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Malika Kishwar

2026-05-08T09:50:02Z

Swastikholidays: Started A Bio.

{{Short description|Queen of Oudh}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Malika Kishwar
| title = Jenab Aliya Begum
| image = Departure of the Queen of Oude from Southampton.jpg
| caption = [[The Illustrated London News]], 1856
| birth_date = 1803
| death_date = {{death date and age|1858|01|24|1803|df=y}}
| burial_place = [[Pere Lachaise Cemetery]], Paris, France
| spouse = [[Amjad Ali Shah]]
| issue = [[Wajid Ali Shah]]
}}

'''Malika Kishwar''' '''Bahadur''' '''Fakr-ul-Zamani Nawab Taj Ara [[Begum]]''' (1803 – 24 January 1858), also known as '''Jenab Aliya Begum''', was Queen Mother of the last King of [[Oudh State|Awadh]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Llewellyn-Jones |first=Rosie |title=Images of Lucknow |publisher=New Royal Book Co. |isbn=81-89267-04-3 |location=Lucknow |pages=59–74 |chapter=5 The Queen Mother's Visit to England |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.14602/page/n71/mode/2up?q=malika+awadh|date=2000}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Bhatta |first=Ravi |url=https://archive.org/details/lifetimesofnawab0000bhat/page/52/mode/2up?q=malika |title=The life and times of the Nawabs of Lucknow |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Co. |isbn=8129109891 |location=New Delhi |pages=53–54}}</ref> The wife of the tenth [[King of Awadh]], [[Amjad Ali Shah]], her son [[Nawab Wajid Ali Shah]] succeeded his father when she was widowed in 1847.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Riffat |date=21 November 2019 |title=Forgotten Queen of Oudh: Malika Kishwar |url=https://dailyasianage.com/news/206071/forgotten-queen-of-oudh--malika-kishwar |access-date=2026-05-01 |work=The Asian Age}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=MacGregor |first=Arthur |title=The Indian Museum Revisited |date=2023 |publisher=UCL Press |pages=165–207 |chapter=7 The mirror of India: clothing, dress and ornament |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/content/oa_chapter_monograph/jj.16430722.14|via=[[JSTOR]]}}</ref> When British officials announced their annexation of the kingdom, she had an audience with General [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|James Outram]] in [[Lucknow]] to plead their case.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Brisland |first1=Martin |last2=Lochead |first2=Sandra |date=22 April 2022 |title=How an Indian Queen came to stay in Southampton |url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/20085846.indian-queen-came-stay-southampton/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |work=Daily Echo}}</ref> In 1856, Queen Malika travelled to England with one of her sons and grandson and met with [[Queen Victoria]] in 1857.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Faruqui Anjum Taban |date=January–April 1998 |title=The Coming of the Revolt in Awadh: The Evidence of Urdu Newspapers |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517578 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=16–24 |doi=10.2307/3517578 |jstor=3517578}}</ref> After the intervention of France, she was given permission to travel to [[Mecca]] on her way home, but died two days after arriving in Paris.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> She is buried in a grave at [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Early life and marriage ==
Malika Kishwar Taj Ara Begum was born in 1803.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /> She was a descendant of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court poet and minister [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan]] of Delhi,<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Sharda |first=Shailvee |date=23 October 2025 |title=Celebrating 250 years of Lucknow's legacy: The begums who left their mark on Awadh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/celebrating-250-years-of-lucknows-legacy-the-begums-who-left-their-mark-on-awadh/articleshow/124751218.cms |access-date=2026-05-02 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> and granddaughter of the sixth Nawab of Awadh, [[Saadat Ali Khan II]].<ref name=":5" />

She married [[Amjad Ali Shah]], who became the tenth [[Nawab]], or King of [[Awadh]], from 1842 to 1847.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> He was the most religiously devout of the [[Islam in India|Muslim]] nawabs, and she did not play a significant role in political matters during her husband's reign.<ref name=":3" /> Malika Kishwar remained in [[purdah]] all her life, surrounded and served by females within the royal enclosures and gardens of [[Lucknow]] before the [[Oudh State|fall of the kingdom]].<ref name=":5" /> She travelled outside infrequently, and was carried in a closed [[palanquin]] or [[howdah]] when she did.<ref name=":5" /> She hosted female [[Durbar (court)|durbars]] where the women of the kingdom of all backgrounds could present their requests, complaints, and gifts.<ref name=":5" />

She had four children with Amjad Ali Shah, including his successor [[Wajid Ali Shah]] and his younger brother Sikander Hashmat Bahadar.<ref name=":3" /> She was widowed in 1847, when her husband died at age 41.<ref name=":3" /> Following his death, she spent many hours reading the [[Quran]].<ref name=":5" />

== Reign and overthrow of son ==
On 13 February 1847, her son [[Wajid Ali Shah]] became the eleventh Nawab of Awadh at the age of 25.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohan |first=Surendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B29uAAAAMAAJ&q=Wajid%20Ali%20Shah |title=Awadh Under the Nawabs: Politics, Culture and Communal Relations 1722–1856 |date=1997 |publisher=Manohar Publishers |isbn=9788173042034 |pages=149,150,170}}</ref> He began to consult Malika Kishwar in political matters such as appointing high-ranking officials.<ref name=":3" /> One example of her influence was when she persuaded him to divorce eight of his wives, citing [[Hindu]] tradition which considered the snake mark on their bodies to be inauspicious.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Burman |first=Tanya |date=2025 |title=Badshah Begum, Ritual Innovation, and an Achhuti's Dream in Eighteenth-Century Awadh |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/734222 |journal=Early Modern Women: An Interdisciplinary Journal |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=229–248 |doi=10.1086/734222 |via=EBSCOhost}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> They included [[Begum Hazrat Mahal]], whom Malika Kishwar disliked.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> Following the intervention of Hindu priests, the wives were invited to return to the [[zenana]] or inner quarters within the royal enclosures, but some including Hazrat Mahal refused.<ref name=":4" /> Although British officials acomplained about the Queen Mother's "interference", Colonel James L. Sleeman, the British resident in the royal court, recommended that she be consulted in nominating members of a Regency Council of Awadh, in the event that Wajid Ali Shah suddenly died.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Llewellyn-Jones |first=Rosie |title=The Last King in India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9781849045353 |pages=11–48,100}}</ref>

=== Annexation of Awadh ===
At the end of January 1856, British military forces proceeded from [[Cawnpore]] to [[Lucknow]] as General [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|James Outram]] sought to carry out the [[Oudh State#British annexation|annexation of Awadh]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=22 March 1856 |title=Annexation of Oude |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015066472278&seq=290&q1=Oude |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=[[The Illustrated London News]] |via=[[Hathi Trust]]}}</ref> Lacking sufficient military strength to oppose the 12,000 British troops advancing toward the capital, the king Wajid Ali Shah ordered his army to stand down.<ref name=":8" /> On 4 February 1856, Outram had an audience with Wajid Ali Shah in which he and other members of his mission tried to convince the king to sign a deed of abdication.<ref name=":8" /> The king refused, after which Outram issued a proclamation deposing the king.<ref name=":8" />The queen mother Malika Kishwar requested an interview with Outram, speaking to him through a curtain and an interpreter.<ref name=":5" /> Despite her appeal against annexation, he was unable to reverse the decision, which had been made by [[Lord Dalhousie]] with the backing of the Court of Directors of the [[East India Company]] and the British government.<ref name=":5" />

In April, Malika Kishwar left [[Lucknow]] with her two sons, including Wajid Ali Shah and his brother, arriving in [[Calcutta]] in 13 May 1856.<ref name=":5" /> Historian [[Rosie Llewellyn-Jones]] suggests that she likely urged Wajid Ali Shah to make the difficult journey to Calcutta, despite being discouraged by British authorities to do so.<ref name=":5" /> While in Calcutta, Wajid Ali Shah appointed his friend Captain Robert Wilberforce Bird, a former assistant resident at court in Awadh with family ties to the East India Company, to travel to London to lobby [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|members of Parliament]], the company's court of directors, and the [[British press]] on his behalf.<ref name=":5" /> When Malika Kishwar learned that Bird had demanded an advance of £17,000, she barred Bird from seeing the king, insisting that he would not sign the money transfer and instead offering to send him a smaller sum of money via intermediaries.<ref name=":5" /> Bird openly expressed his anger and departed for England.<ref name=":5" />

== Mission to England ==

=== Journey from Calcutta ===
On 15 June 1856, the [[Governor-General of India|Governor General of India]] learned that Malika Kishwar had secretly left Calcutta at night with her son Sikandar Hashmat, the former commander-in-chief of Awadh, and her grandson Prince Hamid Ali, the heir apparent.<ref name=":5" /> The royal party was on a mission to England to see [[Queen Victoria]] and petition for the reinstatement of [[Wajid Ali Shah]] as ruler of [[Awadh]].<ref name=":6" /> Accompanying them were Mary Ann and John Rose Brandon, a former gardener at the royal palace in Awadh, who had helped Wajid Ali Shah, his family, servants and courtiers to leave [[Lucknow]] for [[Cawnpore]] two months prior via horse-drawn carriages.<ref name=":5" /> Wajid Ali Shah had originally planned to make the journey to England himself, but had decided to remain in Calcutta.<ref name=":5" /> The official reason given was that he was too unwell to travel so far.<ref name=":5" /> Historian Llewellyn-Jones suggests that there were also diplomatic reasons behind his decision to send his mother in his place, including avoiding a loss of face if restoration of the kingdom were refused by the British.<ref name=":5" />

The group, including an estimated 70 staff, had private use of a steamer which took them down river to board the ''SS Bengal'', which transported them to the port of [[Suez]].<ref name=":5" /> While disembarking in Suez, a eunuch who had been entrusted with a jewel case containing jewels worth £50,000, including a necklace intended as a gift for Queen Victoria, somehow let it slip into the [[Red Sea]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":6" /> Divers were hired to search for the jewels to no avail.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=9 August 1856 |title=East Indian Potentates |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015013762649&seq=152&q1=Oude |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=[[The Illustrated London News]] |via=[[Hathi Trust]]}}</ref> From Suez, they travelled overland on closed carriages to the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref name=":6" /> From [[Alexandria]], they were transported on the Peninsular and Oriental Company steamship ''SS Indus'', arriving in [[Malta]] on 10 August and finally in [[Southampton]] on 20 August 1856.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 1856 |title=Military and Naval Intelligence |url= |access-date= |work=The Times |via=[[The Times Digital Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 1856 |title=The Queen of Oude at Southampton |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015013762649&seq=204&q1=Oude&start=1 |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=[[The Illustrated London News]] |via=[[Hathi Trust]]}}</ref>

=== Arrival in Southampton ===
Crowds of people gathered near the dock at [[Southampton]] for the highly anticipated arrival of the royal party of Awadh (referred to as Oude).<ref name=":6" /> The question of how to shield Malika Kishwar from public view posed logistical challenges, but in the end she was carried, veiled, in a sedan chair.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=28 August 1856 |title=The Queen of Oude |url= |access-date= |work=[[The Times]] |via=[[The Times Digital Archive]]}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> The entourage headed directly to the Royal York Hotel, which they took over for ten days.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />

Curious members of the public crowded the high street near their hotel, leading ''[[The Globe (London newspaper)|The Globe]]'' to comment that "it is one thing to show hospitality to ladies and gentlemen in distress, and another to convert them into a spectacle".<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> On 23 August 1856, the Princes held an afternoon levee.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=30 August 1856 |title=Levee of the Queen of Oude |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015013762649&seq=217&q1=Oude&start=1 |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=[[The Illustrated London News]] |via=[[Hathi Trust]]}}</ref> Among the guests received by the royal family that day were "the mayor, an earl, a countess, three ladies, two baronets, and an admiral".<ref name=":7" /> According to ''The Globe'', the mayor of Southampton [[Richard Andrews (industrialist)|Richard Andrews]] shook hands with a female hand through a curtain, thought to be that of the Queen of Oude.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6" />

Following the Princes' levee, about 30 ladies of Southampton were presented to the Queen Dowager of Oude.<ref name=":9" /> ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'' reported that the Queen sat on a sofa attended by eight ladies, "dressed in splendid shawls", with her hair "cut rather short, and brushed back over the head ''à la Chinoise''", and with "two massive earrings" but no other jewellry around her head.<ref name=":9" /> Mary Ann Brandon was the interpreter.<ref name=":9" />

On 30 August 1856, the royal entourage of 110 people departed Southampton for London on a specially reserved train.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 1856 |title=The Royal Family of Oude |access-date= |work=[[The Times]] |via=[[The Times Digital Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 1855 |title=The Royal Family of Oude at Southampton |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015013762649&seq=265&q1=Oude&start=1 |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=[[The Illustrated London News]] |via=[[Hathi Trust]] |issue=265}}</ref> As they took carriages to the station, their servants waved back at the crowds which once again lined the streets.<ref name=":6" /> At Southampton station, which the stationmaster had refused to close to the general public, their eunuchs stood guard while their servants held up calico sheets, forming a corridor through which Malika Kishwar could alight from the closed carriage to cross the platform and board the train unseen.<ref name=":6" />
[[File:Departure of the Queen and Royal family of Oude from Southampton.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|"Departure of the Queen and Royal family of Oude from Southampton" in ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'' (6 September 1856)]]

=== Residence in London ===
After arriving at [[London Waterloo station|Waterloo station]] in London on 30 August 1856, Malika Kishwar and the royal entourage of took up residence at Harley House in [[Marylebone]].<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 1856 |title=Residence of the Ex-Royal Family |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015013762649&seq=371&q1=Oude |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=[[The Illustrated London News]] |via=[[Hathi Trust]] |issue=363}}</ref> The free-standing house was on the north side of [[Marylebone Road]], enclosed by a brick wall with a side entrance to [[Regent's Park]].<ref name=":6" /> It was rented for them by John Rose Brandon for £550 a year.<ref name=":6" /> One of the most senior officials accompanying the royal party was the king's legal representative [[Maulvi]] Masih-uh-din Khan, a former employee of the [[East India Company]], fluent in English, [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Urdu]].<ref name=":5" /> In total, there were more than 100 staff including the king's aide-de-camp; the queen mother's chief of household staff, chief eunuch, and medical advisor; the heir apparent's bodyguards, medical advisor, and tutor; the general's own staff; and many other servants.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

The royal party's audience with [[Queen Victoria]] did not take place until more than ten months later.<ref name=":5" /> Arranging the meeting was complicated for political and diplomatic reasons.<ref name=":5" /> Malika Kishwar had hoped that by speaking to Queen Victoria directly, queen to queen, she would be able to persuade her to restore the kingdom of Awadh.<ref name=":5" /> She was devastated to learn after arriving in England that Queen Victoria had no such power.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":11" /> She requested an interview with [[Robert Vernon Smith]], [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] and [[President of the Board of Control]], who turned down the request.<ref name=":5" /> Behind the scenes, Vernon Smith had sought to send Sir George Clark, former [[Governor of Bombay]], to see her as a gesture of respect, but the Court of Directors of the East India Company was against it.<ref name=":5" /> The law firm of Gregory, Gregory, Skirrow & Rowcliffe were hired as "Parliamentary agents" on behalf of the royal family of Awadh, but progress in filing an appeal to the [[British Parliament]] was slow.<ref name=":5" /> In the meantime, Wajid Ali Shah was struggling to pay the costs they were incurring in London and in exile in Calcutta.<ref name=":5" /> In response to a petition from Wajid Ali Shah on 10 December 1856, the Court of Directors of the East India Company offered the former king a pension of 12 lakhs per year (£120,000).<ref name=":5" /> Vernon Smith wrote to [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Charles Canning]], the [[Governor-General of India]], that he thought it was a very generous offer that should not be interpreted as a concession to the royals' demands for reinstatement, and that Queen Victoria herself was "most anxious [Wajid Ali Shah] should be more liberally treated and I think it good policy, if we take Kingdoms, to pay Kings".<ref name=":5" />

To generate further publicity for the delegation from Awadh, on 3 March 1857, the Queen Mother and Princes visited the [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane]] to see a pantomime based on ''[[Babes in the Wood|Babes in the Woods]]''.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=14 March 1857 |title=The Queen and Princes of Oude and Suite at Drury-Lane Theatre |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015010948779&seq=237&q1=Oude&start=1 |access-date=2026-05-08 |work=[[The Illustrated London News]] |issue=237}}</ref> It was the first time that Malika Kishwar had appeared in public, though she sat with her female attendants in the Royal Box behind blue and silver [[Tissue (cloth)|tissue fabric]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":12" /> According to ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'', her appearance "created considerable interest and curiosity", and that "The effect of so many different Oriental costumes was rich and peculiar".<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":5" /> At Queen Victoria's prompting, Vernon Smith finally went to visit the Malika Kishwar later that month.<ref name=":5" /> He and other ministers of Parliament were still nervous that arranging a meeting with Queen Victoria would signal an acknowledgement of the mission from Awadh.<ref name=":5" /> According to Vernon Smith, however, Victoria herself was starting become "rather anxious" that the Court of Directors of the East India Company were preventing her from showing the courtesy she felt was due.<ref name=":5" />

=== Visit with Queen Victoria ===
When news of the first incidents in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] reached the United Kingdom, [[Robert Vernon Smith]] thought it might be a good excuse to cancel any meeting between the two queens.<ref name=":5" /> The meeting went ahead regardless, with prior agreement that there would be no discussion of politics and that [[purdah]] would be suspended during the audience.<ref name=":5" />

The visit was scheduled for 4 July 1857 at [[Buckingham Palace]].<ref name=":5" /> [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Albert]] and their two eldest sons stood behind Queen Malika Kishwar, while Sir George Clark was the intrepreter.<ref name=":5" /> [[Queen Victoria]] entered the room with their seven younger children.<ref name=":5" /> Malika Kishwar threw back her veil and kissed Victoria's hand.<ref name=":6" /> Victoria shook hands with the two princes from Awadh.<ref name=":6" /> A few words were exchanged, and Victoria was presented with a letter and what she described in her diary as "a handsome ornament of pearls and precious stones" with perfume flask attached.<ref name=":6" /> Historian Kamal ud-Din Haider later published an account of the meeting in [[Urdu]], likely after interviewing one of the female attendants.<ref name=":5" /> According to that account, the ensuing conversation was awkward, focusing on sailing and the sea journey from Calcutta.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Victoria also asked if Malika Kishwar had had the opportunity to visit English mansions and offered to arrange some visits for her.<ref name=":6" /> She offered to meet with her again the following week, but no such meeting ever took place.<ref name=":6" />

=== Arrest of Wajid Ali Shah ===
[[Wajid Ali Shah]] was arrested and imprisoned at [[Fort William, West Bengal|Fort William]] in Calcutta on 15 June 1857, but the news took almost four weeks to reach Malika Kishwar and the Awadh delegation in London.<ref name=":6" /> Prior to the outbreak of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion in India]], their representatives including Masih-uh-din Khan, Major Robert Bird, and barrister Samuel Lucas had argued vigorously against the annexation of Oude and the corruption of the [[East India Company]], publishing books, a pamphlet, and letters in major newspapers such as ''[[The Times]]''.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> Following the arrest, the focus of the mission shifted to distancing the king from any involvement in the rebellion and protesting his innocence.<ref name=":5" />

On the 6 August 1857, [[John Campbell, 1st Baron Campbell|Lord Campbell]], Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench, presented a petition to the [[House of Lords]] on their behalf, which was rejected due to a technical error.<ref name=":5" /> The petition then went to the [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]], which declined to discuss it.<ref name=":6" /> The mission to England thus ended in failure one year after their arrival, but their departure was delayed for several months.<ref name=":5" /> Malika Kishwar wanted to visit [[Mecca]] on the way back to Calcutta, but the Secretary of State [[George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon|Lord Clarendon]] refused to issue papers to her so she could travel, saying that she had not formally requested a passport as a British subject.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> Historian Llewellyn-Jones suggests that he was concerned that she would stir up sympathy when she travelled, as international public opinion about British conduct in India was negative.<ref name=":5" /> By the end of the year, Malika Kishwar's health had worsened.<ref name=":5" /> Finally, the French Embassy in London intervened to allow her to travel in January 1858.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" />

== Death in Paris ==
Between 40 to 45 members of the delegation traveled with the queen mother to France.<ref name=":5" /> They traveled by ferry to [[Dieppe]] and then by train to Paris, arriving at [[Gare Saint-Lazare]] on 22 January 1858.<ref name=":5" /> Malika Kishwar died two days later in a hotel on [[Rue Laffitte]] in Paris.<ref name=":5" /> She was buried on 27 January 1858 in a funeral in [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], which had opened a Muslim section the year prior.<ref name=":5" /> She was buried with her baby granddaughter who also died in Paris at the age of one.<ref name=":5" /> Her funeral was attended by the Turkish and Persian ambassadors to France.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":11" /> Today her grave can be found near the grave of [[Marcel Proust]].<ref name=":11" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1858 deaths]]
[[Category:1803 births]]
[[Category:Indian royal consorts]]

Madla (village)

2026-05-01T02:51:20Z

Swastikholidays: Started A Place.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{onesource|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madla
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.606|76.807}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mandya district]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = Dudda
| subdivision_type3 = ''[[Hobli]]''
}}
'''Madla''' ({{Langx|kn|ಮಾಡಲ|label=Kannada}}) or '''Madla Ooru''' is a small [[village]] in Dudda ''[[hobli]]'', [[Mandya district]], in [[Karnataka]] state in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village Map of Mandya District, Karnataka |url=https://kgis.ksrsac.in/kgisdocuments/PDF_KML_SHP1/PDF/pdf/District_Mandya.pdf}}</ref> The village is {{convert|13|km|0}} from the district centre.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Mandya district]]

{{Mandya-geo-stub}}

Kiusta

2026-04-29T19:35:02Z

Swastikholidays: added initial entry w/ infobox

{{Use Canadian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kiusta
| native_name = K’yuusda
| native_name_lang = hai
| settlement_type = Historic Haida village
| mapframe = yes
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{CAN}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{BC}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[Haida Nation]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Haida Gwaii]]
}}

'''Kiusta''' ({{langx|hai|K’yuusda}})<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-16 |title=DAY ONE: Sáng'áay SG̱wáansang – Tiiaan to K'yuusda |url=https://www.haidanation.ca/day-one-sangaay-sg%CC%B1waansang-tiiaan-to-kyuusda/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=[[Council of the Haida Nation]] |language=en-US}}</ref> located on [[Haida Gwaii]] is the oldest Northern Haida village and the site of first recorded contact between the Haida and Europeans in 1774.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=Ian |title=All That We Say Is Ours : Guujaaw and the Reawakening of the Haida Nation |publisher=[[Douglas & McIntyre]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-77162-332-2 |location=Madeira Park, BC |pages=84 |language=en |oclc=1285681586}}</ref> Haida lived in this village for thousands of years, due to the sheltered nature of its location it was used for boats offloading, especially in rough waters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacDonald |first=George F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BULzxH3x94C&dq=chiefs+of+the+sea+a&pg=PA17 |title=Chiefs of the Sea and Sky: Haida Heritage Sites of the Queen Charlotte Islands |publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press|UBC Press]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-7748-0331-1 |location=Vancouver |page=89 |language=en}}</ref> Kiusta is one of the oldest archeological sites of human use in British Columbia, and continues to be a site for cultural revitalisation.<ref name="horwood">{{Cite book |last=Horwood |first=Dennis |title=Haida Gwaii : the Queen Charlotte Islands |date=2009 |publisher=Heritage House Pub |others=Lesley Cameron, Karla Decker |isbn=978-1-894974-82-0 |edition=3rd|location=Surrey, BC |oclc=299228517}}</ref>

==Name==

The name K’yuusda means "''where the trail comes out''," in reference to a trail used from T’áalan Stl’áng to the village. The trail is substantial and is still used between these villages on the west coast of [[Graham Island]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kiusta - Northwest Coast Village Project |url=http://www.sfu.ca/brc/virtual_village/haida/kiusta.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102164725/http://www.sfu.ca/brc/virtual_village/haida/kiusta.html |archive-date=2015-11-02 |website=The Bill Reid Centre |publisher=[[Simon Fraser University|SFU]]}}</ref>

==Village site==

The village of Kiusta lies on a sheltered beach facing [[Cloak Bay]] on the northwest corner of Graham Island, opposite Langara Island. It faces north onto [[Parry Passage]], noted for its tidal currents, but is well protected by Marchand Reef along its northern end.<ref name=":0" />

==History==

Kiusta is one of the few sites that has been archeologically dated and "in 1986, archeologists from the Haida Gwaii Museum uncovered campfire charcoal dating back 10,400 years" denoting it as "one of the oldest known sites of human activity in British Columbia."<ref name=horwood />

===Early European references: contact with Kiusta===
[[File:Cunnyha an Indian Chief on the North-Side of Queen Charlotte's Island, N.W. Coast of America,.JPG|left|thumb|1793 portrait of Chief [[Cuneah]] by [[Sigismund Bacstrom]]]]
During the [[maritime fur trade]] era Chief [[Cuneah]] was the primary leader of Kiusta and had influence over the entire region.<ref name="Robinson1996">{{cite book |last=Robinson|first=Mike |title=Sea Otter Chiefs|url=https://archive.org/details/seaotterchiefs0000robi|url-access=registration|accessdate=6 December 2019|date=1996|publisher=Bayeux Arts|isbn=978-1-896209-18-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/seaotterchiefs0000robi/page/17 17]–35}}</ref> [[George Dixon (Royal Navy officer)|George Dixon]] visited the Kiusta area in 1787 and called the inlet where he traded "Cloak Bay",<ref name="Inglis2008">{{cite book|last=Inglis|first=Robin|title=Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Northwest Coast of America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eslAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|accessdate=6 December 2019|date=2008|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6406-1|page=93}}</ref> for the large number of beautiful sea otter cloaks he acquired there.<ref>{{cite bcgnis |id=38401 |name=Cloak Bay}}</ref> The first European to visit Kiusta and meet Cuneah was [[William Douglas (sea captain)|William Douglas]], in June 1789.<ref name="Robinson1996"/>

Kiusta was first portrayed in 1799, in a drawing in the journal of the ship Eliza. The illustration provided a panorama of the town from the water.

===Smallpox epidemic: 1830s===

In the late 1830s an [[Smallpox epidemics in the Americas|epidemic of smallpox]] ravaged the North Coast resulting in the death of more than half the Haida (though others have estimated the deaths to be closer to 80 to 90 per cent of the population.) With the reduced population, trade became monopolized by a smaller number of chiefs. Over the next quarter-century other chiefs, including [[Charles Edenshaw|Chief Edenshaw]] of Kiusta, had to establish stronger links with other chiefs as a result of their remote location and dwindling population and many gravitated to [[Masset]] where there were missionaries and other service and commercial people.<ref name="Robinson1996" />{{rp|p=15}}

=== Abalone trade ===
Evidence of trade in [[abalone]] shells is based in part on recovered abalone shells from a site in Kiusta. it is suggested that traders imported California-area abalone shell because "they had noticed local peoples' use of "paler, smaller" abalone. Such importation was likely done by American traders who dominated the [[North American fur trade|sea otter pelt trade]] in the Haida Gwaii area from the mid-1790s to the 1840s (Lyle Dick, Parks Canada, pers. comm. 2001)."<ref name=Sloan >{{Cite journal |last=Sloan |first=N. A. |date=2003 |title=Evidence of California-Area Abalone Shell in Haida Trade and Culture |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41103451 |journal=Canadian Journal of Archaeology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=273–286 |jstor=41103451 |issn=0705-2006}}</ref>{{rp|p=279}} This trade is important as the "Haida used abalone shell fragments for personal adornment including labrets, jewellery, appliqué on garments, inlay into personal ceremonial dress such as frontlets, and inlay in argillite carvings for sale (Barbeau 1953). Boas (1898: 15) reports that sometimes pieces were glued directly to the skin for facial decoration.", and some families adopted abalone shells as crests.<ref name=Sloan />{{rp|pp=276–277}}

=== Edenshaw ===
[[File:Edinso's house at Kioosta, North end Graham Island, B.C.jpg|thumb|Edenshaw's house in Kiusta in 1883]]
"The name Edenshaw is first mentioned by fur traders of the 1790s. As with all Haida chiefly names, it was passed down the matrilineal line to a chief's eldest sister's son. At least one Chief Edenshaw preceded the one who dominated most of the nineteenth century, Albert Edward Edenshaw.

Albert Edward Edenshaw built his house in Kiusta around 1840 after the details of the carvings on the corner posts, rafter ends and frontal pole were revealed to him in a dream. He named it Story House, and it stood on the site of his predecessor's dwelling, called Property House. When Story House was finished, Albert Edward gave a great potlatch and invited guests from Masset, Skidegate, Kaisun and Cha'atl, as well as from Kaigani villages. The noted artist [[Charles Edenshaw]], who was Albert Edward's nephew and heir, made a model of Story House for John R. Swanton, and it is now at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.<ref name=Sloan />{{rp|pp=276–277}}

=== Stastas Eagles ===
The Stastas Eagles are part of the Eagle contingent on the north coast of the Islands. It has been suggested that the Stastas originated outside of the Islands, some probably on the Stikine River and others on the Nass River. Although most of their lands were around Rose Spit, at the northeastern tip of the Islands, and in Naden Harbour, they were town chiefs of Kiusta village at the northwest end.<ref name="Robinson1996" />{{rp|p=14}}

==Art mapping==

"In 1966 the National Museum of Man launched a major programme of prehistoric research on the northern coast of British Columbia. …Mapping began at the village of Kiusta in Cloak Bay in 1966… extensive files on each village were compiled, including references to village histories, house ownership, and the identification of the figures on the carved columns commonly known as totem poles. Over ten thousand historical photographs, assembled from museum and archive collections in North America and Europe, proved invaluable in checking the authenticity of the site maps. Careful records of the date and location of the photographs kept by the photographers, most of whom were attached to government survey parties, establish dates for the houses and monuments. The documentary photographs that survive are among the few remaining records which illustrate the richness and variety of Haida monumental art."<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacDonald |first=George F. |title=Haida monumental art : villages of the Queen Charlotte Islands |date=1983 |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |isbn=0-7748-0155-7 |location=Vancouver |oclc=9611554}}</ref>

==Kiusta revitalisation==

Three new longhouses built at the site of the ancient village of Kiusta, amidst old poles that stand witness to the great civilization that was here are a testament to resilience and the future. Across the narrow strait separating Kiusta from Langara Island are three floating lodges for sport fishers are anchored. These are part of the Haida plan to manage the salmon resources of the islands to sustain the yield of a renewable resource.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suzuki |first=David |author-link=David Suzuki |date=1990-09-15 |title=New Longhouses attest to revival of Haida in the Queen Charlottes |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2241632036 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-01-04 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver |page=B6 |id={{ProQuest|2241632036}} |language=en }}</ref>

Currently, ’island teens’ can also stay at Lepas Bay for a 2-week "Rediscovery program" to engage in ‘hands-on learning in environmental awareness, hands-on skills and respect for traditional Haida culture’.<ref name=horwood />

== See also ==

* [[List of Haida villages]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{British Columbia parks}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Populated places in Haida Gwaii]]
[[Category:Haida villages]]
[[Category:Haida Gwaii]]

Grant Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals

2026-04-29T14:01:35Z

Swastikholidays:

{{short description|Medical college and hospital in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Grant Government Medical College and Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Logo of Grant Medical College
| motto = ''[[Mens sana in corpore sano]]''
| mottoeng = A sound mind in a sound body
| established = {{start date and age|1845}}
| founder = [[Jagannath Shankarseth]] [[Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy|Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy]]
| type = [[Public]] [[medical school|medical college]]
| endowment =
| staff =
| dean = Dr. Ajay Suman Haribhau Bhandarwar
| students =
| undergrad = 250 per year<ref name=mciindia>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mciindia.org/CMS/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs |title=Medical Council of India {{!}} List of Colleges Teaching MBBS |access-date=20 February 2019 |archive-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102001435/https://www.mciindia.org/CMS/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| postgrad = 100 per year
| faculty =
| city = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra|Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus =
| free_label =
| free =
| nickname = Grant Medical College
| affiliations = [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| website = {{URL|www.ggmcjjh.com}}
| coor = {{Coord|18.964143|N|72.834750|E|display=title}}
| logo =
}}
The '''Grant Government Medical College''' is a [[public university|public]] [[medical school|medical college]] located in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. It is affiliated to the [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]. Founded in 1845, it is one of the oldest medical colleges in [[South Asia]]. Its clinical affiliate is '''Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals''', a conglomerate of four hospitals in [[South Mumbai]] including Sir J.J. Hospital, [[St George Hospital, Mumbai|St George Hospital]], [[Gokuldas Tejpal Hospital]] and [[Cama Hospital|Cama and Albless Hospital]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gmcjjh.edu.in/|title=Grant Government Medical College|website=gmcjjh.edu.in|access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Establishment of Grant Medical College ===

[[File:Grant medical college 1860.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Old Grant Medical College building, 1860.]] The [[Bombay Presidency]] became part of the [[British possessions]] in India in 1818. In Western India there was a need for well-trained doctors as well as a general hospital for Indians. Under the guidance of [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]] attempts were made to offer Indians an opportunity to learn and practice Medicine along western lines. In 1826, a medical school was started with surgeon John McLennan as the superintendent of the Indian (native) medical school around [[Azad Maidan]] in southern Bombay. However, this school failed after six years. Around 1840 only two medical schools existed in India, one at [[Calcutta]] and another at [[Madras]].

In 1834 Sir [[Robert Grant (MP)|Robert Grant]] was appointed the [[List of governors of Bombay Presidency|Governor of Bombay]]. He directed his attention to the expediency of establishing a systematic institution in the city for imparting medical knowledge to the, which would be more complete, comprehensive and better planned than the previously abolished medical school. He instituted a detailed inquiry into the ways and means by which Indians could have better medical care and education. As he struggled and strove to push through his ambition for a wisely planned medical college in Bombay, he met strong opposition. To quell the opposition Grant envisaged the formation of the first medical society in India, The Medical and Physical Society of Bombay. It was a society that would bring together the medical officers of the Bombay Presidency and encourage a spirit of scientific enquiry. It was due to efforts of [[Charles Morehead (physician)|Charles Morehead]] (the then surgeon) to the governor that this society came into existence in November 1835. [[File:JJ Hospital.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Hospital, 1843 print.]]

Moorehead and other members studied all the documents pertaining to the abolished medical school. They also drew up and circulated a questionnaire aimed at collecting information on the current medical practices among the Indians. It was also intended to help educate Indians in European medicine. In July 1837, the Society reported that "the conclusion to which we have been led by this course of inquiry is that the establishment of a medical school for the education of the Indians of the presidency in medical science is necessary, to the extent of qualifying Indians to become useful and safe practitioners of medicine."

Grant developed a proposal in March 1838 in which the subject of medical education for the Indians of this presidency was fully discussed in detail. It was sent to Sir Auckland's government in Calcutta. In March 1838 Sir, [[Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy]] offered a donation of Rs. 1 lakh for building a new general hospital for Indians. Grant took note of this in his minute, adding that the hospital would facilitate medical instruction. The East India Company, as conveyed in its letter dated 18 July 1838, happily endorsed the proposal for a medical college. However, nine days before the arrival of this news, Grant succumbed to an attack of cerebral [[apoplexy]] while vacationing in Dapori, near [[Pune]].

A historic public meeting was held in the town hall by the citizens of Bombay to mourn his death. The Sanskrit scholar [[Jagannath Shankarsheth]] proposed that it would be a fitting tribute that the medical college should be established and that it should bear his name. The government accepted this proposal. The foundation stone of the building was laid on 30 March 1843, and the building was completed in October 1845.

Simultaneously with the plans and foundation of the college, it was also decided, with the aid of a munificent donation offered by Sir [[Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy]], to replace the previously existing Indian general hospital in the city, by creating a "School of Practice" (now known as the Sir J.J. Hospital) near the hospital and in conjunction with it. The professors of the medical college also served as the medical officers of the hospital. The foundation stone was laid on 3 January 1843 and the School of Practice was opened for reception of the sick from 15 May 1845. In 1845, admittance to the college was accorded without exception for caste or creed to candidates between the ages of 16 and 20 with respectable connection and general intelligence; grammatical knowledge of their vernacular language, arithmetic including Rules of Proportion and a thorough knowledge of English with fluency was expected. Each candidate was required to present a certificate of good conduct from the headmaster of the school in which he had studied and also one expressly stating that he was possessed of the necessary information and capable of undergoing the examination proposed.

The entrance examination was conducted by the superintendent and the professors of the college. The books selected for testing the knowledge of English were [[John Milton|Milton's]] ''[[Paradise Lost]]'', ''[[William Robertson (historian)|Robertson's Histories]]'', or a similar classical standard.

The first group of students admitted to the Grant Medical College, Bombay, on 1 November 1845 were: [[File:Grant medical college.jpg|175px|thumb|left|Grant Medical College in the ''Illustrated London News'', 8 October 1859, print from a photograph by H. Hinton.]]

* Free: [[Bhau Daji]] Parsekar, Monoel A.D. Carvalho, Sebestian A.D. Carvalho
* Stipendary: [[Atmaram Pandurang]], Paul Francis Gomes, Fardemjee Jamshetji, Ananta Chandroba Dkule, Manoel Antonio D'Abrew, [[José Camillo Lisboa|J.C. Lisoba]] who became the professor of Anatomy and Surgery, the President of the Grant Medical College Society for 10 years and of the Bombay Medical Association for 4 years.

The first professors of Grant Medical College were Charles Morehead, M.D., FRCS, Professor of the Institute of Practice of Medicine, Dr. [[John Peet (1818-1874)|John Peet]], M.D., FRCS, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery and Dr. [[Herbert John Giraud]], M.D., Professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica.
[[File:Early Professor of Midwifery of Grant College.JPG|thumb|Early Professor of Midwifery of Grant College]]

In 1849 two more teachers joined the college. Dr. W. C. Colls taught Medical Jurisprudence and Dr. R. D. Peele taught [[Midwifery]].

Attendance was not quite satisfactory during the first year. In following years, however, it became so good that students declined to take advantage of holidays but preferred to attend classes.

The [[Bombay University]] was founded in 1857. In 1860, Grant Medical College became one of the four colleges recognized by it for teaching courses leading to degrees (others being [[Elphinstone College]], [[Deccan College (Pune)|Deccan College]] and [[Government Law College, Mumbai]]). With its affiliation to the university, GMC's entrance exams were abolished. Matriculation in Bombay University was made a necessary qualification for admission to the Medical College. The G.G.M.C. degree was replaced by L.M. (Licentiate of Medicine) which later gave way to L.M.&S. (Licentiate of Medicine and Surgery) and finally to [[M.B.B.S.]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

=== Gradual expansion of Sir J.J. Hospital ===

Immediately after the First World War, there was a great rush of students to the college. To continue to provide effective instruction training at the bedside of patients, the [[Gokuldas Tejpal Hospital]] was used as a teaching center in the subjects of Medicine and Surgery in 1924. This arrangement has continued to date.

Gradually the facilities at the Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals were also increased. The Sir Leslie Wilson Hospital Fund played an important part. The Yellappa Balaram pavilion (104 beds), Sir David Sassoon Hospital (97 beds and O.T.), Byramjee Jejeebhoy Hospital for Children (100 beds) were constructed and the Sir C.J. Ophthalmic Hospital was reconstructed (adding 73 beds).

The students had to stay in chawls opposite the compound until 1911 when the old hostel was built. In 1938, the R.M. Bhatt hostel was built thanks to the efforts of C.S. Patel and Col. Bhatia — one of the most respected teacher of his time.

The Pathology Department was established in 1880; the first autopsy was conducted in 1882. In 1896, Sir [[Waldemar Haffkine|V.M. Haffkine/Waldemar Haffkine]] worked on the preparation of plague vaccine in the F.D. Petit Laboratory of G.M.C. (which is today occupied by Pharmacology Department).

[[Robert Koch]]'s work on [[Vibrio cholerae]] was done in two rooms of the old animal house behind coroner's court. [[Henry Vandyke Carter]], after whom the O.P.D. Laboratory of Sir J.J.H. is named discovered in the pathology department the spirochaetes of relapsing fever in blood smears in 1907. It was here that Christopher and Caval worked on malaria and Dr. Raghavendra Rao worked in on tropical diseases, leprosy, plague and leishmaniasis.

In 1929, the department was shifted to the new building of Pathology School thanks to the munificence of the Tatas. Dr. [[V. R. Khanolkar]] the doyen of Pathology in India initiated work on cancer epidemiology. He was the founder member and the first president of the Indian Association of Pathologists in 1949. Dr. P.V. Gharpure started the Pathology Museum and the Association of Teaching Pathologists in Bombay.

The first M.D. of Bombay University was Dr. Anna Moreshwar Kunte in 1876. Another GMCite Dr. K.N. Bahadurji was the first Indian to obtain M.D. from London (MB & BS 1886, MD 1887).<ref>{{cite web |title=University of London General Register Part II 1889 |url=https://archives.libraries.london.ac.uk/resources/gr.pt2.pdf |access-date= January 9, 2023}}</ref> He died of plague in 1896 while in charge of the Parsi Plague Hospital. In his memory the Student Sick Ward was built. This was torn down and replaced in 1908 to make room for the William Moore Operation Theatre.

Initially in 1845, J.J. Hospital had only a casualty and an Out Patient Department with a dispensary behind it. Soon in 1851, the Obstetric institution was built thanks to Sir J.J.'s donations. In 1892, the Obstetric ward became the Parsee ward.

In 1866, the Ophthalmic Hospital was erected by the donation given by [[Cowasji Jehangir|Sir Cowasjee Jehangirjee]]. In 1930 it was remodeled by Sir J. Duggan in a three-storeyed building remodeled it for which Sir Cowasjee Jehangir, Third Baronet, donated a large sum. This was later reformed as the O.P.D. In this small place also existed the Medical Department, Minor Surgery, E.N.T. Department, and Dental chair. From 1907 to 1928 this was converted into biology and bacteriology laboratories.

The General Medical Council found that the facilities for teaching midwifery were deficient in G.M.C. To overcome this problem, Bai Motlibai and Cama Albless, both Parsis, The Change Makers affiliated their Hospitals to G.M.C. by 1923.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} [https://parsi-times.com/2018/03/parsis-the-change-makers-of-india/ Parsis – The Change Makers]

=== Non-cooperation movement ===
During the early 1900s all prestigious professional posts were held by British I.M.S. officers, while Indians were given only non-clinical appointments. In 1921, the [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|Non-cooperation movement]] appealed to GMCites to boycott the British government by leaving G.M.C. Students, professors and practitioners began shifting to Topiwala National Medical College near [[Jijamata Udyaan|Victoria Gardens]]. Masses were held between 6-8 p.m. for medical students by famous medical practitioners, all GMCites. To prove that Indians themselves could build and maintain medical institutions without British support, the [[KEM Hospital|K.E.M. Hospital and Seth G.S. Medical College]] where the entire staff was Indian were founded in 1926.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

=== Post-independence reconstructions ===
The greatest change to G.M.C. and J.J.H. came in 1958 when the old J.J. building was torn down and replaced by a seven-storeyed hospital building. The O.P.D. was extended to contain Investigation Laboratories. Today it is spread over {{cvt|44|acre}} in [[Byculla]] with 14 gates, a long jump from the two-room teaching hospital in an area of {{convert|4|acre|m2}}.

== The J. J. Hospital Campus ==
The medical college is situated in [[Byculla]] on the campus of Sir J. J. Hospital. The hospital has 2844 beds and caters to an annual load of 1,200,000 out-patients and 80,000 in-patients, from all parts of [[Maharashtra]] and central India. The campus is the largest of any medical colleges in Mumbai. It is spread out over {{convert|44|acre|m2}} in the [[Byculla]] area of [[South Mumbai]]. The campus is notable for its greenery and open spaces in an otherwise congested part of the city. With gradual additions and expansions since its initial foundation, the campus has a mix of buildings depicting both modern Indian and [[Colonial architecture]]. As the campus expanded it incorporated hospitals that were originally independent before being absorbed into J.J. Hospital and thus retain some of their older names, notably: C.J. Ophthalmic Hospital, B.J. Hospital for children and the David Sassoon Hospital. The campus has a total of 45 wards, 5 hostels and 7 canteens. It also provides residential facilities to its teaching faculty, resident doctors, medical students, nurses and other hospital workers. The anatomy hall of Grant Medical College was featured in the movie [[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]] as central lecture hall in the fictional medical school attended by the lead character. In addition to the main campus situated at Byculla, it also has a sea facing gymkhana at marine drive in south Mumbai. Recently
The JJ hospital campus also includes the Richardson Cruddas building next to it for research purposes .{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== The Research Society ==
The Research Society started functioning in 1965 in the Skin & Serology Department building on the second floor with an office and research library and a proposed space for a research laboratory. However, the laboratory proposal has not been entertained so far. It has the following aims and objectives:
* To promote and encourage research and medical science in departments of GMC & J.J.H.
* Sponsor all such activities conducted to promotion of medical science & all such measures to fulfill objectives.

The founder members were Dr. J. G. Parekh, Dr. S. J. Shah, Dr. V. C. Talwalkar, Dr. J.C. Joshipura and Dr. B. B. Gaitonde.

It awards post graduate students for the best research paper and for the best thesis. It sponsors scientific conferences, medical workshops and symposia.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=October 2017}}
* [[Atmaram Pandurang]], Initial batch student-physician, founded [[Prarthana Samaj]], social reformist, briefly Sheriff of Bombay
* [[José Camillo Lisboa]] Initial batch student-physician, Professor of Anatomy & Surgery, later Private surgery, the President of the Grant Medical College Society for 10 years and of the Bombay Medical Association for 4 years.
* [[Bhau Daji]], Initial batch student-physician, Sanskrit scholar, and an antiquarian
* [[Sakharam Arjun]]-Sakharam Arjun Raut; avoided Raut caste reference in publications- Botanicals scholar; stepfather of the first woman medical graduate, alumnus Rukhmabai Raut and second in India; possibly as she worked in Rajkot and confusion and similarly name person needs to be sorted out.
* [[Kanhoba Ranchoddas Kirtikar]] Lt-Colonel in Afghan war & contemporary of Sakharam Arjun
* [[Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar]], obstetrician and gynaecologist
* [[Reita Faria]], Indian model and [[Miss World 1966]].
* [[Aditi Gowitrikar]], Indian model and actress Mrs. World 2001
* [[Jivraj Narayan Mehta]], first [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]]
* [[Laxman Vasudev Paranjape]], acting [[Sarsanghchalak]] (Chief) of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].
* [[Anuj Saxena]]
* [[Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan]], also known as Dr. Khan Sahib, brother of Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan (''Frontier Gandhi'') and the first chief minister of West Pakistan.
* [[N. H. Wadia|Noshir Hormusji Wadia]], founder and first head of the department of Neurology.
* [[Devdutt Pattanaik]], mythologist, speaker, illustrator and author
* [[Gieve Patel]], poet, playwright, painter and practicing physician
* [[N. H. Antia]], founder and first head of the department of Plastic Surgery <ref name="Obituary">{{cite journal | url=http://www.ijps.org/article.asp?issn=0970-0358;year=2007;volume=40;issue=2;spage=241;epage=242;aulast=Daver | title=Obituary | author=Behman M Daver | journal=Indian J Plast Surg | year=2007 | volume=40 | issue=2 | pages=241–242}}</ref>
* [[Luis Jose De Souza]], [[Padma Shri]] awardee
* [[Shantilal Jamnadas Mehta]], Surgeon and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee
* [[Shantilal C. Sheth]], former president of the [[Medical Council of India]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee
* Dr. [[Subhash Bhamre]], Union [[Defence minister|Minister of State for Defence]], India (from July 2016) and Member of Parliament of 16th LokSabha from [[Dhule]] Constituency and an [[oncologist]] by profession.
* [[Muffazal Lakdawala]], Bariatric surgeon
*[[Vimla Virmani]], neurologist

== See also ==
* [[List of Mumbai Colleges]]
* [[Waldemar Haffkine]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Colleges affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health Sciences}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1845 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1845]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Bastar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-25T16:31:22Z

Swastikholidays: adding a details

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Chhattisgarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Bastar {{Small|CG-10}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Chhattisgarh/Bastar.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bastar Lok Sabha constituency
|reservation= ST
| established = 1952
|electors =14,72,207<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-26 }}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Mahesh Kashyap]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Kondagaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kondagaon]] [[Narayanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narayanpur]] [[Bastar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bastar]] [[Jagdalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jagdalpur]] [[Chitrakot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chitrakot]] [[Dantewara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dantewara]] [[Bijapur (Chhattisgarh) (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijapur]] [[Konta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Konta]]
}}
'''Bastar Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 11 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Chhattisgarh]] state in central [[India]]. This Lok Sabha constituency is reserved for the [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribes (ST)]] candidates.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.delimitation-india.com/Final_Publications/Chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh.pdf|title = Final notification on delimitation of Chhattisgarh constituencies|publisher = Delimitation Commission of India|date = 2008-06-02|access-date = 2008-11-23|url-status = usurped|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061229001834/http://www.delimitation-india.com/Final_Publications/Chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh.pdf|archive-date = 2006-12-29}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Like most other Lok Sabha seats in MP and Chhattisgarh, with few seats like Durg (which has nine assembly segments under it) being exceptions, Bastar Lok Sabha seat has 8 assembly seats as its segments. Bastar seat is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://genesys.eci.gov.in/fullcandidatelist/uireports.aspx| title = CandidateAC.xls file on assembly constituencies with information on district and parliamentary constituencies| access-date = 2008-11-22| work = Chhattisgarh| publisher = Election Commission of India| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081204083059/http://genesys.eci.gov.in/fullcandidatelist/uireports.aspx| archive-date = 2008-12-04}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|83
|[[Kondagaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kondagaon]] (ST)
|[[Kondagaon district|Kondagaon]]
|[[Lata Usendi]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|84
|[[Narayanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narayanpur]] (ST)
|[[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]]
|[[Kedar Nath Kashyap]]
|-
|85
|[[Bastar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bastar]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Bastar district|Bastar]]
|Lakheshwar Baghel
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|86
|[[Jagdalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jagdalpur]]
|Kiran Singh Deo
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|87
|[[Chitrakot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chitrakot]] (ST)
|Vinayak Goyal
|-
|88
|[[Dantewara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dantewara]] (ST)
|[[Dantewada district|Dantewada]]
|Chaitram Atami
|-
|89
|[[Bijapur (Chhattisgarh) (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bijapur]] (ST)
|[[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]]
|Vikram Mandavi
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|90
|[[Konta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Konta]] (ST)
|[[Sukma district|Sukma]]
|[[Kawasi Lakhma]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
! Colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Muchaki Kosa]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Surti Kistaiya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Lakhmu Bhawani]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Jhadoo Ram Sunder Lal
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Lambodar Baliar]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Drig Pal Shah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Laxman Karma]]
|rowspan=4|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress }}" |
|rowspan=4|[[Indian National Congress ]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Manku Ram Sodhi]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Mahendra Karma]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Baliram Kashyap]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|2011^
| rowspan="2" |[[Dinesh Kashyap]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Deepak Baij]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Mahesh Kashyap]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
^ by poll

== Election results ==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Bastar division|Bastar]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bastar">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bastar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2610.htm |access-date=31 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731161428/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2610.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mahesh Kashyap]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=4,58,398 |percentage=45.50|change={{increase}}5.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kawasi Lakhma]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,03,153 |percentage=40.02|change={{decrease}}4.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the Above|votes=36,758 |percentage=3.65|change={{decrease}}0.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Phool Singh Kachlam|party=Communist Party of India|votes=35,887 |percentage=3.56|change={{decrease}}0.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Aaytu Ram Mandavi|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=19,647 |percentage=1.95|change={{decrease}}1.39|Symbol=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tikam Nagavanshi|party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party|votes=3,042 |percentage=0.30|change=|Symbol=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=55,245|percentage=5.48|change={{increase}}1.21}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,08,923|percentage=68.46|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

=== 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bastar division|Bastar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Deepak Baij]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 4,02,527
|percentage = 44.10
|change = {{increase}}10.14
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Baiduram Kashyap
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 3,63,545
|percentage = 39.83
|change = {{decrease}}10.28
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 41,667
|percentage = 4.56
|change = {{decrease}}0.48
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramu Ram Maurya
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 38,395
|percentage = 4.21
|change = {{decrease}}0.19
|Symbol =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Aaytu Ram Mandavi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 30,449
|percentage = 3.34
|change = ''N/A''
|Symbol =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 38,982
|percentage = 4.27
|change = {{decrease}}11.88
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,13,761
|percentage = 66.26
|change = {{increase}}6.94
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bastar division|Bastar]]
<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2014/apr/d2014042201.pdf List of contesting candidates]''</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dinesh Kashyap]]
|votes = 3,85,829
|percentage = 50.11
|change = {{increase}}2.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Deepak Karma (Bunty)
|votes = 2,61,470
|percentage = 33.96
|change = {{increase}}1.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 38,772
|percentage = 5.04
|change = ''N/A''
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Bimala Sori
|votes = 33,883
|percentage = 4.40
|change = {{decrease}}3.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Soni Sori]]
|votes = 16,903
|percentage = 2.20
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,24,359
|percentage = 16.15
|change = {{increase}}1.44
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =7,69,972
|percentage = 59.32
|change = {{increase}}8.74
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Bypoll 2011===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2011: Bastar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dinesh Kashyap]]
|votes =2,86,691
|percentage =47.45
|change ={{increase}}3.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =[[Kawasi Lakhma]]
|votes = 1,97,807
|percentage =32.74
|change ={{increase}}6.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate =Rama Sodhi
|votes = 49,727
|percentage = 8.23
|change = {{decrease}}5.66
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Kawasi Lakhma
|votes = 32,969
|percentage = 5.46
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 88,884
|percentage = 14.71
|change = {{decrease}}3.04
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,04,245
|percentage = 50.58
|change = {{increase}}3.25
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Bastar division|Bastar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Baliram Kashyap]]
|votes =2,49,373
|percentage =44.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =Shankar Sodi
|votes =1,49,111
|percentage =26.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate =[[Manish Kunjam]]
|votes = 78,420
|percentage = 13.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Aytu Ram Mandavi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 35,098
|percentage = 6.21
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,00,262
|percentage = 17.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =5,64,711
|percentage = 47.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bastar district]]
* [[Dantewada district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/chhattisgarh/bastar/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Bastar lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|19.2|81.9|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bastar (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Bastar district]]
[[Category:Dantewada district]]
[[Category:Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Narayanpur district]]

Nakul Roshan Sahdev

2026-04-22T14:18:51Z

Swastikholidays: Started New Article.

{{Short description|Indian actor}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nakul Roshan Sahdev
| image = Nakul Roshan Sahdev at the Filmfare Awards 2023.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Nakul in 2023
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| alma_mater = [[Whistling Woods International]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2011–present
}}

'''Nakul Roshan Sahdev''' (born 5 January 1995) is an Indian actor and producer who works primarily in [[Hindi]] films, web series, and television. He is best known for his roles in the critically acclaimed films ''[[Gully Boy]]'' (2019) and ''[[Pagglait]]'' (2021), and the web series ''[[Candy (web series)|Candy]]'' (2021), for which he received a nomination at the [[Indian Television Academy Awards]].

== Early life and education ==
Nakul Roshan Sahdev was born on 5 January 1995 in [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="NIE2021">{{cite news |title=Nakul Roshan Sahdev is a man with a dream |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/Mar/26/nakul-roshan-sahdev-is-aman-with-a-dream-2281791.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=26 March 2021 |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326073007/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/mar/26/nakul-roshan-sahdev-is-aman-with-a-dream-2281791.html |archive-date=26 March 2021}}</ref> He completed his schooling at St. Paul Sr. Secondary School in Udaipur. He subsequently enrolled in a Bachelor of Commerce Honours programme at [[NMIMS]], Mumbai, before leaving to pursue formal acting training at [[Whistling Woods International]].<ref name="Tribune2021">{{cite news |title=Best known as Salman of Gully Boy, Nakul Roshan Sahdev will now be seen in Netflix movie Pagglait |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/best-known-as-salman-of-gully-boy-nakul-roshan-sahdev-will-now-be-seen-in-netflix-movie-pagglait-he-talks-about-it-and-more-230610 |work=The Tribune |date=26 March 2021 |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Early career ===
In 2010, Sahdev joined [[Excel Entertainment]], a Mumbai-based film production company. He served as an assistant casting director on the 2011 film ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'', starring [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Abhay Deol]], and [[Katrina Kaif]].<ref name="HT2021">{{cite news |title=Things are looking up and I feel good: Nakul Roshan Sahdev |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/things-are-looking-up-and-i-feel-good-nakul-roshan-sahdev-101617212573901.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=31 March 2021 |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331174316/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/things-are-looking-up-and-i-feel-good-nakul-roshan-sahdev-101617212573901.html |archive-date=31 March 2021}}</ref>

=== Acting debut ===
Sahdev made his acting debut as the primary antagonist in the children's television series ''[[Ishaan: Sapno Ko Awaaz De]]'', which aired on [[Disney Channel India]] from 2010 to 2011.<ref name="IndiaToday2010">{{cite news |title=Red Chillies produces musical drama for children |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/red-chillies-produces-musical-drama-for-children-73525-2010-05-05.cms |work=India Today |date=5 May 2010 |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308105506/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/red-chillies-produces-musical-drama-for-children-73525-2010-05-05.cms |archive-date=8 March 2024}}</ref> His film debut followed with the 2011 romance drama ''[[Mod (film)|Mod]]'', in which he portrayed the younger version of the lead character Andrew Raymond.<ref name="HT2021"/>

=== Films ===
Sahdev appeared as Salman in [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s ''[[Gully Boy]]'' (2019), a critically acclaimed musical drama starring [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Alia Bhatt]], which won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]] in 2020.<ref name="HT_Gully">{{cite news |title=With my work reaching the right audiences, I feel I'm on cloud nine: Nakul Roshan Sahdev |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/with-my-work-reaching-the-right-audiences-i-feel-i-m-on-cloud-nine-nakul-roshan-sahdev-101637347632818.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 November 2021 |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119191429/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/with-my-work-reaching-the-right-audiences-i-feel-i-m-on-cloud-nine-nakul-roshan-sahdev-101637347632818.html |archive-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>

In 2021, he played Aditya Giri in ''[[Pagglait]]'', a dark comedy-drama released on [[Netflix]].<ref name="MidDay2021">{{cite news |title=Gully Boy fame Nakul Roshan Sahdev plays a prominent role in Sanya Malhotra's Pagglait |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/nakul-roshan-sahdev-to-be-seen-in-a-very-prominent-role-opposite-sanya-malhotra-in-pagglait-23164667 |work=Mid-day |date=20 November 2021 |access-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903070437/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/nakul-roshan-sahdev-to-be-seen-in-a-very-prominent-role-opposite-sanya-malhotra-in-pagglait-23164667 |archive-date=3 September 2024}}</ref>

He appeared as Bosco in ''[[Dange]]'' (2024), a [[Hindi]]–[[Tamil language|Tamil]] bilingual film produced by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref name="Filmfare2024">{{cite news |title=Dange Movie Review |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/dange-movie-review-64741.html |work=Filmfare |date=2 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303011053/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/dange-movie-review-64741.html |archive-date=3 March 2024}}</ref>

In 2025, Sahdev starred in ''[[Murderbaad]]'', a thriller film directed by Arnab Chatterjee and distributed by [[Reliance Entertainment]], playing dual roles as Jayesh Madnani and Jogesh Mallick.<ref name="Murderbaad">{{cite web |title=Reliance Entertainment unveils first look of Murderbaad |url=https://www.bollywoodhelpline.com/news/entertainment/movie/reliance-entertainment-unveils-first-look-of-murderbaad/54986 |website=Bollywood Helpline |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref>

=== Web series ===
Sahdev played Vayu Ranaut in the psychological thriller ''[[Candy (web series)|Candy]]'' (2021), released on [[Voot|VOOT Select]], earning him a nomination for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Drama Web) at the [[Indian Television Academy Awards|21st ITA Awards]].<ref name="NIE2021"/>

He subsequently appeared in the thriller ''Girgit'' (2021) on [[ALTBalaji]], portraying the character Ranbir Khetan.<ref name="BizStd2021">{{cite news |title=Love can be intense, dark, and a complicated emotion, says Nakul Roshan Sahdev |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/love-can-be-intense-dark-and-a-complicated-emotion-says-nakul-roshan-sahdev-121102101314_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=21 October 2021 |access-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021150545/https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/love-can-be-intense-dark-and-a-complicated-emotion-says-nakul-roshan-sahdev-121102101314_1.html |archive-date=21 October 2021}}</ref>

In 2022, he appeared as Kisna in ''Aar Ya Paar'' (later retitled ''[[Teerandaz (TV series)| Teerandaz]]'') on [[JioHotstar]].<ref name="LeisureByte2022">{{cite news |title=Aar Ya Paar Review: Ashish Vidyarthi, Aditya Rawal Series is Fun |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/aar-ya-paar-review-ashish-vidyarthi-aditya-rawal/ |work=Leisure Byte |date=30 December 2022 |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230060744/https://www.leisurebyte.com/aar-ya-paar-review-ashish-vidyarthi-aditya-rawal/ |archive-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>

In 2025, he appeared as Ghulam in the [[Netflix]] spy thriller series ''[[Saare Jahan Se Accha: The Silent Guardians]]'', set in 1970s India and featuring [[Pratik Gandhi]] in the lead role, released on 13 August 2025.<ref name="TOI_SJSA">{{cite news |title=Saare Jahan Se Accha: The Silent Guardians review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/saare-jahan-se-accha-the-silent-guardians/seriesreview/123252989.cms |work=Times of India |date=16 August 2025 |access-date=16 August 2025}}</ref>

In 2026, Sahdev is set to appear as Jazzy in ''Lukkhe'', a musical action drama series directed by Himank Gaur, produced by [[Vipul D. Shah]] and Rajesh Bahl under Optimystix Entertainment and White Guerrilla LLP, and set in [[Chandigarh]]. The series also stars [[Raashii Khanna]], [[Palak Tiwari]], and rapper [[King (singer)|King]], who makes his acting debut. It is scheduled to premiere on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 8 May 2026.<ref name="Lukkhe">{{cite news |title=Prime Video announces May 8 premiere for Lukkhe, a rap-fuelled action drama set in Punjab |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/prime-video-announces-may-8-premiere-for-lukkhe-a-rap-fuelled-action-drama-set-in-punjab/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=14 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref>

=== Production work ===
Sahdev has also worked as a producer. He produced an advertising film for the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] team [[Gujarat Titans]] for Capri Loans, featuring cricketers [[Hardik Pandya]], [[Shubman Gill]], and [[Kane Williamson]].<ref name="CapriLoans">{{cite news |title=Capri Loans unveils new campaign starring Hardik Pandya, Shubman Gill, and Kane Williamson |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/capri-loans-unveils-new-campaign-starring-hardik-pandya-shubman-gill-and-kane-williamson |work=Afaqs |date=17 April 2023 |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418165715/https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/capri-loans-unveils-new-campaign-starring-hardik-pandya-shubman-gill-and-kane-williamson |archive-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mod (film)|Mod]]'' || Young Andrew Raymond || || <ref name="HT2021"/>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Gully Boy]]'' || Salman || Directed by [[Zoya Akhtar]] || <ref name="HT_Gully"/>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Pagglait]]'' || Aditya Giri || Released on [[Netflix]] || <ref name="MidDay2021"/>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Dange (film)|Dange]]'' || Bosco || Hindi–Tamil bilingual; produced by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] || <ref name="Filmfare2024"/>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Murderbaad]]'' || Jayesh Madnani / Jogesh Mallick || Distributed by [[Reliance Entertainment]] || <ref name="Murderbaad"/>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Platform !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Candy (web series)|Candy]]'' || Vayu Ranaut || [[JioHotstar]] || || <ref name="NIE2021"/>
|-
| 2021 || ''Girgit'' || Ranbir Khetan || [[ALTBalaji]] || || <ref name="BizStd2021"/>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Teerandaz (TV series)| Teerandaz]]''|| Kisna || [[JioHotstar]] || || <ref name="LeisureByte2022"/>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Saare Jahan Se Accha (2025 TV series) | Saare Jahan Se Accha: The Silent Guardians]]'' || Ghulam || [[Netflix]] || Released 13 August 2025 || <ref name="TOI_SJSA"/>
|-
| 2026 || ''Lukkhe'' || Jazzy || [[Amazon Prime Video]] || Premieres 8 May 2026 || <ref name="Lukkhe"/>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Ref.
|-
| 2010–11 || ''[[Ishaan: Sapno Ko Awaaz De|Ishaan]]'' || Kabir || [[Disney Channel India]] || <ref name="IndiaToday2010"/>
|-
| 2013 || ''Best Friends Forever?'' || Puru || [[Channel V India]] ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[MTV Fanaah]]'' || Anshuman || [[MTV India]] ||
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Composer !! Ref.
|-
| 2021 || "Marjawaan" || [[Asees Kaur]] and Yasser Desai || [[Tanishk Bagchi]] || <ref name="Marjawaan">{{cite web |title=Tanishk Bagchi Launches First Independent track 'Marjawaan' with Artist Originals ft. Asees Kaur & Yasser Desai |url=https://www.musiculture.in/tanishk-bagchi-launches-first-independent-track-marjawaan-with-artist-originals-ft-asees-kaur-yasser-desa/ |website=Musiculture |date=22 November 2021 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result !! Ref.
|-
| 2021 || [[Indian Television Academy Awards|21st ITA Awards]] || Best Actor Supporting – Drama Web || ''Candy'' || {{nom}} || <ref name="NIE2021"/>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm4739989}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahdev, Nakul Roshan}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Udaipur]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Sengottai Singam

2026-04-20T04:04:35Z

Swastikholidays: Creating new post v1!

{{short description|1958 film by V. N. Reddy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sengottai Singam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[V. N. Reddy]]
| screenplay = Puratchidasan
| story = Rajagopal
| producer = [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
| starring = [[Udaykumar]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| cinematography = V. N. Reddy N. S. Varma
| editing = M. G. Balu Rao M. A. Mariappan
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = [[Devar Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1958|07|11}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Sengottai Singam''''' ({{translation|The Lion of [[Sengottai]]}}) is a 1958 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[V. N. Reddy]] and produced by [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]. The film stars [[Udaykumar]] and [[B. Saroja Devi]], with [[Pandari Bai]], [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] and E. R. Sahadevan in supporting roles. It was released on 11 July 1958.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=June 2022}}
The wealthy owner of the Sengottai estate orders the death of Lakshmi, a factory worker, and her infant son, as they accidentally come in the way of his car. Unknown to him, Lakshmi is the lover of his son, Dharmalingam, and the mother of his child. His henchman secretly allows Lakshmi and her son to escape. Due to unforeseen circumstances, the two are separated, and the boy is raised by Malayandi, a tribal leader.

Dharmalingam is grief-stricken over the loss of his lover and child, and he refuses to marry the woman chosen by his father. Meanwhile, Lakshmi's son, now named Singam, grows up to become a fierce warrior, excelling in battles against both animals and enemies. As Singam matures, he falls in love with a young woman. The remainder of the film centers around the family's eventual reunion.

== Cast ==
* [[Udaykumar]] as Singam
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as Singam's lover
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Lakshmi
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Dharmalingam
*[[E. R. Sahadevan]] as Malayandi
* [[C. L. Anandan]]
* [[Mynavathi]]
*[[Pushpalatha]]

== Production ==
''Sengottai Singam'' was the third production of [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]'s company [[Devar Films]].<ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2015 |title=சாண்டோ சின்னப்பா தேவர்! (10) |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/santo-chinnappa-devar-10/27245 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111105436/http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=27245&ncat=2 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |access-date=11 January 2017 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |url-status=live |language=ta}}</ref> Its story was written by Rajagopal, and the screenplay by Puratchidasan. [[V. N. Reddy]], a filmmaker based in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], directed the film and also worked as cinematographer, while being assisted by N. S. Varma, an already established South Indian cinematographer.<ref name="BFTP" /> M. G. Balu Rao and M. A. Mariappan jointly edited the film.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> Shooting took place at [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]].<ref name="BFTP" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=143 |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Nadada Raja", written by Maruthakasi and picturised on Udaykumar's character riding an elephant, gained popularity.<ref name="BFTP" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Length
|-
| "Illai Enum Solley" || [[Jikki]]|| rowspan="6" |[[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 02:55
|-
| "Idhuvum Iraivan Leelaiyaa" || [[P. Susheela]]|| 03:06
|-
| "Iru Vizhi Parugum Virundhu" || rowspan=2|Jikki || 03:39
|-
| "Singakutti Andha Thangakatti" || 03:19
|-
| "Nadadaa Raajaa Nadadaa" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]|| 04:11
|-
| "{{transliteration|ta|Ahaahaa Aasai Theera Aadalaamey}}" || rowspan=2|T. M. Soundararajan & Jikki || 02:51
|-
| "Thogai Mayil Odaiyiley...Thenaruvi Paathaiyiley" || rowspan=2|Velsamy Kavi || 03:11
|-
| "Seerum Sirappodum Selvam" || T. M. Soundarajan || 02:48
|-
| "Soorapathman Kodumai Thanai...Vel Vel Velavane" || T. M. Soundararajan & Nirmala || Puratchidasan || 04:25
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Sengottai Singam'' was released on 11 July 1958.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1958 – செங்கோட்டை சிங்கம்-தேவர் பிலிம்ஸ்-வீரசிம்ஹா(தெ-டப்) |trans-title=1958 – Sengottai Singam-Devar Films-Veerasimha(te-dub) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails14.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111104340/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958-cinedetails14.asp |archive-date=11 January 2017 |access-date=11 January 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 1958 |title=Senkotai Singam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19580711&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said the film would disappoint those who had already seen ''[[Tarzan in film, television and other non-print media|Tarzan]]'' films.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=27 July 1958 |title=செங்கோட்டை சிங்கம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1958-07-27/page/72/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230329134446/https://archive.org/details/kalki1958-07-27/page/72/mode/2up |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=29 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=72 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> According to historian [[Randor Guy]], the film was not a major commercial success, but it gained much attention due to its music and onscreen animals, especially two horses named Iqbal and Dilip.<ref name="BFTP" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=11 October 2014 |title=Blast from the past: Sengottai Singam 1958 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-sengottai-singam-1958/article6491808.ece |access-date=11 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111104549/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-sengottai-singam-1958/article6491808.ece |archive-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar}}

[[Category:1950s adventure films]]
[[Category:1958 Indian films]]
[[Category:1958 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about animals]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films set in jungles]]
[[Category:Indian adventure films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language adventure films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Mangalore, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:48:45Z

Swastikholidays: Started A Post.

{{Short description|Former assembly constituency of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly}}
{{For|the legislative Assembly in [[Karnataka]]|Mangalore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1967
| district = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
| mla = Selvam. K
| name = Mangalore
| electors= 1,93,879
| reservation =
| abolished= 2008
}}
'''Mangalore (SC)''' or '''Mangalur (SC)''' was the legislative assembly in [[Cuddalore district]], which includes the city, [[Mangalore (Tamil Nadu)|Mangalore]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archivedate=14 June 2012 }}</ref> The seat was reserved for [[Scheduled Caste]]. It was part of [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency]] until the 2008 delimitation. Mangalore was dissolved and merged with [[Tittakudi Assembly constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Assembly
! Duration
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourth]]
| 1967–71
| A. Krishnan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifth]]
| 1971–77
| G. Jabamalai
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]
| 1977–80
| M. Periyasamy
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]
| 1980–84
| P. Kaliamoorthy
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]
| 1984–89
| S. Thangaraju
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]
| 1989–91
| [[C. V. Ganesan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]
| 1991–96
| S. Puratchimani
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]
| 1996-01
| S. Puratchimani
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]
| 2001–04
| [[E. R. A. Thirumavalavan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2004-05 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|Twelfth]]
| 2004–06
| [[C. V. Ganesan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]
| 2006 - 11
| [[K. Selvaperunthagai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|}

==Election results==
===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangalore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Selvam]] |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=62,217 |percentage=43.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. V. Ganesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,303 |percentage=38.85% |change=-9.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Mahadevan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=15,992 |percentage=11.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thiruvalluvan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,462 |percentage=1.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Narentheran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,173 |percentage=1.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Elavarasan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,585 |percentage=1.11% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,914 |percentage=4.86% |change=3.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=142,349 |percentage=73.42% |change= 4.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,879 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangalore<ref>{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. R. A. Thirumavalavan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,627 |percentage=47.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Puratchimani |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=62,772 |percentage=46.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thangaraj |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,683 |percentage=2.73% |change=-0.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Palanivel |party=Independent politician |votes=1,975 |percentage=1.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Subramanian |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=1,959 |percentage=1.45% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,855 |percentage=1.37% |change=-14.81% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=135,016 |percentage=69.27% |change= 1.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,908 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 5.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangalore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Puratchimani |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=50,908 |percentage=42.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. M. S. Saravanakumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,620 |percentage=26.53% |change=-29.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Alanvanthar |party=HRPI |votes=17,860 |percentage=14.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Nagappan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=12,282 |percentage=10.30% |change=9.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Soundararajan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,909 |percentage=3.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Veeramuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=707 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Samidurai |party=Independent politician |votes=463 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Elangovan |party=Independent politician |votes=374 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chidambaram |party=Independent politician |votes=353 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Karuppaiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=254 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Adhavarohini |party=Independent politician |votes=186 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,288 |percentage=16.18% |change=-15.74% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=119,195 |percentage=68.12% |change= -0.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,325 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -12.92% }}
{{Election box end}}
===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangalore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Puratchimani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=62,302 |percentage=55.63% |change=37.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. V. Ganesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,549 |percentage=23.71% |change=-18.98% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Dhiravidamani |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=21,165 |percentage=18.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kasinathan |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=629 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Sivaprakasam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=560 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chidambaram |party=Independent politician |votes=545 |percentage=0.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Duraisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=235 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,753 |percentage=31.93% |change=9.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=111,985 |percentage=68.15% |change= 6.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,669 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.94% }}
{{Election box end}}
===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangalore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. V. Ganesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,831 |percentage=42.69% |change=6.93% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramalingam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,072 |percentage=20.44% |change=-40.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kamaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,193 |percentage=18.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thangaraju |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,195 |percentage=15.21% |change=-46.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sivashanmugam |party=India Farmers and Tailers Party |votes=1,208 |percentage=1.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jayaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=693 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mookkan |party=Independent politician |votes=454 |percentage=0.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sellan |party=Independent politician |votes=415 |percentage=0.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. N. Duraisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=122 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durai Velavanar |party=Independent politician |votes=121 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,759 |percentage=22.25% |change=-3.39% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=93,304 |percentage=61.73% |change= -8.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,870 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.71% }}
{{Election box end}}
===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangalore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thangaraju |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,408 |percentage=61.40% |change=12.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Muthuvel |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,273 |percentage=35.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Mathiyalagan |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=922 |percentage=1.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thamodaran |party=Independent politician |votes=851 |percentage=0.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. . Thillalchidambaram |party=Independent politician |votes=331 |percentage=0.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Veerapandiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=246 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Veeramanickam |party=Independent politician |votes=212 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,135 |percentage=25.64% |change=24.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,243 |percentage=70.62% |change= 5.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,839 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.49% }}
{{Election box end}}
===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangalore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kaliamoorthy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,678 |percentage=48.90% |change=8.59% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kamaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,495 |percentage=47.48% |change=24.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Sarguru |party=Independent politician |votes=1,212 |percentage=1.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Elangovan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=988 |percentage=1.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kandhimathy |party=Independent politician |votes=408 |percentage=0.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Appavu |party=Independent politician |votes=397 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,183 |percentage=1.42% |change=-16.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,178 |percentage=65.25% |change= 3.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,395 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.59% }}
{{Election box end}}
===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangalore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Periyasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,616 |percentage=40.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ponnuswamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,361 |percentage=22.86% |change=-29.38% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vedamanickam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,117 |percentage=22.54% |change=-11.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Elangovan |party=Janata Party |votes=6,610 |percentage=8.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Sargurunatarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,043 |percentage=4.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,194 |percentage=1.57% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,255 |percentage=17.45% |change=-0.96% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,941 |percentage=61.63% |change= -6.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,283 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.92% }}
{{Election box end}}
===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangalore<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. Jabamalai |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,612 |percentage=52.24% |change=-4.44% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Perumal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,114 |percentage=33.82% |change=-1.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,967 |percentage=6.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vedamanickam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,730 |percentage=5.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Duraisami |party=Independent politician |votes=1,008 |percentage=1.61% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,498 |percentage=18.42% |change=-2.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,431 |percentage=68.34% |change= -2.08% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,126 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.44% }}
{{Election box end}}
===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Mangalore<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Krishnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,538 |percentage=56.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vedamanickam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,669 |percentage=35.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kattimuth |party=Independent politician |votes=2,204 |percentage=3.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=845 |percentage=1.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rayar |party=Independent politician |votes=654 |percentage=1.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Duraisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=562 |percentage=0.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthukannu |party=Independent politician |votes=471 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,869 |percentage=21.12% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,943 |percentage=70.42% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,557 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |accessdate=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archivedate=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.52|79.01|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Azadi (2025 film)

2026-04-14T15:58:36Z

Swastikholidays: adding new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Azadi
| image = Azadi (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Jo George
| producer = Faizal Raja
| writer = Sagar
| screenplay = Sagar
| starring = [[Sreenath Bhasi]] [[Vani Viswanath]] [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] [[Saiju Kurup]] [[Raveena Ravi]]
| music = Varun Unni
| cinematography = Saneesh Stanly
| editing = Noufal Abdulla
| studio = Little Crew Production
| distributor = Central Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2025|05|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 129 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=28 May 2025 |title=''Azadi'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/azadi-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmwmzy1 |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Azadi''''' is a 2025 Indian Malayalam-language crime thriller film directed by debutant Jo George and written by Sagar.<ref>{{cite web |title='ആസാദി' സംഘം ഇന്നുമുതൽ തിയറ്ററുകളിൽ; വീണ്ടും സീവി‍ മാറ്റാനൊരുങ്ങി ശ്രീനാഥ് ഭാസി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/05/23/azadi-malayalam-movie-release.html |publisher=Manorama Online|access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref> The film stars [[Sreenath Bhasi]], [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Saiju Kurup]], and [[Raveena Ravi]] in pivotal roles. The film is inspired from a true incident.<ref>{{cite web |title=കോട്ടയം മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളജും ജയില്‍ ചാട്ടവും; ജയിൽ ബ്രേക്ക് ത്രില്ലർ ആസാദി നാളെ മുതൽ |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/latest/2025/05/22/azadi-malayalam-movie-release-tommrrow-jailbreak-thriller-based-on-kottayam-medical-college-incident.html |publisher=Manorama Online|access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref> It is produced by Faizal Raja under the banner of Little Crew Production, the film was released theatrically on 23 May 2025. The film did receive a U/A 16+ certificate for strong bloody violence.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |title=Azadi Movie - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/azadi/movieshow/121137578.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set primarily within the confines of [[Kottayam Medical College]], the narrative follows Ganga, a mute pregnant prisoner accused of murdering a political leader's son. As she is admitted to the hospital to deliver her baby, her husband Raghu devises a 24-hour escape plan involving a network of insiders. However, their past catches up with them as adversaries infiltrate the hospital, turning the escape mission into a perilous fight for survival. The film delves into themes of justice, revenge and the complexities of human relationships.<ref name="Onmanorama">{{cite web |title='Azadi' review: Sreenath Bhasi stars in an engaging prison break film |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/05/23/azadi-movie-review-malayalam-film-sreenath-bhasi-raveena-ravi-lal-vani-viswanath.html |publisher=Onmanorama |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Sreenath Bhasi]] as Raghu
* [[Raveena Ravi]] as Ganga
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Kaappa Shivan
* [[Vani Viswanath]] as [[Deputy Inspector General|DIG]] Rani Thomas [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Sam
* Asha Madathil Sreekanth as Renuka
* [[Maala Parvathi]] as Doctor
* [[Gilu Joseph]] as Mini
* [[Abhiram Radhakrishnan]] as Sathyan
* [[T. G. Ravi]] as Adv. Gangadhara Menon
* [[Rajesh Sharma (Malayalam actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Pappan
* [[Shobi Thilakan]] as [[Jail superintendent|Superintendent]] William Francis [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Vijayakumar as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Hakkim
* [[Boban Samuel]] as Mohan
* Muhammad Faizal as Muneer
* Jordy Poonjar as Sebastian

== Crew ==

=== Chief Associate Director ===

* Sarath Sathya
* Sajith Balakrishnan

=== Associate Director ===

* Akhil Kazhakuttam
* Vivek VInod
* Vishnu Anand

=== Assistant Director ===

* Anuragi Rajashekar
* T G Rajesh
* [[Don Kristy Kuriakose]]
* Shaajan Aluva
* Nibras Muhammed
* Swagath Vijayan

== Production ==
''Azadi'' marks the directorial debut of Jo George. The screenplay was penned by Sagar, known for his work in films like ''Veekam'' and ''[[Sathyam Mathrame Bodhippikku]]''. The film's cinematography was handled by Saneesh Stanly, with editing by Noufal Abdulla. Varun Unni composed the music, while the production design was led by Sahas Bala.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite web |title=Azadi movie preview report |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/azadi-movie-preview-report-1.10602404 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's music was composed by Varun Unni, with lyrics written by Harinarayanan. The soundtrack complements the film's intense narrative and emotional depth.<ref name="MathrubhumiSongs">{{cite web |title='Azadi' movie song lyrical video released |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/azadi-movie-song-lyrical-video-eka-eka-nee-ekayayi-1.10554610 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref>

== Release ==
===Theatrical===
''Azadi'' was released in theaters across India on 23 May 2025,<ref>{{cite web |title=മലയാളം മുമ്പ് കണ്ടിട്ടില്ലാത്ത ത്രില്ലർ, ജയിൽ ബ്രേക്ക് ത്രില്ലർ ആസാദി നാളെ മുതൽ|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/sreenath-bhasi-starrer-azadi-film-update-out-swnlvt |publisher=Asianet News|access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Azadi release date: Sreenath Bhasi's medical thriller to hit the big screen with Detective Ujjwalan|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/azadi-release-date-sreenath-bhasi-medical-thriller-to-hit-big-screen-with-detective-ujjwalan/7501ef94f5210 |publisher=OTTPlay |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref> coinciding with the 75th anniversary of Central Pictures, the film's distributor.<ref>{{cite web |title=സെന്‍ട്രൽ പിക്ച്ചേഴ്സിന്റെ 75-ാം വർഷത്തിൽ ഗ്ലോബൽ റിലീസിന് ഒരുങ്ങി ആസാദി|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/latest/2025/05/22/azadi-to-hit-theatres-on-may-23-sreenath-bhasi-and-lal-star-in-edge-of-seat-thriller.html |publisher=Manorama Online|access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=തിക്കുറിശ്ശി സുകുമാരൻ നായരുടെ ചിത്രത്തിൽ തുടങ്ങി ആസാദി വരെ; 75-ാം വർഷത്തിൽ ഗ്ലോബൽ റിലീസുമായി സെൻട്രൽ പിക്ച്ചേഴ്സ്|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/central-pictures-to-release-azadi-movie-globally-at-its-75-years-mm-724773.html |publisher= News18|access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref>

===Home Media ===
The film secured its digital streaming rights with [[ManoramaMAX]] prior to its theatrical release, a rare move in the Malayalam film industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=റിലീസിന് മുൻപ് ഒടിടി റൈറ്റ്സ്; മോഹൻലാല്‍, കുഞ്ചാക്കോ ബോബന്‍ ചിത്രങ്ങളുടെ നിരയിലേക്ക് ശ്രീനാഥ് ഭാസിയുടെ 'ആസാദി'|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/sreenath-bhasi-starrer-azadi-sold-ott-rights-before-the-movies-release-like-thudarum-and-officer-on-duty-mohanlal-swct7m |publisher=Asianet News|access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref> The OTT release date is 27'th June 2025.<ref name="OTTPlay">{{cite web |title=Azadi OTT release: Where to stream Sreenath Bhasi's medical thriller post theatrical run |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/azadi-ott-release-where-to-stream-sreenath-bhasi-medical-thriller-post-theatrical-run/86cd43814d982 |publisher=OTTPlay |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Critics praised ''Azadi'' for its gripping narrative and strong performances. [[Sreenath Bhasi]]'s portrayal of Raghu was highlighted for its intensity, while [[Vani Viswanath]]'s return to the screen as a formidable police officer was well-received. The film's unique setting—a prison break unfolding within a hospital—was noted for adding a fresh twist to the genre.<ref>{{cite web |title=എല്ലാം പ്രവചനാതീതം, നമ്മൾ വെറും കാണികൾ; ബ്രില്ല്യന്റ് ക്ലൈമാക്സുമായി ആസാദി |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/movies/everything-is-unpredictable-we-are-just-spectators-azadi-with-a-brilliant-climax-289242 |publisher=Media One |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="MathrubhumiReview">{{cite web |title=Azadi movie review |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/malayalam-movie-azadi-review-1.10607494 |publisher=Mathrubhumi |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|27494358}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in hospitals]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kottayam]]

Chaitanya Prasad Majhi

2026-04-14T13:47:00Z

Swastikholidays: Added A Info and Citations

{{Short description|Politician from Odisha (1929{{ndash}}2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder

|
| image =
| name = Chaitanya Prasad Majhi
| office = [[Cabinet minister]] for ST & SC Development & Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start = 2006
| term_end = 2009
| predecessor = Kalindi Behera
| successor = Bijay Ranjan Singh Bariha
| office2 = [[Cabinet minister]] for Higher Education [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start2 = 1990
| term_end2 = 1995
| predecessor2 = Sk. Matlub Ali
| successor2 = Bhagabat Prasad Mohanty
| office3 = [[Deputy minister|Deputy Minister]] for [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum and Chemicals]] [[Government of India]]
| term_start3 = 1974
| term_end3 = 1975
| predecessor3 = [[Chaudhary Dalbir Singh]]
| successor3 = [[Ziaur Rahman Ansari]]
| prime_minister3 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| office4 = [[Deputy minister|Deputy Minister]] for [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Chemicals and Fertilizers]] [[Government of India]]
| term_start4 = 1975
| term_end4 = 1977
| prime_minister4 = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| office6 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency6 = [[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi]]
| term_start6 = 2004
| term_end6 = 2009
| successor6 = [[Sarojini Hembram]]
| predecessor6 = Purusottam Naik
| constituency7 = [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur]]
| term_start7 = 1986
| term_end7 = 1995
| successor7 = Laxman Majhi
| predecessor7 = Bhabendra Nath Murmu
| office8 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency8 = [[Odisha|Orissa]]
| term_start8 = 1972
| term_end8 = 1978
| alma_mater =
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] (1997 Onwards)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|11|19}}
| spouse = Damayanti Majhi
| children = 5 Daughters including [[Sarojini Hembram]]
| parents = Lakshman Majhi (father)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|1|18|1929|11|19}}
| birth_place = [[Mayurbhanj District|Mayurbhanj]], [[Odisha]]
| education = B.Sc
| other_party = [[Janata Dal|JD]] (1990-1997) [[Janata Party|JNP]] (1986-1990) [[Indian National Congress (R)|INC (R)]] (before 1977)
}}

'''Chaitanya Prasad Majhi''' (19 November 1929 - 28 January 2019) is an Indian politician from [[Odisha]]. He was born in [[Bangriposi]]. He was [[Deputy minister|Deputy Minister]] for [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum and Chemicals]] in [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira Gandhi ministry]]. He was the higher education minister in the Biju Patnaik ministry and ST & SC Development & Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare in the Naveen Patnaik Ministry. He died on 28 January 2019 in [[bhubaneswar]] following brief illness.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former Odisha Minister Chaitanya Prasad Majhi Dies At 90 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-odisha-minister-chaitanya-prasad-majhi-dies-at-90-1984381 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602031430/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-odisha-minister-chaitanya-prasad-majhi-dies-at-90-1984381 |archive-date=2025-06-02 |access-date=2025-09-08 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-28 |title=Former Odisha minister Chaitanya Prasad Majhi passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/former-odisha-minister-chaitanya-prasad-majhi-passes-away/articleshow/67721434.cms |access-date=2025-09-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=Former Minister Chaitanya Prasad Majhi Died |url=https://www.uniindia.com/~/former-minister-chaitanya-prasad-majhi-died/States/news/1481245.html |work=[[United News of India]]}}</ref>

== Position Held ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=MLA Chaitanya Prasad Majhi Profile {{!}} BANGIRIPOSI Constituency |url=https://naveenpatnaik.com/MLA-Chaitanya-Prasad-Majhi-of-RAIRANGPUR-constituency-207.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=naveenpatnaik.com}}</ref>

* [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] from Orissa as [[Indian National Congress (R)|INC(R)]] candidate from 1972 to 1978
* [[Deputy minister|Deputy Minister]] for [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum and Chemicals]] in [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira Gandhi ministry]] from 1974 to 1975
* [[Deputy minister|Deputy Minister]] for [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Chemicals and Fertilizers]] in [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira Gandhi ministry]] from 1975 to 1977
* Member of the [[Odisha Public Service Commission]] from 1979 to 1985
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur]] in [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|9th Odisha Legislative Assembly]] as [[Janata Party]] candidate from 1986 to 1990
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur]] in [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|10th Odisha Legislative Assembly]] as [[Janata Dal]] candidate from 1990 to 1995
* [[Cabinet minister]] for Higher Education in Biju Patnaik ministry from 1990 to 1995
* Member of Academic Council of [[Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University|North Orissa University]] from 1998 to 2000
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi]] in [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|13th Odisha Legislative Assembly]] as [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] candidate from 2004 to 2009
* [[Cabinet minister]] for ST & SC Development & Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare in [[Third Naveen Patnaik ministry|Naveen Patnaik ministry]] from 2006 to 2009
* Published book on tribal language and culture
* Member of All India Tribal Literary Fourm, New Delhi

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majhi, Chaitanya Prasad}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:People from Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:Santali people]]
[[Category:Indira Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Dudu Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:33Z

Swastikholidays: Added A Details Needs Work

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dudu
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-45-Dudu.svg
| mla = [[Prem Chand Bairwa]] {{Small|[[Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| constituency_no= 45
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| established = 1957
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Dudu district|Dudu]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ajmer Lok Sabha constituency|Ajmer]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Prem Chand Bairwa (cropped).jpg
}}

'''Dudu Assembly constituency''' is one of the [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Ajmer Lok Sabha constituency]].

As on 30 August 2018, there are 229,085 voters (52.55% males and 47.45% females) in the constituency.<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|url = http://jaipur.nic.in/pdf/Election.pdf|format = PDF|title = Election Map from Jaipur Collectorate official website|pages = 3|publisher = District Administrator, [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]|date = 2013-08-30|accessdate = 2013-10-30|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091108/http://jaipur.nic.in/pdf/Election.pdf|archive-date = 2 November 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Dudu Constituency covers all voters from [[Dudu, Rajasthan|Dudu Tehsil]] and part of [[Phagi|Phagi Tehsil]] (4 [[Revenue block|ILRC]]s - [[Phagi]], [[Chauru]], [[Mandor]] and [[Nimera, Phagi|Nimera]]).<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies order, 2008]</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!!Name !!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1957 || Ajeet Singh Bajya || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}<ref name="election1957">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Rajasthan_1957.pdf 1957 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1962 || Amar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election1962">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Rajasthan_1962.pdf 1962 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1967 || Suwa Lal choudhary<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1972 || [[Kamla Beniwal]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election1972">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_RJ_72.pdf 1972 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1977 || Sohan Lal ||{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1980 || C L Kanwaria ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1985 || Jai Kishan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1990 || Ganpatrai Gade Ganwalia || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<ref name="election1993-1">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1993 || Babu Lal Bachher || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<ref name="election1993-1"/>
|-
| 1998 || rowspan=3|[[Babulal Nagar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 2003
|-
| 2008
|-
| 2013 || [[Prem Chand Bairwa]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/rajasthan/dudu.html Election Results of Dudu, Rajasthan]</ref>
|-
| 2018<ref name="Constituencies Wise Election Results of Rajasthan 2018">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan/constituencies-results|title=Constituencies Wise Election Results of Rajasthan 2018|last1=NDTV|date=2018|accessdate=4 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804123621/https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan/constituencies-results|archivedate=4 August 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Babulal Nagar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Rajasthan Election Results 2023: Full list of winners">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Rajasthan Election Results 2023: Full list of winners|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/rajasthan-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471236-2023-12-03|accessdate=12 December 2023|date=4 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212114953/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/rajasthan-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2471236-2023-12-03|archivedate=12 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Prem Chand Bairwa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Dudu<ref name="Rajasthan Election Results 2023: Full list of winners"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Prem Chand Bairwa|Dr. Prem Chand Bairwa]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:116561}}
|percentage = 57.73
|change = {{increase}}27.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Babulal Nagar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:80818}}
|percentage = 40.02
|change = {{increase}}23.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1232}}
|percentage = 0.61
|change = {{decrease}}0.23
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35743}}
|percentage = 17.71
|change = {{increase}}9.38
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:201924}}
|percentage = 79.42
|change = {{increase}}2.34
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Independent politician
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Dudu<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Constituencies Wise Election Results of Rajasthan 2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Babulal Nagar
|votes = {{formatnum:68769}}
|percentage = 38.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Prem Chand Bairwa|Dr. Prem Chand Bairwa]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:53990}}
|percentage = 30.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ritesh Bairwa
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:28798}}
|percentage = 16.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shankar Lal Narolia
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|votes = {{formatnum:18948}}
|percentage = 10.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1496}}
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14779}}
|percentage = 8.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:177453}}
|percentage = 77.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.68|75.23|display=title}}

[[Category:Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Deoband Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:25Z

Swastikholidays: Added New Post First Draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Deoband
| map_image = 5-Deoband.svg
| mla = [[Brijesh Singh]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,48,944
| constituency_no = 5
}}
'''Deoband Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. It is a part of the [[Saharanpur district]] and one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 5 amongst 403 constituencies. Prior to 2008, when the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" came into effect, this constituency was number 400.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 1 February 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref>

On 16 March 2017, newly elected MLA [[Brijesh Singh]] announced he intended to rename the constituency Dev-vrand.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/deoband-constituency-mla-brijesh-singh-dev-vrand-4572168/|title=After Deoband win, comes the saffron push: MLA wants to rename constituency as Dev Vrand|date=17 March 2017}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
The Deoband assembly constituency comprises the following Wards / areas.<ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 February 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!style="font-size:90%"|#
!style="font-size:90%"|Name
!style="font-size:90%"|Reserved for
!style="font-size:90%"|Comments
|-
| 01 || [[Deoband]] || None ||
|-

| 02 || Bhaila || None ||
|-

| 03 || [[Talheri Bujurg]] || None ||
|-

| 04 || [[Deoband]] NPP || None ||
|-

| 05 || Deoband Tehsil || None ||
|-

|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Thakur Phool Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Thakur Yashpal Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Thakur Phool Singh
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Hardev Singh Chaudhary
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahabir Singh Rana]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Mohammad Usman (Indian politician)|Mohammad Usman]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Mahabir Singh Rana]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Virender Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Shasi Bala Pundir
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Sukhbeer Singh Pundir
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Rajendra Singh Rana]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Manoj Chaudhary
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Rajendra Singh Rana]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|2016^
|[[Maviya Ali]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Brijesh Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Deoband<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Brijesh Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:93890}}
|percentage = 38.77
|change = {{decrease}}4.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Kartikey Rana
|votes = {{formatnum:86786}}
|percentage = 35.83
|change = {{increase}}12.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Choudhary Rajendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:52732}}
|percentage = 21.77
|change = {{decrease}}9.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Maulana Umair Madani
|votes = {{formatnum:3501}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:729}}
|percentage = 0.3
|change = {{decrease}}0.04
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7104}}
|percentage = 2.94
|change = {{decrease}}9.61
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:242193}}
|percentage = 69.41
|change = {{decrease}}2.12
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha: 2017 Assembly Elections]].<ref name="2017 Election Results">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/|title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=2017 Assembly Elections: Deoband<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Brijesh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:102244}}
|percentage = 43.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Majid Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:72844}}
|percentage = 31.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Maviya Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:55385}}
|percentage = 23.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:798}}
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:29400}}
|percentage = 12.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:234306}}
|percentage = 71.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +16.74
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
Source:<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title= By-Election, 2016: Deoband}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Maviya Ali
|votes = 51,012
|percentage = 30.14
|change = +7.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Meena Singh
|votes = 47,453
|percentage = 28.04
|change = -6.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rampal Singh Pundir
|votes = 45,513
|percentage = 26.89
|change = +21.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Vinod Kumar Tejyan
|votes = 16,802
|percentage = 9.92
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remaining 8 candidates
|votes = 7.610
|percentage = 4.49
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = NOTA
|votes = 826
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 3,559
|percentage = 2.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 169,216
|percentage = 52.65
|change = -14.35
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = +7.94
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Deoband<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rajendra Singh Rana
|votes = 66,682
|percentage = 34.1
|change = +12.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manoj Chaudhary
|votes = 63,632
|percentage = 32.5
|change = -3.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anil Kumar Tanwar
|votes = 45,495
|percentage = 22.2
|change = +21.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajpal Singh
|votes = 9,857
|percentage = 5.03
|change = -19.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 15 candidates
|votes = 10,152
|percentage = 5.18
|change = –2.58
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 3,050
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 195,818
|percentage = 67.0
|change = +9.50
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing = +12.58
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=2007 General Elections: Deoband<ref name="2007 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manoj Chaudhary
|votes = 53,577
|percentage = 36.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shashi Bala Pundir
|votes = 36,116
|percentage = 24.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rajendara Singh Rana
|votes = 31,611
|percentage = 21.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Zain AH
|votes = 14,125
|percentage = 9.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 9 candidates
|votes = 11,400
|percentage = 7.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 17,461
|percentage = 11.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 146,829
|percentage = 57.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing = –
}}
{{Election box end}}
Source:<ref name="2007 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2007 Election Results |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf |access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[Deoband]]
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Saharanpur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Deoband]]

Bori River

2026-04-04T09:19:14Z

Swastikholidays: Added Initial Place Needs Work

{{Short description|River in India}}
[[File:Naldurga Fort.JPG|right|thumb|Medieval era Naldurg fort on the banks of Bori river]]
The '''Bori River''' is a tributary of the [[Bhima River]], the main tributary of the [[Krishna River]], in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]], India. It rises in the [[Balaghat Range]] near the hills of [[Dharur, Beed|Dharur]] and flows southwards towards [[Akkalkot]]. Important places on or near its course include the town of [[Tuljapur]], and the medieval fort of [[Naldurg]].<ref>Devarkar, V. (2012). Pollen Diversity of Osmanabad (India). Pollen Diversity-Osmanabad.|pages=5-6 [https://books.google.com/books?id=McR-KrbB5SMC&q=%22bori+river%22+bhima&pg=PA3]</ref> The [[Kurnur Dam]] at the confluence of Bori and the Harna river provides water for the area around Akkalkot.<ref>Patil, S. S., & More, V. R. (2018). Seasonal changes in zooplankton community structure at kurnur dam. Progressive Agriculture, 18(2), 178-183.[https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:pa&volume=18&issue=2&article=004]</ref> It meets the Bhima from the left near [[Afzalpur]] on the Karnataka side of Maharashtra-Karnataka border.

==Hydrology==
{{AI-generated|date=January 2026|section=Hydrology|reason=user has added many LLM edits around this time in quick succession so this likely is also one}}
The Bori River originates in the Balaghat Range near the hills of Dharur in [[Maharashtra]]. It flows predominantly southward, passing through [[Osmanabad district]]. Along its course, it flows close to the town of [[Tuljapur]] and skirts the base of the historic [[Naldurg Fort]], where its course briefly widens, creating natural defensive moats around the fort walls. The river continues its course through the [[Deccan Plateau]], receiving seasonal streams and runoff from nearby agricultural land.

The [[Kurnur Dam]], located near the confluence of the Bori and Harna rivers, regulates the flow of the river and provides water for irrigation and domestic use in the surrounding region. After crossing into [[Karnataka]], the Bori ultimately joins the [[Bhima River]] from the left near the town of [[Afzalpur]], contributing to the Bhima’s flow as it continues southeastward toward the Krishna River basin.

The river’s hydrology is characterized by seasonal variability, with high discharge during the southwest monsoon (June to September) and significantly reduced flow during the dry months. This seasonal nature affects both agriculture and water availability in the catchment area.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Study on Diversity of Zooplanktons from Kurnur Dam in Akkalkot, Maharashtra |url=https://iijls.com/currentissue/Study_Diversity_Zooplanktons_Kurnur_Dam_Akkalkot_Maharashtra.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patil |first=Sahebagouda S. |last2=More |first2=Vithal R. |date=2018 |title=Seasonal changes in zooplankton community structure at kurnur dam |url=https://indianjournals.com/article/pa-18-2-004 |journal=Progressive Agriculture |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=178–183}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bori Dam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|17.1726|76.3034|format=dms|type:river_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of India]]
[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Krishna River]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

Shri Mahaveer Ji temple

2026-04-01T01:55:26Z

Swastikholidays: Creating some place more to come!

{{Short description|Indian Jain Temple}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{About|the Temple in Rajasthan, India|its namesake Town|Shri Mahaveer Ji}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Jain Tirth Kshetra Shri Mahaveerji
| native_name = चंदनपुर महावीरजी मंदिर
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = File:Shri Mahaveerji temple.jpg
| alt = Shri Mahaveerji temple
| caption = Shri Mahaveerji
| map_type = Rajasthan
| map_caption = Location of Shri Mahavirji Jain Temple
| location = [[Karauli district|Karauli]], [[Hindaun]], [[Rajasthan]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26|41|43.7|N|76|55|48.78|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| deity = [[Mahavira]]
| sect = [[Digambara]]
| festival = [[Mahavira Janma Kalyanaka]], [[Diwali (Jainism)|Diwali]]
| state = Rajasthan
| country = India
| creator = Shri Amar Chand Bilala
| established = 17th century
| temple_quantity = 8
| governing_body = Shri Mahaveer Ji Trust
| website = {{URL|https://www.shreemahaveerji.com}}
| architecture_type =
| architecture_style = [[Nagara architecture]]
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Shri Mahavir Ji''' is an important and prominent [[Jain]] pilgrimage site situated in [[Shri Mahaveer Ji (town)|Shri Mahaveerji]] town in [[Hindaun Block]], [[Karauli district]] in [[Rajasthan]].{{sfn|Stott|McCulloch|2014|p=172}}{{sfn|West|2010|p=682}} Given the importance of the religious place, the [[Indian Railways]] has specifically developed a railway station under [[West Central Railway zone]] by the name of [[Shri Mahaveerji railway station]] which is 10 minutes drive from the temple and temple authorities have arranged for regular buses from the station to the temple. The temple is visited by millions of [[Jain]] and [[Hindu]] devotees every year.

== Main temple ==

There are five temples in Shri Mahavirji. Atishaya Kshetra Shri Mahavirji is considered one of the miraculous pilgrimages of Jains. This pilgrimage is situated at banks of [[Gambhir River (Rajasthan)|Gambhir river]] in [[Hindaun Block]] of [[Karauli district]], [[Rajasthan]].{{sfn|Hironi|1991|p=58}}{{Sfn|Karauli|Rajasthan Tourism}} Built at the bank of a river, this pilgrimage is a prominent centre of devotion for Digambar Jain devotees. Chandanpur Mahavirji temple is hailed as the heart of pilgrimages. The temple is visited by millions of Jain and Hindu devotees every year.{{sfn|Department of Devasthan}}

The temple trust extends various charitable and philanthropic services such as a dispensary, aushadhalaya (pharmacy), school, library, rehabilitation centre, promotion and extension of education, cultural and literary activities, scholarships, and research and study in [[Prakrit]] language.{{sfn|Department of Devasthan}} The temple also has a naturopathy and yoga centre.{{sfn|Jain|2011|p=108}}

=== History ===

The temple was constructed by a Digambar Jain merchant, Shri Amar Chand Bilala, in the 17th century upon the discovery of the idol of [[Mahavira]].{{sfn|Carrithers|Humphrey|1991|pp=207-208}}{{sfn|Department of Devasthan}}{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=135}} This is a sacred place of the tradition of Jainism. Mahavirji also had a [[Bhattaraka]] seat which became defunct in 1970.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=125}}

=== Discovery of the Idol ===
[[File:Mahavir.jpg|thumb|left|The famous idol of Mahavira at Shri Mahavirji]]

The main temple contains the statue of the lord [[Mahavira]] and along with idols of other Tirthankaras.{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=135}} The 'Mulnayak pratima' (main statue) is nearly {{convert|78|cm|ft}} high and is carved out of sandstone. In this statue lord [[Mahavira]] is sitting in [[Lotus position|padmasana]] posture.{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=129}}

The iconic idol of Lord [[Mahavira]], the principal deity of the pilgrimage temple, was found during an excavation. It was later found to be more than 1000 years old. A [Meena] dairy farmer named Krapa Ram noticed that one of his cows was always dry of milk. When cow belonging used to pour out its milk every day upon a mound near Chandanpur village. It was surprising for the owner of that cow and the villagers. They excavated the mound and found the idol of lord Mahaveer. The villagers dedicated themselves to building a small hut over the idol where the idol was found. The place is now known as ''devata-ka tilla'' or ''chharan chatri''. The news of the miracles idol spread and a Jain merchant, Shri Amar Chand Bilala visited the site and realised that it was a Jain idol. The King of Jaipur tried to execute the merchant but was saved by the miracles of the idol. Shri Amar Chand Bilala constructed a vast & magnificent temple here.{{sfn|Carrithers|Humphrey|1991|pp=207-208}}

According to legends, while trying to move the idol on a chariot to the temple constructed a few yards from the excavation site, the chariot did not move. Amar Chand Bilala prayed for the idol to move and the god replied that the chariot will move when ''Krapa Ram'' pushes the cart. At the site where the idol was excavated a small shrine ''chharan chatri'' with the representation of the footprint of the deity was constructed. The shrine is still managed by the family of Krapa Ram.{{sfn|Carrithers|Humphrey|1991|pp=207-208}}

=== Architecture ===
[[File:Chandragupt's sixteen dreams.jpeg|thumb|Carings of [[Chandragupta Maurya]]'s [[Auspicious dreams in Jainism|sixteen dreams]] ]]

The main temple of Shri Mahaverji is a vast & magnificent ornamented structure constructed using marble and red sandstone. The temple exterior plan follows [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]].{{sfn|Hegewald|2015|p=122}} The temple is built in [[Nagara architecture]]. The structure has [[Quadrangle (architecture)|oblong]] and canopied [[chhatris]]. Temple has multiple cusped [[arch]]es that are supported by pillars and the [[spandrel]] is decorated with a fringe pattern.{{sfn|IGNCA|p=3}} The temple has three pinnacles each bearing golden ''[[kalasha]]''.{{sfn|Department of Devasthan}} This temple is surrounded by [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharmashala]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.shreemahaveerji.com/home/accommodation | title=Accommodation | work=www.shreemahaveerji.com }}</ref> The premises of Dharmashalas surrounding the temple is called Katla. In the centre of Katla, the main temple is situated.{{sfn|Gazetteer of India|1981|p=517}} The entrance gate of Katla is very attractive and magnificent.

At the main gate, there comes a rectangular ground and then there are seven gates to enter the Mahamandapa. After entering the temple we found a big shrine before us. An icon of Bhagavān Mahavira resembling the miraculous principal deity and two other icons are installed here. In [[Garbh Griha]] (Central Room of Temple), on the main shrine, the miraculous icon of Bhagavān Mahavira in [[Padmāsana]] posture, coral-coloured made of sandstone is installed with Bhagavān [[Pushpadanta]] in the right side and Bhagavān [[Rishabhanatha|Ādinātha]]’s icon in the left side. The temple also enshrines ancient icons of other [[Tirthankara]]s.

The exterior & interior walls of the temple are richly decorated with carvings and golden paintings of scenes from Mahavira's and Parshvanatha's life.{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=129}} There are exquisite carvings of 16 mythological scenes on the outer walls of the temple.{{sfn|Department of Devasthan}}

In the front of the main gate of the temple stands a 52 feet high marble [[Manastambha]] (column of pride).{{sfn|IGNCA|Mahaveer Jain Stambh}} Four Tirthankara icons are installed at the top of Manstambha in all directions.{{sfn|Department of Devasthan}}

=== Mahamastakabhisheka ===
In 2022, [[Mahamastakabhisheka]] ({{Translation|Grand Consecration}}) was organised here after 24 years and a {{convert|24|ft}} statue of [[Mahavira]] has been installed here.{{sfn|Jain|Gautam|2022}}<ref>{{cite news | last=Chaturvedi | first=Surendra |title=Chief Secretary reviewed the meeting Shri Mahavirji: Preparation for Mahamastakabhishek Festival |url=https://www.patrika.com/karauli-news/cs-reviewed-the-meeting-shri-mahavirji-preparation-for-mahamastakabh-7639966/ |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |date=8 July 2022| language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Chaturvedi | first=Surendra |title=24 feet high statue of Lord Jinendra installed |url=https://www.patrika.com/karauli-news/24-feet-high-statue-of-lord-jinendra-installed-7725133/ |access-date=30 August 2022 |date=22 August 2022 |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] | language=hi}}</ref>

== Other temples ==
[[File:Shri Mahaveer Ji Temple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shantinath Jinalaya]]
[[File:Shri Mahavirji - Kamal Mandir.jpg|thumb|Kamal Mandir]]

===Shantinath Jinalaya===
Shantinath Jinalaya (Temple) at Shantiveer Nagar was built in the twentieth century.{{sfn|Hegewald|2015|p=122}} The main attraction of the temple is an imposing 32 feet high colossus statue of [[Shantinatha]], the 16th Jain [[tirthankara]], in [[kayotsarga]] posture.{{sfn|Gazetteer of India|1981|p=551}}{{sfn|IGNCA|Shantinath temple|pp=1-2}} Icons of 24 Tirthankaras and their Shasan Deotas in sub-shrines are also installed here.{{sfn|IGNCA|Shree Mahaveer Jinalay Mandir}} An attractive sky-high Manastambha is also standing here. The temple features {{lang|sa|devakulika}} cells that follows [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]].{{sfn|Hegewald|2015|p=122}}

===Bhagwan Parshvanath Jinalaya===
Bhagavān [[Parshvanatha]] Jinalaya, also called ‘Kanch Ka Mandir’ due to its mirror and glasswork, is situated in front of Sanmati Dharmashala. This temple was constructed by Late Bramhacharini Kamla Bai. The main idol of this temple is black coloured idol Bhagavān Parshvanatha.

===Krishnabai Chaityalaya===
Krishnabai chaityalaya was built in the 19th century. The temple features a double arch entrance, the first arch is foliated with a bud pattern & second is a round arch. The temple is a superstructure supported by pillars and canopied chhatri. The temple enshrines an idol of Mahavira in [[lotus position]].{{sfn|IGNCA|Krishnabai Chaityalaya|pp=1-2}}

===Bhavya Kamal Mandir===
The Bhavya Kamal Mandir temple was constructed in the 20th century and is located on the road connecting ''Shantinath Jinalya'' and ''Main Temple''. The temple is dedicated to [[Chandraprabha]]. The temple features a arched gateway and canopied ''chhatris''.{{sfn|IGNCA|Chandprabha temple|pp=1-2}}

== How to reach ==
There are three modes of transport to reach Shri Mahaveerji: Train, Bus and Flight
=== Reach by Flight ===
The nearest airport is [[Jaipur International Airport]], located approximately 150 kilometers away. Alternatively, [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|New Delhi Airport]] is a secondary option, situated approximately 250 kilometers from the destination.
=== Reach by Train ===
The train is the most convenient means of reaching Shri Mahaveerji. The temple is located 7 kilometers from [[Shri Mahaveerji railway station]], which is part of the [[West Central Railway zone|West Central railway]] network under the [[Kota railway division]]. It is classified as a Grade-C station on the [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line]].

The Shri Mahaveerji Trust also offers a complimentary shuttle bus service to and from the railway station.
=== Reach by Bus ===
The Shri Mahaveerji Bus Stand is situated approximately 2 kilometers from the temple and falls under the Hindaun Depot of Rajasthan Roadways. From this location, buses to various destinations such as [[Jaipur]], [[Nakodaji]], [[Chand Khedi, Kota|Chandkheri]], [[Kaila Devi Temple|Kailadevi]], and other places are readily available.

== Annual Fair ==
An annual fair is organized in the temple premise around Mahavir Jayanti (April) which attracts Jains and people from many other communities including [[Meena]] and [[Gujjar]] and religions in a great number.{{sfn|Stott|McCulloch|2014|p=172}}{{Sfn|Karauli|Rajasthan Tourism}} The fair is for five days (starts 2 days prior to Mahavir Jayanti and ends two days post Mahavir Jayanti) and ends with a colourful Rath Yatra pulled by [[Bullock cart]]. Many Jain sadhus or monks deliver religious discourses during this fair.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/devotees-throng-shri-mahavirji-temple-in-rajasthan_40248.html | publisher=[[Zee News]] | title=Devotees throng Shri Mahavirji Temple in Rajasthan | date=2002-04-28 }}</ref>

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
File:Main vedi of Shri Mahaveerji.jpg|Main vedi with idols of [[Pushpadanta]], Mahavira, Rishabhanatha
File:Mahaveerji Shantinath Statue.png|{{convert|32|ft}} statue of [[Shantinath]] at Shantinath Jinalaya
File:Shri Mahaveerji - Krishnabai temple (cropped).jpg|Krishnabai Chaityalaya
File:Mian temple3.jpg|'Chharan chatri' location from where the main idol was excavated
File:Mian temple7.jpg|Kanch mandir
File:Shri Mahavirji - Jain Museum - Rishabhanatha Statue - 6th Century.jpg| 6th-century Statue of Rishabhanatha at Jain Museum
</gallery>

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last1=Carrithers | first1=Michael | author-link1=Michael Carrithers | last2=Humphrey | first2=Caroline | author-link2=Caroline Humphrey |title=The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society |url={{Google books|loQkEIf8z5wC|page=207|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1991 |isbn=978-05-213-6505-5 }}
* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url={{Google books|jdjNkZoGFCgC|page=125|plainurl=yes}} |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |location=London and New York }}
* {{cite book | last=Hironi | first=Kalyan |title=Landuse Planning and Geomorphology: A Study of Sawai Madhopur |url={{Google books|ziXB5_b1h3UC|page=58|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |date=1991 |isbn=9788170223504 }}
* {{cite book | last=Jain | first=Mohan Raj | title=Science of Yoga & Health | publisher=Dr. M. R. J. Charitable Trust | url={{Google books|tpYYjERZ9akC|page=108|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | year=2011 }}
* {{cite book | author=Gazetteer of India | title=Rajasthan [district Gazetteers]: Sawai Madhopur | volume=22 | publisher=Government Central Press | date=1981 | url={{Google books|XolhAAAAIAAJ|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}
* {{cite book | last1=Stott | first1=David | last2=McCulloch | first2=Victoria | title=Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra | series=Footprint Focus | publisher=[[Footprint Travel Guides]] | date=2014 | isbn=9781909268395 | url={{Google books|bkH-AgAAQBAJ|page=172|plainurl=yes}} }}
* {{cite book |last1=Titze |first1=Kurt |last2=Bruhn|first2=Klaus |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence |url={{Google books|loQkEIf8z5wC|page=129|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |edition=2 |date=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-1534-6 }}
* {{citation |last=West |first=Barbara A. |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |url={{Google books|pCiNqFj3MQsC|page=682|plainurl=yes}} |date=2010 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts On File]] |isbn=9781438119137 }}
* {{citation |last=Wiley |first=Kristi L. |title=The A to Z of Jainism |url={{Google books|cIhCCwAAQBAJ|page=135|plainurl=yes}} |year=2009 | volume=38 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-6337-8 }}
{{refend}}

==== Web ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal | last=Hegewald | first=Julia A. B. | title=THE INTERNATIONAL JAINA STYLE? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora | journal=Ars Orientalis | volume=45 | year=2015 | issue=20220203 | pages=114–140 | doi=10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005 | jstor=26350210 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Manoj |last2=Gautam |first2=Tripti |title=Message of Lord Mahavir relevant even today: Gehlot |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/india/message-of-lord-mahavir-relevant-even-today-gehlot |access-date=26 January 2023 |work=[[First India News Rajasthan]] |date=25 November 2022}}
* {{Cite web | publisher=[[Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation|Rajasthan Tourism]] | title=Karauli |
url=http://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/karauli.html#shri-mahavir-ji-temple | ref={{SfnRef|Karauli|Rajasthan Tourism}} }}
* {{Cite web | publisher=Department of Devasthan, [[Government of Rajasthan]] | title=Mandir Shri Mahaveer Ji |
url=https://devasthan.rajasthan.gov.in/images/Karauli/shreemahaveerji.htm | ref={{SfnRef|Department of Devasthan}} }}
* [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]]
** {{cite web | author=IGNCA | url=https://ignca.gov.in/asi_reports/rjkrl_244.pdf | title=Digambar Jain Mandir Shree Mahaveer jee | publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] }}
** {{cite web | author=IGNCA | url=https://ignca.gov.in/asi_reports/rjkrl_243.pdf | title=Mahaveer Jain Stambh | publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] | ref={{sfnref|IGNCA|Mahaveer Jain Stambh}} }}
** {{cite web | author=IGNCA | url=https://ignca.gov.in/asi_reports/rjkrl_252.pdf | title=Shree Mahaveer Jinalay Mandir | publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] | ref={{sfnref|IGNCA|Shree Mahaveer Jinalay Mandir}} }}
** {{cite web | author=IGNCA | url=https://ignca.gov.in/asi_reports/rjkrl_249.pdf | title=Shree Chandra Prabhu Jain Mandir | publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] | ref={{sfnref|IGNCA|Chandprabha temple}} }}
** {{cite web | author=IGNCA | url=https://ignca.gov.in/asi_reports/rjkrl_251.pdf | title=Shree Shanti Nath Mandir | publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] | ref={{sfnref|IGNCA|Shantinath temple}} }}
** {{cite web | author=IGNCA | url=https://ignca.gov.in/asi_reports/rjkrl_253.pdf | title=Shree Mahaveer Swami Jain Mandir | publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] | ref={{sfnref|IGNCA|Krishnabai Chaityalaya}} }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Shri Mahaveerji temple}}
* [http://devasthan.rajasthan.gov.in/images/Karauli/shreemahaveerji.htm Devasthan Vibhag, Govt. of Rajasthan]

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Karauli district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hindaun]]
[[Category:Hindaun Block]]
[[Category:17th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Colossal Jain statues in India]]

Nandadirghi Mahavihara

2026-03-30T20:52:32Z

Swastikholidays: Started New Details.

{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Nandadirghi Mahavihara
|native_name =
|alternate_name =
|image = Nandadirghi 2.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|alt =
|caption = The ruins of Nandadirghi Mahavihara
|map_type = India West Bengal
|map_alt =
|relief = yes
|coordinates = {{coord|25.042423|N|88.403634|E|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Malda district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|region = Bengal
|type = ''Mahavihara''
|part_of =
|length =
|width =
|area =
|height =
|builder =
|material =
|built = 9th century
|abandoned =
|epochs =
|cultures =
|dependency_of =
|occupants =
|event =
|excavations = 1995–1996, 1996–1997, 1997–98, 1998–1999
|archaeologists =
|condition = In ruins
|ownership = [[Government of West Bengal]]
|management =
|public_access = Yes
|website =
|notes =
}}
'''Nandadirghi''' was a Buddhist ''mahavihara'' in ancient and medieval [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Amar|2009|p=235}} Considered one of the centers of learning in ancient Bengal, it is located at [[Jagjivanpur]] village, {{convert|41|km|mi}} east of present-day [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda city]] by road. The almost square-style mahavihara, Nandadirghi, founded in the 9th century, a similar style was followed in other ''vihara''s of [[eastern India]], such as [[Lalitgiri]] in Odisha.

Nandadirghi was founded in the 9th century during the reign of the [[Pala Empire]]. The mahavihara continued to flourish with the patronage of the rulers of the Pala Empire.

== Architecture ==
Nandadirghi Mahavihara is a Buddhist monastery complex. Located on the banks of the ancient Tongil River, it is considered one of the Buddhist-religious structures in Bengal.

=== Site and plan ===
The Nandadirghi is a combination of the open courtyard—the area surrounding the central building or monastery structure—and the courtyard planned at the center of the central structure. The open courtyard surrounding the central monastery structure was protected by a moat. The ''vihara'' is oriented towards the east, and the ''Vedi'' ([[altar]]) inside is also oriented towards the east and main entrance. The quadrangle of the structure has bastion-cum-cells, this type of ''vihara'' design can also be observed in [[Vikramashila Mahavihara]]. All these cells had access initially, but were later closed.{{sfn|Ghosh|1997|pp=133–134}}

=== Features ===
==== Outer enclosure ====
Although its excavated ruins cover an area of only 9432 square meters today, the Nandadirghi Mahavihara occupied a much larger area during the medieval period.<ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=The story of a ninth-century Buddhist ‘vihara’ in Malda |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/a-history-lesson-at-the-pala-dynastys-ninth-century-buddhist-complex-of-nandadirghi-vihara-in-malda-that-was-discovered-thanks-to-a-copper-plate/cid/1857983 |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=The Telegraph |date=28 March 2022}}</ref> The mahavihara complex was surrounded by a moat, the ditch of which is extant today. Most of the area of the complex is used as human settlement and agricultural land.<ref name="banglapedia">{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Gautam |title=Jagjivanpur - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jagjivanpur |website=en.banglapedia.org |access-date=28 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Central structure ====
[[File:Nandadirghi 4.jpg|300px|thumb|left|The renovated central structure of the Mahavihar and the view tower standing next to it.]]
The Mahavihara structure stands on a raised terrace within the compound. It consists of chambers and ''vedi'' with ''varanda''s encircling a square courtyard. The structure has only one entrance, which is on the east side.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|Santra|Majumdar|Mukhopadhyay|2017|p=152}} The chambers are unequal in size, measurements of the largest chamber—4 meters by 4.10 meters.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|Santra|Majumdar|Mukhopadhyay|2017|p=151}}
[[File:Nandadirghi 6.jpg|300px|thumb|right|A circular bastion-cum-cell or tower chamber, located at the outer corner of the central structure.]]
The Mahavihara structure is almost square, and consists of a tower chamber at each corner of the exterior and a square courtyard inside.{{sfn|Ghosh|1997|pp=132–134}} The courtyard was surrounded by paths adjacent to the [[Veranda|varanda]], which was constructed of [[tile|tiles]].{{sfn|Ghosh|1997|p=132}} At the north-east corner of the courtyard is a circular structure, which is assumed by researchers to be a well. There are two staircases on the eastern and western sides of the courtyard, the staircase on the western side being larger in size. The ''Veranda'' of [[Vihāra]] was 3 meters wide.

The main entrance faces the east, and the mahavihara has the ''vedi'' (altar) on the west. The entrance begins as a staircase on the outside, and is connected on the inside by two porchs—the front porch and the back porch. The porchs measure—10.20 meters in North-South and 3.50 meters in East-West. The front porch and the back porch were connected to each other by a 2 meter wide door.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|Santra|Majumdar|Mukhopadhyay|2017|p=152}}

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Pradyot |title=মালদহ জেলার পুরাকীর্তি |date=1997 |publisher=Directorate Of Archaeology And Museums, Information and Cultural Affairs Department, Government of West Bengal |location=Kolkata |page=129–137 |edition=1st |language=bn |chapter= সংযোজন - জগজ্জীবনপুর |type=Paperback}}
* {{cite journal |editor1-last=Bhattacharya |editor1-first=Ashok |editor2-last=Santra |editor2-first=Tarapada |editor3-last=Majumdar |editor3-first=Hemen |editor4-last=Mukhopadhyay |editor4-first=Sameer kumar |editor5-last=Bose |editor5-first=Debashis |editor6-last=Chowdhury |editor6-first=Indrajit |editor7-last=Mitra |editor7-first=Sumedh |editor8-last=Sengupta |editor8-first=Gautam |title=পুরাবৃত্ত ১ |journal=Purabritta |date=2017 |pages=145-160 |publisher=Directorate Of Archaeology And Museums, Information and Cultural Affairs Department, Government of West Bengal |location=Kolkata |language=bn}}
* {{cite web |last1=Amar |first1=Abhishek Singh |title=Contextualising the Navel of the Earth: The Emergence, Sustenance and Religious Transformation of Buddhism in the Bodhgaya Region (Circa. 300 BCE - 1200 CE) |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29300/1/10731395.pdf |access-date=29 September 2024 |date=2009}}

== External links ==

{{Ancient-Medieval sites in Bengal}}
{{Ancient Dharmic centres of Higher Learning}}

[[Category:Ancient universities of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Defunct Buddhist monasteries]]

Tarandale Dam

2026-03-30T17:57:16Z

Swastikholidays: Creating new post first draft

{{Infobox dam
| name = Tarandale Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Tarandale Dam
| dam_crosses = local river
| location = Kankawali
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|400|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|48|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 2007
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|9810|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|16.3012|73.6728|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website = https://tarandale.kankavligov.com
| extra =
}}

'''Tarandale Dam''' is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on local river near Kankawali in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above its lowest foundation is {{convert|48|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|400|m|abbr=on}}. The gross storage capacity is {{convert|10800.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf Specifications of large dams in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=2011-07-21 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Shankha Ghosh

2026-03-27T11:43:02Z

Swastikholidays: improved article

{{Short description|Indian poet (1932–2021)}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{infobox person
| name = Shankha Ghosh
| image = Sankha Ghosh - Kolkata 2011-05-09 3039.JPG
| caption = Ghosh in 2011
| birth_name = Chittapriya Ghosh
| birth_date = {{birth date |1932|02|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]], Bengal Presidency, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age |2021|4|21 |1932|02|05|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India
| known_for = Bengali literature
| title = Poet
| spouse = Pratima Ghosh (''[[Birth name|née]]'' Biswas)
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2011) [[Jnanpith Award]] (2016) [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1977) 
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| signature =
}}
'''Sankha Ghosh''' (born '''Chittapriya Ghosh'''; 5 February 1932 – 21 April 2021)<ref name="Kabira1986">{{cite book |author=Pharida Kabira |title=Pañcāsa Bacharera Premera Kabitā: Bāṃlādeśa O Paścimabāṃlāra Kabitāra Panḍulipi Saṃkalana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YndjAAAAMAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=Signorinā |page=82 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://parabaas.com/translation/database/authors/texts/sankhaghosh.html |title=Sankha Ghosh - Biographical Sketch [Parabaas Translation] |website=Parabaas |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> was an Indian poet and literary critic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |title=The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature |publisher=Sahitya Akademi Publications |year=2006 |isbn=9788126011940 |pages=1404–1405}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/sankhaghosh.html |title=Sankha Ghosh, 1932- |publisher=Library of Congress, New Delhi Office |date=11 January 2016 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> He was born in [[Chandpur District]] of the then [[Bengal Presidency]], present day [[Bangladesh]]. His ancestral home was at [[Banaripara Upazila]] in [[Barisal District]]. He spent his childhood and adolescence in [[Ishwardi Upazila]] of [[Pabna District]], which was his father's workplace.<ref name="pa20Apr2021" />

Ghosh passed matriculation from Chandraprabha Vidyapitha, [[Pabna]].<ref name="pa20Apr2021">{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কবি শঙ্খ ঘোষ আর নেই |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/world/india/কবি-শঙ্খ-ঘোষ-আর-নেই |access-date=2022-09-27 |work=Prothom Alo |date=20 April 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> He got his undergraduate degree in Arts in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] from [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] in 1951 and subsequently his master's degree from the [[University of Calcutta]] in the year 1954.

Acclaimed in [[India]], his work lacks global recognition due to poor English translations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=গোস্বামী |first=জয় |title=দেশকালের 'আগ্নেয় জীবন' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/joy-goswami-remembering-about-the-book-of-shankha-ghosh-which-he-bought-once/cid/1263881 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204003737/https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/joy-goswami-remembering-about-the-book-of-shankha-ghosh-which-he-bought-once/cid/1263881 |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2025-03-22 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ghosh taught at many educational institutions, including [[Bangabasi College]], [[City College, Kolkata|City College]] (all affiliated to the University of Calcutta) and at [[Jadavpur University]], [[Jangipur College]], [[Berhampore Girls' College]] all in [[Kolkata]] and [[West Bengal]]. He retired from Jadavpur University in 1992. In 1967, he participated in the International Writing Program's Fall Residency at the [[University of Iowa]] in [[Iowa City, Iowa|Iowa City, IA]]. He also taught at [[Delhi University]], the [[Indian Institute of Advanced Studies]] at [[Shimla]], and at the [[Visva-Bharati University]]. He won many awards including [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanpith]] Award in 2016. His pen name was ''Kuntak''.<ref name="JP16">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-acclaimed-bengali-poet-shankha-ghosh-to-get-2016-jnanpith-award-2285768 |title=Acclaimed Bengali poet Shankha Ghosh to get 2016 Jnanpith Award |date=23 December 2016 |newspaper=Daily News Analysis |access-date=23 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223115010/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-acclaimed-bengali-poet-shankha-ghosh-to-get-2016-jnanpith-award-2285768 |archive-date=23 December 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Among the most respected names in contemporary Bengali literature, Ghosh was one of the '[[Pandava|Pancha Pandavas]]' — along with [[Shakti Chattopadhyay]], [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]], [[Binoy Majumdar]] and [[Utpal Kumar Basu]] — who gave a new identity to the Bengali literary world.

Ghosh was a member of the [[Social Network for Assistance to People]] (informally Association SNAP) that published a ground-breaking survey in 2014 that revealed the extent of poverty among the Muslim community of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagchi |first=Suvojit |date=2014-06-01 |title=Bengal's Muslims worse off: study |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/bengals-muslims-worse-off-study/article6071068.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226155403/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/bengals-muslims-worse-off-study/article6071068.ece |archive-date=2021-02-26 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Death ==
Ghosh and his wife tested positive for COVID-19 on 14 April 2021. Later he suffered from several complications and died on 21 April 2021, at his home in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=April 21, 2021 |title=Celebrated Bengali poet Sankha Ghosh dies of Covid at 89 in Kolkata |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/celebrated-bengali-poet-sankha-ghosh-dies-of-covid-at-89-in-kolkata-1793361-2021-04-21 |access-date=21 April 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/legendary-bengali-poet-shankha-ghosh-dies-of-covid/article34379343.ece |title=Legendary Bengali poet Shankha Ghosh dies of COVID |magazine=Frontline |date=21 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Atri |first1=Mitra |title=Bengali poet Shankha Ghosh passes away due to Covid-19 complications |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/noted-poet-and-critic-shankha-ghosh-passes-away-at-the-age-of-89-7282715/ |work=The Indian Express |date=21 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> 8 days after poet's death, his wife Pratima Ghosh also died from COVID-19 complications.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/shankha-ghosh-s-wife-pratima-ghosh-passes-away-was-infected-with-covid19-31619668088415.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429040631/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/shankha-ghosh-s-wife-pratima-ghosh-passes-away-was-infected-with-covid19-31619668088415.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2021 |script-title=bn:প্ৰয়াত শঙ্খ ঘোষেৰ স্ত্ৰী, কবিৰ প্ৰয়াণেৰ ৮ দিনেৰ মাথায় জীবনাবসান প্ৰতিমাদেবীৰ |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 Apr 2021 |language=bn |access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref>

==Literary contributions==
Shankha Ghosh made contribution to the world of Bengali poetry. 'Days and Nights', 'Babar's Prayer', 'Face Covered in Advertisement', 'Gandharva Poems' are his notable books of poetry. Although Shankha Ghosh was initially known as a 'poet', his prose works are numerous. He has combined poetry and prose.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024|reason=source needed to verify}} He was an eminent Rabindra expert, noting Rabindranath Tagore's 'Ocampore Rabindranath', 'A Amir Awaran', 'Kaler Matra O Rabindra Natak', 'Chhander Baranda' and 'Damini's Song'. 'Words and Truth', 'Urvashir Hasi', and 'Ahan Sab Alik' are his other notable prose works. His writings have been studied and popular in Bengali for years. The poetic mind of Shankha Ghosh, its speed is two-way. On the one hand, that mind is always aware of the repercussions of all the socio-political events of the day. Ghosh's sensitive poetry roared against any unjust injustice in the society. The people of the lower classes, the poor can get the poetry of Shankha Ghosh as a companion to their daily suffering. Shankha Ghosh work identifies inequality of society, lack of justice with his infallible poems.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024|reason=source needed to verify}}

==Works==
'''Poetics'''

1. Dinguli rātaguli ({{langx|bn|দিনগুলি রাতগুলি}}) (1956)

2. Ekhan samaẏa naẏ ({{langx|bn|এখন সময় নয়}}) (1967)

3. Nihita pātālachāẏā ({{langx|bn|নিহিত পাতালছায়া}}) (1967)

4. Saṅkha ghōṣēr śrēṣṭha kabitā ({{langx|bn|শঙ্খ ঘোষের শ্রেষ্ঠ কবিতা}}) (1970)

5. Adima latāgulmamaẏ ({{langx|bn|আদিম লতাগুল্মময়}}) (1972)

6. Mūrkha baṛa sāmājika naẏa ({{langx|bn|মূর্খ বড় সামাজিক নয়}}) (1974)

7. Baburēr prārthanā ({{langx|bn|বাবরের প্রার্থনা}}) (1976)

8. Minibook[ মিনিবুক] (1978)

9. Tumi to temon gaurī na'ō [তুমি তেমন গৌরী নও ](1978)

10. Panjarē dāṛēr Shabda [পাঁজরে দাঁড়ের শব্দ ](1980)

11. Kabitāsangraha -1[ কবিতাসংগ্রহ -১ ] (1980)

12. Praharajōṛā tritāla [ প্রহরজোড়া ত্রিতাল](1982)

13. Mukh ḍhēkē jay Bigyapanē[মুখ ঢেকে যায় বিজ্ঞাপনে ] (1984)

14. Bandhurā māti tarajāẏa [বন্ধুরা মাতি তরজায় ](1984)

15. Dhuma lēgēchē hr̥idakamalē [ধুম লেগেছে হৃদকমলে ](1984)

16. Kabitāsaṅgraha - 2[ কবিতাসংগ্রহ - ২ ] (1991)

17.Lainei chilāma bābā [ লাইনেই ছিলাম বাবা](1993)

18. Gāndharva kabitāguccha[ গান্ধর্ব কবিতাগুচ্ছ ] (1994)

19.Saṅkha ghōṣēr nirbācita prēmēr kabitā[ শঙ্খ ঘোষের নির্বাচিত প্রেমের কবিতা] (1994)

20. Mini kabitār boi[মিনি কবিতার বই ] (1994)

21. Saber uparē śāmiẏānā [ শবের উপরে শামিয়ানা](1996)

22.Chhandēr bhitarē ēto andhakār [ ছন্দের ভিতরে এত অন্ধকার](1999)

23. Jol'i pāṣāṇ hoẏē āchē [ জলই পাষাণ হয়ে আছে ](2004)

24. Samasta khatēr mukhē pali [ সমস্ত ক্ষতের মুখে পলি ](2007)

25. Māṭikhōm̐ṛā purōnō karōṭi[ মাটিখোঁড়া পুরোনো করোটি] (2009)

26. Gōṭādēśajōṛā ja'ughara [ গোটাদেশজোড়া জউঘর ](2010)

27. Hāsikhuśi mukhē sarbanāś[ হাসিখুশি মুখে সর্বনাশ] (2011)

28. Prati praśnē jēgē ōṭhē bhiṭē [ প্রতি প্রশ্নে জেগে ওঠে ভিটে](2012)

29.Bahus Various stabdha paṛē āchē[বহুস্বর স্তব্ধ পড়ে আছে ] (2014)

30.prēmēra kabitā [প্রেমের কবিতা ](2014)

31 . śaṅkha ghōṣēra kabitāsaṅgraha[শঙ্খ ঘোষের কবিতাসংগ্রহ ] (2015)

32. śuni nīraba ciṯkāra[ শুনি নীরব চিৎকার ] (2015)

33. ē'ō ēka byathā upaśama [এও এক ব্যথা উপশম ](2017)

'''Prose'''

1. kālēra mātrā ō rabīndranāṭak [ কালের মাত্রা ও রবীন্দ্রনাটকএ](1969)
2. niḥśabdēra tarjanī[ নিঃশব্দের তর্জনী ] ,1972
2. Chhonder Baranda (ছন্দের বারান্দা) 1972
3. E Amir Aboron (এ আমির আবরণ) 1980
4. Urbashir Hasi (উর্বশীর হাসি) 1981
5. Shobdo Ar Satya (শব্দ আর সত্য) 1982
6. Nirmhan Ar Srishti (নির্মাণ আর সৃষ্টি) 1982
7. Kalpanar Historia (কল্পনার হিস্টোরিয়া) 1984
8. Journal (জার্নাল) 1985
9. Ghumiye Pora Album (ঘুমিয়ে পড়া এলবাম) 1986
10. Kobitar Muhurto (কবিতার মুহূর্ত) 1987
11. Kobitalekha Kobitapora (কবিতালেখা কবিতাপড়া) 1988
12. Aitihyer Bistar (ঐতিহ্যের বিস্তার) 1989
13. Chhandamoy Jibon (ছন্দময় জীবন) 1993
14. Kobir Abhipray (কবির অভিপ্রায়) 1994
15. Ekhono Shob Alik K (এখন সব অলীক ক) 1994
16. Boiyer Ghor (বইয়ের ঘর) 1996
17. Somoyer Jolchhobi (সময়ের জলছবি) 1998
18. Kobir Barmā (কবির বর্ম) 1998
19. Ishara Abirat (ইশারা অবিরত) 1999
20. Ei Shahar Rakhal (এই শহর রাখাল) 2000
21. Ichhamatir Mosha: Bhraman (ইচ্ছামতির মশা : ভ্রমণ) 2002
22. Daminir Gan (দামিনির গান) 2002
23. Gadyasangraha 1-6 (গদ্যসংগ্রহ ১-৬) 2002
24. Abishwase’r Bastab (অবিশ্বাসের বাস্তব) 2003
25. Gadyasangraha - 7 (গদ্যসংগ্রহ - ৭) 2003
26. Saman’yo Asaman’yo (সামান্য অসামান্য) 2006
27. Prem Padabali (প্রেম পদাবলী) 2006
28. Chhera Kambiser Bag (ছেঁড়া ক্যামবিসের ব্যাগ) 2007
29. Somaypote Shankha Ghosh: Kobita Sonkolon (সময়পটে শঙ্খ ঘোষ : কবিতা সংকলন) 2008
30. Bhinna Rucir Adhikar (ভিন্ন রুচির অধিকার) 2009
31. Aroop Ar Udbhavon (আরোপ আর উদ্ভাবন) 2011
32. Bot Pakur Er Phena (বট পাকুড়ের ফেনা) 2011
33. Gadyasangraha - 8 (গদ্যসংগ্রহ - ৮) 2013
34. Dekhar Drishti (দেখার দৃষ্টি) 2014
35. Ayowar Diary (আয়ওয়ার ডায়েরি) 2014
36. Nirbachito Prabandha: Rabindranath (নির্বাচিত প্রবন্ধ : রবীন্দ্রনাথ) 2014
37. Nirbachito Prabandha: Nana Prasanga (নির্বাচিত প্রবন্ধ : নানা প্রসঙ্গ) 2014
38. Nirbachito Gadyalekha (নির্বাচিত গদ্যলেখা) 2015
39. Gadyasangraha - 9 (গদ্যসংগ্রহ - ৯) 2015
40. He Mahajiban: Rabindra Prasanga (হে মহাজীবন : রবীন্দ্র প্রসঙ্গ) 2016
41. Berate Jabar Sinri (বেড়াতে যাবার সিঁড়ি) 2016
42. Alpo Swalpo Katha (অল্প স্বল্প কথা) 2016
43. Nirahang Shilpi (নিরহং শিল্পী) 2017
44. Gadyasangraha-10 (গদ্যসংগ্রহ-১০) 2018
45. Lekha Jakhan Hoy Na (লেখা যখন হয় না) 2019
46. Param Bandhu Pradyumna (পরম বন্ধু প্রদ্যুমন) 2019
47. Sandhyandir Jole: Bangladesh Sonkolon (সন্ধ্যানদীর জলে :বাংলাদেশ সংকলন) 2019
48. Chhere Rekhei Dhore Rakha (ছেড়ে রেখেই ধরে রাখা) 2021

==Awards==
* Narsingh Das Puraskar (1977, for Murkha baro, samajik nay)<ref name="aa">{{cite news |title=Bengali poet Shankha Ghosh chosen for Jnanpith Award |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengali-poet-shankha-ghosh-chosen-for-jnanpith-award/story-ddIcYgm4Il8iwJrcAa62ZK.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sahitya Akademi]] Award (1977, for Baabarer praarthanaa)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp |title=Sahitya: Akademi Awards |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref>
* [[Rabindra Puraskar]] (1989, for Dhum legechhe hrit kamale)<ref name="aa"/>
* [[Saraswati Samman]] for his anthology ''Gandharba Kabitaguccha''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99feb07/nation.htm#5 |title=Saraswati Samman for Shankha Ghosh |work=The Tribune |date=6 February 1999 |access-date=26 October 2008}}</ref>
* [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] for translation of [[Taledanda]] (Kannada) Play into Bengali named ''Raktakalyan'' (1999)<ref name=":0" />
* Desikottam by [[Visva-Bharati]] (1999)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Kuldeep |title=Shankha Ghosh: A gifted and sensitive writer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/shankha-ghosh-a-gifted-and-sensitive-writer/article25733280.ece |work=The Hindu |date=14 December 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* [[D.Litt.]] by [[Vidyasagar University]] (2010)
* [[Padma Bhushan]] by the [[Government of India]] (2011)
* Hall of Fame Lifetime Achievement "Sahityabrahma" Award by the World Forum for Journalists and Writers (WFJW) (2015)
* [[D.Litt.]] by [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology]], [[Shibpur]], India (2015)
*[[Jnanpith Award]] by the Government of India (2016)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Jnanpith-award-for-veteran-poet-Shankha-Ghosh/articleshow/56146837.cms |title=Jnanpith award for veteran poet Shankha Ghosh |work=The Times of India |date=24 December 2016 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{LCAuth|n81062274}}

{{Jnanpith Award}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{Saraswati Samman}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Shankha}}
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Banaripara]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rabindra Puraskar]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jadavpur University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Visva-Bharati University]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Academic staff of City College, Kolkata]]
[[Category:International Writing Program alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Jnanpith Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gangadhar National Award]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:People from Chandpur District]]
[[Category:Writers from Barisal District]]
[[Category:Academics from Barisal Division]]

Karnataka Sakala Services Act, 2011

2026-03-25T18:36:58Z

Swastikholidays:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2014}}

The '''Karnataka Sakala Services Act, 2011''' was passed in 2011 to provide guarantee of services to citizens in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]] with a stipulated time limiting to citizen related services. The act came to be known as the Sakala act since November 2012. Karnataka is the tenth state to incorporate an act under [[Right to Public Services legislation]]. The Sakala program is backed by a comprehensive information technology network, developed by the [[National Informatics Centre]] (NIC) to provide solutions and services and to monitor the services.

The sakala team is currently headed by [[Roopa D Moudgil IPS|D Roopa IPS]] and the project overall reports to Principal Secretary, Department of Personnel and Administrative reforms (Services) after the recent reorganisation.

==Coverage==
The pilot phase of the Sakala was launched on 1 March 2012 in northernmost backward [[taluk]] of Aurad in Bidar district and in three other Taluks of Chitradurga, Dharwad and [[Dakshina Kannada]] districts. The program was fully launched on 1 April, covering the entire state with 151 services in 11 departments.

The second phase began on 2 November 2012 wherein 114 additional services have been added taking the total to 265.

The third phase began on 16 August 2013 wherein 110 services have been added taking the total to 375.

During the fourth phase in September 2013, another 44 services have been added to the Sakala Umbrella – taking Sakala to 419 services.

In the fifth phase, an additional 28 services were added taking the total to 447 services.
In the sixth phase, on 6 February 2014, an additional 32 services were added taking the total to 478 services spanning across 47 departments with 135 services offered online. This is the highest number of services among the states having Time Bound Services to citizens’ act in the country. About 46 million applications have been received under Sakala till April 2014. The services are extended to all 6.12 crore citizens of the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sakala.kar.nic.in/download/Sakala_May_2014_Eng.pdf |format=PDF |title=Message |publisher=Sakala.kar.nic.in |accessdate=2015-03-10 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160455/http://www.sakala.kar.nic.in/download/Sakala_May_2014_Eng.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Few services include Caste & income certificate (Revenue Dept.), Residence certificate (Revenue Dept.), Registration of Birth and Death (Urban development & Revenue Dept.), Driving license (Transport Dept.), Khatha transfer documents (Urban development), Issue and modifications of Ration cards (Food Dept.), Survey and Settlement (Revenue), House plan Sanction (Urban Local Bodies), Copy of FIR/Petitions (Police Dept.)

==Technology and e-governance==
A comprehensive IT solution has been developed by National Informatics Centre (NIC), to enable implementation of the Act by providing a transparent on-line monitoring mechanism for the services requested by a citizen. In each of 30 Districts District Magistrate is the Chief Nodal Officer and a dedicated IT Consultant is provided by Sakala Mission<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sakala.kar.nic.in/gsc_rpt | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150519123415/http://www.sakala.kar.nic.in/gsc_rpt | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 May 2015 | title=Karnataka Sakala Service Reports | date=19 May 2015 | publisher=kar.nic.in | accessdate=8 November 2018}}</ref> Whenever the request is made, the citizen receives an acknowledgement slip with a unique 15 digit number called the Guarantee of Services to Citizen (GSC) number.

==Grievance redressal==
In case the application is rejected or if the service is not provided within the stipulated time, citizens can file an appeal before the competent officer (CO) to redress their grievance quoting the GSC number. The competent officer will hear the appeal and redress the grievance within the specified time. Citizens can claim in cash the compensatory cost of Rs. 20 per day for the delayed period subject to a maximum of Rs. 500 from the CO, upfront. The same shall be deducted from the salary of the designated officer or his subordinate responsible for delay or default, written 30 days.

==Sakala Sakhi==
The Karnataka Department of Personnel and Administrative reforms, started a new project ‘SakalaSakhi’.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cherysh.org/index.php/launch-of-sakala-sakhi-in-haliyal-taluka |title=Launch of Sakala Sakhi in Haliyal Taluka |publisher=Cherysh.org |date= |accessdate=2014-06-29 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111511/http://www.cherysh.org/index.php/launch-of-sakala-sakhi-in-haliyal-taluka |url-status=dead }}</ref> The goal of this project to deliver Women and child development schemes effectively in Haliyal Taluka. The project was started on 25 January and was announced by Hon’ble Minister for Higher education & Tourism, Shri R.V. Deshpande.
Sakala Sakhis are women enlisted at district, tehsil and village levels to help women avail Sakala services under Women & Child department. Sakala Sakhis will be trained by the government to learn information on the schemes, online application process and follow-up.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123147/https://www.negp.gov.in/pdfs/617Case_Study_Sakala.pdf Negp.gov.in]

[[Category:Karnataka state legislation]]

Katpadi

2026-03-20T14:33:29Z

Swastikholidays: adjusted details additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|Vellore City , Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Katpadi
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Vellore City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Katpadi, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12.973400|N|79.136900|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vellore District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[City]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vellore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Katpadi [Vellore North]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Vellore Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 245
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 632007
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 416
| registration_plate = TN 23
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Arakkonam
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Katpadi
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Vellore Municipal Corporation]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Katpadi''' ({{IPA|ta|kaːtpaːdi|pron}}) is a locality in the northern part of [[Vellore]], in the [[States of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.

==Politics and geography==
Once a village, Katpadi was upgraded to a [[local self-government in India|panchayat]] town, with its own ''[[taluk]]'' office. It has a major [[Katpadi (State Assembly Constituency)|assembly constituency]] which is part of [[Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-08
|work=Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date=2008-10-31
}}</ref>

== Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) ==
The [[Vellore Institute of Technology|Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT)]] is in Katpadi. In 2010 it was ranked as one of the best private engineering universities in India.<ref>VIT Ranking in India Today: https://www.indiatoday.in/best-colleges/photo/best-engineering-colleges-in-india-363831-2010-06-16</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/itslideshow/6110881.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Vellore Institute of Technology}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050405171833/http://www.tradewingstravel.com/tamilnadu/vellore.jsp]
* [http://www.hivellore.com/explore/traintiming.htm Katpadi traintiming]
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West|Katpadi|Seevur|Latteri|41|129.37}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West South|Katpadi|Seevur|Latteri|41|129.37}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vellore]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Vellore]]

Sikhism in New Zealand

2026-03-20T12:20:57Z

Swastikholidays: correct structure per sources after review

{{short description|none}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Sikhism in New Zealand {{flagicon|New Zealand}}
| population = '''53,406'''<ref name ="2023census">{{Cite web|url= https://explore.data.stats.govt.nz/vis?tm=occupation%2C%202023%20census&pg=0&hc[Society]=2023%20Census&hc[Census%20year]=2023&snb=4&vw=tb&df[ds]=ds-nsiws-disseminate&df[id]=CEN23_TBT_004&df[ag]=STATSNZ&df[vs]=1.0&dq=raTotal%2Bra00000%2Bra10100%2Bra10101%2Bra10102%2Bra10103%2Bra10104%2Bra10105%2Bra10199%2Bra20000%2Bra20100%2Bra20102%2Bra20103%2Bra20199%2Bra20201%2Bra20301%2Bra20302%2Bra20400%2Bra20401%2Bra20402%2Bra20403%2Bra20499%2Bra20500%2Bra20502%2Bra20503%2Bra20599%2Bra20600%2Bra20601%2Bra20602%2Bra20603%2Bra20604%2Bra20605%2Bra20606%2Bra20699%2Bra20700%2Bra20701%2Bra20799%2Bra20801%2Bra20802%2Bra20803%2Bra20804%2Bra20901%2Bra21001%2Bra21101%2Bra21200%2Bra21201%2Bra21202%2Bra21203%2Bra21299%2Bra21300%2Bra21301%2Bra21302%2Bra21303%2Bra21304%2Bra21305%2Bra21399%2Bra21400%2Bra21401%2Bra21402%2Bra21403%2Bra21404%2Bra21405%2Bra21406%2Bra21407%2Bra21408%2Bra21409%2Bra21410%2Bra21411%2Bra21412%2Bra21413%2Bra21414%2Bra21415%2Bra21416%2Bra21417%2Bra21499%2Bra21501%2Bra21502%2Bra21503%2Bra21504%2Bra21505%2Bra21506%2Bra21507%2Bra21600%2Bra21701%2Bra21801%2Bra21802%2Bra29901%2Bra29902%2Bra29903%2Bra29905%2Bra29906%2Bra29908%2Bra29909%2Bra29910%2Bra29911%2Bra29999%2Bra30100%2Bra30101%2Bra30102%2Bra30103%2Bra30199%2Bra40100%2Bra40101%2Bra40102%2Bra40103%2Bra40104%2Bra40199%2Bra50100%2Bra50101%2Bra50102%2Bra50103%2Bra60000%2Bra60101%2Bra60201%2Bra60901%2Bra60999%2Bra70000%2Bra70101%2Bra70200%2Bra70201%2Bra70202%2Bra70203%2Bra70204%2Bra70205%2Bra70299%2Bra70301%2Bra70401%2Bra70901%2Bra70999%2Bra80000%2Bra80101%2Bra80200%2Bra80201%2Bra80202%2Bra80299%2Bra80301%2Bra80400%2Bra80401%2Bra80402%2Bra80403%2Bra80499%2Bra80601%2Bra80701%2Bra80702%2Bra80801%2Bra80901%2Bra81001%2Bra81101%2Bra81102%2Bra81103%2Bra81104%2Bra81105%2Bra81106%2Bra81107%2Bra81108%2Bra81109%2Bra81110%2Bra81111%2Bra81199%2Bra95555%2BraTS%2Bra94444%2Bra97777%2Bra98888%2Bra99999.2018%2B2023&ly[rw]=CEN23_TBT_IND_001&ly[cl]=CEN23_YEAR_001&to[TIME]=false |title= Totals by topic for individuals, (NZ total), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses|publisher= [[Statistics New Zealand]]| access-date= 13 October 2024}}</ref> '''{{Percentage|53,406|4,993,923|2}}''' of the total New Zealander population (2023)
| popplace = 
| region1 =
| region2 =
| region3 =
| langs = [[New Zealand English]] • [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Māori language|Māori]]
|related-c={{hlist|[[Sikhism in the United States|American Sikhs]]|[[Sikhism in Australia|Australian Sikhs]]|[[Sikhism in the United Kingdom|British Sikhs]] [[Sikhism in Canada|Canadian Sikhs]]}}
|image=File:Takanini Gurdwara 16 August 2020.jpg|image_caption=[[Takanini Gurdwara|Gurdwara Sri Kalgidhar Sahib]] in [[Takanini]], [[Auckland Region]]
|flag=Khanda (Sikh Symbol).svg|flag_size=50px}}
{{Historical populations
|type =
|1991 | 2,061
|1996 | 2,817
|2001 | 5,199
|2006 | 9,507
|[[2013 New Zealand census|2013]] | 19,191
|[[2018 New Zealand census|2018]] | 40,908
|[[2023 New Zealand census|2023]] |53,406
|footnote = <ref name="2006table28">[http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity.aspx Table 28, 2006 Census Data – QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Tables] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011125425/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity.aspx |date=2017-10-11 }}.</ref><ref name="2013table28">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/data-tables/total-by-topic.aspx|title=2013 Census totals by topic|website=archive.stats.govt.nz}}</ref>
}}{{Sikhism sidebar}}
'''New Zealander Sikhs''' number over 53,000 people and account for 1.1% of New Zealand's population [[2023 New Zealand census|as of 2023]], forming the country's fastest-growing and [[Religion in New Zealand|fifth-largest]] religious group. New Zealand has the world's [[Sikhism by country|third-highest Sikh proportion]] behind [[Sikhism in Canada|Canada]] (2.1%) and [[Sikhism in India|India]] (1.7%). While there are Sikhs in all sixteen [[regions of New Zealand]], over half of Sikhs lived in [[Auckland Region]] in 2018.

[[Phomen Singh|The first Sikhs]] arrived in New Zealand in 1890,<ref name="Singh, Phomen" /> but the Immigration Act of 1899 prevented any large-scale migration.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/ImmigrationRegulation/2/en|title=1881–1914: restrictions on Chinese and others|encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/1367/19th-century-indian-immigrants|encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |title=19th-century Indian immigrants }}</ref> In 1987, racial exclusion was scrapped and a race-neutral, points-based immigration system was introduced;<ref>{{cite web |title=Immigration Act 1987|url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1987/0074/latest/whole.html |website=New Zealand Legislation |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> by 1991 there were 2,061 Sikhs in New Zealand. Between [[2013 New Zealand census|2013]] and [[2018 New Zealand census|2018]], the number of Sikhs grew by 113% from 19,191 to 40,908, making Sikhism the fastest-growing religion and on pace to eclipse [[Islam in New Zealand|Islam]] and [[Buddhism in New Zealand|Buddhism]] by [[2023 New Zealand census|2023]] at the time.<ref name ="2023census"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/116295933/sikhs-in-new-zealand-have-tripled-in-number-since-2006|title=Sikhs in New Zealand have quadrupled in number since 2006|date=October 3, 2019|quote=Sikhism is booming faster than any other major religion in New Zealand, having more than doubled its number of followers here since 2013 – and more than quadrupled since 2006. [...] About 41,000 Sikhs now live here, according to the latest census figures. Sikhism has fewer followers in New Zealand than Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism. But if all five faiths keep growing (or shrinking) at the same rates they did between 2013 and 2018, Sikhs will overtake Buddhists and Muslims in population by the next census.}}</ref> However, the crackdown on student visas and low-skilled workers starting in 2017 stifled Sikh population growth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/116295933/sikhs-in-new-zealand-have-tripled-in-number-since-2006|title=Sikhs in New Zealand have quadrupled in number since 2006|date=October 3, 2019|quote=But Labour's crackdown on low-skilled migrants and those on student visas, in 2017, had a major impact on Sikh migrants, he said. And Dr Singh doesn't expect the religion will have doubled in size again by 2023, due to "the main avenues of entering the country being shut".}}</ref> Between 2018 and 2023, the New Zealander Sikh population grew by 31%, failing to eclipse Islam and Buddhism although remaining the fastest-growing religion.<ref name ="2023census"/>

== History ==
Small numbers of [[Sikh]] immigrants from [[Punjab region|Punjab]] settled in New Zealand from the late 1800s. Large-scale Sikh immigration began after changes to immigration policies in the 1980s. The New Zealand Sikh Society was established in 1964 and first Sikh [[Gurdwara]] opened in 1977.<ref name="teara">{{cite web |last1=Morris |first1=Paul |title=Diverse religions - Sikhs |url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/diverse-religions/page-6 |website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Sikh communities ===
{{See also|Punjabi New Zealanders}}
[[File:Photograph of Indian troops (including Sikhs) in Nelson, New Zealand, ca.1901.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Indian troops (including Sikhs) in Nelson, New Zealand, ca.1901. Nelson Provincial Museum.]]
The first identifiable Sikhs to arrive in New Zealand were two brothers - [[Phomen Singh|Phuman Singh]] and Bir Singh Gill from the [[Moga district]] of Punjab. Bir Singh was a herbalist who married and lived amongst the [[Māori people|Māori]] on the [[North Island]].<ref>{{cite web |date=13 November 2014 |title=Our Communities: Punjabis – indiannewslink.co.nz |url=https://www.indiannewslink.co.nz/our-communities-punjabis/ |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=www.indiannewslink.co.nz}}</ref> A small wave of Sikhs arrived in New Zealand between 1890 and 1910; mostly immigrants from [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref name="Singh, Phomen">{{cite web |last1=McLeod |first1=W. H. |title=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3s20/singh-phomen |access-date=20 May 2019 |website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand}}</ref> Most Sikhs settled in [[Waikato]], [[Auckland]], [[Wellington]], or [[Christchurch]].

There is a significant history of many Sikhs being dairy farmers throughout New Zealand,{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} many of them being great pioneers. The majority are in the Waikato region and have been there for many generations. Much hard work was undertaken in terms of clearing scrub and tea trees to convert to farmland in the early years. Embracing the Māori culture was also an important aspect. Many of these farmers are well respected within and outside the community for the significant contribution they have made.

With the Sikh community in New Zealand increasing, the New Zealand Sikh Society was developed in 1964, and the first gurdwara was built in [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] in 1977 and another in 1986 in [[Ōtāhuhu]]. With the increasing number of Sikhs in New Zealand, an increasing number of gurdwaras have been established across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the NZSikh Society |url=http://www.nzsikhsociety.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415061507/http://www.nzsikhsociety.org/ |archive-date=2010-04-15 |access-date=2010-03-20}}</ref>

The number of people affiliating with the Sikh religion more than quadrupled since 2006. [[Papatoetoe]] in Auckland is considered to be the area with the most Sikhs in New Zealand and it has three Sikh Gurudwaras in the suburb.

==Demographics==
[[File:Sikhism in New Zealand (2023).jpg|thumb|Geographical Distribution of Sikhs in New Zealand as per 2023 Census]]
[[File:Geographical Distribution of Sikhs in New Zealand as per 2018 Census.png|thumb|Geographical Distribution of Sikhs in New Zealand as per 2018 Census]]
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Sikh New Zealanders by [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]] (2013–2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Religious affiliation, age, and gender for the census usually resident population count, (RC, TALB, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses|url=https://explore.data.stats.govt.nz/vis?tm=religious%20affiliation%20bay%20of%20plenty&pg=0&snb=3&df[ds]=ds-nsiws-disseminate&df[id]=CEN23_ECI_025&df[ag]=STATSNZ&df[vs]=1.0&dq=2013%2B2018%2B2023.14%2B15%2B13%2B12%2B18%2B17%2B16%2B08%2B09%2B07%2B05%2B06%2B04%2B03%2B02%2B01%2B9999.999999%2B80601.99.99&ly[rw]=CEN23_GEO_008&ly[cl]=CEN23_YEAR_001%2CCEN23_REA_004&to[TIME]=false |website=[[Stats NZ]]|access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Regions of New Zealand|Region]]
! colspan="2" |[[2023 New Zealand census|2023]]
! colspan="2" |[[2018 New Zealand census|2018]]
! colspan="2" |[[2013 New Zealand census|2013]]

|-
![[Population|Pop.]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|Pop.]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|Pop.]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}

|-
|[[Auckland Region|Auckland]]
| 28,401
| {{Percentage | 28,401| 1,656,486| 2 }}
| 23,832
| {{Percentage | 23,832| 1,571,718| 2 }}
| 11,712
| {{Percentage | 11,712| 1,415,550| 2 }}
|-
|[[Waikato]]
| 6,795
| {{Percentage | 6,795| 498,771| 2 }}
| 4,074
| {{Percentage | 4,074| 458,202| 2 }}
| 1,875
| {{Percentage | 1,875| 403,641| 2 }}
|-
|[[Bay of Plenty Region|Bay of Plenty]]
| 6,324
| {{Percentage | 6,324| 334,140| 2 }}
| 4,842
| {{Percentage | 4,842| 308,499| 2 }}
| 2,748
| {{Percentage | 2,748| 267,741| 2 }}
|-
|[[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]]
| 4,842
| {{Percentage | 4,842| 651,027| 2 }}
| 2,973
| {{Percentage | 2,973| 599,694| 2 }}
| 621
| {{Percentage | 621| 539,433| 2 }}
|-
|[[Wellington Region|Wellington]]
| 2,370
| {{Percentage | 2,370| 520,971| 2 }}
| 1,647
| {{Percentage | 1,647| 506,814| 2 }}
| 612
| {{Percentage | 612| 471,315| 2 }}
|-
|[[Hawke's Bay Region|Hawke's Bay]]
| 1,650
| {{Percentage | 1,650| 175,074| 2 }}
| 1,347
| {{Percentage | 1,347| 166,368| 2 }}
| 783
| {{Percentage | 783| 151,179| 2 }}
|-
|[[Manawatū-Whanganui]]
| 789
| {{Percentage | 789| 251,412| 2 }}
| 447
| {{Percentage | 447| 238,797| 2 }}
| 246
| {{Percentage | 246| 222,672| 2 }}
|-

|[[Otago]]
| 621
| {{Percentage | 621| 240,900| 2 }}
| 510
| {{Percentage | 510 | 225,186| 2 }}
| 117
| {{Percentage | 117| 202,470| 2 }}
|-
|[[Northland Region|Northland]]
| 480
| {{Percentage | 480| 194,007| 2 }}
| 315
| {{Percentage | 315| 179,076| 2 }}
| 72
| {{Percentage | 72| 151,689| 2 }}
|-
|[[Taranaki]]
| 357
| {{Percentage | 357| 126,015| 2 }}
| 234
| {{Percentage | 234| 117,561| 2 }}
| 102
| {{Percentage | 102| 109,608| 2 }}
|-
|[[Southland, New Zealand|Southland]]
| 255
| {{Percentage | 255| 100,143| 2 }}
| 210
| {{Percentage | 210| 97,467| 2 }}
| 60
| {{Percentage | 60| 93,342| 2 }}
|-
|[[Gisborne Region|Gisborne]]
| 198
| {{Percentage | 198| 51,135| 2 }}
| 171
| {{Percentage | 171| 47,517| 2 }}
| 84
| {{Percentage | 84| 43,653| 2 }}
|-
|[[Marlborough Region|Marlborough]]
| 108
| {{Percentage | 108| 49,431| 2 }}
| 123
| {{Percentage | 123| 47,340| 2 }}
| 51
| {{Percentage | 51| 43,416| 2 }}
|-
|[[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]]
| 105
| {{Percentage | 105| 52,584| 2 }}
| 102
| {{Percentage | 102| 50,880| 2 }}
| 39
| {{Percentage | 39| 46,437| 2 }}
|-
|[[Tasman Region|Tasman]]
| 60
| {{Percentage | 60| 57,807| 2 }}
| 51
| {{Percentage | 51| 52,389| 2 }}
| 42
| {{Percentage | 42| 47,157| 2 }}
|-
|[[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]]
| 45
| {{Percentage | 45| 33,390| 2 }}
| 33
| {{Percentage | 33| 31,575| 2 }}
| 24
| {{Percentage | 24| 32,148| 2 }}
|-
|[[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|20px]] '''New Zealand'''
| '''53,406'''
| '''{{Percentage | 53,406| 4,993,923| 2 }}'''
| '''40,908'''
| '''{{Percentage | 40,908 | 4,699,755| 2 }}'''
| '''19,191'''
| '''{{Percentage | 19,191| 4,242,048| 2 }}'''

|}

==Gurdwaras==
[[File:Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Temple, Auckland.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Temple, Auckland]]

[[File:Shri Guru Ravidass Temple Hastings, New Zealand, May 2025.jpg|thumb|Shri Guru Ravidass Temple, Hastings]]

[[File:New Zealand Central Sikh Association 18-09-2022.jpg|thumb|The first general meeting of the New Zealand Central Sikh Association on 18 September 2022 in Takanini.]]

The New Zealand Central Sikh Association, a centralised representative Sikh body comprising 25 Gurdwaras and various other organisation from across New Zealand was officially formed on 18 September 2022 at the [[Takanini Gurdwara|Sikh Library]] in [[Takanini]].<ref name="NZ Central Sikh Association">{{cite news |last1=Raman |first1=Venkat |title=Sikhs create a national body to foster unity and representation |url=https://indiannewslink.co.nz/sikhs-create-a-national-body-to-foster-unity-and-representation/ |access-date=19 September 2022 |agency=Indian Newslink |date=18 September 2022}}</ref>

This is a list of Gurdwaras in New Zealand.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Region
|-
| Begampura Gurdwara
| 1/9 Vernon St, Papakura 2110
| Auckland
|-
| Gurdwara Dukh Niwaran Sahib Papakura
| 7/46 Broadway, Papakura 2110
| Auckland
|-
| Gurdwara Jagat Guru Nanak Sahib
| 29 Kilmarnock St, Riccarton, Christchurch 8011
| Canterbury
|-
| Gurdwara Mata Sahib Kaur
| 23 Bryant Rd, Te Rapa, Hamilton 3200
| Waikato
|-
| Gurdwara Shri Fateh Sahib
| Botanical Rd, West End, Palmerston North 4412
| Manawatu-Wanganui
|-
| Gurdwara Shri Guru Ravidass Temple Hastings
| 193 Havelock Nth Road, Hastings
| Hawke's Bay
|-
| Gurdwara Sikh Sangat Tauranga
| 43 Burrows St, Tauranga South, Tauranga 3112
| Bay of Plenty
|-
| Gurdwara Singh Sabha Christchurch
| 537 Ferry Rd, Woolston, Christchurch 8023
| Canterbury
|-
| Gurdwara Sri Dasmesh Darbar
| 158 Kolmar Rd, Papatoetoe 2025
| Auckland
|-
| Gurdwara Sri Guru Amardas Sahib Ji
| 24 Ward Ave, Fenton Park, Rotorua 3010
| Bay of Plenty
|-
| Gurdwara Sri Guru Hargobind Sahib Patshahi 6
| 84 Lady Ruby Dr, Dannemora 2013
| Auckland
|-
| Gurdwara Sri Guru Harkrishan Sahib
| 3034 Great North Rd, New Lynn 0600
| Auckland
|-
| Gurdwara Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji Otahuhu
| 120 Princes St, Otahuhu 1062
| Auckland
|-
| Gurdwara Sri Guru Ravidas Temple
| 1998 Great S Rd, Bombay 2675
| Auckland
|-
| Gurdwara Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji
| 24 Dunnotar Rd, Papatoetoe 2025
| Auckland
|-
| [[Takanini Gurdwara|Gurdwara Sri Kalgidhar Sahib Takanini]]
| 70 Takanini School Rd, Takanini 2112
| Auckland
|-
| Gurdwara Sri Kalgidhar Sahib Tauranga
| 322 Cheyne Rd, Pyes Pa 3112
| Bay of Plenty
|
|-
| Hastings Gurdwara
| 402 Eastbourne St E, Hastings 4122
| Hawke's Bay
|-
| Linwood Gurdwara
| 692 Gloucester St, Linwood, Christchurch 8062
| Canterbury
|-
| Nanaksar Thath Isher Darbar
| 100 Great South Rd, Manurewa 2102
| Auckland
|-
| New Zealand Sikh Society Hamilton
| 6391 Te Rapa Rd, Horotiu 3288
| Waikato
|-
| North Shore Gurdwara
| 128 Sunnybrae Rd, Hillcrest 0627
| Auckland
|-
| Palmerston North Gurdwara
| 7 Amesbury St, Palmerston North 4410
| Manawatu-Wanganui
|-
| Sri Guru Singh Sabha
| 127 Shirley Rd, Papatoetoe 2025
| Auckland
|-
| Wellington Gurudwara
| 4-10 Vogel St, Naenae, Lower Hutt 5011
| Wellington
|-
| Whangarei Gurudwara Sahib
| 23 Water St, Whangarei 0110
| Northland
|}

==Notable Sikhs==
* [[Ish Sodhi]] – Cricketer for [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand National Team]]
* [[Kanwal Singh Bakshi]] – Former [[National Party of New Zealand|National Party]] MP
* [[Parmjeet Parmar]] - ACT MP
* [[Sukhi Turner]] – Former mayor of [[Dunedin]]
* [[Bhupinder Singh (New Zealand cricketer)|Bhupinder Singh]] - Former Cricketer for [[Auckland cricket team]]
* [[Amandeep Singh (cricketer)|Amandeep Singh]] - Former Cricketer for [[Canterbury Wizards]]
* [[Phomen Singh]]- Early Sikh migrant to New Zealand (circa 1890)
* [[Jagt Singh|Jagt Singh-]] WWI soldier for New Zealand Army

==See also==
{{Portal|Sikhism|New Zealand}}
*[[Religion in New Zealand]]
*[[New Zealand Sikh Games]]
*[[Sikh diaspora]]
*[[Sikhism by country]]
*[[Punjabi New Zealanders]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |title=Punjabis in New Zealand: A History of Punjabi Migration, 1890-1940 |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=1986}}
{{Religion in New Zealand}}
{{Oceania topic|Sikhism in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikhism In New Zealand}}
[[Category:Sikhism in New Zealand| ]]

Neela Malargal

2026-03-20T07:18:25Z

Swastikholidays: general add lead for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{short description|1979 film by Krishnan–Panju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Neela Malargal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| screenplay = [[A. S. Prakasam]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Anuraag (1972 film)|Anuraag]]''|[[Shakti Samanta]]}}
| producer = V. Ramasamy
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Sridevi]]
* [[Major Sundarrajan]]
}}
| cinematography = N. Karthikeyan
| editing = Panjabi [[B. Lenin]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Sabari Cinis
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1979|10|19|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Neela Malargal''''' ({{translation|Blue Flowers}}) is a 1979 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed by [[Krishnan–Panju]]. The film stars [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Sridevi]] and [[Major Sundarrajan]]. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Anuraag (1972 film)|Anuraag]]'' (1972).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayak |first=Satyarth |author-link=Satyarth Nayak |title=Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess |title-link=Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |year=2019 |isbn=9789353056780 |location=India |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 19 October 1979,<ref>{{Cite web |title=கமல்ஹாசன் படங்களின் பட்டியல் |trans-title=List of Kamal Haasan's films |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/kamal-films.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115044424/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/kamal-films.asp |archive-date=15 November 2010 |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 1979 |title=நீலமலர்கள் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_3/5.jp2/0,0,6136,8428/6136,8428/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260317084145/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_3/5.jp2/0,0,6136,8428/6136,8428/0/default.jpg |archive-date=17 March 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> and became a success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2019 |title='அழியாத கோலங்கள்' – 'புதிய வார்ப்புகள்' – 79ம் ஆண்டின் சூப்பர்டூப்பர் ஹிட்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/519950-azhiyadha-kolangal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315092250/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/519950-azhiyadha-kolangal.html |archive-date=15 March 2022 |access-date=22 February 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=June 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Doctor Chandiran
* [[Sridevi]] as Meena
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Ponnambalam
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Santhi
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Kathavarayan Pillai
* [[Sukumari]] as Kamatchi
* [[Nagesh]] as Parthasarathy
* [[Malashri]] as Master Kannan
}}

== Production ==
''Neela Malargal was'' the first Tamil film Haja Sheriff signed after previously acting in Malayalam films.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=12 December 1982 |title=பாரதிராஜாவின் குட்டு; ரஜினியின் ஷொட்டு! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1982-12-12/kalki1982-12-12.pdf |access-date=30 July 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=60–61 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Malashri, a child actress, played a boy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsha |date=26 February 2016 |title=I'm her Meera, says Sridevi's ardent fan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/feb/26/im-her-meera-says-sridevis-ardent-fan-1778948.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928071626/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/feb/26/im-her-meera-says-sridevis-ardent-fan-1778948.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=22 February 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neela Malargal |url=http://gaana.com/album/neela-malargal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924033417/https://gaana.com/album/neela-malargal |archive-date=24 September 2018 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en}}</ref> All songs were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neela Malargal Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/neela-malargal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717161843/https://mossymart.com/product/neela-malargal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=17 July 2024 |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref> The song "Pesum Manimottu Rojakkal" is based on the [[Mary Poppins (film)|''Mary Poppins'']] song "[[Chim Chim Cher-ee]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=18 September 2018 |title=How A Yiddish Lullaby Inspired Mary Poppins' Chim Chim Cher-ee And Several Indian Songs |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/how-a-yiddish-lullaby-inspired-mary-poppins-chim-chim-cher-ee-and-several-indian-songs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212152905/https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/how-a-yiddish-lullaby-inspired-mary-poppins-chim-chim-cher-ee-and-several-indian-songs/ |archive-date=12 December 2024 |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Idhu Irava Pagala
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Pesum Manimottu Rojakkal
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Madham Oru
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Andhaga Ooril Oru Raja
| extra4 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length4 =
}}

== Reception ==
Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised the acting of actors, Viswanathan's music and Krishnan–Panju's direction and concluded saying totally ''Neela Malargal'' will bring flowers of tears to the eyes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=11 November 1979 |title=நீலமலர்கள் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_26/4.jp2/0,0,6168,8390/6168,8390/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260317083210/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_26/4.jp2/0,0,6168,8390/6168,8390/0/default.jpg |archive-date=17 March 2026 |access-date=17 March 2026 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Krishnan–Panju}}

[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:1979 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishnan–Panju]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

2015–16 Ranji Trophy Group C

2026-03-14T21:47:33Z

Swastikholidays:

{{Short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2015-16 Ranji Trophy Group C
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 285px
| fromdate = {{start date|2015|10|1|df=y}}
| todate = {{end date|2015|12|4|df=y}}
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, awarded to the winners
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]]
| host = {{flag|India}}
| champions =
| count =
| participants = 9
| matches = 36
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website =
| previous_year = 2014–15
| previous_tournament = 2014–15 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 2016–17
| next_tournament = 2016–17 Ranji Trophy
}}
{{2015–16 Indian domestic cricket season}}

The [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy]] is the 82nd season of the [[Ranji Trophy]], the premier first-class cricket tournament in India. It is being contested by 27 teams divided into three groups of nine teams each. 
:Top two teams advance to [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy#Knockout stage|knockout stage]].

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width: 100pt;"| [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
!style="width: 100pt;"| [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
!style="width: 100pt;"| [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
!style="width: 100pt;"| [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]]
!style="width: 100pt;"| [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|-
|
*[[Dheeraj Jadhav]] (c)
*[[Amit Yadav]]
*[[Swapnil Asnodkar]]
*[[Saurabh Bandekar]]
*[[Amogh Sunil Desai]]
*[[Shadab Jakati]]
*[[Sagun Kamat]]
*[[Snehal Kauthankar]]
*[[Rahul Keni]] (wk)
*[[Buddhadev Mangaldas]]
*[[Gauresh Gawas]]
*[[Darshan Misal]]
*[[Amulaya Pandrekar]]
*[[Prasanth Parameswaran]]
*[[Rituraj Singh (cricketer)|Rituraj Singh]]
|
*[[Ankush Bains]]
*[[Ankush Bedi]]
*[[Prashant Chopra]]
*[[Rishi Dhawan]]
*[[Paras Dogra]]
*[[Nikhil Gangta]]
*[[Pankaj Jaiswal]]
*[[Ankit Kalsi]]
*[[Ronit More]]
*[[Shresth Nirmohi]]
*[[Abhimanyu Rana]]
*[[Varun Sharma (cricketer)|Varun Sharma]]
*[[Akash Vasisht]]
|
*[[Hanuma Vihari]] (c)
*[[Vishal Sharma (Hyderabad cricketer)|Vishal Sharma]]
*[[Habeeb Ahmed]] (wk)
*[[Himalay Agarwal]]
*[[Tanmay Agarwal]]
*[[Balchander Anirudh]]
*[[Anwar Ahmed]]
*[[Ashish Reddy]]
*[[Akash Bhandari]]
*[[Mehdi Hasan (cricketer, born 1990)|Mehdi Hasan]]
*[[Chama Milind]]
*[[Akshath Reddy]]
*[[Bavanaka Sandeep]]
*[[Tirumalasetti Suman]]
*[[Sudeep Tyagi]]
|
*[[Mithun Manhas]] (c)
*[[Parvez Rasool]] (vc)
*[[Samad Bhat]] (wk)
*[[Ian Chauhan]]
*[[Shubham Khajuria]]
*[[Adil Reshi]]
*[[Umar Nazir Mir]]
*[[Ram Dayal (cricketer)|Ram Dayal]]
*[[Mohammed Mudhasir]]
*[[Bandeep Singh]]
*[[Paras Sharma]]
*[[Aamir Aziz]]
*[[Zahoor Sofi]]
*[[Rohit Sharma (cricketer, born 1994)|Rohit Sharma]]
|
*[[Varun Aaron]] (c)
*[[Kumar Deobrat]] (vc)
*[[Shiv Gautam]] (wk)
*[[Ishan Kishan]]
*[[Ishank Jaggi]]
*[[Jaskaran Singh (cricketer, born 1991)|Jaskaran Singh]]
*[[Kaushal Singh]]
*[[Shahbaz Nadeem]]
*[[Rameez Nemat]]
*[[Samar Quadri]]
*[[Rahul Shukla]]
*[[Saurabh Tiwary]]
*[[Vinayak Vikram]]
*[[Virat Singh]]
*[[Ajay Yadav]]
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width: 100pt;"| [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
!style="width: 100pt;"| [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
!style="width: 100pt;"| [[Services cricket team|Services]]
!style="width: 100pt;"| [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
|-
|
*[[Sanju Samson]] (c)
*[[Nizar Niyas]]
*[[Ahmed Farzeen]]
*[[Akshay Chandran]]
*[[Fabid Ahmed]]
*[[Robert Fernandez (cricketer)|Robert Fernandez]]
*[[Raiphi Gomez]]
*[[VA Jagadeesh]]
*[[Akshay Kodoth]]
*[[Karaparambil Monish]]
*[[M. D. Nidheesh]]
*[[Rohan Prem]]
*[[Sachin Baby]]
*[[Sandeep Warrier]]
*[[Nikhilesh Surendran]]
|
*[[Arpit Vasavada]]
*[[Mohsin Ahmedbhai Dodia]]
*[[Abhishek Bhat]]
*[[Avi Barot]]
*[[Sheldon Jackson (cricketer)|Sheldon Jackson]]
*[[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]]
*[[Ravindra Jadeja]]
*[[Chirag Jani (cricketer)|Chirag Jani]]
*[[Vandit Jivrajani]]
*[[Sagar Jogiyani]]
*[[Kamlesh Makvana]]
*[[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
*[[Deepak Punia (cricketer)|Deepak Punia]]
*[[Jaydev Shah]]
*[[Jaydev Unadkat]]
|
*[[Azaruddin Bloch]]
*[[Soumik Chatterjee]]
*[[Anshul Gupta]]
*[[Aditya Dash]]
*[[Muzzaffaruddin Khalid]]
*[[Shadab Nazar]]
*[[Rajat Paliwal]]
*[[Diwesh Pathania]]
*[[Raushan Raj]]
*[[Shashank Sharma]]
*[[Yashpal Singh (cricketer)|Yashpal Singh]]
|
*[[Abhijit Dey]] (c)
*[[Kaushal Acharjee]] (vc)
*[[Swapan Das]]
*[[Arindam Das]]
*[[Udiyan Bose]]
*[[Subash Chakraborty]]
*[[Saurabh Das]]
*[[Manisankar Murasingh]]
*[[Parvinder Singh]]
*[[Rana Dutta]]
*[[Tushar Saha]]
*[[Abhijit Sarkar (cricketer)|Abhijit Sarkar]]
*[[Nirupam Sen (cricketer)|Nirupam Sen]]
*[[Nirupam Sen Chowdhary]]
*[[Rakesh Solanki]]
*[[Subhrajit Roy]]
|}

==Points table==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref name=points>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/901105.html?view=pointstable |title=Ranji Trophy, 2015-16 Points table |publisher=ESPN |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2015 }}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|A|Abandoned}}
! style="width:25px; color:blue"|{{abbr|WI|Won by an innings or 10 wickets}}
! style="width:25px; color:blue"|{{abbr|FI|First innings lead in draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px"|{{Abbr | [[Net run rate|NRR]] | Net run rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 8 || 5 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || '''36''' || -0.061
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| 8 || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''31''' || 0.093
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| 8 || 3 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 0 || '''30''' || 1.201
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 8 || 3 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 1 || '''27''' || 0.473
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 8 || 2 || 2 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 2 || '''25''' || 0.589
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| 8 || 1 || 1 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 1 || '''18''' || -0.206
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| 8 || 0 || 3 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''9''' || 0.870
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 8 || 0 || 2 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || -0.330
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| 8 || 0 || 5 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''3''' || -0.760
|}

{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} Top two teams advance to [[#Knockout stage|knockout stage]].
}}

==Fixtures==

=== Round 1 ===

{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match9}} 1–4 October
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]] (H)
| team1 =[[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 45 (37.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rahul Shukla]] 13 (43)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Diwesh Pathania]] 6/19 (16.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 161 (51 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rajat Paliwal]] 26 (31)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Rahul Shukla]] 3/61 (14 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 192 (74 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Saurabh Tiwary]] 56 (105)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Diwesh Pathania]] 7/64 (24 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 78/1 (29.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Soumik Chatterjee]] 37 (66)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Rahul Shukla]] 1/26 (7 overs)

| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[Palam]], [[New Delhi]]
| toss = Services won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]] (Ind) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| rain =
| notes = [[Diwesh Pathania]], [[Poonam Poonia]], [[Raushan Raj]], [[Ravi Chauhan]] and [[Sufiyan Alam]] (all Services) all made their first-class debuts.
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901703.html Scorecard]
| result = Services won by 9 wickets
| motm = [[Diwesh Pathania]] (Services)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match10}} 1–4 October
| team1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] (H)
| team2 =[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 307 (106 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sheldon Jackson (cricketer)|Sheldon Jackson]] 97 (184)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Tushar Saha]] 4/72 (27 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 103 (59.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Arindam Das]] 24 (109)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 6/27 (27.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 86 (53 overs) (f/o)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Manisankar Murasingh]] 36 (47)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 5/45 (25 overs)

| venue = [[Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground]], [[Rajkot]]
| toss = Saurashtra won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Sanjeev Dua]] and [[Sivasubramaniyan Shankar]]
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901705.html Scorecard]
| result = Saurashtra won by an innings and 118 runs
| motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Saurashtra)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match11}} 1–4 October
| team2 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] (H)
| team1 =[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 325 (101 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Hanuma Vihari]] 82 (165)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rituraj Singh (cricketer)|Rituraj Singh]] 3/74 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 425/7
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sagun Kamat]] 109 (286)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Vishal Sharma (Hyderabad cricketer)|Vishal Sharma]] 3/93 (47.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground]], [[Porvorim]]
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] and [[Kamlesh Sharma (umpire)|Kamlesh Sharma]]
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901707.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| motm = [[Sagun Kamat]] (Goa)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match12}} 1–4 October
| team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]] (H)
| team2 =[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 330 (106.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Bandeep Singh]] 82 (211)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Karaparambil Monish]] 3/63 (13.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 485/8d
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Baby]] 151 (310)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ram Dayal (cricketer)|Ram Dayal]] 3/79 (31 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 225 (82.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Adil Reshi]] 54 (107)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Raiphi Gomez]] 3/8 (5.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 44/4 (8 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[VA Jagadeesh]] 13[[not out|*]] (19)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ram Dayal (cricketer)|Ram Dayal]] 2/15 (4 overs)

| venue = [[Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium]], [[Srinagar]]
| toss = Jammu & Kashmir won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Subrat Das]] and [[Abhijit Deshmukh (umpire)|Abhijit Deshmukh]]
| rain =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901709.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| motm = [[Sachin Baby]] (Kerala)
| notes = [[Samad Bhat]] (Jammu & Kashmir) and [[Ahmed Farzeen]] (Kerala) both made their first-class debuts.
}}

=== Round 2 ===
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match21}} 8–11 October
| team1 = [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| team2 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 168 (43.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 87 (69)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 6/71 (19.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 205 (50 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 58 (75)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] 4/38 (14 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 122 (52 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ishank Jaggi]] 31 (101)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 7/55 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 86/2 (28.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sagar Jogiyani]] 46 (75)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Varun Aaron]] 1/13 (7.5 overs)

| venue = [[Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground]], [[Rajkot]]
| toss = Jharkhand won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[S Ramamurthy]] (Ind) and [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901727.html Scorecard]
| result = Saurashtra won by 8 wickets
| notes = [[Vinayak Vikram]] (Jharkhand) made his first-class debut.
| motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Saurashtra)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match22}} 8–11 October
| team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 401 (160.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rohan Prem]] 208 (452)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Akash Bhandari]] 5/72 (28.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 218 (113 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Balchander Anirudh]] 57[[not out|*]] (155)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Karaparambil Monish]] 6/91 (43 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 176/7 (77 overs) (f/o)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Tanmay Agarwal]] 64 (136)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Karaparambil Monish]] 5/73 (34 overs)

| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Rajesh Deshpande]] (Ind) and [[Sanjeev Dua]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901729.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Fabid Ahmed]] (Kerala) made his first-class debut.
| motm = [[Rohan Prem]] (Kerala)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match23}} 8–11 October
| team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| team2 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 293 (94.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Parvez Rasool]] 114[[not out|*]] (185)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rishi Dhawan]] 4/107 (30.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 554 (142.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Nikhil Gangta]] 203 (321)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Parvez Rasool]] 3/140 (39.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 276 (107.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Shubham Khajuria]] 73 (185)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Akash Vasisht]] 4/71 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 16/0 (5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Paras Dogra]] 4[[not out|*]] (12)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| toss = Himachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]] (Ind) and [[Shavir Tarapore]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901731.html Scorecard]
| result = Himachal Pradesh won by 10 wickets
| motm = [[Nikhil Gangta]] (Himachal Pradesh)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match24}} 8–11 October
| team2 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] (H)
| team1 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 402 (137.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rajat Paliwal]] 92 (122)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shadab Jakati]] 3/80 (33.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 285 (134.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Swapnil Asnodkar]] 139 (358)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Poonam Poonia]] 5/60 (35.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 217/6d (65.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Soumik Chatterjee]] 64 (116)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Amit Yadav]] 3/14 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 3/0 (6 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Swapnil Asnodkar]] 2[[not out|*]] (15)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground]], [[Porvorim]]
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Umesh Dubey]] (Ind) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901733.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| motm = [[Poonam Poonia]] (Services)
}}

=== Round 3 ===
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match33}} 15–18 October
| team1 = [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 202 (76 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Saurabh Tiwary]] 75 (145)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sandeep Warrier]] 4/56 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 148 (65.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rohan Prem]] 52 (106)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Varun Aaron]] 5/23 (16.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 262 (88.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 58 (100)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Karaparambil Monish]] 5/66 (23.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 183 (63.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Akshay Kodoth]] 72 (144)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] 7/64 (23.5 overs)

| venue = [[Perintalmanna Cricket Stadium]], [[Malappuram]]
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Sanjeev Dua]] (Ind) and [[Sanjay Hazare]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901751.html Scorecard]
| result = Jharkhand won by 133 runs
| motm = [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] (Jharkhand)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match34}} 15–18 October
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 434 (146.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Tanmay Agarwal]] 118 (302)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ronit More]] 4/84 (30.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 707/8d (195 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Robin Bist]] 220[[not out|*]] (343)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Chama Milind]] 3/161 (39 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 2/0 (13 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Tanmay Agarwal]] 1[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| toss = Himachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Umesh Dubey]] (Ind) and [[Amiesh Saheba]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901753.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Shresth Nirmohi]] (Himachal Pradesh) made his first-class debut.
| motm = [[Robin Bist]] (Himachal Pradesh)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match35}} 15–18 October
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 61 (31.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Kaushal Acharjee]] 20 (31)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rituraj Singh (cricketer)|Rituraj Singh]] 3/17 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 257 (90.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Darshan Misal]] 62 (150)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Rana Dutta]] 4/44 (21.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 245 (75. overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Manisankar Murasingh]] 104 (101)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shadab Jakati]] 5/54 (23 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 50/1 (25.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sagun Kamat]] 28[[not out|*]] (61)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Abhijit Sarkar (cricketer)|Abhijit Sarkar]] 1/7 (4.3 overs)

| venue = [[Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground]], [[Porvorim]]
| toss = Tripura won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]] (Ind) and [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901755.html Scorecard]
| result = Goa won by 9 wickets
| motm = [[Shadab Jakati]] (Goa)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match36}} 15–18 October
| team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]] (H)
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 85 (43 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Parvez Rasool]] 24[[not out|*]] (29)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Raushan Raj]] 7/38 (17 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 229 (66.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rajat Paliwal]] 70 (78)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Rohit Sharma (cricketer, born 1994)|Rohit Sharma]] 4/55 (18.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 161 (53.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Shubham Khajuria]] 51 (61)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Muzzaffaruddin Khalid]] 7/61 (19.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 18/1 (3.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Soumik Chatterjee]] 10[[not out|*]] (9)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Rohit Sharma (cricketer, born 1994)|Rohit Sharma]] 1/1 (1.3 overs)

| venue = [[Gandhi Memorial Science College Ground]], [[Jammu]]
| toss = Services won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[Belur Ravi]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901757.html Scorecard]
| result = Services won by 9 wickets
| notes = [[Rohit Sharma (cricketer, born 1994)|Rohit Sharma]] (Jammu & Kashmir) made his first-class debut.
| motm = [[Rajat Paliwal]] (Services)
}}

=== Round 4 ===
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match45}} 22–25 October
| team1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtrat]] (H)
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 102 (42 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sagar Jogiyani]] 51 (114)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mehdi Hasan (cricketer, born 1990)|Mehdi Hasan]] 5/43 (20 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 148 (42.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kolla Sumanth]] 41 (52)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 6/75 (21 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 215 (67 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Chirag Jani (cricketer)|Chirag Jani]] 65 (72)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mehdi Hasan (cricketer, born 1990)|Mehdi Hasan]] 5/69 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 134 (40 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Bavanaka Sandeep]] 46 (70)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 7/60 (20 overs)

| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| toss = Saurashtra won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]] (Ind) and [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901775.html Scorecard]
| result = Saurashtra won by 35 runs
| motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Saurashtra)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match46}} 22–25 October
| team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 322 (151 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rohan Prem]] 101 (267)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rajat Paliwal]] 3/33 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 319 (129.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Anshul Gupta]] 68 (203)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Rohan Prem]] 4/44 (13.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 176/3d (57.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Akshay Kodoth]] 72 (117)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Anshul Gupta]] 2/23 (6 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 43/4 (18 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ravi Chauhan]] 17 (36)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sachin Baby]] 3/24 (9 overs)

| venue = [[Palam A Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Sanjay Hazare]] (Ind) and [[Kamlesh Sharma (umpire)|Kamlesh Sharma]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901777.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Vikas Hathwala]] (Services) made his first-class debut.
| motm = [[Rohan Prem]] (Kerala)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match47}} 22–25 October
| team1 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachala Pradesh]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 324 (104.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sagun Kamat]] 163 (305)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rishi Dhawan]] 6/108 (33 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 376 (88.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Paras Dogra]] 167 (230)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Prasanth Parameswaran]] 5/82 (26 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 367/6d (118 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Snehal Kauthankar]] 101 (153)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Rishi Dhawan]] 2/58 (22.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 125/2 (30 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Prashant Chopra]] 60 (86)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Darshan Misal]] 1/13 (4 overs)

| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| toss = Himachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Rajesh Deshpande]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901779.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match48}} 22–25 October
| team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kshmir]]
| team2 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 428 (121.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Parvez Rasool]] 130 (195)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Abhijit Sarkar (cricketer)|Abhijit Sarkar]] 3/66 (21.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 224 (91.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Parvinder Singh]] 60 (124)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ram Dayal (cricketer)|Ram Dayal]] 4/51 (25.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 163/3d (30 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ian Dev Singh]] 40[[not out|*]] (50)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Rana Dutta]] 2/24 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 243/2 (91.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Arindam Das]] 106[[not out|*]] (275)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Parvez Rasool]] 1/54 (22 overs)

| venue = [[Polytechnic Institute Ground]], [[Agartala]]
| toss = Jammu & Kashmir won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[P Jayapal]] (Ind) and [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901781.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Deepak Manhas]] (Jammu & Kashmir) made his first-class debut.
| motm = [[Parvez Rasool]] (Jammu & Kashmir)
}}

=== Round 5 ===
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match57}} 30 October–2 November
| team1 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 302 (98.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Swapnil Asnodkar]] 71 (169)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Samar Quadri]] 6/97 (32 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 209 (72.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sumit Kumar]] 51 (70)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shadab Jakati]] 5/72 (28 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 102/5d (37 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Darshan Misal]] 39[[not out|*]] (68)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Rahul Shukla]] 2/7 (5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 105/6 (34 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Shiv Gautam]] 41 (97)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Amit Yadav]] 3/47 (13 overs)

| venue = [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]]
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901799.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| rain = No play was possible on day 1.
| motm = [[Swapnil Asnodkar]] (Goa)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match58}} 30 October–2 November
| team1 = [[Services cricket team|Services]] (H)
| team2 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 254 (69 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rajat Paliwal]] 121 (142)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] 6/80 (23 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 264 (92.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Avi Barot]] 66 (103)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Muzzaffaruddin Khalid]] 5/74 (26.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 311/6d (76 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Yashpal Singh (cricketer)|Yashpal Singh]] 115[[not out|*]] (149)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Saurya Sanandiya]] 3/54 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 302/6 (80.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Mohsin Ahmedbhai Dodia]] 65 (103)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Muzzaffaruddin Khalid]] 4/147 (31 overs)

| venue = [[Palam A Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| toss = Saurashtra won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901801.html Scorecard]
| result = Saurashtra won by 4 wickets
| notes = [[Mohsin Ahmedbhai Dodia]] (Saurashtra) made his first-class debut.
| motm = [[Rajat Paliwal]] (Services)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match59}} 30 October–2 November
| team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 460 (131.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Mithun Manhas]] 150 (194)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Anwar Ahmed]] 5/92 (40.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 280 (92 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Tanmay Agarwal]] 71 (172)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Zahoor Sofi]] 4/37 (13 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 54/2 (17 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ian Dev Singh]] 26[[not out|*]] (42)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Anwar Ahmed]] 1/8 (3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 329 (113.1 overs) (f/o)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Kolla Sumanth]] 78 (139)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ram Dayal (cricketer)|Ram Dayal]] 5/55 (29 overs)

| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] (Ind) and [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901803.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| motm = [[Mithun Manhas]] (Jammu & Kashmir)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match60}} 30 October–2 November
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| team2 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 285 (107.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Udiyan Bose]] 95 (244)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Akshay Chauhan]] 3/55 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 561/5d (130 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Paras Dogra]] 209[[not out|*]] (242)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Rana Dutta]] 3/79 (22 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 270 (84.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Nirupam Sen Chowdhary]] 66 (91)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ankush Bedi]] 3/50 (15 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| toss = Himachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Krishnamachari Srinivasan]] (Ind) and [[Ravi Subramanian (umpire)|Ravi Subramanian]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901805.html Scorecard]
| result = Himachal Pradesh won by an innings and 6 runs
| notes = [[Tapash Mandal]] (Tripura) made his first-class debut.
| motm = [[Paras Dogra]] (Himachal Pradesh)
}}

=== Round 6 ===
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match69}} 7–10 November
| team1 = [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] (H)
| team2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 551/8d (171.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Anand Singh (cricketer)|Anand Singh]] 124 (225)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Parvez Rasool]] 3/127 (41.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 309 (90.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Mithun Manhas]] 98 (139)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kaushal Singh]] 4/38 (12 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 265/4 (81.2 overs) (f/o)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ian Dev Singh]] 126 (177)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Jaskaran Singh (cricketer, born 1991)|Jaskaran Singh]] 2/38 (11 overs)

| venue = [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]]
| toss = Jharkhand won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Belur Ravi]] (Ind) and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901823.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| motm = [[Kaushal Singh]] (Jharkhand)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match70}} 7–10 November
| team1 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 239 (84 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Darshan Misal]] 106[[not out|*]] (208)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]] 3/41 (14 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 258 (101.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Avi Barot]] 56 (127)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Rituraj Singh (cricketer)|Rituraj Singh]] 5/70 (33.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 299/7d (89 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Swapnil Asnodkar]] 104 (206)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Kamlesh Makvana]] 3/85 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 223/5 (76.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Avi Barot]] 93 (155)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Amit Yadav]] 3/52 (22 overs)

| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| toss = Goa won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Sudhir Asnani]] (Ind) and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901825.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| motm = [[Avi Barot]] (Saurashtra)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match71}} 7–10 November
| team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] (H)
| team2 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 347 (129.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rohan Prem]] 118 (264)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rana Dutta]] 5/50 (21.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 236 (98.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Udiyan Bose]] 62 (140)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sandeep Warrier]] 6/69 (23.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 117/4d (19.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rohan Prem]] 72[[not out|*]] (62)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Manisankar Murasingh]] 3/57 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 53/0 (17 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Udiyan Bose]] 32[[not out|*]] (49)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Perintalmanna Cricket Stadium]], [[Malappuram]]
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901827.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Subash Chakraborty]] (Tripura) made his first-class debut.
| motm = [[Rohan Prem]] (Kerala)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match72}} 7–10 November
| team1 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] (H)
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 531 (138.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Paras Dogra]] 227 (280)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Diwesh Pathania]] 3/108 (39 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 448/8 (170 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Yashpal Singh (cricketer)|Yashpal Singh]] 115 (246)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shresth Nirmohi]] 3/62 (36.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| toss = Services won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Amiesh Saheba]] (Ind) and [[Ravi Subramanian (umpire)|Ravi Subramanian]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901829.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Kamal Passi]] (Services) made his first-class debut.
*''[[Paras Dogra]] (Himachal Pradesh) equalled the record for the most double centuries (seven) in the Ranji Trophy.''<ref name="Dogra">{{cite news |title=Services start strongly after Dogra's record double |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2015-16/content/story/938563.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=8 November 2015 |access-date=8 November 2015 }}</ref>
}}

=== Round 7 ===
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match81}} 15–18 November
| team1 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] (H)
| team2 = [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 166 (55 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Parvinder Singh]] 66 (107)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rahul Shukla]] 6/40 (14 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 394/4d (113 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ishank Jaggi]] 102[[not out|*]] (153)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Manisankar Murasingh]] 2/89 (26 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 161 (52.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Manisankar Murasingh]] 52 (69)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] 6/50 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Polytechnic Institute Ground]], [[Agartala]]
| toss = Jharkhand won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901847.html Scorecard]
| result = Jharkhand won by an innings and 67 runs
| motm = [[Rahul Shukla]] (Jharkhand)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match82}} 15–18 November
| team1 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 551 (168.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Prashant Chopra]] 187 (334)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] 4/69 (23.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 437 (172 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Jaydev Shah]] 142 (358)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Akash Vasisht]] 3/101 (32 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| toss = Himachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[P. Jayapal]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901849.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| motm = [[Prashant Chopra]] (Himachal Pradesh)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match83}} 15–18 November
| team1 = [[Services cricket team|Services]] (H)
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 353 (124 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Soumik Chatterjee]] 156 (292)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ravi Kiran]] 4/65 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 272 (118.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Akshath Reddy]] 125 (261)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Diwesh Pathania]] 3/63 (38 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 217/7d (57 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Diwesh Pathania]] 42[[not out|*]] (29)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Chama Milind]] 2/42 (15 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 140/3 (43 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Akshath Reddy]] 72[[not out|*]] (117)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Kamal Passi]] 2/34 (11 overs)

| venue = [[Palam A Stadium]], [[Delhi]]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Subrat Das]] (Ind) and [[Abhijit Deshmukh (umpire)|Abhijit Deshmukh]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901851.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Mohammed Siraj]] (Hyderabad) and [[Amit Pachhara]] (Services) both made their first-class debuts.
| motm = [[Soumik Chatterjee]] (Services)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match84}} 15–18 November
| team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| team2 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 441 (143.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Robert Fernandez (cricketer)|Robert Fernandez]] 109 (261)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Amit Yadav]] 4/119 (38.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 191 (68.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Amogh Sunil Desai]] 38 (122)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sandeep Warrier]] 6/44 (18.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 167 (52.4 overs) f/o
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Prasanth Parameswaran]] 38 (37)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sandeep Warrier]] 3/31 (12 overs)

| venue = [[Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground]], [[Porvorim]]
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901853.html Scorecard]
| result = Kerala won by an innings and 83 runs
| notes = [[Mohammed Azharuddeen]] (Kerala) made his first-class debut.
| motm = [[Fabid Ahmed]] (Kerala)
}}

=== Round 8 ===
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match93}} 23–26 November
| team1 = [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] (H)
| team2 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 337 (103 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shiv Gautam]] 122 (259)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Bipul Sharma]] 6/59 (37 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 133 (36.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ankit Kalsi]] 53 (87)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] 7/45 (14.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 133 (32.1 overs) f/o
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Nikhil Gangta]] 38 (38)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] 4/45 (13.1 overs)

| venue = [[JSCA International Stadium Complex]], [[Ranchi]]
| toss = Jharkhand won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[Shavir Tarapore]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901871.html Scorecard]
| result = Jharkhand won by an innings and 71 runs
| notes = [[Sonu Singh]] (Jharkhand) made his first-class debut.
| motm = [[Shiv Gautam]] (Jharkhand)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match94}} 23–26 November
| team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] (H)
| team2 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 166 (66.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[V. A. Jagadeesh]] 59 (134)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]] 5/44 (20.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 157 (60.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Samarth Vyas]] 54 (90)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Karaparambil Monish]] 6/81 (27 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 105 (41 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Akshay Chandran]] 32[[not out|*]] (74)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]] 6/59 (17 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 69 (33.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Saurya Sanandiya]] 17 (32)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Karaparambil Monish]] 5/46 (16 overs)

| venue = [[Perintalmanna Cricket Stadium]], [[Malappuram]]
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Sudhir Asnani]] (Ind) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901873.html Scorecard]
| result = Kerala won by 45 runs
| notes = [[Vandit Jivrajani]] and [[Samarth Vyas]] (Saurashtra) both made their first-class debuts.
| motm = [[Karaparambil Monish]] (Kerala)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match95}} 23–26 November
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] (H)
| team2 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 548/5d (173 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Hanuma Vihari]] 219 (447)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Manisankar Murasingh]] 2/82 (33 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 237 (82.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Arindam Das]] 73 (172)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravi Kiran]] 3/45 (20.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 294/5 (88 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Parvinder Singh]] 104[[not out|*]] (183)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Himalay Agarwal]] 2/21 (4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Tripura won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Sanjay Hazare]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901875.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| motm = [[Hanuma Vihari]] (Hyderabad)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match96}} 23–26 November
| team1 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| team2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 552/5d (162 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Swapnil Asnodkar]] 232 (360)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Parvez Rasool]] 4/169 (52 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 501 (140.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Mithun Manhas]] 135 (231)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shadab Jakati]] 4/103 (32.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 82/1 (19 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Darshan Misal]] 41 (47)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Aamir Aziz]] 1/25 (4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Gandhi Memorial Science College Ground]], [[Jammu]]
| toss = Jammu & Kashmir won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Umesh Dubey]] and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901877.html Scorecard]
| result = Match drawn
| notes = [[Abhinav Puri]], [[Pranav Gupta]] and [[Aamir Sofi]] (Jammu & Kashmir) all made their first-class debuts.
| motm = [[Swapnil Asnodkar]] (Goa)
}}

=== Round 9 ===
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match105}} 1–4 December
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] (H)
| team2 = [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 145 (76.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Bavanaka Sandeep]] 39 (108)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jaskaran Singh (cricketer, born 1991)|Jaskaran Singh]] 3/32 (14.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 388/8d (104.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Saurabh Tiwary]] 209[[not out|*]] (283)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Chama Milind]] 3/77 (22 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 269 (101.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Balchander Anirudh]] 79[[not out|*]] (136)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Rahul Shukla]] 5/89 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 29/0 (3.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Anand Singh (cricketer)|Anand Singh]] 22[[not out|*]] (13)
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| toss = Jharkhand won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Umesh Dubey]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901895.html Scorecard]
| result = Jharkhand won by 10 wickets
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match106}} 1–4 December
| team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]] (H)
| team2 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 138 (49.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Aamir Aziz]] 32 (58)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Saurya Sanandiya]] 5/53 (17 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 497 (126.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sheldon Jackson (cricketer)|Sheldon Jackson]] 121 (142)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Zahoor Sofi]] 3/51 (20 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 296 (86.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ian Dev Singh]] 127 (179)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Kamlesh Makvana]] 7/100 (26.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| venue = [[Gandhi Memorial Science College Ground]], [[Jammu]]
| toss = Saurashtra won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901897.html Scorecard]
| result = Saurashtra won by an innings and 63 runs
| notes = [[Umar Nissar]] (Jammu & Kashmir) made his first-class debut.
| motm = [[Kamlesh Makvana]] (Saurashtra)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match107}} 1–4 December
| team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] (H)
| team2 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 103 (47.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 25 (88)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rahul Singh (cricketer, born 1992)|Rahul Singh]] 6/19 (19.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 163 (37.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Prashant Chopra]] 40 (63)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Fabid Ahmed]] 3/12 (4.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 83 (25.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sanju Samson]] 19 (30)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Bipul Sharma]] 6/33 (10.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 24/4 (4.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ankit Kalsi]] 10[[not out|*]] (10)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Karaparambil Monish]] 4/0 (2 overs)

| venue = [[Perintalmanna Cricket Stadium]], [[Malappuram]]
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901899.html Scorecard]
| result = Himachal Pradesh won by 6 wickets
| motm = [[Prashant Chopra]] (Himachal Pradesh)
}}
----
{{Test match | date = {{anchor|match108}} 1–4 December
| team1 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| team2 = [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = 512 (136.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rajat Paliwal]] 203 (266)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rana Dutta]] 4/104 (35 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 230 (84 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Saurabh Das]] 53 (115)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Diwesh Pathania]] 3/49 (22 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 220 (94.5 overs) f/o
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Parvinder Singh]] 58 (96)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Raushan Raj]] 3/37 (17 overs)

| venue = [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium]], [[Agartala]]
| toss = Tripura won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Krishnamachari Bharatan]] (Ind) and [[Shavir Tarapore]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901901.html Scorecard]
| result = Services won by an innings and 62 runs
| motm = [[Rajat Paliwal]] (Services)
}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/901105.html Series home at ESPNcricinfo]
* [http://www.bcci.tv/ranji-trophy-2015-16/overview Series home at Bcci.tv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224527/http://www.bcci.tv/ranji-trophy-2015-16/overview |date=2 October 2015}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2015-16}}
[[Category:2015 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2015–16]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

Vemavaram, NTR district

2026-03-12T14:00:41Z

Swastikholidays: Creating the place w/ sources!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vemavaram
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =

| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|16|35|46|N|80|37|12|E|region:IN_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 

| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Vatsavai

| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Vemavaram [[gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =

| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Krishna |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=5 May 2019 |page=196 |format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 383

| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=629343|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>
| population_total = 1860
| population_density_km2 = auto

| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 521190
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = AP
}}

'''Vemavaram''' is a village in [[NTR district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Vatsavai [[mandal]] of [[Vijayawada revenue division]].<ref name="census" />{{rp|16}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in NTR district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Tons River

2026-03-08T11:37:18Z

Swastikholidays:

{{short description|River in India}}
{{for|river with same name in Madhya Pradesh-Uttar Pradesh|Tamsa River}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Tons River
| native_name ={{native name|hi|टौंस नदी}}
| name_other =
| etymology =
| image = Mohuna village, Deobun, Northwest of Landour - 1850s.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_caption = Mohuna village, Deobun, Northwest of Landour - 1850s
| image_alt =
| map =
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| source1_location = [[Bandarpunch]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| source1_elevation =
| mouth_location = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| mouth_elevation =
| basin_size =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| length =
| discharge1_location= [[Yamuna]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| waterbodies =
| waterfalls =
| bridges =
| ports =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Tons''' (टौंस नदी) is the largest tributary of the [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Indian rivers : scientific and socio-economic aspects |publisher=Springer Hydrogeology |year=2018 |isbn= |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Dhruv Sen |location=Singapore |pages=416 |oclc=}}</ref> It flows through cultural [[Mahasu (region)|Mahasu region]] in [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]], marking the boundaries of the two states after [[Tyuni]], where the confluence of the Tons and [[Pabbar river|Pabbar]] rivers occurs. The Tons thrust is named after this river.

With its source in the {{convert|20722|ft|m}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=2683 | title=Banderpunch | publisher=Peakware | accessdate=9 April 2017 }}</ref> high [[Bandarpunch]] mountain, it is one of the major perennial Indian [[Himalaya]]n rivers. In fact, it carries more water than the Yamuna itself, which it meets below Kalsi near [[Dehradun]], Uttarakhand.<ref>[http://www.treknraft.com/adventure_tour_india/lower_tons_river_expedition.htm Tons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513111434/http://www.treknraft.com/adventure_tour_india/lower_tons_river_expedition.htm |date=13 May 2008 }}</ref><ref name=hy>{{cite book |title=Hydrology and water resources of India- Volume 57 of Water science and technology library - Yamuna River|last=Jain |first=Sharad K.|author2=Pushpendra K. Agarwal |author3=Vijay P. Singh |year=2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-5179-1|pages=344–354 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&q=Yamuna+River&pg=RA1-PA345}}</ref>

==Tons Valley==
Tons Valley lies in [[Jaunsar Bawar]] region, as it emerges from the Himalayas has haridwar on its eastern bank. The cantonment town of [[Chakrata]] is situated between, the Tons and [[Yamuna]] rivers.

[[File:A view of Tons river from Paonta Sahib,.JPG|thumb|Tons River, flowing near Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh. The bridge seen in the picture links Dehradun (Uttarakhand) with Paonta Sahib (Himachal).]]

==Tributaries==

The Pabbar River is a tributary of the Tons River connecting to it from the west. It is also the westernmost river that drains east to the [[Ganges]]. The [[Sutlej River]] is the next watershed over and is the easternmost river that drains west into the [[Indus]].

The Asan River is another tributary of the Tons that is often named (incorrectly) after this great river as the Tons. The Asan is a confluence of two small river systems, one comprising streams flowing south from the [[Himalayan range]] running from Vikas Nagar towards [[Tehri]] (with [[Mussorie]] in the centre), and the other comprising streams flowing north-west from the lower [[Shiwalik hills]] (that separate [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]] and [[Saharanpur district]]s). The misnomer Tons stands for the river originating from the Mussorie hills, flowing down through Robber's cave, Bijapur canal and [[Tapkeshwar Mahadev]], before emerging into a broad valley behind [[Indian_Military_Academy|IMA]]. This river receives substantial waters from several streams flowing south from the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] slopes. It goes on west beyond the locality of Premnagar to finally join the streams from the lower [[Shiwaliks]] and flow toward the [[Yamuna]], which it joins near Poanta Sahib. [[Asan barrage]] is constructed just before this confluence.

==Identification with ancient Saraswati river==

Research<ref>{{Cite web|last=Valdiya|first=K.S.|date=|title=The River Saraswati was a Himalayan-born river|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/104/01/0042.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316095950/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/104/01/0042.pdf|archive-date=2013-03-16}}</ref> points to the possibility of the ancient Saraswati river having had a source in the glacial waters of the Himalayas. The theory<ref>{{Cite web|first=|title=Tracing The Origin of Saraswati River To Tons and Baspa Rivers {{!}} Physical Geography {{!}} Earth Sciences|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/380650060/Tracing-the-Origin-of-Saraswati-River-to-Tons-and-Baspa-Rivers|access-date=2021-07-29|website=Scribd|language=en}}</ref> states that the Tons river became a tributary of the Yamuna a few thousand years ago following a tectonic event in the Shiwalik range near Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh. If this is true, the Tons once ran an independent course somewhat parallel to the Yamuna, running south-west into Haryana where the Yamuna merged into it, and lower down the course into Punjab, where the Sutlej merged into it. This river was then the Saraswati mentioned in the Vedic texts as the greatest of all Indian rivers. However, this is just a theory and is yet to be universally accepted.

==Geology==
{{see also|Geology of the Himalaya}}

The top of the Tons river is in the Himalayan Crystalline complex. It then flows through Tethan Himalaya rocks before connecting to the Pabbar River in the Lesser Himalayan Sequence. The Tons flows into the Yamuna River after crossing into the Sub-Himalaya Sequence.

==In Art and Literature==
{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839/Crossing the River Tonse by a Jhoola|'Crossing the River Tonse by a Jhoola', a poetical illustration by L. E. L.}}

An engraving of a painting by William Purser depicting a rope bridge crossing the river in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839 gave rise to the poetical illustration "Crossing the River Tonse by a Jhoola" by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]]. The poet echoes the three stranded rope in her three-lined verses.<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA34-IA30|section=picture|year=1838|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}} {{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA34-IA33|section=poetical illustration|page=41|year=1838|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref>

==Adventure sports==
Along with [[Ganges]], it has now become a major destination for water-based adventure sports like white-water rafting in Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travelnewsindia.com/11-top-destinations-river-rafting-india/|title=11 Top Destinations for River Rafting in India - Travel News India|publisher=travelnewsindia.com |date=2017-02-01}}</ref> Visitors can stay at Jaunsar Bawar region on the banks of the Tons river and enjoy the grade 4 rafting. The typical season for rafting in Tons is until July.

==See also==
* [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]]
* [[Markanda river, Haryana]]
* [[Sarsuti]]
* [[Tangri river]]
* [[Chautang]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Tons River}}

{{Hydrography of Uttarakhand}}
{{Hydrography of Himachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|30|29|49|N|77|48|06|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:dewiki}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Yamuna River]]
[[Category:Rivers of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Valleys of Himachal Pradesh]]

2G spectrum case

2026-03-04T16:00:11Z

Swastikholidays: revised

{{Short description|Ongoing alleged scam case}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=August 2020}}
{{Lead too short|date=December 2020}}
{{lead extra info|date=December 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}

The '''2G spectrum case''' was a political controversy in which politicians and private officials of the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) coalition government in [[India]] were allegedly involved in<ref>{{cite news |title=India's 2G scandal |publisher=BBC World News |date=11 November 2011}}</ref> selling or allotting 122 [[2G]] [[spectrum license]]s on conditions that provided an advantage to specific telecom operators. [[A. Raja]], then Telecom Minister, was accused of selling 2G spectrum licenses at a very low cost which resulted in the loss of ₹1,760 billion (US$25 billion) in government revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2G Scam Explained|url=https://www.news18.com/news/immersive/2g-scam-explained.html|access-date=2021-09-18|website=News18.com|language=en}}</ref> Raja was also accused of not following rules as well as not recognizing any advice from the Ministries of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]] and [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law and Justice]] of India while allotting 2G spectrum licenses to telecom operators. Series of allegations were made on allotting 2G spectrum licenses including allegations from [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] after investigating the case alleging Raja for intentionally advancing the cut-off date (from 01/10/2007 to 25/09/2007)<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2011-12-12|title=2G case: A chronology of events|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2g-case-a-chronology-of-events/article12151968.ece|access-date=2021-09-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> to favour specific firms ([[Unitech Wireless]] and Swan Telecom), which were allegedly ineligible for applying for telecom licenses, in return for bribes.

On 21 December 2017, a special court in New Delhi acquitted all accused in the 2G spectrum case including the prime accused Raja and [[Kanimozhi]].<ref name="2g Spectrum Scam">{{cite news|url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/2g-spectrum-scam-court-verdict-on-a-raja-and-kanimozhi|newspaper=Amar Ujala | title=2g Spectrum Scam Verdict Case: Court Judgement on a Raja And Kanimozhi | date=21 December 2017}}</ref> The court ruled that the case was baseless. As per the judgement, "Some people created a scam by artfully arranging a few selected facts and exaggerating things beyond recognition to astronomical levels."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/2g-scam-case-verdict-judge-op-saini-this-is-why-a-raja-and-kanimozhi-have-been-acquitted-4992445/ |title=Some People Created a Scam by Artfully Arranging a Few Selected Facts: 2G Case Judge |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2g-spectrum-verdict-no-proof-of-scam-says-court-a-scam-of-lies-says-congress/articleshow/62201212.cms |title=2G Spectrum Verdict: No Proof of Scam, Says Court |last=Garg |first= Abhinav |date=22 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 19 and 20 March 2018, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] and the CBI respectively filed appeals against this verdict in the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/delhi-high-court-to-hear-cbi-and-ed-s-appeal-on-2g-case-on-wednesday-118032001131_1.html|title=Delhi High Court to hear CBI and ED's appeal on 2G case on Wednesday|last=ANI|date=20 March 2018|work=Business Standard India|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> On 22 March 2024, Delhi High Court's single-judge bench of Justice Dinesh Kumar Sharma agreed that the trial court's judgement required deeper examination and re-appreciation of entire evidence and admitted the CBI's appeal. The High Court noted that there were several contradictions in the trial court's judgement.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=2G spectrum case: Delhi High Court admits CBI's plea challenging acquittal of former telecom minister A Raja, others |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/2g-spectrum-case-delhi-high-court-a-raja-acquittal-challenge-9228313/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
India is divided into 22 telecommunications zones, with 281 zonal licenses.<ref>{{cite news|title=Factbox: India top court orders 200spaper=NDTV}}</ref> In 2008, 122 new [[2G|second-generation 2G]] Unified Access Service (UAS) licenses were granted to telecom companies on a first-come, first-served basis at the 2001 price. According to the CBI charge sheet, several laws were violated and bribes were paid to favour certain firms in granting 2G spectrum licenses. According to a [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|CAG]] audit, licenses were granted to ineligible corporations, those with no experience in the telecom sector (such as Unitech and Swan Telecom)<ref name="What is 2G Scam">{{cite news|title=What is 2G scam |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/what-is-2g-spectrum-scam-66418|newspaper=NDTV}}</ref> and those who had concealed relevant information.<ref>{{cite news|title=Here's how CAG report on 2G scam blasts Raja|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-tech-what-the-cag-report-on-2g-scam-says/20101116.htm|publisher=Rediff}}</ref> Although former [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] advised Raja to allot 2G spectrum transparently and revise the license fee in a November 2007 letter, Raja rejected many of Singh's recommendations.<ref name="Chronology of 2G scam">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-20/news/29564752_1_2g-spectrum-case-licence-fee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811013013/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-20/news/29564752_1_2g-spectrum-case-licence-fee|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=2G Spectrum Scam: Chronology of events|work=The Economic Times|date=2 May 2011|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> In another letter that month, the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] expressed procedural concerns to the [[Department of Telecommunications|DOT]];<ref name="Chronology of 2G scam"/> these were ignored, and the cut-off date was moved forward from 1 October to 25 September 2007.<ref name="Chronology of 2G scam"/>

On 25 September 2007 the DOT announced on its website that applicants filing between 3:30 and 4:30 pm that day would be granted licenses.<ref name="Chronology of 2G scam" /> Although the policy for awarding licences was [[first-come, first-served]], which was introduced during Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government, Raja changed the rules so it applied to compliance with conditions instead of the application itself.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/how-raja-misused-pms-letter-while-allocating-2g-licences-468877|title=How Raja misused PM's letter while allocating 2G licences|last1=Shrivastava|first1=Rahul|date=28 September 2011|agency=NDTV}}</ref> On 10 January 2008, companies were given only a few hours to supply Letters of Intent and payments; some executives were allegedly tipped off by Raja.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cag-findings-in-2g-spectrum-case-quite-erroneously-2001-values-in-2008-report-said-a-raja-4993690/|title=CAG findings in 2G spectrum case: 'Quite erroneously' 2001 values in 2008, report said|date=22 December 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=12 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article22122355.ece/BINARY/2GCBIVsRaja CBI Vs. A. Raja and others], Case RC No: 45 (A) 2009, CBI, ACB, New Delhi</ref> Although the corporation was ineligible, Swan Telecom was granted a license<ref name="What is 2G Scam" /> for {{INRConvert|15.37|b|nolink=yes}} and sold a 45-percent share to the UAE-based [[Etisalat]] for {{INRConvert|42|b|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="What is 2G Scam" /> Unitech Wireless (a subsidiary of the [[Unitech Group]]) obtained a license for {{INRConvert|16.61|b|nolink=yes}}, selling a 60-percent share for {{INRConvert|62|b|nolink=yes}} to Norway-based [[Telenor]].<ref name="What is 2G Scam" />

The following is a list of companies who received 2G licenses during Andimuthu Raja's term as telecom minister;<ref>{{cite news|title=List of 122 licenses cancelled by Supreme Court|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/2g-scam/latest-updates/story/2g-scam-licenses-cancelled-by-supreme-court-91711-2012-02-01|newspaper=India Today|date=2 February 2012|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SC cancels 122 licences: Are you affected?|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5807414|publisher=MSN|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205001042/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5807414|archive-date=5 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> the licenses were later cancelled by the Supreme Court:<ref>{{cite news|title=List of 122 cancelled 2G licenses;What should subscribers do|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2012/02/02/list-122-cancelled-2g-licenses-suggestion-subscribers-1.html|newspaper=One India News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=List of companies whose 2G licence were cancelled|url=http://www.odishatoday.com/viewnews.php?news_id=2545|newspaper=Odisha Today|access-date=24 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507012900/http://www.odishatoday.com/viewnews.php?news_id=2545|archive-date=7 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Company !! Telecom regions !! # of licenses !! Remarks
|-
| Adonis Projects || Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (East)|| 6 || rowspan="8" | Adonis Projects, Nahan Properties, Aska Projects, Volga Properties, Azare Properties & Hudson Properties were acquired by Unitech. Since Unitech Infrastructure and Unitech Builders & Estates were subsidiaries of Unitech Group, in 2008 Unitech had 22 2G licenses. Later that year, Telenor bought a majority share in the telecom company from the Unitech Group and provided service as [[Telenor India|Uninor]] with 22 licences.
|-
| Nahan Properties || Assam, Bihar, North East, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh (east), West Bengal ||6
|-
| Aska Projects || Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka || 3
|-
| Volga Properties || Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra || 3
|-
| Azure Properties || Kolkata || 1
|-
| Hudson Properties || Delhi || 1
|-
| Unitech Builders & Estates || Tamil Nadu (including Chennai) || 1
|-
| Unitech Infrastructures || Mumbai || 1
|-
| [[Loop Mobile|Loop Telecom]] || Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Kolkata, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh || 21 ||
|-
| Datacom Solutions || Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Kolkata, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Mumbai || 21 || Operates as [[Videocon Telecom]]
|-
| Shyam Telelink || Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Kolkata, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, North East|| 17 || rowspan="2" |Shyam Telelink & Shyani Telelink have a combined 21 licenses. In late 2008 Russia-based [[Sistema]] bought a majority share in the company, which now operates as [[MTS India]].
|-
| Shyani Telelink || Mumbai, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh || 4
|-
| Swan Telecom || Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Mumbai || 13 || rowspan="2" | Swan was a subsidiary of Reliance Telecom established to circumvent the one-company-one-license rule. In 2008, Swan merged with Allianz Infratech; late in the year Abu Dhabi's Etisalat bought about 45 percent of the company, renaming it Etisalat DB Telecom.
|-
| Allianz Infratech || Bihar, Madhya Pradesh || 2
|-
| [[Idea Cellular]] || Assam, Punjab, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, North East, Kolkata, West Bengal, Odisha, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai) || 9 || rowspan="2" |Since [[Idea Cellular]] bought [[Spice Telecom|Spice Communications]] in 2008 for {{INRConvert|27|b|nolink=yes}},<ref>{{cite news|title=Idea buys Spice |url=http://www.pluggd.in/indian-telecom-industry/idea-tmi-acquires-spice-telecom-1805/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918095754/http://www.pluggd.in/indian-telecom-industry/idea-tmi-acquires-spice-telecom-1805/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2008 |newspaper=Plugged In }}</ref> of the 122 spectrum licenses sold in 2008 Idea owns 13. Seven are in use by the company, and the remainder are overlapping licenses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2012/02/02162244/List-of-companies-affected-by.html |title=List of companies affected by 2G verdict – Economy and Politics |publisher=livemint.com |date=2 February 2012 |access-date=1 August 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Spice Telecom|Spice Communications]] || Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra || 4
|-
| [[S Tel]] || Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Odisha, North East, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh || 6 || In January 2009, [[Batelco|Bahrain Telecommunications]] agreed to buy 49 percent of S Tel for $225 million. Chinnakannan Sivasankaran owns the remaining share.<ref>{{cite news|title=Batelco to buy 49% in S-Tel|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Batelco-to-buy-49-in-S-Tel/articleshow/3998352.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 January 2009|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PE-backed Bahrain Telecom buys 49% in Indian telco for $225M|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-37535720090119|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114024032/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-37535720090119|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 November 2010|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref> In May 2009, [[Sahara India Pariwar|Sahara Group]] bought an 11.7-percent share in S Tel.<ref>{{cite news|author=Joji Thomas Philip|agency=ET Bureau|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-05-06/news/28394897_1_s-tel-bahrain-telecommunications-telecom-licences|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022014/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-05-06/news/28394897_1_s-tel-bahrain-telecommunications-telecom-licences|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2013|title=Sahara group acquires 11.7% in S Tel|work=The Economic Times|date=6 May 2009|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tata Teleservices]] || Jammu and Kashmir, Assam, North East || 3 || In late 2008 Tata sold a 26-percent share to the Japanese [[NTT DoCoMo]] for about {{INRConvert|130.7|b|nolink=yes}}, or an [[enterprise value]] of {{INRConvert|502.69|b|nolink=yes}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=NTT DoCoMo buys 26% in Tata Tele for $2.7 bn|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ntt-docomo-buys-26-in-tata-tele-for-2-7-bn-108111200071_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=12 November 2008|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref>
|}

=={{anchor|Parties accused of involvement}}Accused parties==
The selling of the licenses drew attention to three groups: politicians and bureaucrats, who had the authority to sell licenses; corporations buying the licenses, and professionals who mediated between the politicians and corporations.

==={{anchor|Politicians accused}}Politicians===
The following charges were filed by the CBI and the [[Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation]] in the Special CBI Court.<ref name=Charges>{{cite news|title=Charges Against Raja & others|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/2g-scam-charges-against-raja-others-143384|newspaper=NDTV
|date=22 October 2011 |access-date=26 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Zee News">{{cite web|title=2G: CBI files chargesheet against Raja, others|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/2g-cbi-files-chargesheet-against-raja-others_697148.html|publisher=Zee News|date=2 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news|agency=ET Bureau|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-13/news/30511634_1_essar-and-loop-ip-khaitan-anshuman-ruia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192606/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-13/news/30511634_1_essar-and-loop-ip-khaitan-anshuman-ruia|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|title=2G scam: CBI files charge sheet against Loop Telecom owners & Ravi Ruia, Anshuman Ruia of Essar Group|work=The Economic Times|date=13 December 2011|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="http">{{cite news|agency=TNN|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-12/india/30508078_1_chargesheet-loop-telecom-ip-khaitan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192754/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-12/india/30508078_1_chargesheet-loop-telecom-ip-khaitan|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|title=2G case: CBI files third chargesheet, names Ruias and Khaitans|date=12 December 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref>

====[[Andimuthu Raja|A. Raja]] ====
*''Political career'': Four-time [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] member of Parliament (currently member of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nilgiris]], Tamil Nadu), former Union Minister of State for Rural Development (1999) and Health and Family Welfare (2003), former Union Cabinet Minister for Environment and Forests (2004) and Communication and Information Technology (2007 and 2009)<ref>{{cite news|title=A brief history of A. Raja|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-brief-history-of-A-Raja/articleshow/7411326.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021510/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-02/india/28354747_1_spectrum-scam-2g-15th-lok-sabha|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Who is A. Raja ?|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/who-is-a-raja-66405|newspaper=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of ministers for 14th lok sabha |url=http://www.vandeindia.com/list-of-ministers-for-14th-lok-sabha.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704035016/http://www.vandeindia.com/list-of-ministers-for-14th-lok-sabha.html |archive-date=4 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.winentrance.com/general_knowledge/a-raja-2.html|title=Biography of A. Raja |website=Winentrance.com|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
*''Allegation'': A joint investigative report by the CBI and the Income Tax Department alleged that Raja may have received a {{INRConvert|30|b|nolink=yes}} bribe for moving the cut-off date for spectrum applications forward.<ref name="Indianews Raja">{{cite news|title=A Raja made Rs 3,000cr in bribes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-Raja-made-Rs-3000cr-in-bribes/articleshow/7471835.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831072605/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-11/india/28545283_1_telecom-minister-raja-cut-off-date|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=2011-08-31}}</ref><ref name="Zeenews Raja">{{cite news|title=A Raja made Rs 3,000 cr in bribes|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/a-raja-made-rs-3-000-cr-in-bribes_686441.html|newspaper=Zee News|date=11 February 2011|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> The changed deadline eliminated many applications, enabling Raja to favour a few applicants.<ref name="Indianews Raja"/><ref name="Zeenews Raja"/> The agencies also alleged that he used accounts in his wife's name in Mauritius and Seychelles banks for the kickbacks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Raja took the money to the safest place, offshore|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/03/02/raja-parks-2g-loot-safe-abroad-aid0113.html|newspaper=One India News|date=2 March 2011|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> A CBI charge sheet alleged that Raja conspired with the accused and arbitrarily refined the first-come, first-served policy to ensure that Swan and Unitech received licences.<ref name="case against AG">{{cite news|title=The case against AG|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main51.asp?filename=Ne110212Coverstory.asp|newspaper=Tehlka|date=11 February 2011|access-date=23 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925012123/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main51.asp?filename=Ne110212Coverstory.asp|archive-date=25 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Instead of auctioning 2G spectrum, he sold it at the 2001 rate.<ref name="case against AG"/>
*''Charges'': Criminal breach of trust by a public servant (section 409), criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471); booked under the [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988|Prevention of Corruption Act]] for accepting illegal gratification.<ref name="Charges"/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|title=2G case: Charges framed against Raja, Kanimozhi and 15 other accused|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-case-Charges-framed-against-Raja-Kanimozhi-and-15-other-accused/articleshow/10452166.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194627/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-22/india/30310438_1_framing-charges-swan-telecom-pvt-criminal-conspiracy|url-status=live|archive-date=29 October 2013|date=22 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Jiby|last=Kattakayam|title=2G: charges framed against Raja, Kanimozhi, others; trial on 11 November|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2562158.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 October 2011|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref>
*''Status'': Arrested by the CBI on 2 February 2011.<ref name="Raja, Behura & Chandolia arrested">{{cite news|title=Nailed: CBI arrests Raja in 2G scam case|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/raja-likely-to-be-arrested-in-2g-scam-case/142180-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204175317/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/raja-likely-to-be-arrested-in-2g-scam-case/142180-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2011|newspaper=IBN Live|date=2 February 2011|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> Applied for bail on 9 May 2012,<ref>{{cite news|title=Finally, Raja applies for bail, seeks parity |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Finally-Raja-applies-for-bail-seeks-parity/Article1-853103.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031161834/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Finally-Raja-applies-for-bail-seeks-parity/Article1-853103.aspx |archive-date=31 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A Raja, jailed for telecom scam, applies for bail, hearing on Friday|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/a-raja-jailed-for-telecom-scam-applies-for-bail-hearing-on-friday-208350|newspaper=NDTV}}</ref> which was granted on 15 May.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite news|title=Raja granted bail, whispered prayers as verdict was announced|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/a-raja-gets-bail-in-2g-case-210992|newspaper=NDTV|access-date=18 January 2022|archive-date=29 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529123156/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/a-raja-gets-bail-in-2g-case-210992|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Scam">{{cite news|title=2G scam: A Raja gets bail after 15 months in jail|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-scam-raja-gets-bail-after-15-months-in-jail/258041-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516130530/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-scam-raja-gets-bail-after-15-months-in-jail/258041-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-05-16|newspaper=IBN Live}}</ref><ref name="raja completes one year in jail">{{cite news|title=2G case: A Raja completes a year in Tihar Jail today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/2g-scam/latest-updates/story/2g-case-a-raja-completes-a-year-in-tihar-jail-91672-2012-02-01|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>

====[[Kanimozhi]]====
*''Political career'': Youngest Daughter of five-time Chief Minister of [[Tamil Nadu]] [[Karunanidhi|M. Karunanidhi]]. DMK member of Parliament, representing Tamil Nadu in the [[Rajya Sabha]] till 2019, currently member of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Thoothukudi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Detailed Profile: Smt. Kanimozhi|url=http://india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2045|publisher=india.gov.in|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=30 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330231527/http://india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2045|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biography of Kanimozhi|url=http://flashnewstoday.com/index.php/kanimozhi-biography/|publisher=Flash News Today|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405163440/http://flashnewstoday.com/index.php/kanimozhi-biography/|archive-date=5 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''Allegations'': According to the CBI charge sheet, Kanimozhi owns 20 percent of family-owned [[Kalaignar TV]]; her stepmother, Dayalu Ammal, owns 60 percent of the channel.<ref name="Kanimozhi chargesheeted">{{cite news|title=Kanimozhi 'active brain' behind Kalaignar TV operations: CBI|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-26/news/29475332_1_kalaignar-tv-second-chargesheet-cineyug|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203756/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-26/news/29475332_1_kalaignar-tv-second-chargesheet-cineyug|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|newspaper=Economic Times}}</ref> The CBI alleges that Kanimozhi was the "active brain" behind the channel<ref name="Kanimozhi chargesheeted" /> and conspired with Raja to coerce DB Realty cofounder [[Shahid Balwa]] to funnel {{INRConvert|2|b|nolink=yes}} to Kalaignar TV.<ref name="Kanimozhi worked with Raja">{{cite news|title=Kanimozhi worked with Raja to get Balwa to route Rs 200 cr to Kalaignar TV: CBI|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-18/news/29674219_1_initial-director-kalaignar-tv-cineyug-films|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201105/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-18/news/29674219_1_initial-director-kalaignar-tv-cineyug-films|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|newspaper=Economic Times}}</ref> Kanimozhi was in regular contact with Raja about the launch of Kalaignar TV.<ref name="Kanimozhi worked with Raja" /> Raja advanced the channel's cause, facilitating its registration with the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] and adding it to [[Direct-to-home television in India|DTH]] operator [[Tata Sky|TATA Sky]]'s lineup. Kanimozhi was charged with tax evasion by the Income Tax Department in Chennai.<ref name="Kanimozhi worked with Raja" />
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant and criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471), and booked under the [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988|Prevention of Corruption Act]].<ref name="Charges"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*''Status'': Arrested by the CBI on 20 May 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=DMK's sun sets completely; Kanimozhi arrested in 2G case|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/05/20/dmk-mp-kanimozhi-arrested-2g-scam-cbi-court-aid0101.html|newspaper=One India news}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2G scam: Kanimozhi arrested, sent to Tihar jail|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-Kanimozhi-arrested-sent-to-Tihar-jail/articleshow/8468242.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022059/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-20/india/29564001_1_tihar-jail-spectrum-scam-2g|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-11-10}}</ref> Granted bail on 28 November 2011, after 188 days in custody.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kani gets bail from HC after six-month stay in Tihar jail |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Kani-gets-bail-from-HC-after-six-month-stay-in-Tihar-jail/Article1-775072.aspx |newspaper=The Indian Express|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231160532/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Kani-gets-bail-from-HC-after-six-month-stay-in-Tihar-jail/Article1-775072.aspx |archive-date=31 December 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bail for Kanimozhi, four others|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2668196.ece|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> On 21 December 2017, she has been acquitted by a Special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court">{{cite news|title=2G scam verdict: A Raja, Kanimozhi, others acquitted|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/2g-spectrum-case-verdict-a-raja-kanimozhi-others-acquitted/article9998605.ece|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Bureaucrats accused}}Bureaucrats===
A number of bureaucrats were named in the CBI charge sheet filed in its Special Court.<ref name="Charges"/><ref name="Zee News"/><ref name="The Economic Times"/><ref name="http"/>

====Siddharth Behura====
*''Position'': Telecom Secretary when the licenses were granted.<ref name="Charges"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Sidharth Behura's bail plea dismissed by Delhi HC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sidharth-Behuras-bail-plea-dismissed-by-Delhi-HC/articleshow/11131791.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022132/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-16/india/30524032_1_plea-dmk-mp-kanimozhi-behura-and-former-telecom|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-11-10}}</ref>
*''Allegations'': According to the CBI charge sheet, Behura conspired with Raja and several others. When the application deadline time was declared, from 3:30 to 4:30 pm Behura closed counters to block other telecom companies.<ref name="What is 2G Scam"/>
*''Charges'': Criminal breach of trust by a public servant (Section 409), criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act for accepting illegal gratuities.<ref name="Charges"/><ref>{{cite news|title=2G case: Behura moves Court against charge-framing|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2817338.ece|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
*''Status'': Arrested by the CBI on 2 February 2011<ref name="Raja, Behura & Chandolia arrested" /> and granted bail on 9 May 2012,<ref>{{cite news|title=2G: Former telecom secretary Siddharth Behura gets bail|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/2g-scam/in-the-courts/story/2g-former-telecom-secretary-siddharth-behura-gets-bail-101603-2012-05-08|newspaper=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Behura gets bail from SC, hopeful Raja moves city court|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/360-todays-newspaper/64174-behura-gets-bail-from-sc-hopeful-raja-moves-city-court.html|newspaper=Daily Pioneer}}</ref> and finally acquitted on 21 December 2017 by a Special CBI Court for lack of convincing evidence.<ref name="Special Court" /> On 10 July 2012 [[joint parliamentary committee]] deposition, Behura blamed Raja for most of the decisions related to 2G spectrum auctions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Raja-responsible-for-2G-mess-Behura-to-JPC/Article1-886659.aspx |title=Raja responsible for 2G mess: Behura to JPC |date=11 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714034056/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Raja-responsible-for-2G-mess-Behura-to-JPC/Article1-886659.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2012 }}</ref>

====RK Chandolia====
*''Position'': Raja's private secretary when the licenses were granted.<ref name="Charges"/><ref>{{cite news|title=2G case: RK Chandolia gets bail despite CBI objections|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/2g-case-rk-chandolia-gets-bail-despite-cbi-objections-154271|newspaper=NDTV}}</ref>
*''Allegations'': According to the CBI charge sheet Chandolia, like Behura, conspired with Raja and several others; when the application deadline time was declared from 3:30 to 4:30 pm, Chandolia joined Behura in shutting counters to physically block other telecom companies.<ref name="What is 2G Scam"/>
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120 B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Status'': Arrested by the CBI on 2 February 2011.<ref name="Raja, Behura & Chandolia arrested" /> Although he was granted bail by the special CBI court on 1 December 2011, the following day the High Court took ''[[Sua sponte|suo motu]]'' notice of newspaper reports of the bail and stayed it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi High Court stays Chandolia's bail in 2G scam case|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/news/30467935_1_scam-case-spectrum-allocation-case-2g|newspaper=Economic Times}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Chandolia appealed to the Supreme Court, and on 9 May 2012 the court upheld the bail grant.<ref>{{cite news|title=2G: SC grants bail to Behura, upholds bail to Chandolia|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/248164/2g-sc-grants-bail-behura.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref> He was acquitted on 21 December 2017 by a Special CBI Court for lack of substantial evidence.<ref name="Special Court" />

==={{anchor|Corporate executives accused}}Executives===
A number of executives were accused in the CBI charge sheet.<ref name="Charges"/><ref name="Zee News"/><ref name="The Economic Times"/><ref name="http"/>

====Sanjay Chandra====
*''Position'': Former [[Telenor India|Unitech Wireless]] managing director<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Allegations'': Former CBI prosecutor AK Singh was implicated in a taped conversation sharing legal strategy and privileged information with Chandra.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=2G: CBI finds its own prosecutor AK Singh colluding with one of the accused|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-cbi-finds-its-own-prosecutor-ak-singh-colluding-with-one-of-the-accused/372238-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212200902/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-cbi-finds-its-own-prosecutor-ak-singh-colluding-with-one-of-the-accused/372238-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2013|publisher=IBN Live|access-date=11 February 2013|first1=Manoj|last1=Gupta|first2=Arunoday|last2=Mukharji|date=11 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=CBI removes 2G prosecutor after 'taped' conversation |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/CBI-removes-2G-prosecutor-after-taped-conversation/Article1-1010191.aspx |publisher=HindustanTimes |access-date=11 February 2013 |date=11 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213113028/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/CBI-removes-2G-prosecutor-after-taped-conversation/Article1-1010191.aspx |archive-date=13 February 2013 }}</ref>
*''Status'': Arrested by the CBI on 20 April 2011<ref name="Top corporates arrested">{{cite news|title=2G scam: five corporate leaders sent to jail|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-court-to-decide-on-bail-plea-of-5-accused/149716-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423042515/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-court-to-decide-on-bail-plea-of-5-accused/149716-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-04-23|newspaper=IBN Live}}</ref><ref name="5 Corporates arrested">{{cite news|title=2G scam nets 5 top honchos|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/2g-scam-nets-5-top-honchos/779058/|newspaper=Express India}}</ref> and granted bail on 24 November,<ref name=Bail>{{cite news|title=2G scam: Accused corporate executives walk out of Tihar after bail|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/2g-scam-accused-corporate-executives-walk-out-of-tihar-after-bail-152323|newspaper=NDTV}}</ref> As of 21 December 2017 he has been acquitted by a special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court" />

====Umashankar ====
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Allegations'': Former CBI prosecutor AK Singh was implicated in a taped conversation sharing legal strategy and privileged information with Umashankar.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>
*''Status'': Arrested by the CBI on 20 April 2008<ref name="Top corporates arrested"/><ref name="5 Corporates arrested"/> and granted bail same day. As of 21 December 2017 he has been acquitted by a special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court" />

====Gautam Doshi====
*''Position'': Managing director, [[Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group]]<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Status'': Arrested by the CBI on 20 April 2011<ref name="Top corporates arrested"/> and granted bail on 24 November 2011.<ref name=Bail /> As of 21 December 2017 he has been acquitted by a special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court" />

====Hari Nair====
*''Position'': Senior vice-president, [[Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group]]<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Status'': Arrested by the CBI on 20 April 2011<ref name="Top corporates arrested"/> and granted bail on 24 November 2011.<ref name=Bail /> As of 21 December 2017 he has been acquitted by a special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court" />

====Surendra Pipara====
*''Position'': Senior vice-president, [[Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group]]<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Status'': Arrested by the CBI on 20 April 2011<ref name="Top corporates arrested"/> and granted bail on 24 November 2011.<ref name=Bail /> As of 21 December 2017 he has been acquitted by a special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court" />

====Vinod Goenka====
*''Position'': Managing director, DB Realty and Swan Telecom<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant criminal conspiracy (Section 120 B), cheating (Section 420), forgery (Sections 468 and 471) and fabrication of evidence (Section 193); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Status'': Arrested by the CBI on 20 April 2011<ref name="Top corporates arrested"/> and granted bail on 24 November 2011.<ref name=Bail /> As of 21 December 2017 he has been acquitted by a special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court" />

====Shahid Balwa====
*''Position'': [[Corporate promoter]], DB Realty and Swan Telecom<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420), forgery (Sections 468 and 471) and fabrication of evidence (Section 193); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Status'': Arrested by the CBI on 8 February 2011<ref name=Timeline>{{cite news|title=Timeline of 2G scam|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/2g-scam-a-comprehensive-timeline-114715.html/2|newspaper=First Post}}</ref> and granted bail on 29 November 2011,<ref>{{cite news|title=Shahid Balwa granted bail |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-29/news/30454669_1_swan-telecom-shahid-balwa-parity |newspaper=Economic Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20111202023652/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-29/news/30454669_1_swan-telecom-shahid-balwa-parity |archive-date=2 December 2011 }}</ref> acquitted on 21 December 2017 by a special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court" />

===={{anchor|Asif Balwa (younger brother of Shahid Balwa)}}Asif Balwa====
*''Position'': Director, Kusegaon Fruits and Vegetables<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420), forgery (Sections 468 and 471) and fabrication of evidence (Section 193); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Status'': Arrested by the CBI on 29 March 2011<ref name="asif">{{cite news|title=2G scam: Shahid Balwa's brother Asif arrested|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-scam-shahid-balwas-brother-asif-arrested/147437-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401070756/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-scam-shahid-balwas-brother-asif-arrested/147437-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-04-01|newspaper=IBN Live}}</ref> and granted bail on 28 November 2011<ref name="bail granted">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-28/news/30450521_1_asif-balwa-daughter-of-dmk-supremo-sharad-kumar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221223737/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-28/news/30450521_1_asif-balwa-daughter-of-dmk-supremo-sharad-kumar|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2011|title=Kanimozhi, Asif Balwa & three others granted bail in 2G spectrum case|publisher=The Economic Times|date=28 November 2011|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> Acquitted on 21 December 2017 by a special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court" />

====Rajiv Agarwal====
*''Position'': Director, Kusegaon Fruits and Vegetables<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420), forgery (Sections 468 and 471) and fabrication of evidence (Section 193); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Status'': Arrested by the CBI on 29 March 2011<ref name="asif" /> and granted bail on 28 November 2011.<ref name="bail granted" /> Acquitted on 21 December 2017 by a special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court" />

====Sharath Kumar====
*''Position'': Managing director, Kalaignar TV<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420), forgery (Sections 468 and 471) and fabrication of evidence (Section 193); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Status'': Arrested by the CBI on 20 May 2011<ref name="kani arrested">{{cite news|title=Kanimozhi & Sarath Kumar arrested|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-scam-kanimozhi-sharad-kumar-arrested/152998-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522031206/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-scam-kanimozhi-sharad-kumar-arrested/152998-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-05-22|newspaper=IBN Live}}</ref> and granted bail on 28 November 2011.<ref name="bail to kani and others">{{cite news|title=Kanimozhi granted bail by Delhi high court in 2G case|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kanimozhi-granted-bail-by-Delhi-high-court-in-2G-case/articleshow/10905020.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129150619/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-28/india/30449976_1_asif-balwa-rajiv-b-agarwal-sharad-kumar|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2011-11-29}}</ref> Acquitted on 21 December 2017 by a special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court" />

====Ravi Ruia====
*''Position'': Vice-chair, [[Essar Group]]<ref name="Ruias Khaitan">{{cite news|title=2G case: CBI files third chargesheet, names Ruias and Khaitans|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-case-CBI-files-third-chargesheet-names-Ruias-and-Khaitans/articleshow/11082544.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185709/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-12/india/30508361_1_charge-sheet-kiran-khaitan-third-chargesheet|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-10-29}}</ref><ref name="Ruias Khaitan in 2G net">{{cite news|title=2G case: CBI files charge sheet against Ravi Ruia, Anshuman Ruia of Essar Group|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-12/news/30507384_1_charge-sheet-kiran-khaitan-anshuman-ruia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203543/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-12/news/30507384_1_charge-sheet-kiran-khaitan-anshuman-ruia|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|newspaper=Economic Times |date=12 December 2011}}</ref>
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy (Section 120 B) and cheating (Section 420)<ref name="Ruias Khaitan"/><ref name="Ruias Khaitan in 2G net"/>
*''Status'': Acquitted on 21 December 2017 by a special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court" /><ref name="Kumar">{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Nirnimesh|date=2017-12-21|title=Ruias, Khaitans too acquitted|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ruias-khaitans-too-acquitted/article22176380.ece|access-date=2020-07-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

====Anshuman Ruia====
*''Position'': Director, [[Essar Group]]<ref name="Ruias Khaitan"/><ref name="Ruias Khaitan in 2G net"/>
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy (Section 120 B) and cheating (Section 420).<ref name="Ruias Khaitan"/><ref name="Ruias Khaitan in 2G net"/>
*''Status'': Acquitted on 21 December 2017 by a special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court" /><ref name="Kumar"/>

====Vikas Saraf====
*''Position'': Director of strategy and planning, [[Essar Group]]<ref name="Ruias Khaitan"/><ref name="Ruias Khaitan in 2G net"/>
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy (Section 120 B) and cheating (Section 420 of the [[Indian Penal Code]])<ref name="Ruias Khaitan"/><ref name="Ruias Khaitan in 2G net"/>
*''Status'': Acquitted on 21 December 2017 by a special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court" /><ref name="Kumar"/>

====Ishwari Prasad Khaitan====
*''Position'': Corporate promoter, [[Loop Mobile|Loop Telecom]]<ref name="Ruias Khaitan"/><ref name="Ruias Khaitan in 2G net"/>
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy under (Section 120 B) and cheating (Section 420)<ref name="Ruias Khaitan"/><ref name="Ruias Khaitan in 2G net"/>
*''Status'': Acquitted on 21 December 2017 by a special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court" /><ref name="Kumar"/>

====Kiran Khaitan====
*''Position'': Corporate promoter, Loop Telecom<ref name="Ruias Khaitan"/><ref name="Ruias Khaitan in 2G net"/>
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy (Section 120 B) and cheating (Section 420)<ref name="Ruias Khaitan"/><ref name="Ruias Khaitan in 2G net"/>
*''Status'': Acquitted on 21 December 2017 by a special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court" /><ref name="Kumar"/>

===={{anchor|Film and entertainment persons accused}}Karim Morani====
*''Position'': Corporate promoter and director, Cineyug Films<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Allegations'': According to the Income Tax Department charge sheet, Morani-owned Cineyug Films was a part of the route used by Shahid Balwa to funnel<ref name="route of 2 billion" /> {{INRConvert|2|b|nolink=yes}} illegally to Kalaignar TV.<ref name="route of 2 billion">{{cite news|title=Rs 200 crore routed to TV channel in 33 tranches|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rs-200-crore-routed-to-TV-channel-in-33-tranches/articleshow/8085822.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022220/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-26/india/29474562_1_cineyug-films-kalaignar-tv-money-trail|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-11-10}}</ref> DB Realty corporate promoters [[Shahid Balwa]] and [[Vinod Goenka]] transferred {{INRConvert|2092.5|m|nolink=yes}} to Kusegaon Fruits and Vegetables, where Balwa's younger brother Asif was a director.<ref name="route of 2 billion" /><ref name=pals>{{cite news|title=2G scam: Cineyug director helped childhood pals|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/2g-scam-cineyug-director-helped-childhood-pals/784150/0|newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref> Kusegaon then transferred {{INRConvert|2|b|nolink=yes}} to Cineyug Films, and Morani transferred it to Kalaignar TV.<ref name="route of 2 billion" />
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420), forgery (Sections 468 and 471) and fabrication of evidence (Section 193); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Status'': Arrested by the CBI on 30 May 2011<ref>{{cite news|title=Morani arrested|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/court-dismisses-bail-plea-of-cineyug-director/20110530.htm|newspaper=Rediff News}}</ref> and granted bail on 28 November 2011.<ref name="bail to kani and others"/> Promptly acquitted on 29 December 2017 by a "special CBI Court".<ref name="Special Court" />

==={{anchor|Corporations accused}}Corporations===
Several companies were named in the CBI charge sheet.<ref name="Charges"/><ref name="Zee News"/><ref name="The Economic Times"/><ref name="http"/>

====Unitech Wireless====
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471)<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Status'': The company was acquitted on 21 December 2017 of any wrongdoing by Special CBI Court.<ref name="Special Court" />

====Reliance Telecom====
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B) and cheating (Section 420)<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Status'': As of December 2017, acquitted in 2G spectrum case.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title=A. Raja, Kanimozhi, others acquitted in 2G spectrum scam case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/a-raja-kanimozhi-others-acquitted-in-2g-spectrum-scam-case/article22121626.ece|access-date=21 December 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 December 2017}}</ref>

====Swan Telecom====
*''Charges'': Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B) and cheating (Section 420)<ref name="Charges"/>
*''Status'': The company was acquitted on 21 December 2017 of any wrongdoing by a Special CBI Court that was appointed for the purpose of acquitting the accused.<ref name="Special Court" />

===Media role===
{{Main|Radia tapes controversy}}
''[[OPEN (Indian magazine)|OPEN]]'' and ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' reported that journalists [[Barkha Dutt]] (editor of [[NDTV]]) and [[Vir Sanghvi]] (editorial director of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'') knew that corporate lobbyist [[Nira Radia]] influenced Raja's appointment as telecom minister,<ref name="whatexactly">{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/12/01/wait-a-minute-what-exactly-is-barkha-dutt-accused-of/ |title=Wait a Minute, What Exactly Is Barkha Dutt Accused of? |first=Amol|last=Sharma |date=1 December 2010 |work=IndiaRealTime |publisher=The Wall Street Journal|access-date = 4 December 2010}}</ref> publicising Radia's phone conversations with Dutt<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-19 |title=Transcript: Radia and Barkha Dutt |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/2g-scam/radia-tapes/story/transcript-radia-and-barkha-dutt-85818-2010-11-18 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and Sanghvi<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-19 |title=Transcript: Radia and Vir Sanghvi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/2g-scam/radia-tapes/story/transcript-radia-and-vir-sanghvi-85817-2010-11-18 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> when Radia's phone was tapped by the Income Tax Department. According to critics, Dutt and Sanghvi knew about the link between the government and the media industry but delayed reporting the corruption.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Amol |date=1 December 2010 |title=Wait a Minute, What Exactly Is Barkha Dutt Accused of? |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-IRTB-8317 |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Chronology of events and investigation}}Chronology==
The [[Centre for Public Interest Litigation]] filed the first petition against the Union of India for irregularities in awarding 2G spectrum licenses. The petition alleged that the government lost $15.53 billion by issuing spectrum in 2008 based on 2001 prices, and by not following a competitive bidding process. This led to further petitions, and an investigation began in 2010.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qByYM-awD_MC&pg=PA6 |page=6|journal=India Telecom Monthly Newsletter |date=October 2010|editor=Hui Pan|title=ED tells SC that 2G spectrum scam probe is underway}}</ref>

===2007===
* ''May'': A Raja becomes Telecom Minister.<ref name="A Raja becomes telecom minister">{{cite news|agency=TNN|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-Raja-becomes-telecom-minister/articleshow/2050764.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185425/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-16/india/27870083_1_telecom-minister-dmk-home-ministry|url-status=live|archive-date=29 October 2013|title=A Raja becomes telecom minister|date=16 May 2007|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref>
* ''August'': Allotment of 2G spectrum and Universal Access Service (UAS) licences by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) begins.
* ''25 September'': The Telecom Ministry issues a press release that its deadline for application is 1 October.
* ''1 October'': DoT receives 575 applications for UAS licences from 46 companies.<ref name="DoT gets 575 applications for mobile licences">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/DoT-gets-575-applications-for-mobile-licences/articleshow/2447417.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-11/india-business/27995108_1_auctions-for-2g-spectrum-licences-uasl-applications | url-status=live | archive-date=10 November 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=DoT gets 575 applications for mobile licences | date=11 October 2007}}</ref>
* ''2 November'': The prime minister writes to Raja, directing him to ensure the allotment of 2G spectrum in a fair and transparent manner and to ensure that the licence fee was revised. Raja rejects many of the prime minister's recommendations.
* ''22 November'': In a letter to the DoT, the Finance Ministry raises procedural concerns. Its demand for a review is rejected.

===2008===
* ''10 January'': The DoT decides to issue licences on first-come, first-served basis, advancing the cut-off date from 1 October to 25 September and announcing on its website that those applying between 3.30 and 4.30 pm would be granted licences in accordance with policy.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.dot.gov.in/as/2008/press-release%20dated%2010-1-2008.pdf |title=DoT press release on 10 January 2008 regarding issuing LoIs |publisher=DoT |date=10 January 2008 |agency=DoT |access-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018225747/http://dot.gov.in/as/2008/press-release%20dated%2010-1-2008.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.dot.gov.in/as/2008/second%20press-release%20dated%2010-1-2008.pdf |title=DoT 2nd press release on 10 January 2008 for collecting DoT's response on their license |publisher=DoT |date=10 January 2008 |access-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018222359/http://dot.gov.in/as/2008/second%20press-release%20dated%2010-1-2008.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2011 }}</ref>
* Total collection from sale of 122 licenses was about 92 billion.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}
* Swan Telecom, Unitech and Tata Teleservices sell shares at much higher prices to Etisalat, Telenor and DoCoMo, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081113/biz.htm#1 |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Business |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/24/stories/2008092456572000.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927170727/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/24/stories/2008092456572000.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 September 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Etisalat buys stake in Swan Telecom | date=24 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="Unitech sheds 60% in telco to telenor">{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-10-30/news/27702265_1_norwegian-telecom-firm-telenor-telecom-venture-unitech-md-sanjay-chandra | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603131956/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-10-30/news/27702265_1_norwegian-telecom-firm-telenor-telecom-venture-unitech-md-sanjay-chandra | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 June 2012 | title=Unitech sheds 60% in telco to telenor | work=The Times of India | date=30 October 2008}}</ref>

===2009===
* ''4 May'': A telecom-watchdog NGO files a complaint with the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) on illegalities in spectrum allocation to Loop Telecom.
* ''19 May'': Another complaint is filed with the CVC by Arun Agarwal, highlighting the low-cost spectrum grant to Swan Telecom. The CVC directs the CBI to investigate irregularities in the allocation of 2G spectrum.
* ''1 July'': Responding to a petition from S-Tel, the Delhi High Court rules the advancement of the cut-off date illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/delhi-hc-verdict-on-telecom-licence-cutoff-date-puts-trai-in-a-tight-spot/547758/0 |title=Delhi HC verdict on telecom licence cut-off date puts Trai in a tight spot |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |date=30 November 2009 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>
* ''20 October'': The CBI registers a case, filing a [[First Information Report]] against unknown officers of the DoT and unknown private persons and companies under provisions of the Indian Penal Code and the Prevention of Corruption Act.
* ''22 October'': The [[Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation]] raids DoT offices.<ref name="I-T raids DoT offices over spectrum row">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CBI-raids-DoT-offices-over-spectrum-row/articleshow/5150874.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022204/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-23/india/28111202_1_unitech-wireless-services-cbi-headquarters-raids | url-status=live | archive-date=10 November 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=CBI raids DoT offices over spectrum row | date=23 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_cbi-raids-dot-over-2g-licences_1301969 |title=CBI raids DoT over 2G licences... |publisher=DNA |date=23 October 2009 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/india/story/raja-faces-heat-as-cbi-raids-dot-on-2g-scam-59090-2009-10-22 |title=Raja faces heat as CBI raids DoT on 2G scam |publisher=India Today |date=23 October 2009 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>
* ''16 November'': The CBI investigates a wiretapped conversation by corporate lobbyist Nira Radia to learn the involvement of middlemen in the grant of spectrum to telecom companies, seeking information from the Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation about Radia and her company.

===2010===
* ''13 March'': The Supreme Court upholds the Delhi High Court ruling that the cutoff-date advancement was illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domain-b.com/industry/telecom/20100313_observations_oneView.html |title=SC upholds Delhi HC observations on cut off date advancement for 2G telecom licences |publisher=domain-b.com |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="SC won't interfere in 2G ruling of HC">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//business/india-business/SC-wont-interfere-in-2G-ruling-of-HC/articleshow/5678085.cms | title=SC won't interfere in 2G ruling of HC | work=The Times of India | date=13 March 2010}}</ref>
* ''31 March'': According to the Comptroller and Auditor General, there were large-scale irregularities in spectrum allocation.
* ''2 April'': CBI Deputy Inspector General of Investigations Vineet Agarwal and [[Indian Revenue Service]] Director General of Income Tax Investigations Milap Jain, who were investigating the case, are transferred; Jain becomes Director General of International Taxation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://business.rediff.com/report/2010/sep/14/scam-2g-text-of-the-special-leave-petition.htm |title=2G scam: Text of the special leave petition |publisher=Rediff |date=14 September 2010 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>
* ''6 May'': Telephone conversation between Raja and Niira Radia, recorded by the [[Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation]], made public.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSwKOzpUgMQ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423214209/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSwKOzpUgMQ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2019 |title=Ratan Tata's dirty talk to Nira Radia.!! |publisher=YouTube |date=17 December 2010 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref> The [[Centre for Public Interest Litigation]] petitions the Delhi High Court for a special investigation of the case.
* ''25 May'': Petition dismissed by the court.
* ''August'': Dismissal appealed to the Supreme Court.
* ''18 August'': High Court refuses to order the prime minister to rule on a request by Janata Party chief [[Subramanian Swamy]] to prosecute Raja.
* ''13 September'': The Supreme Court asks the government and Raja to reply within 10 days to three petitions filed by the CPIL and others alleging a {{INRConvert| 70000|c}} scam in granting telecom licences in 2008.
* ''24 September'': Swamy petitions the Supreme Court to order the PM to prosecute Raja.
* ''27 September'': The Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation informs the Supreme Court of a probe of firms suspected to have violated the [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]], saying it cannot confirm or deny Raja's involvement.
* ''8 October'': The Supreme Court asks the government to respond to the Comptroller and Auditor General report about the case.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/article799153.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=I-T files affidavit on 2G allocation case | date=27 September 2010}}</ref>
* ''21 October'': Draft reports from the CAG are presented to the Supreme Court.
* ''29 October'': The Supreme Court criticises the CBI for its slowness in investigating the case.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thestatesman.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=346689&catid=35&Itemid=53 |title=SC pulls up CBI for tardy spectrum probe |publisher=Thestatesman.co.in |access-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092929/http://thestatesman.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=346689&catid=35&Itemid=53 |archive-date=25 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalreporter.com/News-6224/2g-spectrum-scam-supreme-court-pulls-up-cbi.html |title=2G spectrum scam: Supreme Court pulls up CBI | India News | Indian Current Affairs | News Today India | News | Latest News | News Today |publisher=International Reporter |date=29 October 2010 |access-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405152836/http://www.internationalreporter.com/News-6224/2g-spectrum-scam-supreme-court-pulls-up-cbi.html |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
* ''10 November'': The CAG submits a report on 2G spectrum to the government, stating a loss of {{INRConvert| 176000|c}} to the exchequer.
* ''11 November'': The DoT files a Supreme Court affidavit that the CAG lacked the authority to question the 2008 policy decision.
* ''14 November'': Raja resigns as telecom minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_a-raja-resigns-after-pm-manmohan-singh-s-veiled-threat_1466731 |title=A Raja resigns after PM Manmohan Singh's veiled threat |publisher=DNA India |access-date = 14 December 2011|date=14 November 2010 }}</ref><ref name="A Raja submits resignation to PM over 2G scam">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-Raja-submits-resignation-to-PM-over-2G-scam/articleshow/6925271.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021723/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-15/india/28269828_1_telecom-minister-telecom-portfolio-raja | url-status=live | archive-date=10 November 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=A Raja submits resignation to PM over 2G scam | date=15 November 2010}}</ref>
* ''15 November'': Kapil Sibal placed in charge of Telecom Ministry.<ref name="Kapil Sibal given charge of Telecom Ministry">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kapil-Sibal-given-charge-of-Telecom-Ministry/articleshow/6930174.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611020919/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-15/india/28270595_1_telecom-ministry-kapil-sibal-parliament-session | url-status=live | archive-date=11 June 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Kapil Sibal given charge of Telecom Ministry | date=15 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article887909.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Sandeep | last=Joshi | title=Kapil Sibal to look after Communications Ministry | date=15 November 2010}}</ref>
* ''20 November'': Affidavit on behalf of the PM filed in Supreme Court rejecting the charge of inaction on Swamy's complaint.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/2g-spectrum-scam-supreme-court-examines-pms-affidavit-67975 |title=2G spectrum scam: Supreme Court examines PM's affidavit |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=23 November 2010 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="2G scam: Supreme Court to examine PM's affidavit">{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-11-23/news/27574958_1_2g-spectrum-scam-spectrum-allocation | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603132003/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-11-23/news/27574958_1_2g-spectrum-scam-spectrum-allocation | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 June 2012 | title=2G scam: Supreme Court to examine PM's affidavit | work=The Times of India | date=23 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-didn-t-sleep-on-2G-scam-PM-tells-Supreme-Court/Article1-628710.aspx |title=Prime Minister's affidavit in 2G scam denies inaction |work=Hindustan Times|date=20 November 2010 |access-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223234146/http://www.hindustantimes.com/I-didn-t-sleep-on-2G-scam-PM-tells-Supreme-Court/Article1-628710.aspx |archive-date=23 December 2010 }}</ref>
* ''22 November'': The CBI and the Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation tell the SC they will file a charge sheet within three months, and the CBI says it will investigate the role of Niira Radia.
* ''24 November'': The SC reserves verdict on Swamy's request to the PM to prosecute Raja.
* ''25 November'': The SC criticises the CBI for not questioning Raja.
* ''29 November'': The CBI files a status report on the probe.
* ''30 November'': The SC questions the [[Central Vigilance Commission]]'s P. J. Thomas' fitness to supervise the CBI probe, since he was Telecom Secretary at that time.<ref name="SC questions CVC Thomas' tenability to supervise probe">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-SC-questions-CVC-Thomas-tenability-to-supervise-probe/articleshow/7014468.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190724/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-30/india/28233634_1_2g-palmoleine-export-case-jpc-probe | url-status=live | archive-date=29 October 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=SC questions CVC Thomas' tenability to supervise probe | date=30 November 2010}}</ref>
* ''1 December'': The SC orders the original tapes of conversations by Radia. Raja questions the CAG findings.
* ''2 December'': The government supplies Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation tapes to the SC, which criticises Raja for ignoring the PM's advice to delay the spectrum allocation.
* ''8 December'': SC favours including 2001 (when first-come, first-served was the norm for spectrum allocation) in the probe period and asks the government to consider a special court. The Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation reports a money trail covering 10 countries, including Mauritius.
* ''14 December'': PIL filed in SC, seeking the cancellation of new telecom licences and 2G spectrum allocated under Raja.
* ''15 December'': Swamy petitions a Delhi court for his inclusion as a public prosecutor, saying Raja favoured "ineligible" companies Swan Telecom and Unitech Wireless in allocating spectrum.
* ''16 December'': The SC decides to monitor the CBI inquiry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/2g-spectrum-scam-supreme-court-will-monitor-inquiry-72900 |title=2G spectrum scam: Don't let anyone influence you, says Supreme Court to CBI |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=16 December 2010 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/2g-scam/investigations/story/sc-holds-raja-prima-facie-guilty-will-monitor-2g-probe-87187-2010-12-15 |title=Supreme Court decides to monitor 2G scam probe : Investigations|publisher=India Today |date=16 December 2010 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sc-to-monitor-cbi-probe-into-2g-spectrum-scam/137604-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217234725/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sc-to-monitor-cbi-probe-into-2g-spectrum-scam/137604-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 December 2010 |title=SC to monitor CBI probe into 2G spectrum scam |publisher=CNN IBN |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>

===2011===
* ''4 January'': Swamy petitions the SC for cancellation of the licenses.
* ''10 January'': Supreme Court notifies the government of Swamy's petition, and issues notices to 11 companies which allegedly did not fulfill the roll-out obligations or were ineligible.
* ''30 January'': The government's decision to regularise the licenses of companies which failed to meet the deadline is challenged in the Supreme Court.
* ''2 February'': Raja, former Telecom Secretary Siddharth Behura and Raja's former personal secretary, R. K. Chandolia, are arrested.
* ''8 February'': Raja is remanded to two more days of CBI custody, and Behura and Chandolia are placed in judicial custody. Swan Telecom corporate promoter Shahid Usman Balwa is arrested.
* ''10 February'': The Supreme Court asks the CBI to investigate corporations which were beneficiaries of the spectrum allocation. Raja and Balwa are remanded to CBI custody for four more days by a special CBI court.
* ''14 February'': Raja's custody is extended by three days, and Balwa's for four.
* ''17 February'': Raja is sent to Tihar Jail under judicial custody.
* ''18 February'': The Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation questions Kani Mozhi at its Chennai headquarters.
* ''25 February'': The Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation tells a Delhi court that Balwa facilitated transactions to Kalaignar TV.
* ''28 February'': Raja requests video-conferenced judicial proceedings, saying that he is threatened by other inmates.
* ''1 March'': The CBI tells the SC that 63 people are under investigation. Raja appears in CBI court via video-conference.
* ''11 March'': The Delhi High Court establishes a special court. Balwa is also allowed to appear via video-conference.
* ''17 March'': The SC reserves judgment on licence cancellations, rejecting corporate claims that [[estoppel]] cannot be applied to protect illegality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_2g-scam-supreme-court-reserves-order-on-cancellation-of-licences_1521167 |title=2G scam: Supreme Court reserves order on cancellation of licences |publisher=DNA India |date=17 March 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sc-reserves-order-on-cancellation-of-2g-licences/763926/0 |title=SC reserves order on cancellation of 2G licences |work=The Indian Express|date=17 March 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>
* ''29 March'': The SC allows the CBI to file its [[chargesheet]] on 2 April instead of 31 March. Asif Balwa and Rajeev Agarwal are arrested.
* ''2 April'': The CBI files its first chargesheet.<ref name="CBI files [[chargesheet]] against A Raja & Shahid Balwa">{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-02/news/29374522_1_charge-sheet-shahid-usman-balwa-cbi-files-chargesheet | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603132011/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-02/news/29374522_1_charge-sheet-shahid-usman-balwa-cbi-files-chargesheet | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 June 2012 | title=CBI files chargesheet against A Raja & Shahid Balwa | work=The Times of India | date=2 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1594371.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Vinay | last=Kumar | title=Charge sheet puts 2G scam loss at 22000 crore (US$4.0 billion) | date=2 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=3&contentid=2011040320110403063308450b0a239ae |title=CBI files chargesheet against 12 in 2G scam, News – Nation |work=Mumbai Mirror|date=3 April 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405183338/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=3&contentid=2011040320110403063308450b0a239ae |archive-date=5 April 2011 }}</ref>
* ''25 April'': The CBI files a second chargesheet, and Kanimozhi, Sharad Kumar and Karim Morani are summoned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/2g-scam-cbi-names-dmk-mp-kanimozhi-coconspirator/781060/ |title=2G scam: CBI names DMK MP Kanimozhi co-conspirator |publisher=Financialexpress.com |date=25 April 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110034317/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/2g-scam-cbi-names-dmk-mp-kanimozhi-coconspirator/781060 |archive-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianetindia.com/news/2g-scam-cbi-files-chargesheet_263893.html |title=2G scam: CBI files second chargesheet |publisher=Asianetindia.com |access-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407070107/http://www.asianetindia.com/news/2g-scam-cbi-files-chargesheet_263893.html |archive-date=7 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Pti |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/04/25/cbicharge-sheets-kanimozhi-4-others-in-2gscam-aid0126.html |title=CBI charge sheets Kanimozhi, 4 others in 2G scam |publisher=Oneindia |date=25 April 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>
* ''6 May'': Kanimozhi and Sharad Kumar appear, requesting bail, and Morani requests an appearance exemption on medical grounds.<ref>{{cite web|agency=IANS|location=New Delhi |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/may/060511-2G-scam-Kanimozhi-Karunanidhi-daughter-Sharad-Kumar-CBI-court.htm |title=Kanimozhi, Sharad Kumar appear in CBI court |publisher=Mid-Day |date=6 May 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-kanimozhi-to-appear-in-court-today-says-she-is-prepared-for-worst-2081619.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509190243/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-kanimozhi-to-appear-in-court-today-says-she-is-prepared-for-worst-2081619.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2011 |title=2G case: Kanimozhi appears before CBI court, seeks bail |publisher=daily.bhaskar.com |date=27 May 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Kanimozhi appears before court, puts blame on Raja">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-Kanimozhi-appears-before-court-puts-blame-on-Raja/articleshow/8175247.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021900/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-06/india/29516378_1_kanimozhi-surendra-pipara-shahid-balwa | url-status=live | archive-date=10 November 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Kanimozhi appears before court, puts blame on Raja | date=6 May 2011}}</ref> The SC issues a contempt of court notice to [[Sahara India Pariwar]] managing director [[Subrata Roy]] and two others for alleged interference in the [[Directorate General of Economic Enforcement]] investigation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/sc-issues-contempt-notice-to-sahara%E2%80%99s-subroto-roy-4963.html |title=SC issues contempt notice to Sahara's Subroto Roy |publisher=Firstpost |date=6 May 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115030640/http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/sc-issues-contempt-notice-to-sahara%E2%80%99s-subroto-roy-4963.html |archive-date=15 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/159377/sc-issues-contempt-notice-sahara.html |title=SC slaps contempt notice on Subrata Roy |publisher=Deccanherald.com |date=6 May 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>
* ''7 May'': The special CBI court reserves judgment on Kanimozhi and Kumar's bail requests.
* ''14 May'': The special CBI court postpones judgment on the bail pleas for 20 May.
* ''20 May'': The special court refuses Kanimozhi and Kumar's bail requests, ordering their arrest to prevent witness-tampering.<ref name="Kanimozhi arrested as bail plea rejected by CBI court in 2G scam">{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-20/news/29564996_1_spectrum-case-dmk-mp-kanimozhi-court-in-2g-scam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606145125/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-20/news/29564996_1_spectrum-case-dmk-mp-kanimozhi-court-in-2g-scam | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 June 2012 | title=Kanimozhi arrested as bail plea rejected by CBI court in 2G scam | work=The Times of India | date=20 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/2g-scam-kanimozhi-in-tihar-jail-after-court-rejects-bail-plea/793552/0 |title=2G scam: Kanimozhi in Tihar Jail after court rejects bail plea |work=The Indian Express|date=20 May 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>
* ''8 June'': Delhi HC judge [[Ajit Bharihoke]] again refuses bail Kanimozhi and Kumar's bail requests.<ref name="Delhi high court rejects Kanimozhi's bail plea">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-high-court-rejects-Kanimozhis-bail-plea/articleshow/8771810.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021652/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-08/india/29633218_1_plea-kanimozhi-rajathi-ammal | url-status=live | archive-date=10 November 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Delhi high court rejects Kanimozhi's bail plea | date=8 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/09/stories/2011060962130100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612135948/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/09/stories/2011060962130100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 June 2011 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Delhi High Court rejects Kanimozhi's bail plea | date=9 June 2011}}</ref>
* ''20 June'': The SC refuses Kanimozhi's bail request.<ref name="SC rejects Kanimozhi's bail plea">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-SC-rejects-Kanimozhis-bail-plea/articleshow/8922080.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811051013/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-20/india/29679275_1_kanimozhi-and-kumar-pleas-2g | url-status=live | archive-date=11 August 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=SC rejects Kanimozhi's bail plea | date=20 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/170178/supreme-court-dismisses-kanimozhis-bail.html |title=SC rejects Kani bail plea |publisher=Deccanherald.com |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=373879&catid=35&Itemid=66 |title=SC rejects Kani bail plea |publisher=The Statesman |access-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614103136/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=373879&catid=35&Itemid=66 |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref>
* ''25 July'': Arguments begin, with Raja wanting to summon the prime minister and former finance minister P. Chidambaram as witnesses.
* ''26 August'': The special CBI court allows Subramanian Swamy to argue his own case, primarily to address possible loopholes in its investigation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/2g-scam-court-allows-swamy-to-conduct-own-case/837588/0 |title=2G scam: Court allows Swamy to conduct own case |work=The Indian Express|date=26 August 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2401706.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=CBI court allows Swamy to argue 2G case | date=27 August 2011}}</ref>
* ''30 August'': The Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation freezes accounts and [[Attachment (law)|attaches properties]] worth {{INRConvert| 223|c}} belonging to five companies (primarily related to DB Realty under the [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002|Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA)]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_2g-scam-ed-orders-freezing-of-accounts-attachment-of-properties_1581760 |title=2G scam: ED orders freezing of accounts, attachment of properties |publisher=DNA India |date=30 August 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2412496.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Vinay | last=Kumar | title=ED orders attachment of properties in 2G scam | date=30 August 2011}}</ref>
*''1 September'': The [[Enforcement Directorate]] files a status report in Supreme Court of a [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]] violation of {{INR}} 100 billion.<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/news/29953613_1_fema-violation-rs-10k-crore-2g|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194623/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/news/29953613_1_fema-violation-rs-10k-crore-2g|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|title=FEMA violation of Rs 10k crore detected in 2G scam:ED tells SC|work=The Economic Times|date=1 September 2011|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref>
* ''15 September'': Swamy requests that P. Chidambaram should be charged.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2457587.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Jiby | last=Kattakayam | title=I have fresh evidence of Chidambaram's role in 2G pricing: Swamy | date=16 September 2011}}</ref>
* ''22 September'': The CBI defends Chidambaram in the SC, blaming the DoT.
* ''26 September'': The CBI requests criminal-breach-of-trust charges for Raja, Chandolia and Behura.<ref name="CBI wants 'criminal breach of trust' charge against Raja">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-CBI-wants-criminal-breach-of-trust-charge-against-Raja/articleshow/10355926.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022101/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-14/india/30278988_1_rk-chandolia-uu-lalit-spectrum-allocation-scam-case | url-status=live | archive-date=10 November 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=CBI wants 'criminal breach of trust' charge against Raja | date=14 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="CBI wants to add stringent charges against Raja, other accused in 2G case">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CBI-wants-to-add-stringent-charges-against-Raja-other-accused-in-2G-case/articleshow/10133975.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021616/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-27/india/30207628_1_2g-cbi-raja | url-status=live | archive-date=10 November 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=CBI wants to add stringent charges against Raja, other accused in 2G case | date=27 September 2011}}</ref>
* ''19 October'': The CBI files a [[First Information Report]] against Maran and his brother in the [[Aircel]]-[[Maxis Communications|Maxis]] deal.<ref name="Aircel-Maxis deal: CBI books Dayanidhi Maran, brother">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/aircelmaxis-deal-cbi-books-dayanidhi-maran-brother/857966/ |title=Aircel-Maxis deal: CBI books Dayanidhi Maran, brother |work=The Indian Express|date=10 October 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Maran booked, raided">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/196799/cbi-books-maran-brothers-aircel.html |title=Maran booked, raided |publisher=Deccanherald.com |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="CBI books Maran brothers in Aircel-Maxis deal, raids premises">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_cbi-books-maran-brothers-in-aircel-maxis-deal-raids-premises_1596962 |title=CBI books Maran brothers in Aircel-Maxis deal, raids premises |publisher=DNA India |date=10 October 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>
* ''10 October'': The SC reserves judgment on Swamy's request for a probe of Home Minister Chidambaram's role in the matter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/2g-scam-court-reserves-notice-cbi-opposes-probe-against-chidambaram-104175.html |title=2G scam: Court reserves notice, CBI opposes probe against Chidambaram |publisher=Firstpost |date=10 October 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2526134.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Court reserves orders on plea for CBI probe against Chidambaram | date=10 October 2011 | first=J. | last=Venkatesan}}</ref> The CBI arrests former telecom minister and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] leader [[Dayanidhi Maran]] and his brother, [[Kalanithi Maran]].<ref>{{cite news|title=CBI books, raids Maran brothers |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Chennai/CBI-raids-Maran-s-residences-and-offices-files-FIR/Article1-755499.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=10 October 2011 |access-date=23 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121064955/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Chennai/CBI-raids-Maran-s-residences-and-offices-files-FIR/Article1-755499.aspx |archive-date=21 January 2012 }}</ref>
* ''22 October'': The special CBI court finds ''prima facie'' evidence to try the 17 accused (including Raja) on charges including criminal conspiracy, breach of trust, cheating and forgery.<ref name="Court frames charges against all 17 accused">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-Court-frames-charges-against-all-17-accused/articleshow/10451099.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021318/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-22/india/30310201_1_court-frames-charges-spectrum-scam-2g | url-status=live | archive-date=10 November 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Court frames charges against all 17 accused | date=22 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/2g-scam-a-raja-kanimozhi-15-others-set-to-face-trial/864009/ |title=2G scam: A Raja, Kanimozhi, 15 others set to face trial |work=The Indian Express|date=22 October 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>
* ''3 November'': The special CBI court dismisses bail requests of all eight applicants, including Kanimozhi.<ref name="Kanimozhi, 7 others denied bail in 2G case">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kanimozhi-7-others-denied-bail-in-2G-case/articleshow/10590734.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021743/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-03/india/30354221_1_plea-of-former-telecom-tv-md-sharad-kumar-dmk-mp-kanimozhi | url-status=live | archive-date=10 November 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Kanimozhi, 7 others denied bail in 2G case | date=3 November 2011}}</ref>
* ''8 November'': The special court orders CBI to provide Swamy with copies of files on equity sales by telecom companies in its investigation of P. Chidambaram's involvement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Court-orders-CBI-to-give-Swamy-copy-of-2G-file/873069/ |title=Court orders CBI to give Swamy copy of 2G file |work=The Indian Express|date=9 November 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Court asks CBI to give copy of file on 2G scam to Subramanian Swamy">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Court-asks-CBI-to-give-copy-of-file-on-2G-scam-to-Subramanian-Swamy/articleshow/10661538.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021441/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-09/india/30377026_1_cbi-probe-subramanian-swamy-unified-access-services-licences | url-status=live | archive-date=10 November 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Court asks CBI to give copy of file on 2G scam to Subramanian Swamy | date=9 November 2011}}</ref>
* ''9 November'': The Delhi HC refuses bail to Karim Morani on health grounds, promising a ruling to the CBI on five other bail requests by 1 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_is-judge-bound-by-cbi-concession-for-kanimozhi-asks-delhi-high-court_1609813 |title=Is judge bound by CBI concession for Kanimozhi, asks Delhi High Court |publisher=DNA India |date=9 November 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Delhi HC issues notice to CBI on Kanimozhi's bail plea">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-Delhi-HC-issues-notice-to-CBI-on-Kanimozhis-bail-plea/articleshow/10664959.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112181557/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-09/india/30377209_1_asif-balwa-dmk-mp-kanimozhi-spectrum-allocation-case | url-status=live | archive-date=12 November 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Delhi HC issues notice to CBI on Kanimozhi's bail plea | date=9 November 2011}}</ref>
* ''11 November'': Trial of the 17 accused begins in the Patiala House special CBI court.<ref name="2G trial begins today, ADAG faces court first">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-trial-begins-today-ADAG-faces-court-first/articleshow/10685675.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021237/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-11/india/30386363_1_ashish-karyekar-gautam-doshi-realty-md-vinod-goenka | url-status=live | archive-date=10 November 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=2G trial begins today, ADAG faces court first | date=11 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/2g-scam-raja-kanimozhi-and-others-go-on-trial-today-148769 |title=2G scam: Raja, Kanimozhi and others go on trial today |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=11 November 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>
* ''14 November'': The [[United Progressive Alliance]] government asks the SC to restrain Swamy from publicly accusing the UPA leadership, especially [[Home Minister of India|Home Minister]] [[P Chidambaram]] and UPA chair [[Sonia Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailypioneer.com/nation/20534-restrain-swamy-from-making-public-allegations-centre-requests-sc.html |title=Restrain Swamy from making public allegations: Centre requests SC |publisher=Daily Pioneer |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/UPA-govt-moves-SC-to-restrain-Swamy/Article1-769164.aspx |title=UPA govt moves SC to restrain Swamy |work=Hindustan Times|date=14 November 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218224509/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/UPA-govt-moves-SC-to-restrain-Swamy/Article1-769164.aspx |archive-date=18 December 2011 }}</ref>
* ''22 November'': The special court moves the trial to the Tihar jail, after a Delhi high-court order.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/2g-case-trial-to-be-shifted-to-tihar-jail/879141/0 |title=2G case trial to be shifted to Tihar Jail |work=The Indian Express|date=22 November 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/2G-trial-shifted-to-Tihar-Raja-Kanimozhi-unhappy/Article1-772516.aspx |title=2G trial shifts to Tihar, defence to challenge order |work=Hindustan Times|date=22 November 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225145850/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/2G-trial-shifted-to-Tihar-Raja-Kanimozhi-unhappy/Article1-772516.aspx |archive-date=25 December 2011 }}</ref>
* ''23 November'': The SC grants bail to five corporate executives: Sanjay Chandra of Unitech Wireless, Vinod Goenka of Swan Telecom and the Reliance Group's Gautam Doshi, Surendra Pipara and Hari Nayar.<ref name="SC grants bail to 5 corporate executives">{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/telecom/2g-case-sc-grants-bail-to-5-corporate-executives/articleshow/10839435.cms | title=SC grants bail to 5 corporate executives | work=The Times of India | date=23 November 2011}}</ref>
* ''28 November'': The [[Delhi High Court]] grants bail to DMK MP Kanimozhi and four others: Karim Morani, Sharad Kumar, Asif Balwa and Rajeev Agarwal, upholding the principle of parity under [[s:Constitution of India/Part V#Article 144 .7BCivil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court.7D|Section 144]] of the [[Constitution of India]] in a SC order.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/kanimozhe-granted-bail-by-the-delhi-hc-142352.html |title=2G trial: Kanimozhi and 4 others granted bail |publisher=Firstpost |date=28 November 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kanimozhi-4-others-get-bail-Karunanidhi-elated/articleshow/10906409.cms |title=Kanimozhi, 4 others get bail in 2G case; Karunanidhi elated|work=The Times of India|date=28 November 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>
* ''29 November'': The special court grants bail to Shahid Balwa, citing the principle of parity; the SC and HC had granted bail to 10 other accused parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/north/2g-scam-shahid-balwa-gets-bail-102 |title=2G scam: Shahid Balwa gets bail |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=29 November 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201052739/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/north/2g-scam-shahid-balwa-gets-bail-102 |archive-date=1 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailypioneer.com/nation/24268-shahid-balwa-granted-bail.html |title=Shahid Balwa granted bail |publisher=Daily Pioneer |date=30 November 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>
* ''1 December'': The special court grants bail to Raja's former private secretary, R. K. Chandolia, ordering him not to visit the DoT without prior court permission.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/2g-scam-case-r-k-chandolia-bail-147450-2011-11-30 |title=Raja's ex-private secretary Chandolia gets bail in 2G scam case : North|publisher=India Today |date=1 December 2011 |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/RK-Chandolia-Rajas-ex-private-secretary-gets-bail-in-2G-scam-case/articleshow/10944222.cms |title=RK Chandolia, Raja's ex-private secretary, gets bail in 2G scam case|work=The Times of India|access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>
* ''2 December'': Claiming ''[[suo motu]]'', the HC stays trial-court bail granted to R. K. Chandolia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/HC-stays-bail-but-Chandolia-already-out/Article1-776967.aspx |title=HC stays bail, but Chandolia already out |work=Hindustan Times|date=2 December 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205233242/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/HC-stays-bail-but-Chandolia-already-out/Article1-776967.aspx |archive-date=5 December 2011 }}</ref>
* ''7 December'': The SC stays the HC's ''suo motu'' order against Chandolia's bail request.<ref name="SC stays Delhi HC proceedings against Chandolia">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/2g-scam-case-chandolia-supreme-court-delhi-high-court-148009-2011-12-06 | title=SC stays Delhi HC proceedings against Chandolia | publisher=India Today | date=7 December 2011 | access-date = 14 December 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-SC-stays-HCs-suo-motu-order-against-Chandolias-bail/articleshow/11025898.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203547/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-08/india/30489550_1_suo-motu-trial-court-order-r-k-chandolia |url-status=live |archive-date=29 October 2013 |title=2G scam: SC stays HC's suo motu order against Chandolia's bail |date= 8 December 2011|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>
* ''8 December'': The special CBI court accepts Swamy's request to summon Chidambaram as a witness and question two witnesses: senior CBI and Finance Ministry officials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/pioneer-news/todays-newspaper/26487-swamy-gets-a-crack-at-bete-noire-pc-.html |title=Swamy gets a crack at bete-noire PC |publisher=Daily Pioneer |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.samaylive.com/nation-news/676497226/2g-scam-court-accepts-swamy-s-plea-against-chidambaram.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712181723/http://english.samaylive.com/nation-news/676497226/2g-scam-court-accepts-swamy-s-plea-against-chidambaram.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2012 |title=2G scam:Court accepts Swamy's plea against Chidambaram |publisher=English.samaylive.com |date=8 December 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 }}</ref>
* ''12 December'': The CBI files a third chargesheet, naming [[Essar Group]] corporate promoters [[Ravi Ruia]], his son Anshuman Ruia and its director of strategy and planning, Vikas Saraf, and [[Loop Telecom]] promoters Kiran Khaitan and her husband, I P Khaitan. It also charges [[Loop Mobile|Loop Mobile India]], its subsidiary Loop Telecom and [[Essar#Communications|Essar Tele Holding]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Jiby|last=Kattakayam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2709193.ece?homepage=true |title=News / National : Caught in 2G Loop, Essar executives chargesheeted |work=The Hindu|date=14 December 2005 |access-date = 14 December 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Now-CBI-names-Ruias-in-fresh-2G-chargesheet/articleshow/11087868.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195218/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-13/india/30511412_1_essar-and-loop-loop-telecom-ip-khaitan |url-status=live |archive-date=29 October 2013 |title=Now, CBI names Ruias in fresh 2G chargesheet |date= 13 December 2011|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date = 14 December 2011}}</ref>
* ''16 December'': The HC rejects the bail request of Siddharth Behura: "He was the 'perpetrator' of the illegal designs of Raja and would not claim benefit of parity with 10 others released on bail".<ref name="Behura’s bail plea rejected by Delhi HC">{{cite news | url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/28437-no-bail-for-behura-raja-faces-similar-fate-.html | title=Behura's bail plea rejected by Delhi HC | work=Daily Pioneer | date=17 December 2011| agency=The Pioneer | access-date = 16 December 2011 | location=New Delhi | page=1}}</ref>

===2012===
* ''2 February'': The Supreme Court cancels the 122 licenses issued by Raja and imposes a ₹50 million ($1,018,122) fine on Unitech, Swan and Tata Teleservices and a ₹5 million fine on Loop Telecom Pvt Ltd, S-Tel, Allianz Infratech and Sistema Shyam Tele Services. The SC requested a trial-court ruling about whether Home Minister [[P Chidambaram]] should be charged.<ref>{{cite news|title=2G scam: SC scraps 122 licences granted under Raja's tenure, trial court to decide on Chidambaram's role|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-SC-scraps-122-licences-granted-under-Rajas-tenure-trial-court-to-decide-on-Chidambarams-role/articleshow/11725097.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202018/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-02/india/31016262_1_spectrum-licences-2g-spectrum-allotment-case|url-status=live|archive-date=29 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| date=2 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="122 licenses Cancelled">{{cite news | url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/current-affairs/2g-verdict-sc-cancels-122-licenses-issued-after-jan-2008_661271.html | title=2G verdict: SC cancels 122 licenses issued after Jan 2008 | work= Money Control | date=2 February 2012}}</ref>
* ''4 February'': The special court, under justice O.P Saini, dismisses Swamy's request to charge Chidambaram.<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-Swamys-petition-to-make-Chidambaram-co-accused-dismissed/articleshow/11752775.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014223701/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-04/india/31024624_1_spectrum-scam-subramanian-swamy-janata-party-president|url-status=live|archive-date=14 October 2012|title=2G scam: Swamy's petition to make Chidambaram co-accused dismissed|date=4 February 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref>
* ''8 February'': The Enforcement Directorate and the Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation charge DMK leader Dayanidhi Maran with [[money laundering]]<ref name="ibnlive.in.com">{{cite news|title=2G Scam: Swamy moves SC challenging court order on Chidambaram|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-swamy-moves-sc-challenging-court-order-on-pc/232946-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225062215/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-swamy-moves-sc-challenging-court-order-on-pc/232946-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-02-25|newspaper=IBN Live}}</ref> and his brother, [[Kalanithi Maran]], for allegedly receiving about {{INR}} 5.5 billion illegally in the Aircel-Maxis deal.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|title=2G scam: ED registers money laundering case against Marans|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-ED-registers-money-laundering-case-against-Marans/articleshow/11804094.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021448/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-08/india/31037372_1_money-laundering-act-spectrum-allocation-case-aircel-maxis|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-11-10}}</ref>
* ''9 February'': Essar Group and Loop Telecom appeal their special-court subpoenas to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news|title=Essar approaches SC in 2G licence case|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_essar-approaches-sc-in-2g-licence-case_1647884|newspaper=DNA}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court to hear Essar Tech's plea on 12 feb|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/2g-scam/in-the-courts/story/2g-supreme-court-to-hear-essar-tech-plea-92533-2012-02-08|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>
*''15 February'': The Supreme Court refuses an interim stay on the 22 February summonses of Essar Group, Loop Telecom and their officials by the special court.<ref>{{cite news|title=2G scam: SC refuses to grant protection to Essar and Loop|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-sc-not-to-grant-protection-to-essar-loop/230539-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219033121/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2g-sc-not-to-grant-protection-to-essar-loop/230539-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-02-19|newspaper=IBN live}}</ref>
*''22 February'': The CBI files a complaint with the CVC about witness-tampering by the Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation, allegedly at the behest of DMK Minister of State for Finance [[SS Palanimanickam]]. Swamy said he would notify the Supreme Court.<ref name="DMK’s MoS sought to derail 2G probe">{{cite news | url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/360-todays-newspaper/44600-dmks-mos-sought-to-derail-2g-probe.html | title=DMK's MoS sought to derail 2G probe | date=22 February 2012 | access-date=21 February 2012}}</ref>
*''23 February'': Swamy petitions the Supreme Court to overturn the trial-court dismissal of his request to charge Union Home Minister [[P. Chidambaram]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Subramanian Swamy files petition in SC against Chidambaram|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Subramanian-Swamy-files-petition-in-SC-against-Chidambaram/articleshow/12001428.cms|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref>
*''2 March'': The government of India files a [[review petition]] in Supreme Court of the court's 2 February order cancelling the 122 licenses,<ref name="review petition">{{cite news|title=Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/telecom/government-raja-telcos-ask-supreme-court-to-reconsider-2g-order/articleshow/12117500.cms|newspaper=Economic Times}}</ref> questioning the court's authority to supersede the first-come, first-served policy but not challenging the validity of the cancellations.<ref>{{cite news|title=2G verdict: Auction can't be only way to allot natural assets, government says|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-verdict-Auction-cant-be-only-way-to-allot-natural-assets-government-says/articleshow/12118614.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021654/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-03/india/31119375_1_review-petition-fresh-licences-policy-of-first-come-first-served|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-11-10}}</ref> Raja and Sistema (majority shareholder in [[MTS India]], [[Uninor]] and other telecom companies) also file a SC review petition.<ref>{{cite news|title=2G licences cancellation: Sistema files review petition in Supreme Court|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-02/news/31117049_1_shyam-group-sstl-russia-s-sistema|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707100750/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-02/news/31117049_1_shyam-group-sstl-russia-s-sistema|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2012|newspaper=Economic Times}}</ref>
*''4 April'': Except for the government of India's partial review petition, the Supreme Court dismisses all 10 review petitions.<ref name=petition>{{cite news|title=2G spectrum scam: Supreme Court dismisses all but one review petition Close|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/2g-spectrum-scam-supreme-court-dismisses-all-but-one-review-petition/articleshow/12535768.cms|newspaper=Economic Times}}</ref> Companies dismissed include Videocon Telecommunications, S Tel, Sistema Shyam Teleservices, Tata Teleservices, Unitech Wireless (Tamil Nadu), Etisalat DB Telecom and Idea Cellular.<ref name=petition />
*''12 April'': The government requests an [[advisory opinion]] from the Supreme Court on issues arising from its 2 February ruling.<ref>{{cite news|title=2G: Centre files presidential reference in SC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-Centre-files-presidential-reference-in-SC/articleshow/12636221.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022117/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-12/india/31330838_1_presidential-reference-2g-policy-of-first-come-first-serve-basis|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-11-10}}</ref>
*''9 May'': The Supreme Court grants bail to Siddharth Behura;<ref>{{cite news|title=Former telecom secretary Siddharth Behura granted bail in 2G scam case|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Former-telecom-secretary-Siddharth-Behura-granted-bail-in-2G-scam-case/articleshow/13064576.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021418/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-09/india/31640677_1_scam-case-spectrum-allocation-case-telecom-secretary|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-11-10}}</ref> and upheld RK Chandolia's bail.<ref>{{cite news|title=2G Scam: Behura, Chandolia Granted Bail |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=762062 |newspaper=Outlook |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511152758/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=762062 |archive-date=11 May 2012 }}</ref> Raja requests bail.<ref>{{cite news|title=Raja seeks bail after Supreme Court relief for Behura|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-10/india/31654887_1_top-reliance-adag-executives-swan-telecom-s-vinod-goenka-surendra-pipara|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110021825/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-10/india/31654887_1_top-reliance-adag-executives-swan-telecom-s-vinod-goenka-surendra-pipara|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-11-10}}</ref>
*''15 May'': Bail granted to Raja after 15 months, on condition that he have court permission to visit [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="ndtv" /><ref name="Scam" /><ref>{{cite web|title=2G spectrum case: A Raja gets bail, to walk out of Tihar jail after 15 months|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-spectrum-case-A-Raja-gets-bail-to-walk-out-of-Tihar-jail-after-15-months/articleshow/13147119.cms|access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref>
*''6 June'': The special court allows Raja to visit Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|title=2G case: A Raja can visit Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_2g-case-a-raja-can-visit-tamil-nadu_1698820|access-date=8 June 2012|newspaper=DNA|date=6 June 2012}}</ref>
*''3 July'': Briefing the [[joint parliamentary committee]] probing the case, the Enforcement Directorate said it has enough evidence to convict DMK chief [[Karunanidhi]]'s wife and daughter, Kanimozhi.<ref name="Enough proof to nail Karuna's wife, Kanimozhi in 2G scam: ED tells JPC">{{cite news|title=Enough proof to nail Karuna's wife, Kanimozhi in 2G scam: ED tells JPC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Enough-proof-to-nail-Karunas-wife-Kanimozhi-in-2G-scam-ED-tells-JPC/articleshow/14659193.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505151926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-04/india/32535895_1_jpc-members-dmk-mp-kanimozhi-2g|url-status=live|archive-date=5 May 2013|access-date=4 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 July 2012}}</ref>
*''31 July'': Former DoT senior official A. K. Srivastava confirmed the CBI's allegation in his testimony, and Raja (as telecom minister) was the final authority on policy matters. In an earlier statement to CBI, he said that Raja had recorded the cut—off date of 1 October 2007 in a DoT file.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3707934.ece |title= Raja was final authority to take DoT decisions: Srivastava| date= 1 August 2012}}</ref>
*''1 August'': The Supreme Court, in its advisory opinion on the 2G judgment, says that the implementation of the first-come, first-served policy was flawed. According to the [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]], "The moment you change the criterion and distort the policy, it ceases to be FCFS policy. If you insist on making payment at the last minute after changing the cut-off date, then it is not FCFS, it is an out-of-turn policy."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3713713.ece |title= If you distort policy, it is not FCFS, says CJI on 2G allocation| date= 2 August 2012}}</ref>
*''3 August'': In accordance with a Supreme Court directive, the government of India revises the spectrum value to {{INRConvert|140|b|nolink=yes}};<ref name="Cabinet sets Rs 14,000 cr as reserve price for 2G spectrum">{{cite news|title=Cabinet sets Rs 14,000 cr as reserve price for 2G spectrum|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/cabinet-sets-rs-14000-cr-as-reserve-price-for-2g-spectrum-404702.html|access-date=8 August 2012|newspaper=Firstpost|date=4 August 2012}}</ref> this discredits the zero-loss theory and illustrates the {{INRConvert|1760|b|nolink=yes}} revenue loss calculated by the CAG.<ref name="Cabinet decision on 2G auction price demolishes zero-loss theory">{{cite news|title=Cabinet decision on 2G auction price demolishes zero-loss theory|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3739078.ece?homepage=true|access-date=8 August 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 August 2012}}</ref>
*''9 August'': The government again requests an extension from the Supreme Court (this time to 12 November) of the deadline to begin auctioning spectrum licences. After cancelling 122 licences in February, the court had given it four months to re-auction them (which had been extended to 31 August).<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3747018.ece|title= Centre wants time till 12 Nov. for 2G auction|date=10 August 2012|newspaper= The Hindu|last1= Venkatesan|first1= J.}}</ref>
*''11 November'': After one year of trial, 77 of 154 witnesses have been [[Deposition (law)|deposed]].<ref name="2G scam: Trial completes 1 yr, over 100 witnesses examined">{{cite news|title=2G scam: Trial completes 1 yr, over 100 witnesses examined|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=195515&tp=on|access-date=25 November 2012|newspaper=Business Standard|date=11 November 2012}}</ref>

===2013===
* ''20 April:'' Communist Party of India senior MP [[Gurudas Dasgupta]] accuses [[Manmohan Singh]] of "dereliction of duty", alleging that the PM was aware of irregularities in the allocation of telecom licences. According to Dasgupta, in a November 2007 letter Kamal Nath advised the Prime Minister to establish a group of ministers to allocate spectrum. He also referred to a note from the Cabinet Secretary recommending that the assessed value of spectrum licences be increased.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/gurudas-dasgupta-rubbishes-jpc-report-on-2g-scam/article4639234.ece|title=Gurudas Dasgupta rubbishes JPC report on 2G scam|location=KOLKATA|work=The Hindu|date=21 April 2013|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tehelka.com/the-silence-of-the-lamb/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507214039/http://tehelka.com/the-silence-of-the-lamb/|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2013|date=15 September 2012|access-date=23 July 2013|first=Ashish|last=Khetan|title=The Silence of the Lamb|publisher=Tehelka}}</ref>
* ''23 April:'' In a 112-page written statement to the joint parliamentary committee, Raja said that he met with [[P. Chidambaram]] and Prime Minister Singh several times from November 2007 to July 2008 to inform them of all 2G-related decisions and Singh agreed with him.<ref>{{cite news|first=Shalini|last=Singh|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/in-letter-to-jpc-raja-links-pm-to-all-key-2g-decisions/article4645399.ece|title=In letter to JPC, Raja links PM to all key 2G decisions|location=NEW DELHI|work=The Hindu|date=23 April 2013|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref>

===2017===
*''21 December:'' A special CBI court acquits everyone accused in the 2G spectrum case stating that the prosecution has failed to prove any charge against any of the accused, made in its well choreographed charge sheet.<ref name="Special Court" /><ref name="O.P. Saini2009">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article22122355.ece/BINARY/2GCBIVsRaja |title=In the Court of O. P. Saini: Spl. Judge, CBI (04)(2G Spectrum Cases), New Delhi |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=3 January 2018 |archive-date=14 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914183609/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article22122355.ece/BINARY/2GCBIVsRaja |url-status=dead }}</ref> 

===2018===
* ''19 and 20 March 2018:'' The [[Enforcement Directorate]] and [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] respectively file appeals against trial court verdict in the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref name=autogenerated2 />

=== 2019 ===
* ''Feb 2019:'' Justice Najmi Waziri ordered the defendants to plant 3,000 trees each for seeking more time to file their responses on the appeal challenging their acquittal in the case.<ref name="ongoing">{{Cite web |title=2G case: HC directs Shahid Balwa, others to plant 15,000 trees |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hc-orders-2-persons-3-firms-to-plant-15000-trees-for-seeking-time-to-file-reply-in-2g-case/67882623 |website=Telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

=== 2020 ===
* ''5 October 2020'': The Delhi High Court begins day-to-day hearings on the appeals, which later gets postponed to 14 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=2G scam: CBI commences fresh arguments in High Court in appeal against acquittals |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/2g-scam-cbi-commences-fresh-arguments-in-high-court-in-appeal-against-acquittals/articleshow/80269206.cms |access-date=2021-09-18 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
* ''23 November 2020'': Justice Brijesh Sethi of Delhi High Court passed an order to release the appeals before him as "part-heard" to another judge as he was due to retire on 30 November 2020. The judge mentioned with heavy heart that his limited time was consumed in hearing and disposal of miscellaneous applications and petitions which were filed one after another on behalf of the respondents and hence he could not hear and decide the CBI and EDs appeals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Bureau Of Investigation vs A.Raja & Ors on 23 November, 2020 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/137356195/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref> All the petitions of the respondents (to the CBI and ED's petitions) were dismissed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central Bureau Of Investigation vs A Raja & Ors on 23 November, 2020 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/185216704/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>

=== 2022 ===
* ''3 March 2022'': Supreme Court's three-judge bench of Justices [[DY Chandrachud]], [[Surya Kant]] and [[Vikram Nath]] rejects Loop Telecom's petition seeking refund of Rs 1,454.94 Crore paid as entry fee for 2G spectrum licences that were quashed on 2 February 2012 by the Supreme Court. Loop Telecom had sought refund of entry fee as its promoters had been acquitted by the trial court judgement on 21 December 2017. The Supreme Court rejected this argument and mentioned that, “The process leading up to the award of the UASLs (Unified Access Service Licences) and the allocation of the 2G spectrum was found to be arbitrary and constitutionally infirm” and “the need for an open and transparent bidding process for the allocation of natural resources was substituted by a process which was designed to confer unlawful benefits on a group of selected bidders by which the appellant benefitted”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-04 |title=SC cites 2G taint to deny Loop Telecom refund of entry fee |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/sc-2g-taint-to-deny-loop-telecom-refund-of-entry-fee-7799989/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2023 ===
* ''13 April 2023:'' The Bar & Bench notes that after 5 years, 95 listings and 7 judges in the Delhi High Court, the CBI and the ED's appeals are yet to cross the stage of leave to appeal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Prashant |date=2023-04-13 |title=2G Scam: After 5 years, 95 listings and 7 judges, cases before Delhi High Court may finally move forward |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/2g-scam-5-years-95-listings-and-7-judges-cases-before-delhi-high-court-move-forward |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2024 ===
* ''22 March 2024:'' Delhi High Court's single-judge bench of Justice Dinesh Kumar Sharma agrees that the trial court's judgement requires deeper examination and re-appreciation of entire evidence and admits CBI's appeal. The court posts the case to 20 May for detailed arguments.<ref name=":0" />

=={{anchor|Licenses quashed}}Licence cancellations==
On 2 February 2012 the Supreme Court ruled on petitions filed by Subramanian Swamy and the Centre for Public Interest Litigation (CPIL) represented by [[Prashant Bhushan]], challenging the 2008 allotment of 2G licenses,<ref name=license /> cancelling all 122 spectrum licences granted during Raja's term as communications minister.<ref name=license>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court quashes 122 2G licences awarded in 2008|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_supreme-court-quashes-122-2g-licences-awarded-in-2008_1645296|newspaper=DNA}}</ref> and described the allocation of 2G spectrum as "unconstitutional and arbitrary".<ref>{{cite news|title=Five crore fine for Unitech, Swan and Tata Teleservices|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/five-crore-fine-for-unitech-swan-and-tata-teleservices-172607|newspaper=NDTV}}</ref> The bench of [[GS Singhvi]] and [[Asok Kumar Ganguly]] imposed a fine of {{INRConvert|50|m|nolink=yes}} on Unitech Wireless, Swan Telecom and Tata Teleservices and a {{INRConvert|5|m|nolink=yes}} fine on [[Loop Telecom]], [[S Tel]], Allianz Infratech and [[MTS India|Sistema Shyam Tele Services]].<ref name="SC quashes 122 licences">{{cite news|title=SC quashes 122 licences|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-SC-scraps-122-licences-granted-under-Rajas-tenure-trial-court-to-decide-on-Chidambarams-role/articleshow/11725097.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202018/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-02/india/31016262_1_spectrum-licences-2g-spectrum-allotment-case|url-status=live|archive-date=29 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| date=2 February 2012}}</ref> According to the ruling the current licences would remain in place for four months, after which time the government would reissue the licences.<ref>{{cite news|title=Licences to remain in place for 4 months|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-SC-quashes-122-licences-trial-court-to-decide-on-Chidambarams-role-CBI-to-submit-probe-report-to-CVC/articleshow/11724453.cms|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref>

In its ruling the court said that former telecom minister A. Raja "wanted to favour some companies at the cost of the public exchequer", listing seven steps he took to ensure this:<ref name="SC quashes 122 licences"/><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite news|title=SC singles out Raja, says officers were cowed down|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sc-singles-out-raja-says-officers-were-cowed-down/907187/|newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref>
# After becoming telecom minister, Raja directed that all applications for spectrum licences would be held pending [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] recommendations.<ref name="SC quashes 122 licences"/><ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
# The 28 August 2007 TRAI recommendations were not presented to the full Telecom Commission, which would have included the finance secretary. Although the TRAI recommendations for allocation of 2G spectrum had serious financial implications (and finance ministry input was required under the Government of India Transaction of Business Rules, 1961), Telecom Commission non-permanent members were not notified of the meeting.<ref name="SC quashes 122 licences"/><ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
# The DoT officers attending 10 October 2007 Telecom Commission meeting were coerced into approving the TRAI recommendations, or they would have "incurred" Raja's "wrath".<ref name="SC quashes 122 licences"/><ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
# Since the Cabinet had approved the Group of Ministers recommendations, the DoT had to discuss the issue of spectrum pricing with the finance ministry. However, Raja did not consult the finance minister or other officials because the finance secretary had objected to allocating 2G spectrum at 2001 rates.<ref name="SC quashes 122 licences"/><ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
# Raja dismissed the law minister's suggestion that the issue should be presented to the Group of Ministers. After receiving the PM's 2 November 2007 letter suggesting transparency in spectrum allocation of the spectrum, Raja said it would be unfair, discriminatory, arbitrary and capricious to auction spectrum to new applicants because it would not give them a level playing field. Although a 24 September DoT press release said that 1 October would be the application deadline, he changed the deadline to 25 September. Raja's arbitrary action, "though appear[ing] to be innocuous was actually intended to benefit some of the real estate firms who did not have any experience in dealing with telecom services and who had made applications only on 24 September 2007, i.e. one day before the cut-off date fixed by the C&IT minister on his own".<ref name="SC quashes 122 licences"/><ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
# The 25 September cut-off date decided by Raja on 2 November was not made public until a 10 January 2008 press release in which he changed the first-come, first-served principle which had been in operation since 2003. "This enabled some of the applicants, who had access either to the minister or DoT officers, get bank drafts prepared towards performance guarantee of about Rs 16 billion".<ref name="SC quashes 122 licences"/><ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
# "The manner in which the exercise for grant of LoIs to the applicants was conducted on 10 January 2008 leaves no room for doubt that everything was stage managed to favour those who were able to know in advance change in the implementation of the first-come-first-served policy." As a result, some companies who had submitted applications in 2004 or 2006 were pushed down the list in favour of those who had applied in August and September 2007.<ref name="SC quashes 122 licences"/><ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

==={{anchor|Telecom companies affected by cancellation of licenses}}Companies affected by cancellations===
The table below lists the companies whose license were cancelled.<ref>{{cite news|title=2G scam: Supreme Court verdict factbox|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-Supreme-Court-verdict-factbox/articleshow/11727672.cms|newspaper=The Times of India| date=2 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court cancels 122 2G licences|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2853159.ece?homepage=true|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 February 2012|location=Chennai, India|first=J.|last=Venkatesan}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Company
! Parent company
! # of licences cancelled
|-
| [[Uninor]]||Joint venture of [[Unitech Group]] of India and [[Telenor]] of Norway [[Unitech Group]]||22
|-
| [[Sistema Shyam TeleServices Limited]], now [[MTS India]] || Joint venture of the Shyam Group of India and Sistema of Russia|| 21
|-
| [[Loop Mobile]] (formerly BPL Mobile) || Khaitan Holding Group || 21
|-
| [[Videocon Telecom]] || [[Videocon]] ||21
|-
| Etisalat-DB||Joint venture of [[Swan Telecom]] of India and [[Etisalat]] of the UAE|| 15
|-
| [[Idea Cellular]]|| [[Aditya Birla Group]] (49.05%), [[Axiata]] (Malaysia, 15%) & [[Providence Equity Partners]] (U.S., 10.6%) || 13
|-
| [[S Tel]]|| Joint venture of C Sivasankaran of India and [[Batelco]] of Bahrain. After the Supreme Court ruling, Batelco sold its 42.7% share to Sivasankaran-owned Sky City Foundation for 65.8 million Bahraini dinar ($174.5 million).<ref name="first to exit">{{cite news|title=Bahrain Telecom first to exit India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/2g-scam/latest-updates/story/2g-verdict-bahrain-telecom-pulls-out-of-stel-exits-india-92444-2012-02-08 |newspaper=India Today }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Batelco hangs up as SC blow hits home|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_batelco-hangs-up-as-sc-blow-hits-home_1647658|newspaper=DNA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=2014-09-01|title=Batelco to seek $212 million from bankrupt Sivasankaran|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/n4FdtPTvlwEqnIcYWWvXMK/Batelco-to-seek-212-million-from-bankrupt-Sivasankaran.html|access-date=2020-08-29|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref> || 6
|-
| [[Tata Teleservices]] || [[Tata Group]]|| 3
|}

==={{anchor|Aftereffects of Supreme Court's verdict}}Aftermath===
{{See also|Uninor#Controversies|l1=Uninor controversies}}
In addition to Batelco's exit, on 21 February 2012 [[Telenor]] (the majority shareholder in [[Uninor]]) terminated its agreement with Unitech and sued it for "indemnity and compensation".<ref>{{cite news|title=Telenor dumps Unitech to form new company|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/telenor-india-idINDEE81K0FR20120222|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201052740/http://in.reuters.com/article/telenor-india-idINDEE81K0FR20120222|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2016|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telenor sues Unitech for compensation|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/227602/telenor-sues-unitech-compensation.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Contest Telenor's demand for compensation: Unitech|url=http://www.sify.com/finance/contest-telenor-s-demand-for-compensation-unitech-news-national-mcqvungiejg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022906/http://www.sify.com/finance/contest-telenor-s-demand-for-compensation-unitech-news-national-mcqvungiejg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-10|newspaper=Sify}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, Etisalat of Etasalat-DB Telecom sued DB Realty corporate promoters [[Shahid Balwa]] and [[Vinod Goenka]] for fraud and misrepresentation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Etisalat sues Balwa, Goenka|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Etisalat-sues-Balwa-Goenka/articleshow/12013354.cms|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Etisalat sues Vinod Goenka, Shahid Balwa for fraud|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_etisalat-sues-vinod-goenka-shahid-balwa-for-fraud_1653934|newspaper=DNA}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Etisalat drags Balwa & Goenka to court|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/2g-scam/in-the-courts/story/2g-scam-etisalat-drags-jv-partners-to-court-for-fraud-94033-2012-02-23|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>

After the special CBI court verdict on 21 December 2017 acquitting all the accused, the government faces compensation claims worth over Rs 170 billion from telcos like Videocon Telecom, Loop Telecom and STel who suffered loss of business after the Supreme Court scrapped 122 licences in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://thewire.in/208072/2g-verdict-telecom-companies-sue-government-cancellation-licenses/ |title = After 2G Verdict, Telecom Companies to Sue Government over Cancellation of Licenses}}</ref>

==Aircel-Maxis deal controversy==
{{main|Aircel-Maxis case }}
{{See also2|[[Dayanidhi Maran]]|[[Tatparanandam Ananda Krishnan|T Ananda Krishnan]]|[[Maxis Communications]]}}

The controversy surrounding [[Aircel]] and Malaysia's [[Maxis Communications]] began in 2011 when Aircel founder [[C. Sivasankaran]] filed a complaint with the Central Bureau of Investigation and accused then-telecom minister [[Dayanidhi Maran]] of forcing him to sell Aircel to Maxis and delaying necessary 2G telecom licences in 2006 until the sale was completed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-06-06 |title=Forced to sell stake to Maxis: ex-Aircel owner |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/forced-to-sell-stake-to-maxis-exaircel-owner/article2082593.ece |access-date=2026-03-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Investigations by the CBI and Enforcement Directorate later led to charges of corruption and money laundering against the Maran brothers and others. The case later expanded to include allegations that former finance minister P. Chidambaram and his son [[Karti Chidambaram]] delayed foreign investment approval linked to the deal, and they were named as accused in a 2018 CBI supplementary chargesheet.<ref>{{Cite news |title=What is Aircel-Maxis case |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-aircel-maxis-case |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

==Response to the allegations==
When Indian media began citing the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|CAG]] report identifying the loss at {{INR}} 1.76 trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]), the Indian opposition parties unanimously demanded the formation of a [[joint parliamentary committee]] to investigate the allegations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Opposition demands JPC |url=http://www.news24online.com/Opposition-demands-JPC-on-2G-scam_News24_17551.aspx |newspaper=News 24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193503/http://www.news24online.com/Opposition-demands-JPC-on-2G-scam_News24_17551.aspx |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite news|title=2G scam: Opposition chants 'we want JPC'; No, says Government|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/2g-scam-opposition-chants-we-want-jpc-no-says-government-66550|newspaper=NDTV}}</ref> Although the government rejected their demand,<ref name="ndtv.com"/> when the winter session of Parliament began on 9 November 2010 the opposition again pressed for a JPC; again, their demand was rejected.<ref name="ndtv.com"/> The demand for a JPC gained further momentum when the CAG report was tabled in Parliament on 16 November 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=CAG report tabled in parliament|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cag-report-in-parliament-today/135092-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117175449/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cag-report-in-parliament-today/135092-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-11-17|newspaper=IBN}}</ref> The opposition blocked the proceedings, again pressing for a JPC;<ref>{{cite news|title=Spectrum sparks fly, opposition blocks parliament|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/spectrum-sparks-fly-opposition-blocks-parliament.html|newspaper=Yahoo India News}}</ref> the government again rejected their demand, creating an impasse.<ref>{{cite news|title=Parliament logjam continues... 10, 13, 15, 18 days... |first=Sushmita |last=Dutta |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/zee-exclusive/parliament-logjam-continues-10-13-15-18-days_673057.html |newspaper=Zee News |date=8 December 2010 |access-date=23 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202137/http://zeenews.india.com/news/zee-exclusive/parliament-logjam-continues-10-13-15-18-days_673057.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] [[Meira Kumar]] unsuccessfully attempted to resolve the impasse.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meira Kumar's bid to end 2G logjam fails|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Meira-Kumars-bid-to-end-2G-logjam-fails-/articleshow/7192814.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-31/india/28238727_1_jpc-demand-cpi-leader-logjam|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-10-29}}</ref> The winter session of Parliament concluded on 13 December 2010. Although 22 new bills were planned to be introduced, 23 pending bills passed and three bills withdrawn, Parliament functioned for only nine hours.<ref>{{cite news|title=Winter session worked just 9 hours, but cost 172 crore|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/120369/winter-session-worked-just-9.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref> On 22 February 2011, after resisting opposition demands for over three months, the government announced that it would form a JPC.<ref>{{cite news|title=Budget session of parliament begins today; JPC on the cards |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/newdelhi/Govt-agrees-on-JPC-probe-formal-announcement-on-Feb-22/Article1-664727.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125201059/http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/newdelhi/Govt-agrees-on-JPC-probe-formal-announcement-on-Feb-22/Article1-664727.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |newspaper=HindustanTimes }}</ref> The JPC criticised the CBI for its leniency to the PM, the [[Attorney General of India|Attorney General]], Dayanidhi Maran and Chidambaram and its reluctance to investigate their roles on 24 July 2012.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3679587.ece?homepage=true| title= JPC grills CBI: why clean chit to PM, Chidambaram?| date= 25 July 2012}}</ref> After questioning former telecom minister Dayanidhi Maran, his brother Kalanithi and the head of Maxis Communications, the CBI alleged that the Maran brothers accrued an illegal {{INR}} 5.50 billion by the sale of Sun Direct TV shares at highly "inflated prices".<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3688410.ece|title= CBI questions Dayanidhi| date= 27 July 2012}}</ref>

In early November 2010 [[Jayalalithaa]] accused state chief minister [[M Karunanidhi]] of protecting Raja from corruption charges, calling for Raja's resignation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/11/02/2g-spectrum-scam-karunanidhi-protecting-union-minister-raja-extraneous-reasons-jayal |title=2G Spectrum Scam: Karunanidhi protecting union minister Raja for extraneous reasons- Jayalalithaa charges |first=Sathyalaya|last=Ramakrishnan |date=2 November 2010 |publisher=[[Asian Tribune]] |access-date = 4 December 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101120090949/http://asiantribune.com/news/2010/11/02/2g-spectrum-scam-karunanidhi-protecting-union-minister-raja-extraneous-reasons-jayal| archive-date= 20 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> By mid-November, Raja resigned.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/telecom-minister-a-raja-resigns/710950/ |title=Telecom Minister A Raja resigns |date=14 November 2010 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date = 4 December 2010}}</ref> At that time, comptroller [[Vinod Rai]] issued show-cause notices to Unitech, S Tel, Loop Mobile, Datacom (Videocon) and Etisalat to respond to his assertion that the 85 licenses granted to these companies did not have the capital required at application or were otherwise illegal.<ref name="fivetelcos">{{cite news |title=2G scam: Govt to pull up five telcos |author=Joji Thomas Philip |date=18 November 2010 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> It was speculated that because these companies provide some consumer service, they would receive large fines but retain their licenses.<ref name="fivetelcos"/>

In June 2011 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh criticised the CAG for commenting on policy issues, warning it "to limit the office to the role defined in the constitution."<ref name="pmhitsout">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-hits-out-at-CAG-on-2G-oil-firms/articleshow/9045532.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190212/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-30/india/29720931_1_2g-telecom-minister-vinod-rai |url-status=live |archive-date=29 October 2013 |title=PM hits out at CAG on 2G, oil firms |date=30 June 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> After Singh's criticism the CAG conducted a "rigorous internal appraisal" and stood by its findings, citing additional events as corroboration. The CAG reiterated that there was "an undeniable loss to the exchequer", the calculation of which was based on three estimates: the 3G auctions and the Swan and Unitech transactions. It cited the Supreme Court ruling of 2 February 2012 that the actions of Raja and officers at the Department of Telecom were "wholly arbitrary, capricious and contrary to the public interest, apart from being violative of the doctrine of equality. The material produced for the quote showed that the Minister for C&IT wanted to favour some companies at the cost of the public exchequer." It said its estimate of loss of 1.76 trillion was justified, since the May 2012 TRAI collation of reserve prices for 2G spectrum was about the same as that in the November 2010 CAG report. TRAI had recommended a reserve price for 2G spectrum of {{INR}} 180 billion for a pan-India 5 MHz licence, higher than the 3G value of {{INR}} 167.50 billion for 5 MHz used by the CAG for arriving at a loss figure of {{INR}} 1,760 billion. It concluded that it was only examining the "implementation of policy", and policy-making was the government's prerogative.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3603229.ece|title=After rigorous self-appraisal, CAG sticks to its guns on 2G|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 July 2012|access-date=8 July 2012|last1=Singh|first1=Shalini}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Joint Parliamentary Committee}}Joint parliamentary committee==
The JPC consisted of half [[United Progressive Alliance]] members and half opposition members. Twelve were from the Lok Sabha, and eight from the Rajya Sabha. Of the Lok Sabha MPs, eight were from the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] and four from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]. The following JPC members investigated the 2G allegations:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Party
|-
| [[Kishore Chandra Deo]] || Congress
|-
| [[Paban Singh Ghatowar]] || Congress
|-
| [[Jai Prakash Agarwal]] || Congress
|-
| [[Deepender Singh Hooda]] || Congress
|-
| [[P. C. Chacko]] || Congress
|-
| [[Manish Tewari]] || Congress
|-
| [[Nirmal Khatri]] || Congress
|-
| [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] || Congress
|-
| [[T. R. Baalu]] || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| Kalyan Banerjee || [[Trinamool Congress]]
|-
| [[Jaswant Singh]] || BJP
|-
| [[Yashwant Sinha]] || BJP
|-
| [[Harin Pathak]] || BJP
|-
| [[Gopinath Munde]] || BJP
|-
| [[Sharad Yadav]] || [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
| [[Dara Singh Chauhan]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
| [[Akhilesh Yadav]] || [[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
| [[Gurudas Dasgupta]] || [[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| [[Arjun Charan Sethi]] || [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|-
| [[M. Thambi Durai]] || [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|}

==Trial Court Verdict==
On 21 December 2017, a Special CBI Court acquitted all the persons accused in the case.<ref name="O.P. Saini2009"/><ref>{{cite web |title=In the Court of O. P. Saini: Spl. Judge, CBI (04)/PMLA (2G Spectrum Cases), New Delhi |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article22122270.ece/BINARY/2GCaseJudgment |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205191535/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article22122270.ece/BINARY/2GCaseJudgment |archive-date=5 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2g-scam-verdict-reactions/article22121788.ece|title=2G case verdict - Updates: presumptive loss in spectrum allocation was 'cooked up', says Raja|author=|date=21 December 2017|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/telecom/2g-scam-verdict-a-raja-kanimozhi-cag-vinod-rai-spectrum/story/266449.html|title=2G scam verdict: All 18 accused including A Raja acquitted, Congress seeks ex-CAG Vinod Rai's apology|website=Businesstoday.in|date=21 December 2017 }}</ref>

Special Judge OP Saini stated in his judgement: "There is no evidence on the record produced before the Court indicating any criminality in the acts allegedly committed by the accused persons.” He added that “the chargesheet of the instant case is based mainly on misreading, selective reading, non-reading and out of context reading of the official record” and that "the chargesheet is based on some oral statements made by the witnesses during investigation, which the witnesses have not owned up in the witness box.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/2g-spectrum-scam-in-a-big-relief-to-a-raja-and-kanimozhi-cbi-court-acquits-all-accused-4992453/|title=2G case verdict: CBI court acquits A Raja, Kanimozhi and all other accused|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=21 December 2017 }}</ref>

==Delhi High Court Appeal==

On 19 and 20 March 2018, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] and the CBI respectively filed appeals against trial court verdict in the [[Delhi High Court]].<ref name="autogenerated22">{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=20 March 2018 |title=Delhi High Court to hear CBI and ED's appeal on 2G case on Wednesday |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/delhi-high-court-to-hear-cbi-and-ed-s-appeal-on-2g-case-on-wednesday-118032001131_1.html |access-date=12 August 2018 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref> On 22 March 2024, Delhi High Court's single-judge bench of Justice Dinesh Kumar Sharma agreed that the trial court's judgement requires deeper examination and re-appreciation of entire evidence and admitted the CBI's appeal. The court said that detailed arguments on the case will take place on 20 May.<ref name=":0" />

In his 120-page judgement, Justice Sharma observed that, "The allegation is not about an “ordinary criminal offence” but an “economic offence” which is a separate class and is “required to be handled with a different approach”. The evidence has to be weighed and not counted. The court during the hearing has also noticed some contradictions in the (trial court's) judgment itself, which requires deeper examination. The trial judge had “repeatedly noted” that the prosecution should have given an opportunity to the witness to explain the statement made by them." The high court said that this raises the question as to, “why the Ld. Judge presiding over the trial did not exercise his jurisdiction under the Indian Evidence Act to seek any clarity, if there was any ambiguity."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Soibam Rocky |date=2024-03-22 |title=2G scam case: Delhi HC allows CBI to challenge A. Raja's acquittal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-hc-allows-cbi-to-challenge-a-rajas-acquittal-in-2g-spectrum-case/article67979234.ece |access-date=2024-04-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Indian Telecom Spectrum Auction]]
*[[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (CAG)
*[[Vinod Rai]]
*[[Coal mining in India]]

=== Other scams and corruption ===
*[[1992 Indian stock market scam]]
*[[NSE co-location scam]]
*[[Mining scam in India]]
*[[Indian coal allocation scam]]
*[[Saradha Chit Fund Scam]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh NRHM scam]]
*[[Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
*[[List of scandals in India]]
*[[Corruption in India]]
*[[Licence Raj]]
*[[Mafia Raj]]
*[[Rent seeking]]

=== Anti-corruption efforts ===
*[[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]]
*[[Jan Lokpal Bill]]
*[[Right to Public Services legislation]]
*[[United Nations Convention against Corruption]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?268214 Transcripts : The Radia Tapes] contains all the leaked audio transcripts between corporate lobbyist [[Nira Radia]] and other high-profile people.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141029080559/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/photos-india/inthedock/Article4-718395.aspx 2G Scam: In the dock (in pictures:HT)]
* [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2048719 Case Study on the Supreme Court Ruling on the 2G Spectrum Scam]

{{Alleged scams in India}}
{{Corporate scandals}}
{{Corruption in India}}
{{Portalbar|India|Telecommunications|Internet|Politics|Law}}

[[Category:2G spectrum case| ]]
[[Category:Auction theory]]
[[Category:Bidding strategy]]
[[Category:Communications in India]]
[[Category:Telecommunications in India]]
[[Category:Science and technology in India]]
[[Category:Internet in India]]
[[Category:Criminal investigation]]
[[Category:Mobile telecommunications]]
[[Category:Mobile telecommunication services]]
[[Category:Mobile phone industry in India]]
[[Category:Spectrum auctions]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]

Kadha, Samvidhanam Kunchakko

2026-03-03T21:31:04Z

Swastikholidays: basic added citations for clarity and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kadha, Samvidhanam Kunchakko
| image = Katha, Samvidhanam- Kunchacko.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = [[Haridas Kesavan]]
| producer = [[MANOJ RAMSINGH|Manoj Ramsingh]]
| writer = [[Dennis Joseph]]
| starring = [[Sreenivasan]] [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
| music = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| cinematography = Sajeth Menon
| editing = [[Bijith Bala]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2009|2|13|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Kadha, Samvidhanam Kunchakko''''' is a 2009 Malayalam-language [[psychological thriller]] directed by [[Haridas Kesavan]], and produced by Manoj Ramsingh. The film features [[Sreenivasan]] in dual role and [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-kadha-samvidhanam-kunchacko/20090216.htm | title=Review: Kadha, Samvidhanam, Kunchacko }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kunchacko is a no-holds-barred money minter who has chopped off heads and hearts on his way to the top of the world. Marrying Ann Mary prompts him to turn a few new green leaves, though he soon figures out that making amends is not as easy as it seems.

== Cast ==
* [[Sreenivasan]] in a dual role as:
** Kunchacko
** Kuncheria (Father Cleetus Poovarani)
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Ann Mary
* [[Thilakan]] as [[Psychiatrist|Dr]] Antony Varkey
* [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Kariyappan
* [[Roslin (Malayalam actress)|Roslin]] as Ann Mary's mother
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as [[Deputy inspector general of police|SP]] Manoj Pothan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Sudheesh]] as Baby
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Sadanandan
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Chief Minister Sukumaran Varma
* [[Sona Nair]]
* [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Dr. Mathew Kurian
* E.A. Rajendran as Chandran Pillai
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
* Lakshmipriya as Dr. Mathew Kurian's wife

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1549585}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090607002838/http://www.cinefundas.com/2009/02/19/kadha-samvidhanam-kunchacko-malayalam-movie-review ''Kadha, Samvidhanam Kunchakko'']}} at Cinefundas.com

{{Dennis Joseph}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla

2026-03-03T20:44:11Z

Swastikholidays: Started A Article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla
| image = Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla.jpeg
| alt = 
| caption = [[Film poster|Theatrical release poster]]
| director = [[V. K. Prakash]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Aji Medayil
* Joe Kaithamattam
* Christi Kaithamattam
}}
| writer = [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Fahadh Faasil]]
* [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]
* [[Rima Kallingal]]
* [[P. Balachandran]]
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]]
* [[Govind Padmasoorya]]
}}
| music = Abhijit Shylanath
| cinematography = Arun James
| editing = Mahesh Narayanan
| studio = Good Company & Angel Works
| distributor = Trends Adfilm Makers
| released = {{Film date|2013|03|08|df=y}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla''''' ({{translation|Anchovy Isn't a Small Fish}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[V. K. Prakash]] and written by [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]].<ref>{{cite web|title= V K Prakash to end year with a triangular love story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/V-K-Prakash-to-end-year-with-a-triangular-love-story/articleshow/17428092.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040010/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-01/news-and-interviews/35484132_1_v-k-prakash-end-year-double-role|url-status=live|archive-date=11 April 2013|work= [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 6 February 2013 }}</ref> Starring [[Fahadh Faasil]] in dual roles and [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]. Principal photography began on 22 November 2012 and wrapped by February 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title= VK Prakash's 'Netholi Oru Cheriya Meenala' goes on floor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/VK-Prakashs-Netholi-Oru-Cheriya-Meenala-goes-on-floor/articleshow/17333852.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126051832/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/news-and-interviews/35318208_1_fahadh-faasil-mollywood-poppins|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2013|work= [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 6 February 2013 }}</ref> The film is scripted by [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]].<ref>{{cite web|title= VK Prakash's To direct Natholi Oru Cheriya Meen alla |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vkp-to-direct-natholi-cheriya-meenalla-news-malayalam-mkcq2wfegdj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006012255/http://www.sify.com/movies/vkp-to-direct-natholi-cheriya-meenalla-news-malayalam-mkcq2wfegdj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2012| website = [[Sify]] | accessdate = 6 February 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianrays.com/entertainment_details.php?news=Natholi%20oru%20cheriya%20meenalla;%20watch%20it%20for%20nothing&id=22 |title=Indianrays - Entertainment |website=www.indianrays.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216203607/http://www.indianrays.com/entertainment_details.php?news=Natholi%20oru%20cheriya%20meenalla;%20watch%20it%20for%20nothing&id=22 |archive-date=2013-02-16}}</ref> The film released on 8 February 2013.The film is loosely based on director's [[Freaky Chakra]].

==Plot==
Preman is the caretaker of a flat at Cochin, in Alwaye. Everyone in the flat calls him 'Natholi'. He faces some unfortunate events in the flat and begins to write a story with the same characters in his real life and plays with their lives in his story. The film revolves around the story of the conflict between Preman and the character he creates. He gradually loses control over the character he creates and it begins to act on its own. The rest of the movie is a display of Preman trying to wrest back control of his character and the ensuing plot twists.

==Cast==
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] in a dual role as:
** Preman
** Narendran
* [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]] as Prabha Thomas
* [[Rima Kallingal]] as Annie
* [[Govind Padmasurya]] as Moby
* [[P. Balachandran]]
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Zeenath/ Lakshmi
* Mukundhan as Vasu
* Jayan
* [[Chinnu Kuruvilla]]
* [[Sathaar]] as Capt. Geethakrishnan
* [[Krishna Praba]] as Kumari
* Mridul Nair
*[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]]
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]] as himself
* [[Kani Kusruti]] as Flat resident
* [[Joju George]] as Chicken merchant
* Krishna as Dr.Krishna IAS

==Reception==
The film opened to mixed reviews from critics.
[[Sify|Sify.com]] says "Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla is witty and hooks you straight into the narrative with its inherent charm. It's not at all like what you have seen in Malayalam before and it is imperative to applaud the sincerity of the makers. Don't miss this one, if you have an eye for the unconventional."<ref>{{cite web|last=Buzz|first=Movie|title=Movie Review: Netholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/netholi-oru-cheriya-meenalla-review-malayalam-15019885.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403073806/http://www.sify.com/movies/netholi-oru-cheriya-meenalla-review-malayalam-15019885.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2013|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=17 September 2013}}</ref>

Paresh C Palicha of [[Rediff.com]] says that "Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla has to be watched for its wackiness and unadulterated laughter. Don't miss it."<ref>{{cite web|last=C|first=Palicha|title=Review: Don't miss Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-dont-miss-natholi-oru-cheriya-meenalla/20130211.htm|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=17 September 2013}}</ref>

Veeyen of Nowrunning.com wrote 'Natholi' isn't a consistently enjoyable film that you would fall in love with over the weekend. It does prod your thoughts however, and keeps you intellectually engaged. Small fish it certainly ain't; but then, it ain't really big fish either.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}

Smitha of [[Oneindia.in]] says that "You might or might not like Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla, but watch it for something different than usual."{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2679530}}

{{V. K. Prakash}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. K. Prakash]]

Naiyaandi

2026-03-03T03:28:42Z

Swastikholidays: Started New Stub

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by A. Sarkunam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Naiyaandi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Sarkunam]]
| producer = [[S. Kathiresan]]
| writer = A. Sarkunam
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Dhanush]]
*[[Nazriya Nazim]]
}}
| music = [[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]]
| cinematography = [[R. Velraj]]
| editing = [[Raja Mohammad]]
| studio = Five Star Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|10|11}}
| runtime = 142 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naiyaandi |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/naiyaandi-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzawndg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210124709/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/naiyaandi-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzawndg |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=10 February 2022 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Naiyaandi''''' ({{Translation|Satire}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action comedy]] film written and directed by [[A. Sarkunam]]. The film stars [[Dhanush]] and [[Nazriya Nazim]]. An unofficial remake of the 1993 Malayalam film ''[[Meleparambil Anveedu]]'', it focuses on the love between a [[kuthuvilakku]] shop owner and a dental student.

''Naiyaandi'' was produced by [[S. Kathiresan]], scored by [[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]], photographed by [[R. Velraj]] and edited by [[Raja Mohammad]]. [[Principal photography]] took place between February and September 2013, with [[Kumbakonam]] as the primary filming location. The film was released on 11 October 2013.

== Plot ==
Chinna Vandu runs a [[kuthuvilakku]] shop. His elder brothers Paranjothi and Paranthavan are not yet married, despite their advanced age. Chinna Vandu, who studied in his uncle's son's home, falls in love with Vanaroja, a dental student who comes there to visit her grandmother and see the village festival. Chinna Vandu finds many ways to make Vanaroja fall in love, such as making her laugh, but she still does not fall in love with him. During the village festival, Vanaroja's ring goes missing, so her father Poongavanam comes there and tells everyone to find the ring for a reward of {{INRConvert|1|l|year=2013}}. Only Chinna Vandu finds it in front of Vanaroja, but he gives the ring to a poor lady to claim the prize, as Vanaroja does not like him. Seeing this, Vanaroja falls in love with him.

Chinna Vandu makes a challenge to himself: to know whether Vanaroja is in love or not. He gets to know that Vanaroja is also in love with him. Vanaroja leaves the village to her home but upon reaching, she finds her father has [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged her engagement]] with Krishna and has scheduled her marriage with Krishna on her birthday. Chinna Vandu comes to wish her for her birthday on that night and learns of the engagement. They both escape from Krishna and his henchmen.

Chinna Vandu tells his cousin Soori he has eloped with Vanaroja and asks him to come and meet them. Soori tries to find a way for Chinna Vandu to live with Vanaroja, but Chinna Vandu tells him he has already married her. Soori tells them to hide their marriage and go to his family in [[Kumbakonam]]. Soori brings Vanaroja to Chinna Vandu's house, saying she is an orphan. His family accepts her in, but Chinna Vandu's brothers start to love Vanaroja.

Chinna Vandu gets a shock of his life when his father decided to marry Vanaroja to Paranjothi. Vanaroja is shocked too and she argues with Chinna Vandu about the problem and urges him to reveal the truth to his parents, he somehow he manages to pacify her and they make love and from that he makes sure his brothers do not marry her. After some days, their mother finds that Vanaroja is pregnant and expels her from the house. Meanwhile, Krishna's men find Vanaroja and kidnap her. Chinna Vandu finds Vanaroja captured by Krishna and follows him. He goes in a fight and wins, but Chinna Vandu is caught by his whole family, and his father Sambandham does not accept this, but Poongavanam comes and tells Sambandham that his daughter's life needs to be happy, and so finally he accepts their relationship.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dhanush]] as Chinna Vandu
* [[Nazriya Nazim]] as Vanaroja
* [[Vamsi Krishna]] as Krishna
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Soori
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Paramjothy, Chinna Vandu's elder brother
* [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]] as Parandhaman, Chinna Vandu's second elder brother
* [[Pyramid Natarajan]] as Sambandham, Chinna Vandu's father
* [[Meera Krishnan]] as Chinna Vandu's mother
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Poongavanam, Vanaroja's father
* [[Sachu]] as Vanaroja's grandmother
* [[Sathish]] as Chinna Vandu's friend
* [[Ashvin Raja]] as Chinna Vandu's friend
* [[Imman Annachi]] as Tea Shop Owner
* [[Manobala]] as Astrologer
* [[Charle]] as Parandhaman's friend
* [[Singampuli]]
}}

== Production ==
In May 2012, [[A. Sarkunam]] said [[Dhanush]] had agreed to star in his then forthcoming film, though the producer was not yet finalised.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2012 |title=Dhanush in Sarkunam's next film |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-31/news-interviews/31920257_1_dhanush-sarkunam-national-award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007033903/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-31/news-interviews/31920257_1_dhanush-sarkunam-national-award |archive-date=7 October 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film, initially titled ''Sotta Vazhakutty'', was retitled ''Naiyaandi'' by January 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2013 |title=Dhanush film title changed to 'Naiyaandi' |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-23/news-interviews/36505014_1_sotta-vazhakutty-raanjhnaa-dhanush |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401025827/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-23/news-interviews/36505014_1_sotta-vazhakutty-raanjhnaa-dhanush |archive-date=1 April 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In the same month, the filmmakers decided in on [[Nazriya Nazim]] as Dhanush's pair.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2013 |title=Nazriya Nazim is Dhanush's heroine! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-23/news-interviews/36505130_1_sotta-vazhakutty-raanjhnaa-dhanush |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925065955/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-23/news-interviews/36505130_1_sotta-vazhakutty-raanjhnaa-dhanush |archive-date=25 September 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was produced by [[S. Kathiresan]], photographed by [[R. Velraj]] and edited by [[Raja Mohammad]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=5 October 2013 |title=Audio Beat: Naiyaandi - In a lighter vein |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-naiyaandi-in-a-lighter-vein/article5204122.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430022136/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-naiyaandi-in-a-lighter-vein/article5204122.ece |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=30 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on 13 February,<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |date=20 February 2013 |title=Dhanush joins 'Naiyaandi' unit in Tanjavur |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-joins-naiyaandi-unit-in-tanjavur-news-tamil-nculuJeaiaj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224022828/http://www.sify.com/movies/dhanush-joins-naiyaandi-unit-in-tanjavur-news-tamil-nculuJeaiaj.html |archive-date=24 February 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] that September.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2013 |title=Naiyaandi nearing completion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/naiyaandi-nearing-completion/articleshow/22206957.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250428101734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/naiyaandi-nearing-completion/articleshow/22206957.cms |archive-date=28 April 2025 |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was predominantly shot in [[Kumbakonam]], and to a lesser extent in [[Thanjavur]] and [[Pollachi]]. Two song sequences were shot in Switzerland.<ref name=":0" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack album was composed by [[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=NAIYAANDI - Ghibran Tamil Audio Cd |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/naiyaandi-ghibran-tamil-audio-cd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910094441/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/naiyaandi-ghibran-tamil-audio-cd/ |archive-date=2025-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-10 |work=Audio CDs World |language=en}}</ref> and released on 19 September 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2013 |title=Naiyaandi earlier than expected |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/naiyaandi-earlier-than-expected/articleshow/22744373.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250429025013/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/naiyaandi-earlier-than-expected/articleshow/22744373.cms |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=29 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The [[Single (music)|single]] "Teddy Bear" was released on 17 September, two days before the full album. The song uses [[dubstep]] elements and [[Chiptune|sounds inspired]] by those in [[Third generation of video game consoles|8-bit video games]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2013 |title=Dhanush's Teddy Bear song to be released as single |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanushs-Teddy-Bear-song-to-be-released-as-single/articleshow/22599064.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241022092521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dhanushs-Teddy-Bear-song-to-be-released-as-single/articleshow/22599064.cms |archive-date=22 October 2024 |access-date=6 June 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In a review of the album, [[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' wrote, "Ghibran proves that he owns the most exciting sound in Tamil, in recent times!".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=21 September 2013 |title=Naiyaandi (Music review), Tamil – Ghibran |url=https://milliblog.com/2013/09/21/naiyaandi-music-review-tamil-ghibran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250429025256/https://milliblog.com/2013/09/21/naiyaandi-music-review-tamil-ghibran/ |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = [[Leon D'Souza]], [[Sundar Narayana Rao]]
| extra2 = [[Suzanne D'Mello]], [[Padmalatha]], Nivas, Sofia Symphony Orchestra
| extra3 = [[Sundar Narayana Rao]]
| extra4 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], [[Shweta Mohan]], Gold Devaraj
| extra5 = Gold Devaraj
| extra6 = [[Dhanush]]
| length1 = 4:48
| length2 = 3:58
| length3 = 3:11
| length4 = 4:17
| length5 = 1:21
| length6 = 3:50
| lyrics1 = [[Arivumathi]]
| lyrics2 = [[Karthik Netha]]
| lyrics3 = Ve. Ramaswamy
| lyrics4 = [[Karthik Netha]]
| lyrics5 = Devendran
| lyrics6 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| title1 = Ae Le Le Etti Paarthale
| title2 = Inikka Inikka
| title3 = Marriage Marketil
| title4 = Munnadi Pora Pulla
| title5 = Yendi Paathagathi
| title6 = Teddy Bear
| total_length = 21:25
}}

== Release ==
''Naiyaandi'' was originally scheduled to release on 10 October 2013, but was shifted by a day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2013 |title=Naiyaandi release pushed by a day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/naiyaandi-release-pushed-by-a-day/articleshow/23347474.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250429013319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/naiyaandi-release-pushed-by-a-day/articleshow/23347474.cms |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film had its television premiere in mid-April 2014 on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], during the week of [[Puthandu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2014 |title=Tamil New Year special movies on TV |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-new-year-special-movies-on-tv-news-tamil-oenlr3eijejsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924205410/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil-new-year-special-movies-on-tv-news-tamil-oenlr3eijejsi.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=15 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'', "''Naiyaandi'' slavishly follows the Kollywood formula, with thoroughly exaggerated characters whom we see only on screen" and called the film a "vile mess".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=12 October 2013 |title=Naiyaandi and Vanakkam Chennai: Crazy little thing called love |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/naiyaandi-and-vanakkam-chennai-crazy-little-thing-called-love/article5228510.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125040012/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/naiyaandi-and-vanakkam-chennai-crazy-little-thing-called-love/article5228510.ece |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=29 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "''Naiyaandi'' is not astounding but it is not a damp squib like most draft comedies we’ve had in recent times".<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2013 |title=Naiyaandi |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/naiyaandi-review-tamil-pcmbcljaigbfc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625045324/https://www.sify.com/movies/naiyaandi-review-tamil-pcmbcljaigbfc.html |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=29 April 2025 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.75 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Naiyandi'' is a leisurely-paced film, a genteel comedy set in a small town, revolving around a romance. But what sets it apart, in a rather unfortunate way from [Sarkunam's] earlier films, is that this time, the characters and scenes are less interesting, and the tone and rhythm of the film inconsistent".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=14 October 2013 |title=Naiyandi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/naiyandi/movie-review/24128849.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019131358/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/naiyandi/movie-review/24128849.cms |archive-date=19 October 2013 |access-date=14 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "''Naiyaandi'' is a silly romp through school-boyish pranks, juvenile romantic inclinations, choreographed fights and a yawn of a story".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=12 October 2013 |title=Movie review: Tamil film Naiyaandi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/movie-review-tamil-film-naiyaandi/story-QrLoUpOk9MQRfxpsvgZEjP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516152141/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/movie-review-tamil-film-naiyaandi/story-QrLoUpOk9MQRfxpsvgZEjP.html |archive-date=16 May 2023 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

S. Saraswathi of [[Rediff.com]] gave 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that the film "lacks a good story and seems more like an amateur, half-hearted and a disappointing attempt" and called it a "disaster".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=14 October 2013 |title=Review: Naiyaandi is a disaster |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-naiyaandi-is-a-disaster/20131014.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016133108/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-naiyaandi-is-a-disaster/20131014.htm |archive-date=16 October 2013 |access-date=14 October 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> S. Viswanath of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "the slapstick comedy works in bits and parts. It suffers from a weak storyline and a sorry script".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viswanath |first=S |date=12 October 2013 |title=Comedy sans the chuckle |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/362591/comedy-sans-chuckle.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418033732/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/362591/comedy-sans-chuckle.html |archive-date=18 April 2015 |access-date=14 October 2013 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service]] gave 1.5 out of 5 and wrote, "''Naiyaandi'' is a mistake every talented actor commits in his career. This one belongs to Dhanush, who has majorly disappointed one and all".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2013 |title='Naiyaandi' review: The jokes fall flat in this Tamil film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/naiyaandi-review-the-jokes-fall-flat-in-this-tamil-film-644602.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429022821/https://www.news18.com/news/india/naiyaandi-review-the-jokes-fall-flat-in-this-tamil-film-644602.html |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Ahead of the film's release, Nazriya condemned the filmmakers for shooting some scenes of her character using a [[body double]] without her knowledge, with the woman's hip being rubbed, and the tummy/navel area being fully exposed, noting this violated her contract.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=8 October 2013 |title=I'm not all right with showing skin: Nazriya |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/Oct/08/im-not-all-right-with-showing-skin-nazriya-524130.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428090307/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2013/Oct/08/im-not-all-right-with-showing-skin-nazriya-524130.html |archive-date=28 April 2025 |access-date=28 April 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> She filed a complaint with the Chennai Police Commissioner against Sarkunam, demanding that the director show the film to her before its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2013 |title=Nazriya lodges complaint against Naiyaandi team |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-07/news-interviews/42793616_1_naiyaandi-sargunam-ghibran |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010025134/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-07/news-interviews/42793616_1_naiyaandi-sargunam-ghibran |archive-date=10 October 2013 |access-date=14 October 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2013 |title=Nazriya Nazim complains to Commissioner of Police, director denies charges |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131009/news-current-affairs/article/nazriya-nazim-complains-commissioner-police-director-denies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031073747/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131009/news-current-affairs/article/nazriya-nazim-complains-commissioner-police-director-denies? |archive-date=31 October 2013 |access-date=28 April 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> She withdrew the complaint after the scene that she had objected to was removed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2013 |title=Nazriya settles issue with 'Naiyaandi' team |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-10/news-interviews/42899622_1_naiyaandi-nazriya-nazim-police-complaint |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016083707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-10/news-interviews/42899622_1_naiyaandi-nazriya-nazim-police-complaint |archive-date=16 October 2013 |access-date=14 October 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Although Sargunam acknowledged the 1993 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Meleparambil Anveedu]]'' as an influence on ''Naiyaandi'', in November 2013, [[Mani C. Kappan]], the producer of the Malayalam film, accused him of plagiarism. Kappan added that he had planned to remake ''Meleparambil Anveedu'' in Hindi and the release of ''Naiyaandi'' weakened this opportunity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2013 |title=Plagiarism charges against Naiyaandi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/plagiarism-charges-against-naiyaandi-news-tamil-nlgjHAejbha.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109095428/http://www.sify.com/movies/plagiarism-charges-against-naiyaandi-news-tamil-nlgjHAejbha.html |archive-date=2013-11-09 |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Radhika C |date=5 November 2013 |title=Naiyaandi is a copy of Meleparambil Aanveedu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/naiyaandi-is-a-copy-of-meleparambil-aanveedu/articleshow/25217679.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250428085631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/naiyaandi-is-a-copy-of-meleparambil-aanveedu/articleshow/25217679.cms |archive-date=28 April 2025 |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2013 |title=Temporary stay on screening of movie 'Naiyaandi' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/Nov/02/temporary-stay-on-screening-of-movie-naiyaandi-532978.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250428091249/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/Nov/02/temporary-stay-on-screening-of-movie-naiyaandi-532978.html |archive-date=28 April 2025 |access-date=28 April 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{A. Sarkunam}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2010s screwball comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 controversies]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about arranged marriage]]
[[Category:Films about competitions]]
[[Category:Films about dentistry]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films about juvenile sexuality]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films about medical students]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on multiple works]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Sarkunam]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. Kathiresan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghibran Vaibodha]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films with live action and animation]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian screwball comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedy films]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]

Abdullapurmet

2026-02-21T21:38:46Z

Swastikholidays: adding data

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{For|other places with similar names|Abdullahpur (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Abdullapurmet
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Abdullapurmet Village Name Board.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Abdullapurmet Village Name Board
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|18|34.96|N|78|40|58.99|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 040
| registration_plate = TG 07 X XXXX
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Abdullapur and Abdullapurmet''' together constitute a village and mandal in [[Ranga Reddy district]] in [[Telangana]], [[India]]. Abdullapur is a village whereas Abdullapurmet is Mandal. It is 5 kilometers from the [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-04/hyderabad/27824418_1_aphb-andhra-pradesh-housing-board-land |title='Garib ko hatao' from Rajiv Gruhakalpa - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509204043/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-04/hyderabad/27824418_1_aphb-andhra-pradesh-housing-board-land |archive-date=9 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The world famous [[Ramoji Film City]] is in Abdullapurmet. Abdullapurmet is a developing residential locality ''on the outskirts of Hyderabad''. It is located alongside Hyderabad-Suryapet Highway (NH-65). It has a population of about 5511. The male and female populations are 2822 and 2689 respectively. The size of the area is about 3.98 square kilometers.

The village was named after Qutub Shahi King [[ Abdullah_Qutb_Shah|Abdullah Qutub Shah]], son of [[Hayat_Bakshi_Begum|Hayath Bakshi Begum]] after whom its earlier mandal town [[Hayathnagar]] is named.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ranga Reddy district]]

{{Rangareddi-geo-stub}}

2015 India national football team season

2026-02-19T23:51:00Z

Swastikholidays: put up first details v1!

#REDIRECT [[India national football team results (2010–2019)#2015]]

Ehtesham Siddiqui

2026-02-14T06:26:09Z

Swastikholidays: Added First Pg Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian national acquitted for 2006 bombings}}
'''Ehtesham Siddiqui''' (born 1982) is an Indian national who was initially convicted and later acquitted in connection with the [[2006 Mumbai train bombings]], a series of coordinated attacks on the Mumbai suburban railway that killed over 180 people and injured hundreds.

== Early life and education ==
Ehtesham Siddiqui was born in 1982 in [[Mumbai, India|Jaunpur, India]]. At the time of his arrest in 2006, he was a final-year chemical engineering student at a local college in Mumbai. He was married just a year before his detention.

== Arresting ==
The 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings were one of the deadliest terror attacks in India, involving seven explosions across the suburban railway network. Following the blasts, the [[Maharashtra]] [[Anti-Terrorism Squad]] (ATS) arrested Siddiqui along with several others, alleging links to banned organisations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-23 |title=On death row, he battled from jail with RTI blitz before acquittal in 11/7 Mumbai train blasts case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/on-death-row-he-battled-from-jail-with-rti-blitz-before-acquittal-in-11/7-mumbai-train-blasts-case/articleshow/122843624.cms |access-date=2025-09-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Trial and conviction ==
In September 2015, a special court under the [[Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act]] (MCOCA) found Siddiqui guilty, along with eleven others, on charges including murder, conspiracy, and terrorism-related offences. He was sentenced to death along with the other convicts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-21 |title=2006 Mumbai train blasts: Bombay High Court acquits all 12 accused, bench says prosecution "utterly failed to prove the case" |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/2006-mumbai-train-blasts-bombay-high-court-acquits-all-12-accused/articleshow/122806041.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Acquittal ==
On 21 July 2025, the [[Bombay High Court]] acquitted all twelve individuals convicted in the case, including Siddiqui. The court stated that the prosecution "utterly failed" to prove the case against the accused, citing issues such as unreliable witness testimony, questionable confessions, and lack of forensic evidence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-21 |title=Who are the 12 accused acquitted by Bombay HC in 2006 Mumbai train blasts case? Details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-are-the-12-accused-acquitted-by-bombay-hc-in-2006-mumbai-train-blasts-case-details-101753078327664.html |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-21 |title=2006 Mumbai train blasts: Bombay High Court acquits all 12 accused, bench says prosecution "utterly failed to prove the case" |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/2006-mumbai-train-blasts-bombay-high-court-acquits-all-12-accused/articleshow/122806041.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Following the acquittal, Siddiqui and the other acquitted individuals were released from prison after spending over 17 years incarcerated.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-22 |title=Two Walk Free from Nagpur Jail, Four from Amravati After Acquittal in 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/two-walk-free-from-nagpur-jail-four-from-amravati-after-acquittal-in-2006-mumbai-train-bombings/articleshow/122822010.cms |access-date=2025-09-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Siddiqui acquired 7 Degrees, 3 Diplomas and 13 certificate programmes during incarcerartion.

== Post-release life ==
During his imprisonment, he pursued higher education and is now in the final semester of his [[law degree]]. He also became an advocate for the rights of wrongfully imprisoned individuals, using his experience to highlight issues within the justice system.<ref name=":0" />

== Publications ==
In 2024, Siddiqui authored a memoir titled ''[[Horror Saga]]'', which provides a personal account of his experiences during his wrongful imprisonment and the broader issues within the Indian justice system. The book has been noted for its poignant and reflective narrative, shedding light on the challenges faced by individuals wrongfully accused and the systemic flaws that contribute to such injustices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Teltumbde |first=Anand |date=2024-08-03 |title=Death row prisoner Ehtesham Siddiqui’s memoir ‘Horror Saga’: A sobering tale about justice systems |url=https://scroll.in/article/1071191/death-row-prisoner-ehtesham-siddiquis-memoir-horror-saga-a-sobering-tale-about-justice-systems |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

== In media ==
Human rights groups, civil liberties advocates, and sections of the media have raised concerns about the investigation and trial process. Reports in [[The Hindu|''The Hindu'']], [[The Indian Express|''Indian Express'']], [[Scroll.in|Scroll]], and [[BBC Hindi]] have highlighted allegations of coerced confessions, lack of corroborative evidence, and possible wrongful implication of some accused, including Siddiqui.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnagarwala |first=Tabassum |date=2025-07-21 |title=‘They knew I was innocent’: Men acquitted of 2006 Mumbai train blasts rue years lost in jail |url=https://scroll.in/article/1084743/they-knew-i-was-innocent-men-acquitted-of-2006-mumbai-train-blasts-rue-years-lost-in-jail |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Manish |date=2025-08-03 |title=2006 Mumbai train blasts: Unpacking Bombay High Court’s order |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2025/Aug/03/2006-mumbai-train-blasts-unpacking-bombay-high-courts-order |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ehtesham, Siddiqui}}
[[Category:Wrongful convictions]]
[[Category:Wrongful conviction advocacy]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Majrooh Sultanpuri

2026-01-31T00:36:11Z

Swastikholidays: expanded content

{{short description|Indian Urdu poet and Hindi language lyricist (1919-2000)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Majrooh Sultanpuri
| image = Majrooh Sultanpuri & Ubaid Azam Azmi(cropped on Majrooh Sultanpuri).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1919|10|1}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2000|5|24|1919|10|1|df=y}}<ref name=upperstall/>
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[poet]], [[lyricist]], [[film]] [[songwriter]]<ref name=BBC/>
| background = non_performing_personnel
| birth_place = [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]] (now [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| years_active = 1946–2000
| birth_name = Asrar ul Hassan Khan<ref name=upperstall/>
| alias =
}}
{{Progressive Writers' Movement}}

'''Asrar ul Hassan Khan''' (1 October 1919 − 24 May 2000), better known as '''Majrooh Sultanpuri''', was an Indian [[Urdu poet]] and lyricist in the [[Hindi film|Hindi language film]] industry. He wrote lyrics for numerous [[Hindi film songs|Hindi film soundtracks]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gopal |first1=Sangita |last2=Moorti |first2=Sujata |title=Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance |date=2008 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=9780816645787 |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19JBf6oDOy0C&pg=PA23 |language=en}}</ref> He was one of the dominant musical forces in [[Indian cinema]] in the 1950s and early 1960s, and was an important figure in the [[Progressive Writers' Movement]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Literature and Popular Cinema |last=Pauwels |first=Heidi R. M. |year=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-44741-6 |page=210}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Light |last=Zaheer |first=Sajjad |author2=Azfar, Amina |year=2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-547155-5 }}</ref> He is considered one of the finest [[avant-garde]] Urdu poets of 20th century literature.

In his career spanning six decades, he worked with many [[Music director|music directors]]. He won the [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award]] in 1965 for the song "[[Chahunga Main Tujhe]]" in the film ''[[Dosti (1964 film)|Dosti]]'', and the highest award in [[Indian cinema]], the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] for lifetime achievement in 1993. In the 1980s and 1990s, most of his work was with [[Anand–Milind]], their most notable collaborations being ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]'', ''[[Lal Dupatta Malmal Ka]]'', ''[[Love (1991 Indian film)|Love]]'', and ''[[Dahek]]''. He also wrote for [[Jatin–Lalit|Jatin-Lalit]] films like ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikander]]'' and their debut film ''[[Yaara Dildara]]''.

==Early life==
Majrooh Sultanpuri was born as Asrar ul Hassan Khan in a [[Muslim Rajput]] family, in [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh]], where his father was posted in the Police Department<ref name="hindi">{{cite book |title=Majrooh Sultanpuri on Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema (pages 137, 285, 286, 289, 299, 501, 583)|last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author2=Nihalani, Govind |year=2003 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |location=India |isbn=81-7991-066-0 }}</ref> in 1919/1920.<ref name="guru">{{cite book |title=Guru Dutt: A Life in Cinema |last=Kabir |first=Nasreen Munni Kabir |year=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-563849-2 }}</ref> His father was not too keen on his son receiving English education and Majrooh was therefore sent for traditional '[[Madrasa|Madrasa education]]' which led to his obtaining the qualification first of [[Dars-e-Nizami]] – a seven-year course which concentrated on religious affairs along with proficiency in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]- and then the certificate of ''[['alim|'Alim]]''. He thereafter joined [[Lucknow]]'s Takmeel-ut-Tib College of [[Unani]] medicine.<ref name=upperstall/>

He was a struggling ''[[Hakim (title)|Hakim]]'' when he happened to recite one of his [[ghazal]]s at a ''[[mushaira]]'' in Sultanpur. The ghazal was a hit with the audience and Majrooh decided to drop his fledgling medical practice and began writing poetry seriously. Soon he was a 'regular' at ''[[mushaira]]s'' and a "[[Student|shagird]]" i.e. disciple of the then top name in Urdu Mushairas viz [[Jigar Moradabadi]].<ref name="hindi"/><ref name=upperstall>{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/people/majrooh-sultanpuri|title= Majrooh Sultanpuri Profile|website=Upperstall.com website|access-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317053937/http://www.upperstall.com/people/majrooh-sultanpuri|archive-date=17 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> While Majrooh is popular as a film lyricist and is widely known in that capacity, be it known that he also created one of the best-known verses of Urdu poetry:

"Main akela hee chala tha janibe manzil magar,
log saath aate gaye aur carvan banta gaya!"
(I had set off alone towards the destination but
people joined in and we became a caravan!)

==Films==
In 1945, Majrooh visited [[Bombay]] to attend a ''mushaira'' at the Saboo Siddique Institute. Here his ghazals and poetry were highly appreciated by the audience. One of the impressed listeners was film producer [[A.R. Kardar]].<ref name="guru"/> He contacted [[Jigar Moradabadi]] who helped him get in touch with Majrooh. However, Majrooh refused to write for films because he did not think very highly of them. But Jigar Moradabadi persuaded him, saying that films would pay well and would help Majrooh support his family. Kardar then took him to music composer [[Naushad]] who put the young writer to test. He gave Majrooh a tune and asked him to write something in the same metre, and Majrooh wrote ''Jab Usne Gesu Bikhraye, Badal Aaye Jhoom Ke''.... Naushad liked what he wrote and Majrooh was signed on as the lyricist for the film ''Shah Jehan'' (1946).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQQPV-DtY3s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/nQQPV-DtY3s |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=K L saigal -shahjehan-1946-majrooh sultanpuri |date=19 April 2011 |publisher=YouTube |access-date=11 May 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=BBC/>

Majrooh subsequently wrote lyrics for films like [[Naatak]] (1947), Doli (1947) and Anjuman (1948) but his major breakthrough came with [[Mehboob Khan]]'s [[Andaz (1949 film)|Andaz]] (1949).

He was sentenced to two years imprisonment due to his politically-charged poems in 1949. Having to start his film career afresh, Majrooh finally broke through again with the [[Guru Dutt]] films [[Baaz (1953 film)|Baaz]] (1953).<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/the-arts/the-lyrical-leftist-remembering-majrooh-sultanpuri-at-100|title=The Lyrical Leftist: Remembering Majrooh Sultanpuri at 100|website=The Wire}}</ref>

Majrooh Sultanpuri worked with many music directors like [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]], [[Naushad]], [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]], [[Madan Mohan (composer)| Madan Mohan]], [[O. P. Nayyar]], [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]], [[Salil Chowdhury]], [[Chitragupt (composer)|Chitragupt]], [[N. Datta]], [[Kalyanji-Anandji]], [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]] and [[R. D. Burman]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.panchamonline.com/articles/thatsmytune.pdf |title=R. D. Burman |access-date=18 January 2009 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421231829/http://www.panchamonline.com/articles/thatsmytune.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

His last film as a lyricist was [[One 2 Ka 4]], which was released after his death in 2001.

==Political leanings==
Film ''Shah Jehan'' (1946) was followed by S. Fazil's ''Mehndi'', Doli (1947), [[Mehboob Khan|Mehboob]]'s Andaz (1949) and [[Shaheed Latif]]'s ''Arzoo''. Just as Majrooh was establishing himself as a lyricist and songwriter of repute, his leftist leanings got him into trouble. The government wasn't amused by his [[anti-establishment]] poems and he was jailed in 1949 along with other leftists like [[Balraj Sahni]]. Majrooh's arrest took place during a nationwide arrest of [[Communism|communists]] after the [[2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India]] in 1948, in which the communists had decided to carry out a revolution against the Indian government.<ref name="Windmiller">{{cite book|author=Marshall Windmiller|title=Communism in India|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAFBW743Bi4C&pg=PA229|publisher=University of California Press|pages=229, 270–274|id=GGKEY:NSY99CAKNFU}}</ref> Majrooh was asked to apologise, but he refused and was sentenced to two years in prison.<ref name="auto"/> He was arrested in 1951 for writing and reciting a poem in which [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was compared to Hitler.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/jailed-for-anti-nehru-poem-celebrated-for-bollywood-songs-majrooh-sultanpuri-had-it-all/299167/|publisher=The Print|title=Jailed for anti-Nehru poem & celebrated for Bollywood songs, Majrooh Sultanpuri had it all|first=Madhavi|last=Pothukuchi|date=2019-10-01|access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==
[[File:Majrooh Sultanpuri 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Sultanpuri on a 2013 stamp of India]]
Majrooh went on to write lyrics for popular films throughout the 1950s. Along with [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]], [[Khumar Barabankvi]], Majrooh was considered the most notable ghazal writer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saregama.com/search/song?s=Majrooh%20Sultanpuri |title=Film songs of Majrooh Sultanpuri |publisher=saregama.com |access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref>

Majrooh won his only [[Filmfare Best Lyricist Award]] for the song "Chahunga Mein Tujhe Saanj Savere" from ''[[Dosti (1964 film)|Dosti]]'' in 1965.
He was also awarded the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] in 1993<ref name=BBC/> and became the first lyricist to win the prestigious award.<ref name="hindi"/><ref name=upperstall/>

== Death ==
Majrooh Sultanpuri had been suffering from lung disease for some time and had a severe attack of [[pneumonia]] and died in [[Mumbai]] on 24 May 2000. He was aged 80 at the time of his death.<ref name="hindi"/><ref name=BBC>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/763291.stm |title=Hindi film songwriter dies |access-date=11 May 2018 |date=25 May 2000 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Songs !! Language
|-
|1963 || [[Laagi Nahi Chhute Ram]] || All Songs || Bhojpuri
|-
|1969 || [[Talash (1969 film)|Talash]] || All Songs || Hindi
|-
|1970 || [[Pardesi (1970 film)|Pardesi]] || All Songs || Hindi
|-
|1986 ||''[[Ek Aur Sikander]]'' || All songs ||
|-
|rowspan=2|1987
|''[[Watan Ke Rakhwale]]''|| All songs ||
|-
|''[[Inaam Dus Hazaar]]'' || All songs ||
|-
|rowspan=4|1988
|''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Janam Janam (1988 film)|Janam Janam]] '' || "Barkha Rut Bhi Aaj" and "Kahe Dag Mag Teri" ||
|-
|''[[Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani (1988 film)|Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani]]'' || "Dulhe Raja Ki Soorat Dekho", "Kisi Se Jab Pyar Hua", and "Dadi Maa Dadi Maa" || Hindi
|-
|''[[Zahreelay]]'' || All songs ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1989
|''[[Lal Dupatta Malmal Ka]]'' || All songs ||
|-
|''[[Lal Dupatta Malmal Ka|Phir Laharaya Lal Dupatta]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|rowspan=7|1990
|''[[Yaara Dildara]]''|| All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Tum Mere Ho]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Nyay Anyay]]'' || All songs ||
|-
|''[[Shiva (1990 film)|Shiva]]'' || All songs ||
|-
|''[[Ghar Ho To Aisa]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Daulat Ki Jung]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Kanoon Ki Zanjeer]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|rowspan=7|1991
|''[[Ayee Milan Ki Raat|Aayee Milan Ki Raat]]'' || "Mat Ro Mere Dil" and "Dekhein Apni Kismat Mein" || Hindi
|-
|''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Love (1991 Indian film)|Love]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Dastoor]]''|| All songs ||
|-
|''[[Hai Meri Jaan]]'' || "Kahan Chali Ae Nazneen" and "Ghunghat Mera Jane Kya Hua" || Hindi
|-
|''[[Yaar Meri Zindagi]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Humshakal (1992 film)|Humshakal]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|rowspan=8|1992
|''[[Honeymoon (1992 film)|Honeymoon]]'' || "Yun Na Dekho Tasvir Banke" and "Aadha Tera Dil Aadha Mera Dil" || Hindi
|-
|''[[Gurudev (film)|Gurudev]]'' || All songs except "Aaja Sunle Sada" ||
|-
|''[[Rishta Ho To Aisa]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Ek Ladka Ek Ladki]]'' || All songs except "Chhoti Si Duniya Mohabbat Ki" and "Ande Se Aayee Murgi" || Hindi
|-
|''[[Badi Bahen(1992)]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Dil Aashna Hai]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Mr. Bond]]'' || "Jab Do Dil Milte Hain" || Hindi
|-
|''[[Nargis (1992 film)|Nargis]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|rowspan=3|1993
|''[[Lootere]]'' || "Aa Ja Aanewale Aaja", "Oye Pape", and "Meri Barbaad Mohabbat Pukare" || Hindi
|-
|''[[Apaatkaal]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Laqshya]]'' ||"Tere Bina O Mere", "Bekhudi Ke Nashe", and "Raftar Hai Zindagi Ki" || Hindi
|-
|rowspan=3|1994
|''[[Andaz Apna Apna]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Baazi (1995 film)|Baazi]]'' || All songs except "Na Jaane Kya Ho Gaya" ||
|-
|rowspan=3|1995
|''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Guddu (film)|Guddu]]'' || All songs ||
|-
|''[[Paandav]]'' || Ye Haina Pyar Hi To Haina", "Pyar Ka Andaz Tum", and "Ye Chaman Jo Jal Gaya" || Hindi
|-
|rowspan=5|1996
|''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Ghatak: Lethal|Ghatak]]'' || All songs except "Koi Jaaye To Le Aaye" || Hindi
|-
|''[[Daraar (film)|Daraar]]'' || "Main Hi Main" || Hindi
|-
|''[[Aisi Bhi Kya Jaldi Hai...]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Naam Kya Hai]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|rowspan=3|1997
|''[[Dil Ke Jharoke Main]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Yugpurush]]'' || All songs ||
|-
|''Asha Bhosle's Jaanam Samjha Karo'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|1998
|''[[Dhoondte Reh Jaaoge! (1998 film)|Dhoondte Reh Jaaoge!]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|rowspan=4|1999
|''[[Kartoos]]'' || All songs ||
|-
|''[[Dahek]]'' || All songs ||
|-
|''[[Jaanam Samjha Karo]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Pyaar Koi Khel Nahin]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|rowspan = 3|2000
|''[[Hum To Mohabbat Karega]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Kya Kehna]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]'' || All songs except "Kay Sera Sera" ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2001
|''[[One 2 Ka 4]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|-
|''[[Mujhe Meri Biwi Se Bachaao]]'' || All songs || Hindi
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Majrooh Sultanpuri}}
* {{IMDb name|0538281}}
* [http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80 Majrooh Sultanpuri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103093515/http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80 |date=3 November 2020 }} at Kavita Kosh {{in lang|hi}}
*[https://rekhta.org/poets/majrooh-sultanpuri Majrooh Sultanpuri] at rekhta.org

{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestLyricist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sultanpuri, Majrooh}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:People from Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Khawaja Habibullah Nowshehri

2026-01-26T13:15:17Z

Swastikholidays: added initial post and citations.

{{Short description|Kashmiri Sufi poet (c.1555–1617)}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| name = Khawaja Habibullah Nowshehri
| image =
| birth_date = {{circa|1555 CE}} {{small|(963 AH)}}
| birth_place = [[Nowshera, Srinagar]] [[Kashmir Valley]]
| pen_name = "Hubbi"
| occupation = {{hlist|Shopkeeper|Poet}}
Main interests: [[Naat]], [[Poetry]], [[Sufism]]
| death_date = 1617 CE {{small|(19 [[Dhu al-Hijjah]] 1027 AH)}}
| death_place = [[Nowshera, Srinagar]], [[Kashmir Valley]]
| resting_place = Aastan Habibullah Nowsheri, [[Nowshera, Srinagar]]
| father = Shamsuddin Ganai
| works = Tanbhiyal Quloob, Rahatul Quloob, Miratul Gayoob, ''Kun tu kanzan (Famous Naat)''
| influences = [[Shaykh Yaqub Sarfi Kashmiri|Shaykh Yaqub Sarfi]]
}}

'''Khawaja Habibullah Nowshehri''' ({{Langx|ks|خواجہ حبیب اللہ نوْشہری|rtl=yes}}, {{Circa|1555|1617}}), known by his [[pen name]] '''Hubbi''', was a [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] poet, scholar and religious figure active in medieval [[Kashmir Valley]], during the reign of [[Ali Shah Chak]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Medieval_Indian_Literature_Surveys_and_s/KYLpvaKJIMEC |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and Selections |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1997 |editor=Ayyappappanikkar |volume=1 |page=237 |access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-16 |title=The Unraveling Catastrophe of Kashmir’s Aquatic Heritage |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2023/12/16/the-unraveling-catastrophe-of-kashmirs-aquatic-heritage/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> He is remembered for devotional poetry (including [[naʽat]]) and for his shrine ([[Dargah|aastan]]) in the [[Nowshera, Srinagar|Nowshera]] locality of [[Srinagar]], which is associated with his burial and the annual observance of his [[urs]] (death anniversary).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Urs of Khawaja Habibullah Nowshehri (R.A) celebrated |url=http://brighterkashmir.com//news/urs--of-khawaja-habibullah-nowshehri-ra-celebrated- |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SERVICE |first=GK NEWS |date=2025-06-17 |title=Dr Farooq greets people on Urs |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/dr-farooq-greets-people-on-urs/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Habibullah Nowshehri was born in the neighbourhood of [[Nowshera, Srinagar|Nowshera]] in [[Srinagar]], in 963 [[Hijri era]] (corresponding to {{Circa|1555 CE}})''.'' His father Shamsuddin Ginai, was reportedly a local merchant, [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Hagiography|Hagiographical]] sources indicate Hubbi worked in his father's shop, while receiving religious and literary education. He is reported to have memorised the [[Quran]] and to have studied [[Fiqh]], [[Hadith]], [[Persian literature]]. His later spiritual and poetic formation is commonly linked with the circle of [[Shaykh Yaqub Sarfi Kashmiri|Shaykh Yaqub Sarfi]] and other contemporaneous Kashmiri scholars and Sufi masters.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Sayid Ashraf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1iVTEAAAQBAJ |title=Flower Garden (Posh-i-Chaman) |date=2021 |pages=288}}</ref>

== Works ==
Nowshehri composed devotional poetry in the [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] idiom and in Persianate modes common in the region’s [[Sufi literature]]. Several works are attributed to him in manuscript and later printed collections, titles frequently associated with him in secondary sources include ''Tanbhiyal Quloob'', ''Rahatul Quloob'', ''Miratul Gayoob'' and devotional poems or [[naʽat]] such as the composition commonly referred to by its opening line or refrain. His pen name ''Hubbi'' appears in local anthologies and oral transmission of verses. His work has been discussed in surveys of [[Literature of Kashmir|Kashmiri literary]] history and in studies of medieval Kashmiri Sufism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalla |first=K.L. |url=https://ia800403.us.archive.org/19/items/the-literary-heritage-of-kashmir-edited-by-k-l-kalla-kashmir-treasure/THE%20LITERARY%20HERITAGE%20OF%20KASHMIR%20%5B%5B%20EDITED%20BY%20K%20L%20KALLA%20%5D%5D_text.pdf |title=The Literary Heritage of Kashmir |publisher=K.M. Mittal (MITTAL PUBLICATIONS) |year=1985 |format=PDF}}</ref>

== Death ==
Khawaja Habibullah Nowshehri Died on 19th [[Dhu al-Hijjah]] 1027[[Hijri year|AH]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Sayid Ashraf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jxRQEAAAQBAJ |title=Kashmir Jhelum Valley Civilization |date=2016 |publisher=Ashraf Fazili |pages=47}}</ref> ({{Circa|1617 CE}}).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Literary Heritage of Kashmir |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1985 |editor=K. L. Kalla |location=Delhi |page=54}}</ref> and was laid to rest in [[Nowshera, Srinagar]], where his [[urs]] is celebrated annually at his [[Dargah|Aastan]] (shrine).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5AaI2PhiV8C |title=Mountains of the God |publisher=ISHA Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-8205-422-6 |editor-last=Gulia |editor-first=K.S. |volume=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SERVICE |first=GK NEWS |date=2025-06-13 |title=Tanvir Sadiq seeks arrangements for Urs |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/tanvir-sadiq-seeks-arrangements-for-urs/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> A [[mosque]] named ''Masjid Hubbi'' is situated adjacent to the [[Dargah|Astaan]] (shrine) which was built in early 1900’s which was built as mentioned in the foundation stone of the astaan by Haji Nooruddin Bazaz and Haji Aziz Malik, both being prominent businessmen of the locality. A graveyard also lies in the premises of the mosque and the dargah.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nowshehri, Khawaja Habibullah}}
[[Category:1555 births]]
[[Category:1617 deaths]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Sufi saints]]
[[Category:History of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmiri poets]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Muslims]]

Tervada

2026-01-25T18:28:01Z

Swastikholidays: adjust lead for accuracy and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''Tervada''' is a village in Kankrej Taluka of [[Banaskantha district]] in [[Gujarat]], India.

==History==
Tervada, once the chief town of a large district. Under the [[Gujarat Sultanate]] of [[Ahmedabad]], Tervada together with [[Radhanpur]], [[Morbi]], [[Sami, Gujarat|Sami]], [[Munjpur]] Kankrej, [[Santalpur]], and [[Tharad]], came into the hands of Fateh Khan and Akbar Khan Sardar khan Talukdar darbar, members of one of the most powerful families of Gujarat nobles who probably came from [[Sindh]]. With Tervada as their headquarters, the Baloch family continued to hold these lands till, early in the eighteenth century, they were taken by Nawab Kamal-ud-din Khan Babi, and confirmed to him by the Viceroy Mubariz-ul-Mulk (1723- 1730) of Jhalori family of [[Palanpur]].{{sfn | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur and Mahi Kantha'' | 2015 |page=337}}

During the eighteenth century, besides the parts made over to the Babi family, much of the Tervada estate was filched away from the weakened head of the house by his Koli [[Thakor]] and other neighbours. Of the former 104 Tervada villages only sixteen remain by nineteenth century. These were, in 1822, confirmed to Baloch Khan as the Nawab of Radhanpur failed to disprove his claim. He was succeeded by Thakor Nathu Khan.{{sfn | ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur and Mahi Kantha'' | 2015 |page=337}}

Tervada entered into agreements with the British Government in 1820s. It was under [[Palanpur Agency]] of [[Bombay Presidency]],{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=785}} which in 1925 became the [[Banas Kantha Agency]]. After [[Independence of India]] in 1947, Bombay Presidency was reorganized in [[Bombay State]]. When [[Gujarat]] state was formed in 1960 from Bombay State, it fell under [[Banaskantha district]] of Gujarat.

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLUBAAAAYAAJ|year=1880| ref={{sfnref |''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur and Mahi Kantha''| 2015}}|publisher=Government Central Press| pages=337}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Santalpur|volume=22}}
 
[[File:PD-icon.svg|10px]] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the [[public domain]]: {{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLUBAAAAYAAJ|year=1880|publisher=Government Central Press| pages=337}}

{{coord|24.0349244|N|71.6651553|E|display=title}}
{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}

[[Category:Villages in Banaskantha district]]

Osmania General Hospital

2026-01-23T07:59:27Z

Swastikholidays: fix

{{Other uses|Osmania}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Osmania General Hospital
| org_group = [[Government of Telangana]]
| image = Osmania hospital.JPG
| image_size =
| caption =
| logo = 
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|17.372|78.474|type:landmark|display=inline, title}}
| healthcare =
| type =
| speciality =
| emergency = Yes
| affiliation = [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| beds = 1168
| opened = {{start date and age|20 April 1910}}
| closed = 
| website = {{URL|http://osmaniageneralhospital.org}}
| other_links = 
| helipad = No
}}

'''Osmania General Hospital''' ('''OGH''') is one of the oldest hospitals in [[India]] located at [[Afzal Gunj]], [[Hyderabad]]. It is named after its founder – [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], the last [[Nizam]] of Hyderabad. It is run by the [[Government of Telangana]], and is one of the largest healthcare facilities in the state. It was built at a cost of {{INR}}2,00,00,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Developments of the Nizams |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/160452/6/06_abstract.pdf}}</ref>

The hospital building, a [[Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India|heritage structure]] is in dire need of repair and renovation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/once-pride-nizam-hyderabads-iconic-osmania-hospital-now-lies-shambles-56184|title=Once the pride of the Nizam, Hyderabad's iconic Osmania hospital now lies in shambles|last=B.|first=Nitin|date=2017-01-24|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/osmania-general-hospital-gasps-for-attention-heritage-building-crumbling-roofs-caving-in/articleshow/56846559.cms|title=Osmania General Hospital gasps for attention: Heritage building crumbling, roofs caving in|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/heritage-structures-left-to-their-fate/article24362411.ece|title=Heritage structures left to their fate|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=2018-07-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-07-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The building has been included in ''2025 World Monuments Watch'' compiled by [[World Monuments Fund]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/news/hyderabads-heritage-sites-make-it-to-2025-world-monuments-watchlist-1854558|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|title=Hyderabad's Heritage Sites Make it to 2025 World Monuments Watchlist|first=Mrittika|last=Banerjee|date=2025-01-16|access-date=2025-03-06}}</ref>

==History==
The '''Afzal Gunj Hospital''', the predecessor of the Osmania General Hospital, was established in 1866 by [[Mir Turab Ali Khan, Salar Jung I|Salar Jung I]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushik |first=Shrimansi |date=2024-02-08 |title=The legacy of Osmania General Hospital |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2024/Feb/08/the-legacy-of-osmania-general-hospital |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The present hospital building was completed in 1919 on orders of the last [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]]. It was designed by [[British people|British]] architect [[Vincent Jerome Esch]] and Nawab Khan Bahadur Mirza Akbar Baig in [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-Sarcenic style]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselect/PhotoShowDescs.asp?CollID=2426|title=Login|website=www.bl.uk|access-date=2018-07-24|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305134955/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselect/PhotoShowDescs.asp?CollID=2426|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=History of Historical Building and Monuments in and around Chennai | url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/History_of_Historical_Monuments_in_and_around_Chennai.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626081958/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/History_of_Historical_Monuments_in_and_around_Chennai.pdf | archive-date=26 June 2013 | access-date=25 July 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad, for H.E.H. The Nizam of Hyderabad |url=https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/drawings-watercolors/vincent-jerome-esch-cvo-friba-architect-5480271-details.aspx}}</ref> In 1926, the wards of the Afzal Gunj hospital were transferred to the new building. It was the [[List of tallest buildings in Hyderabad|tallest building in Hyderabad]] until 1987, when it was surpassed by the Babukhan Estate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Dinesh C. |date=2023-07-31 |title=Osmania General Hospital: The journey of a masterpiece on the riverfront {{!}} Osmania General Hospital: The journey of a masterpiece on the riverfront |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/310723/osmania-general-hospital-the-journey-of-a-masterpiece-on-the-riverfro.html |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Babukhan Estates |url=https://babukhanproperties.com/completed-projects/babukhan-estates-3/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=BabuKhan Properties |language=en-US}}</ref>

Dr. Yusuf Mirza, the hospital's first resident medical officer (RMO). One of the doctors who started along with the RMO Dr. K Gopal Rao. Names of these doctors are still there at the General Ward entrance.

In 2015, the [[Chief Minister of Telangana]], [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao|K. Chandrashekhar Rao]] announced a plan to demolish the building.<ref name=":0" /> Following outrage among [[Historic preservation|heritage activists]], he immediately retracted the statement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/telangana-kcr-osmania-general-hospital-ronald-ross-malaria-dr-rupa-bai-furdoonji-jntu/story/1/5882.html|title=By destroying Osmania General Hospital, Telangana will lose a great legacy|last=Sharma|first=Dinesh C.|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/telangana-govt-holds-osmania-hospital-demolition-consult-all-hyderabad-mlas-34928|title=Telangana govt holds off Osmania hospital demolition, to consult all Hyderabad MLAs|date=2015-10-07|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-09-16}}</ref>

Himayat Ali Mirza, the great-grandson of [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], joined hands to improve the building's condition, with the INTACH (Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage). He believes minor renovations could improve the hospital building to restore the Osmania General Hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Syed Akbar|date=Nov 8, 2021 |title=Nizam's kin backs INTACH's save OGH campaign {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nizams-kin-backs-intachs-save-ogh-campaign/articleshow/87573409.cms |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Interlude |date=2019-12-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr695fb.17 |work=The Mysterious Sofía |pages=81–88 |publisher=UNP - Nebraska |doi=10.2307/j.ctvr695fb.17 |access-date=2022-03-08|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Facilities ==
The hospital has more than a thousand beds.[[File:Osmania General Hospital Hyderabad.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Osmania General Hospital Hyderabad]]

== New Building==
The new building of Osmania General Hospital to be located at [[Goshamahal]] in 26 acres of land, and foundation stone was laid by Chief Minister [[A.Revanth Reddy]] along with Health Minister [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]] on 31 January 2025.<ref name="Revanth Reddy lays foundation stone for new Osmania General Hospital building in Hyderabad">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Revanth Reddy lays foundation stone for new Osmania General Hospital building in Hyderabad |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/revanth-reddy-lays-foundation-stone-for-new-osmania-general-hospital-building-in-hyderabad-1857949 |access-date=2 February 2025 |work= |date=31 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202094051/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/revanth-reddy-lays-foundation-stone-for-new-osmania-general-hospital-building-in-hyderabad-1857949 |archive-date=2 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Telangana High Court issues notices on Osmania General Hospital relocation to Goshamahal police stadium">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Telangana High Court issues notices on Osmania General Hospital relocation to Goshamahal police stadium |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-high-court-issues-notices-on-osmania-general-hospital-relocation-to-goshamahal-police-stadium |access-date=2 February 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |date=29 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202094138/https://telanganatoday.com/cm-revanth-reddy-lays-foundation-for-new-osmania-general-hospital-building-amid-protests |archive-date=2 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> It will be built on a 32 lakh square feet built up area and will have 2,000 beds.<ref name="New Osmania General Hospital to set healthcare benchmark with 2,000 beds, advanced facilities">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=New Osmania General Hospital to set healthcare benchmark with 2,000 beds, advanced facilities |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Jan/30/new-osmania-general-hospital-to-set-healthcare-benchmark-with-2000-beds-advanced-facilities |access-date=2 February 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=30 January 2025 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shops shut in protest as Telangana CM lays foundation stone for new Osmania General Hospital">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Shops shut in protest as Telangana CM lays foundation stone for new Osmania General Hospital |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/shops-shut-in-protest-as-telangana-cm-lays-foundation-stone-for-new-osmania-general-hospital/article69163983.ece |access-date=2 February 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=31 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202093509/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/shops-shut-in-protest-as-telangana-cm-lays-foundation-stone-for-new-osmania-general-hospital/article69163983.ece |archive-date=2 February 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

This new hospital will replace the aging Osmania General Hospital, which has been in operation since 1910 and is struggling with outdated infrastructure. Despite concerns over the relocation of the hospital and its potential impact on local heritage, the government is moving forward with the plan to modernize healthcare facilities in [[Hyderabad]].

However, the proposed relocation of the hospital has faced significant opposition from local residents and heritage activists. Concerns raised include the potential environmental impact of the new facility and the loss of a community space. Additionally, there are fears about the potential loss of the heritage value of the original Osmania General Hospital building. Legal challenges to the relocation have been filed, and the Telangana High Court issued notices regarding the proposed move in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=Telangana High Court Issues Notice on Osmania General Hospital Relocation to Goshamahal Stadium |url=https://munsifdaily.com/telangana-high-court/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Osmania Medical College]]
* [[Osmania College, Kurnool]]
* [[:Category:Hospitals established in Hyderabad State|Hospitals established in Hyderabad State]]

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzhd_lTFeFQ Osmania General Hospital Demolition | The Deccan Archive]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1910]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1910]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Establishments in Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Kesari (Malayalam newspaper)

2026-01-22T08:18:45Z

Swastikholidays: added new entry v1.

{{Short description|Indian weekly newspaper}}
{{italic title|''Kesari'' (Malayalam newspaper)}}
{{About|the Malayalam newspaper|the Marathi newspaper of the same name|Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|other uses|Kesari (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Kesari vol1 issue 2.jpg|thumb|upright|right|250px]]
'''''Kesari''''' was an Indian weekly newspaper in [[Malayalam]], published from [[Trivandrum]] under the editorship and ownership of [[A. Balakrishna Pillai]], who later came to be known by the name Kesari Balakrishna Pillai. Pillai started the newspaper in 1930, a week after the license of his independent weekly ''Prabodhakan'' was revoked by the government per the Travancore Newspaper Regulations Act of 1926. Pillai was imposed a fine of Rs. 200 for contempt of court. Pillai obtained a new newspaper licence from Narayana Pillai who was running a weekly named ''Kesari'' at the time. ''Kesari'' effectively replaced ''Prabhodhakan'' and Pillai continued his fight against the government and corruption in the system through ''Kesari''. It was printed at Sharada Press which Pillai had established in 1926. Pillai continued the publication of ''Kesari'' till 1935 when the Newspaper Act was modified and the transfer of press licenses was prohibited. According to the new law, the license fee was increased to Rs. 1,000. Pillai travelled to places like Malaysia and Singapore to collect funds but collecting money was seen as unethical so he did not go ahead with it. The newspaper was discontinued due to mounting debts in April 1935; Pillai had to sell Sharada Press to pay off the debts. Balakrishna Pillai's editorials for ''Kesari'' were popular. He strongly criticised the government through his editorials and also dealt with literary subjects. His articles in ''Kesari'' have been compiled and published as a book.<ref name="History">{{Cite book|title=Malayala Patrathinte Katha [History of Malayalam Journalism (1847–1947)] |publisher=Published by the author |year=1976 |location=Cochin |last=Perunna K. N. Nair |language=Malayalam |url=https://archive.org/download/malayalapatrathi0000peru/malayalapatrathi0000peru.pdf|pages=60–65}}</ref><ref name="Calicut University">{{cite book|title=History of Mass Media |url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/cuonline/exnotif/ex4235.pdf |publisher=[[University of Calicut]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019033306/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/cuonline/exnotif/ex4235.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2016 |accessdate=11 February 2023 |page=18}}</ref><ref name="PRD">{{cite web |title=History of Press in Kerala |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/historyofpress.htm |publisher=Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807035905/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/historyofpress.htm |archive-date=7 August 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==
* [[Kesari Balakrishna Pillai|Kesari A. Balakrishna Pillai]] (1961). ''കേസരിയുടെ മുഖപ്രസംഗങ്ങൾ [Kesariyude Mukhaprasangangal]''. Kottayam: National Book Stall

{{Malayalam journalism}}

[[Category:Malayalam-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct Malayalam-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1930]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1935]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

Jain literature

2026-01-06T13:14:18Z

Swastikholidays: cleaned up content additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Texts related to the religion of Jainism}}
{{redirect|Aagam|the 2016 Tamil-language film|Aagam (film)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Jainism}}

[[File:12th-century Yogasastra, Hemachandra Jainism, Sanskrit, 1 mm Devanagari script.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|A 12th-century manuscript of [[Hemachandra]]'s ''[[Yogaśāstra]]'' in Sanskrit. The text is notable for using 1 mm miniaturized Devanagari script.]]
'''Jain literature''' ({{langx|sa|जैन साहित्य}}) refers to the literature of the [[Jainism|Jain religion]]. It is a vast and ancient literary tradition, which was initially transmitted orally. The oldest surviving material is contained in the canonical ''Jain Agamas'', which are written in [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit|Ardhamagadhi]], a [[Prakrit]] ([[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle-Indo Aryan]]) language. Various commentaries were written on these canonical texts by later [[Jain monasticism|Jain monks]]. Later works were also written in other languages, like Sanskrit and [[Maharashtri Prakrit]].

Jain literature is primarily divided between the canons of the ''[[Digambara]]'' and ''[[Śvētāmbara]]'' orders. These two main sects of Jainism do not always agree on which texts should be considered authoritative.

More recent Jain literature has also been written in other languages, like [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]] and more recently in [[English language|English]].

==Origins: The Oral Tradition (''Śrutajñāna'')==
[[File:Jain Agamas.jpeg|thumb|upright|Stela depicting ''Śhrut Jnāna'', "the knowledge which is heard" (directly from the omniscient fordmakers)]]
According to Jain tradition, the teachings that form the basis of their scriptures are eternal.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp= 109–110}} It's believed that in each universal time cycle, twenty-four ''[[tīrthaṅkara]]s'' reveal these truths.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp= 109–110}} The first ''tīrthaṅkara'' of the current cycle, [[Ṛṣabhanātha]], is considered the original source of the teachings in this era, millions of years ago.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp= 109–110}}

Jains believe the ''tīrthaṅkaras'' deliver their teachings in a divine preaching hall called the ''[[samavasaraṇa]]'', which are heard simultaneously by gods, ascetics, and laypersons.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929b|p=135}} This divine discourse itself is known as ''śrutajñāna'' ("heard knowledge").{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929b|p=135}} Crucially, this initial form is not a written text but an oral transmission.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929b|p=136}}{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|pp=39–40}}

The tradition holds that the chief disciples (''[[Gaṇadhara]]s'') of a ''tīrthaṅkara'' possess the unique ability to perfectly understand and recall this divine discourse.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1929b|p=136}} They are credited with converting the ''śrutajñāna'' into structured scriptures (''[[sutra|sutta]]s''), initially comprising the fourteen ''Pūrvas'' (ancient or prior texts) and the eleven ''Aṅgas'' ("limbs").{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=60–61}} The complete structure is often referred to as the "twelve-limbed basket" (''duvala samgagani pidaga''), as the twelfth ''Aṅga'' contained the ''Pūrvas''.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=60–61}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=109–110}}{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=xi}}

For many centuries, these foundational scriptures were meticulously transmitted orally from teacher (guru) to disciple (shishya) through rigorous memorization and chanting.{{cn|date=October 2025}} This emphasis on oral transmission was a defining characteristic of the early literary tradition.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

==Datings==
While some authors date the composition of the Jain Agamas starting from the 6th century BCE,<ref>Nagendra Kr. Singh. (2001). Encyclopedia of Jainism (Edited by Nagendra Kr. Singh). New Delhi: Anmol Publications. {{ISBN|81-261-0691-3}} page 4308</ref> some western scholars, such as Ian Whicher and David Carpenter, argue that the earliest portions of Jain canonical works were composed around the 4th or 3rd century BCE.<ref>Yoga: The Indian Tradition. Edited by Ian Whicher and David Carpenter. London: Routledgecurzon, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7007-1288-7}} page 64</ref><ref>C. Chappie (1993) Nonviolence to Animals, Earth and Self in Asian Traditions. Albany: State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|0-7914-1497-3}} page 5</ref> According to [[Johannes Bronkhorst]] it is extremely difficult to determine the age of the Jain Agamas, however:<blockquote>Mainly on linguistic grounds, it has been argued that the [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]], the [[Sutrakritanga|Sūtrakṛtāṅga Sūtra]], and the [[Uttaradhyayana|Uttarādhyayana Sūtra]] are among the oldest texts in the canon.<ref name=":3">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |title=The Formative Period of Jainism (c. 500 BCE – 200 CE) |encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Jainism Online |others=Denison University University of Edinburgh University of Bergen University of California, Berkeley John E. Cort, Paul Dundas, Knut A. Jacobsen, Kristi L. Wiley |doi=10.1163/2590-2768_BEJO_COM_047082|url=https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_4E6A35E6B579.P001/REF.pdf |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>Elsewhere, Bronkhorst states that the Sūtrakṛtāṅga "dates from the 2nd century BCE at the very earliest," based on how it references the Buddhist theory of momentariness, which is a later scholastic development.<ref name=":3" />

==The Great Schism and the Divergence of Canons==
The Jaina congregation gradually split into the two sects. While Śvetāmbaras maintain that the schism happened in the 1st century CE, Digambaras hold that it happened in 2nd century BCE. Śvetāmbaras hold that the theory of Jain monks migrating from North to South is a fabricated account.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshitar |first=V. r Ramachandra |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530078 |title=Mauryan Polity |date=1932 |language=en}}</ref> Some scholars specifically state that the said lore was developed after 600 CE and is inauthentic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jansari |first=Sushma |title=Chandragupta Maurya: The creation of a national hero in India |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10170898/1/Chandragupta-Maurya.pdf |page=23}}</ref>

=== ''Śvetāmara'' Efforts to Preserve the Canon ===
[[File:Samosarana Mahaviras enlightenment.jpg|thumb|[Top illustration] Mahavira attains [[Kevala Jnana|kevala jñāna (complete knowledge)]]; [Bottom] a [[Samavasarana|samosarana]] (divine preaching hall). Folio 60 from Kalpasutra series, loose leaf manuscript, Patan, Gujarat. {{Circa|1472}}.]]
[[File:Suryaprajnapati Sutra.jpg|thumb|The ''Suryaprajnaptisūtra'', a 4th or 3rd century BCE Śvētāmbara astronomical and mathematical text.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schoyencollection.com/23-religions/living-religions/23-17-jainism/astronomy/ms-5297 |title=Suryaprajnapti Sūtra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615024618/http://www.schoyencollection.com/23-religions/living-religions/23-17-jainism/astronomy/ms-5297 |archive-date=15 June 2017 |publisher=The Schoyen Collection}}</ref> The top illustration depicts Mahavira, while the bottom one illustrates his great disciple [[Gautama Swami|Gautama]].]]
Śvetāmbaras convened the First Council at Pataliputra (modern Patna) around 300 BCE (traditional dating varies).{{sfn|Jacobi|1884|p=xlii}} During this council, the monks pooled their collective memory to compile the eleven ''Aṅgas''.{{sfn|Jacobi|1884|p=xlii}} However, the twelfth ''Aṅga'', the ''[[Drstivada|Dṛṣṭivāda]]'', which contained the fourteen ''Pūrvas'', was found to be incomplete or lost, as Bhadrabāhu, the only master who knew it fully, was absent.{{sfn|Leumann|2010|p=69}} While Sthulabhadra learned 10 of the 14 purvas from Bhadrabāhu when the latter was in Nepal, the full transmission was broken.{{sfn|Kapadia|1941|p=}}{{pn|date=October 2025}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=}}{{pn|date=October 2025}}

Further efforts to consolidate the texts occurred, possibly including a council in the [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]] under King [[Kharavela]] in the 2nd century BCE.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=40}}

The most definitive step for the Śvetāmbara tradition was the Council of [[Vallabhi]] (in [[Gujarat]]) held around 454 or 466 CE, presided over by [[Devardhigaṇi Kṣamāśramaṇa]].{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=40}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=26}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=110–111}} Faced with the ongoing weakening of memory, the council made the historic decision to commit the entire remembered canon to writing in manuscript form.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=40}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=26}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=110–111}}

The ''Śvetāmbara'' sect considers this written canon, based on the Vallabhi council texts, to be the authentic ''Agamas'', derived from the original oral tradition passed down from [[Mahavira]], even while acknowledging that the twelfth ''Aṅga'' and parts of the ''Pūrvas'' are missing.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=60–61}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=112–113}}

=== ''Digambara'' View: The Canon Was Lost ===
[[File:Acharya Pushpadant.jpg|thumb|upright|Āchārya Pushpadanta, depicted writing down the ''Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama'']]
[[File:Acharya KundaKunda.jpg|thumb|upright|Āchārya [[Kundakunda]], one of the most important Digambara philosophers]]

The ''Digambara'' tradition holds a fundamentally different view.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=xii}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=444}} They believe that due to the famine and the passage of time, the original ''Aṅgas'' and ''Pūrvas'' were completely lost by around the 2nd century CE.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=xii}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=444}} They state that ''Āchārya'' [[Bhutabali]] (1st century CE) was the last ascetic with even partial knowledge of the original canon.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=xii}} They maintain that ''Āchārya'' Pushpadanta and Bhutabali wrote the ''[[Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama]]'' (Six Part Scripture) under guidance of [[Dharasena]], which is held to be one of the oldest Digambara texts (2nd to 3rd century CE).{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=xii}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=50}} Around the same time, ''Āchārya'' [[Gunadhar]] wrote ''[[Kasayapahuda]]'' (Treatise on the Passions).{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=xii}}{{sfn|Sagarmal Jain|Shreeprakash Pandey|1998|p=239}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=50}}

Consequently, ''Digambaras'' reject the scriptures compiled by the ''Śvetāmbaras'' at Pataliputra and Vallabhi, viewing them as incomplete and corrupted.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=xii}} This disagreement over the authenticity and survival of the ''Agamas'' is a central reason for the historical schism between the two major sects.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=121–122}} Lacking the original Agamas, the Digambara tradition instead came to hold authoritative a set of later texts, believed to encapsulate the essence of the lost teachings.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2016|p=xii}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=78–81}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=124}}

==''Svetambara'' Canon (The ''Agamas'')==
The canons (''Siddhāntha'') of the Śvētāmbaras are generally composed of the following texts:{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=26}}{{sfn|Winternitz|1972|pp=428–430}}
* Twelve ''Angās (limbs)''
** ''[[Acaranga Sutra|Āyāraṃga]]'' ([[Prakrit|Jain Prakrit]]; Sanskrit: ''Ācāranga'', meaning: 'On monastic conduct')
** ''[[Sutrakritanga|Sūyagaḍa]]'' (''Sūtrakṛtāṅga'', 'On heretical systems and views')
** ''[[Sthananga Sutra|Ṭhāṇaṃga]]'' (''Sthānāṅga'', 'On different points [of the teaching]')
** ''[[Samavayanga Sutra|Samavāyaṃga]]'' (''Samavāyāṅga'', 'On "rising numerical groups"')
** ''[[Vyakhyaprajnapti|Viyāha-pannatti / Bhagavaī]]'' (''Vyākhyā-prajñapti'' or ''Bhagavatī'', 'Exposition of explanations' or 'the holy one')
** ''[[Jnatrdharmakathah|Nāyā-dhamma-kahāo]]'' (''Jñāta-dharmakathānga'', 'Parables and religious stories')
** ''[[Upasakadasah|Uvāsaga-dasāo]]'' (''Upāsaka-daśāḥ'','Ten chapters on the Jain lay follower')
** ''[[Antakrddaasah|Aṇuttarovavāiya-dasāo]]'' (''Antakṛd-daśāḥ'', 'Ten chapters on those who put an end to rebirth in this very life')
** ''[[Anuttaraupapatikadasah|Anuttaraupapātikadaśāh]]'' (''Anuttaropapātika-daśāḥ'', 'Ten chapters on those who were reborn in the uppermost heavens')
** ''[[Prasnavyakaranani|Paṇha-vāgaraṇa]]'' (''Praśna-vyākaraṇa'', 'Questions and explanations')
** ''[[Vipakasruta|Vivāga-suya]]'' (''Vipākaśruta'','Bad or good results of deeds performed')
** Diṭhīvāya (''Dṛṣṭivāda'') - this text was lost after 1000 years of [[Mahavira]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burgess |first=Jas |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.25358/page/279/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Indian antiquary a journal of oriental research vol.17 |date=1888 |language=English}}</ref>
*Twelve ''Upāṅgas (auxiliary limbs)''
**''Uvavāiya-sutta'' (Sanskrit: ''Aupapātika-sūtra'','Places of rebirth')
**''Rāya-paseṇaijja'' or ''Rāyapaseṇiya'' (''Rāja-praśnīya'', 'Questions of the king')
**''Jīvājīvābhigama'' (''Jīvājīvābhigama'', 'Classification of animate and inanimate entities')
**''Pannavaṇā'' (''Prajñāpanā'', 'Enunciation on topics of philosophy and ethics')
**''Sūriya-pannatti'' (''Sūrya-prajñapti'', 'Exposition on the sun')
**''Jambūdvīpa-pannatti'' (''Jambūdvīpa-prajñapti'', 'Exposition on the Jambū continent and the Jain universe')
**''Canda-pannatti'' (''Candra-prajñapti'', 'Exposition on the moon and the Jain universe')
**''Nirayāvaliyāo or Kappiya'' (''Narakāvalikā'', 'Series of stories on characters reborn in hells')
**''Kappāvaḍaṃsiāo'' (''Kalpāvataṃsikāḥ'', 'Series of stories on characters reborn in the kalpa heavens')
**''Pupphiāo'' (''Puṣpikāḥ'', 'Flowers' refers to one of the stories')
**''Puppha-cūliāo'' (''Puṣpa-cūlikāḥ'', 'The nun Puṣpacūlā')
**''Vaṇhi-dasāo'' (''Vṛṣṇi-daśāh'', 'Stories on characters from the legendary dynasty known as Andhaka-Vṛṣṇi')
* Six ''Chedasūtras'' (Texts relating to the conduct and behaviour of monks and nuns)
** ''Āyāra-dasāo'' (Sanskrit: ''Ācāradaśāh'', 'Ten [chapters] about monastic conduct', chapter 8 is the famed [[Kalpa Sūtra|Kalpa-sūtra]].)
** ''Bihā Kappa'' (''Bṛhat Kalpa'', '[Great] Religious code')
** ''[[Vyavahāra|Vavahāra]]'' (Vyavahāra, 'Procedure')
** ''[[Niśītha|Nisīha]]'' (Niśītha, 'Interdictions')
** ''Jīya-kappa'' (''Jīta-kalpa'', Customary rules), only accepted as canonical by Mūrti-pūjaks
** ''Mahā-nisīha'' (''Mahā-niśītha'', Large Niśītha), only accepted as canonical by Mūrti-pūjaks
* Four ''Mūlasūtras'' ('Fundamental texts' which are foundational works studied by new monastics)
** ''Dasaveyāliya-sutta'' (Sanskrit: ''Daśavaikālika-sūtra''), this is memorized by all new Jain mendicants
** ''[[Uttarādhyayana|Uttarajjhayaṇa-sutta]]'' (''Uttarādhyayana-sūtra'')
** ''Āvassaya-sutta'' (''[[Āvaśyaka-sūtra]]'')
** ''Piṇḍa-nijjutti'' and ''Ogha-nijjutti'' (''Piṇḍa-niryukti'' and ''Ogha-niryukti''), only accepted as canonical by Mūrti-pūjaks
* Two ''Cūlikasūtras'' ("appendixes")
** ''Nandī-sūtra'' – discusses the five types of knowledge
** ''Anuyogadvāra-sūtra'' – a technical treatise on analytical methods, discusses [[Anekantavada]]

===Miscellaneous collections===
To reach the number 45, Mūrtipūjak Śvētāmbara canons contain a "Miscellaneous" collection of supplementary texts, called the ''Paiṇṇaya suttas'' (Sanskrit: ''Prakīrnaka sūtras'', "Miscellaneous"). This section varies in number depending on the individual sub-sect (from 10 texts to over 20). They also often included extra works (often of disputed authorship) named "supernumerary Prakīrṇakas".<ref name="Balbir">{{Cite web|last=Balbir|first=Nalini|title=Prakīrṇaka-sūtras|url=http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/principles/sacred-writings/svetambara-canon/prakirnaka-sutras/index.html|website=JAINpedia}}</ref> The Paiṇṇaya texts are generally not considered to have the same kind of authority as the other works in the canon. Most of these works are in Jaina Māhārāṣṭrī Prakrit, unlike the other Śvetāmbara scriptures which tend to be in Ardhamāgadhī. They are therefore most likely later works than the Aṅgas and Upāṅgas.<ref name="Balbir"/>

Mūrtipūjak Jain canons will generally accept 10 Paiṇṇayas as canonical, but there is widespread disagreement on which 10 scriptures are given canonical status. The most widely accepted list of ten scriptures are the following:<ref name="Balbir"/>

*''Cau-saraṇa'' (Sanskrit: ''Catuḥśaraṇa'', The 'four refuges')
*''Āura-paccakkhāṇa'' (''Ātura-pratyākhyāna'', 'Sick man's renunciation')
*''Bhatta-parinnā'' (''Bhakta-parijñā'', 'Renunciation of food')
*''Saṃthāraga'' (''Saṃstāraka'', 'Straw bed')
*''Tandula-veyāliya'' (''Taṇḍula-vaicārika'', 'Reflection on rice grains')
*''Canda-vejjhaya'' (''Candravedhyaka'', 'Hitting the mark')
*''Devinda-tthaya'' (''Devendra-stava'', 'Praise of the kings of gods')
*''Gaṇi-vijjā'' (''Gaṇi-vidyā'', 'A Gaṇi's knowledge')
*''Mahā-paccakkhāṇa'' (''Mahā-pratyākhyāna'', 'Great renunciation')
*''Vīra-tthava'' (''Vīra-stava'', 'Great renunciation')

From the 15th century onwards, various Śvetāmbara subsects began to disagree on the composition of the canon. [[Murtipujaka|Mūrtipūjaks]] ("idol-worshippers") accept 45 texts, while the [[Sthānakavāsī|Sthānakavāsins]] and [[Svetambar Terapanth|Terāpanthins]] only accept 32.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Balbir|first=Nalini|title=Śvetāmbara canon|url=http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/principles/sacred-writings/svetambara-canon/index.html|website=JAINpedia}}</ref>

==''Digambara'' Canon (The ''Siddhanta'')==
The Digambara canon of scriptures includes these two main texts, three commentaries on the main texts, and four (later) ''Anuyogas'' (expositions), consisting of more than 20 texts.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=80}}{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=xi–xii}}

The great commentator [[Virasena]] wrote two commentary texts on the ''Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama'', the ''Dhaval‑tika'' on the first five volumes and ''Maha‑dhaval‑tika'' on the sixth volume of the ''Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama'', around 780 CE.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=50}} [[Virasena]] and his disciple, [[Jinasena]], also wrote a commentary on the ''[[Kasayapahuda|Kaşāyapāhuda]],'' known as ''Jaya‑dhavala‑tika''.{{sfn|Sagarmal Jain|Shreeprakash Pandey|1998|p=239}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=50}}

There is no agreement on the canonical Anuyogas ("Expositions"). The Anuyogas were written between the 2nd and the 11th centuries <dfn>CE</dfn>, either in Jaina [[Shauraseni Prakrit|Śaurasenī]] Prakrit or in <dfn>Sanskrit</dfn>.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Balbir|first=Nalini|title=Digambara canon|url=http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/principles/sacred-writings/digambara-canon/index.html|website=JAINpedia}}</ref>

The expositions (''Anuyogas'') are divided into four literary categories:{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=80}}

* The 'first' (''Prathamānuyoga'') category contains various works such as Jain versions of the ''Rāmāyaṇa'' (like the 7th-century ''Padma-purāṇa'' by [[Ravisena|Raviṣeṇa]]) and ''Mahābhārata'' (like [[Jinasena|Jinasena's]] 8th century ''Harivaṃśa-purāṇa''), as well as 'Jain universal histories' (like Jinasena's 8th-century ''Ādi-purāṇa'').
* The 'calculation' (''Karaṇānuyoga'') expositions are mainly works on [[Jain cosmology]] (such as ''Tiloya-paṇṇatti'' of Yati Vṛṣabha, dating from the 6th to 7th century) and karma (for example, Nemicandra's ''[[Gommatsāra|Gommaṭa-sāra]]''). The ''Gommatsāra'' of [[Nemichandra]] ([[Floruit|fl.]] 10th century) is one of the most important Digambara works and provides a detailed summary of Digambara doctrine.{{sfn|Jaini|1927|p=5}}
* The 'behaviour' (''Caraṇānuyoga'') expositions are texts about proper behaviour, such as Vaṭṭakera's ''Mūlācāra'' (on monastic conduct, 2nd century) and the ''[[Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra|Ratnakaraṇḍaka-Śrāvakācāra]]'' by [[Samantabhadra (Jain monk)|Samantabhadra]] (5th-century) which focuses on the ethics of a layperson.{{sfn|Jaini|1991|p=32–33}} Works in this category also treat the purity of the soul, such as the work of Kundakunda like the ''[[Samayasāra|Samaya-sāra]],'' the ''[[Pancastikayasara]],'' and ''[[Niyamasara]].'' These works by [[Kundakunda]] (2nd century CE or later) are highly revered and have been historically influential.''{{sfn|Finegan|1989|p=221}}{{sfn|Balcerowicz|2003|pp=25–34}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|2000|p=282–283}}''
* The 'substance' (''Dravyānuyoga'') exposition includes texts about [[ontology]] of the universe and self. [[Umaswati|Umāsvāmin's]] comprehensive ''[[Tattvartha Sutra| Tattvārtha-sūtra]]'' is the standard work on ontology and [[Pujyapada|Pūjyapāda's]] (464–524 CE) ''[[Sarvārthasiddhi]]'' is one of the most influential Digambara commentaries on the ''Tattvārtha''. This collection also includes various works on epistemology and reasoning, such as Samantabhadra's ''[[Aptamimamsa|Āpta-mīmāṃsā]]'' and the works of [[Akalanka|Akalaṅka]] (720–780 CE), such as his commentary on the ''Apta-mīmāṃsā'' and his ''Nyāya-viniścaya.''

==Post-Canonical literature==
[[File:Tattvarthsutra.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Tattvartha Sutra|Tattvārthsūtra]] is regarded as the most authoritative book on Jainism, and the only text authoritative in both the Svetambara and Digambara sects]]
[[File:Bust of Acharya Hemachandra.jpg|thumb|upright|Bust of Hemachandra at [[Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University]]]]

===Philosophy and Logic===
There are various later Jain works that are considered post-canonical, that is to say, they were written after the closure of the Jain canons, though the different canons were closed at different historical eras, and so this category is ambiguous.

Thus, [[Umaswati|Umasvāti]]'s (c. between 2nd-century and 5th-century CE) ''[[Tattvarthasūtra]]'' ("On the Nature of Reality") is included in the Digambara canon, but not in the Śvētāmbara canons (though they do consider the work authoritative). Indeed, the ''[[Tattvarthasūtra]]'' is considered ''the'' authoritative Jain philosophy text by all traditions of Jainism.{{Sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=439–440}}{{Sfn|Umāsvāti|1994|p=xi–xiii, Quote: "That Which Is, known as the ''Tattvartha Sūtra'' to Jains, is recognized by all four Jain traditions as the earliest, most authoritative and comprehensive summary of their religion."}}{{sfn|Dundas|2006|pp=395–396}} It has the same importance in Jainism as ''[[Vedanta Sūtras]]'' and ''[[Yogasūtras]]'' have in [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=439–440}}{{Sfn|Umāsvāti|1994|p=xiii}}{{sfn|Johnson|1995|pp=46–51, 91–96}}

Other non-canonical works include various texts attributed to Bhadrabahu ({{Circa|300 BCE}}) which are called the ''Niryuktis'' and ''Samhitas''.

According to Winternitz, after the 8th century or so, Svetambara Jain writers, who had previously worked in Prakrit, began to use Sanskrit. The Digambaras also adopted Sanskrit somewhat earlier.{{sfn|Winternitz|1972|p=427}} The earliest Jain works in Sanskrit include the writings of [[Siddhasena Divakara|Siddhasēna Divākara]] ({{Circa|650 CE}}), who wrote the ''Sanmatitarka'' ('The Logic of the True Doctrine') is the first major Jain work on logic written in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>Qvarnström, Olle; Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini, page 154.</ref>

Other later works and writers include:

* [[Jinabhadra]] (6th–7th century) – author of ''[[Avasyaksutra]]'' (Jain tenets) ''Visesanavati'' and ''Visesavasyakabhasya'' (Commentary on Jain essentials).
* Mallavadin (8th century) – author of ''Nayacakra'' and ''Dvadasaranayacakra'' (Encyclopedia of Philosophy) which discusses the schools of [[Indian philosophy]].<ref name="Jaini852">{{harvnb|Jaini|1998|p=85}}</ref>
* <dfn>[[Haribhadra|Haribhadra-s]]</dfn>[[Haribhadra|ūri]] (c 8th century) is an important Svetambara scholar who wrote commentaries on the Agamas. He also wrote the ''[[Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya]]'', a key Jain text on Yoga which compares the Yoga systems of Buddhists, Hindus and Jains. Gunaratna ({{Circa|1400 CE}}) wrote a commentary on Haribhadra's work.
* [[Prabhācandra|Prabhacandra]] (8th–9th century) – Jain philosopher, composed a 106-Sutra Tattvarthasutra and exhaustive commentaries on two key works on Jain Nyaya, ''Prameyakamalamartanda'', based on Manikyanandi's ''Parikshamukham'' and ''Nyayakumudacandra'' on Akalanka's ''Laghiyastraya''.
* [[Abhaydevsuri]] (1057–1135 CE) – A significant phase in the development of medieval Śvetāmbara Jain literature is marked by the Sanskrit commentaries attributed to [[Abhaydevsuri]]. His works form part of a continuous exegetical tradition that sought to systematise the interpretation of canonical texts transmitted in Ardhamāgadhī and other Prakrits through Sanskrit scholastic prose. Abhayadeva Suri is credited with authoritative ''vṛttis'' (commentaries) on several major texts of the Śvetāmbara canon. His commentary on the ''[[Sthānāṅga Sūtra]]'', an encyclopaedic text organised through numerical classifications, plays a central role in clarifying its compressed doctrinal lists and is treated in modern scholarship as indispensable for its interpretation. A Sanskrit ''vṛtti'' is also attributed to him on the ''[[Bhagavatī Sūtra]]'' (''Viyāhapannatti''), one of the most extensive Jain Āgamas, in which canonical dialogues on karma theory, cosmology, ethics, and monastic discipline are explained and harmonised within broader doctrinal frameworks. In addition to canonical Āgamas, Abhayadeva Suri is associated with a commentary on Sanmatitarka, the foundational Jain philosophical treatise attributed to Siddhasena Divākara. Through this work, he contributed to the transmission and clarification of Jain logical and epistemological concepts alongside scriptural exegesis. Taken together, these commentaries illustrate a mature stage of Śvetāmbara exegetical practice in which grammatical analysis, doctrinal harmonisation, and cross-referencing across the canon were employed to stabilise interpretation and support monastic pedagogy. Abhayadeva Suri’s works circulated widely in manuscript and printed form and were incorporated into later Śvetāmbara scholastic curricula, including those associated with Tapāgaccha traditions. His commentarial corpus continues to be cited in modern academic studies of Jain canon formation, manuscript culture, and medieval Sanskritisation of Jain literature. author of ''Vadamahrnava'' (Ocean of Discussions) which is a 2,500 verse ''tika'' (Commentary) of ''Sanmartika'' and a great treatise on logic.<ref name="Jaini852"/>

* [[Hemachandra]] ({{Circa|1088|1172 CE}}) wrote the ''[[Yogaśāstra]]'', a textbook on yoga and ''Adhyatma Upanishad''. His minor work ''Anyayogavyvaccheda'' gives outlines of the Jaina doctrine in form of hymns. This was later detailed by Mallisena ({{Circa|1292 CE}}) in his work ''Syadavadamanjari''.
* Vadideva (11th century) – He was a senior contemporary of Hemacandra and is said to have authored ''Paramananayatattavalokalankara'' and its voluminous commentary ''syadvadaratnakara'' that establishes the supremacy of doctrine of [[Syādvāda]].
* There are also other important commentators on the Agamas, including Abhayadeva-sūri ({{Circa|11th century}}) and Malayagiri (c. the 12th century).
* Vidyanandi (11th century) – Jain philosopher, composed the brilliant commentary on Acarya Umasvami's Tattvarthasutra, known as ''Tattvarthashlokavartika''.
* Devendrasuri wrote the ''Karmagrantha'' which is an exposition of the [[Karma in Jainism|Jain theory of Karma]].
* [[Yasovijaya|Yaśovijaya]] (1624–1688) was a Jain scholar of ''[[Navya-Nyāya]]'' and wrote Vrttis (commentaries) on most of the earlier ''Jain Nyāya'' works by Samantabhadra, Akalanka, Manikyanandi, Vidyānandi, Prabhācandra and others in the then-prevalent ''Navya-Nyāya'' style. Yaśovijaya has to his credit a prolific literary output – more than 100 books in [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]. He is also famous for ''Jnanasara'' (essence of knowledge) and ''Adhayatmasara'' (essence of spirituality).
* The ''Lokaprakasa'' of Vinayavijaya was written in the 17th century CE.
* Srivarddhaeva (aka Tumbuluracarya) wrote a Kannada commentary on ''Tattvarthadigama-sutra''.
*[[Atmasiddhi|Atmasiddhi Shastra]] is a spiritual treatise in verse, composed in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] by the nineteenth century [[Jainism|Jain]] saint, philosopher poet [[Shrimad Rajchandra]]ji (1867–1901) which comprises 142 verses explaining the fundamental philosophical truths about the [[soul]] and its [[Moksha|liberation]]. It propounds six fundamental truth on soul which are also known as ''Satapada'' (six steps).
*The [[Saman Suttam]] is a compilation of ancient texts and doctrines recognised by all Jain sects, assembled primarily by Jinendra Varni and then examined and approved by monks of different sects and other scholars in 1974.

=== Grammar and Linguistics ===
''Jainendra Vyākaraṇa'' of Acharya [[Pujyapada]] and ''Śākaṭāyana-vyākaraṇa'' of ''Śākaṭāyana'' (also called Pālyakīrti)<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hartmut Scharfe |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.202747/page/n97/mode/2up |title=Grammatical Literature |date=1977}}</ref> are both works on grammar written in {{Circa|9th century CE}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=Deshpande |first=Madhav M. |title=Non-Pāṇinian Grammars on Savarṇa |date=1975 |work=Critical Studies in Indian Grammarians I |pages=109–126 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.19360.15 |access-date=2025-03-02 |series=The Theory of Homogeneity (Savar?ya) |publisher=University of Michigan Press |doi=10.3998/mpub.19360 |jstor=10.3998/mpub.19360 |isbn=978-0-89148-052-5}}</ref>

''Pañcagranthi ''by Ācārya Buddhisāgarasūri (10th century) in poetic form'','' complemented with auto-commentary.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bollée |first=Willem |date=2006 |title=Review of Pañcagranthī Vyākaraṇa of Buddhisāgarsūri. A Critical Edition. [B. L. Series 18] |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24007750 |journal=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens / Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=50 |pages=211–212 |jstor=24007750 |issn=0084-0084}}</ref> ''Siddha-Hema-Śabdānuśāsana'' by Acharya [[Hemachandra]] ({{Circa|12th century CE}}) is considered by [[F. Kielhorn]] as the best grammar work of the Indian middle ages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kielhorn |first=F. |date=1888 |title=A brief account of Hêmachandras Sanskrit Grammar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23861252 |journal=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes |volume=2 |pages=18–24 |jstor=23861252 |issn=0084-0076}}</ref> Hemacandra's book Kumarapalacaritra is also noteworthy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Board |first=Pratiyogita Darpan Editorial |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTcCKkY7NLMC&dq=kumarpal+charitra&pg=PA32 |title=Pratiyogita Darpan Extra Issue Series-3 Indian History |publisher=Upkar Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barodia |first=U. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScFKAAAAMAAJ&dq=kumarpal+charitra&pg=PA69 |title=History and Literature of Jainism |date=1909 |publisher=Jain Graduates' Association |language=en}}</ref> Malayagiri, a contemporary to [[Hemachandra]], also authored a Śabdānuśāsana, accompanied with an auto-commentary.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Tamil palm-leaf manuscript of Tolkāppiyam.jpg|upright=2|thumb|Palm leaf manuscript of Tolkappiyam]]
[[Tamil language|Tamil]] grammar is extensively described in the oldest available grammar book for Tamil, the ''[[Tolkaappiyam|Tolkāppiyam]]'' (dated between 300 BCE and 300 CE) whose author was a Jain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hartmut Scharfe |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.202747/page/n107/mode/2up? |title=Grammatical Literature |date=1977}}</ref> [[S. Vaiyapuri Pillai]] suggests that Tolkappiyar was a Jain scholar well-versed in the Aintiram grammatical system and posits a later date, placing him in southern Kerala around the 5th century CE. Notably, Tolkappiyam incorporates several Sanskrit and Prakrit loanwords, reflecting its historical and linguistic context.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Tamil Language and Literature (Beginning to 1000 A.D.) |author=Prof. S. Vaiyapuri Pillai |publisher= |year=1956 |page=62-68}}</ref>

Another grammatical text Naṉṉūl (Tamil: நன்னூல்) is a work on Tamil grammar written by a Jain ascetic Pavananthi Munivar around 13th century CE. It is the most significant work on Tamil grammar after Tolkāppiyam.<ref name="Sadasivan2011">{{cite web|last=Sadasivan|first=M. P.|publisher=[[State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications]]|url=http://mal.sarva.gov.in/index.php?|title=Nannūl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820221313/http://mal.sarva.gov.in/index.php?title=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D|url-status=live|archive-date=2014-08-20|access-date=2014-08-20|date=2011-01-13|language=Malayalam}}</ref>

Prākṛta-Lakṣaṇa (''The characteristic of Prakrit'') is one of the earliest extant specialised grammar of [[Prakrit]]. [[Rudolf Hoernlé|A. F. Rudolf Hoernle]] opines that the grammar was written by a Jaina author.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoernle |first=A. F. Rudolf |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104147/page/n27/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Prakrita Lakshanam |publisher=Asiatic Society, Calcutta |year=1880 |edition=1st |location=Calcutta |trans-title=The Characteristic of Prakrit}}</ref>

Jain acharya Hemchandra also contributed to grammar. He wrote ''Siddha-Hema-Śabdanuśāśana'', which includes six languages: [[Sanskrit]], the "standard" [[Prakrit]] (virtually [[Maharashtri Prakrit|Mahārāṣṭrī Prākrit]]), [[Shauraseni language|Śaurasenī]], [[Magahi language|Māgadhī]], [[Paiśācī]], the otherwise-unattested Cūlikāpaiśācī and [[Apabhraṃśa]] (virtually Gurjar Apabhraṃśa, prevalent in the area of Gujarat and [[Rajasthan]] at that time and the precursor of [[Gujarati language]]). He gave a detailed grammar of Apabhraṃśa and also illustrated it with the folk literature of the time for better understanding. It is the only known Apabhraṃśa grammar. He wrote the grammar in the form of rules, with eight adhyayas (chapters) and its auto-commentaries, namely "Tattvaprakāśikā Bṛhadvṛtti" with "Śabdamahārṇava Nyāsa" in one year. [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] had installed the grammar work in Patan's (historically Aṇahilavāḍa) state library. Many copies were made of it, and many schemes were announced for the study of the grammar. Scholars like Kākala Kāyastha were invited to teach it.<ref>'Prastaavna', Haim Sanskrit Praveshika by Pandit Shivlal Nemchand Shah, Bhadrankar Prakashan.</ref> Moreover, an annual public examination was organized on the day of Jñāna-pañcamī.<ref>{{cite book |last=Buhler |first=g |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.141999/page/n29/mode/2up?view=theater |title=The Life Of Hemacandracarya |date=1936}}</ref> [[Lorenz Franz Kielhorn|Kielhorn]] regards this as best grammar of Indian middle ages.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kielhorn |first=F. |date=1888 |title=A brief account of Hêmachandras Sanskrit Grammar |jstor=23861252 |journal=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes |volume=2 |pages=18–24}}</ref>
[[File:Instruction by Monks, Folio from a Jain text of Sanskrit Grammar, the Siddhahemashabdanushasana by Hemachandra (1089-1172) LACMA M.88.62.2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Hemacandra's grammar text ''Siddhahemashabdanushasana'' in Sanskrit]]

The German scholar [[Georg Buhler]] wrote, "In grammar, in astronomy as well as in all branches of belles letters the achievements of the Jains have been so great that even their opponents have taken notice of them and that some of their work are of importance for European science even today. In the south where they have worked among the Dravidian peoples, they have also promoted the development of these languages. The Kanarese, Tamil, Telugu literary languages rest on the foundations erected by the Jain monks."<ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|year=1999 |publisher=New Age International|page=74|isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 }}</ref>

===Narrative, Poetics, and Puranas===
Jaina narrative literature mainly contains stories about sixty-three prominent figures known as ''[[Salakapurusa]]'', and people who were related to them. Some of the important works are ''Harivamshapurana'' of [[Jinasena]] ({{Circa|8th century CE}}), Vikramarjuna-Vijaya (also known as Pampa-Bharata) of Kannada poet named [[Adi Pampa]] ({{Circa|10th century CE}}), ''Pandavapurana'' of [[Shubhachandra]] ({{Circa|16th century CE}}).

===Mathematics and Cosmology===
Jain literature covered multiple topics of mathematics around 150 CE including the theory of numbers, arithmetical operations, geometry, operations with fractions, simple equations, cubic equations, bi-quadric equations, permutations, combinations and logarithms.{{sfn|Gheverghese|2016|p=23}}

== Languages ==
The spoken scriptural language is believed to be [[Magadhi Prakrit]] by [[Śvetāmbara]] Jains, and a form of divine sound or sonic resonance by [[Digambara]]s.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=60–61}} The Jain Agamas and their commentaries were composed mainly in [[Prakrit|Ardhamagadhi Prakrit]] as well as in [[Maharashtri Prakrit]].{{sfn|Winternitz|1972|p=427}}

Jains literature exists mainly in [[Jain Prakrit]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref>{{Cite book | last = Banerjee| first = Satya Ranjan| title = Prolegomena to Prakritica et Jainica| publisher = [[The Asiatic Society]]| year = 2005| page = 61| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cnxjAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> and more recently in [[English language|English]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaina Sutras, Part II (SBE45) Index |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/index.htm |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

Jains have contributed to [[Indian literature|India's classical and popular literature]]. For example, almost all early [[Kannada literature]] and many [[Tamil language|Tamil]] works were written by Jains. Some of the oldest known books in Hindi and Gujarati were written by Jain scholars.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

The first autobiography in the ancestor of Hindi, [[Braj Bhasha]], is called Ardhakathānaka and was written by a Jain, [[Banarasidas]]a, an ardent follower of Acarya [[Kundakunda]] who lived in [[Agra]]. Many [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Sangam literature|classics]] are written by Jains or with Jain beliefs and values as the core subject. Practically all the known texts in the [[Apabhramsha]] language are Jain works.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

The oldest Jain literature is in [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Walter Eugene |date=1924 |title=Māgadhī and Ardhamāgadhī |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/593543 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=44 |pages=81–121 |doi=10.2307/593543 |jstor=593543 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and the [[Jain Prakrit]] (the [[Jain Agamas]], Agama-Tulya, the Siddhanta texts, etc.). Many classical texts are in Sanskrit (Tattvartha Sutra, [[Puranas]], Kosh, Sravakacara, mathematics, Nighantus etc.). "Abhidhana Rajendra Kosha" written by [[Acharya Rajendrasuri]], is only one available Jain encyclodaedic dictionary to understand the technical Jain terms in [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit]] and other languages, with specific reference to Jain literature.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

Jain literature was written in [[Apabhraṃśa]] (Kahas, rasas, and grammars), [[Standard Hindi]] (Chhahadhala, [[Moksh Marg Prakashak]], and others), Tamil ([[Nālaṭiyār]], [[Civaka Cintamani]], [[Valayapathi]], and others), and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] ([[Vaddaradhane]] and various other texts). Jain versions of the [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]] are found in Sanskrit, the Prakrits, Apabhraṃśa and Kannada.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

Jain Prakrit is a term loosely used for the language of the ''Jain Agamas'' (canonical texts). The books of [[Jainism]] were written in the popular vernacular dialects (as opposed to [[Sanskrit]]), and therefore encompass a number of related dialects. Chief among these is [[Magadhi Prakrit|Ardha Magadhi]], which due to its extensive use has also come to be identified as the definitive form of [[Prakrit]]. Other dialects include versions of [[Maharashtri]] and [[Sauraseni]].{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=26}}

==Manuscript Heritage and Preservation==
The Jain literary tradition is notable for its large and ancient body of manuscripts.{{sfn|Cort|1995|p=77}} The act of commissioning and donating texts, known as ''shastra-dana'' (the "gift of knowledge"), has been a traditional act of religious merit for centuries.{{cn|date=November 2025}} This practice, by both ascetics and the laity, led to the accumulation of large manuscript collections, many of which remain unstudied.{{sfn|Cort|1995|p=78}}
===The Bhandaras (Knowledge Warehouses)===
Jain manuscript libraries, or ''jñāna bhaṇḍāras'' ('knowledge warehouses'), are among the oldest surviving libraries in India.{{sfn|Cort|1995|p=77}} They were often housed in temple basements for preservation and managed by the lay community or designated monks.{{sfn|Cort|1995|p=80}}

These ''bhandaras'' hold hundreds of thousands of documents, including some of the earliest-known palm-leaf manuscripts from the 11th century.{{cn|date=November 2025}} Significant historical collections are located in [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] ([[Gujarat]]), [[Jaisalmer]] ([[Rajasthan]]), and [[Moodabidri]] ([[Karnataka]]), among others.{{cn|date=November 2025}} These collections are a primary source for the literary, religious, and social history of the regions.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

===Modern Preservation and Digitization===
The manuscript collections, written on organic materials like palm leaf and paper, face constant threats from disintegration, moisture, and insect damage.{{sfn|Cort|1995|p=81}} This has led to modern conservation and digitization efforts to preserve the texts.{{sfn|Cort|1995|p=81}}

National and international institutions are involved in this work.{{cn|date=November 2025}} For example, the [[Government of India]] has supported the establishment of a Centre for Jain Manuscriptology at [[Gujarat University]], a facility dedicated to the conservation, digitization, and research of these manuscripts.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

==Influence on Indian literature==
[[File:Mangulam inscription.jpg|thumb|[[Mangulam]] inscription dated 3rd century BCE]]
Parts of the [[Sangam literature]] in Tamil are attributed to Jains. Tamil Jain texts such as the ''[[Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi]]'' and ''[[Nālaṭiyār]]'' are credited to Digambara Jain authors.{{sfn|Cort|1998|p=163}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=116–117}} These texts have seen interpolations and revisions. For example, it is generally accepted now that the Jain nun Kanti inserted a 445-verse poem into ''Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi'' in the 12th century.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|pp=37–38}}{{sfn|Spuler|1952|pp=24–25, context: 22–27}} The Tamil Jain literature, according to Dundas, has been "lovingly studied and commented upon for centuries by Hindus as well as Jains".{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=116–117}} The themes of two of the Tamil epics, including the ''Silapadikkaram'', have an embedded influence of Jainism.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=116–117}}
Some scholars believe that the author of the oldest extant work of literature in Tamil (3rd century BCE), [[Tolkāppiyam]], was a Jain.<ref name=Encyclopaedia>{{Cite book | last = Singh | first = Narendra | title = Encyclopaedia of Jainism | publisher = Anmol Publications | year = 2001 | pages = 3144 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pHZwgrLlOkUC | isbn = 978-81-261-0691-2}}</ref>
[[S. Vaiyapuri Pillai]] suggests that Tolkappiyar was a Jain scholar well-versed in the Aintiram grammatical system and posits a later date, placing him in southern Kerala around the 5th century CE. Notably, Tolkappiyam incorporates several Sanskrit and Prakrit loanwords, reflecting its historical and linguistic context.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Tamil Language and Literature (Beginning to 1000 A.D.) |author=Prof. S. Vaiyapuri Pillai |publisher= |year=1956 |page=62-68}}</ref>

A number of Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions have been found in Tamil Nadu that date from the 3rd century BCE. They are regarded to be associated with Jain monks and lay devotees.<ref>Early Tamil epigraphy from the earliest times to the sixth century A.D. Iravatham Mahadevan, Harvard University Press, 2003</ref><ref>http://jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=595&cat=42 Recent Discoveries of Jaina Cave Inscriptions in Tamilnadu by Iravatham Mahadevan</ref>

Some scholars consider the [[Tirukkural]] by [[Valluvar]] to be the work by a Jain.<ref>Tirukkural, Vol. 1, S.M. Diaz, Ramanatha Adigalar Foundation, 2000,</ref><ref>Tiruvalluvar and his Tirukkural, Bharatiya Jnanapith, 1987</ref><ref>The Kural, P. S. Sundaram, Penguin Classics, 1987</ref> It emphatically supports [[moral vegetarianism]] (Chapter 26) and states that giving up animal sacrifice is worth more than a thousand offerings in fire (verse 259).<ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first= G. N.|year= 1997| title= Readings from Thirukkural | publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn= 8-1701-7342-6|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pDZilIimNRIC&pg=PA11 |pages=11–12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=A. A. Manavalan |title=Essays and Tributes on Tirukkural (1886–1986 AD) |year=2009 |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |location = Chennai|edition = 1|page=128}}</ref>

[[Silappatikaram]], a major work in Tamil literature, was written by a Samaṇa(jain), [[Ilango Adigal]]. It describes the historical events of its time and also of the then-prevailing religions, Jainism, and [[Shaivism]]. The main characters of this work, [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]] and [[Kovalan]], who have a divine status among Tamils, were Jains.

According to [[George L. Hart]], the legend of the [[Tamil Sangams]] or "literary assemblies" was based on the Jain ''sangham'' at [[Madurai]]:
<blockquote>There was a permanent Jaina assembly called a Sangha established about 604 CE in Maturai. It seems likely that this assembly was the model upon which tradition fabricated the cangkam legend."<ref>The Milieu of the Ancient Tamil Poems, Prof. George Hart</ref></blockquote>

Jainism began to decline around the 8th century, with many Tamil kings embracing Hindu religions, especially [[Shaivism]]. Still, the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]], [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] and [[Pandya Dynasty|Pandya]] dynasties embraced Jainism.

Jain scholars also contributed to [[Kannada literature]].{{sfn|Cort|1998|p=164}} The Digambara Jain texts in Karnataka are unusual in having been written under the patronage of kings and regional aristocrats. They describe warrior violence and martial valor as equivalent to a "fully committed Jain ascetic", setting aside Jainism's absolute non-violence.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=118–120}}

Jain manuscript libraries called ''bhandaras'' inside Jain temples are the oldest surviving in India.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=83}} Jain libraries, including the Śvētāmbara collections at [[Patan, Gujarat]] and [[Jaisalmer|Jaiselmer, Rajasthan]], and the Digambara collections in Karnataka temples, have a large number of well-preserved manuscripts.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=83}}<ref name="metmu">{{citation | url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jaim/hd_jaim.htm | title=Jain Manuscript Painting | publisher=Heilburnn Timeline of Art History | work=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | date=January 2012 | last=Guy | first=John | access-date=25 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402230921/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jaim/hd_jaim.htm | archive-date=2 April 2013 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> These include Jain literature and Hindu and Buddhist texts. Almost all have been dated to about, or after, the 11th century CE.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=83–84}} The largest and most valuable libraries are found in the [[Thar Desert]], hidden in the underground vaults of Jain temples. These collections have witnessed insect damage, and only a small portion have been published and studied by scholars.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=83–84}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Literature}}
* [[List of Jain texts]]
* [[Champat Rai Jain]]
* [[A.N. Upadhye]]
* [[Bal Patil]]
* [[Agama (Hinduism)]]
* [[Āgama (Buddhism)]]

==References==
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* {{citation |last=Jain|first=Vijay K.|title=Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsutra|date=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLmx9bvtglkC|edition=1st|location=[[Uttarakhand]]|publisher=[[Vikalp Printers]]|isbn=978-81-903639-2-1|quote={{PD-notice}}|ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2011}}|author-link=Vijay K. Jain}}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |author-link=Vijay K. Jain |title=Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC |date=2012 |publisher=[[Vikalp Printers]] |isbn=978-81-903639-4-5 |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2012}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |title=Ācārya Samantabhadra's Ratnakarandaka-śrāvakācāra: The Jewel-casket of Householder's Conduct |date=2016 |publisher=[[Vikalp Printers]] |isbn=978-81-903639-9-0 |url={{Google books|87AnDAAAQBAJ|page=|plainurl=yes}} |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2016}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Jagmandar-lāl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qN82XwAACAAJ |title=Gommatsara Jiva-kanda |year=1927 }} [https://archive.org/download/sacredbooksofthe029558mbp Alt URL]
* {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |author-link=Padmanabh Jaini |title=Gender and Salvation: Jaina Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women |url={{Google books|GRA-uoUFz3MC|plainurl=yes}} |date=1991 |isbn=978-0-520-06820-9 |publisher=University of California Press }}
* {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |title=The Jaina Path of Purification |url={{Google books|wE6v6ahxHi8C|page=|plainurl=yes}} |date=1998 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-1578-0 }}
* {{citation |last=Johnson |first=W.J. |title=Harmless Souls: Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda|url={{Google books|vw8OUSfQbV4C|page=|plainurl=yes}}|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1309-0 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |year=2007 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=Infobase Publishing |url={{Google books|OgMmceadQ3gC|page=|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9}}
* {{citation |last=Kapadia |first=Hiralal Rasikdas |title=A History Of The Canonical Literature Of The Jainas |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.236903/page/n87/mode/2up?view=theate |date=1941 }}
* {{citation |last=Leumann |first=Ernst |title=An outline of the Āvaśyaka literature |publisher=L. D. Institute of Indology |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-85857-32-9 }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Melton |editor-first=J. Gordon |editor-link=J. Gordon Melton |editor-last2=Baumann |editor-first2=Martin |title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C |edition=2nd |series=Vol. One: A-B |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-59884-204-3}}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url={{Google books|qLNQKGcDIhsC|plainurl=yes}} |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1938-2 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}
* {{citation |last=Spuler |first=Bertold |title=Handbook of Oriental Studies |url={{Google books|Kx4uqyts2t4C|plainurl=yes}} |year=1952 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-04190-5 }}
* {{citation |last=Umāsvāti |first= Umaswami |title=That which is (Translator: Nathmal Tatia) |url={{Google books|0Rw4RwN9Q1kC|page=|plainurl=yes}} |year=1994 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-06-068985-8 }}
* {{citation |last=von Glasenapp |first=Helmuth |author-link=Helmuth von Glasenapp |others=[[Shridhar B. Shrotri]] (trans.) |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |trans-title=Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion |url={{Google books|WzEzXDk0v6sC|page=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] (Reprint: 1999) |year=1925 |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2 }}
* {{citation |last=Winternitz |first=Maurice |year=1972 |title=A History of Indian Literature Vol. II. Buddhist Literature and Jaina Literature |edition=2nd |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]]}}
* {{citation |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|url={{Google books|qAPtq49DZfoC|page=|plainurl=yes}}|year=1992|publisher=Brill Academic|isbn=978-90-04-09365-2}}

== Further reading ==

* {{citation|title=Rishabhanatha, in ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rishabhanatha|year=2010|publisher=Editors of the Encyclopaedia Britannica|ref={{sfnref|Britannica|2000}}}}
* {{citation|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|author-link=Roshen Dalal}}
* {{citation|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC|year=2010|publisher=[[Penguin books]]|isbn=978-0-14-341517-6|author-link=Roshen Dalal}}
* {{citation|last=Stevenson|first=John|title=The Kalpa Sutra and Nava Tatva (tr. from Magadhi)|url=https://archive.org/stream/kalpasutranavata00stevrich#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1848|publisher=Bernard Quaritch, London}}
* {{citation|first=Edward|last=Thomas|title=Jainism|url=https://archive.org/stream/jainism_00thom#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1877|publisher=London, Trübner & co.}}
* {{citation|first=Hermann|last=Jacobi|title=Jaina Sutras Part I (Akaranga Sutra & Kalpa Sutra)|url=https://archive.org/stream/gainastras01aco#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1884|publisher=Oxford, The Clarendon press|author-link=Hermann Jacobi |ref=none}}
* {{citation|first=Hermann|last=Jacobi|title=Jaina Sutras Part II (Uttarâdhyayana Sutra & Sutrakritanga Sutra)|url=https://archive.org/stream/gainastras02jaco#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1884|publisher=Oxford, The Clarendon press|author-link=Hermann Jacobi |ref=none}}
* {{citation|first=Sinclair|last=Stevenson|title=The Heart of Jainism|url=https://archive.org/stream/theheartofjainis00stevuoft#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1915|publisher=H. Milford: Oxford University Press}}
* {{citation|author=M. S. Ramaswami Ayyangar|title=Studies in South Indian Jainism|url=https://archive.org/stream/studiesinsouthin00ramarich#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1922|publisher=Premier Press, Madras|author2=B. Seshagiri Rao}}

=== Jain texts ===
Bibliography of Sanskrit and Prakrit Jain texts (primary sources), from Dundas (2002):

*[[Haribhadra]]. ''Anekāntajayapatākā'', ed. H.R. Kapadia, 2 vols, Baroda, 1940 and 1947.
*Āśādhara. ''Anagāradharmāmṛta'', ed. K. Shastri, New Delhi, 1975.
*[[Jinasena]]. ''[[Ādipurāṇa]]'', ed. Pannalal Jain, 2 vols, Kashi, 1964 and 1965.
*''[[Ācārāṅgasūtra]]'' with Śīlāṅka’s commentary, in Muni Jambūvijaya (ed.). ''[[Ācārāṅgasūtra]]m'' and ''[[Sūtrakṛtāṅgasūtra]]m'' (re-edition of Āgamodaya Samiti edition), Delhi, 1978.
*[[Haribhadra]]. ''Aṣṭakaprakaraṇa'', Ahmedabad, 1918.
*''Uvavāiya Suttam'', ed. G. Lalwani with English trans. by K. C. Lalwani, Jaipur, 1988.
*Jinadāsa. ''Āvaśyakacūrṇi'', 2 vols, Ratlam, 1928 and 1929.
*[[Bhadrabāhu]]. ''Āvaśyakaniryukti'' with [[Haribhadra]]’s commentary (reprint of Āgamodaya Samiti edition), vol. 1, Bombay, 1981.
*''Āvaśyakasūtra'' in ''Dasaveyāliyasuttaṃ, Uttarajjhayaṇāiṃand Āvassayasuttaṃ'', ed. Muni Puṇyavijaya and A. M. Bhojak (Jaina Āgama Series 15), Bombay, 1977.
*''Viyāhapaṇṇatti (Bhagavaī)'', in Pupphabhikkhū (ed.), ''Suttāgame'', vol. 1, Gurgaon, 1953.
*Śivārya. ''Bhagavatī Ārādhanā'' with Aparājita Sūri’s commentary, ed. K. Siddhantashastri, Sholapur, 1978.
*Siddhicandra. ''Bhānucandragaṇicarita'', ed. M. D. Desai, Ahmedabad/Calcutta, 1941.
*[[Harisena (Jain monk)|Hariṣeṇa]]. ''Bṛhatkathākoṣa'', ed. [[A. N. Upadhye]], Bombay, 1943.
*Śīlāṅka. ''Cauppannamahāpurisacariyaṃ'', ed. A. M. Bhojak, Varanasi, 1961.
*[[Haribhadra]]. ''[[Dhūrtākhyāna]]'', ed. [[A. N. Upadhye]], Bombay, 1944.
*[[Udayaprabha Sūri]]. ''[[Dharmābhyudayamahākāvya]]'', ed. Muni Caturavijaya and Muni Puṇyavijaya, Bombay, 1949.
*Jayasiṃha Sūri. ''[[Dharmopadeśamālāvivaraṇa]]'', ed. P. L. B. Gandhi, Bombay, 1940.
*Bhāskaranandi. ''[[Dhyānastava]]'', ed. S. Ohira, New Delhi, 1973.
*[[Devasena (Jain monk)|Devasena]]. ''[[Darśanasāra]]'', ed. [[A. N. Upadhye]], Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Institute 15 (1935):198–206.
*[[Siddhasena Divākara]]. ''[[Dvātriṃśikā]]'', in [[A. N. Upadhye]] (1971).
*''[[Daśavaikālikasūtra]]'', ed. E. Leumann and trans. W. Schubring, in Schubring (1977).
*[[Jinadatta Sūri]]. ''[[Gaṇadharasārdhaśataka]]'', ed. Gandhi, Three Apabhraṃśa Works.
*[[Jinabhadra]]. ''[[Gaṇadharavāda]]'', ed. and trans. E. A. Solomon, Ahmedabad, 1966.
*Punnāta Jinasena. ''[[Harivaṃśapurāṇa]]'', ed. P. Jain, Kashi, 1962.
*''[[Isibhasiyaim|Isibhāsiyāiṃ]]: A Jaina Text of Early Period'', ed. W. Schubring, Ahmedabad, 1974.
*Śubhacandra. ''[[Jñānārṇava]]'', ed. H. L. Jain, Kailashchandra Siddhantacharya and [[A. N. Upadhye]], Sholapur, 1977.
*''[[Jñātādharmakathāḥ]]'', in Pupphabhikkhū (ed.), ''Suttāgame'', vol. 1, Gurgaon, 1953.
*[[Yaśovijaya]]. ''[[Jñānasāra]]'', ed. G. P. Shah, Bombay, 1986.
*''[[Jainaśilālekhasaṃgraha]]'', vol. 1, Bombay, 1928.
*Svāmikumāra. ''[[Kārttikeyānuprekṣā]]'', ed. [[A. N. Upadhye]], Agas, 1978.
*Jinapāla. ''[[Kharataragacchabṛhadgurvāvalī]]'', ed. Muni Jinavijaya, Bombay, 1956.
*''[[Kharataragacchapaṭṭāvalīsaṃgraha]]'', ed. Muni Jinavijaya, Calcutta, 1932.
*''[[Kundakunda-Bhāratī]]'', ed. Pannalal Sahityacarya, Phaltan, 1970.
*Jineśvara Sūri. ''[[Kathākoṣaprakaraṇa]]'', ed. Muni Jinavijaya, Bombay, 1949.
*Guṇadhara. ''[[Kaṣāyapāhuḍa]]'' with Vīrasena’s ''Jayadhavalā'' commentary, vol. 1, ed. Phulcandra, Mahendrakumar and Kailashcandra, Mathura, 1974.
*[[Bhadrabāhu]]. ''[[Kalpasūtra]]'', ed. H. Jacobi, Leipzig, 1879.
*[[Haribhadra]]. ''[[Lalitavistarā]]'', ed. Muni Bhānuvijaya, Ahmedabad, 1963.
*[[Vaṭṭakera]]. ''[[Mūlācāra]]'', ed. K. Shastri, J. Shastri and P. Jain, 2 vols, New Delhi, 1984 and 1986.
*Pradyumna Sūri. ''[[Mūlaśuddhiprakaraṇa]]'' with Devacandra Sūri’s commentary, vol. 1, ed. A. M. Bhojak, Ahmedabad, 1971.
*''[[Niśīthasūtra]] with bhāṣya and cūrṇi'', ed. Amaramuni and Muni Kanhaiyalal, 4 vols, Agra, 1957–60.
*[[Kundakunda]]. ''[[Niyamasāra]]'', ed. and trans. U. Sain, Lucknow, 1931.
*[[Prabhācandra]]. ''[[Nyāyakumudacandra]]'', ed. M. K. Jain, Bombay, 1941.
*Kakka Sūri. ''[[Nābhinandanajinoddhāraprabandha]]'', ed. B. Harakchand, Ahmedabad, 1928.
*''[[Nandisuttaṃand Aṇuogaddārāiṃ]]'', ed. Muni Puṇyavijaya, D. Malvania and A. M. Bhojak (Jaina Āgama Series 1), Bombay, 1968.
*Devavācaka. ''[[Nandisūtra]]m'' with [[Haribhadra]]’s commentary, ed. Muni Puṇyavijaya, Varanasi/Ahmedabad, 1966.
*[[Raviṣeṇa]]. ''[[Padmapurāṇa]]'', ed. P. Jain, 3 vols, Kashi, 1958–9.
*[[Hemacandra]]. ''[[Sthavirāvalīcarita]]'' or ''[[Pariśiṣṭaparvan]]'', ed. H. Jacobi, Calcutta, 1883; trans. Fynes (1998).
*Yogīndu. ''[[Paramātmaprakāśa]]'', ed. [[A. N. Upadhye]], Bombay, 1937.
*[[Prabhācandra]]. ''[[Prabhāvakacarita]]'', ed. Jinavijaya, Ahmedabad/Calcutta, 1940.
*''[[Paiṇṇayasuttaṃ]]: Part 1'', ed. Muni Puṇyavijaya and Amritlal Mohanlal Bhojak (Jaina Āgama Series 17.1), Bombay, 1984.
*Dharmasāgara. ''[[Pravacanaparīkṣā]]'', Surat, 1937.
*''[[Purātanaprabandhasaṃgraha]]'', ed. Jinavijaya, Shantiniketan, 1936.
*''[[Paṇṇavaṇāsuttaṃ]]'', ed. Muni Punyavijaya, D. Malvania and A. M. Bhojak (Jaina Āgama Series 9.2), Bombay, 1971.
*[[Kundakunda]]. ''[[Pravacanasāra]]'' with Amṛtacandra’s commentary, ed. [[A. N. Upadhye]], Bombay, 1935.
*''[[Rājapraśnīyasūtra]]'', in Pupphabhikkhū (ed.), ''Suttāgame'', vol. 2, Gurgaon, 1954.
*''[[Samavāyāṅgasūtra]]m'', in Muni Jambūvijaya (ed.), ''[[Sthānāṅga Sūtra]]m'' and ''[[Samavāyāṅga Sūtra]]m'' with Abhayadeva Sūri’s commentary (re-edition of Āgamodaya Samiti Series edition), Delhi, 1985.
*[[Haribhadra]]. ''[[Samarāiccakahā]]'', ed. H. Jacobi, Calcutta, 1926.
*''[[Sūtrakṛtāṅgasūtra]]m'', in Muni Jambūvijaya (ed.), ''[[Ācārāṅgasūtra]]m'' and ''[[Sūtrakṛtāṅga]]m'' with Śīlāṅka’s commentary (re-edition of Āgamodaya Samiti Series edition), Delhi, 1978.
*''[[Ṣaṭkhaṇḍāgama]]'', vols 2 and 3, ed. H. Jain, [[A. N. Upadhye]] and K. Siddhantashastri, Sholapur, 1976 and 1980.
*''[[Sūrimantrakalpasamuccaya anekapūrvācāryapraṇīta]]'', pt. 2, ed. Muni Jambūvijaya, Bombay, 1977.
*[[Śākaṭāyana]]. ''[[Strīnirvāṇakevalibhuktiprakaraṇe]]'', ed. Muni Jambūvijaya, Bhavnagar, 1974.
*Jinavallabha Sūri. ''[[Saṅghapaṭṭaka]]'', in Gandhi, Three Apabhraṃśa Works.
*''[[Ṣaṭprābhṛtādisaṃgraha]]'', ed. P. Soni, Bombay, 1920.
*Indranandi. ''[[Śrutāvatāra]]'', in M. Shastri (ed.), ''[[Tattvānuśāsanādisaṃgrahaḥ]]'', Bombay, 1918.
*Samayasundara. ''[[Sāmācārīśataka]]'', Surat, 1939.
*[[Kundakunda]]. ''[[Samayasāra]]'', text, trans. and comm. by A. Chakravarti, Banaras, 1930.
*''[[Sthānāṅgasūtra]]m'', in Muni Jambūvijaya (ed.), ''[[Sthānāṅga Sūtra]]m'' and ''[[Samavāyāṅga Sūtra]]m'' with Abhayadeva Sūri’s commentary (re-edition of Āgamodaya Samiti Series edition), Delhi, 1985.
*Anantavīrya. ''[[Siddhiviniścayaṭīkā]]'', ed. M. K. Jain, Varanasi, 1959.
*Dharmasāgara. ''[[Sūtravyākhyānavidhiśataka]]'', ed. Muni Lābhasāgara, Kapadvanj, 1961.
*[[Umāsvāti]]. ''[[Tattvarthasūtra]]'', in Sanghvi, S. (1974). ''Pt. Sukhlalji’s Commentary on Tattvārthasūtra of Vācaka Umāsvāti'', trans. K. K. Dixit. Ahmedabad.
*[[Akalaṅka]]. ''[[Tattvārthavārttikā]] ([[Rājavārttikam]])'', ed. Mahendrakumar, 2 vols, Kashi, 1953 and 1957.
*''[[Upāsakadaśāḥ]]'', text and trans. in Hoernle, A. F. R. (1890). ''The Uvāsagadasāo or the Religious Experience of an Uvāsaga''. Calcutta.
*''[[Uttarādhyayanasūtra]]'', in Pupphabhikkhū (ed.), ''Suttāgame'', vol. 2, Gurgaon, 1954.
*[[Asaga]]. ''[[Vardhamānacarita]]'', ed. P. Jain, Sholapur, 1974.
*Saṅghadāsa. ''[[Vasudevahiṇḍi]]'', ed. Muni Caturavijaya and Muni Puṇyavijaya, Gandhinagar, 1989.
*[[Jinabhadra]]. ''[[Viśeṣāvaśyakabhāṣya]]'', ed. D. Malvania, 3 vols, Ahmedabad, 1966–8.
*Hemavijaya. ''[[Vijayapraśasti]]'', ed. Hargovinddas and Bechardas, Benares, 1911.
*Jinaprabha Sūri. ''[[Vidhimārgaprapā nāma Suvihitasāmācārī]]'', ed. Muni Jinavijaya, Bombay, 1941.
*''[[Vipākaśrutasūtra]]'', in Pupphabhikkhū (ed.), ''Suttāgame'', vol. 1, Gurgaon, 1953.
*Jinaprabha Sūri. ''[[Vividhatīrthakalpa]]'', ed. Muni Jinavijaya, Shantiniketan, 1934.
*[[Bhāvasena]]. ''[[Viśvatattvaprakāśa]]'', ed. V. Johrapurkar, Sholapur, 1964.
*[[Haribhadra]]. ''[[Yogabindu]]'', ed. and trans. K. K. Dixit, Ahmedabad, 1968.
*[[Haribhadra]]. ''[[Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya]]'', ed. and trans. K. K. Dixit, Ahmedabad, 1970.
*[[Hemacandra]]. ''[[Yogaśāstra]]'', ed. Muni Jambūvijaya, 3 vols, Bombay, 1977–86.

==External links==
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism Jainism books – Wisdom Library]
* [https://jainelibrary.org/ Jain eLibrary – Online collection of Jain Literature]
* [https://jainqq.org/ Jain Quantum - Jain Literature Search Engine]
* [http://www.atmadharma.com/jainbooks.html Jain Shastras]
* {{Cite web|title=Jain Agams|url=http://jainworld.com/literature/jain_agams.asp|url-status=live|website=JainWorld.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214085724/http://jainworld.com/literature/jain_agams.asp|archive-date=14 February 2015}}
* [http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/ Clay Sanskrit Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707040843/http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/ |date=7 July 2019 }}
*{{Cite web|title=Sacred texts (Jainism)|url=https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/themes/jainism|website=[[The British Library]]|access-date=9 October 2019|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712072655/https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/themes/jainism|url-status=dead}}

{{Jain Agamas}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain literature| ]]
[[Category:Religious literature]]
[[Category:Jain texts]]

Takydromus sikkimensis

2025-12-16T04:01:31Z

Swastikholidays: Creating a entry first draft!

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{speciesbox
| image =
| status =
| genus = Takydromus
| species = sikkimensis
| authority = [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1888
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Takydromus sikkimensis''''', the '''Sikkim grass lizard''', is a [[species]] of [[lizard]] in the family [[Lacertidae]]. It is endemic to [[India]].<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Takydromus|species=sikkimensis|accessdate=01 June 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q11859400}}

[[Category:Takydromus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1888]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{lacertidae-stub}}

Lapwing

2025-12-12T22:40:33Z

Swastikholidays: correct references to improve readability as per guidelines

{{Short description|Subfamily of birds}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Lapwings
| image = Vanellus armatus (taxobox).jpg
| image_caption = [[Blacksmith lapwing]] (''Vanellus armatus'')
| taxon = Vanellinae
| authority = [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1842
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genera]]
| subdivision =
''[[Erythrogonys]]'' 
''[[Vanellus]]'' 
''[[Hoploxypterus]]'' 
and see text
}}

'''Lapwings''' ([[subfamily]] Vanellinae) are any of various ground-nesting birds ([[Family (biology)|family]] [[Charadriidae]]) akin to [[plover]]s and [[dotterel]]s. They range from {{Convert|10 to 16|inch|cm}} in length.

The traditional terms "plover", "lapwing", and "dotterel" do not correspond exactly to current taxonomic models; thus, several of the Vanellinae are often called plovers, and [[Red-kneed dotterel|one]] a dotterel, while a few of the "true" plovers (subfamily [[Charadriinae]]) are known colloquially as lapwings. In general, a lapwing can be thought of as a larger plover.

In Europe's Anglophone countries, ''lapwing'' refers specifically to the [[northern lapwing]], the only member of this group to occur in most of the continent and thus the first bird to go by the English name ''lapwing'' (also known as ''peewit'' or ''pyewipe'').

In the fanciful taxonomy promoted by medieval [[courtesy book]]s, a group of lapwings was called a "deceit".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipton|first=James|url=https://archive.org/details/exaltationoflark0000lipt_x7z9|url-access=registration|title=An Exaltation of Larks|date=1991|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-30044-0|language=en}}</ref>

==Systematics==
{{See also|Vanellus}}
While authorities generally agree that there are approximately 25 species of Vanellinae, classifications within the subfamily remain confused. Some workers{{who|date=January 2023}} have gone so far as to group all the "true" lapwings (except the [[red-kneed dotterel]]) into the single genus ''Vanellus''. Current consensus favors a more moderate position, but it is unclear which genera to split. The ''[[Handbook of Birds of the World]]'' provisionally places all Vanellinae in ''Vanellus'' except the red-kneed dotterel, which is in the [[monotypic]] ''Erythrogonys''. Its [[plesiomorphic]] [[Morphology (biology)|habitus]] resembles that of [[plover]]s, but details like the missing [[hallux]] (hind toe) are like those of lapwings: it is still not entirely clear whether it is better considered sister to all other plovers or lapwings.<ref>Piersma & Wiersma (1996), Thomas ''et al.'' (2004)</ref> The [[International Ornithologists' Union|IOC]] also recognizes a monotypic genus ''[[Hoploxypterus]]'' for the [[pied plover]].

Many coloration details of the red-kneed dotterel also occur here and there among the living members of the main lapwing [[clade]]. Its position as the sister to all other living Vanellinae or just immediately outside the subfamily thus suggests that their [[last common ancestor]] – or even the last common ancestor of plovers and lapwings – almost certainly was a plover-sized bird with a black crown and breast-band, a white feather patch at the wrist, no hallux, and a [[lipochrom]]ic (probably red) bill with a black tip. Its legs were most likely black or the color of the bill's base.<ref name = hbw>Piersma & Wiersma (1996)</ref>

===Evolution===
{{listen | pos = right | filename = Carrington moss birch road.ogg | title = "Birdsong at Carrington Moss" | description = A lapwing and a [[common chaffinch|chaffinch]] at [[Carrington Moss]], in [[England]] | format = [[Ogg]] }}
The [[fossil]] record of the Vanellinae is scant and mostly recent in origin; no [[Neogene]] lapwings seem to be known. On the other hand, it appears as if early in their [[evolution]]ary history the plovers, lapwings and dotterels must have been almost one and the same, and they are hard to distinguish [[osteological]]ly even today. Thus, since the Red-kneed Dotterel is so distinct that it might arguably be considered a [[monotypic]] subfamily, reliably dating its divergence from a selection of true lapwings and plovers would also give a good idea of [[Charadriidae|charadriid wader]] evolution altogether.

A mid-[[Oligocene]] – c.28 mya ([[million years ago]]) – fossil from [[Rupelmonde]] in [[Belgium]] has been assigned to ''Vanellus'', but even if the genus were broadly defined, it is entirely unclear if the placement is correct. Its age ties in with the appearance of the first seemingly distinct Charadriinae at about the same time, and with the presence of more [[basal (evolution)|basal]] Charadriidae a few million years earlier. However, the assignment of fragmentary fossils to Charadriinae or Vanellinae is not easy. Thus, it is very likely that the charadriid waders originate around the [[Eocene]]-Oligocene boundary – roughly 40–30 mya – but nothing more can be said at present. If the Belgian fossil is not a true lapwing, there are actually no Vanellinae fossils known before the [[Quaternary]].<ref>Piersma & Wiersma (1996), Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>

The [[Early Oligocene]] fossil ''[[Dolicopterus]]''<ref>Not ''[[Dolichopterus]]'', ''contra'' Mlíkovský (2002)</ref> from [[Ronzon, France]] may be such an ancestral member of the Charadriidae or even the Vanellinae, but it has not been studied in recent decades and is in dire need of review.<ref>Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>

Apart from the [[prehistoric]] ''Vanellus'', the [[extinct]] lapwing genus ''[[Viator (bird)|Viator]]'' has been described from fossils. Its remains were found in the [[tar pit]]s of [[Talara]] in [[Peru]] and it lived in the [[Late Pleistocene]]. Little is known of this rather large lapwing; it may actually belong in ''Vanellus''.<ref>Campbell (2002)</ref>

The remaining [[Wader|Charadrii]] are highset or chunky birds, larger than many of the [[Scolopacidae|scolopacid waders]]. The evolutionary trend regarding the Charadriidae – which make up most of the diversity of the Charadrii – thus runs contrary to [[Cope's rule|Cope's Rule]].<ref name = hbw />

===List of species in taxonomic order===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
Genus ''[[Vanellus]]''
* [[Northern lapwing]], ''Vanellus vanellus''
* [[White-headed lapwing]], ''Vanellus albiceps''
* [[Southern lapwing]], ''Vanellus chilensis''
* [[Grey-headed lapwing]], ''Vanellus cinereus''
* [[Crowned lapwing]], ''Vanellus coronatus''
* [[Long-toed lapwing]], ''Vanellus crassirostris''
* [[River lapwing]] or spur-winged lapwing, ''Vanellus duvaucelii''
* [[Red-wattled lapwing]], ''Vanellus indicus''
* [[Masked lapwing]], ''Vanellus miles''
* [[Spur-winged lapwing]] or spur-winged plover, ''Vanellus spinosus''
* [[Banded lapwing]], ''Vanellus tricolor''
* [[Blacksmith lapwing]], ''Vanellus armatus''
* [[Black-headed lapwing]], ''Vanellus tectus''
* [[Yellow-wattled lapwing]], ''Vanellus malabaricus''
* [[Senegal lapwing]], ''Vanellus lugubris''
* [[Black-winged lapwing]], ''Vanellus melanopterus''
* [[African wattled lapwing]], ''Vanellus senegallus''
* [[Spot-breasted lapwing]], ''Vanellus melanocephalus''
* [[Brown-chested lapwing]], ''Vanellus superciliosus''
* [[Javanese wattled lapwing]], ''Vanellus macropterus''
* [[Sociable lapwing]], ''Vanellus gregarius''
* [[White-tailed lapwing]], ''Vanellus leucurus''
* [[Andean lapwing]], ''Vanellus resplendens''

Genus ''Hoploxypterus''
* [[Pied lapwing]], ''Hoploxypterus cayanus''

Genus ''Erythrogonys''
* [[Red-kneed dotterel]], ''Erythrogonys cinctus''
{{div col end}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{Commons category|Vanellus}}
* Campbell, Kenneth E. Jr. (2002). A new species of Late Pleistocene lapwing from Rancho La Brea, California [English with Spanish abstract]. ''[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]'' '''104''': 170–174. [[Digital Object Identifier|DOI]]:10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0170:ANSOLP]2.0.CO;2 [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1370353 HTML abstract and first page image]
* Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002). ''Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe''. Ninox Press, Prague. {{Listed Invalid ISBN|80-901105-3-8}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110520101755/http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf PDF fulltext]
* Piersma, Theunis & Wiersma, Popko (1996). Family Charadriidae (Plovers). ''In:'' del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.): ''[[Handbook of Birds of the World]]'' (Volume 3: Hoatzin to Auks): 384–443, plates 35–39. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. {{ISBN|84-87334-20-2}}
* Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004). A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny. ''[[BMC journals|BMC Evol. Biol.]]'' '''4''': 28. {{doi|10.1186/1471-2148-4-28|doi-access=free}} {{PMID|15329156}} [http://www.pubmedcentral.org/picrender.fcgi?artid=515296&blobtype=pdf PDF fulltext] [https://archive.today/20130802041856/http://www.pubmedcentral.org/articlerender.fcgi?artid=515296%23supplementary-material-sec Supplementary Material]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q289448}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vanellinae|*]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte]]

Yadadri Bhuvanagiri

2025-12-11T12:54:34Z

Swastikholidays: Creating a stub more to come!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Telangana|District]] of [[Telangana]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = BHONGIR FORT.jpg
| image_caption = View of [[Bhongir Fort]]
| image_map = Yadadri Bhuvanagiri in Telangana (India).svg
| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district'''
|type=shape |id=Q28169764
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district of Telangana
|type2=line|id2=Q677037|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Telangana
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates = 17°30'36"N, 78°53'24"E
| coor_pinpoint = Bhongiri
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bhongir]]
| parts_type = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandalas]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 16
| area_total_km2 = 3091.48
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 770833
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = T, Vinay Krishna Reddy, IAS
| leader_title1 = [[District collector|Add.District Collector]]
| leader_name1 = Sri D Srinivas Reddy
| leader_title2 = [[District collector|Additional Collector Local Bodies]]
| leader_name2 = Sri Deepak Tiwari IAS
| leader_title3 = [[District collector|Deputy Commissioner Of Police]]
| leader_name3 = Sri Narayana Reddy
| leader_title4 = [[District collector|Administrative Officer]]
| leader_name4 = Sri M.Nageshwara Chary
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = TG–30<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana New Districts Names 2016 Pdf TS 31 Districts List|url=https://timesalert.com/telangana-new-districts-list/21462/|access-date=11 October 2016|work=Timesalert.com|date=11 October 2016}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = Nominal GDP (2022-23)
| blank_info_sec1 = {{INRConvert|24611|c|year =2023}} <ref>{{Cite web| title=Telangana Socio Economic Outlook 2024 | url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Telangana-Socio-Economic-Outlook-2024.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217074210/https://www.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Telangana-Socio-Economic-Outlook-2024.pdf | archive-date=2024-12-17}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec2 = Per capita Income ( 2022-23 )
| blank_info_sec2 = {{INRConvert|267605|=r}}
| website = {{URL|http://yadadri.telangana.gov.in/}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yadadri.telangana.gov.in/about-district/|title=About District | Yadadri Bhuvanagiri District, Govt of Telangana | India}}</ref> is a [[district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Names of 6 new districts changed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/names-of-6-new-districts-changed/article9253888.ece|access-date=4 November 2016|work=The Hindu|date=22 October 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref> The administrative headquarters is located at [[Bhongir|Bhuvanagiri]] which is also known as Bhongiri.<ref name="info">{{cite web|title=District Profile|url=http://yadadri.telangana.gov.in/|website=Official website of Yadadri district|access-date=27 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="district">{{cite web |title=Revenue divisions and mandals in Yadadri district |url=http://yadadri.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/247.Ydadri-247.pdf |website=The official website of Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district |publisher=Revenue Department, Telangana |access-date=8 May 2019 |page=3 |date=11 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="map">{{cite web |title=District Map |url=http://yadadri.telangana.gov.in/district-map/ |website=The official website of Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district |access-date=8 May 2019 |format=PDF}}</ref> The district shares boundaries with [[Suryapet district|Suryapet]], [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]], [[Jangaon district|Jangaon]], [[Siddipet district|Siddipet]], [[Medchal district|Medchal-Malkajgiri]] and [[Rangareddy district|Rangareddy]] districts.

== Geography ==

The district is spread over an area of {{convert|3091.48|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="newdist">{{cite news|title=New districts|url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=320397|access-date=8 October 2016|work=Andhra Jyothy.com|date=8 October 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225064351/http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=320397|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#fcd116
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Telangana|Hinduism]]|darkorange|94.81}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|3.69}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.96}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.54}}
}}

{{As of|2011}} [[2011 census of India|Census of India]], Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district has a population of 770,833. Yadadri Bhuvanagiri has a sex ratio of 974 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 65.67%. 79,962 (10.37%) were under 6 years of age. 123,165 (15.98%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 136,916 (17.76%) and 43,774 (5.68%) of the population respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know your district Plan your district - Yadadri Bhuvanagiri |url=http://www.trac.telangana.gov.in/trac/New_Districts/districts/31-Yadadri-Bhongir.pdf |website=trac.telangana.gov.in |publisher=Telangana State Remote Sensing Applications Centre |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202152026/http://www.trac.telangana.gov.in/trac/New_Districts/districts/31-Yadadri-Bhongir.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 90.54 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Lambadi]] |value2 = 5.00 |color2 = khaki
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 3.42 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.04 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 90.54% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 5.00% [[Lambadi]] and 3.42% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
The district has two [[List of revenue divisions in Telangana|revenue divisions]] of [[Bhongir]] and [[Choutuppal]]. It is sub-divided into 16 [[mandal]]s.<ref name="district" />

=== Mandals ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No. !! Bhuvanagiri revenue division !! Choutuppal revenue division
|-
|1|| [[Bhongir]] || [[Choutuppal]]
|-
|2|| [[Alair]] || [[Boodhan Pochampally]]
|-
|3|| [[Atmakur (M), Nalgonda district|Atmakur (M)]] || [[Ramannapeta|Ramannapet]]
|-
|4|| Addaguduru || [[Samsthan Narayanapur]]
|-
|5|| [[Bibinagar]] || [[Valigonda]]
|-
|6|| [[Bommalaramaram]] ||
|-
|7|| [[Gundala, Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district|Gundala]] ||
|-
|8|| [[Motakondur]] ||
|-
|9|| [[Mothkur]] ||
|-
|10|| [[Rajapet]] ||
|-
|11|| [[Turkapally]] ||
|-
|12|| [[Yadagirigutta]] ||
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of districts in Telangana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]]
|North = [[Siddipet district]]
|Northeast = [[Jangaon district]]
|East = [[Jangaon district]]
|Southeast = [[Suryapet district]]
|South = [[Nalgonda district]]
|Southwest = [[Ranga Reddy district]]
|West = [[Malkajgiri district]]
|Northwest = [[Siddipet district]]
}}

{{Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district}}

{{coords|17|30|36|N|78|53|24|E|display=title}}

{{Telangana}}

[[Category:Districts of Telangana]]
[[Category:Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]]

K. Chengalaraya Reddy ministry

2025-12-10T04:46:11Z

Swastikholidays: added basic page initial version

{{Short description|Government of Mysore, India (1947–1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
|cabinet_type=Council of Ministers
|cabinet_number=1st
|jurisdiction=[[Mysore State|Mysore]] State
|flag=|flag_border=true|incumbent=[[Basavaraj Bommai ministry]]
|image=File:K._C._Reddy.jpg
|image_size=|caption=K. C. Reddy
|date_formed=25 October 1947
|date_dissolved=30 March 1952
|government_head=[[K. C. Reddy]]
|deputy_government_head=|government_head_history=
|state_head=[[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]] 26 January 1950 – 1 November 1956 ''(As [[Rajpramukh]] of [[Mysore State|Mysore]])''
|members_number=
|former_members_number=
|total_number=
|political_parties='''[[Indian National Congress]]'''
|legislature_status=''[[Mysore Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly not established]]''
|opposition_cabinet=
|opposition_party=
|opposition_leader=
|election=''[[Mysore Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly not established]]''
|last_election=[[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|legislature_term=6 years ([[Mysore Legislative Council|Council]])
|budget=|advice_and_consent1=|advice_and_consent2=|incoming_formation=|outgoing_formation=
|previous=''Office Established''
|successor=[[Hanumanthaiah ministry]]
}}

'''K. C. Reddy Ministry''' was the Council of Ministers in Mysore, a state in [[South India]] headed by [[K. Chengalaraya Reddy]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=येदियुरप्पा मंत्रिमंडल में 17 विधायक शामिल, एक पूर्व सीएम और दो पूर्व डिप्टी सीएम बने मंत्री|url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/karnataka-cm-bs-yediyurappa-proposes-names-of-17-mlas-to-governor-for-induction-as-cabinet-ministers|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> of the [[Indian National Congress]].

The ministry had multiple ministers including the [[Chief Minister of Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka BJP cabinet expansion Updates: Governor Vajubhai Vala administers oath to 17 MLAs as ministers|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/karnataka-bjp-cabinet-expansion-live-updates-bs-yediyurappa-to-add-17-new-ministers-oath-taking-today-rebel-congress-mlas-governor-vajubhai-vala-7190121.html|website=Firstpost|date=20 August 2019}}</ref> All ministers belonged to the [[Indian National Congress]].

After independence of India in 1947, he was at the forefront of the Mysore Chalo movement seeking responsible state government in [[Mysore State]] and went on to become the first Chief Minister of the state after [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]], the [[Maharaja of Mysore]] signed the [[Instrument of Accession]] to join the new [[dominion]] of [[Dominion of India|India]] on three subjects, namely, defence, external affairs, communications and hence Mysore did not lose its sovereignty on other subjects.<ref name="stat101">{{cite news|title=Freedom fighters get together for 'Mysore chalo' anniversary|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/25/stories/2006102502140500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614012315/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/25/stories/2006102502140500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 October 2006}}</ref><ref name="stat102">{{cite web|title=When Independence breezed into Mysore|url=http://www.inmysore.com/when-independence-breezed-into-mysore|publisher=Mysore news}}</ref> The [[Constitution of India]] was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country's transition towards becoming an independent [[republic]] replacing the [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act (1935)]] as the governing document of India and thus, turning the nation into a newly formed [[republic]].<ref>{{citation|author=Wiki Source|title=White Paper on Indian States (1950)/Part 4/Instrument of Accession|chapter=Instrument of Accession |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/White_Paper_on_Indian_States_(1950)/Part_4/Instrument_of_Accession}}</ref>

Mysore became a Part-B state of the union because [[Maharaja of Mysore]] issued a proclamation on this regard on 25 November 1949.<ref name="law_min_intro">{{cite web|date=29 July 2008|title=Introduction to Constitution of India|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/introd.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022161409/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/introd.htm|archive-date=22 October 2014|access-date=14 October 2008|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice of India}}</ref>

K. C. Reddy Ministry was an adhoc arrangement from 25 October 1947 (even though India became Republic on 26 January 1950) till the first election under Adult franchise was held in [[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1952]] and [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]] was elected as [[Chief Minister of Mysore]] post elections there by ending the unscheduled tenure of K. C. Reddy Ministry.<ref name="stat2">{{cite news|date=11 October 2007|title=S.R. Bommai passes away|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/11/stories/2007101155711200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011220918/http://hindu.com/2007/10/11/stories/2007101155711200.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref>

== Chief Minister & Cabinet Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Portfolio
!Name
!Portrait
!Constituency
! colspan="2" |Term of Office
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Party
|-
|1
|[[Chief Minister of Mysore|Chief Minister]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Sam Rajappa |date=November 26, 2013 |title=Census work in Belgaum threatened by language controversy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19810315-census-work-in-belgaum-threatened-by-language-controversy-772735-2013-11-26|access-date=2021-11-06|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
'''*Other departments not allocated to any Minister.'''
|'''[[K. Chengalaraya Reddy]]''' <ref name="stat10">{{cite web|title=Language issue in Karnataka explodes into a violent agitation|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820515-language-issue-in-karnataka-explodes-into-a-violent-agitation-771772-2013-10-16|publisher=indiatoday}}</ref>
|[[File:K._C._Reddy.jpg|132x132px]]
|''[[Mysore Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly not established]]''<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Anita Pratap |date=November 21, 2013 |title=Problems for Karnataka CM Ramakrishna Hegde after five years in power|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880131-problems-for-karnataka-cm-ramakrishna-hegde-after-five-years-in-power-769003-2013-11-21|access-date=2021-11-06|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|25 October 1947
|30 March 1952
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|2
|
*Transport
*Food and civil Supplies
|'''[[T. Mariappa]]'''
|[[File:T Mariappa.jpg|132x132px]]
|''[[Mysore Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly not established]]''
|1950
|30 March 1952
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|3
|
*Home
|'''[[T. Mariappa]]'''
|[[File:T Mariappa.jpg|132x132px]]
|''[[Mysore Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly not established]]''
|25 October 1947
|30 March 1952
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|rowspan="2" |4
|rowspan="2" |
*[[Mysore Railways|Mysore railways]]
*Mysore Army
|'''[[T. Mariappa]]'''
|[[File:T Mariappa.jpg|132x132px]]
|''[[Mysore Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly not established]]''
|25 October 1947
|1950
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-

|'''[[T. Siddalingaya]]'''<ref>{{Cite web | title=Digital Sansad | url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/s.pdf | access-date=2025-11-15 | website=rajyasabha.nic.in}}</ref>
|
|[[Mysore Legislative Council|MLC]]
|1950
|30 March 1952
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|- style="text-align:center"
|5
|
*Finance
*Industries
|'''[[H. C. Dasappa]]'''
|
|''[[Mysore Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly not established]]''
|25 October 1947
|30 March 1952
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|6
|
*Public Works
*Revenue
|'''[[H. Siddaiah]]'''
|
|''[[Mysore Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly not established]]''
|25 October 1947
|30 March 1952
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|7
|
*Law
*Labour
|'''[[K. T. Bhashyam]]'''<ref>{{Cite web| title=A series of biographies of talented parliamentary figures - K. T. Bhashyam | language=kn | url=http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/K%20T%20Bhashyam.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105193848/http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/K%20T%20Bhashyam.pdf | archive-date=2021-11-05}}</ref>
|
|''[[Mysore Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly not established]]''
|25 October 1947
|30 March 1952
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|8
|
*Local Self-Government
|'''[[R. Chennigaramaiah]]'''<ref>{{Cite web| title=Biographies of talented parliamentary figures - K. Puttaswamy| language=kn | url=http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/K%20Puttaswami.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609122259/http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/elib/pdf/eresources/K%20Puttaswami.pdf | archive-date=2021-06-09}}</ref>
|
|''[[Mysore Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly not established]]''
|25 October 1947
|30 March 1952
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|9
|
*Public Health
*Excise
|'''[[Janab Mohmood Shariff]]'''
|
|''[[Mysore Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly not established]]''
|25 October 1947
|30 March 1952
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|10
|
*Education
|'''[[D. H. Chandrasekhariaya]]'''
|
|''[[Mysore Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly not established]]''
|25 October 1947
|30 March 1952
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|11
|
*City Municipalities
*Muzarai
|'''[[P. Subbarama Chetty]]'''
|
|''[[Mysore Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly not established]]''
|25 October 1947
|30 March 1952
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- style="text-align:center"
|}

== See also ==
* [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mysore Legislative Council]]
* [[Politics of Mysore]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Karnataka Cabinets}}

[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1947|C]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Karnataka ministries|Reddy]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Karnataka|Chengalaraya]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1952|C]]

List of Telugu chodas

2025-11-28T16:19:43Z

Swastikholidays: Started A Entry

{{Short description|Rulers of Andhra Pradesh, 6th-13th century}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Telugu Chodas of Nellore. Bhoja II. 1216-1316 CE. Uniface flan with central lion standing left, four additional lion, two śri, uncertain, and bhujabha in Kananda punchmarks.jpg|thumb|290px|Coinage of the [[Nellore Chodas|Chodas of Nellore]]. King Bhoja II, 1216-1316 CE. Uniface flan with central lion standing left, four additional lion, two śri, uncertain, and ''bhujabha'' legend in Telugu punchmarks]]
{{South Asia in 1250}}
{{Chola history}}
The '''Telugu Chodas''' or '''Telugu Cholas''' were rulers who ruled parts of present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] and southern [[Odissa]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/chronology-of-the-bhauma-karas-and-the-somavamsis-of-orissa-1961/page/41/mode/1up?q=choda&view=theater|title=Chronology of the Bhauma-karas and the Somavamsis of Orissa|author=KRISHNA CHANDRA PANIGRAHI|page=41|year=1961}}</ref> as [[samanta]]s (vassals) of the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]], and later as vassals of the [[Imperial Cholas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chetty |first=K Ramachandra |date=1984 |title=A HistoryCHOLAS of theRENADU Telugu Cholas in Southern AndhraPOTTAPI |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/94000/9/09_chapter%205.pdf |website=Chapter |publisher=[[KarnatakIV University]]of CHOLAS of POTTAPI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=8126018038&pg=PP1 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian literature |year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=8126018038}}</ref> There are many branches like Renati Chodas, Pottapi Chodas, [[Velanati Chodas]], Konidena Chodas, Nannuru Chodas, [[Nellore Chodas]] and Kunduru Chodas. The Telugu Chodas claimed descent from Sangam age Tamil king [[Karikala|Karikala Chola]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sanikommu Venkateswarlu |last2=S Murali Mohan |date=2021 |title=Different political dynasties in Medieval Andhra (CA. 1000-1400 AD): A study |url=https://www.historyjournal.net/article/109/3-2-23-343.pdf |website=International Journal of History |page=114 |quote=Since they owed allegiance to the Chalukya-Cholas, they held the name 'Choda' as prefix in their names and as a mark of their respect towards their overlords.}}</ref>

==Language and legacy==
Renati Choda kingdom is mentioned by a Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang|Yuan Chwang]] in the seventh century A.D.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/K.A.NilakantaSastriBooks/K.%20A.%20Nilakanta%20Sastri/A-History-of-South-India/page/n149/mode/1up?q=chodas |title=A History of SOUTH INDIA from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |author=K. A. NILAKANTA SASTRI |page=139 |publisher=Oxford University press|year=1958}}</ref>

The Telugu Chodas contributed much to the early development and evolution of [[Telugu language]] and were the first dynasties to use Telugu as their official language in Andhra region.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} The oldest long Telugu inscription found so far is Kalamalla inscription dating to 575 CE put up by Renati Choda king Erikal Mutturaju Dhanunjaya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First Telugu inscription dating back to 575 AD found in Kadapa village |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/jan/09/first-telugu-inscriptiondating-back-to-575-ad-found-in-kadapa-village-2404759.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> However, there exist several Telugu label inscriptions dating back to the 2nd century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1969 |title=Telugu words in Prakrit and Sanskrit inscriptions, K. Mahadeva Sastri |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.153565/page/n38/mode/1up?view=theater |at=Chapter III; p.22-30}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bharathi19280601/page/n109/mode/2up |title=ప్రాచీనాంధ్ర శాసనాలు, వేటూరి ప్రభాకర శాస్త్రి |date=1928-06-01 |page=109 |language=Telugu}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Ancient Temples of Telangana |url=http://anyflip.com/voxm/rlzk/basic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011122959/http://anyflip.com/voxm/rlzk/basic |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=28 July 2017 |website= |publisher=Government of Telangana |page=47}}</ref>

==Renati Chodas==
The Telugu Chodas of Renadu, also called Renati Cholas, ruled over the [[Renadu]] region, the present-day [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]] district. The family seems to have had its origin in [[Kamalapuram, Kadapa|Erikal]] in the Kadapa district.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=New Age International, 1999|page=471}}</ref> They were independent sometimes{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} but mostly they were forced to suzerainty of the [[Pallavas]].

The earliest of this family was Nandivarman (500 CE) who claimed descent from the family of [[Karikala]] and the Kasyapa gotra. He had three sons, Simhavishnu, Sundarananda and Dhanunjaya, all of whom were ruling different territories simultaneously.<ref>{{cite book|title=Andhra Pradesh district gazetteers, Volume 1|author=Andhra Pradesh (India), Bh Sivasankaranarayana|publisher=Printed by the Director of Print. and Stationery at the Govt. Secretariat Press; [copies can be had from: Govt. Publication Bureau, Andhra Pradesh], 1976|page=60}}</ref> Dhanunjaya is described as Erikal-Mutturaju and as ruling [[Renadu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1. A.D. 300-985|author=Indian History Congress|publisher=People's Pub. House, 1981|page=382}}</ref>

In the first half of the seventh century, Punyakumara, a descendant of Dhanunjaya, ruled over Renadu and Hiranyarashtra. He too bears the title Erikal-Mutturaju.<ref>{{cite book|title=Administration in Andhra: From the Earliest Times to 13th Century A.D.|author=C. A. Padmanabha Sastry|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation, 1990|page=126}}</ref>

They used the Telugu language in their inscriptions of the sixth and eighth centuries. Such inscriptions have been found near [[Muddanur]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=A. D.|first=Rangarajan|date=2020-08-31|title=Rare inscription unearthed in Andhra Pradesh's Kadapa district|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rare-inscription-unearthed/article32490807.ece|access-date=2020-09-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and at [[Gandikota]], [[Jammalamadugu]] and [[Proddatur]]. In the Malepadu plates (seventh century), Renati Chola king Punyakumara stated that they belong to the family of Sangam age Chola king [[Karikala|Karikala Chola]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hultzsch |first=Eugene |date=1911–1912 |title=Epigraphia Indica |journal=Epigraphia Indica |volume=11 |pages=339 |via=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India}}</ref>

Renati Chodas:
*Nandivarman
*Simhavishnu, Sundarananda and Dhanunjayavarman
*Mahendravikramavarma
*Gunamudita and Punyakumara
*Vikramaditya Choda Maharajadhiraja I
*Saktikumara
*Vikramaditya Choda Maharajadhiraja II
*Uttamaditya and Satyaditya

==Pottapi Chodas==

Telugu Chodas of Pottapi are a branch of Renati Chodas and ruled the Cuddapah region after the fall of the latter. They had Pottapi as their capital. Pottapi lay on the northern fringe of [[Tondaimandalam]] and it embraced the bulk of [[Venkatagiri]], [[Gudur]], [[Chandragiri]] and [[Srikalahasti]] taluks of [[Tirupati district]] and [[Rajampet|Rajampet taluk]] of [[Annamayya district]]. According to some of the village records found in Andhra, Karikala Choda built many villages in Southern Andhra when he captured it from Trilochana Pallava. One of the villages is Pottapi. Pottapi became the most important village and hence the locality in the course of time acquired the name Pottapi Nadu. The early history of the Pottapi Chodas is obscure, and the circumstances leading to their acquisition of Pottapi are not known. Consequent on their downfall at the hands of the major powers like the Rashtrakutas and the minor powers like the Vaidumbas, the Renati Chodas appear to have sunk into oblivion for a short period. It is likely that some members of Renati Choda family moved eastwards and finding an opportunity established themselves as the rulers of Pottapi-nadu. A Pottapi Choda king named [[Srikantha Chola]] was ruling [[Tondai Nadu]] according to Dalavaypuram copper plates of [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya king]] Parantaka Viranarayana. In Madras Museum copper plates, this Srikantha claims descendant from Tamil king [[Karikala|Karikala Chola]] through Sundarananda of Renati Chodas. The Anbil plates<ref>{{Cite web |year=1920 |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.15 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108417}}</ref> of [[Parantaka II|Parantaka Chola II]] and Velanjeri plates<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruttani and Velanjeri Copper Plates |url=http://www.tamilartsacademy.com/articles/article28.xml}}</ref> of [[Parantaka I|Parantaka Chola I]] mention the name Sri Kantha whose name precedes that of [[Vijayalaya Chola]], however, it is unknown if both individuals are the same and share any relations between.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mahalingam |first1=T. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OQdAAAAMAAJ |title=Readings in South Indian History |last2=Gupta |first2=S. P. |last3=Ramachandran |first3=K. S. |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |year=1976 |pages=63–64 |language=en |access-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://ia801504.us.archive.org/15/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.119514/2015.119514.Readings-In-South-Indian-History_text.pdf |archive-format=PDF |archive-date=2015-08-04 |url-status=live}}</ref> The term Pottapi Choda is associated as a title with many of the chiefs of this family as for example Madhurantaka Pottapi Choda Ghattiyarasa and Madhurantaka Pottapi Choda Vimaladitya. Pottapi Chodas use the Charana Saroruha prasasti in their inscriptions.

Pottapi Chodas:
*[[Srikantha Chola|Srikantha Choda]]
*Dasavarma
*Vankēya Choda
*Balliya Choda Maharaju
*Mudigonda Choda Maharaju
*Bijjana
*Mallideva I
*Mallideva IV
*Opili Siddhi II
*Mahamandalesvara Ghattideva Maharaju alias Ghattiyarasa
*Bettarasa
*Siddharasa and Vimaladitya
*Somesvara and Mallideva

== Velanati Chodas ==
{{velanati Chodas}}

{{Main|Velanati Chodas}}

Telugu Chodas of Velanadu (Velanati Chola) were one of the Telugu Choda families. Velanadu is located in the modern [[Guntur]] district. The chieftains who ruled over Velanadu came to be known as the Velanati Chodas. One of them, Rajendra Choda II had even assumed the title Durjayakulaprakasa since Velanati Chodas claims descendant from [[Durjaya (Andhra chieftain)|Durjaya]], legendary Andhra chieftain and a descendant of Karikala Chola.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gajjala |first=Vasanta Lakshmi |title=Epigraphia Telanganica |publisher=SRAS publications |year=2023 |edition=2 |location=Hyderabad |pages=51–52 |language=English}}</ref> These Velanati chiefs were the subordinate allies of the [[Later Cholas]] of the south. They were entrusted with the responsibility of the governance of the Andhra region, which formed a part of the Chola kingdom in the between the tenth and early decades of the thirteenth century. Their capital was [[Chandole|Dhanadapura]] (Dhannada) or Sanaduprolu, the modern Chandolu in the Guntur district initially then later they ruled from Vengi in West Godavari and Pithpuram in East Godavari Districts. Dhannada is also the site of the war between the [[Cholas]] and the [[Western Chalukyas|Later Chalukyas]] when the Western Chalukya king Satyashraya invaded the Eastern Chalukyas, which was swiftly repulsed by the forces of [[Rajendra Chola I]] who helped the Eastern Chalukyas and the Velanadu Chodas with whom the Cholas had marital ties.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aiyangar |first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6zkx_Ck3FwC |title=South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders |date=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120605367 |language=en}}</ref>

The Velanati Chiefs rose to prominence among the vassals of the Chalukyas of Vengi during the early days of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] and served as the Later viceroys faithfully as their trusted lieutenants and generals. Finding his dominion dwindling, due to the ascendancy of the Kalyani Chalukyas in the Vengi country, Kulothunga Chola lent support to his loyal chieftains of Velanadu to bring the situation under control and rule over Vengi as his vassals. Evidence is available to the effect that five chieftains of Velanadu ruled over the country after which it was overrun by the Kakatiyas and became a part of their kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aiyangar |first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6zkx_Ck3FwC |title=South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders |date=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120605367 |language=en}}</ref>

Velanati Chodas:

* [[Gonka I]] (1076–1108 )
* [[Rajendra Choda I]] (1108–1132 )
* [[Gonka II]] (1132–1161 )
* [[Rajendra Choda II]] (1161–1181 )
* [[Gonka III]] (1181–1186 )
* [[Pruthviswara]] (1186–1207 )

==Konidena Chodas==
They ruled Kammanadu from 950 to 1300 A.D., which is now part of the [[Guntur district]], for about two centuries, with [[Konidena]] (also called as Kotyadona) near [[Narasaraopeta]] serving as the capital.

The Konidena Chodas were a branch of the Pottapi Chodas. They claimed descent from Dasavarma of Pottapi Chodas who was ruling Renadu country with Pottapi as capital. They also ruled over parts of [[Palanadu]] in 11th and 12th centuries. A branch of Pottapi Chodas moved northwards and started ruling with Konidena as capital. Early kings Kannara Choda and Kama Choda were independent. Tribhuvana Malla Choda, son of Kama Choda, was a chieftain to Gonka II of [[Velanati Chodas]]. Nanni Choda, son of Tribhuvana Malla Choda declared independence again, but was soon defeated and forced to be vassals again by Gonka II. After the fall of Velanadu Chodas, they were forced to suzerainty by [[Ganapatideva]] of [[Kakatiya Empire|Kakatiyas]]. They claimed descent from the Karikala Chola and used the title Lord of the city of [[Urayur]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201713/page/n441/mode/1up?q=karikala&view=theater|title=The History Of Andhra Country 1000 A D 1500 A D|author=Yashoda Devi|pages=421–443|year=1993}}</ref>

Konidena Chodas:
*Balli Choda
*Nanni Choda I
*Pottapi Kamadeva
*Kannara Choda
*Kama Choda and Tribhuvana Malla Choda
*Nanni Choda II
*Kama Choda
*Balli Choda<ref>{{Cite book |last=KumarChoda |first=Kirandynasties Ashokinclude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDxyDwAAQBAJ&dq=Telugu+Cholas&pg=PA19VELANTI, |title=InquisitivePottapi, SocialKonidena, SciencesNannuru, ForNellore Class 7 |publisher=[[Setc. Chand Group|S. Chand Publishing]] |isbn=978-93-5283-109-8 |pages=–422 |language=en}}</ref>

==Nannuru Chodas==

Nannuru Chodas were another branch of Telugu Chodas in the region of [[Pakanadu]]. The famous [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poet ''Kaviraja Sikhamani'' [[Nanne Choda]] belonged to this family. Not much is known of this clan and it is believed to have been a subordinate of [[Vikramaditya VI]] of [[Kalyani Chalukyas]].

==Nellore Chodas==
[[Nellore Chodas]] was the most predominant Chola branch who ruled south Andhra from 1100 to 1350 A.D.. Throughout a reign spanning more than two centuries, twelve members of the lineage ruled over much of Andhra region, with occasional overstretching into the Hoysala and Imperial Chola kingdoms. In general, the Cholas emperors in the early periods and the Kakatiyas in the latter periods held superiority over the Nellore cholas. But for all intents and purposes, they were effectively independent. As the Velanandu era came to an end, the Cholas' influence grew, and they played a major role in South India's political development throughout the thirteenth century A.D. They claim descent from [[Karikala Chola]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201713/page/n441/mode/1up?q=karikala&view=theater|title=The History Of Andhra Country 1000 A D 1500 A D|author=Yashoda Devi|pages=443–503|year=1993}}</ref>

Nellore Chodas:
*Bijjana
*Manumasiddharasa I
*Dayabhima and Nallasiddharasa
*Errasiddha
*Manumasiddharasa II
*Tammusiddhi
*Tikka Choda I or Thirukalatti
*Allutikka, Manumasiddharasa III and [[Vijaya Gandagopala|Vijayagandagopala]]
*Tikka Choda II
*Manumagandagopala or Nallasiddharasa III
*Rajagandagopala or Ranganatha
*Viragandagopala

==Kunduru Chodas==
Kunduru Cholas ruled with its capitals in Vardhamanapura, Penugal, and Kanduru of Telangana region from 1080 - 1260 A.D.. They ruled Mahboobnagar, Nalgonda and [[Krishna district|Krishna]] districts as their kingdom. They owed loyalty to Western Chalukyas and Kakatiyas. Their history also recorded in Kakatiya inscriptions. These kings are described that they belonged to [[Karikala Chola]] family.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201713/page/n441/mode/1up?q=karikala&view=theater|title=The History Of Andhra Country 1000 A D 1500 A D|author=Yashoda Devi|page=507|year=1993}}</ref>

Kunduru Chodas:
*Eruva Bhima Choda I
*Tondaya I
*Bhima Choda II
*Tondaya II
*Mallikarjuna Choda
*Bhimarasa
*Gokarna Choda I
*Sridevi Tondaya
*Udayaditya Choda II
*Bhima Choda IV
*Udayaditya Choda III
*Gokarna Choda II

==Eruva Cholas==
From roughly the start of the 1120-1330 A.D, a Chola family ruled over Eruvanadu, also known as "Eruvadesa." These Cholas added Eruva as a prefix to their names. Apart from the Eruva chola dynasty that governed the area around Rajahmundry during the middle of the 14th century A.D., there are more than six Eruva cholas that are known to exist. According to their increption they used titles call him the lord of [[Urayur]] and of the lineage of [[Karikala Chola]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201713/page/n441/mode/1up?q=karikala&view=theater|title=The History Of Andhra Country 1000 A D 1500 A D|author=Yashoda Devi|page=505|year=1993}}</ref>

==Unknown branches==
Different branches of Chola chiefs ruled over the Andhra Pradesh districts of Kurnool and Anantapur. Despite the fact that the beginning and end of the Chola dynasty are still unknown, all of the emperors claimed to be descended from Karikala Chola. The different Chola chiefs who governed these areas were as follows, Kandur Tondarasa Chola Maharaja presided over Kollipa, Bijjana Chola Maharaja ruled over Kanne, Pedakal-300, and Naravadi, and Mahamandalesvara Ballaya ruled over Sindavadi and Kanne Chola. Likewise, these regions were dominated by Kondaya Chola Maharaja, Udayaditya Chola Maharaja, and Chidanna Chola Maharaja.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/shdgnga.the-cholas-of-nidugal-a-study/ |title=The Cholas of Nidugal a Study |author=Kavitha R|date=31 December 1998 |page=13 |publisher=Karnatak University}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|last1=Sastri|first1=K.A. Nilakanta|author-link1=K.A. Nilakanta Sastri|title=A history of south India : from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|date=1975|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780195606867|edition=4}}
* Durga Prasad, History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D., P. G. PUBLISHERS, GUNTUR (1988)
* K.R. Subramanian, Buddhist Remains in Andhra and the History of Andhra
* Etukuri Balarama murthi, Andhrula Samkshiptha Charithra
* Paula Richman, Questioning Ramayana: A South Asian Tradition

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Chola dynasty]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]

Kambhampadu, Macherla mandal

2025-11-24T05:57:19Z

Swastikholidays: added the details w/ infobox.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kambhampadu
| other_name = Sthambapuri
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh##Location in India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|16|59|7.0794|N|80|39|12.24|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Macherla mandal|Macherla]]
| government_footnotes = <ref name="panchayat">{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archivedate=18 August 2017 |page=107 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Kambhampadu [[gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book : Guntur (Part B) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=10 June 2019 |pages=14,180 |date=2011}}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 3068
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=667804 |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=8 May 2019}}</ref>
| population_total = 8681
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522xxx
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–8649
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = AP
}}
'''Kambhampadu''' is a village in [[Palnadu district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Macherla mandal]] of [[Gurazala revenue division]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/new-gurazala-revenue-division-created/article4868383.ece|title=New Gurazala revenue division created|date=1 July 2013|work=The Hindu|accessdate=17 January 2015|location=Gurazala (Guntur District)}}</ref>

== Geography ==

Kambhampadu is situated to the northeast of the mandal headquarters, [[Macherla]],<ref name="village">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook : Guntur (Part A) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=5 June 2019 |pages=5,184–185 |date=2011}}</ref> at {{coord|16|59|7.0794|N|80|39|12.24|E|}}. It is spread over an area of {{Convert|3068|ha|abbr=on}}.<ref name="census" />

== Demographics ==
Kambhampadu has a population of 8,681 of which 4,434 are male and 4,247 are female, as per the Population Census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in|title=Census 2011 India|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2016-11-01}}</ref> In 2011, the literacy rate of Kambhampadu village was 54.90%, compared to 67.02% in the rest of the state. The male rate in Kambhampadu is 67.82% while the female rate is 41.61%.

== Governance ==

Kambhampadu [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.<ref name="panchayat" /> It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch|title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam|first=Mukkavilli|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992271|page=34|language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has a total of 3 [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]]/[[Mandal Parishad Primary School|MPP]] schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Information |url=https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |website=Commissionerate of School Education |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416174708/https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mcrhrdi.gov.in/89fc/village%20visit-week11/09Khambampadu.pdf STUDY OF KAMBHAMPADU VILLAGE, MACHERLA MANDAL, GUNTUR DISTRICT, A.P]

[[Category:Villages in Palnadu district]]

Rutger Kortenhorst

2025-10-28T10:35:30Z

Swastikholidays: started a details

{{Short description|Teacher of Sanskrit in Dublin, Ireland}}
'''Rutger Kortenhorst''' is a teacher of [[Sanskrit]] in John Scottus Senior School in [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]]. John Scottus School is a private school which has been teaching Sanskrit as a compulsory subject since its inception in 1986.<ref name="Embassy">{{cite web |title=Press Release- PM Modi's tribute to Rutger Kortenhorst on Mann Ki Baat (29.08.2021) |url=https://www.indianembassydublin.gov.in/docs/1630323146Mann%20Ki%20Baat%20Press%20Release.pdf |website=Embassy of India, Dublin, Ireland |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> In 2022, the Government of India honored him with the [[Padma Shri]] award for his dedicated work to propagate the Sanskrit language in Ireland.<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images"/>

==Life and work==

Rutger Kortenhorst, who had his education at [[St Benildus College]], a catholic only boys' secondary school in Dublin, Ireland and at [[Trinity College Dublin]], became interested in the [[Advaita Vedanta]] [[philosophy]] when he was 21 years old and was studying at Trinity College Dublin. He was initiated to the world of Advaita Vedanta by reading ''[[The Ten Principal Upanishads]]'', an English translation of the ten principal [[Upanishads]] by the Irish poet [[W. B. Yeats]] published in 1938.<ref name="Insight">{{cite web |last1=Rutger Kortenhorst, Dublin |title=Journey with Sanskrit |url=https://www.schoolinsight.org/journey-with-sanskrit/ |website=Insight |date=28 May 2021 |publisher=School of Philosophy and Political Science |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> About a year later, he began to read ''[[Vedic Mathematics]]'' a book written by the Indian monk [[Bharati Krishna Tirtha]] first published in 1965. All these kindled an interest in the Sanskrit language in Rutger Kortenhorst and he visited India several times to learn the Sanskrit language. He stayed as a guest of Dr Ramachandra Bhat in Veda Vijnana Gurukulam, [[Bangalore]] in the months of June and July in the years 2006 and 2007. Subsequently, he spent the period from June 2008 to August 2009 in the Gurukulam to develop a new method of teaching Sanskrit to children in the [[Western world]]. During this period, he also attended Sanskrit conversation camps at several places in India and spent a few fortnights with Dr Narendra in [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref name="Insight"/><ref name="Embassy"/> Dr Narendra is in charge of the ''Sanskrit Karyalaya'', a unit of the Aurobindo Ashram established to promote and popularize a simple form of Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite web |title=SANSKRIT KARYALAYA |url=https://www.sabda.in/static/ZSAN.php |website=Sabda |publisher=SABDA, a unit of the Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publication Department. |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>

Since 2016, Rutger Kortenhorst is running a Junior Certificate Course on Wellbeing targeted at 12-15 years old children. The course is based on the principles of [[Ayurveda]], an alternative medicine system developed in the Indian subcontinent, and of [[Yoga]].<ref name="Embassy"/>

==Recognition: Padma Shri==

*In the year 2022, Government of India conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, on Rutger Kortenhorst for his distinguished service in the field of education and literature.<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-25 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award is in recognition of his service as an "Irish Sanskrit Scholar promoting Ayurveda, Sanskrit and Yoga globally."<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172910/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-date=2022-01-29 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

==Other prizes and recognitions==
*In the year 2020, Rutger Kortenhorst was awarded The World Sanskrit Prize by the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="Journey">{{cite web |last1=Rutger Kortenhorst |title=Journey with Sanskrit |url=https://www.schoolinsight.org/journey-with-sanskrit/ |website=School Insight |date=28 May 2021 |publisher=School of Philosophy and Economic Science |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ethna Dorman |title=World Sanskrit Award |url=https://practicalphilosophy.ie/posts/blog/world-sanskrit-award |website=School of Philosophy and Economic Science |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>
*[[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India]], paid tribute to Rutger Kortenhorst in the episode of the [[Mann Ki Baat]] programme broadcast on 29 August 2021.<ref name="Embassy"/> In the programme, Modi said: " . . . Recently, I got to know about many such people who are engaged in the inspirational work of teaching Sanskrit in foreign lands. One such person is Mr. Rutger Kortenhorst, a well-known Sanskrit scholar and teacher in Ireland who teaches Sanskrit to the children there. Sanskrit language also plays an important role in the strengthening of cultural relations between India and Ireland . . ."<ref>{{cite web |title=PM's address in the 80th Episode of 'Mann Ki Baat' |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-address-in-the-80th-episode-of-mann-ki-baat/ |website=PMINDIA |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)#Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022|Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022]]

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/RutgerKortenhorst YouTube Channel of Rutger Kortenhorst] (This channel has videos of Sanskrit classes in John Scottus School and of children of the School chanting Upanishadic and other verses.)
*[https://www.vvgurukulam.org/?lang=en&i=1 Website of Veda Vijnana Gurukulam]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Additional reading==

*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141115215451/http://anudinam.org/2014/11/11/why-does-my-child-study-sanskrit-rutger-kortenhorst/ "Why does my child study Sanskrit?" A talk by Rutger Kortenhorst]}}
*[https://www.academia.edu/3963887/Why_we_do_Sanskrit "Why we do Sanskrit in this school?" by Rutger Kortenhorst]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:People educated at St Benildus College]]

Dukhiram Swain

2025-10-16T23:21:50Z

Swastikholidays: refine formatting for consistency per standard format

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Dukhiram Swain
|image=
|imagesize=
|caption =
|birth_date = Unknown
|birth_place = [[Jagatsinghpur district|Daraba]], [[Odisha]], India
|yearsactive = 1960–1994
|occupation = [[Actor]],
|spouse = Hemalatha Swain
|death_date = {{death date|1995|01|18}}
|birth_name =
}}
'''Dukhiram Swain''' (died 18 January 1995) was an Indian film and television actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Dukhiram Swain Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/odia/actor/dukhiram-swain |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref> He was one of the most popular villains in [[Odia cinema]] and played a variety of roles most notably as the antagonist in many Odia films and various roles in television serials.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomes |first=Eric Joseph |date=2023-04-21 |title=Dukhiram Swain Biography: Birthday, Early Life, Career, Awards, Personal Life |url=https://www.eduvast.com/biography/dukhiram-swain/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Eduvast |language=en-US}}</ref> He was considered to be one amongst the club of natural actors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-23 |title=Theatre in Odisha & Anant Mahapatra |url=https://orissadiary.com/theatre-odisha-anant-mahapatra/ |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Odisha Diary |language=en-US}}</ref> He won the [[National Film Award]] for [[Shesha Shrabana]] (1976), the [[Orissa State Film Awards|Orissa State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] and several "Best Villain" awards from State Film Awards and the Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi. He was honoured with the Jayadeva Purashkar of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/OR-Annual-2009/pdf/102-106.pdf|title=Orissa Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners|publisher=Orissa.gov.in|accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Late Dukhiram Swain was born in Daraba, [[Jagatsinghpur district]], [[Odisha]]. He was a linguist and could speak several languages fluently. He started his acting Career from [[Annapurna Theatre]] ([[Cuttack]] ). His first movie was [[Sri Lokenath]] (1960). He was mostly offered negative roles and over the years he developed a cult status in this genre of acting. On contrary to the villainous characters he portrayed in his films, he was very social & generous and was also member of various organizations. [[Matira Manisha]], [[Jajabara]], [[Shesha Shrabana]], [[Phula Chandana]], [[Paradeshi Chadhei]] and [[Rana Bhumi]] are some of his most notable films. He has acted almost all kinds of roles ranging from [[hero]], [[villain]], [[comedian]], [[character roles]] etc.
<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/magazine/article127949.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006033955/http://newindianexpress.com/magazine/article127949.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2013 |title=The versatility in villainy |accessdate=3 October 2013 |newspaper=Indian Express |date=15 May 2012 |author=Kasturi Ray}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==

* He was honoured with [[Orissa Sangeet Nataka Akademi Award]] for the Year 1984-85 in the [[Acting]] category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/OR-Annual-2009/pdf/102-106.pdf|title=Orissa Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners|publisher=Orissa.gov.in|accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref>
* He was honoured with [[Orissa State Film Award]] for Best Supporting Actor : [[Bhulihuena]] in 1987.
* He was honoured with the [[Jayadev Award]] (1994) for outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Oriya cinema.

==Filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Lakhe Siba Puji Paichi Pua]] (1997)
* [[Rana Bhumi]] (1995) As Pradhan
* [[Akuha Katha]] (1994)
* [[Rakhile Siba Mariba Kie]] (1994)
* [[Sagar Ganga]] (1994) As Bhabhani Rai
* [[Suna Bhauja]] (1994)
* [[Bhagya Hate Doro]] (1993) As Mahendra
* [[Dadagiri (1993 film)|Dadagiri]] (1993) As S.P. Abinash
* [[Anti Churi Tanti Kate]] (1992)
* [[Ghara Mora Swarga]] (1992)
* [[Maa Jahara Saha]] (1992) As Nishakar
* [[To Binu Anya Gati Nahin]] (1991) As Satura
* [[Udandi Seeta]] as Police Inspector
* [[Ama Ghara Ama Sansar]] (1991)
* [[Bastra Haran]] (1991) As Magistrate/ Abhijit's father
* [[Kapala Likhana]] (1991)
* [[Drishti (film)|Drishti]], 1990
* [[Chakadola Karuchi Leela]] (1990)
* [[Daiba Daudi]] (1990) as Jailor/Bobby's father
* [[Hisab Kariba Kalia]] (1990) As Chowdhury
* [[Maa Mate Shakti De]] (1990)
* [[Paradeshi Chadhei]] (1990)
* [[Asuchi Mo Kalia Suna]] (1989)
* [[Pratisodha Aparadh Nuhen]] (1989)
* [[Sasti]] (1989)
* [[Jahaku Rakhibe Ananta]] (1989) As Jagdish Rai
* Kanyadaan (1988) As Kailash Chowdhury
* [[Pua Moro Kala Thakura]] (1988)
* [[Akashara Aakhi]] (1987)
* [[Chaka Aakhi Sabu Dekhuchi]] (1987)
* [[Jor Jar Mulak Tar]] (1986) As Rudra Narayan
* [[Phula Chandana]] (1986)
* [[Grihalakshmi (1985 film)|Grihalakshmi]] (1985) As Ashok's father
* [[Chaka Bhaunri]] (1985)
* [[Hakim Babu]] (1985)
* [[Mamata Mage Mula]] (1985)
* [[Samay Bada Balwan (1985 film)|Samay Bada Balwan]] (1985)As D. J.
* [[School Master (1985 film)|School Master]] (1985)
* [[Dora (1984 film)|Dora]] (1984) As Wine vendor
* [[Swapna Sagara]] (1983) As Sardar
* [[Batasi Jhada]] (1981)
* [[Bilwa Mangala]] (1981)
* [[Sei Sura]] (1981)
* [[Balidan]] (1978)
* [[Jhilmil]] (1978)
* [[Saakhi Gopinath]] (1978)
* [[Shesha Shrabana]] (1976) As Nidhi Misra
* [[Jajabara]] (1975) As Rashbihari Samantrai
* [[Adina Megha]] (1970)
* [[Matira Manisha]] (1966) As Hari Mishra
* [[Sri Lokenath]] (1960)
{{div col end}}

==Photo gallery==

<gallery>

File:Mamata Mage Mula (1985).jpg | Mamata Mage Mula (1985)
File:Mamata Mage Mula.5 (1985).jpg | Mamata Mage Mula (1985)
File:Mamata Mage Mula.8 (1985).jpg | With Co-Star [[Hemant Das]] ( Mamata Mage Mula )

File:Mamata Mage Mula.4 (1985).jpg | Mamata Mage Mula
File:Mamata Mage Mula.6 (1985).jpg | Mamata Mage Mula

</gallery>

==Personal life==
{{unreferenced|section|date=January 2019}}
He was married to the late Mrs. Hemalata Swain. He is survived by two sons, Mr. Akash Kumar Swain ([[Jagatsinghpur]]), Mr. Prithiviraj Swain ([[Cuttack]]) and one daughter, Mrs. Dharitri (Swain) Das (the marriage was to Mr. Nimain Charana Das and was settled in [[Bolangir]]). He is survived, as well, by three grandchildren from his daughter's side, Mrs. Pragyan Paramita Das (the marriage was to Mr. Dhrutiman Das and was settled in [[Bangalore]]), Ms. Prachi Sucharita Das ([[Bhubaneswar]]), and Mr. Niroopkanti Das ([[Patnagarh]]).

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3368991}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120601185347/http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/OR-Annual-2009/pdf/102-106.pdf]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130311112038/http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=30736]
* [http://www.people.theiapolis.com/actor-IDSA/dukhiram-swain/]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425032041/http://www.movies.kngine.com/person.ashx?id=IA%3A3368991]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131006033955/http://newindianexpress.com/magazine/article127949.ece] [[The New Indian Express]] 8 November 2009 The versatility in villainy By Kasturi Ray
* [http://www.orissacinema.com/history/the-jayadev-awards.html] Jayadev Awards 13- Dukhiram Swain, Actor (posthumous) (1994)
* [http://chalachitra.in/award/orissa-state-film-award-winners/] ORISSA STATE FILM AWARD WINNERS – 1987 12 Best Supporting Actor : Sri Dukhiram Swain(Bhulihuena)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101218125358/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/13/stories/2010121351820200.htm] ''[[The Hindu]]'' Monday, 13 December 2010 actor and director Ram Chandra Paratihari took the Dukhiram Swain Award at State-level Amateur Drama Festival
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swain, Dukhiram}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Cinema of Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Male actors in Odia cinema]]
[[Category:People from Jagatsinghpur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Odisha]]

GSLV F15

2025-08-06T01:05:15Z

Swastikholidays: Added Some Post Basic Info

{{Short description|2025 Indian satellite launch mission}}
{{Infobox rocket launch|
| rocket = GSLV
| name = GSLV - F15
| image = GSLV-F15, NVS-02 — Launch Vehicle at Second Launch Pad (SLP) 03.webp
| caption = GSLV-F15 Launch Vehicle at Second Launch Pad
| launch = {{Start date|2025|01|29|df=yes}}, 06:23 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| pad = [[Second Launch Pad]] [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| payload = {{flagicon|India}} [[NVS-02]]
| succession = [[List of GSLV launches|GSLV launches]]
| previous = [[GSLV-F14]]
| next = [[GSLV-F16]]
}}
The '''GSLV F15''' is the 17th flight of the [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]] and the 11th flight of Mk2 variant using indigenous [[Cryogenic rocket engine|Cryogenic engine]]. It is also the 100th overall launch of an ISRO rocket since [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV-3]] E1 in 1979.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=GSLV-F15 / NVS-02 MISSION |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/GSLV-F15_NVS-02_Mission.html |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

== Launch ==
The GSLV-F15, carrying the [[NVS-02]] satellite, lifted off from the spaceport's second launch pad at 06:23 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. The satellite was injected into a [[geostationary transfer orbit]] (GTO) 19 minutes after launch from [[Sriharikota]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=GSLV-F15 lifts off with NVS-02 satellite in Isro's 100th launch from Sriharikota |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-gslv-f15-nvs-02-mission-launched-navic-system-100th-lunahc-sriharikota-2671657-2025-01-29 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=C.S |first=Hemanth |date=2025-01-29 |title=ISRO successfully launches NVS-02 satellite; creates history with the 100th launch from Sriharikota |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/isro-successfully-launches-nvs-02-satellite/article69153254.ece |access-date=2025-02-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-29 |title=Isro's GSLV-F15 rocket carrying navigation satellite NVS-02 lifts off from Sriharikota |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isros-gslv-f15-rocket-carrying-navigation-satellite-nvs-02-lifts-off-from-sriharikota/articleshow/117661968.cms |access-date=2025-02-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

It was the First mission undertaken by newly appointed ISRO chairman Dr. [[V. Narayanan (engineer)|V. Narayanan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO Hits 100th Rocket Launch Milestone With Navigation Sat Mission |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-isros-100th-mission-gslv-f15-carrying-navigation-satellite-lifts-off-7583314 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Mission overview ==
Primary payload: [[NVS-02]].

This launch vehicle is an 3-stage launch vehicle. The first stage of GSLV was also derived from the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]]'s PS1. The 138 tonne solid rocket motor is augmented by 4 liquid strap-ons which is powered by a [[Vikas (rocket engine)|Vikas]] rocket engine. GSLV-F15 payload fairing is a metallic version with a diameter of 3.4 meters.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2023 |title=Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark II|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/GSLV_CON.html}}</ref>

== Mission Statistics ==

* '''Mass''': 420.7 Tonnes at Liftoff<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=GSLV-F15 NVS-02 Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/GSLVF15/GSLV-F15_NVS-02_EngBrochure240125.pdf |website=isro.gov.in }}</ref>
** ''Payload weight:'' ''2250kg''
* '''Overall height''': {{cvt|50.9|m}}<ref name=":1" />
* '''Propellant''':
** ''Boosters'' ''(L40):'' [[Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]]+ [[N2O4|N2O4]]
** ''Stage 1'' ''(S139):'' [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB]]
** ''Stage 2'' ''(GL40-HT):'' [[Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]]+ [[N2O4|N2O4]]
** ''Stage 3'' ''(GS-3-CUS):'' [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] + [[Liquid hydrogen|LH2]]
* '''Propellant mass''':
** ''Boosters:'' {{cvt|42,700|kg}}
** ''Stage 1:'' {{cvt|138100|kg}}
** ''Stage 2:'' {{cvt|42,150|kg}}
** ''Stage 3:'' {{cvt|14,960|kg}}
* '''Altitude''': [[Apsis|Perigee]]: 170 km [[Apsis|Apogee]]: 36577 km
* '''Inclination''':20.79 ± 0.1 °
* '''Azimuth''':106 °

This launch vehicle is an 3-stage launch vehicle. The first stage of GSLV was also derived from the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]]'s PS1. The 138 tonne solid rocket motor is augmented by 4 liquid strap-ons which is powered by a [[Vikas (rocket engine)|Vikas]] rocket engine.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Indian Space Research Organisation |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/GSLV_CON.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
[https://www.isro.gov.in/ ISRO official website]

{{GSLV}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{orbital launches in 2025}}
{{Portal bar|India|Space flight|Science|Technology|Transport}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rocket launches in 2025]]
[[Category:Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle]]
[[Category:January 2025 in India]]

Foreign aid to India

2025-08-05T02:21:48Z

Swastikholidays: Added A Info V1

{{Short description|none}}
'''The Indian government receives foreign aid''' from various nations and international organisations.

== Aid received ==
In 2010, British newspaper ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported the aid received by India to be less than 1% of its [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and that India has declined to take foreign aid recently.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2010/nov/08/india-aid-economic-development | title=If India doesn't 'need' aid, why do foreign governments still give it? | publisher=The Guardian | date=8 November 2010 | access-date=14 May 2019 | author=Glennie, Jonathan}}</ref>

The [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) compiled and published a data in 2015 indicating that from the period 1946-2012, India has been the recipient of highest aid from United States. The amount of economic aid, adjusted to inflation then, was reported to be USD 65.1 billion.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/India-top-recipient-of-US-economic-aid/articleshow/48093123.cms | title=India top recipient of US economic aid | publisher=Times of India | date=16 July 2015 | access-date=15 May 2019 | author=Rajghatta, Chidanand}}</ref>

In 2021, the Indian government stated that it had received help from 52 nations during the second wave of COVID-19. <ref>{{cite web | title=52 countries helped India during second wave of Covid-19 pandemic: Centre | website=The Times of India | date=2021-07-22 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/52-countries-helped-india-during-second-wave-of-covid-19-pandemic-centre/articleshow/84647250.cms | access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref> Countries that provided aid to India during the second wave of COVID-19 included France, China, Ireland, the United States, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Australia, Bhutan and others. <ref>{{cite web | last=Bhattacherjee | first=Kallol | title=Aid pours in from the world to counter India's COVID-19 second wave | website=The Hindu | date=2021-04-27 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/us-leads-international-support-to-enable-india-counter-the-covid-19s-deadly-second-wave/article34424416.ece | access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref> In 2023, the USAID stated that it had donated {{usd|200}} million for India's COVID-19 relief.<ref>{{cite web | title=U.S. Provides Additional Covid-19 Assistance to India | website=U.S. Agency for International Development | date=2023-11-03 | url=https://www.usaid.gov/india/press-release/us-provides-additional-covid-19-assistance-india | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524225332/https://www.usaid.gov/india/press-release/us-provides-additional-covid-19-assistance-india | url-status=dead | archive-date=May 24, 2024 | access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Trump administration suspends all foreign aid, orders review | website=The Hindu | date=2025-01-27 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/trump-administration-suspends-all-foreign-aid-orders-review/article69145464.ece | access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref>

In 2025, the US mission in India began reviewing their grants to comply with the executive orders passed by President [[Donald Trump]] that suspended all foreign aid. <ref>{{cite web | last=Roy | first=Shubhajit | title=After Donald Trump’s order, US mission in India starts ‘review’ of aid | website=The Indian Express | date=2025-01-26 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/after-trumps-order-us-mission-starts-review-of-aid-9799430/ | access-date=2025-01-28}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian foreign aid]]

* [[Indo-Norwegian Project]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}

[[Category:Foreign aid to India| ]]

Ministry of Civil Supplies, Food and Consumer Affairs

2025-08-04T12:34:26Z

Swastikholidays: Started New Pg

{{Short description|Position in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Civil Supplies
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Viniyōgadārula Vyavahārālu, Āhāraṁ mariyu Paura Sarapharāla Śākha Mantrī}}
| insignia =
| insigniasize = 200px
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Emblem of Andhra Pradesh]]
| image = Nadendla_Manohar_AP_Speaker.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Nadendla Manohar]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 12 June 2024
| department = Department of Consumer Affairs, Food & Civil Supplies
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation =
| member_of = [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|Andha Pradesh Cabinet]]
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]] [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| inaugural = [[Paritala Sunitha]]
| formation = 8 June 2014
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|https://civilsupplies.ap.gov.in///APPRPortal/|Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Civil Supplies''' is the head of the Department of Consumer Affairs, Food & Civil Supplies of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].

The incumbent Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food & Civil Supplies is [[Nadendla Manohar]] from the [[Janasena Party]].

== List of ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 |#
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" | Minister {{small|(Lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election {{small|(Term)}}
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Ministry
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Chief Minister
!rowspan=2 |Ref.
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
!1
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[File: Paritala Suneetha.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Paritala Sunitha]]''' {{small|(born 1970) MLA for [[Raptadu Assembly constituency|Raptadu]]}}
|8 June 2014
|1 April 2017
|'''{{ayd|8 June 2014|1 April 2017}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] {{small|[[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(14th)]]}}
|rowspan=2 |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| '''[[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu III]]'''
|rowspan=2 |[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-08 |title=19 ministers take oath along with Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/19-ministers-take-oath-along-with-chandrababu-naidu/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!2
|[[File:Prattipati Pulla Rao on December 29, 2014 (cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Prathipati Pulla Rao]]''' {{small|(born 1958) MLA for [[Chilakaluripet Assembly constituency|Chilakaluripet]]}}
|2 April 2017
|29 May 2019
|'''{{ayd|2 April 2017|29 May 2019}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=G. v r Subba |date=2017-04-02 |title=Chandrababu Naidu's son Nara Lokesh takes oath as Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chandrababu-naidus-son-nara-lokesh-takes-oath-as-minister/article17762250.ece |access-date=2022-10-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!3
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Kodali Nani]]''' {{small|(born 1971) MLA for [[Gudivada Assembly constituency|Gudivada]]}}
|30 May 2019
|7 April 2022
|'''{{ayd|30 May 2019|7 April 2022}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] {{small|[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(15th)]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#94A2F7"| '''[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Jagan]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-30 |title=Jaganmohan Reddy sworn-in as Andhra Pradesh chief minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jaganmohan-reddy-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister/articleshow/69574758.cms |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!4
|
|'''[[Karumuri Venkata Nageswara Rao]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MLA for [[Tanuku Assembly constituency|Tanuku]]}}
|11 April 2022
|11 June 2024
|'''{{ayd|11 April 2022|11 June 2024}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2022-04-11 |title=25 members of Jagan Reddy's revamped Cabinet take oath |url=https://www.siasat.com/25-members-of-jagan-reddys-revamped-cabinet-take-oath-2306655/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!5
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janasena Party}}"|
|[[File: Nadendla_Manohar_AP_Speaker.jpg |97x97px]]
|'''[[Nadendla Manohar]]''' {{small|(born 1969) MLA for [[Tenali Assembly constituency|Tenali]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|'''{{ayd|12 June 2024|}}'''
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] {{small|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(16th)]]}}
|[[Janasena Party]]
|bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| '''[[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu IV]]'''
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-14 |title=Full list of Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers with portfolios: Who gets what |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-council-of-ministers-full-list/article68288989.ece |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]

Rajkumari Amrit Kaur College of Nursing

2025-08-04T08:49:17Z

Swastikholidays: started new biography

{{Short description|Nursing college in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Rajkumari Amrit Kaur College of Nursing
| image =
| caption = Rajkumari Amrit Kaur College of Nursing
| location = [[Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi]], India
| founder = [[Margaretta Craig]]
| affiliation = [[University of Delhi]]
| established = 1946
| website = {{url|http://rakcon.com}}
}}

'''Rajkumari Amrit Kaur College of Nursing''' is a public funded institute administratively governed by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Digital Sansad | url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/Committee_site/Committee_File/ReportFile/14/142/126_2021_3_11.pdf | access-date=2025-02-16 | website=rajyasabha.nic.in}}</ref> It is a constituent college of [[University of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.du.ac.in/index.php?page=colleges-at-du|title=Colleges at DU - Delhi University|website=www.du.ac.in}}</ref> The college ranked second in India for Nursing Education (2016).<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/delhi/delhi-university/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-college-of-nursing-delhi-university/articleshow/20329457.cms|title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur College of Nursing|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref>

==History==
The history of Rajkumari Amrit Kaur College of Nursing can be traced back to the School of Nursing Administration founded in 1943.

As a temporary campus, the college was allotted the vacated American Army Barracks and its Ccensor's block at, Jaswant Singh Road, and FEB Hostel at Curzon Road New Delhi walkable distance from India Gate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Craig |first1=Margaretta |title=The College of Nursing in New Delhi |journal=The American Journal of Nursing |date=April 1951 |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=238–239 |pmid=14819106 |url=https://journals.lww.com/ajnonline/Citation/1951/04000/The_College_of_Nursing_in_New_Delhi.31.aspx }}</ref> College of Nursing, New Delhi since its inception is a constituent college of University of Delhi. In 1971, the [[President of India]] Shri. [[V.V. Giri]] laid the foundation stone for a new college campus consisting of Teaching & Administrative block, UG & PG hostels, Residential quarters/family accommodation for teachers, non-teaching staff and a playground. In July 1973 the college shifted to its permanent campus at Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

==Etymology==
The School of Nursing Administration amalgamated into the College of Nursing in 1946. In 1973, College of Nursing New Delhi was renamed as ‘Rajkumari Amrit Kaur College of Nursing’ after [[Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]] independent India's first Health Minister who was instrumental in the development of the college as well as the nursing profession in India.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

==Campus==
The campus is located in [[South Delhi]], Lajpat Nagar, adjacent to [[Moolchand metro station]] and Central School, Andrewsganj, [[New Delhi]].

==Academics==
The college offers Undergraduate and graduate programs in nursing.
* BSc.(Hons.) Nursing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-college-of-nursing/story-o58yToWkq83Nperarj1rzH.html|title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur College of Nursing|date=7 February 2014|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* MSc. Nursing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2015/jun/01/nursing-the-needy-749243.html|title=Nursing the Needy|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 May 2015 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web| title=Prospactus - M.Sc Nursing | url=http://rakcon.com/DataFiles/CMS/file/Prospectus%20M_Sc%20Nursing%202021-22.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612133116/http://rakcon.com/DataFiles/CMS/file/Prospectus%20M_Sc%20Nursing%202021-22.pdf | archive-date=2021-06-12}}</ref>
* M.Phil. in Nursing<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.delhieducation.net/universities/du/colleges/rajkumari-amrit-kaur-college-of-nursing.aspx|title=Rajkumari Amrit Kaur College of Nursing New Delhi | RAKCN Delhi University|website=www.delhieducation.net}}</ref>
* Ph.D. in Nursing<ref name="auto2"/>

Apart from the regular academic programs, the college also serves as a study center for [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ignou.cc/centers/delhi-1/rak-college-of-nursing-0700/|title=RAK College of Nursing – Ignou Study Center}}</ref> The college is also designated as regional center for Ph.D. in Nursing program of [[Indian Nursing Council]], a [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) supported initiative.<ref name="auto2"/>

==Department==
* Nursing Arts
* Medical & Surgical Nursing
* Pediatric Nursing
* Obstetrics & Obstetrical Nursing
* Psychiatric Nursing
* Nursing Research
* Community Health Nursing
* Continuing Education
* Child Guidance Clinic
* Rural Field Teaching Centre Chhawla

==Students==
Students from almost every state & UT of India are on the rolls, international students are mainly from SAARC countries, Sub-Saharan African countries and the Middle-East. International students have to apply through the Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India.

==Successive principals==
*[[Margaretta Craig]] [[OBE]] (1946–1958)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results/1950-01-01/1959-12-31?basicsearch=nightingale+nurses&somesearch=nightingale+nurses&retrievecountrycounts=false&newspapertitle=belfast+telegraph&sortorder=score|title=Results for 'nightingale nurses' | Between 1st Jan 1950 and 31st Dec 1959 | Belfast Telegraph | Publication | British Newspaper Archive|via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsGENpjR9EkC&dq=margaretta+craig+florence+nightingale+medal+red+cross&pg=PA150|title=Our Shared Legacy: Nursing Education at Johns Hopkins, 1889–2006|first=Mame|last=Warren|date=9 June 2006|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=9780801884733 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
*[[Edith Buchanan]] (1958-1964)<ref>{{Cite web| title=Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge | url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llmlp/65002328_RC_Supp-May-1960/65002328_RC_Supp-May-1960.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111154832/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llmlp/65002328_RC_Supp-May-1960/65002328_RC_Supp-May-1960.pdf | archive-date=2023-11-11}}</ref>
*[[Sulochana Krishnan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princess-srinagarindraaward.org/news/20 |title=Dr. (Mrs.) Sulochana Krishnan, Laureate2003 |publisher=Princess-srinagarindraaward.org |date= |access-date=2022-06-21}}</ref>
*Anna Gupta (née Mathews)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.uwindsor.ca/nursing/sites/uwindsor.ca.nursing/files/tribute_to_anna_gupta.pdf | title=A tribute to professor Anna Gupta | website=www.uwindsor.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/windsor-on/anna-gupta-8044929|title=Anna Gupta Obituary - Windsor, ON|website=Dignity Memorial}}</ref>
*Aparna Bhaduri <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/nursing-care-contributes-to-hospitals-reputation-says-mahe-pro-chancellor/articleshow/62999833.cms|title=Nursing care contributes to hospital's reputation, says MAHE Pro-Chancellor - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=20 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=neolAQAAMAAJ|title=Health Research: A Community-based Approach|first=Aparna|last=Bhaduri|date=24 June 1981|publisher=Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization|isbn=978-0-929022-11-6 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
*Bandana Bhattacharya
*Asha Sharma
*Kalpana Madal
*Santosh Mehta
*Harinderjeet Goyal

==Notable alumni==
* Dr. [[Anice George]]
* Dr. [[Aparna Bhaduri]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Bhaduri+A&cauthor_id=6569537 | title=Bhaduri A - Search Results - PubMed }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{University of Delhi}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:1943 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Nursing in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1946]]

Udaipur World Music Festival

2025-07-29T14:18:20Z

Swastikholidays: Creating a article more to come!

{{cleanup|reason=spelling, case, structure|date=January 2018}}
{{cleanup reorganize|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Udaipur World Music Festival
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| native_name = Udaipur World Music Festival
| native_name_lang = English
| english_name =
| time =
| duration =
| date = {{start and end dates|2016|02|13|2016|02|14}}
| venue = [[Fateh Sagar Lake|Fateh Sagar]], Railway Training Institute Ground
| location = [[Udaipur]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.6051541|73.6787729|type:event_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| also_known_as =
| type =
| theme =
| cause =
| first_reporter =
| budget =
| patron = 
| organisers = [[SEHER]], Hindustan Zinc, [[wonder cement]], Rajasthan Tourism
| filmed_by =
| participants =
| outcome =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| reported deaths =
| reported injuries =
| reported missing =
| reported property damage =
| burial =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| arrests =
| suspects =
| accused =
| convicted =
| charges =
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| verdict =
| convictions =
| sentence =
| publication_bans =
| litigation =
| awards =
| url =
| website = http://www.udaipurworldmusicfestival.com
| notes =
}}

The '''Udaipur World Music Festival''' is a cultural event held at [[Udaipur]] city in the state of [[Rajasthan]]. In this event, artists from around the globe joins to give a variety of performances. The World Music Festival is scheduled to be an annual event, conducted every year in February. The festival features live performances by international artists.<ref name="Tourism-of-india">{{cite web|title=Udaipur World Music Festival|url=https://www.tourism-of-india.com/events-festival/udaipur-world-music-festival.html|website=Tourism-of-india.com|publisher=Indian Holiday Pvt. Ltd.|accessdate=18 September 2017}}</ref> Till date, two editions has been conceptualized, the first was held on 13–14 February 2016, the second edition was held from 10–12 February 2017.

==General==
The first version of India's World Music Festival is conceptualized by Sanjeev Bhargava, produced by SEHER and presented by Hindustan Zinc in association with [[Wonder cement]] and Rajasthan Tourism. The cultural organisation SEHER will be responsible for conceptualising and carrying out the event.<ref name=Business-Standard>{{cite web|title=Udaipur to host World Music Festival | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/udaipur-to-host-world-music-festival-116010700738_1.html|website=Business Standard|publisher=Business Standard Private Ltd.|accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref>

==First Edition==
The first edition of India’s first World Music Festival was held on 13 February 2016. It included global artists and ensembles from more than 12 countries, including Spain, Ghana, Venezuela, Italy, France as well as India.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite web|title=World Music Festival to be held in Udaipur in February|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/world-music-festival-to-be-held-in-udaipur-in-february/article8079111.ece|website=thehindu.com|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref>
Featured artists joining the event include French composer [[Mathias Duplessy]], Rajasthani vocalist [[Mukhtiyar Ali]], Grammy-award-winning singer [[Dobet Gnahoré]], [[Sonam Kalra]], the Sufi Gospel Project, the [[Raghu Dixit Project]] and many more.<ref name=cntraveller>{{cite web|title=Should you care about a world music festival in Udaipur?|url=http://www.cntraveller.in/story/the-8-great-bazaars-of-india/|website=cntraveller.in|publisher=The Conde Nast Traveller|accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref>

===Featured performers===
Performers at the festival have included:
* Mathias Duplessy
* Mukhtiyar Ali
* [[Dobet Gnahoré]]
* Sonam Kalra
* [[Raghu Dixit Project]]

===Schedule===
As per official information, schedule will be as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=Udaipur World Music Festival|url=http://www.udaipurworldmusicfestival.com/|website=udaipurworldmusicfestival|publisher=SEHER|accessdate=22 January 2016}}</ref>

====13 February 2016====
Venue: Fateh Sagar Paal

Afternoon (2pm - 5pm)
Instrumental Quint by
* [[Saskia Rao-de Haas]],
* [[Shubhendra Rao]],
* [[Sharat Chandra Srivastava]],
* FAKHRODDIN GHAFFARI

Fado by
* [[Carminho]]

Spanish Guitar by
* [[José María Gallardo Del Rey]]

Evening (6pm - 10pm)
Venue: Railway Training Institute Ground

Flamenco Music & Dance by
* JUANMA ZURANO & TAMARA. PASO A DOS

African Beat Music by
* [[Dobet Gnahoré]]

Fusion Rock Band by
* THE RAGHU DIXIT PROJECT

====14 February 2016====
Venue: Fateh Sagar Paal
Afternoon (2pm - 5pm)

Fusion of Sufi & Gospel Music by
* SONAM KALRA & THE SUFI GOSPEL PROJECT

Moroccan Saharian Soul by
* OUM

Fusion of Sufi & French Music by
* MATHIAS DUPLESSY & [[Mukhtiyar Ali]]

Evening (6pm - 10pm)

Venue:Railway Training Institute Ground

Jazz Fusion by
* ITALY MEETS INDIA

Afro Beat Venezuelan Cumbia by
* FAMILY ATLANTICA

Fusion Rock Band by
*PAPON AND THE EAST INDIA COMPANY

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.udaipurworldmusicfestival.com}}

[[Category:World music festivals]]
[[Category:Culture of Udaipur]]
[[Category:Music festivals in India]]