata-banerjees-85-thousand-donation-bjp-leader-sajal-ghosh-1098806.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Tirthankar |date=2024-07-23 |title=Santosh Mitra Square: সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ারেকে আইনি নোটিশ কলকাতা পুলিশের |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/20086/santosh_mitra_square_durga_puja_committee_receives_notice_from_kolkata_police_regarding_durga_puja_arrangements_gnr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805103241/https://aajkaal.in/story/20086/santosh_mitra_square_durga_puja_committee_receives_notice_from_kolkata_police_regarding_durga_puja_arrangements_gnr |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 5, 2024 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.aajkaal.in |language=bn}}</ref> Chants were also made about the [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder|R.G. Kar Hospital case]] in the pandal. Ghosh commented on allowing the people to chant slogans and express their grief as they like. He offered to turn down the volume in the pandal to enable the people's voices to be heard and did not want to suppress their voices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kripa |first=Krishna |date=2024-10-08 |title=Demonstration for Justice at Kolkata Durga Puja Pandal |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/demonstration-over-rape-and-murder-at-durga-puja-pandal-kolkata-011-3955855.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-09 |title=Demonstration over RG Kar horror at Santosh Mitra Square Durga Puja pandal in Calcutta |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/demonstration-over-rg-kar-horror-at-santosh-mitra-square-durga-puja-pandal-in-kolkata/cid/2054262 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=The Telegraph |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> The pandal's light show was said to be 11D, this means the images of Durga could be viewed from 11 directions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhar |first=Sanket |date=2024-10-07 |title=লাস ভেগাসের স্ফিয়ারের বিশেষত্ব কী? কীসের চমক সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ারে? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/durga-puja-2024-santosh-mitra-square-theme-las-vegas-sphere-know-its-speciality-31728324015733.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111080501/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/durga-puja-2024-santosh-mitra-square-theme-las-vegas-sphere-know-its-speciality-31728324015733.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 11, 2024 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

=== 2023: Ayodhya Ram Mandir ===
The 2023 theme for the Santosh Mitra Square was modeled after the [[Ram Mandir]] (Temple) in [[Ayodhya]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asian News International |date=2023-10-16 |title=West Bengal: Amit Shah to inaugurate Ram Temple-themed Durga Pandal in Kolkata |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2023/10/west-bengal-amit-shah-to-inaugurate-ram-temple-themed-durga-pandal-in-kolkata/,%20https://thenewsmill.com/2023/10/west-bengal-amit-shah-to-inaugurate-ram-temple-themed-durga-pandal-in-kolkata/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=thenewsmill.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=আনন্দ উৎসব ডেস্ক |date=2023-10-25 |title=অযোধ্যার রাম মন্দির এখন বাংলাতেই |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/ananda-utsav/puja-parikrama/santosh-mitra-square-has-portrayed-rammandir-as-their-durga-puja-theme-in-this-year-dgtl/cid/1469516 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন সংবাদদাতা |date=2023-10-16 |title='শাহী' উদ্বোধন শুধু সজলের 'রামমন্দিরে'র, ইজ়েডসিসির বিজেপির পুজোতেও নেই অমিত |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/home-minister-amit-shah-inaugurates-ram-mandir-themed-durga-puja-pandal-at-santosh-mitra-square-dgtl/cid/1467640 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref> It had 150 artisans working on it. Special lighting had been arranged by two teams from Kolkata and Mumbai. It included 3D projections of deities. The actual Ram Mandir in Ayodhya was to be inaugurated in January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ray |first=Srirupa |date=2023-10-14 |title=Kolkata pandal offers a slice of Ayodhya's Ram Mandir this Durga Puja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/durga-puja-pandal-gets-ayodhya-like-atmosphere/articleshow/104411183.cms |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==== Details ====
According to the blueprints of the actual temple, Santosh Mitra Square's ceiling and walls of the pandal was made of foam and thermocol. A huge screen shows a silhouette of Lord Rama, Hanuman carrying a hill on his shoulder and the three Rama, Lakshman and Sita together.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandi |first=Debanjoli |title=The Telegraph Puja Premiere League at Santosh Mitra Square had Shaheb Bhattacharjee as the special guest |url=https://t2online.in/events/events-1/the-telegraph-puja-premiere-league-at-santosh-mitra-square-had-shaheb-bhattacharjee-as-the-special-guest/613478 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref> The inside of the pandal, near the idols is brightened by lights. The exterior is decorated mainly with reddish-pink lights and other minor eye-catching lights.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-10-21 |title=আলো ঝলমলে 'রামমন্দির', হনুমানের বিশাল প্রতিকৃতি! ভিড় টানছে সন্তোষ মিত্র স্কোয়ার |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/district/in-pics-durga-puja-2023-citizen-flock-to-see-ram-mandir-themed-pandal-in-santosh-mitra-square-1018052 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref>

==== Inauguration (2023) ====
The pandal was inaugurated by Amit Shah on October 16 (Monday). He was to arrive in Kolkata through airways, landing in [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Netaji Subhas International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Sucheta |title=এবার কলকাতার পুজো উদ্বোধনে অমিত শাহ, আসছেন আগামী সপ্তাহেই |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/kolkata-durga-puja-amit-shah-to-inaugurate-santosh-mitra-square/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US}}</ref> Shah was to hold a meeting at the airport with BJP leaders, including Suvendu Adhikari and [[Locket Chatterjee]]. BJP state president [[Sukanta Majumdar]] due to his unwellness and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] of [[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Medinipur]] [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]] were to be not present in the meeting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhuri |first=Rajib |date=2023-10-15 |title=Amit Shah to open Durga Puja in Kolkata today; TMC ridicules BJP |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/151023/amit-shah-to-open-durga-puja-in-kolkata-today-tmc-ridicules-bjp.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> But Majumdar was present. Shah's motorcade arrived at the square at around 4:15 p.m. and left for Delhi from the international airport after wishing the people of Bengal to have a happy and prosperous puja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABP News Bureau |date=2023-10-19 |title=Union Home Minister Amit Shah Inaugurates Shri Ram Temple-Themed Durga Puja Pandal In Kolkata |url=https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/lifestyle/union-home-minister-amit-shah-inaugurates-shri-ram-temple-themed-durga-puja-pandal-in-kolkata-1637041 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumdar |first=Arkamoy Datta |date=2023-10-19 |title=How BJP is giving a 'Ram Mandir' touch to Durga puja in Kolkata |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/how-bjp-is-giving-a-ram-mandir-touch-to-durga-puja-in-kolkata-2451127-2023-10-19 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> While at the square, he said that BJP would solve the problems in Bengal and abolish corruption of Trinamool in Bengal, telling about the [[2024 elections in India#West Bengal|2024 West Bengal Lok Sabha elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Express News Service |date=2023-10-16 |title=Amit Shah inaugurates Ram Temple-themed Durga Puja, says BJP will uproot corruption in Bengal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Oct/16/amit-shah-inaugurates-ram-temple-themed-durga-puja-says-bjp-will-uproot-corruption-in-bengal-2624462.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-10-16 |title=Will pray to Maa Durga that corruption, atrocities end soon in Bengal: Amit Shah |url=https://www.siasat.com/will-pray-to-maa-durga-that-corruption-atrocities-end-soon-in-bengal-amit-shah-2723690/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Press Trust of India |last2=Asian News International |date=2023-10-16 |title=Kolkata pandal provides glimpse of Ayodhya's Ram Mandir this Durga Puja |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/news/durga-puja-2023-kolkata-pandal-provides-glimpse-of-ayodhya-s-ram-mandir-this-puja-101697432568269.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Shah had set a target of 35 seats in the election, considered to be unrealistic by many, the party had gotten an 'overwhelming response', a boost of BJP in the election to the Santosh Mitra Square.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purohit |first=Devadeep |date=2023-10-23 |title=Huge turnout at Santosh Mitra Square's Ram temple pandal for Durga Puja a boost for BJP |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/huge-turnout-at-santosh-mitra-squares-ram-temple-pandal-for-durga-puja-boosts-bjp-hope/cid/1975386 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Will pray to Maa Durga that corruption, atrocities end soon in Bengal: Amit Shah |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2023/10/16/will-pray-to-maa-durga-that-corruption-atrocities-end-soon-in-bengal-amit-shah.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=The Week |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> Shah was accompanied by Suvendu Adhikari, Sukanta Majumdar, Nishit Pramanik and Rahul Sinha at the opening.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-10-17 |title='I'm not here to talk politics but to pray to Ma Durga to make Bengal corruption-free:' Shah at Ram temple-themed Kolkata puja inauguration |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/west-bengal/i-am-not-here-to-talk-politics-but-to-pray-to-ma-durga-to-make-bengal-corruption-free-state-amit-shah-at-puja-inauguration/na20231017070657841841962 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en |agency=ETV Bharat English Team}}</ref>

==== Kolkata Police requirements ====
In 2022, MG Road and CR Avenue had become overpopulated with visitors going through Amherst Street, BB Ganguly Street and MG Road affecting traffic movement. To avoid issues again, police had wanted both sides of Amherst Street and BB Ganguly Street to be barricaded alongside the sidewalks. They also planned to disallow vendors and hawkers to stay near the exit of the square to allow visitors to leave faster. Mamata Banerjee had asked the puja committees to take measurements for the puja so the visitors can come and go without facing much difficulties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Dwaipayan |date=2023-10-11 |title=Cops: Addl pedestrian channels to curb N, central Kol puja rush |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cops-addl-pedestrian-channels-to-curb-n-central-kol-puja-rush/articleshow/104329012.cms |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Times of India}}</ref>

=== 2022: Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav ===
Santosh Mitra Square's theme in 2022 was [[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence|Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav]] and the pandal model was about the [[Red Fort]]. It was constructed for the 75th year of India's independence in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Suryagni |date=2022-10-03 |title=Laser show at Santosh Mitra square Durga Puja halted due to overcrowding, resumes later |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/kolkata/story/laser-show-santosh-mitra-square-durga-puja-halted-overcrowding-resumes-later-2007697-2022-10-03 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The story of Indian monuments like India Gate, Indian Parliament, Wagah Border and the independence movement would be shown through 3D projections and lighting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Durga Puja 2022: 'Red Fort' pandal will be seen in Kolkata built on the theme of 'Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav' |url=https://www.myjyotish.com/astrology-blogs/durga-puja-2022-red-fort-pandal-will-be-seen-in-kolkata-built-on-the-theme-of-azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=myjyotish |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Shreya |date=2022-09-23 |title=Durga Puja 2022: 17 Kolkata Pandals You Need To Visit |url=https://curlytales.com/durga-puja-2022-kolkata-pandals-you-need-to-visit/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Curly Tales |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Inauguration (2022) ====
Santosh Mitra Square's Red Fort was incepted by [[Mithun Chakraborty]], actor and BJP [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Rajya Sabha Member]] on September 26 (Monday). Before the 2021 Bidhan Sabha elections, many movie stars and actors of the [[Cinema of West Bengal|Indian Bengali cinema]] had pulled up to BJP office of West Bengal, he is one of the only ones who stayed on after the defeat of BJP.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2022-09-28 |title=21 Trinamool MLAs waiting to defect, says Mithun Chakraborty |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/21-trinamool-mlas-waiting-to-defect-says-mithun-chakraborty/article65946649.ece |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The organizers had originally asked Amit Shah for the inauguration, but he was busy with work and couldn't come. Shah was to come to Kolkata on November 5 to attend the Eastern Zonal Council meeting, as he was the council chairperson of it. He was also invited to inaugurate the Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre pandal in Salt Lake.<ref>{{Cite news |last=TNN |date=2022-09-27 |title=Mithun inaugurates Santosh Mitra Square puja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mithun-inaugurates-santosh-mitra-square-puja/articleshow/94466373.cms |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==== Circulation plans of police ====
A detailed circulation map was issued by Kolkata Police including metro stations, police stations, subways, etc. on Sep 24 to control the populous puja areas of Kolkata including Santosh Mitra Square, College Square and others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team MP |date=2022-09-25 |title=CP Vineet Goyal releases 'Kolkata Police Puja Guide 2022' |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/cp-vineet-goyal-releases-kolkata-police-puja-guide-2022-493977 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

* People coming from Sealdah railway station should take the BB Ganguly Street to visit Santosh Mitra Square.
* If BB Ganguly Street is overpopulated, MG Road can be taken to visit College Square and Mohammad Ali Park. A left can also be taken from MG Road on Amherst Street to visit the square or Kaiser Street.
* A right can be taken from MG Road on Surya Sen Street to visit Sealdah Athletic Club.
* Bus or tram on APC Road can be taken to Vivekananda Road and a procedure to west to find multiple pandals.
* North can be taken on APC Road to visit puja pandals in the North, and other plans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TN City Desk |date=2022-09-25 |title=Kolkata Police release pedestrian circulation plan for city's major Durga Puja Mandaps -check the map |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/kolkata/kolkata-police-release-pedestrian-circulation-plan-for-citys-major-durga-puja-mandaps-check-the-map-article-94432393 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

==== Invitee gates ====
Mamata Banerjee had pledged to install VIP gates at puja pandals for people with VIP passes to get a quick a straightforward entry. Some puja organizations had dropped these VIP gates for 'invitee gates' selected for club patrons and specially abled, now being a standard practice of Durga puja pandals. Sajal Ghosh commented on the matter, "We all love privileged treatment. Such treatment is there in almost every religious place in the world. A puja pandal like ours that attracts lakhs of people cannot be any different. We, too, call the VIP gate as invitee gate."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Tamaghna |last2=Ghosh |first2=Dwaipayan |date=2022-09-29 |title=Puja clubs in Kolkata drop 'VIP' tag after CM Mamata Banerjee prod, opt for 'invitee' gates, passes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/puja-clubs-in-kolkata-drop-vip-tag-after-cm-mamata-banerjee-prod-opt-for-invitee-gates-passes/articleshow/94519749.cms |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The square and park are named after [[Santosh Kumar Mitra]], activist and sponsor of the [[Indian independence movement]], born on August 15, 1900. He died in 1931, living only for 31 years. Mitra passed his matriculation exams in 1915 from [[Hindu School, Kolkata|Hindu School]] in Kolkata and graduated from the Calcutta University in 1919. Mitra completed M.A. and L.L.B. in about 1921–1922. He took part in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-cooperation movement]] and [[Indian National Congress]] which caused him to face jail time. After the suspension of the movement, Mitra turned to extremist activities in hope of Indian independence. In 1923, Barendra Ghosh, associated with Mitra and 4 others, attempted a burglary in Shankharitola post office and he was caught after killing the postmaster. Mitra was also arrested cause of his relations to Barendra. On September 15, 1931, 3 inmates of the [[Hijli Detention Camp]] escaped. The very next day, British police enraged by the incident surrounded and entered the camp and deliberately fired upon the detainees, in which both Santosh Mitra and [[Tarakeswar Sengupta|Tarakeshwar Sengupta]] died. The park was named upon his honor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-30 |title=Santosh Mitra Square: 'অপারেশন সিঁদুর' থিমের প্যান্ডেল উপচে পড়ছে ভিড়, জানেন কে ছিলেন এই সন্তোষ মিত্র? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/story/santosh-mitra-square-puja-pandal-operation-sindoor-theme-know-who-is-santosh-mitra-rpsg-1284538-2025-09-30 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=AajTak Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref name='martyr'>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Amitabha |date=2023-08-16 |title=Santosh Mitra Square in Kolkata: Remembering the forgotten martyr of the Freedom Movement |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/santosh-mitra-square-in-kolkata-honoring-the-forgotten-martyr-of-indias-freedom-struggle/cid/1959376 |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=দাস |first=জয়দীপ |date=2025-09-29 |title=Santosh Mitra Square: জনস্রোতে ভাসছে মণ্ডপ! কে ছিলেন সন্তোষ মিত্র? |url=https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/in-whose-name-is-santosh-mitra-square-named-who-was-this-revolutionary-1246234.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Santosh Mitra Square}}
[[Category:Parks in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Urban public parks]]
[[Category:1936 establishments]]

Dwarfism

2026-01-29T00:53:57Z

Swebsexilm: minor update

{{short description|Small size of an organism, caused by growth deficiency or genetic mutations}}
{{About|the medical condition|the legendary creature|Dwarf (folklore)|other uses|Dwarf (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}


{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Dwarfism
| image = Ethan Crough, male dwarf.jpg
| caption = A man in [[Columbus, Indiana]], with [[achondroplasia|achondroplasic]] dwarfism
| field = [[Endocrinology]], [[medical genetics]]
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|w|ɔːr|f|ɪ|z|əm|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Dwarfism.wav}}
| symptoms =
| complications =
| onset =
| duration =
| types =
| causes = Hyposecretion of [[growth hormone]] from [[pituitary gland]] ([[growth hormone deficiency]]), [[genetic disorders]]
| risks =
| diagnosis =
| differential =
| prevention =
| treatment =
| medication =
| prognosis =
| frequency =
| deaths =
| image_size = 250
}}
'''Dwarfism''' is a condition of people and animals marked by unusually small size or short stature.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dwarfism|title=Definition of DWARFISM|website=Merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref> In humans, it is sometimes defined as an adult height of less than {{convert|4|ft|10|in|cm|order=flip}}, regardless of sex; the average adult height among people with dwarfism is {{convert|4|ft|cm|order=flip}}.<ref name="NLM2008">{{cite web|url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/dwarfism.html |title=MedlinePlus: Dwarfism |date=2008-08-04|publisher=National Institute of Health|work=MedlinePlus |access-date=2008-10-03}}</ref><ref name="lpaonline">{{cite web|url=http://www.lpaonline.org/faq-#Definition|title=FAQ|website=Lpaonline.org|language=en-us|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref><ref name="mayo-symptoms" /> ''Disproportionate dwarfism'' is characterized by either [[Rhizomelia|short limbs]] or a short torso. In cases of ''proportionate dwarfism'', both the limbs and torso are unusually small. Intelligence is usually normal, and most people with it have a nearly normal life expectancy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/restricted-growth/Pages/Introduction.aspx|title=Restricted growth (dwarfism) – NHS Choices|website=Nhs.uk|language=en|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref><ref name="Pau2012">{{cite journal |last1=Pauli |first1=RM |last2=Adam |first2=MP |last3=Ardinger |first3=HH |last4=Pagon |first4=RA |last5=Wallace |first5=SE |last6=Bean |first6=LJH |last7=Mefford |first7=HC |last8=Stephens |first8=K |last9=Amemiya |first9=A |last10=Ledbetter |first10=N |date=2012 |title=Achondroplasia |journal=GeneReviews |pmid=20301331}}</ref> People with dwarfism can usually bear children, although there are additional [[Pregnancy risks|risks to the mother and child]] depending upon the underlying condition.


The most common and recognizable form of dwarfism in humans (comprising 70% of cases) is [[achondroplasia]], a [[genetic disorder]] whereby the limbs are diminutive.<ref name="Çevik-2010"/> [[Growth hormone deficiency]] is responsible for most other cases.<ref name="urlDwarfism"/> There are many other less common causes. Treatment of the condition depends on the underlying cause. Those with genetic disorders such as [[osteochondrodysplasia]] can sometimes be treated with surgery or physical therapy. [[Hormone disorders]] can also be treated with [[growth hormone therapy]] before the child's [[growth plate]]s fuse. Individual accommodations, such as specialized furniture, are often used by people with dwarfism.<ref name="pmid14671400">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hagenäs L, Hertel T |title=Skeletal dysplasia, growth hormone treatment and body proportion: comparison with other syndromic and non-syndromic short children |journal=Horm. Res. |volume=60 Suppl 3 |issue= 3|pages=65–70 |year=2003 |pmid=14671400 |doi=10.1159/000074504 |s2cid=29174195 |url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=HRE2003060S03065 |access-date=2008-11-17|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Many [[support groups]] provide services to aid individuals and the [[discrimination]] they may face.<ref name="mayo-treatment">{{cite web |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dwarfism/DS01012/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs |title=Dwarfism: Treatment and drugs |access-date=2008-11-18 |date=2007-09-27 |publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research }}</ref>


In addition to the medical aspect of the condition there are social aspects. For a person with dwarfism, [[height discrimination]] can lead to ridicule in childhood and discrimination in adulthood.<ref name="UPenn">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ssc.upenn.edu/~persico/research/Papers/short.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710052009/http://www.ssc.upenn.edu/~persico/research/Papers/short.pdf |url-status=dead |title=University of Pennsylvania, Arts and Sciences: 'The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height'|archive-date=10 July 2007|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, United States, [[Canada]], [[Australia]], and other English-speaking countries, labels that some people with dwarfism accept include ''dwarf'' (plural: ''dwarfs''), ''little person'' (LP), or ''person of short stature'' (see [[#Terminology|terminology]]).<ref name="LPA">{{cite web |title=Dwarfism Resources: Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Little People of America |date=2006-07-09 |url=http://www.lpaonline.org/resources_faq.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516011550/http://www.lpaonline.org/resources_faq.html |archive-date=2006-05-16 |access-date=2006-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LittlePeople UK |url=http://www.littlepeopleuk.org/ |access-date=3 October 2013}}</ref> Historically, the term ''[[midget]]'' was used to describe dwarfs (primarily proportionate); however, some now consider this term offensive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/midget |title=midget |website=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary}}</ref>

==Signs and symptoms==
[[File:Dackelpferd.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Dwarfism occurs in animals as well as humans; horses can have [[achondroplastic]] symptoms, as shown here next to a person with dwarfism. All small dog breeds exhibit dwarfism (the standard size of dogs, without [[Dog breeding|interference from humans]], is the same as that of the wolves).]]
Dwarfism has been defined as having an adult height of less than {{convert|4|ft|10|in|cm|order=flip}},<ref name=NLM2008/><ref name="lpaonline"/><ref name="mayo-symptoms"/> or alternatively, having a height of at least two [[standard deviation]]s less than the mean of an individual's population, considering age, sex, and ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=Megha |last2=Saber |first2=Ahmed Y. |date=2023-06-24 |title=Dwarfism |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563282/ |journal= StatPearls [Internet] | publisher = StatPearls Publishing |access-date=23 March 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grunauer |first1=Michelle |last2=Jorge |first2=Alexander A L |date=Feb 2018 |title=Genetic short stature |journal= Growth Horm IGF Res. |volume=38 |issue=Epub 2017 Dec 6|pages=29–33 |doi=10.1016/j.ghir.2017.12.003 |pmid=29249624 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/clinical_charts.htm|title=Growth Charts – Clinical Growth Charts|date=11 January 2019|website=Cdc.gov|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> There is a wide range of physical characteristics. Variations in individuals are identified by diagnosing and monitoring the underlying disorders. There may not be any complications outside adapting to their size. [[Short stature]] is a common replacement of the term 'dwarfism', especially in a medical context. However, those with mild [[Osteochondrodysplasia|skeletal dysplasias]] may not be affected by dwarfism. In some cases of untreated [[hypochondroplasia]], males grow up to {{convert|5|ft|5|in|cm|abbr=in|order=flip}}. Though that is short in a relative context, it does not fall into the extreme ranges of the growth charts.

Disproportionate dwarfism is characterized by shortened limbs or a shortened torso. In [[achondroplasia]] one has an average-sized trunk with short limbs and a larger forehead.<ref name="dwarfism-pbshome" /> Facial features are often affected and individual body parts may have problems associated with them. [[Spinal stenosis]], [[ear infection]], and [[hydrocephalus]] are common. In case of spinal [[dysostosis]], one has a small trunk, with average-sized limbs. Proportionate dwarfism is marked by a short torso with short limbs,<ref name="mayo-symptoms">{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dwarfism/DS01012/DSECTION=symptoms |title=Dwarfism: Symptoms |access-date=2009-01-29 |work=MayoClinic.com |publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research }}</ref> thus leading to a height that is significantly below average. There may be long periods without any significant growth. [[Sexual development]] is often delayed or impaired into adulthood. This dwarfism type is caused by an [[endocrine disorder]] and not a skeletal dysplasia.

Physical effects of malformed bones vary according to the specific disease. Many involve joint pain caused by abnormal bone alignment, or from [[nerve]] compression.<ref name="LPA" /> Early degenerative joint disease, exaggerated [[lordosis]] or [[scoliosis]], and constriction of [[spinal cord]] or nerve roots can cause pain and disability.<ref name="seattle-dysplasia">{{cite web |url=http://orthopedics.seattlechildrens.org/conditions_treated/dwarfism_and_bone_dysplasias.asp |title=Dwarfism and Bone Dysplasias |access-date=2008-11-18 |publisher=Seattle Children's Hospital, Research & Foundation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504091309/http://orthopedics.seattlechildrens.org/conditions_treated/dwarfism_and_bone_dysplasias.asp |archive-date=2007-05-04 }}</ref> Reduced [[thorax|thoracic]] size can restrict lung growth and reduce pulmonary function. Some forms of dwarfism are associated with disordered function of other organs, such as the [[brain]] or [[liver]], sometimes severely enough to be more of an impairment than the unusual bone growth.<ref name="mayo-complications">{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dwarfism/DS01012/DSECTION=complications |title=Dwarfism: Complications |access-date=2008-11-18 |work=MayoClinic.com |publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research }}</ref><ref name="pmid5946547">{{cite journal |vauthors=Escamilla RF, Hutchings JJ, Li CH, Forsham P |title=Achondroplastic dwarfism. Effects of treatment with human growth hormone |journal=Calif Med |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=104–10 |date=August 1966 |pmid=5946547 |pmc=1516352 }}</ref> Mental effects also vary according to the specific underlying syndrome. In most cases of skeletal dysplasia, such as achondroplasia, mental function is not impaired.<ref name="mayo-symptoms" /> However, there are syndromes which can affect the cranial structure and growth of the brain, severely impairing mental capacity. Unless the brain is directly affected by the underlying disorder, there is little to no chance of mental impairment that can be attributed to dwarfism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hormone.org/Growth/overview.cfm |title=The Pituitary Gland & Growth Disorders: An Overview |access-date=2009-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025422/http://www.hormone.org/Growth/overview.cfm |archive-date=2013-02-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The psycho-social limitations of society may be more disabling than the physical symptoms, especially in childhood and adolescence, but people with dwarfism vary greatly in the degree to which social participation and emotional health are affected.
* Social prejudice against extreme shortness may reduce social and marital opportunities.<ref name="{{ISBN|0-8018-8121-8}}">{{cite book |author1=Hall, Judith A. |author2=Adelson, Betty M. |title=Dwarfism: medical and psychosocial aspects of profound short stature |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |year=2005 |isbn=0-8018-8121-8 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12884421">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gollust SE, Thompson RE, Gooding HC, Biesecker BB |date=August 2003 |title=Living with achondroplasia in an average-sized world: an assessment of quality of life |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajmg.a.20127 |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A |volume=120A |issue=4 |pages=447–58 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.20127 |pmid=12884421 |s2cid=38614817|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Numerous studies have demonstrated reduced employment opportunities. Severe shortness is associated with lower income.<ref name="pmid12884421"/>
* [[Self-esteem]] may decline and family relationships may be affected.
* Extreme shortness (in the {{convert|60|-|90|cm|ft|0|abbr=in|disp=or}} range) can, if not accommodated for, interfere with [[activities of daily living]], like driving or using countertops built for taller people. Other common attributes of dwarfism such as bowed knees and unusually short fingers can lead to back problems and difficulty in walking and handling objects.
* Children with dwarfism are particularly vulnerable to teasing and ridicule from classmates. Because dwarfism is relatively uncommon, children may feel isolated from their peers.<ref name="mayo-complications"/>

==Causes==
[[File:Seneb and wife statue.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Seneb]], court official and priest for the [[Ancient Egypt]]ian rulers [[Khufu]] and [[Djedefre]], with his wife Senetites and their children<ref>''Ancient Egypt: Kingdom of the Pharaohs'', R. Hamilton, p. 47, Paragon, 2006, {{ISBN|1-4054-8288-5}}</ref>]]
Dwarfism can result from many medical conditions, each with its own separate symptoms and causes. Extreme shortness in humans with proportional body parts usually has a hormonal cause, such as [[growth hormone deficiency]], once called ''pituitary dwarfism''.<ref name="LPA"/><ref name="dwarfism-pbshome">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2005/bigenough/special_dwarfism_ety.html |title=Big Enough. What is Dwarfism? |date=2006-08-08 |last=Kennedy |first=Dan |website=[[POV (TV series)]] |publisher=[[PBS]] (Public Broadcasting Service) |access-date=2008-11-18 |archive-date=2009-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313112314/http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2005/bigenough/special_dwarfism_ety.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Achondroplasia is responsible for the majority of human dwarfism cases, followed by [[spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia]] and [[diastrophic dysplasia]].<ref name="urlDwarfism">{{cite web|url=http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/growth/dwarfism.html|title=Dwarfism|publisher=[[KidsHealth]]|access-date=2015-06-30}}</ref>

===Achondroplasia===
{{further|Achondroplasia}}
The most recognizable and most common form of dwarfism in humans is achondroplasia, which accounts for 70% of dwarfism cases, and occurs in 4 to 15 out of 100,000 live births.<ref name="Çevik-2010">{{Cite journal|last1=Çevik|first1=Banu|last2=Çolakoğlu|first2=Serhan|url=http://www.meja.aub.edu.lb/downloads/20_6/907.pdf|title=Anesthetic management of achondroplastic dwarf undergoing cesarean section|journal=M.E.J. Anesth.|volume=20|issue=6|year=2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713022612/http://www.meja.aub.edu.lb/downloads/20_6/907.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 13, 2018}}</ref>

It produces [[Rhizomelia|rhizomelic]] short limbs, increased spinal curvature, and distortion of skull growth. In achondroplasia the body's limbs are proportionately shorter than the trunk (abdominal area), with a larger head than average and characteristic facial features. Achondroplasia is an [[autosomal dominant]] disorder caused by the presence of an altered [[allele]] in the genome. If a pair of achondroplasia alleles are present, the result is fatal, usually perinatally. Achondroplasia is a mutation in the [[fibroblast growth factor receptor 3]].<ref>{{Gene|FGFR3}}</ref> In the context of achondroplasia, this mutation causes FGFR3 to become constitutively active, inhibiting bone growth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=achondroplasia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030607165211/http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=achondroplasia |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 7, 2003 |title=Achondroplasia – Genetics Home Reference |date=2008-09-26|work=Genetics Home Reference|publisher=National Institute of Health |access-date=2008-10-01}}</ref>

===Growth hormone deficiency===
{{further|Growth hormone deficiency}}
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a medical condition in which the body produces insufficient [[growth hormone]]. Growth hormone, also called somatotropin, is a [[polypeptide]] [[hormone]] which stimulates [[Human development (biology)|growth]] and cell reproduction. If this hormone is lacking, stunted or even halted growth may become apparent. Children with this disorder may grow slowly and puberty may be delayed by several years or indefinitely. Growth hormone deficiency has no single definite cause. It can be caused by mutations of specific genes, damage to the pituitary gland, [[Turner's syndrome]], poor nutrition,<ref name="ghdeficiency">{{cite web | publisher = UK Child Growth Foundation | title = Growth Hormone Deficiency | url = http://www.childgrowthfoundation.org/ghd.htm | access-date = 2009-01-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090116030454/http://www.childgrowthfoundation.org/ghd.htm | archive-date = 2009-01-16 | url-status = dead }}</ref> or even stress (leading to [[psychogenic dwarfism]]). [[Laron syndrome]] (growth hormone insensitivity) is another cause. Those with growth hormone issues tend to be proportionate.

===Metatropic dysplasia===
Metatropic means "changing form" and refers to this form of skeletal dysplasia as there is an abnormality in the growth plates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/metatropic-dysplasia#:~:text=What%20is%20metatropic%20dysplasia%3F,flattening%20of%20the%20vertebral%20bodies |title=Metatropic Dysplasia | |publisher=Johns Hopkins Medicine |date=2022-02-03 |access-date=2022-03-02}}</ref> Skeletal changes continue over time and may need surgical intervention to help protect the lungs.<ref name="NIH Rared Dseases">{{cite web|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/3571/metatropic-dysplasia |title=Metatropic dysplasia | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program |website=Rarediseases.info.nih.gov |date= |access-date=2022-03-02}}</ref> Symptoms starting at birth may be mild or can be fatal.<ref name="Medlineplus.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/metatropic-dysplasia/|title=Metatropic dysplasia: MedlinePlus Genetics|website=Medlineplus.gov|access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> There are recognizable features in individuals with this genetic disorder. Some are short stature, narrow chest, "facial features such as a prominent forehead, underdevelopment of the upper jaw, cheekbones and eye sockets (midface hypoplasia), and a squared-off jaw."<ref name="NIH Rared Dseases"/> It is considered a more severe skeletal dysplasia, but is very rare, with the exact number of those affected unknown.<ref name="Medlineplus.gov"/> Prognosis is largely on a case-by-case basis depending on the severity, and life expectancy may not be impacted unless there are respiratory complications.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=2635 |title=Orphanet: Metatropic dysplasia |website=Orpha.net |date=2017-05-17 |access-date=2022-03-02}}</ref>

===Other===
Other causes of dwarfism are [[spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita]], [[diastrophic dysplasia]], [[pseudoachondroplasia]], [[hypochondroplasia]], [[Noonan syndrome]], [[primordial dwarfism]], [[Cockayne syndrome]], [[Kniest dysplasia]], [[Turner syndrome]], [[osteogenesis imperfecta]] (OI), and [[hypothyroidism]]. Severe shortness with skeletal distortion also occurs in several of the [[Mucopolysaccharidosis|mucopolysaccharidoses]] and other [[lysosomal storage disease|storage disorders]]. [[Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism]] may cause proportionate, yet temporary, dwarfism. [[NPR2]] disproportionate dwarfism was discovered recently and is caused by a mutant gene.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Loss-of-Function Mutation in Natriuretic Peptide Receptor 2 (Npr2) Gene Is Responsible for Disproportionate Dwarfism in cn/cn Mouse|url=https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(19)60512-0/pdf|format=PDF|website=Jbc.org}}</ref>

==Diagnosis==
Dwarfism is often diagnosed in childhood on the basis of visible symptoms. A physical examination can usually suffice to diagnose certain types of dwarfism, but [[genetic testing]] and diagnostic imaging may be used to determine the exact condition. In a person's youth, growth charts that track height can be used to diagnose subtle forms of dwarfism that have no other striking physical characteristics.<ref name="urlDwarfism"/>

Short stature or stunted growth during youth is usually what brings the condition to medical attention. Skeletal [[dysplasia]] is usually suspected because of obvious physical features (e.g., unusual configuration of face or shape of skull), because of an obviously affected parent, or because body measurements (arm span, upper to lower segment ratio) indicate disproportion. Bone X-rays are often key to diagnosing a specific skeletal dysplasia, but are not the sole diagnostic tool. Most children with suspected skeletal dysplasias are referred to a genetics clinic for diagnostic confirmation and [[genetic counseling]]. Since about the year 2000, genetic tests for some of the specific disorders have become available.<ref name="mayo-diagnosis">{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dwarfism/DS01012/DSECTION=tests-and-diagnosis |title=Dwarfism: Tests and diagnosis |access-date=2008-11-18 |date=2007-08-27 |work=Mayo Clinic |publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research }}</ref>

During an initial medical evaluation of shortness, the absence of disproportion and other clues listed above usually indicates causes other than bone dysplasias.

===Classification===
[[File:Lavinia Warren - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lavinia Warren]], an actress with [[pituitary dwarfism]] (growth hormone deficiency)]]
In men and women, the sole requirement for being considered a dwarf is having an adult height under {{cvt|147|cm|ftin}} and it is almost always sub-classified with respect to the underlying condition that is the cause of the short stature. Dwarfism is usually caused by a genetic variant; achondroplasia is caused by a mutation on [[chromosome 4]]. If dwarfism is caused by a medical disorder, the person is referred to by the underlying diagnosed disorder. Disorders causing dwarfism are often classified by proportionality. Disproportionate dwarfism describes disorders that cause unusual proportions of the body parts, while proportionate dwarfism results in a generally uniform stunting of the body.

Disorders that cause dwarfism may be classified according to one of hundreds of names, which are usually permutations of the following roots:
* location
** [[Rhizomelia|rhizomelic]] = root, i.e., bones of the upper arm or thigh
** [[Mesomelia|mesomelic]] = middle, i.e., bones of the forearm or lower leg
** acromelic = end, i.e., bones of hands and feet.
** micromelic = entire limbs are shortened
* source
** chondro = of cartilage
** osteo = of bone
** spondylo = of the vertebrae
** plasia = form
** trophy = growth

Examples include achondroplasia and [[chondrodystrophy]].

==Prevention==
Many types of dwarfism are currently impossible to prevent because they are genetically caused. Genetic conditions that cause dwarfism may be identified with [[genetic testing]], by screening for the specific variations that result in the condition. However, due to the number of causes of dwarfism, it may be impossible to determine definitively if a child will be born with dwarfism. Dwarfism resulting from malnutrition or a hormonal abnormality may be treated with an appropriate diet or hormonal therapy. Growth hormone deficiency may be remedied via [[Growth hormone therapy|injections of human growth hormone]] during childhood.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Jørgensen |first1=Jens O.L. |title=Clinical Aspects of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults |date=2005 |url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/88338 |work=Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults |volume=33 |pages=1–20 |publisher=KARGER |doi=10.1159/000088338 |isbn=3-8055-7992-6 |pmid=16166752 |last2=Christiansen |first2=Jens S.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Management==
Genetic mutations of most forms of dwarfism caused by bone dysplasia cannot be altered yet, so therapeutic interventions are typically aimed at preventing or reducing pain or physical disability, increasing adult height, or mitigating psychosocial stresses and enhancing social adaptation.<ref name="mayo-treatment"/> Forms of dwarfism associated with the endocrine system may be treated using [[hormonal therapy]]. If the cause is prepubescent hyposecretion of growth hormone, supplemental growth hormone may correct the abnormality. If the receptor for growth hormone is itself affected, the condition may prove harder to treat. [[Hypothyroidism]] is another possible cause of dwarfism that can be treated through hormonal therapy. Injections of thyroid hormone can mitigate the effects of the condition, but lack of proportion may be permanent.

Pain and disability may be ameliorated by physical therapy, braces or other orthotic devices, or by surgical procedures.<ref name="mayo-treatment"/> The only simple interventions that increase perceived adult height are dress enhancements, such as shoe lifts or hairstyle. Growth hormone is rarely used for shortness caused by bone dysplasias, since the height benefit is typically small (less than {{cvt|5|cm|round=0.5|disp=sqbr}}) and the cost high.<ref name="pmid14671400"/> The most effective means of increasing adult height by several inches is [[distraction osteogenesis]], though availability is limited and the cost is high in terms of money, discomfort, and disruption of life. Most people with dwarfism do not choose this option, and it remains controversial.<ref name="LPA"/> For other types of dwarfism, surgical treatment is not possible.

==Society and culture==

===Terminology===
[[File:Dwarfism and Gigantism.png|thumb|Comparative illustration from Talbot's 1889 medical treatise named ''[[Degeneration theory|Degeneracy]]: its causes, signs and results'']]
[[File:Two Völuspá Dwarves by Frølich.jpg|thumb|Two [[Norse mythology|Norse]] [[Dwarf (mythology)|dwarfs]] as depicted in a 19th-century edition of the ''[[Poetic Edda]]'' poem ''[[Völuspá]]'' (1895) by [[Lorenz Frølich]]]]
The appropriate term for describing a person of particularly short stature (or with the genetic condition [[achondroplasia]]) has developed euphemistically.

The noun ''dwarf'' stems from {{langx|ang|dweorg}}, originally referring to a being from [[Germanic mythology]]—a [[dwarf (Germanic mythology)|dwarf]]—that dwells in mountains and in the earth, and is associated with wisdom, smithing, mining, and crafting. The [[etymology]] of the word ''dwarf'' is contested, and scholars have proposed varying theories about the origins of the being, including that dwarfs may have originated as nature spirits or as beings associated with death, or as a mixture of concepts. Competing etymologies include a basis in the [[Proto-Indo-European root|Indo-European]] root {{lang|ine-x-proto|dheur-}} (meaning {{gloss|damage}}), the Indo-European root {{lang|ine-x-proto|dhreugh}} (whence modern Dutch {{lang|nl|droom}} {{gloss|dream}} and {{lang|nl|bedrog}} {{gloss|deception}}), and comparisons have been made with the Old Indian ''dhvaras'' (a type of demonic being). The being may not have gained associations with small stature until a later period.<ref name="SIMEK67-68">[[Rudolf Simek|Simek, Rudolf]] (2007) translated by Angela Hall. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Zni8GwAACAAJ Dictionary of Northern Mythology]'', pp. 67–68. [[Boydell & Brewer|D.S. Brewer]] {{ISBN|0-85991-513-1}}</ref>

The terms "little person", "LP" and "person of short stature" are the preferred terms of many of those with this disorder, and while some are uncomfortable with "dwarf" it remains a common term in some areas.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.washington.edu/doit/how-are-terms-dwarf-little-person-and-person-short-stature-commonly-used|title=How are the terms "dwarf," "little person," and "person of short stature" commonly used?}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=https://littlepeopleofontario.com/index.php?rt=product/category&path=64_79|title=Preferred Terms}}</ref><ref name="dwarfism-pbshome"/> However, the plural "dwarfs" as opposed to "dwarves" is generally preferred in the medical context, possibly because the plural "dwarves" was popularized by author [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], describing a race of characters in his ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' books resembling [[Dwarf (folklore)#Eddic sources|Norse dwarfs]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Tolkien|first=John Ronald Reuel|title=The Return of the King|year=1955|publisher=George Allen & Unwin|pages=Appendix F|url=http://valarguild.org/varda/Tolkien/encyc/articles/d/dwarves/dwarfpluralof.htm}}</ref> "[[Midget]]", whose etymology indicates a "tiny biting insect",<ref name="midget-def">{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/midget |title=midget |access-date=2008-11-18 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Dictionary.com }}</ref> came into prominence in the mid-19th century after [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] used it in her novels ''Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands'' and ''[[Oldtown Folks]]'' where she described children and an extremely short man, respectively.<ref name="dwarfism-pbshome" /> Later some people of short stature considered the word to be offensive because it was the descriptive term applied to [[P. T. Barnum]]'s dwarfs used for public amusement during the [[freak show]] era.<ref name="LPA" /><ref name="Adelson2005">{{cite book|last=Adelson|first=Betty M.|title=The Lives Of Dwarfs: Their Journey From Public Curiosity Toward Social Liberation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym5x3mq2p7EC&pg=PA295|access-date=8 December 2012|year=2005|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813535487|page=295}}</ref> It is also not considered accurate as it is not a medical term or diagnosis, though it is sometimes used as a slang term to describe those who are particularly short, whether or not they have dwarfism.<ref name="midget-med">{{cite web |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=22596 |title=Midget definition |access-date=2008-11-18 |date=9 March 2003 |work=MedicineNet |publisher=MedicineNet, Inc. |archive-date=2011-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623204524/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=22596 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Participation ===
Individuals with dwarfism are capable of actively participating in various aspects of society. They have access to education and sports, and can pursue careers, engaging in a wide range of professions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lpaonline.org/assets/documents/Occupations%20and%20Professions.pdf |title=OCCUPATIONS AND AVOCATIONS |author=Fred Short |date=2008 |accessdate=2023-11-18 |work=Little People of America |publisher=lpaonline.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Acceptance ===
Individuals with dwarfism often face prejudice and stereotypes. Research by Klein (2019) has demonstrated that awareness of the stigmatization of this group can promote full participation in society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klein |first=A. |title=Stigmatization and Little People. |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=1133–1150 |year=2019 |journal=Journal of Social Issues |language=en}}</ref> The research by Green and Pinter (2018) in the field of humor and social psychology can provide insights to reduce stereotypes and promote a more objective perception.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Green; Pinter |first=C.M.; K |title=Humor, comedy, and consumer behavior: A social psychological perspective. |volume=48 |journal=Journal of Applied Social Psychology |year=2018 |number=12 |pages=677–692 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Accommodation ===
[[File:Pedal extenders for short statured individuals (skeletal dysplasia).jpg|thumb|right|Pedal extenders for short statured individuals (skeletal dysplasia)]]
In daily life, little people face numerous obstacles because the environment is tailored to average-sized individuals. Some little people can only use ATMs, kitchens, toilets, and sinks with aids. Low stools and step stools play a special role, as they can be used in various ways to bridge the height difference.
Stools are also useful as footrests while sitting, as the legs of short people dangle in the air when sitting on an average chair, which can be painful and uncomfortable in the long run and may hinder fine motor skills during work.

To be mobile, some individuals use customized scooters or bicycles, as it can be problematic, depending on the type of short stature, to walk longer distances. With specially adapted vehicles, most individuals of short stature can drive without further hindrances. Generally, pedal extensions and an individually adjusted seat at the correct height are required. Some little people are tall enough to drive without pedal extensions. Usually, patients with skeletal dysplasia with limited mobility can receive allowances or grants for vehicle assistance through [[Government Aid|governmental help]] or rehabilitation providers.

===Dwarf sports===
Dwarfs have support and compete in sport by a number of [[List of dwarfism organizations|organizations]] nationally and internationally. They are included in some events in the [[athletics at the Summer Paralympics]].

The [[Dwarf Athletic Association of America]] and the [[Dwarf Sports Association UK]] provide opportunities for dwarfs to compete nationally and internationally in the Americas and Europe, respectively. The [[World Dwarf Games]] (WDG) are a multi-sport event for athletes of short stature. The WDG have been held every four years since 1993 and are the world's largest sporting event exclusively for athletes with dwarfism. The Dwarf Sports Association UK organizes between 5 and 20 events per month for athletes with restricted growth conditions in the UK.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.dsauk.org/events/?daterange=2&region_ID=0| title = DSAuk Events| website =Dsauk.org| access-date = 2016-02-27}}</ref> For instance, swimming and bicycling are often recommended for people with skeletal dysplasias, since those activities put minimal pressure on the spine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/skeletal-dysplasias|title=Skeletal Dysplasias|first=The Children's Hospital of|last=Philadelphia|date=25 March 2014|website=Chop.edu}}</ref>

Since its early days, [[professional wrestling]] has had the involvement of dwarf athletes. "[[Midget wrestling]]" had its heyday in the 1950s–'70s, when wrestlers such as [[Little Beaver (wrestler)|Little Beaver]], [[Lord Littlebrook]], and [[Fuzzy Cupid]] toured North America, and [[Sky Low Low]] was the first holder of the [[National Wrestling Alliance]]'s [[NWA World Midget's Championship|World Midget Championship]]. In the next couple of decades, more wrestlers became prominent in North America including foreign wrestlers like [[Japan]]'s [[Little Tokyo (wrestler)|Little Tokyo]]. Although the term is seen by some as pejorative, many past and current midget wrestlers including [[Hornswoggle]] said they take pride in the term due to its history in the industry and its marketability.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

===Art and media depictions===
{{See also|Cultural depictions of dwarfism|List of people with dwarfism|Dwarfs and pygmies in Ancient Egypt}}
[[File:Ivory statuette of a woman with dwarfism-IMG 4539-white.jpg|thumb|upright|Ivory statuette of a woman with dwarfism, [[Gerzeh culture]] (Naqada II), in the [[Prehistoric Egypt]] era]]
In art, literature, and movies, dwarfs are rarely depicted as ordinary people who are very short but rather as a species apart. [[Novelist]]s, [[artist]]s, and [[filmmaking|moviemakers]] may attach special moral or aesthetic significance to their "apartness" or misshapenness.

Artistic representations of dwarfism are found on [[ancient Greece|Greek]] vases and other ancient artifacts, including [[ancient Egypt]]ian art in which dwarfs are likely to have been seen as a divine manifestation, with records indicating that they were able to reach high positions in society at the time.<ref name="nunn">''Ancient Egyptian Medicine'', John F. Nunn, University of Oklahoma Press, 2002, pp. 78–79, {{ISBN|0-8061-3504-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/12/051227102614.htm|title=Dwarfs Commanded Respect In Ancient Egypt|website=Sciencedaily.com}}</ref>

The ancient [[Hindu]] text ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' devotes nine chapters to the legend of [[Vamana]], the dwarf [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].
[[File:Diego Velázquez – El bufón el Primo (Museo del Prado, 1644).jpg|upright|left|thumb|''[[Portrait of Sebastián de Morra|The Dwarf Don Sebastián de Morra]]'', c. 1644 by [[Diego Velázquez|Velázquez]]]]

Depictions of dwarfism are also found in European paintings and many illustrations. Many European paintings (especially [[Spain|Spanish]]) of the 16th–19th centuries depict dwarfs by themselves or with others. In the [[Talmud]], it is said that the second born son of the [[Egypt]]ian [[Pharaoh]] of the [[Bible]] was a dwarf.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/pol/pol09.htm The Talmud – Chapter VI. Death Of Jacob And His Sons – Moses – The Deliverance From Egypt.] URL accessed April 23, 2007.</ref> Recent scholarship has suggested that ancient Egyptians held dwarfs in high esteem.<ref name="dwarfism-egypt">{{cite journal|title=Dwarfs in ancient Egypt|journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics|date=2005-12-27|first=Chahira|last=Kozma|volume=140A|issue=4|pages=303–11|doi= 10.1002/ajmg.a.31068|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112222883/abstract|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105124935/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112222883/abstract|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-05|access-date=2008-11-12|pmid=16380966|s2cid=797288|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Several important mythological figures of the North American [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]] nation are portrayed as dwarfs.<ref>Trigger, Bruce G., ''The Children of Aataentsic: A History of the Huron People to 1660'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1987 {{ISBN|0-7735-0627-6}}, p. 529.</ref>

As popular media has become more widespread, the number of works depicting dwarfs have increased dramatically. Dwarfism is depicted in many books, films, and television series such as ''[[Willow (1988 film)|Willow]]'', ''[[The Wild Wild West]]'', ''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (film)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'' (and later parodied in'' [[Austin Powers (film series)|Austin Powers]]''), ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'' by [[Jonathan Swift]],<ref>''Gulliver's Travels: Complete, Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts'', Palgrave Macmillan 1995 (p. 21). The quote has been misattributed to [[Alexander Pope]], who wrote to Swift in praise of the book just a day earlier.</ref> ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz|The Wizard of Oz]]'', ''[[Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory]]'', ''[[Bad Santa]]'', ''[[A Son of the Circus]]'', ''[[Little People, Big World]]'', ''[[The Little Couple]]'', ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' (and its television adaptation ''[[Game of Thrones]]''), ''[[Seinfeld]]'', ''[[The Orator (film)|The Orator]]'', ''[[In Bruges]]'', ''[[The Tin Drum]]'' by [[Günter Grass]], the short-lived reality show ''[[The Littlest Groom]]'', and the films ''[[The Station Agent]]'' and ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]''.

The [[Animal Planet]] television series ''[[Pit Boss (TV series)|Pit Boss]]'' features dwarf actor [[Shorty Rossi]] and his talent agency, "Shortywood Productions", which Rossi uses to provide funding for his pit bull rescue operation, "Shorty's Rescue". Rossi's three full-time employees, featured in the series, are little people and aspiring actors. In September 2014, Creative Business House along with Donnons Leur Une Chance, created the [[International Dwarf Fashion Show]] to raise awareness and boost self-confidence of people living with dwarfism. A number of reality television series on [[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]], beginning with ''[[Little Women: LA]]'' in 2014, focused on showing the lives of women living with dwarfism in various cities around the United States.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Dwarfs and pygmies in Ancient Egypt]]
* [[Dwarfism Awareness Month]]
* [[Dwarf-tossing]]
* [[Ellis–Van Creveld syndrome]]
* [[Gigantism]]
* [[Itabaianinha]], a city in Brazil historically noted for its dwarf population
* [[Laron syndrome]]
* [[List of people with dwarfism]]
* [[List of dwarfism organisations]]
* [[List of the verified shortest people]]
* [[Midget]]
* [[Mulibrey nanism]]
* [[Pygmy peoples]]
* [[Dwarf rabbit]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{sister project links||d=Q194101|c=Category:Dwarfism|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=dwarf|species=no}}
* [https://www.littlepeopleoftheworld.org/ Little People of the World Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510232841/https://www.littlepeopleoftheworld.org/ |date=2021-05-10 }} [Hub for all International Organizations; services/advocacy/know your rights/support]
* [http://www.lpaonline.org/ Little People of America] (Includes a list of International support groups)
* [http://www.littlepeopleofcanada.com/ Little People of Canada] (Includes a list of Canadian Provincial support groups)
* [https://littlepeopleuk.org/ Little People UK]
* [http://www.dsauk.org/ Dwarf Sports Association UK]
* [https://rgauk.org/ Restricted Growth Association UK]

{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB = 80
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|E|23|0|e|20}}, {{ICD10|E|34|2|e|20}}, {{ICD10|E|45|0|e|40}}, {{ICD10|Q|77|4|q|65}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|253.3}}, {{ICD9|259.4}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus = 001176
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID = D004392
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dwarfism| ]]
[[Category:Growth disorders]]
[[Category:Human height]]

ITC Sangeet Research Academy

2026-01-05T12:17:13Z

Swebsexilm: added info

{{Short description|Hindustani classical music academy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = ITC Sangeet Research Academy
| image =
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| msize = 
| malt = 
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| abbreviation = ITCSRA
| motto =
| formation = 1977
| extinction = 
| type = 
| status = 
| purpose = [[Hindustani classical music]] education, research and archives
| headquarters =
| location = 1, [[Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Road]], [[Tollygunge]], [[Kolkata]] - 700 040
| coords = 
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| website = [http://www.itcsra.org/ Official site]
| remarks =
}}
'''ITC Sangeet Research Academy''' is a [[Hindustani classical music]] academy run by the corporate house, [[ITC Ltd.]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/article63005.ece|title=Unique music festival|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 December 2009}}</ref> It is located in [[Kolkata]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/08/10/stories/0910070a.htm |title=The Hindu : Feast of Hindustani music |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020503032025/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/08/10/stories/0910070a.htm |archive-date=3 May 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Noted musicians associated with the academy include [[Ulhas Kashalkar]], [[Ajoy Chakrabarty]], [[Subhra Guha]], Uday Bhawalkar, Brajeswar Mukherjee, Omkar Dadarkar and Abir Hossain. Noted alumni of the academy include Rashid Khan and Kaushiki Chakraborty.

== History ==
The association of ITC to music began with the ITC Sangeet Sammelan held in Delhi in 1971. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ITC Sangeet Research Academy |url=https://itcsra.org/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> The sammelan featuring the luminaries of Indian Classical Music created quite a stir in the capital city. Thus, ITC decided to patronize Indian Classical Music which led to the formation of the Sangeet Research Academy in 1977. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ITC Sangeet Research Academy |url=https://itcsra.org/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> The aim was to establish a modern ''gurukul'' and promote the age-old ''Guru-Shishya Parampara.''

The maestros of Indian Classical Music who joined as the faculty members of the academy were Nissar Hussain Khan (Sahaswan Gharana), Hirabai Barodekar (Kirana Gharana), Ishtiaq Hussain Khan (Rampur Gharana), Nivrittibua Sarnaik (Atrauli-Jaipur Gharana), Girija Devi (Benaras Gharana), Latafat Hussain Khan (Agra Gharana). <ref>{{Cite web |title=ITC Sangeet Research Academy |url=https://itcsra.org/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Instrumental training in the academy was introduced in 2002. The department was headed by Buddhadev Dasgupta who was the member of the expert committee for a long time.

The academy presently runs as a public charitable trust under the professional management of the board of trustees. The aims and objectives of the academy are creating an effective training system, rationalizing traditional data through modern research techniques and preservation of music.

==Annual festival==
ITC SRA organizes a classical music festival, the [[ITC SRA Sangeet Sammelan|ITC Sangeet Sammelan]], every year. They also organize the ITC SRA Mini Sangeet Sammelan throughout India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITC Sangeet Research Academy |url=https://itcsra.org/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Hindustani music organisations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1978]]
[[Category:Music archives]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Music schools in India]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{India-music-stub}}

Prasanna Kumar Roy

2025-12-27T03:23:42Z

Swebsexilm: started biography

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}

{{Short description|Educationist (born 1849)}}

{{Use British English|date=November 2017}}
{{infobox person
|name=Prasanna Kumar Roy
|image=Prasannakumar_Ray.jpg
|caption=
|birth_date=1849
|birth_place= Subhadya, [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|alma_mater= [[University of London]] [[University of Edinburgh]]
|death_date={{death year and age|1932|1849}}
|occupation=Academic
|spouse=[[Sarala Roy]]
|children=[[Charulata Mukherjee]]
}}
'''Prasanna Kumar Roy''' (1849 – 1932; better known as '''Dr. P. K. Roy''') was an educationist and the first Indian principal of [[Presidency College, Kolkata]].

==Early life==
Roy was born in 1849 in Subhadya (now in [[Keraniganj Upazila]] of Dhaka District, Bangladesh). He was a student of [[Pogose School]] in Dhaka. In his youth, he was attracted to the [[Brahmo Samaj]]. This came between him and his father, who turned him out of his house.<ref name="Sengupta">{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=1976 |script-title=bn:প্রসন্নকুমার রায় |trans-title=Prasannakumar Roy |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.454299/page/n315/mode/1up |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=1st |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |oclc=18245961 |page=308}}</ref> In 1869, P. K. Roy was initiated into Brahmanism, along with [[Ananda Mohan Bose]] and [[Aghorenath Chattopadhyay]], by [[Keshab Chandra Sen]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sinha |editor-first=Nirmal |title=Freedom Movement in Bengal (1818-1904), Who's Who |year=1963 |publisher=Education Department, Government of West Bengal |page=350 |quote=In 1869, he [Ananda Mohan Basu], together with Prasanna Kumar Roy, Sreenarh Datta, Rajaninath Roy and Aghorenath Chartopadhyaya, was publicly initiated into Brahmoism by Keshab Chandra Sen.}}</ref>

He won a Gilchrist Scholarship to study in England. There he graduated from the [[University of London]] in 1873. He was awarded a Doctor of Science degree in psychology from the [[University of Edinburgh]] and the University of London in 1876.<ref name="Sengupta" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sweet |first=William |author-link=William Sweet |title=Migrating Texts and Traditions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hppjAwAAQBAJ&dq=prasanna+kumar+roy+presidency+college&pg=PT93 |year=2012 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-2032-9 |page=86 |quote=a graduate of the Dacca College and of the universities of London and Edinburgh}}</ref> He and Ananda Mohan Bose together established a Brahmo Samaj, the [[Indian Association]], and a library in England.<ref name="Sengupta" />

==Teaching career==
[[File:Interiors of Presidency University, Kolkata 08.jpg|thumb|Statue of P. K. Roy in Presidency University]]
On returning to India, Roy taught at [[Patna College]], [[Dhaka College]], and [[Presidency College, Kolkata]]. He was the first Indian to serve as principal of Presidency College, from 1902 to 1905. Thereafter, he became the registrar of the [[University of Calcutta]]. On retirement he served as inspector of colleges under the university. He was posted to England for two years as education assistant to the Secretary for India.<ref name="Sengupta" />

Roy was active in the affairs of the [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]].<ref name="Sengupta" />

==Family==
Roy married [[Sarala Roy|Sarala]], a daughter of [[Durga Mohan Das]].<ref name="Sengupta" /> Sarala was a sister of [[Abala Bose]], wife of scientist [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]]; among her cousins were Deshbandhu [[Chittaranjan Das]] and [[Sudhi Ranjan Das]] (later [[Chief Justice of India]]).{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

Roy and Sarala became the parents of a son, Saral Roy, and daughters, [[Charulata Mukherjee]], Kanakalata Roy, Nemima Roy, Dolly Maitland, and Swarnalata Bose. Roy gave his daughter Charulata in marriage to [[Satish Chandra Mukherjee]], the educationist. They became the parents of [[Subroto Mukerjee|Air Marshal Subroto Mukerjee]], first Indian [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]]; the feminist and politician [[Renuka Ray]]; and Prasanta Mukherjee, Chairman of the Railway Board 1957-59.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chairperson of the Railway Board|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Railway_Board#List_of_heads_of_Indian_Railways|access-date=2025-09-26|website=en.wikipedia.org}}</ref>

Roy and Sarala's daughter Kanakalata Roy married Jatindra Nath Roy OBE <ref>{{Cite web|title=1929 Honours|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_New_Year_Honours#Companion_(CIE)|access-date=2025-09-26|website=en.wikipedia.org}}</ref> and one of her grandsons is [[Bunker Roy]], noted social activist and reformer.

His son Saral Ray had a son, Sunil Roy (IFS and ardent environmentalist). Sunil Roy was the Indian Ambassador to Poland and Mexico, High Commissioner to Nigeria and the Indian Consul General in New York City <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunil Roy : New York Times Obituary |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/01/obituaries/sunil-k-roy-indian-diplomat-73.html}}</ref>

Roy died in 1932 at [[Hazaribagh]].<ref name="Sengupta" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Das family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Pasanna Kumar}}
[[Category:1849 births]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Keraniganj Upazila]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Bengali educators]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:Das family (Telirbagh)]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Dhaka College]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Principals of Presidency University, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Scholars from British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]

Madhya Pradesh Lok Adalat

2025-12-03T02:51:33Z

Swebsexilm: Created new stub!

{{Short description|Dispute resolution mechanism in India}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
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| headquarters = Madhya Pradesh Lok Adalat,574, South Civil Lines, Pachpedi, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, [[India]]<ref name="mpl ref1">{{cite web |title=Lok Adalat ACTS {{!}} MADHYA PRADESH STATE LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY |url=http://www.mpslsa.gov.in/?q=node/42 |website=www.mpslsa.gov.in |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref>
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'''Madhya Pradesh Lok Adalat''' or Madhya Pradesh State Legal Services Authority (People's Court) is an [[statutory]] and [[autonomous]] body and an [[alternative dispute resolution]] mechanism used in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].The Madhya Pradesh Lok Adalat Act is designed to provide [[constitution]]al protection guaranteed under Article 14 and 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], of “ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR ALL”. It is a legal system to resolve pending cases at Panchayat or rural places, those in a pre-litigation stage in courts are resolved amicably.<ref name="la ref5">{{cite news |title=e-Lok Adalats settle 2,232 cases in Odisha |url=https://www.orissapost.com/e-lok-adalats-settle-2232-cases-in-odisha/ |access-date=26 December 2021 |publisher=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |date=23 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="la ref6">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans-Classroom/2018-04-25/Lok-Adalat/376372?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=thehansindia.com |date=25 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is recognised as statutory authority under the [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987|Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987]] and the [[Lok Adalat]]s award or decision are deemed to be civil court case and final and enforceable on both parties.<ref name="la ref6"/> Such an award is not appealable in any court of law in the absence of any provision. However, by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction, litigation can be initiated by any party in the suit if any of them are dissatisfied with the decision of the Lok Adalat (in the absence of any provision for appeal against such award).<ref name="la ref6"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Lok Adalat|url=https://nalsa.gov.in/lok-adalat|access-date=2021-07-16|website=nalsa.gov.in|language=en}}</ref>

"Section 22 B of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 provides for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats (PLA) for exercising jurisdiction in respect of one or more [[public utility]] services (PUS). Section 22 A of The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states what constitutes 'Public Utility Services' for the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalat".<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Lok Adalat|url=http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|publisher=Haryana State Legal Services Authority|access-date=2021-12-26|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920113842/http://hslsa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/PLA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History and Administration ==
Madhya Pradesh Lok Adalat formed under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and to implement the provisions of Constitution which had been drafted to help every citizen to get justice irrespective of their economic or other limitations.<ref name="la ref2">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Dr Ashok |title=Alternative Dispute Resolution System in India |date=9 September 2021 |publisher=K.K. Publications |isbn=978-93-82657-09-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyFCEAAAQBAJ&dq=punjab+lok+adalat&pg=PA189 |access-date=25 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The primary value laid down as per Indian Constitutional philosophy is individual dignity which forms the basis of human rights and demands on a holistic basis of civil, political, economical, social, and cultural rights.

Madhya Pradesh Lok Adalat is formed with objective and purpose of ensuring and providing visible, practical and positive initiatives ensuring equality and non bias decisions as laid down in Constitution of India and assumes significance due to illiteracy and poverty prevalent in India.

Lok Adalats are constituted at below levels:<ref name="la ref3">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalats unclog a choked justice delivery system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/insight/lok-adalats-unclog-a-choked-justice-delivery-system-1034264.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=26 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*State Authorities.
*High Court.
*District and Taluk level.

1. Chairman.

2. Secretaries.

*Mandal Committees.
*Mediation Centres.

Types of Lok Adalat:

* Permanent Lok Adalat - Provides mechanism for adjudging cases referred under public utility services like transport, postal and telegraph.
* National Lok Adalat - Held from year 2015, every month on specific topic across India. These are held on a single day disposing off large number of pending cases.
* Mega Lok Adalat - Held across all courts in state in a single day.
* Mobile Lok Adalats - These types of Lok Adalats are organised occasionally which travel from one place to other across country occasionally and help resolving disputes.

Hon'ble Justice Mohammad Rafiq, Chief Justice, Madhya Pradesh High Court, is current Patron-in-Chief of Madhya Pradesh State Legal Services Authority.<ref name="mpla ref2">{{cite news |last1=James |first1=Sebin |title=2nd National Lok Adalat Of 2021 Organised By MP State Legal Services Authority: Remarkable Number of Cases Disposed Off |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/madhya-pradesh-state-legal-services-authority-organises-2nd-national-lok-adalat-181492 |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=livelaw.in |date=13 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Lok Adalat Committee and Complaint Procedures ==

Lok Adalat settles disputes which can be mutually resolved and mostly relating to [[Matrimonial law|matrimonial]], [[damages]] and partition suits. The following are the requirements of the cases before Lok Adalat:

* Lok Adalat takes up cases which are civil in nature (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases
* It accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.
* The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement.
* The court fee paid initially in the court for the complaints/petition is refunded to the parties, as no court fee is chargeable if a matter referred in the Lok Adalat and is resolved with parties agreeing to bind by it.<ref name="mpla ref5">{{cite news |title=Massive Lok Adalat in High Court |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/06/12/massive-lok-adalat-in-high-court-1213255968.html?story=2 |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=www.oneindia.com |date=12 June 2008 |language=en}}</ref>
* Procedural laws and the [[Indian Evidence Act|Evidence Act]] are not strictly followed while assessing claims.
* Decisions are binding on the parties and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

The following types of cases can be admitted in Lok Adalat.<ref name="la ref6"/>

1. Any dispute or case pending in any court of law in India.<ref name="mpla ref4">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh: 5 lakh cases to be taken up at Lok Adalat today {{!}} Bhopal News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-5-lakh-cases-to-be-taken-up-at-lok-adalat-today/articleshow/88218995.cms |access-date=28 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=11 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

* Criminal offences which are compoundable.
* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Issues relating to recovery of money.
* Issues under Indian Motor Vehicles Act,1988.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc excluding Non Compoundable offences.<ref name="mpla ref3">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh: National Lok Adalat resolves 3,856 cases, settles disputes of Rs 9.22 cr |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/madhya-pradesh-national-lok-adalat-resolves-3856-cases-settles-disputes-of-rs-922-cr |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=13 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Issues relating to Matrimony.

2. Any dispute to be planned to filed in Court but did not come up for hearing in front of it. Following Pre-Litigation cases can also be filed in Lok-Adalat.

* Cases under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
* Cases relating to recovery of money.
* Issues relating to labour disputes.
* Issues relating to public utility bills like electricity, water etc excluding Non Compoundable offences.
* General Maintenance related disputes.
* Other Miscellaneous cases which are civil disputes, criminal compoundable cases and matrimonial disputes.

However, any legal issue which is not compoundable as per the Indian Legal Systems cannot be taken up in the Lok Adalat.

As the members are presiding Lok Adalat as statutory conciliators and not in judicial capacity they can only persuade the parties to come to a settlement. Sometimes counselling sessions are also held between opposing parties.
The main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute agree for settlement and if they are unable to do so, it is referred to the Permanent Lok Adalat for deciding the case provided the case is not related to compoundable offence.

Madhya Pradesh Lok Adalat, as per Supreme Court judgement, is formed to arrive at a compromise or solution between parties in dispute and hence does not have jurisdiction to go into merits of complaint.<ref name="la ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Adalat can't decide cases on merits|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/lok-adalat-cant-decide-cases-on-merits-sc-1041603.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=deccanherald.com |date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

== Details of cases Resolved ==

* Madhya Pradesh Lok Adalat resolved 3856 cases with recovery amount of Rs 9.22 cr in National Lok Adalat organised by it in September 2021.<ref name="mpla ref3" />
* Madhya Pradesh Lok Adalat resolved around 45000 cases as part of national Lok Adalat held during September 2019.<ref name="mpla ref6">{{cite news |title=Around 45,000 cases disposed of in national Lok Adalat in MP |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/around-45-000-cases-disposed-of-in-national-lok-adalat-in-mp-119091500490_1.html |access-date=28 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=15 September 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008]]
* [[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://mpslsa.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Lok Adalat}}


[[Category:Dispute resolution]]
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Lok Adalat]]

Pamarru, Konaseema district

2025-12-02T06:27:06Z

Swebsexilm: started location

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pamarru
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|45|18|N|82|00|24|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-tewiki|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = K.Gangavaram Mandal
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 66,136
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533 305
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-08857
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Pamarru''' is a village in [[Konaseema district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in Konaseema district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/eastgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=8 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|archivedate=21 January 2015|format=PDF}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Konaseema-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Konaseema district]]

National Executive of the Bharatiya Janata Party

2025-11-12T21:38:22Z

Swebsexilm: typo fix

#REDIRECT [[BJP Organisational Structure#National Executive]]

891 Field Regiment (India)

2025-11-10T12:44:15Z

Swebsexilm: Article

{{Short description|Indian Army artillery unit}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=891 Field Regiment
|image=
|caption=
|dates= 1964 – present
|country={{flag icon|India}} [[India]]
|allegiance=India
|branch= [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
|type= [[File:Regiment of Artillery Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[Artillery]]
|role=
|size= Regiment
|command_structure=
|equipment= [[Indian Field Gun|Light field gun]]

|Past Commanders=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|notable_commanders=

|identification_symbol=891 Fd Regt
|identification_symbol_label=Abbreviation

|nickname=''God’s own''
|patron=
|motto= Sarvatra, Izzat-O-Iqbal (Everywhere with Honour and Glory)
|colors= Red & Navy Blue
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
|anniversaries=15 April – Raising Day
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
}}
'''891 Field Regiment''' is part of the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]] of the [[Indian Army]].

== Formation and history==
The regiment was raised as '''89 Light Regiment (Pack)''' on 15 April 1964 at [[Aurangabad]] with [[Ahir]] troops. It was later designated 891 Field Regiment and has also briefly served as a medium regiment.<ref name="891FdAPOcover">{{cite web|url= https://samsshopping.com/product/891-field-regiment/|title=891 Field Regiment Golden Jubilee APO postal cover|date=2015-04-15|access-date=2023-01-21}}</ref>
==Equipment==
The regiment has been equipped with the following guns<ref name="891FdAPOcover"/>-
*120 mm mortar
*[[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|130 mm medium guns]]
*[[Indian Field Gun|Light field gun]]
==Operations==
The regiment has taken part in the following operations<ref name="891FdAPOcover"/> –
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
*[[Operation Blue Star]], 1984
*[[Operation Meghdoot]], 1986
*[[Operation Brasstacks|Operation Trident]], 1987
*Operation Rakshak, 1990
*[[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff |Operation Parakram]], 2002
*Operation Deevar, 2004
*Operation Rakshak, 2006
==War Cry==
The war cry of the regiment is बोल श्री कृष्ण भगवान की जय (Bol Shree Krishna Bhagwan Ki Jai), which translates to ''Victory to Lord [[Krishna]]''. <ref name="891FdAPOcover"/>
==Gallantry awards==
The regiment has won the following gallantry awards<ref name="891FdAPOcover"/> –
{{Expand list|date=February 2023}}
*[[Sena Medal]] (SM) – 3 (Lance Naik Devendra Singh<ref>{{cite web|url= https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=15144|title= List of Personnel recommended for Gallantry and Distinguished Service Awards on Republic Day 2006|date=2006-01-25|access-date=2023-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.2006-03-18.100/page/n63/mode/2up?q=14431390&view=theater|title=Gazette of India, No 11, page 284|date=2006-03-18|access-date=2023-02-09}}</ref>)
*[[Commendation Cards (Indian Army)|Chief of Army Staff Commendation cards]] – 5
*Vice Chief of Army Staff Commendation cards – 3 (Colonel Saurabh K Sharma, Subedar Major Chandeshwar Prasad Singh,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=t9EBGkqe8lGHCs6yVU95CA==&ParentID=hkZcthAO1NPVfy0uxFDVnQ==|title=VCOAS Commendation Card, 2016|date=2016-08-15|access-date=2023-02-01}}</ref> Major Ravi Prakash Pandey.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=Fdq3f9lG89LJWp1ez5yGWFD4+kpIq4IHUu3oe+6Gnsg=&ParentID=ZFG9FypXgs8+T1F4xo+k2g==|title=VCOAS Commendation Card, 2019|date=2019-08-15|access-date=2023-02-01}}</ref>)
*General Officer Commanding-in-chief Commendation cards – 7

==Other achievements==
The regiment was awarded the General Officer Commanding in Chief ([[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]) unit citation in 2014.<ref name="891FdAPOcover"/>
It was awarded General Officer Commanding in Chief ([[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]) Unit Citation in 2025.

==See also==
*[[List of regiments of the Indian Army#Artillery|List of artillery regiments of Indian Army]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1964]]
[[Category:Artillery regiments of the Indian Army after 1947]]

Hatkhola

2025-10-08T11:55:11Z

Swebsexilm:

{{short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hatkhola
| native_name = হাটখোলা
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia]]
| subdivision_type3 = Subdivision
| subdivision_name3 = Chapra
| area_total_km2 = 6.02
| population_total = 7164
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}

'''Hatkhola''' is a village located in the [[Chapra, Nadia (community development block)|Chapra]] subdivision of [[Nadia district]], in the state of [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hatkhola SO Pin Code: Find Pin Code of Hatkhola SO locality of West Bengal - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/west-bengal/kolkata/hatkhola-so |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> It is situated approximately 9.2 km from the sub-district headquarters at [[Bangaljhi]] and 27 km from the district headquarters at [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Hatkhola Pin Code - 700005, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search kolkata Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/west-bengal/kolkata/hatkhola-pincode-700005.html |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hatkhola Village (Pincode: 741123), Chapra, Nadia {{!}} West Bengal {{!}} – Population, Area, Nearby Villages, Assembly & Parliament Constituency |url=https://villageinfo.org/village/321549 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Hatkhola covers a total area of 602.49 hectares. The village is part of the Chapra community development block and serves as a [[gram panchayat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hatkhola {{!}} Locality {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Hatkhola/0lITkln6VC |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Census of India, Hatkhola has a total population of 7,164, with 3,738 males and 3,426 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Information About Hatkhola Village of chapra , nadia District |url=https://gramvikas.nskmultiservices.in/india/west-bengal/nadia/chapra/hatkhola |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=gramvikas.nskmultiservices.in |language=en}}</ref> The literacy rate of the village stands at 57.22%, with male literacy at 58.88% and female literacy at 55.40%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hatkhola Village Population - Chapra - Nadia, West Bengal |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/321549-hatkhola-west-bengal.html |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== Economy ==
The nearest town for major economic activities is Krishnanagar, located approximately 10 km away. The village has access to public and private bus services, as well as a railway station within a 10 km radius.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village (गाव): Hatkhola |url=https://localbodydata.com/village-Hatkhola-321549 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=localbodydata.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Administration ==
Hatkhola functions as a gram panchayat within the Chapra block. It is governed under the Nadia district administration. It was the home to the Hatkhola [[royal family]] of [[Raja]] Manik Ram Basu<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village (गाव): Hatkhola |url=https://localbodydata.com/village-Hatkhola-321549 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=localbodydata.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Rādhāramaṇa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWdXAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE |title=Kalikātā-darpaṇa |date=1980 |publisher=Subarṇarekhā |isbn=978-81-86263-48-8 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=R. Venkoba |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.353402/page/n139/mode/2up?view=theater |title=The Life And Work Of Bengal Zemindars Vol. 1 |date=1925}}</ref> who was also one of the wealthiest [[Zamindar|Zamindars]] in [[Manikganj]]. [[Manikganj]] is said to have been named after him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Radharaman |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.266332/page/n353/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Kolikata - Darpan Parba 1 |date=1952 |pages=275}}</ref> Hatkhola is also famous for the [[Andul Dutta Chaudhury Family]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=ডেস্ক |first=আনন্দ উৎসব |title=হাটখোলা দত্ত পরিবারের দুর্গাপুজো ইতিকথা! এক সময় নেতাজি সুভাষচন্দ্র বসুর মা অংশ নিতেন এই বাড়ির পুজোয় |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/ananda-utsav/puja-parikrama/durga-puja-2022-hatkhola-dutta-bari-puja-is-one-of-the-heritage-durga-pujas-in-kolkata-dgtl/cid/1374472 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010033218/https://www.anandabazar.com/ananda-utsav/puja-parikrama/durga-puja-2022-hatkhola-dutta-bari-puja-is-one-of-the-heritage-durga-pujas-in-kolkata-dgtl/cid/1374472 |archive-date=2024-10-10 |access-date=2025-04-21 |language=bn |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Private Collection of Dutta Family, Hatkhola |url=https://eap.bl.uk/collection/EAP1104-3 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Endangered Archives Programme |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nadia district]]

Mahapura

2025-08-14T20:32:27Z

Swebsexilm: Created new post!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahapura
| native_name = Mahapoora
| native_name_lang = Sanskrit
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India#India Rajasthan
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|26|50|51|N|75|40|13|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 305
| population_total = 2776
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = 302026
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = RJ 14
| website = http://www.Mahapura live
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]

}}

'''Mahapura''', about 15 kilometers away from the capital town of [[Rajasthan]] (about one kilometer south-east of [[Jaipur]]-[[Ajmer]] road) is a historical village in [[Sanganer]] tehsil of [[Jaipur district]], dedicated to the eminent scholar like [[Shivanand Goswami]] (the creator of Magnum Opus Simha sidhhanta Sindhu )<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/SimhaSidhantaSindhuIGoswamiSivanandaBhatta|title=Simha Sidhanta Sindhu I Goswami Sivananda Bhatta|accessdate=7 January 2024|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> by [[Amber, India|Amer]] king Maharaja [[Bishan Singh]]. Maharaja had presented him this village as a [[jagir]] to mark his acceptance of his discipleship.<ref>book : Cultural Heritage of Jaipur: Rajasthan History Congress 2006 : Jainarayan asopa</ref> Mahapura is one of the unique villages of India for many reasons, as many unknown aspects of history and culture are associated with this village.<ref>Ghanshyam Goswami and Kusumlata Goswami: Editors, 'Shivananda Smarika' : 1970 : Jaipur</ref>

King Bishan Singh of the erstwhile [[Amer kingdom]] had invited him to Amer for getting a Vajpeya Yagna conducted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ad4BAAAAMAAJ&q=shivanand+goswami|title = Cultural Heritage of Jaipur|year = 1979| last1=Asopa | first1=Jai Narayan }}</ref> He also gave the title of Guru to Shivanandji and presented five villages as Guru-Dakshina. Mahapura was also one of these villages- Chimanpura, Harivanshpura, Ramjipura, Ramchandrapura.

==Etymology of Mahapura==

The derivation of the name of this village is mentioned in antique Sanskrit books ''Muhurta-ratna'' by Janardana Bhatt Goswami and ''Sabheda-Aarya-saptashati'' by Sriniketan Bhatt (II), which date back to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/2081096|title=Life and times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743 | WorldCat.org|website=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=7 January 2024}}</ref> Some researchers are of the opinion that in the memory of [[Penna River]], flowing in south India, from where the brahmin pundits migrated, the village was first named 'Mahapoora', which later came into use as ‘Mahapura’- a huge or a glorified village.<ref>'Sanskrit-Kalpataru' संस्कृत-कल्पतरु : संपादक कलानाथ शास्त्री एवं घनश्याम गोस्वामी:'मंजुनाथ शोध संस्थान', सी-8, पृथ्वीराज रोड, सी-स्कीम, जयपुर-302001</ref><ref>Kalanath Shastri's article in 'Sanskrit Kalptaru' : Some Unpublished Sanskrit Manuscripts of Mahapura</ref>

==A Land of Scholars==

Mahapura located near National Highway No. 8, has been the workplace of many renowned Sanskrit scholars. More than four hundred years old tantric-deity of Laxminarayan, worshipped by [[Shivanand Goswami]] himself, is still in a Mahapura temple. This idol was brought here by Sivananda Goswami, whose ancestors came to North India all the way from Tamilnadu. This Deity was also later worshiped by Gopikrishna Goswami<ref>[[:hi:%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3 %E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=September 2023}} who was a known Pundit and erstwhile Jagirdar of this village.<ref>Research Paper : The Changing Power-Structure in a Rajasthan Village : Prof. Vasudhakar Goswami: Deptt. of Sociology: 1968</ref>

Renowned poet-scholar and a celebrated Tantrik [[Shivanand Goswami|Shiromani Bhatt]] had lived here for some time. He got a pucca platform constructed here after performing the ''Vajpeya'' Yagya for Raja Bishan Singh in Amber in 1680 AD, which is still present in a relic form (it is called ''Hardaul's Chabutara'')
Legend has it that on the request of Amber Maharaja, Shivanand Goswami had left Orchha/ chanderi Madhya Pradesh in 1680 AD, on horse back and family in bullock carts to settle in Amber. Mughal robbers were a great terror at many places in central India then including Bundelkhand. Since Shivanand Goswami was the respected guru of king of Orchha, the King sent two courageous armoured chieftains of Hardaul-dynasty to lead his procession, but some bandits suddenly attacked Shivanand Ji's convoy when it was passing through a dense jungle. The Bundela heroes eliminated all those robbers in one to one ambush, but both the Hardaul-Sardars, who were escorting the procession, got killed in this violent-battle.<ref> ^ Monigraph : 'साक्षीनाट्यशिरोमणि गोस्वामी शिवानंद' By प्रकाश परिमल : Publishes स्मृति-प्रकाशन, डी-39, देवनगर, जयपुर-302018</ref>

After reaching Amber safely, he went to Kashi for performing religious rituals for those departed heroes and duly completed ''Shrradh/Tarpan''. After Mahapura was awarded to him Shivanand Goswami for making the Bundela escorts memory ever lasting, both in Mahapura and Bikaner, where he stayed, established these platforms. For four hundred years, the Goswami-family had been lighting a lamp of ghee on these platforms. Even today, the Goswamis, especially of the Aatreya clan, worship these platforms where there are idols of Hardaul warriors.<ref>संक्षिप्त मोनोग्राफ : 'साक्षीनाट्यशिरोमणि गोस्वामी शिवानंद' प्रकाश परिमल : स्मृति-प्रकाशन, डी-39, देवनगर, जयपुर-302018</ref>
Shivanand's two younger brothers were also celebrated pundits.
<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-9385445781|title=A History of Sawai Jai Singh and His Times: (1688-1743 A.D.) |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=V. S. |year=2020 }}</ref> V S Bhatnagar writes- "literary activity under Jai Singh’s patronage was another significant feature of his reign. Though Jai Singh’s chief interest was in astronomy, he invited a large number of scholars and poets from all parts of India, offering them full facilities to pursue their studies amidst peaceful conditions prevailing in his State. His father Raja Bishan Singh, had extended cordial welcome to Shivanand Goswami, a Telanga Brahman, who formerly resided at Chanderi. Sivanand was a voluminous writer. His creations discovered so far include works on Dharmasastra, Grammar, and Astronomy.
After staying at Amber for some time, Sivanand went away to Bikaner, but his two younger brothers — Janardan Bhatt Goswami and Chakrapani bhatt— continued to stay at Amber. Janardan Bhatt, who too later on went away to Bikaner, composed Srangarasatak,^* Vairagyasatak,^^ Mantrachandrika,^^ and Lalitarchana Pradipika^’’ (a work on Tantra), and his brother, Chakrapani, who was a Tantrik scholar, composed Panchayatan Prakash. Niketan
Goswami, the eldest son of Sivanand, composed सभेदा आर्या सप्तशती a work on erotics, in which he describes the amorous play of the naikas."

In This village [[Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri]] was married in 1922.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Bhatt_Mathuranath_Shastri | title=Talk:Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri }}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=September 2023}} His brother-in-law and a great Sanskrit poet Goswami Harikrishna Shastri<ref name="auto">[[:hi:%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80 %E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3 %E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=September 2023}} wrote his [[Sanskrit]] magnum opus 'Divyalok' while staying here.<ref name="auto"/>{{Circular reference|date=September 2023}}

Late Ghanshyam Goswami, a descendant of Shivananda Goswami, had founded a 'Sivananda-Library' here for Sanskrit studies and research and on whose invitation the Speaker of Lok Sabha [[M A Ayyangar]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._A._Ayyangar | title=M. A. Ayyangar }}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=September 2023}} (tenure 8 March 1956 - 16 April 1962)many governors and chief ministers, some foreign dignitaries, scholars, saints, researchers, and religious leaders have visited mahapura for some reason or the other.

==Census Portfolio of Mahapura==
''As per [[Census]] statistics the village-profile of Mahapura is something like this: ''

The total [[revenue receipt|revenue]] area is 778 hectares - Number of families residing in is 384. The total population of these families is 2,776 in which males are 1,467 and females are 1,309. [[Dalit|Scheduled Caste]] The population is 238, of which 120 are males and 118 are females. [[Tribal|Scheduled Tribe]] There are only 4 people of the population in which 2 are female and 2 are male No. of Primary Schools 2, No. of Secondary Schools 3, No. of Senior Secondary Schools 1, No. of Colleges 1, No. of Training Schools 1 and the number of other private educational schools is 1. The number of Ayurvedic dispensary is 1 and that of Primary Health Sub Center is 1. Fortunately potable water facilities are available where tap water, tube well and hand pump water are available. Post, telegraph and facilities phone are available since inception- Post Office No. 1<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/jaipur/mahapura-pincode-302026.html | title=MAHAPURA Pin Code - 302026, Sanganer All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search JAIPUR Post Office Address }}</ref> and telephone connections The number is 120. Bus services are available, rail services are not; Banking facilities are also available The number of commercial bank is 2. Number of Agricultural Credit Societies 1 is the number of non-agricultural credit societies. Pucca roads are available to various places, the nearest cities are: Jaipur and Bagru with distances of 12 and 16 kms respectively. [[electricity]] supply facilities are available for domestic use, agricultural use and other purposes. [[newspaper]] /magazine/ [[internet]] facilities are also available. The total [[unirrigated land|unirrigated]] area here is 290.02 hectares - the remaining cultivable land (including grazing land and trees) is 153.91 hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/default.aspx |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=24 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626145341/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/default.aspx |archive-date=26 June 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jaipur district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Jaipur district]]

Abdul Rahim Rather (born 1957)

2025-05-27T18:01:37Z

Swebsexilm:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{About|former JKPDP member and current Apni Party member|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference member|Abdul Rahim Rather (born 1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Abdul Rahim Rather''' (born 1957)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was an MLA from [[Kokernag Assembly constituency]] in [[Anantnag district]]. He won the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]].<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-23 |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly election winners list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/jammu-and-kashmir/story/jammu-kashmir-election-winners-list-assembly-polls-results-bjp-congress-pdp-nc-232557-2014-12-23 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Before April 2021, he joined [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party|Apni party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Despatch |first=Kashmir |date=2021-04-01 |title=Out of 28 MLAs elected on PDP ticket in 2014, 18 quit party since 2018 |url=https://kashmirdespatch.com/out-of-28-mlas-elected-on-pdp-ticket-in-2014-18-quit-party-since-2018/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Kashmir Despatch |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rather is from Nagam, [[Kokernag]], Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir. He is the son of Mohamad Ahsan Rather.<ref name="ceojk">{{cite web|url=https://ceojk.nic.in/LAEEXP2014/AC43EXP/Abdul-Rahim-Rather.pdf|title= ABSTRACT STATEMENT OF ELECTION EXPENSES|access-date=2024-09-23}}</ref> He completed his B.Sc. in 1978 at Government Boys Degree College, Anantnag.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Abdul Rahim Rather(JKPDP):Constituency- KOKERNAG(ANANTNAG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=512 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Kokernag Assembly constituency|Kokernag]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||{{Won}}||42.30%||[[Peerzada Mohammad Syed]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||34.33%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|}
== Career ==
Rather won the Kokernag Assembly constituency representing Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party in the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. He polled 24,284 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Peerzada Mohammad Syed of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 4,571 votes.<ref name="indiatoday"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu & Kashmir Assembly Election Results in 2014 |url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/2014-election-results.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rather, Abdul Rahim}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:People from Anantnag district]]
[[Category:Apni Party politicians]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Doodhora

2025-04-06T13:13:48Z

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{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Doodhora''' is a village in [[Sheo]] Tehsil of [[Barmer district]], [[Rajasthan]], India.
In 2011, Doodhora contained 128 families.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): Doodhora (दूधोड़ा ) |url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-doodhora-295398#:~:text=Doodhora%20(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE)%20Gram%20Panchayat%20is,5%20elected%20members%20by%20people. |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref> The population was 782, of which 466 were male and 316 were female.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doodhora Village Population - Sheo - Barmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/86722-doodhora-rajasthan.html |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
[[File:Ravsa Wiki.jpg|thumb|[[Ravindra Singh Bhati]]]]

* [[Ravindra Singh Bhati]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]), [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] Of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravindra Singh Bhati: An Independent Candidate Who Defeated 4 Powerful Leaders On 1 Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ravindra-singh-bhati-an-independent-candidate-who-defeated-4-powerful-leaders-on-1-seat-in-rajasthan-assembly-elections-4632887 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==External links==
*[https://m.mapsofindia.com/villages/rajasthan/barmer/sheo/doodhora.html Map of Doodhora, Sheo, Barmer, Rajasthan]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Villages in Barmer district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Lagna Patrike

2025-02-01T05:56:51Z

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{{Short description|Indian Kannada television drama}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Sanjana Burli
*Soorja Hoogar
*Krishna Nadig
*Ravi Bhat
*Sundar
*Marina thara
*Jyothi
*Renuka
}}
| voices =
| narrated =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| num_episodes = 55
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 10:00 PM
| company =
| first_aired = {{start date|2020|09|21|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2020|11|27|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news |title=TV show Lagna Patrike to go off-air - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/tv-show-lagna-patrike-to-go-off-air/articleshow/79296076.cms |access-date=29 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
| related =
| image_alt =
| num_seasons =
| list_episodes =
| network = [[Colors Kannada]]
| released =
}}

'''''Lagna Patrike''''' is an Indian [[Kannada]] language television drama that premiered on [[Colors Kannada]] on 21 September 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lagnapatrike Serial Launching On 21st September At 10:00 P.M On Colors Kannada |date=13 September 2020 |url=https://www.kannadatvshows.com/lagnapatrike-serial-colors/ |access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref> The show formally came to an end in November 2020, after airing for 2 months due to poor TRP ratings.<ref>{{cite news |title=From Mooru Gantu to Premaloka: A look at Kannada TV shows that recently went off-air - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/from-mooru-gantu-to-premaloka-a-look-at-kannada-tv-shows-that-recently-went-off-air/photostory/79261754.cms |access-date=29 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=After poor response, Aravind Kaushik's Lagna Patrike is taken off air - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/after-poor-response-aravind-kaushiks-lagna-patrike-is-taken-off-air/articleshow/79391323.cms |access-date=29 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
The serial was mainly focused on two youngsters Shashank and Mayuri, who are dead rivals in their professional lives. But their family members felt that they were a perfect match and decided to get them married. The story shows how the two youngsters plot against the family members and try to cancel their wedding.<ref>{{cite news |title=Daily soap Lagna Patrike concludes on a happy note - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-lagna-patrike-concludes-on-a-happy-note/articleshow/79489341.cms |access-date=29 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Soorja Hoogar as Shashank
* Sanjana Burli as Mayuri
* Chaithra Kottur as Namitha<ref>{{cite news |title="I felt television would be the best platform to stay connected with the viewer", says Chaithra Kotoor - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/i-felt-television-would-be-the-best-platform-to-stay-connected-with-the-viewer-says-chaithra-kotoor/articleshow/78231939.cms |access-date=29 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗಷ್ಟೇ ಟ್ರೋಲ್ ಆಗಿದ್ದ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ಅಂತ್ಯ: ಕಾರಣ ಬೇರೆಯೇ ಇದೆ! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/colors-kannada-lagna-patrike-serial-will-air-off-soon/articleshow/79297253.cms |access-date=29 August 2021 |work=Vijaya Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref>
* Krishna Nadig<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Krishna Nadig succumbs to heart attack - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actor-krishna-nadig-succumbs-to-heart-attack/articleshow/78729232.cms |access-date=29 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada TV serial actor Krishna Nadiga dead |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/kannada-tv-serial-actor-krishna-nadiga-dead-651934 |access-date=29 August 2021 |work=The Hans India |date=19 October 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Colors Kannada original programming]]

T. G. Venkatesh Babu

2025-01-24T03:49:59Z

Swebsexilm: updated layout to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T.G. Venkatesh Babu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|12|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
| residence = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member]] of the [[India Parliament]] for [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai North]]
|term_start = 1 September 2014
|term_end = 23 May 2019
| constituency = [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai North]]
| term =
| occupation = Businessperson
| predecessor =[[T. K. S. Elangovan]]
| successor =
| party =[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| religion =
| spouse = Smt. T. V. Manjula
| parents = T.Gangatharan Naidu
| children = 2
| alma_mater =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 17 December
| year = 2016
| source = http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4916
}}
'''T G Venkatesh Babu''' (born 1961) is an Indian politician and [[Parliament of India|Member of Parliament]] elected from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai North constituency]] as an [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2014|2014]] election.<ref>{{cite web|title=GENERAL ELECTION TO LOK SABHA TRENDS & RESULT 2014 |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS222.htm?ac=2 |publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA |accessdate=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529172732/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS222.htm?ac=2 |archivedate=29 May 2014 }}
</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{16th LS members from Tamil Nadu |state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, T G Venkatesh}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Chamarasa

2024-10-01T11:43:10Z

Swebsexilm: added info

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
'''Chamarasa''' (c. 1425) was a 15th century [[Virashaiva]] poet in the [[Kannada]] language, during the reign of [[Vijayanagar Empire]], a powerful empire in [[Southern India]] during 14th - 16th centuries. A contemporary and competitor to a noted [[Brahmin]] Kannada poet [[Kumara Vyasa]], Chamarasa was patronised by King [[Deva Raya II]]. The work is in 25 chapters (''gatis'') comprising 1111 six-line verses (''arupadi'').<ref name="story">Dalal (2011), p309</ref>

==Magnum Opus==
His magnum opus, "Prabhulinga Leele", written in 1430 AD, described [[Allama Prabhu]] as an early apostle of [[Veerashaivism]] and an incarnation of the god [[Shiva]]. Chamarasa and other noted Kannada writers such as Lakkanna Dandesa and Jakkanarya flourished under the patronage of King Deva Raya II.<ref name="thimmakavi">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 69</ref><ref name="honour">Rice E.P. (1921), pp. 68, 70</ref> Chamarasa was a champion of the Veerashaiva faith and was a rival of [[Kumara Vyasa]] in the king's court. His ''Prabhulinga Lile'', written in the native ''Bhamini Shatpadi'' metrical composition form (six line verse or hexa-metre) was a eulogy of 12th-century saint Allama Prabhu. So popular was the writing with the King that he had it translated into Telugu and Tamil languages, and later into the Sanskrit and Marathi languages as well.<ref name="marathi">Datta (Sahitya Akademi, 1987), p. 617</ref> In the story, the saint is considered an incarnation of the Hindu god [[Ganapathi]] while [[Parvati]] took the form of a princess of Banavasi.<ref name="ganapathi">Sastri (1955), p. 363</ref> While Kumara Vyasa's epic is war-torn (''Kumara Vyasa Bharata'', his version of the Hindu epic Mahabharata), Chamarasa writing was full of [[Yoga]] and ''vairagya'' (renunciation).<ref name="raghu">Puranik in Lal (Sahitya Akademi 1992), p. 4003</ref> The book includes details of the journey undertaken by Allama Prabhu en route to [[Basavakalyana]], his interaction with notable Veerashaiva mystics including Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi, Gorakhnatha, Muktayakka and Siddharama. Interesting details include how Allama avoided the temptation of Mayadevi who tried to seduce him, and how Animisha became his guru. While these personalities are all real, it is possible they also represent human qualities narrated in a "parallel allegorical story".<ref name="story"/> Competition between the two powerful faiths, Veerashaivism and [[Vaishnavism]] was intense during this period. This is evident by a remark made by the poet in the writing. Chamarasa claims that his story is "not about ordinary dead mortals", implying that the Vaishnava epics (the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]]) were about mere mortals.<ref name="marathi"/>

==Notes==
<references />

==References==
* K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002) {{ISBN|0-19-560686-8}}
* {{cite book |last= Datta|first=Amaresh |title= Encyclopedia of Indian literature - vol 1|orig-year=1987|year=1987|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1803-8}}
* {{cite book|last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn=81-206-0303-6}}
* {{cite book|last= Lal|first=Mohan|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 5|orig-year=1992|year=1992|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1221-8}}
* {{cite book |last= Rice|first= E.P.|title= A History of Kanarese Literature|orig-year=1921|year=1982|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-206-0063-0}}
* {{cite book |last= Dalal|first= Roshan|title= Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|year=2011|publisher= Penguin Books|location=India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061018021022/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/religion/akka_mathapati.htm Who is Akka - Dr. R.G. Mathapat]

{{authority control}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Lingayat poets]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara poets]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

Paradip Port Authority

2024-05-11T13:34:01Z

Swebsexilm: refined information and corrected details

#REDIRECT [[Paradip Port]]

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2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group D

2023-12-29T22:38:36Z

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{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group D
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fromdate = 8
| todate = 27 December 2021
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[List A cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]]
| host =
| champions =
| count =
| runner up =
| participants = 6
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website =
| previous_year = 2020–21
| previous_tournament = 2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy
| next_year =
| next_tournament =
}}
{{2021–22 Indian domestic cricket season}}
The '''2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy''' was the twentieth season of the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]], a [[List A cricket]] tournament that was played in India. It was being contested by 38 teams, divided into six groups, with six teams in Group D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-returns-after-gap-year-due-to-covid-19-as-bcci-announces-2021-22-domestic-calendar-1268528|title=Ranji Trophy returns as BCCI announces full 2021-22 domestic season|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-postpones-ranji-trophy-to-january-5-in-revised-domestic-calendar-1274144 |title=BCCI postpones Ranji Trophy start date to January 5 in revised domestic calendar |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> The tournament was announced by the BCCI on 3 July 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/154550/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2021-22|title=BCCI announces India’s domestic season for 2021-22|work=Board of Control for Cricket in India|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref> [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] won Group D to progress to the [[2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy#Quarter-finals|quarter-finals]], with [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] finishing in second place to advance to the [[2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy#Preliminary quarter-finals|preliminary quarter-finals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/vijay-hazare-trophy-2021-22-punjab-crash-out-after-tie-puducherry-stun-mumbai-1293381 |title=Punjab crash out after tie; Puducherry stun Mumbai |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref>

==Points table==
{{2021–22 Vijay Hazare Trophy Group D}}

==Fixtures==
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2021-22-1280193/match-schedule-fixtures |title=2021/22 Vijay Hazare Trophy Fixtures |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>

===Round 1===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 December 2021
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| score1 = 328/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubham Sharma (cricketer, born 1993)|Shubham Sharma]] 108 (102)
| wickets1 = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] 2/54 (10 overs)
| score2 = 330/5 (49.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 136 (112)
| wickets2 = Aman Bhadoriya 2/54 (7 overs)
| result = Maharashtra won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280312.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] and [[Tapan Sharma]]
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Aman Bhadoriya, Siddharth Patidar (Madhya Pradesh), [[Manoj Ingale]], [[Swapnil Fulpagar]] and [[Taranjitsingh Dhillon]] (Maharashtra) all made their List A debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 December 2021
| team1 = [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
| team2 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
| score1 = 256/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Amandeep Khare]] 106 (116)
| wickets1 = [[Agrim Tiwari]] 3/64 (9 overs)
| score2 = 235/5 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Robin Bist]] 130[[not out|*]] (127)
| wickets2 = [[Veer Pratap Singh]] 1/25 (8 overs)
| result = Chhattisgarh won by 21 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280313.html Scorecard]
| venue = Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C, [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = [[Satrajit Lahiri]] and Sanjay Kumar Singh
| motm =
| toss = Chhattisgarh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Vijay Sharma (cricketer)|Vijay Sharma]] (Uttarakhand) made his List A debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 December 2021
| team1 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| score1 = 184/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Manan Vohra]] 56 (69)
| wickets1 = [[Sijomon Joseph]] 3/44 (10 overs)
| score2 = 185/4 (34 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Baby]] 59[[not out|*]] (78)
| wickets2 = [[Yuvraj Chaudhary]] 1/31 (6 overs)
| result = Kerala won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280314.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]]
| motm =
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Arjit Pannu, [[Kunal Mahajan]] and [[Yuvraj Chaudhary]] (Chandigarh) all made their List A debuts.
}}

===Round 2===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 December 2021
| team1 = [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| score1 = 275/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Amandeep Khare]] 82 (102)
| wickets1 = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] 4/67 (10 overs)
| score2 = 276/2 (47 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 154[[not out|*]] (143)
| wickets2 = [[Ajay Mandal]] 2/47 (10 overs)
| result = Maharashtra won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280331.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = GS Anantharamakrishnan and Rajeev Godara
| motm =
| toss = Maharashtra won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 December 2021
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| score1 = 329/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Venkatesh Iyer]] 112 (84)
| wickets1 = [[Vishnu Vinod]] 3/59 (8 overs)
| score2 = 289 (49.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Baby]] 66 (66)
| wickets2 = [[Puneet Datey]] 4/59 (8.4 overs)
| result = Madhya Pradesh won by 40 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280332.html Scorecard]
| venue = Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C, [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] and [[Tapan Sharma]]
| motm =
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 December 2021
| team1 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| team2 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
| score1 = 269/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sarul Kanwar]] 97 (98)
| wickets1 = [[Agrim Tiwari]] 3/51 (9 overs)
| score2 = 270/7 (49.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jay Bista]] 68 (86)
| wickets2 = [[Yuvraj Chaudhary]] 3/48 (10 overs)
| result = Uttarakhand won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280333.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Satrajit Lahiri]] and Sanjay Kumar Singh
| motm =
| toss = Uttarakhand won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Amrit Lubana]] (Chandigarh) made his List A debut.
}}

===Round 3===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 December 2021
| team1 = [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
| team2 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| score1 = 302/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harpreet Singh Bhatia|Harpreet Singh]] 113 (119)
| wickets1 = [[Devinder Singh]] 2/59 (10 overs)
| score2 = 258 (48.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Manan Vohra]] 77 (95)
| wickets2 = [[Sourabh Majumdar]] 4/52 (9.2 overs)
| result = Chhattisgarh won by 44 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280350.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]]
| motm =
| toss = Chhattisgarh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Devinder Singh (Chandigarh) made his List A debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 December 2021
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
| score1 = 330/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhishek Bhandari]] 106 (113)
| wickets1 = [[Ankit Manori]] 2/50 (8 overs)
| score2 = 253/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dikshanshu Negi]] 75 (58)
| wickets2 = [[Puneet Datey]] 3/35 (10 overs)
| result = Madhya Pradesh won by 77 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280351.html Scorecard]
| venue = Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C, [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = Rajeev Godara and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Kuldeep Gehi (Madhya Pradesh) made his List A debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 December 2021
| team1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| score1 = 291/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 124 (129)
| wickets1 = MD Nideesh 5/49 (10 overs)
| score2 = 294/6 (48.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vishnu Vinod]] 100[[not out|*]] (82)
| wickets2 = [[Ashay Palkar]] 2/51 (10 overs)
| result = Kerala won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280352.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] and [[Tapan Sharma]]
| motm =
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Suresh Vishweshwar (Kerala) made his List A debut.
}}

===Round 4===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 December 2021
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| score1 = 331/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Venkatesh Iyer]] 151 (113)
| wickets1 = [[Jagjit Singh (cricketer)|Jagjit Singh]] 3/69 (10 overs)
| score2 = 326/8 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ankit Kaushik]] 111 (119)
| wickets2 = [[Avesh Khan]] 3/72 (10 overs)
| result = Madhya Pradesh won by 5 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280369.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Satrajit Lahiri]] and Sanjay Kumar Singh
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 December 2021
| team1 = [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| score1 = 189 (46.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harpreet Singh Bhatia]] 98 (128)
| wickets1 = [[Sijomon Joseph]] 5/33 (10 overs)
| score2 = 193/5 (34.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vinoop Manoharan]] 54[[not out|*]] (72)
| wickets2 = [[Ajay Mandal]] 3/27 (10 overs)
| result = Kerala won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280370.html Scorecard]
| venue = Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C, [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]]
| motm =
| toss = Chhattisgarh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 December 2021
| team1 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| score1 = 251/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Swapnil Singh]] 66 (66)
| wickets1 = [[Jagdish Zope]] 2/45 (10 overs)
| score2 = 252/6 (49.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ankit Bawne]] 113[[not out|*]] (132)
| wickets2 = [[Swapnil Singh]] 2/20 (9 overs)
| result = Maharashtra won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280371.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Rajeev Godara and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm =
| toss = Maharashtra won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Himanshu Bisht]] and Sanyam Arora (Uttarakhand) both made their List A debuts.
}}

===Round 5===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 December 2021
| team1 = [[Uttarakhand cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| score1 = 224/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jay Bista]] 93 (114)
| wickets1 = [[M. D. Nidheesh]] 3/25 (8 overs)
| score2 = 225/5 (35.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Baby]] 83[[not out|*]] (71)
| wickets2 = Deepesh Nainwal 2/40 (4.4 overs)
| result = Kerala won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280388.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] and [[Tapan Sharma]]
| motm =
| toss = Uttarakhand won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Deepesh Nainwal and Md Nazim (Uttarakhand) both made their List A debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 December 2021
| team1 = [[Chandigarh cricket team|Chandigarh]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| score1 = 309/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Manan Vohra]] 141 (139)
| wickets1 = [[Pradeep Dadhe]] 4/49 (10 overs)
| score2 = 313/5 (48.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 168 (132)
| wickets2 = [[Arpit Pannu]] 2/41 (10 overs)
| result = Maharashtra won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280389.html Scorecard]
| venue = Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C, [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
| umpires = [[Satrajit Lahiri]] and Sanjay Kumar Singh
| motm =
| toss = Maharashtra won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 December 2021
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]]
| score1 = 191 (45.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubham Sharma (cricketer, born 1993)|Shubham Sharma]] 56 (69)
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Kiran]] 3/36 (8.5 overs)
| score2 = 188 (49.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sanjeet Desai]] 47 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Parth Sahani]] 2/21 (8.3 overs)
| result = Madhya Pradesh won by 3 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280390.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] and [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]]
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vijay Hazare Trophy}}
{{Domestic cricket in 2021–22}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2021-22 Group D}}
[[Category:2021 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2021–22]]
[[Category:Vijay Hazare Trophy seasons]]

Bilsara

2023-12-10T17:50:53Z

Swebsexilm:

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bilsara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.25329|N|79.25708|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.88
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1023
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bilsara''' ({{IAST|Bilsarā}}) is a village in [[Bewar, Mainpuri|Bewar]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,023, in 171 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Bilsara had a population of 1,023, in 171 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|193}} This population was 53.5% male (547) and 46.5% female (476). The 0-6 age group numbered 166 (86 male and 80 female), or 16.2% of the total population. 474 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 46.3% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|142-3}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Bilsara as having a population of 564 people, in 92 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|182-3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Bilsara as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 363 people (217 male and 146 female), in 53 households and 49 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 224 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Bilsara did not have any schools or healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|193-8}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Tharad State

2023-08-13T14:10:57Z

Swebsexilm: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Tharad#History]]

{{R with possibilities}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]