Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Raajadhani Files

2026-05-07T22:41:23Z

Swap72: new initial pg added tags - done

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu political thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raajadhani Files
| image = Rajadhani Files movie poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| story = Bhanu Shankar
| screenplay = Bhanu Shankar
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Anil Acchugatla
}}
| producer = {{ubl | K. Ravi Shankar | Hima Bindu (presenter)}}
| director = Bhanu Shankar
| starring = {{ubl
| Agilan Pushparaj
| Vishal Patni
| [[Vinod Kumar Alva]]
| [[Vani Viswanath]]
}}
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = Ramesh
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = TeluguOne Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|2|15}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Raajadhani Files''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[political thriller]] film written and directed by Bhanu Shankar and Produced by Ravi Shankar Kantamanenie.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Feb/14/andhra-pradesh-hc-reserves-verdict-on-plea-against-rajadhani-files |title=Andhra Pradesh HC reserves verdict on plea against 'Rajadhani Files' |date=14 February 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214153752/https://adgebra.co.in/afpf/TPHtmlTemplate?p1=181&p2=null&p3=1&p6=6729&p7=0&p8=0&refUrl=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Feb/14/andhra-pradesh-hc-reserves-verdict-on-plea-against-rajadhani-files&p4=newindianexpress.com |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2024/tollywood/rajadhani-files-movie-team-press-meet-srk-50990.html |title=Rajadhani files: 'రాజధాని ఫైల్స్' ప్రజల సినిమా.. సామాజిక బాధ్యతతో తీసిన చిత్రం | Rajadhani files Movie Team Press Meet srk |date=13 February 2024 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214153000/https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2024/tollywood/rajadhani-files-movie-team-press-meet-srk-50990.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2024/andhra-pradesh/stop-the-release-of-rajadhani-files-1211052.html |title='రాజధాని ఫైల్స్‌' విడుదలను ఆపండి |date=14 February 2024 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213215034/https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2024/andhra-pradesh/stop-the-release-of-rajadhani-files-1211052.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars Agilan Pushparaj (in his Telugu debut), Vishal Patni, [[Vinod Kumar Alva]], and [[Vani Viswanath]] in pivotal roles. It was released amid protests on 15 February 2024 to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/rajadhani-files-hc-reserves-verdict-ysrc-challenges-censor-certificate/articleshow/107675664.cms |title=Rajadhani Files: HC reserves verdict |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214152134/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/rajadhani-files-hc-reserves-verdict-ysrc-challenges-censor-certificate/articleshow/107675664.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/andhra-pradesh-high-court/andhra-pradesh-high-court-hearing-ysr-congress-party-plea-rajdhani-files-release-certificate-cm-jagan-mohan-reddy-249489 |title=Andhra Pradesh High Court Reserves Order In Plea Against Release Of 'Rajdhani Files' Over Alleged Defamation Of CM Jagan Mohan Reddy |first=Fareedunnisa |last=Huma |date=14 February 2024 |website=livelaw.in |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214152259/https://platform.twitter.com/widgets/widget_iframe.2f70fb173b9000da126c79afe2098f02.html?origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livelaw.in |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/rajadhani-files-movie-review/0203/124031807 |title=Rajadhani Files Review: రివ్యూ: 'రాజ‌ధాని ఫైల్స్‌'.. సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే? |website=EENADU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/raajadhani-files-review-a-not-so-great-political-drama-that-fails-to-impress-review-107742602 |title=Raajadhani Files Review: A Not-So-Great Political Drama That Fails To Impress |date=16 February 2024 |website=Times Now}}</ref>

==Premise==
The film is set against the backdrop of [[2019–2024 Amaravati protests]] by farmers against the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh |Andhra Pradesh Government]] in 29 villages of [[Guntur district|Guntur]] and [[Krishna district|Krishna districts]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rajadhani-files-trailer-600-real-life-farmers-come-together-to-tell-their-tale-101707143134621.html |title=Rajadhani Files trailer: 600 real-life farmers come together to tell their tale |date=5 February 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212085302/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rajadhani-files-trailer-600-real-life-farmers-come-together-to-tell-their-tale-101707143134621.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* Agilan Pushparaj as Gowtham
* Vishal Patni as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
* [[Vinod Kumar Alva]] as Farmer
* [[Vani Viswanath]] as Farmer
* [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]]
* Veena Panchaparvala as Aishwarya
* [[Ajay Rathnam]]
* Amrutha Chowdary
* Shanmukh
* Madhu
* Ankita Thakur (special appearance) in "Touch Chesey" song
}}

== Music ==
Music by [[Mani Sharma]]. Lyrics by [[Suddala Ashok Teja]] and [[Venigalla Rambabu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/raajadhani-files-ep/1739053459 |title=Raajadhani Files - EP by Mani Sharma on Apple Music |date=28 March 2024 |via=music.apple.com}}</ref>
*"Yeruvaka Saagaaroo"
*"Chenu Talli"
*"Idi Chedirina Swapnam"
*"Prabhatamaa"
*"Gudivada Casino"
*"Padayatra"

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt31186842}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about farmers' suicides in India]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Journalism adapted into films]]
[[Category:Films about Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
[[Category:Films about social realism]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Biographical films about politicians]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Films à clef]]
[[Category:2024 controversies]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Nagaland

2026-05-06T21:44:56Z

Swap72: Adding Initial Data V1

{{WikiProject status|Inactive|parent=India|type=geo|sc1=WP:INNL}}

{| width="100%" style="background-color:#80ceff; padding:2px; border-top:2px solid #000;border-bottom:2px solid #000; border-left:2px solid #000; border-right:2px solid #000; " cellspacing="5" valign="top"|
__NOTOC__
|-
|style="background-color:#f0fffe;padding:10px" valign="top"|

{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}

Welcome to the [[Wikiproject]] [[Nagaland]] page under the parent [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India]]. We are concerned with the related topics of the Nagaland-related topics. In addition, we intend to cover all [[Naga people]]-related topics, the [[Indigenous peoples]] living in the Indian states of [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]], [[Assam]], and [[Arunachal Pradesh]], as well as the [[Naga Self-Administered Zone]], [[Sagaing Region]] and [[Kachin State]] in Myanmar.

If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Nagaland/to do|to-do list]] there.

'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Nagaland/New articles|New articles]]''' page contains articles that may be Nagaland related. Please add this page your watchlist and monitor the articles.

==Scope==
The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to [[Nagaland]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:Nagaland]] and [[:Category:India]]. We also cover all [[Naga people]]-related topics.

==Goals==
# To create standardised look and feel for all Nagaland-related and Naga people-related articles.
# To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|Featured Articles]] as possible related to Nagaland.
# To create new pages related to the Naga people.
# To create [[Portal:Nagaland]].
# To create [[Portal:Naga people]]

==Participants==
To join WikiProject Nagaland, edit this section and add the [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] <code><nowiki>#{{subst:me}}</nowiki></code> with your areas of interest to the bottom of the following list of members. Members should also place [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Nagaland#Member identification|member identification]] on their user page.
#{{User|Tinucherian}}
#{{User|KakhoSimpson}}
#{{User|Astra Travasso}}
#{{User|FlyJet777}}

===Former members===
Thank you for your help! Please move your username back to the active list when you can participate again.
#{{User|Buaidh}} 19:09:20, 19 July 2019 (UTC) – WikiProject templates and categories.
#{{User|GDibyendu}} 02:18:00, 14 May 2025 (UTC)
#{{User|R N Zhasa}} 02:19:00, 14 May 2025 (UTC)
#{{User|Releaseme2}} 02:20:15, 14 May 2025 (UTC)
#{{User|PeterModoli}} 02:21:00, 14 May 2025 (UTC)

===Member identification===
Members of WikiProject Nagaland should place one of the following lines of [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] on their [[Special:MyPage|user page]] to add it to '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:WikiProject Nagaland participants]]}}'''.
{{yytop}}
{{yycat|WikiProject Nagaland participants}}
{{yy|Template:User WikiProject Nagaland}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Nagaland}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Nagaland|invite}}
{{yy|User Zapu Phizo}}
{{yy|User Sakhrie}}
{{yyend}}
For other Nagaland user templates, see '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:Nagaland user templates]]}}'''.

==WikiProject Award==
If you notice someone making outstanding contributions to this project, please feel free to give them any of the following [[Wikipedia:Barnstars|barnstars]].

===The Naga Star===
For significant contribution to Naga-related pages, across state and national borders.

'''Syntax:''' {{tlsp|The Naga Star | message <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>}}.
It will produce:

{| style="border: 2px solid {{{border|gray}}}; background-color: {{{color|#80ceff}}};"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|120px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; color: #003252; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em | '''The Naga Star'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | {{{1}}}
|}

==Parentage==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India]]
**[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/States|Indian states]]

==Portal==
*[[Portal:Nagaland]]

== Discussion ==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Nagaland]]

==Naming conventions==
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

==Structure==
Refer to
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections]] for district articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_cities#Sections]] for city articles

== WikiProject Nagaland notice ==

Place this WikiProject notice {{tl|WP India}} at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the WikiProject Nagaland for guidelines.

To use it, place
'''<nowiki>{{WP India|nagaland=yes|nagaland-importance=}}</nowiki>'''
at the top of an article's Talk page.
It will produce:
{{WP India|nagaland=yes|category=no}}

==Hot articles==
<div style="float:right;margin-left:1em; font-size:79%;">
{{/Hot articles}}
</div>

==Featured articles==
* none at the moment

===Featured lists===
* none at the moment

==Good Articles==
* none at the moment

==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|FAC]]==
* none at the moment

==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Peer review|PR]]==
* none at the moment

==Stubs==
For stubs about the geography of Nagaland, use '''{{tl|nagaland-geo-stub}}'''. This will go into the [[:Category:Nagaland geography stubs]] category.

==New article requests==
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* [[District Library, Dimapur]]
* [[District Library, Tuensang]]
* [[District Library, Wokha]]
* [[G. Kanato Chophy]], anthropologist
* [[Golmei Gaiphulshillu Kabui]], retired judge
* [[Sapu Changkija]], scientist
* [[Glenn T. Thong]], geologist
* [[Tiatoshi Jamir]], archaeologist
* [[Rosemary Dzuvichü]], professor and activist
* [[Sentilong Ozukum]], bureaucrat and writer
* [[Ao Baptist Arogo Mungdang]], church organisation (remove redirect to NBCC)
* [[Konyak Baptist Bumeinok Bangjüm]], church organisation
* [[Lotha Baptist Ekhümkho Sanrhyutsü]], church organisation
* [[Niketu Iralu]], peace activist
* [[Aküm Longchari]], publisher
* [[Changkong Chang]], politician
* [[H. Sao Chang]], politician
* [[Sao Chang College]], educational institution (remove redirect)
* [[Lüruri pottery]], trade
* [[Anishi]], food
* [[Machihan]], food
* [[Tathu]], food
* [[Bastenga]], food
* [[Chavan Kumhrin]], festival
* [[Naga literature in English]]
* [[Tenyidie literature]]
* [[Ao literature]]
* [[Tangkhul literature]]
* [[Lotha literature]]
* [[Naga newsmedia in Nagaland]]
* [[Naga newsmedia in Manipur]]
* [[Radio in Nagaland]]
* [[Radio in Manipur]]
* [[Naga logdrum]]
* [[Nandita Haksar]], author and human rights activist
* [[Abraham Lotha]], anthropologist, linguist, and religious leader
* [[T. C. K. Lotha]], bureaucrat
* [[Mhondamo Kithan]], politician
* [[Naga People's Movement for Human Rights]], organisation
* [[Nagaland State Transport]], public transport service
* [[Nyeiwang Konyak]], politician
{{colend}}

==To-do list==
[https://bambots.brucemyers.com/cwb/bycat/Nagaland.html Nagaland Cleanup listing]

[[Category:WikiProject Nagaland| ]]
[[Category:India-related WikiProjects|Nagaland]]

Kozhikode–Wayanad Tunnel Road

2026-05-06T00:13:39Z

Swap72: Made Post!

{{Short description|Proposed tunnel in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox tunnel
| name = Kozhikode–Wayanad Tunnel Road
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[Kerala]], India
| map =
| coordinates =
| route =
| status =
| start = 2025
| end = 2029
| startwork =
| opened =
| close =
| owner =
| operator =
| traffic = Automotive
| character = Passenger and Freight
| toll =
| vpd =
| construction =
| length =
{{convert|8100|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| lanes =
| speed =
| hielevation =
| lowelevation =
| height =
| width =
| grade =
}}

'''Kozhikode - Wayanad Tunnel''' or '''Anakkampoyil -Kalladi - Meppadi Tunnel''' is a twin-tube [[tunnel|tunnel road]] project in the [[South India]]n state of [[Kerala]] which is under construction. This road tunnel, is the third longest underpass in India would run through the sensitive hills and forests of the [[Western Ghats]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2020 |title=A proposed road tunnel beneath Western Ghats in Kerala: purpose, concerns |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-a-proposed-road-tunnel-beneath-western-ghats-purpose-concerns-6705812/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It would provide an alternate route between [[Kozhikode]] and [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] and will reduce the distance between [[Anakkampoyil|Anakkampoil]] and [[Meppadi|Meppady]] from 42 kilometres to less than 20 kilometres. The tunnel road is also expected to lead to a better economic growth and development in the region. Once the construction is completed, the distance between Kozhikode and Bangalore would be shortened, and the districts of Wayanad and Kozhikode will be linked without crossing the [[Thamarassery Churam]].

The project started in 1980's by public interest. In 2011-2016, UDF government allowed fund in Budget for preliminary survey for this project considering a bypass for Thamarassery Ghat. In 2016-2021, under LDF government considered Tunnel Project as best proposals to minimise environmental impacts. In 2021-2026, Konkan Railway was appointed as SPV for tunnel project by LDF Government and proceeded for further National green clearances. On 2024 September,
Konkan Railway opened tenders for project and out of 7 bids Dilip Buildcon Limited awarded the project for INR 1341 crore with a construction period of 4 years. Approach Bridge at Iruvanjippuzha tender awarded to Punia Construction Company at 73.86 crores. Tunnel Construction officially started on 31 August 2025 and rock excavation started early 2026 by getting Forest Stage-II clearance. In 2026-2031, UDF government decided to move forward with project giving Financial approvals considering traffic chaos in Thamarassery Ghat Churam. It is anticipated a 4 lane bypass to existing Thamaraserry Ghat of NH 766 of Kozhikode - Muthanga - Mysore road will come through this Tunnel. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kozhikode-Wayanad Tunnel Road Project Gets Green Light Union Ministry - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/kozhikode-wayanad-tunnel-road-gets-green-light-from-union-ministry-blid4321 |access-date=9 October 2023 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref>

==Overview==
The tunnel road project is one of 30 significant projects in [[Kerala]] that the [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|chief minister]] has directly reviewed. It is considered significant since it easily connects business, industrial, and tourism areas such as [[Bengaluru]] and [[Mysore]] with Kozhikode. The existing route via the [[Thamarassery Churam|Thamarassery Ghat]] is time-consuming and frequently disrupted by landslides and rain, making the tunnel road a much-needed option. The Ghat is the most direct route for Wayanad residents to reach railway station, airports and super specialised hospitals. A little accident or technical problem in a vehicle, on the other hand, could cause hours of traffic congestion on the road. The new tunnel road is expected to reduce this traffic congestion in Thamarassery Ghat and also improve the cargo transit from [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2023 |title=Wayanad tunnel road gets preliminary approval from union environment ministry |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/wayanad-tunnel-road-gets-preliminary-approval-from-union-environment-ministry-1b44829f |access-date=9 October 2023 |website=English.Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

The twin-tube tunnel's entire length will be 8.17 kilometres, with the Swargam Kunnu-Kalladi section covering 6.8 km. The estimated cost of the project is nearly 1500 crores. In September 2020, the tunnel construction survey began. In lieu of the land used for the project, the [[Government of Kerala|state government]] is required by the [[Government of India|Central Ministry]] to plant trees on 17.263 hectares and declare them as reserve forest. The state government must complete this task and notify the Central Ministry within five years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decades of wait is over; construction of tunnel road to Wayanad to begin in January |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/10/07/wayanad-tunnel-road-project-construction-ready-to-begin.html |access-date=9 October 2023 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

==Route==
Kerala Government announced this will be State Highway 83 connecting Kozhikode and Wayanad Districts which will be an alternative route for Thamarassery Ghat. Proposed route will be through [[Kozhikode]] - [[Kunnamangalam]] - NIT - [[Mukkam]] - [[Thiruvambady]] - [[Anakkampoyil]] - Kalladi - [[Meppadi]] - [[Kalpetta]]. Central Government also announced a Greenfield Highway is planning connecting Kozhikode and Mysore via proposed Wayanad Tunnel.

==See also==
* [[Kuthiran Tunnel]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kozhikode-Wayanad Tunnel Road}}
[[Category:Proposed roads in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Kerala]]

Pinto Revolt

2026-05-05T12:37:12Z

Swap72: new new entry needs work - done

{{Short description|1787 rebellion against Portuguese rule in Goa}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
[[File:AbaDeFaria.JPG|thumb|Statue in [[Panjim]] of [[Abade Faria]], one of the conspirators]]
The '''Pinto Revolt''' ({{langx|pt|Conjuração dos Pintos}}), also known as the '''Conspiracy of the Pintos''' or the '''Pinto Conspiracy''', was a rebellion against the Portuguese rule in [[Portuguese Goa]] in 1787.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://goemkarponn.com/cm-places-wreath-at-pintos-revolt-memorial/ | title=Cm Places Wreath at Pinto's Revolt Memorial | date=13 December 2022 }}</ref> The leaders of the plot were three prominent priests from the village of [[Candolim]] in the ''[[concelho]]'' of [[Bardes]], [[Goa]]. The highest-ranked leaders belonged to the Pinto clan of Candolim, hence the name of the rebellion.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pinto-revolt-murals-to-adorn-candolim-road/articleshow/56129402.cms | title='Pinto Revolt' murals to adorn Candolim road | newspaper=The Times of India | date=23 December 2016 }}</ref>
The Pintos were a Goan noble family and later vassals of Peshwa [[Baji Rao II]] in the [[Maratha Confederacy]]. They were one of the wealthiest and noblest families in Goa during the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monteiro |first=Alphie |date=2022-11-18 |title=Goan colonel decorated in the Maratha army |url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/goan-colonel-decorated-in-the-maratha-army/91527.html |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

==Pinto Family==
The history of Christianity of [[Candolim]] dates back to the conversion of Santu Sinay ([[Shenoy]]), a [[Brahmin]] ''ganvkar'' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]: freeholder) who belonged to the [[List of peers and fidalgos in Portuguese India| nobility]] of his people.<ref name="Prabhu">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=103}}</ref> He was the progenitor of the [[List of peers and fidalgos in Portuguese India| noble]] revolutionary Pinto family.
Due to the services he provided to the Crown he was given a perpetual grave in Our Lady of Hope Church in [[Candolim]], Goa infront of the altar.

Santu Sinay (1577–1640), was the son of Naru Sinay; who had earlier migrated from [[Loutolim]], [[Salcette]], and established himself in Candolim, where he purchased the fifth ''vangodd'' (clan) of the ''[[comunidade]]'' on 13 August 1604.<ref name="Naru">{{harvnb|da Cunha Rivara|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vnKEgXtNHt0C&pg=PA269 269]}}</ref> Naru Sinay died after 1624, and was survived by his wife, and three sons—Jeronimo de Souza, Santu Sinay, and Christovão d'Andrade.<ref name="Naru"/> Santu Sinay was converted along with the rest of his family at the age of 8, and subsequently took the name of Salvador Pinto.<ref name="Naru"/> His godfather was Fr. Manoel Pinto, a [[Franciscan]] rector of the Church of Our Lady of Hope of [[Candolim]] and the seminary of [[Reis Magos]].<ref name="Naru"/> He was brought up in the seminary of [[Reis Magos]], where he developed a great devotion to [[Francis Xavier|St. Francis Xavier]]. Salvador Pinto was tutored by two [[Franciscan]] priests, Fr. Pinto and Fr. Simão de Nazareth; who succeeded the former as rector of [[Candolim]] parish.
[[File:Дюма Гаварни Аббат Фариа в 1822.JPG|thumb|[[Abbe Faria]], one of the conspirators, as portrayed in [[Alexandre Dumas]]'s adventure novel ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]'' (1846)]]

On 2 April 1770 and 6 April 1770 respectively, the two brothers Antonio Joao Pinto of [[Arpora]] and Ignacio Pinto of [[Candolim]] were decorated with a [[Coat of arms]] and styled with the rank of [[Fidalgo]]. A [[fidalgo]] titled as a [[Lord]] is comparable in some ways to the French ''[[:fr:gentilhomme|gentilhomme]]'' (the word also implies nobility by birth or by charge), and to the Italian [[nobile (aristocracy)|nobile]] but having a higher rank to the British [[baronet]] as being a part of the aristocracy, not a commoner.
On 17 March 1866 Alvaro Xavier Pinto, another member of the family was decorated as a ''[[:pt:Fidalgo|Fidalgo of the Royal House]]''.

==Principal characters==
* Caetano Vitorino de Faria, the mastermind
* José Custódio de Faria, also known as [[Abbé Faria]], Caetano's son who was a priest
* Caetano Francisco do Couto
* José António Gonçalves, a priest from [[Divar]]
* Ignacio Pinto, head of the [[Pinto]] clan and a fervent supporter of Fr. Faria, who was to be installed as the [[princely states|ruler]] of [[Goa]] post the revolt
* José da Rocha Dantas e Mendonça, a Judge of the Goa High Court, who was in charge of the inquest into the conspiracy

[[File:Retrato do Marquês de Pombal - escola portuguesa, séc. XVIII.png|thumb|[[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal]]]]
== Causes ==
P. Kamat writes that the protests of the various priests she studied for their non-submission to the Portuguese authority in Goa were by and large manifestations of personal grievances arising out of nepotism and class envy.<ref>{{cite book| author= Kamat, P.| chapter=Some Protesting Priests of Goa| editor=T.R. de Souza| title= Essays in Goan History| location= New Delhi| publisher=Concept Publishing| year=1989| pages=103-117 |isbn=9788170222637 }}</ref>

Dr. [[Celsa Pinto]] states that the [[American War of Independence]] influenced many Goans living in Lisbon.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2013/07/15/opinions/opinion/opinion-forgotten-revolt-natives/ | title=Forgotten Revolt of Natives | date=15 July 2013 |access-date=2026-05-04|website=The Navhind Times|last=Kamat|first=Nandkumar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922190002/https://navhindtimes.in/2013/07/15/opinions/opinion/opinion-forgotten-revolt-natives/|archive-date=2024-09-22}}</ref>

José António Gonçalves and Caetano Faria visited Rome and Portugal to plead for their appointment as Bishops in Southern India dioceses, but these Goan priests were bypassed in favour of the local South Indian clerics (e.g. [[Joseph Kariattil|Bishop Joseph Kariattil]]) for the appointment to the vacant sees of Cranganore and Mylapore. As a result of this refusal, they hatched the conspiracy along with Abbé Faria. They also managed to obtain the sympathy of similarly disaffected Christians in the Army and local clergy. The conspirators also negotiated secretly with [[Tippu Sultan]], the ruler of [[Mysore]], inviting him to rule Goa after they had thrown Goa into disorder.

The conspiracy was revealed by a Goan Catholic baker from [[Salcette]] to the authorities (the conspirators had approached him to poison the Army's bread supplies), thereby preventing invasion from the Muslim sultanate and similar ill-treatment of Goan Catholics as what was taking place during the [[Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam]].

== Aftermath ==

The conspiracy being made known to the authorities; they took vigorous steps to pre-empt it. Some of the conspirators fled in disguise to British territory. However, the authorities arrested and punished 47 persons, including 17 priests and seven army officers.

The area around the present-day General Post Office (GPO) in Panjim is called São Tomé.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Abhijeet DeshpandeAbhijeet |title=Fontainhas and Sao Tome |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/panaji/travel-guide/fontainhas-and-sao-tome/gs52499338.cms |access-date=2026-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The present GPO building used to be the old tobacco house, and the building to its right was the Government Mint. The area in front of these buildings was the old Panjim pillory and used to be the site of public executions and was where fifteen conspirators of the failed revolt were executed.

Gonçalves fled to British territory and lived the remainder of his life as an English teacher in Calcutta. Abbé Faria teamed up with the revolutionaries of the [[French Revolution]] and participated along with the "juring" clerics in the Revolutionaries' brutal persecution of the Catholic Church in France and elsewhere. Two Pinto brothers Lt. Col Francisco and Jose Antonio joined the army of the [[Maratha Empire]] under [[Baji Rao II]] and fought against the British in the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] and [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/goan-colonel-decorated-in-the-maratha-army/91527.html | title=Goan colonel decorated in the Maratha army }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/noted-goans-during-peshwe-era-in-pune3-2-goans-follow-illustrious-kin/91809.html | title=Noted Goans during Peshwe era in Pune-3: 2 Goans follow illustrious kin }}</ref>
[[File:Rajah Sahuji of the Sisodya Clan, Who Ruled over Sattara in the Deccan.jpg|thumb|[[Shahu II]], the [[Chhatrapati]] at the time the Pintos joined the [[Maratha Empire]] forces against the British]]

===Revolutionaries who received death sentences on 13 December 1788===
[[File:Joaquim heliodoro Cunha Rivara.JPG|thumb|[[Joaquim Heliodoro da Cunha Rivara]], chronicler of the Pinto Revolt]]
* Tenete Manoel Caetano Pinto, son of Inacio Pinto.
* Tenete Pedro Luiz Gonzaga
* David Fransisco Viegas
* Caetano Xavier da Costa
* Nicolao Luis da Costa
* Inacio Caetano Toscano
* Miguel Antonio da Costa
* Inacio Caetano Lopes
* Salvador Alvares da Costa
* Baltazar Caeiro
* Manoel Ferrao
* Antonio Fernandes
* Joao Vas
* Jose Monteiro
* Bernado de Mesquita

They were tied by ropes and dragged by horses for 40kms, after which their hands were chopped, head severed from their body and property confiscated and children and grandchildren branded by infamy.

== Effects of the revolt==
[[File:Bernardo Peres da Silva in 1835.jpg|thumb|[[Bernardo Peres da Silva]], the only ethnic [[Goan]] governor general in [[Colonial India]]]]

For decades after, the conspiracy was used as a stick to defame and denigrate [[Goan]] missionaries and priests in [[British India]] by their opponents, the Vicars Apostolic of the Propaganda party, Goans being of the [[Padroado]] party. The incident was used to represent the Goans to the British government and to the Christians in British India as untrustworthy, rebellious and willing to compromise with their own enemies (Tipu Sultan). This became Goa's [[black legend]].

While the revolt failed, Goans did achieve stronger forms of Government and when the [[Portuguese Constitution of 1822]] was adopted, two native Goans [[Bernardo Peres da Silva]] and [[Constâncio Roque da Costa]] were elected to the first parliament in Portugal, a practice that continued till the [[Annexation of Goa]].

An account of this was done by the Portuguese civil servant [[Joaquim Heliodoro da Cunha Rivara]] which is one of the major accounts of the Pinto Revolt and subsequently translated into English by Dr. Charles Borges.{{sfn|da Cunha Rivara|1996}}

==Heraldry==
On 2 April 1770, Antonio Joao Pinto (of Arpora) and on 6 April 1770 his brother Ignacio Pinto (of Candolim) were separately awarded a [[grant of arms]] for their descendants by [[Joseph I of Portugal]]. The arms were composed, in the first and fourth quarters, of the arms of the Pintos (five red crescents in saltire on a silver ground), in the second quarter of those of the Sequeiras (five golden escallops in saltire on a blue ground), and in the third of the arms of the Maciels (two blue fleurs-de-lis in pale on a silver ground dimidiating a red double-headed eagle displayed, also on a silver ground) and reflect the coats of arms of the Pintos, Sequeiras and Maciels from whom the family is descended. The crest is a silver leopard decorated with torteaux (red spots) with a crescent on the shoulder and for contrast a blue blazon and silver harpoon.{{clarify|date=June 2025}}{{sfn|da Cunha Rivara|1996}}

{{Infobox COA wide
|image=File:Pinto Arms.jpg
|escutcheon=Quarterly, 1 and 4, Argent, five crescents gules in saltire (Pinto); 2, Azure, five escallops or in saltire (Sequeira); 3, Argent, two fleurs-de-lis azure in pale dimidiating Argent, a double-headed eagle displayed gules (Maciel)
|crest=A leopard rampant argent semy of torteaux charged on the shoulder with a crescent ''and for contrast a blue blazon and silver harpoon.'' {{clarify|date=June 2025}}
|year_granted=1770
|name=the Pinto family
|armiger=All the descendants of Antonio Joao Pinto and Ignacio Pinto
|symbolism=}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=da Cunha Rivara |first=Joaquim Heliodoró |author-link=Joaquim Heliodoro da Cunha Rivara |title=Goa and the Revolt of 1787 |editor=Charles J. Borges |translator=Renato da Cunha Soares |location=New Delhi |publisher=Concept Publishing |date=1996 |isbn=81-7022-646-5}} (Author was the Portuguese Chief Secretary of the Goa Government from 1855 to 1877)
* {{Cite book
|last=Prabhu
|first=Alan Machado
|year=1999
|title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians
|publisher=I.J.A. Publications
|isbn=978-81-86778-25-8
}}

==Further reading==
* Kamat, P., "Some Protesting Priests of Goa", in T.R. de Souza (ed.), ''Essays in Goan History'', New Delhi:Concept Publishing, 1989 : 103-117.

==External links==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20061214092018/http://www.goacom.com/culture/history/pinto.html
* http://www.goacom.com/the-pinto-rebellion{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Plots and conspiracies}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pinto Revolt}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1787]]
[[Category:Colonial Goa]]
[[Category:1787 in India]]
[[Category:1787 in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Conspiracies]]
[[Category:1780s in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:1780s in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]

Shrikrishna Museum

2026-05-05T09:39:36Z

Swap72: Adding The Entry Initial Version

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Srikrishna Museum
| image = Hitopadesha.jpg
| map_type = India#India Haryana
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|29.9651|76.8340|display=inline}}
| established =
| dissolved =
| collection =
| location = [[Kurukshetra]], Haryana, India
| type = Museum
| visitors =
| director =
| curator =
| publictransit = Kurukshetra bus stand
| website = {{URL|kurukshetra.nic.in|Kurukshetra}}
}}

The '''Srikrishna Museum''' is located next to [[Kurukshetra Panorama and Science Centre]] in [[Kurukshetra]], Haryana, India.<ref name=SM2>[http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5790 HaryanaTourism]</ref><ref name=SM3>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/kurukshetra-thanesar/sights/museums-galleries/sri-krishna-museum|title=Sri Krishna Museum|author=Lonely Planet|date=27 April 2016|work=Lonely Planet|accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=SM4>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQ3rAwAAQBAJ&dq=Shrikrishna+Museum&pg=PA196|title=The "Bhagavad Gita"|isbn=9781400851973|accessdate=27 April 2016|last1=Davis|first1=Richard H.|date=26 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=SM1>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Museums/ShriKrishnaMuseum/index.htm|title=Srikrishna Museum|website=kurukshetra.nic.in|access-date=2016-04-27}}</ref>

==History==

In 1987, the [[48_kos_parikrama#KDB|Kurukshetra Development Board]] (KDB) set up the Srikrishna Museum which was relocated to its present site in 1991. Additional, buildings were added in 1995 and third 2012. Plan to add the fourth building was announced in 2025.<ref name=hunt1>In Kurukshetra, heritage to get new wing - literally], The Tribune, December 2025.</ref>

==Exhibits==

The museum has nine galleries in three buildings displaying Hindu [[avatara]]s, archaeological artefacts, paintings, sculptures recovered during excavation and multimedia gallery.<ref name=hunt1/> It has a big range of exhibits including ancient sculptures, carvings and paintings, dioramas, giant statues, surreal sounds and a walk-through maze.<ref name=SM2/><ref name=SM3/><ref name=SM4/><ref name=SM1/> Fourth building, under construction, will have additional galleries, a gallery related to the Mahabharata era sites, another relate to [[48_kos_parikrama|48-kos Kurukshetra parikrama]], third gallery related to Krishna [[Bhakti movement]].<ref name=hunt1/>

==Development==

In 2025, Haryana Government was also developing two more museums in Kurukshetra, Virasat-e-Khalsa Museum and Guru Ravidas Museum.<ref name=rav1/>

'''Virasat-e-Khalsa Museum, Kurukshetra''' will be developed on the pattern of in Punjab’s [[Anandpur Sahib]] Museum at a cost of Rs 115 crore. Splat media has been appointed as the design consultant, which has envisaged the 3-acre campus with museum, an amphitheatre, meditation hall, a light and sound show and a musical fountain, etc. The museum will showcase the origin of [[Sikhism]], the birth and rise of [[Khalsa]] forces, [[Sikh Empire]] of [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], global Sikh diaspora. The foundation stone will be laid and construction will commence in November 2025, and project will be completed by December 2027.<ref name=rav1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/top-headlines/wooing-sikhs-haryana-plans-its-own-virasat-e-khalsa Wooing Sikhs: Haryana plans its own 'Virasat-e-Khalsa'], The Tribune, 7 Aug 2025.</ref>

'''Guru Ravidas Museum, Kurukshetra''' will be developed on 5-acre.<ref name=rav1/>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}

* [[History_of_Haryana#Museum|List of Museums in Haryana]]

* [[Panchkula#Museum|Haryana State Museum]] at Panchkula
* [[Haryana Rural Antique Museum]] at HAU Hisar
* [[Jahaj Kothi Museum]] at Hisar fort
* [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum]] near Hisar
* [[Sheikhpura Kothi]] near Hansi
* [[Dharohar Museum]] at Kurukshetra University
* [[Kurukshetra Panorama and Science Centre]] at Kurukshetra
* [[Sheikh Chilli's Tomb]] at Kurukshetra
* [[Rewari Railway Heritage Museum]] at Rewari railway station
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kurukshetra.nic.in/tour/Museums/ShriKrishnaMuseum/index.htm Shrikrishna Museum website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YL7AMPgj9U4 Shrikrishna Museum Video]

{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Kurukshetra]]
[[Category:Museums in Kurukshetra]]

Sync (film)

2026-05-04T18:05:13Z

Swap72: Adding Basic Data W/ Infobox!

{{Short description|2023 Indian horror thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sync
| image = Sync-Tamil-poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Vikas Anand Sridharan
| writer = Vikas Anand Sridharan
| producer = {{ubl| V. Sridharan
| Vikas Anand Sridharan
|K. Padmanabhan }}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kishen Das]]
* [[Monica Chinnakotla]]
* [[Soundarya Bala Nandakumar]]
* [[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal|Naveen George Thomas]]
* Nandhini Vinod
}}
| cinematography = Shivram P. K.
| editing = R. Manu Kathiresan
| music = Abhijith Ramaswami
| studio = Mongoose Studios
| country = India
| distributor = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| released = {{film date|2023|7|21|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Sync''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Horror Thriller|horror thriller]] film written and directed by Vikas Anand Sridharan in his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2023 |title=Kishen Das's next is a horror drama titled 'Sync' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kishen-dass-next-is-a-horror-drama-titled-sync/articleshow/101592710.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715081904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kishen-dass-next-is-a-horror-drama-titled-sync/articleshow/101592710.cms |archive-date=15 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2023 |title=ஒரே இரவில் நடக்கும் திகில் படம் 'சிங்க்' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1041363-sync-movie-director-interview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715092400/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1041363-sync-movie-director-interview.html |archive-date=15 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[Kishen Das]], [[Monica Chinnakotla]], [[Soundarya Bala Nandakumar]], [[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal|Naveen George Thomas]], Nandhini Vinod with Supriya Rao, J. Kalaiyarasi, Sheela Vishwanath, Karthick Krishna, Hari, Charles Velankkani, Shrijha, Dhanush and Bharani in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2023 |title=Kishen Das's 'Sync' trailer is out now! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kishen-dass-sync-trailer-is-out-now/articleshow/101724095.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714160650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kishen-dass-sync-trailer-is-out-now/articleshow/101724095.cms |archive-date=14 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2023 |title=Sync Movie (2023): The Unforgettable Experience - iBOMMA |url=https://ibomma.gen.in/sync-movie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722140742/https://ibomma.gen.in/sync-movie/ |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=ibomma.gen.in}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kishen Das]] as Gautham
* [[Monica Chinnakotla]]
* [[Soundarya Bala Nandakumar]] as Madhu
* [[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal|Naveen George Thomas]] as Sibi
* Nandhini Vinod
* Supriya Rao
* J. Kalaiyarasi
* Sheela Vishwanath
* Karthick Krishna
* Hari
* Charles Velankkani
* Shrijha
* Dhanush
* Bharani
}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by V. Sridharan and Vikas Anand Sridharan under the banner of Mongoose Studios, while it was co-produced by K. Padmanabhan. The cinematography was done by Shivram P. K. and edited by R. Manu Kathiresan. The trailer was released on 12 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2023 |title=Kishen Das-starrer Sync trailer is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jul/12/kishen-das-starrer-sync-trailer-is-here-45565.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714023605/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jul/12/kishen-das-starrer-sync-trailer-is-here-45565.html |archive-date=14 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's music was composed by Abhijith Ramaswami.{{fact|date=February 2024}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 21 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sync OTT release date: When and where to watch Kishen Das' horror flick online |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sync-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-this-horror-thriller-starring-kishen-das-online/7a84e8bf80252 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722140742/https://www.ottplay.com/news/sync-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-this-horror-thriller-starring-kishen-das-online/7a84e8bf80252 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2023 |title=5 upcoming South Indian films releasing on OTT platforms: Maamannan, Neymar, Sync, more |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/photos/5-upcoming-south-indian-films-releasing-on-ott-platforms-maamannan-neymar-sync-more-71689935499475-5.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722140822/https://tech.hindustantimes.com/photos/5-upcoming-south-indian-films-releasing-on-ott-platforms-maamannan-neymar-sync-more-71689935499475-5.html |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times|HT Tech]] |language=en}}</ref>

Jayabhuvaneshwari B of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave it 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Although filled with potential, ''Sync'' chooses to take the road always taken, when it comes to storyline".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2023 |title=Sync Movie Review: A promising screen-life horror let down by an age-old plot |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/jul/21/sync-movie-review-a-promising-screen-life-horror-let-down-by-an-age-old-plot-45842.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722140759/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/jul/21/sync-movie-review-a-promising-screen-life-horror-let-down-by-an-age-old-plot-45842.html |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Thinkal Menon of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave it 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Sync'' is a sincere attempt aided by dedicated performances from lead actors. The predictability factor mars its prospects of becoming a taut horror thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sync review: Convincing performances from actors make this a decent horror flick |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/sync-review-convincing-performances-from-lead-actors-make-this-a-passable-horror-thriller/1c42b25181634 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722140744/https://www.ottplay.com/review/sync-review-convincing-performances-from-lead-actors-make-this-a-passable-horror-thriller/1c42b25181634 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{IMDb title|id=tt28305831}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-02T00:51:41Z

Swap72:

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Dharwad
| map_image = {{Annotated image
| image = Dharwad Lok Sabha Constituency Map (2009 - Present).pdf
| image-width = 500 
| image-left = -190 
| image-top = -170 
| width = 260 
| height = 280 
| float = right
| annotations = 
| caption = Lok Sabha Constituency Map
| icon = none}}
| established = 2008
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image = File:Shri Pralhad Joshi Minister of Coal.jpg
| mp = [[Pralhad Joshi|Pralhad Venkatesh Joshi]] {{Small|[[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Union Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution]]}} {{Small|[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Union Minister of New and Renewable Energy]]}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| electors = 18,91,024
| reservation = None
| assembly_cons = [[Navalgund (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Navalgund]] [[Kundgol Assembly constituency|Kundgol]] [[Dharwad (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Dharwad]] [[Hubli-Dharwad East (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hubli-Dharwad East]] [[Hubli-Dharwad Central Assembly constituency|Hubli-Dharwad Central]] [[Hubli-Dharwad West (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hubli-Dharwad West]] [[Kalghatgi (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kalghatgi]] [[Shiggaon (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Shiggaon]]}}

[[File:Dharwad Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|Constituency Map|thumb]]

'''Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of Indian parliament) constituencies in [[Karnataka]], a state in southern [[India]]. This constituency was created as a part of the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of the parliamentary constituencies in 2008, based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=207}}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/17/stories/2009031751910300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321025130/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/17/stories/2009031751910300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 March 2009|title=BJP makes early start |date=17 March 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=[[N. Ram]]|accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref> It first held elections in 2009 and its first member of parliament was [[Pralhad Joshi]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). After winning 2019 general elections Pralhad Joshi was appointed as [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]], [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal]], Minister of Mining on 30 May 2019 in cabinet headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

==Assembly segments==
As of 2014, Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:
{|class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"|Party Leading (in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]])
|-
|69
|[[Navalgund (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Navalgund]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Dharwad district|Dharwad]]
|[[N. H. Konaraddi]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 70
|[[Kundgol Assembly constituency|Kundgol]]
|[[M. R. Patil (politician)|M. R. Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|71
|[[Dharwad (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Dharwad]]
|[[Vinay Kulkarni]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|72
|[[Hubli-Dharwad East (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hubli-Dharwad East]] (SC)
|[[Abbayya Prasad]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|73
|[[Hubli-Dharwad Central Assembly constituency|Hubli-Dharwad Central]]
|[[Mahesh Tenginakai]]
|{{party name with color|BJP|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|BJP|rowspan=3}}
|-
|74
|[[Hubli-Dharwad West (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hubli-Dharwad West]]
|[[Aravind Bellad]]
|-
|75
|[[Kalghatgi (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Kalghatgi]]
|[[Santosh Lad]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|83
|[[Shiggaon (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Shiggaon]]
|[[Haveri district|Haveri]]
| [[Yasir Ahmed Khan Pathan]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

Before delimitation, Navalgund, Dharwad and Kalghatgi Legislative Assembly segments were part of the former [[Dharwad North Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad North constituency]] and Kundgol and Shiggaon Legislative Assembly segments were part of the former [[Dharwad South Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad South constituency]].<ref name="hindu"/>

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1952-2008 : See [[Dharwad North Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad North]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Pralhad Joshi|Pralhad Venkatesh Joshi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Dharwad]]<ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Dharwad">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election results: Dharwad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1011.htm |accessdate=22 February 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222115024/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1011.htm |archivedate=22 February 2025}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pralhad Joshi|Pralhad Venkatesh Joshi]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=7,16,231|percentage=52.41|change={{down}}4.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vinod Asooti|party=Indian National Congress|votes=6,18,907|percentage=45.29|change={{up}}4.75}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]] |votes=6,147|percentage=0.45|change={{up}}0.16}}
{{Election box majority||votes=97,324|percentage=7.12|change={{down}}9.77}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,66,570|percentage=74.51|change={{up}}4.22}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Dharwad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pralhad Joshi]]
|votes = 684,837
|percentage = 56.43
|change = +4.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vinay Kulkarni]]
|votes = 479,765
|percentage = 39.54
|change = -1.92
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Irappa Bharamappa Madar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 6,344
|percentage = 0.52
|change = -0.14
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Somashekhar Peeraji Yadav
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 5,400
|percentage = 0.44
|change = N/A
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,512
|percentage = 0.29
|change = -0.95
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,05,072
|percentage = 16.89
|change = +6.16
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,214,138
|percentage = 70.29
|change = +4.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +4.24
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Dharwad]]<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election – 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=31 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archivedate=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1011.htm?ac=11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628100607/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1011.htm?ac=11|archivedate=28 June 2014|title=Dharwad|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pralhad Joshi]]
|votes = 543,395
|percentage = 52.19
|change = -3.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vinay Kulkarni]]
|votes = 431,738
|percentage = 41.46
|change = +2.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 12,937
|percentage = 1.24
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Banakapur Hanumanthappa Mallappa
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 8,836
|percentage = 0.85
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Irappa Bharamappa Madar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 6,858
|percentage = 0.66
|change = -0.09
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 111,657
|percentage = 10.73
|change = -6.51
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,041,470
|percentage = 65.99
|change = +9.44
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Dharwad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_mairchiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |pages=58–59|publisher=Election Commission of India|format=PDF|accessdate=30 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_mairchiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archivedate=11 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pralhad Joshi]]
|votes = 446,786
|percentage = 55.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manjunath Kunnur]]
|votes = 309,123
|percentage = 38.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mahesh Gurupadayya Talakallamath
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 7,176
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Shankarappa G. Yadavannavar
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 6,502
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kashimsab Mulla
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 5,981
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 137,663
|percentage = 17.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 798,214
|percentage = 56.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Dharwad North Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Dharwad South Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Dharwad district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|15.5|75.0|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dharwad district]]
[[Category:Hubli–Dharwad]]

Gangampalli

2026-04-30T20:25:29Z

Swap72: Creating new stub with sources.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Expand Telugu|date=September 2023}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gangampalli
| settlement_type = Village
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
|pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
|coordinates = {{Coord|15.45332|78.98287|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Racharla
| area_code = +91
}}

'''Gangampalli''', also known as '''Gangampalle''', is a small village near [[Giddaluru]] in the [[Markapuram district|Markapuram District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-02 |title=Paritala Sunita’s house searched |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/paritala-sunitas-house-searched/article4266336.ece |access-date=2023-09-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Markapuram district]]

{{Markapuram-geo-stub}}

List of programmes broadcast by Zee Zindagi

2026-04-29T07:20:41Z

Swap72: new new entry

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
The following is a list of programmes that were broadcast by [[Zindagi (TV channel)|Zee Zindagi]], also known as Zindagi TV.

== Current programming ==

=== Zindagi Originals ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Series
! Premiere
|-
| ''[[Churails]]''
| 11 August 2020
|-
| ''[[Dhoop Ki Deewar]]''
| 25 June 2021
|-
| ''[[Qatil Haseenaon Ke Naam]]''
| 10 December 2021
|-
| ''[[Mrs. & Mr. Shameem]]''
| 11 March 2022
|-
|''[[Barzakh (TV series)|Barzakh]]''
|19 July 2024
|}

=== Acquired series ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Show !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="14" |2020
|[[Baaghi (TV series)|Baaghi]]
|
|-
|[[Tum Kon Piya]]
|
|-
|[[Mera Naam Yousuf Hai]]
|
|-
|[[Diyar-e-Dil]]
|
|-
|[[Baba Jani (TV series)|Baba Jani]]
|
|-
|[[Bunty I Love You]]
|
|-
|[[O Rangreza]]
|
|-
|[[Goodbye to Goodbye]]
|
|-
|[[My Secret Terrius]]
|
|-
|[[Partners for Justice]]
|
|-
|[[Queen of Mystery]]
|
|-
|[[My Golden Life]]
|
|-
|[[Witch at Court]]
|
|-
|[[Rukhsaar (TV series)|Rukhsaar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="16" |2021
|[[Meri Behan Maya]]
|
|-
|Piya Mann Bhaye
|
|-
|Iqrar
|
|-
|[[Choti (serial)|Choti]]
|
|-
|[[Numm]]
|
|-
|Ek Kasak Reh Gayi
|
|-
|[[Gohar-e-Nayab]]
|
|-
|[[Nanhi]]
|
|-
|Manjali
|
|-
|[[Jo Chale To Jaan Se Guzar Gaye]]
|
|-
|[[Aasmanon Pay Likha]]
|
|-
|[[Mere Humdum Mere Dost]]
|
|-
|[[Deedan]]
|
|-
|[[Umm-e-Haniya]]
|
|-
|Be Aib
|
|-
|Mi Raqsam
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2018
|[[Pablo Escobar, The Drug Lord]]
|
|-
|[[İlişki Durumu: Karışık|Relationship Status:It's Complicated]]
|
|-
|[[Bread, Love and Dreams (TV series)|Bread, Love and Dreams]]
|
|-
|[[Descendants of the Sun]]
|
|-
|[[Boys Over Flowers (2009 TV series)|Boys Over Flowers]]
|
|-
|Snowdrop
|
|-
|[[The Girl (TV series)]]
|
|}
Above dramas listed are not aired by Zindagi channel when it is used to air on Television platform. However, these dramas are broadcast by ZEE5 without any prior advertisement.

From 1 May 2025, Zindagi channel started airing Zee Classic Shows from ZEE library.

== Former programming ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Show !! Notes
|-
| 2017
|''[[Bir Aşk Hikayesi (A Love Story )|A Love Story]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Zindagi/status/832930169815830528/|title=New Show "A Love Story" scheduled to start on March 6, 2017|publisher=Zindagi Channel Account On }}</ref>
|-
| 2015-2016
|''[[Aadhe Adhoore]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/after-bhaage-re-mann-zindagi-and-ajay-sinha-present-new-tv-show-aadhe-adhoore/|title=Zindagi and Ajay Sinha present new TV show 'Aadhe Adhoore'|publisher=Indian Express|work=Express News Desk|date=3 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Mirat-ul-Uroos (TV series)|Aaina Dulhan Ka]]'' ||<ref name=zndadkbamm>
* {{cite web| url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42400_Zindagi-Strengthens-Programming-Line-up-with-3-New-Shows | title=Zindagi Strengthens Programming Line-up with Mastana Mahi, Badi Aapa and Aaina Dulhan Ka| publisher=afaqs! | date=6 November 2014 | access-date=12 August 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/zindagi-to-have-three-new-shows/ | title=Zindagi to have three new shows, Mastana Mahi, Badi Aapa and Aaina Dulhan Ka | publisher=The Indian Express | date=7 November 2014 | access-date=12 August 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zindagi-launches-three-new-shows-2032862 | title=Zindagi launches three new shows, Mastana Mahi, Badi Aapa and Aaina Dulhan Ka| publisher=DNA | date=7 November 2014 | access-date=12 August 2015}}
</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi|Aaj Rang Hai]]'' ||<ref name="piyaa">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/zindagis-new-year-begins-with-two-new-shows/ | title=Zindagi's New Year begins with two new shows, Piya Re and Aaj Rang Hai| publisher=The Indian Express | date=2 January 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="dil">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/zindagi-to-launch-two-new-shows-in-february-150204 | title=Zindagi to launch Aaj Rang Hai and Dil e Nadaan in February | date= 4 February 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Akbari Asghari|Aaja Sajna Miliye Juliye]]'' ||<ref name="shukriyaa">{{cite web | url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2015/07/zindagi-refreshes-its-programming-line-up/ | title=Zindagi refreshes its programming line-up | date= 30 July 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="shukriyaadobaaraa">{{cite web | url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/906437/zindagi-tv-ventures-into-production/ | title=Zindagi TV ventures into production | publisher=The Express Tribune | date=19 June 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref><ref>
* {{cite web | url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/17-Jun-2015/fawad-humaima-sanam-baloch-s-aja-sajna-miliye-juliye-to-air-in-india | title=Fawad, Humaima, Sanam Baloch's 'Aja Sajna Miliye Juliye' to air in India | publisher=Daily Times | date=17 June 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.abplive.in/tv/2015/06/16/article619820.ece/Fawad-Khan-to-show-comic-avatar-in-new-TV-show | title=Fawad Khan to show comic avatar in new TV show | publisher=ABP | work=IANS | date=16 June 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Aapki Antara]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozee.com/zindagi|title=Zee's Aapki Antara now on Zindagi|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2016-2017
|''[[Agar Tum Saath Ho]]'' ||<ref name=primetimerevamp>{{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-to-revamp-primetime-hd-and-dual-feed-on-the-anvil/|title=Zindagi to revamp primetime|date=20 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''Arranged Marriage'' ||<ref name=zndamtb>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/zindagi-tackles-marital-relationships-and-discord-in-two-new-series-160304|title=Zindagi tackles marital relationships and discord in two new series "Arranged Marriage" & "Teri Berukhi"|publisher=Indian Television}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Ashk (drama)|Ashk]]''||<ref name=zndashkdaam>* {{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-to-launch-two-new-shows-for-festive-season/|title=Zindagi to launch Daam and Ashk in October|date=23 October 2015|access-date=24 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024185607/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-to-launch-two-new-shows-for-festive-season/|archive-date=24 October 2015|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/zindagi-strengthens-prime-time-band-with-two-new-shows-151023|title=Zindagi strengthen's primetime band with two new shows|date=23 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Aunn Zara]]'' ||<ref name="yeh">
* {{Cite news|url = http://www.india.com/showbiz/zee-launches-new-channel-zindagi-with-serials-from-pakistan-81863/|title = Zee launches new channel 'Zindagi' with serials from Pakistan|last = Nair|first = Nithya|date = 24 June 2014|access-date = 9 July 2014|publisher = India.com}}
*{{Cite web|last1=Srivastava|first1=Priyanka|title=Pakistani TV shows to be back on Indian small screen|publisher=India Today|access-date=14 July 2014|date=4 June 2014|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/pakistani-tv-shows-dhoop-kinare-tanhaiyaan-ankahi-indian-small-screen-195628-2014-06-04}}
*{{Cite news|title=Bye-bye unending television dramas, welcome Zindagi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Bye-bye-unending-television-dramas-welcome-Zindagi/articleshow/37520651.cms|access-date=14 July 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=1 July 2014}}
</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Azar Ki Ayegi Baraat]]''||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/2015-TV-shows-to-look-forward-this-year/photostory/49034741.cms|title=Zindagi's Azar Ki Ayegi Baraat is a rib ticking comedy|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Kissey Apna Kahein|Badalte Rishtey]]'' ||<ref name="badalte">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/hindi/Zindagi-to-launch-four-shows/articleshow/47414923.cms | title=Zindagi to launch four shows | newspaper=The Times of India | date=25 May 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
|''[[Babul Ki Duwayen Leti Jaa]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozee.com/zindagi|title=Zee's Babul ki Duwayen now on Zindagi|access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Badi Aapa]]'' ||<ref name="zndadkbamm"/>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Behadd]]'' ||<ref>
* {{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-fawad-khan-back-with-telefilm-behadd-on-zindagi-2014953 | title=Fawad Khan back with telefilm 'Behadd' on Zindagi | publisher=DNA | date=30 August 2014 | access-date=12 August 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/valentines-day-special-fawad-khans-award-winning-film-behadd-air-india-again-623229 | title=Valentine's Day Special: Fawad Khan's Award Winning Film 'Behadd' to Air in India Again | work=International Business Times | date=12 February 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015 | author=Mehta, Ankita}}</ref>
|-
| 2014-2015
|''[[Meray Dard Ko Jo Zuban Miley|Bezubaan]]'' ||<ref name=zndbezubaan>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/releases/zindagis-new-show-bezubaan-bound-leave-you-speechless-141224|title=Bezubaan to leave you speechless, premieres December 29|publisher=Tellychakkar|date=24 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2015-2016
|rowspan=2 | ''[[Bhaage Re Mann]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/season-break-zindagis-bhaage-re-mann-160316#|title=Zindagi's Bhaage Re Mann take a season break|publisher=Tellychakkar.com}}</ref><ref>
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/2015-TV-shows-to-look-forward-this-year/photostory/49630419.cms|title=Bhaage Re Mann to be broadcast on Zindagi|newspaper=The Times Of India}}
* {{cite web|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/tv-show-bhaage-re-mann-launched-115112100062_1.html |title=Zindagi launched Bhaage Re Mann|publisher=Business Standard|work=IANS|date=21 November 2015|access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-to-premiere-season-2-of-bhaage-re-mann-on-23-june/|title=Zindagi to premiere season 2 of 'Bhaage Re Mann' on 23 June|publisher=Television Post|date=14 June 2016|access-date=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615121720/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-to-premiere-season-2-of-bhaage-re-mann-on-23-june/|archive-date=15 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Bilqees Kaur]]'' ||<ref name=zndbqrb>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibcworldnews.com/2015/09/15/this-september-zindagi-introduces-two-new-enthralling-dramas/|title=Zindagi introduces Bilqees Kaur and Ru Baru in September 2015|date=15 September 2015|work=IBC News Bureau|access-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925054148/https://www.ibcworldnews.com/2015/09/15/this-september-zindagi-introduces-two-new-enthralling-dramas/|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zindagitv.in/shows/bilqees|title=Bilqees to be broadcast on Zindagi}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
|''Bin Tere''||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Zindagi/status/761172296035729408|title= Bin Tere Schedule announcement|date=4 August 2016|publisher=Zindagi Official Twitter Account}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
|''[[Boys Over Flowers (2009 TV series)|Boys Over Flowers]]''||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/zindagi-channel-moves-to-ozee-to-telecast-uncensored-shows-2277862/|title=Zindagi channel moves to OZEE, to telecast uncensored shows|publisher=India.com|date=30 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Daagh (drama)|Daagh]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/channel/zindagi/params/tvchannel/channelid-10000000023620000|title=Daagh programming schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Daam]]'' ||<ref name=zndashkdaam /><ref name=daam>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/daam/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549823391/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201510262030|title=Daam programming schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''Darmiyaan'' ||<ref name=znddarmiyaan>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/darmiyaan/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550097988/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201511052200|title=Darmiyaan to start on November 5, 2015|access-date=30 October 2015|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Jal Pari (TV series)|Deewana Kise Banayegi Yeh Ladki]]'' ||<ref name="badalte"/>
|-
| 2017
|''[[Descendants of the Sun]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Zindagi/status/823787763245858816|title=Descendants of the Sun to premiere on February 8, 2017|publisher=Zindagi Official Twitter Feed}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Durr-e-Shahwar|Dhoop Chhaon]]'' ||<ref name="humtum">{{Cite web|url = http://www.businessinsider.in/Fawad-Khan-Is-Back-With-Humsafar-And-Then-There-Are-Other-Upcoming-Shows-On-Zindagi/articleshow/44799979.cms|title = Fawad Khan Is Back With Humsafar. And Then There Are Other Upcoming Shows On Zindagi|date = 13 October 2014|access-date = 12 August 2015|website = businessinsider.in|publisher = Business Insider India|last = Sharma|first = Nandini}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=For Nadia Jamil, it is Indian films over Indian soaps|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/787374/for-nadia-jamil-its-indian-films-over-indian-soaps/|work=IANS|publisher=Express Tribune|date=7 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Dil-e-Muztar]]'' ||<ref name="dil"/>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Do Qadam Door Thay]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/do-kadam-door-thay/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550140586/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201602162100|title=Do Qadam Door Thay Programming Schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''Dolly Ki Ayegi Baraat''||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/scoops/342598/get-ready-another-laugh-riot-dolly-ki-ayegi-baraat|title=Get ready for another laugh riot with 'Dolly Ki Ayegi Baraat'!|publisher=Pinkvilla|date=6 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''Ek Kasak Reh Gaee'' ||<ref>
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/ek-kasak-reh-gayi/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550158608/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201604052100|newspaper=The Times Of India|title=Ek Kasak Reh Gayi Programming Schedule}}
</ref>
|-
| 2016
|''Ek Mohabbat Ke Baad'' ||<ref>*{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/ek-mohabbat-ke-baad/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550163596/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201604182010|newspaper=The Times Of India|title=Ek Mohabbat Ke Baad Programming Schedule}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
|''[[Ek Tamanna Lahasil Si]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Zindagi/status/768741047782420480|title=Ek Tamanna Lahasil Si starts September 9, 2016|publisher=Zindagi Official Twitter Account}}</ref>
|-
| 2016-2017
|''[[Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Turkish-stars-all-set-to-shine-in-India/articleshow/52681060.cms|title=Turkish stars all set to shine in India|newspaper=The Times Of India|date=9 June 2016| access-date=10 June 2016}}</ref><ref name=bushrafatmagul />
|-
| 2015-2016
| rowspan="2" |''[[Adini Feriha Koydum|Feriha]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2015/09/zindagi-to-air-turkish-show-feriha-in-india-from-september-15/|title=Zindagi to air 'Feriha' from September 15|date=4 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|<ref name="bestmediainfo.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2016/11/zindagi-coming-up-with-new-season-of-feriha/|title=Zindagi coming up with new season of Feriha|date=2 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2014-2015
|''[[Gohar-e-Nayab|Gauhar]]'' ||<ref name="kaisiye">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/hindi/Zindagi-announces-the-launch-of-2-new-shows/articleshow/45548615.cms | title=Zindagi announces the launch of 2 new shows | newspaper=The Times of India | date=17 December 2014 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Nikhar Gaye Gulab Sare|Gulon Mein Rang]]'' ||<ref name="badalte"/>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Humsafar]]'' ||<ref name="humtum"/><ref>
* {{cite web | url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-to-launch-humsafar-on-14-oct/ | title=Zindagi to launch 'Humsafar' on 14 Oct | date=10 October 2014 | access-date=12 August 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/first-look-humsafar-starring-fawad-khan-on-zindagi-140828 | title=First Look: Humsafar starring Fawad Khan on Zindagi | date=28 August 2014 | access-date=12 August 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Humsafar-is-a-good-nasha-to-have-Fawad-Khan-Mahira-Khan/articleshow/44802218.cms | title=Humsafar is a good nasha to have: Fawad Khan-Mahira Khan | newspaper=The Times of India | date=14 October 2014 | access-date=12 August 2015 | author=Olivera, Roshni}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Ishq Junoon Deewangi|Ijaazat]]'' ||<ref name="ijaazat">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/hindi/Zindagi-announces-the-launch-of-five-new-shows-in-January15/articleshow/45805619.cms | title=Zindagi announces the launch of five new shows in January'15 | newspaper=The Times of India | date=8 January 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Ishq Gumshuda]]'' ||<ref name="gumsum">
* {{cite web | url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/zindagi-channel-offers-two-new-shows-thakkan-and-ishq-gumshuda-124503/ | title=Zindagi channel offers two new shows: Thakkan and Ishq Gumshuda | publisher=india.com | date=21 August 2014 | access-date=10 November 2014 | author=Jadhav, Prathamesh}}
* {{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/zindagi-offers-two-more-new-shows-thakkan-ishq-gumshuda_160437.html | title=Zindagi offers two more new shows- 'Thakkan', 'Ishq Gumshuda' | publisher=Zee News | date=21 August 2014 | access-date=10 November 2014 | author=Zee Media Bureau}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zindagi-to-launch-two-more-shows-thakkan-and-ishq-gumshuda-2013608 | title=Zindagi to launch two more shows: Thakkan and Ishq Gumshuda | publisher=DNA India | date=25 August 2014 | access-date=10 November 2014 | author=DNA Web Team}}</ref><ref name="dubaadubaa"/>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Ishq Mein Teray]]'' ||<ref name=imtmemkqk>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/zindagi-channel-to-launch-two-romance-based-tv-shows/|work=IANS|publisher=Indian Express|title=Zindagi channel to launch two romance based TV shows|date=25 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
|''[[Ishqaaway]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/ishqaway/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550175577/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201605232050|title=Ishqaway Programming Schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Kaafir (Pakistani TV series)|Izzat]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Zindagi/status/594138724310487040|title=Izzat to be broadcast on Zindagi on May 5, 2015|publisher=Zindagi on Twitter}}</ref>
|-
| 2015-2016
| ''[[Jab We Wed]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/jab-we-wed/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550113866/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201512192000|title=Jab We Wed Programming Schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Jackson Heights (drama)|Jackson Heights]]'' ||<ref name=zndjh>{{cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2015/08/zindagi-to-premiere-fiction-show-jackson-heights-on-september-1/|title=Zindagi to premiere fiction show 'Jackson Heights' on September 1|date=27 August 2015|access-date=2 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''Kaash Aisa Ho'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/zindagi-kaash-aisa-ho-fawad-khan-saba-qamar-new-show-lifetv-331454-2016-07-26|title=Zindagi is back with a new love story, and it stars Saba Qamar, who will seen be seen in a Bollywood film opposite Irrfan|publisher=India Today|date=26 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Kaash Main Teri Beti Na Hoti]]'' ||<ref name="yeh"/>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Humnasheen|Kabhi Aashna Kabhi Ajnabi]]'' ||<ref name="kabhikabhiaa"/>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Kabhi Kabhi (2013 TV series)|Kabhi Kabhi]]''||<ref name=zndkk>* {{cite web|url=http://www.totalfilmy.com/news/wed_20150624_1118/peek_zindagi%E2%80%99s_new_pakistani_drama_%E2%80%9Ckabhi_kabhi%E2%80%9D42136.html|title=A Peek into Zindagi's New Pakistani Drama "Kabhi Kabhi"|access-date=17 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809124914/http://totalfilmy.com/news/wed_20150624_1118/peek_zindagi%E2%80%99s_new_pakistani_drama_%E2%80%9Ckabhi_kabhi%E2%80%9D42136.html|archive-date=9 August 2015|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Who-is-Ahsan-Khans-lucky-charm/articleshow/48123575.cms|title=Who is Kabhi Kabhi's star Ahsan Khan's lucky charm?|newspaper=The Times Of India|agency=IANS|date=18 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Kahi Unkahi]]'' ||<ref name="zndmqmdku">
* {{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/zindagi-launches-two-new-shows-next-month/ | title=Zindagi launches two new shows next month | publisher=The Indian Express | date=28 July 2014 | access-date=12 August 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/zindagi-to-launch-two-new-shows-in-august/article_3b0c3f5e-1769-11e4-9dbe-001a4bcf887a.html | title=Zindagi to Launch Two New Shows in August | date=29 July 2014 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2014-2015
|''[[Meri Zaat Zarra-e-Benishan|Kaisi Ye Qayamat]]'' ||<ref name="kaisiye"/>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Kankar (TV series)|Kankar]]'' ||<ref>
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/kankar/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550160834/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201604132150|title=Kankar Programming Schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/zindagi-throws-spotlight-domestic-violence-its-new-show-kankar-160411|title=Zindagi throws a spotlight on domestic violence with its new show Kankar|date=11 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''Kashmakash'' ||<ref name=zndk>
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/2015-TV-shows-to-look-forward-this-year/photostory/48732150.cms/|title=Kashmakash is one of the 15 shows to look forward to|access-date=31 August 2015|publisher=TNN}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.adelhi.com/kashmakash-zindagi-channels-new-treat/|title=Kashmakash: Zindagi Channel's New Treat|date= 1 September 2015|author=Ahmed, Sabreena}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Khoya Khoya Chand (TV series)|Khoya Khoya Chand]]'' ||<ref>
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/khoya-khoya-chand/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549866756/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201511122000|title=Khoya Khoya Chand Programming Schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/at-home/article7896604.ece|title=Ahsan Khan at home in India|work=The Hindu|first=S.M.|last=Aamir}}</ref>
|-
| 2016-2017
|''[[Khwaabon Ki Zamin Par]]'' ||<ref name=primetimerevamp />
|-
| 2015
|''[[Tootay Huway Per|Khwahishein]]'' ||<ref name="ijaazat"/>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Talkhiyaan|Kisi Ki Khatir]]'' ||<ref name=kisi>{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=7O5H16FZNwFqY8q/E2cm05v00TPxLt1t3R3dPuls1Z7fxw4U=|title=Sanam Saeed talks about her role in Kisi Ki Khatir|work=DNA Syndication|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2014-2015
|''[[Kitni Girhain Baaki Hain]]'' ||<ref name="yeh"/>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Kuch Pyar Ka Pagalpan]]'' ||<ref>
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/kuch-pyaar-ka-pagalpan-bhi-tha/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550135235/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201602012000|title=Kuch Pyar Ka Pagalpan Bhi Tha Schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/zindagi-to-launch-fawad-khan-s-kuch-pyaar-ka-paagalpan-bhi-tha-on-1-feb-160129|title=Zindagi to launch Fawad Khan's 'Kuch Pyaar Ka Paagalpan Bhi Tha' on 1 Feb|date=29 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2016-2017
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kuzey Güney]]'' ||<ref name="bestmediainfo.com"/>
|-
|2017 ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Zindagi/status/856499461983535104|title=Kuzey Guney to start on May 12, 2017|publisher=Zindagi Official Twitter Account}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Main Gunehgar Nahi|Ladki Hona Gunaah Nahin]]'' ||<ref name=zndlhgn>
* {{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/06/05/entertainment/mawra-hocane-of-pakistan-has-three-bollywood-projects-in-hand/|title=Mawra Hocane of Pakistan has three Bollywood projects in hand|publisher=Pakistan Today|date=5 June 2015|access-date=1 September 2015}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/letters/15-Jun-2015/mawra-hocane-in-bollywood|title=Mawra Hocane in Bollywood|first=Abeera|last=Ghufran|publisher=Daily Times}}
</ref>
|-
| 2016-2017
|''[[Little Lord]]'' ||<ref name=primetimerevamp />
|-
| 2014
|''[[Maat (TV series)|Maat]]'' ||<ref name="maatnoorpur"/>
|-
| 2016
|''Maaye Ni'' ||<ref>
* {{cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2016/07/maaye-ni-a-mothers-struggle-for-her-sons-love/|title=Maaye Ni Premieres On Zindagi on July 19, 2016|publisher=Best Media Info|date=13 July 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/maaye-ni/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550202970/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201607192150|title=Maaye Ni Programming Schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''Madiha Maliha'' ||<ref name="kaisiye"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.televisionpost.com/news/zindagi-to-launch-madiha-maliha-on-25-nov/ | title=Zindagi to launch 'Madiha Maliha' on 25 Nov | date=21 November 2014 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/whatever/6-cliches-from-pakistani-tv-serials-that-prove-theyre-just-as-stereotypical-as-indian-ones-507198/|title=6 Clichés from Pakistani TV serials that prove they're just as stereotypical as Indian ones!|date=17 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Main Abdul Qadir Hoon]]'' ||<ref>
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/main-abdul-qadir-hoon/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550146784/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201603072220|title=Main Abdul Qadir Hoon Programming Schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-to-premiere-main-abdul-qadir-hoon-in-india-on-7-mar/|title=Zindagi to premiere Main Abdul Qadir Hoon on March 7, 2016|date=3 March 2016}}
</ref>
|-
| 2016
|''Main Bushra'' ||<ref name=bushrafatmagul>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/zindagi-launches-two-new-woman-oriented-shows-fatmagul-and-main-bushra-lifetv-17317-2016-06-30|title=Zindagi launches two new woman-oriented shows Fatmagul and Main Bushra|publisher=India Today|date=30 June 2016|access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref><ref>
* {{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Zindagi/status/743758957131403264|title=Zindagi Official Release: Main Bushra premieres on 29 June, 2016|publisher=Zindagi TV|date=17 June 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/main-bushra/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550192601/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201607192000|title=Main Bushra Programming Schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Malaal]]'' ||<ref>
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/malaal/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550092011/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201510192200|title='Malaal' Programming schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-to-launch-drama-series-malaal-from-19-oct/|title=Zindagi to launch drama series 'Malaal' from 19 Oct|date=17 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Malika-e-Aliya]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/malika-e-aaliya/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550091116/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201605111920|title=Malika-e-Aaliya Programming Schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Mann Ke Moti]]'' ||<ref name="khelkhel"/>
|-
| 2016 ||<ref name=imtmemkqk/>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Mastana Mahi]]'' ||<ref name=zndadkbamm />
|-
| 2015
|''Mausam'' ||<ref name="ijaazat"/>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Mein Hari Piya]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-to-air-new-love-show-on-22-aug/|title=Mein Hari Piya On Zindagi from August 22, 2016|publisher=Television Post|date=17 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Meri Behan Maya]]'' ||<ref name="ijaazat"/>
|-
| 2014
|''Mera Naseeb'' ||<ref name="dubaadubaa">{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/sanam-saeed-back-as-shazia-in-zindagi%E2%80%99s-mera-naseeb%E2%80%99_1472627.html | title=Sanam Saeed back as Shazia in Zindagi's 'Mera Naseeb' | publisher=Zee News | date=19 September 2014 | access-date=10 November 2014 | author=Zee Media Bureau}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''Mera Saaya'' ||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/pakistani-actress-rubina-ashraf-plays-the-lead-in-mera-saaya/ | title=Pakistani actress Rubina Ashraf plays the lead in Mera Saaya | publisher=The Indian Express | date=11 December 2014 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Mere Harjai]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/mere-harjai/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550160839/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201604151920|title=Mere Harjai programming schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Mere Humdum Mere Dost]]'' ||<ref name=mhmdmzht>* {{cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2016/03/two-emotional-dramas-on-zindagi-from-march-21/|title=Two emotional dramas on Zindagi 'Mere Humdum Mere Dost' and 'Meri Zindagi Hai Tu' will air from March 21, 2016|date=17 March 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-to-launch-two-new-shows-on-21-march/|title=Zindagi is all set to premiere two shows, 'Mere Humdum Mere Dost' and 'Meri Zindagi Hai Tu'|date=17 March 2016|access-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319223759/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-to-launch-two-new-shows-on-21-march/|archive-date=19 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Mere Hamrahi]]'' ||<ref name="kabhikabhiaa">{{cite web | url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-expands-primetime-with-two-new-shows/ | title=Zindagi expands primetime with two new shows | date=10 April 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Meray Qatil Meray Dildar]]'' ||<ref name="zndmqmdku"/>
|-
| 2016
|''[[Meri Beti]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/zindagi-new-show-meri-beti-mother-daughter-relationship-lifetv-333923-2016-08-08|title=Zindagi channel's new show, Meri Beti, deals with a complicated mother-daughter story.|publisher=India Today|date=8 August 2016|first=Anvita|last=Singh}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Mata-e-Jaan Hai Tu]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-to-air-meri-jaan-hai-tu-daily-at-9-pm/ | title=Zindagi to air 'Meri Jaan Hai Tu' daily at 9 pm | date=21 April 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/a-lot-more-drama/ | title=A Lot More Drama | publisher=The Indian Express | date=2 January 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Dil Muhallay Ki Haveli|Meri Talaash]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-set-to-air-a-new-pakistani-drama-from-17-july/ | title=Zindagi set to air a new Pakistani drama from 17 July | date=15 July 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''Meri Zindagi Hai Tu'' ||<ref name=mhmdmzht/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/meri-zindagi-hai-tu-the-story-of-a-girl-who-falls-in-love-with-her-aunts-fiance-313745-2016-03-17|title=Meri Zindagi Hai Tu: The story of a girl who gets obsessed with her aunt's fiance|publisher=India Today|date=17 March 2016}}
</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Mohabat Subh Ka Sitara Hai]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/mohabbat-subh-ka-sitara-hai/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549900248/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201605132010|title=Mohabat Subah Ka Sitara Hai Programming Schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Na Kaho Tum Mere Nahi]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/na-kaho-tum-mere-nahi/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550140587/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201602171810|title=Na Kaho Tum Mere Nahin programming schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2015-2016
| ''Namak Paray'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/namak-paray/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549830837/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201511292000|title=Namak Parey programming schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Nanhi]]'' ||<ref>
* {{cite web|url=http://www.hipinpakistan.com/news/1148789|title=Haseeb Hasan's popular play 'Nanhi' to air on Zindagi}}
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/nanhi/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550126711/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201601142220|title=Nanhi Programming schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagis-new-drama-to-deal-with-child-trafficking/|title=Zindagi's new drama to deal with child trafficking|access-date=15 January 2016}}
</ref>
|-
| 2015-2016
| ''[[Neeyat (TV series)|Neeyat]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/86555-Pakistani-TV-is-our-identity-Ahsan-Khan|title="Pakistani TV is our identity": Ahsan Khan|publisher=The News Magazine}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Nirmala's Spice World]]'' ||<ref name="afternoon"/>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Noor Bano (TV serial)|Noor Bano]]''||<ref name=zndnb>{{cite web|url=http://www.zindagitv.in/shows/noor-bano|title=Noor bano to be broadcast on Zindagi starting August 19, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Noorpur Ki Rani]]'' ||<ref name="maatnoorpur">
* {{cite web | url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/zindagi-keeps-its-promise-of-new-shows-every-month-launches-noorpur-ki-rani-in-place-of-aunn-zara-96124/ | title=Zindagi keeps its promise of new shows every month; Launches Noorpur ki Rani in place of Aunn Zara | date=15 July 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/zindagi-brings-two-new-shows-noorpur-ki-rani-and-maat-140714 | title=Zindagi brings two new shows –Noorpur Ki Rani and Maat | date=14 July 2014 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
|''[[Numm]]'' ||<ref>
* {{cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1175753/do-you-know-theres-a-fawad-khan-festival-happening-in-india|publisher=Dawn Images|title=Do you know? There's a Fawad Khan festival happening in India!|date=5 July 2016}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2016/07/fawad-fans-zindagi-brings-your-heartthrob-in-abundance-this-july/|title=Zindagi brings your Fawad Festival to its channel|date=5 July 2016}}
</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Pani Jaisa Piyar]]''||<ref>
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/paani-jaisa-pyaar/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550180480/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201606092000|title=Pani Jaisa Pyar Programming Schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/new-series/article8715547.ece|title=Paani Jaisa Pyaar, a new series by Zindagi|access-date=17 June 2016|date=11 June 2016|work=The Hindu}}
</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Mora Piya|Piya Re]]'' ||<ref name="piyaa"/><ref name="ijaazat"/>
|-
| 2015
||''[[Aseerzadi|Pyaar Ka Haq]]'' ||<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ishqiya-dedh-ishqiya-fame-salman-shahid-zindagis-pyaar-ka-haq-150507|title=Ishqiya &Dedh Ishqiya fame Salman Shahid in Zindagi's Pyaar Ka Haq|date=7 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Pyarey Afzal]]'' ||<ref>{{ cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/945853/india-is-in-love-with-pakistani-drama-pyaare-afzal/|title=India is in love with Pyaare Afzal|publisher=The Express Tribune|date=27 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Qaid-e-Tanhai]]'' ||<ref name=zndqet>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2015-tv-shows-to-look-forward-this-year/photostory/45704121.cms|title=Zindagi enhances afternoon band with 'Qaid-e-Tanhai'|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Kadoorat|Ranjish]]'' ||<ref name="khelkhel">{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/the-cult-of-pakistani-tv-soaps-forget-the-hype-most-of-them-are-crap-2203546.html | title=The cult of Pakistani TV soaps: Forget the hype, most of them are crap | publisher=First Post | date=20 April 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Rehaai]]'' ||<ref name=rehaai>{{cite web|url=http://www.openvoice.co.in/entertainment/zindagis-latest-show-rehaai-creates-awareness-about-child-marriage-women-empowerment/|title=Zindagi's latest show 'Rehaai' creates awareness about Child Marriage & Women Empowerment|access-date=16 August 2015}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Ru Baru]]'' ||<ref name=zndbqrb /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/ru-baru/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550078129/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201509190926|title=Ru Baru Episode Schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Mohabbat Rooth Jaye Toh|Ruswaiyaan]]'' ||<ref name=rusw>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Adnan-Siddiqui-Thankful-to-Zindagi-for-bringing-countries-closer/articleshow/48307461.cms|title=Adnan Siddiqui: Thankful to Zindagi for bringing countries closer|date=1 August 2015|access-date=30 September 2015|work=IANS}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
||''[[Shareek-e-Hayat|Saare Mausam Tumse Hee]]''||<ref name=shukriyaadobaaraa/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zindagitv.in/shows/saare-mausam-tumse-hee|title=Saare Mausam Tumse Hee to be broadcast on Zindagi}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Ladoon Mein Pali|Sabki Laadli...Laraib]]'' ||<ref name=znds>{{cite web|url=http://www.zindagitv.in/shows/sabki-ladli-laraib|title=Sabki laadli Laraib to be broadcast on Zee Zindagi in May 2015}}
</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''Sasural Ki Galli'' ||<ref name=afternoon />
|-
| 2016
|''[[Shehr-e-Ajnabi]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-to-air-shehr-e-ajnabi-from-3-february/|title=Zindagi to air Shehr-e-Ajnabi from 3 February|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221222417/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-to-air-shehr-e-ajnabi-from-3-february/|archive-date=21 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Shehr-e-Zaat]]''||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/mahira-khan-new-serial-zindagi-channel-shehr-e-zaat-shahrukh-khan-raees-284271-2015-07-23|title=Mahira Khan returns to Indian screens with Shehr-e-Zaat|date=23 July 2015|publisher=India Today|work=IANS}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''Shikkan'' ||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/New-show-Shikkan-on-Zindagi-channel/articleshow/46409751.cms | title=New show Shikkan on Zindagi channel | newspaper=The Times of India | date=28 February 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2015-2016
| ''[[Shukk]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/shukk/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549917170/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201601092100|title=Shukk Programming Schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Shukriya(Show)|Shukriya]]'' ||<ref name="shukriyaa" /><ref name=shukriyaadobaaraa/>
|-
| 2015
|''Simply Beautiful'' ||<ref name="afternoon">{{cite web | url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/44068_Zindagi-opens-afternoon-band-with-new-shows | title=Zindagi opens afternoon band with new shows | publisher=afaqs! | date=1 May 2015 | access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Sitamgar (TV series)|Sitamgar]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/sitamgar/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549810760/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201511282200|title=Sitamgar programming schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
|''Snowdrop'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ukranian-revenge-drama-to-air-on-tv/articleshow/56498144.cms|title=Ukrainian revenge drama to air on TV|date=12 January 2017|agency=PTI|newspaper=The Times Of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Man-O-Salwa|Tere Ishq Mein]]'' ||<ref name="humtum"/>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Teri Berukhi]]'' ||<ref name=zndamtb/>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Shehryar Shehzadi|Teri Raza]]'' ||<ref name=badalte/>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Tanhai (TV series)|Tanhai]]'' ||<ref name=zndt>{{cite web|url=http://www.zindagitv.in/shows/tanhai|title=Zindagi launches Tanhai in the afternoon|date=17 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''[[Thakan]]'' ||<ref name="gumsum"/>
|-
| 2017
|''[[Totalmente Demais|Total Dreamer]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zindagi-channel-announces-total-dreamer-its-first-show-from-brazil-2360200|title=Zindagi channel announces 'Total Dreamer' - its FIRST show from Brazil|publisher=DNA|date=20 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2016-2017
|''[[TV Ke Uss Paar]]'' ||<ref name=primetimerevamp />
|-
| 2016
|''[[Vasl (television series)|Vasl]]'' ||<ref>
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/vasl/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550167955/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201605022100|title=Vasl programming schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-to-air-new-show-vasl-from-2-may-in-weekday-9-pm-slot/|title=Zindagi to air new show 'Vasl' from 2 May in weekday 9 pm slot}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Dastaan (2010 TV series)|Waqt Ne Kiya Kya Haseen Sitam]]'' ||<ref>
* {{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/from-the-other-side/ | title=Fawad Khan's Pakistani show 'Waqt Ne Kiya Kya Haseen Sitam' is a partition love story | publisher=The Indian Express | access-date=12 August 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Fawad-Khan-to-come-back-to-TV-with-an-epic-love-story-set-in-the-1940s/articleshow/46652785.cms | title=Fawad Khan to come back to TV with an epic love story set in the 1940s | newspaper=The Times of India | date=23 March 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/fawad-khan-returns-on-tv-with-zindagis-waqt-ne-kiya-kya-haseen-sitam-after-zindagi-gulzar-hai-humsafar-315958/ | title=Fawad Khan returns on TV with Zindagi's Waqt Ne Kiya Kya Haseen Sitam after Zindagi Gulzar Hai & Humsafar | date=14 March 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015 | author=Mishra, Rashmi}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/zindagi-weaves-pakistani-love-story-around-partition-150324 | title=Zindagi weaves Pakistani love story around partition | date=24 March 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2014-2015
|''[[Ishq Hamari Galiyon Mein|Ye Galiyaan Ye Chaubaara]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/new-tv-shows-to-look-forward-to-in-2015/15882176 | title=New TV shows to look forward to in 2015 | publisher=Mid-Day | date=2 January 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015 | author=Pitale, Sonali Joshi}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[Kahin Chand Na Sharma Jaye|Yeh Phool Sa Naazuk Chehra]]'' ||<ref name=zndypsnc>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/zindagi/status/551588858954264576|title=Yeh Phool Sa Naazuk Chehra to premiere on January 11, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Yahan Pyar Nahin Hai]]'' ||<ref name=zndynph>
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/yahaan-pyaar-nahi-hai/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550092010/channelid-10000000023620000/starttime-201510192100|title='Yahan Pyar Nahin Hai' Programming schedule|newspaper=The Times Of India}}
* {{cite web|title=Zindagi gears up to launch new drama 'Yahan Pyar Nahi Hai'|url= http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-gears-up-to-launch-new-drama-yahan-pyar-nahi-hai/ |date=16 October 2015}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2015/10/zindagi-adds-to-its-fiction-line-up-with-yahan-pyar-nahi-hai/|title=Zindagi adds to its fiction line-up with 'Yahan Pyar Nahi Hai'|access-date=19 October 2015|publisher=Best Media Info}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|'' [[Sasural Ke Rang Anokhay|Yeh Sasuraal Bemisaal]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zindagitv.in/shows/yeh-sasural-bemisal|title=Yeh Sasural Bemisaal, an anthology series comes to Zindagi starting from 5th April}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
|''Yeh Shadi Nahi Ho Sakti'' ||<ref>{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/are-you-ready-for-zindagi%E2%80%99s-yeh-shaadi-nahi-ho-sakti%E2%80%99_1471869.html | title=Are you ready for Zindagi's 'Yeh Shaadi Nahi Ho Sakti'? | publisher=Zee News | date=18 September 2014 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zindagi-to-launch-yeh-shaadi-nahi-ho-sakti-on-23-sep/ | title=Zindagi to launch 'Yeh Shaadi Nahi Ho Sakti' on 23 Sep | date=15 September 2015 | access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Zindagi Gulzar Hai]] '' ||<ref name="yeh"/><ref>
* {{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Zindagi-Gulzar-Hai-is-back-on-TV/articleshow/40121634.cms |title=Zindagi Gulzar Hai is back on TV |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2015 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/fawad-khans-zindagi-gulzar-hai-is-back-on-tv-by-popular-demand-117787/ |title=Fawad Khan's Zindagi Gulzar Hai is back on TV by popular demand! |date=13 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2015 |author=Mishra, Rashmi }}
* {{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/zindagi-gulzar-hai-brought-back-on-demand/ |title=Zindagi Gulzar Hai brought back on demand |publisher=The Indian Express |date=22 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2015 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/CEL-zindagi-gulzar-hai-ends-on-friday-a-look-at-the-most-loving-moments-of-zaroon-ju-4684404-PHO.html |title=Zindagi Gulzar Hai ends: Loving moments of Zaroon Junaid and Kashaf Murtaza |publisher=Daily Bhaskar |date=22 July 2014 |access-date=12 August 2015 }}
*{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/zindagi-gulzar-hai-cross-border-love-on-screen/article1-1227084.aspx |title=Zindagi Gulzar Hai: cross-border love on screen |date=7 June 2014 |access-date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703124216/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/zindagi-gulzar-hai-cross-border-love-on-screen/article1-1227084.aspx |archive-date=3 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''Zindagi Teletime''||<ref name=zndteletime>*{{cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2015/10/zindagi-brings-a-bouquet-of-telefilms-this-festive-season/|title=Zindagi brings a bouquet of telefilms this festive season|date=7 October 2015|publisher=Best Media Info|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-date=10 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010033434/http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2015/10/zindagi-brings-a-bouquet-of-telefilms-this-festive-season/|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/zindagi-to-beef-up-sunday-programming-with-six-telefilms-151006|title=Zindagi to beef up Sunday programming with six telefilms|date=6 October 2015}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140625101235/http://www.zindagitv.in/ Official website of Zindagi TV]

{{Programmes broadcast by Zindagi}}
{{Essel Group}}
{{Lists of TV programs by country}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lists of television series by network|Zee Zindagi]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series|Zee Zindagi]]

Chandan Chauhan

2026-04-27T08:08:05Z

Swap72: Creating initial page added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chandan Singh Chauhan
| parents = [[Sonu Singh Chauhan]] (father)
| relations = [[Chaudhary Narain Singh]] (grandfather)
| spouse = Yashika Chauhan
| children = 2
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|08|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Muzaffarnagar
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Malook Nagar]]
| successor =
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 10 March 2022
| term_end1 = June 2024
| predecessor1 =
| constituency = [[Bijnor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijnor]]
| successor1 = [[Mithlesh Pal]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| other_party = [[National Democratic Alliance]] (2024–present)
| image =
| constituency1 = [[Meerapur (Assembly constituency)|Meerapur]]
| preceded1 = [[Avtar Singh Bhadana]]
| alma_mater = [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]]
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5547?from=members
}}
'''Chandan Singh Chauhan''' ({{IPA|hi|t͡ʃən̪d̪ən̪ sɪŋgʱ t͡ʃɔːɦaːn̪}}) is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is currently serving [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Bijnor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijnor]].<ref name="Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas">{{cite news|title=Inheritors {{!}} Next-gen netas|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|accessdate=25 March 2025|publisher=India Today|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325141549/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-inheritors-next-gen-netas-2565854-2024-07-13|archivedate=25 March 2025|language=en}}</ref> He was former member in [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Meerapur (Assembly constituency)|Meerapur]] representing [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=chandan-chauhan in Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/chandan-chauhan-meerapur-candidate-s24a016c01/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Meerapur Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Chandan Chauhan of RLD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/meerapur-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4849478.html |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election 2022 Analysis: मुजफ्फरनगर के मीरापुर में मुस्लिम के साथ जाट और गुर्जरों के तालमेल से हुई जीत |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut-city-up-election-result-2022-meerapur-assembly-seat-won-by-the-alliance-of-jats-and-gujjars-with-muslims-22544463.html |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> He is son of RLD politician [[Sanjay Singh Chauhan]] and Grandson of [[Narain Singh (politician)|Chaudhary Narain Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali 9411273090 |first=Mr Firoj |date=2021-10-07 |title=सियासी विरासत की तीसरी पीढ़ी चंदन मानते हैं अखिलेश को अपना नेता |url=http://www.khojinews.co.in/category/shaksiyat/the-third-generation-of-political-heritage-considers-sandalwood-as-their-leader-1040082 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=www.khojinews.co.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandan Singh Chauhan(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- KHATAULI(MUZAFFARNAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=68 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

Chandan Chauhan, who hails from the [[gurjar]] community, is a first-time MLA from Meerapur in Muzaffarnagar. He was a member of the Samajwadi Party but contested on the RLD symbol as per the alliance pact. He defeated BJP’s Prashant Chaudhary in 2022 by a margin of over 27,380 votes.
Chauhan’s political lineage adds weight to his candidacy, as his grandfather, Chaudhary Narayan Singh, was the first deputy chief minister of UP, and his father, Sanjay Singh Chauhan represented Bijnor in the 15th Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18016/18|title=Profile of Chandan Chauhan|website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|accessdate=5 June 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Chandan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarnagar district]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

{{RJD-politician-stub}}
{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Surieyan

2026-04-22T12:43:25Z

Swap72: Adding A Entry More To Come

{{Short description|1992 film by Pavithran}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Surieyan poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]]
| writer = Pavithran
| producer = [[K. T. Kunjumon]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[R. Sarathkumar]]|[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]|[[Babu Antony]]}}
| cinematography = [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]
| editing = {{ubl|[[B. Lenin]]|[[V. T. Vijayan]]}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = A. R. S. Film International
| released = {{film date|1992|08|14|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Surieyan''''' ({{IPAc-en|s|uː|r|ɪ|j|ə|n}} {{Translation|Sun}}){{Efn|Also the title character.}} is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]], and produced by [[K. T. Kunjumon]]. The film, starring [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] and [[Babu Antony]], revolves around an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer who is forced to flee after being framed for shooting a minister. How he will prove his innocence forms the rest of the story.

''Surieyan'' was released on 14 August 1992. The film became the first major success for Sarathkumar as a hero. It won three [[Cinema Express Awards]], and was a trendsetter for further action films in the Tamil film industry itself.

== Plot ==
One day, a lady called Chettiyar Amma finds a man shivering due to intense cold weather in a truck which arrives in Top Slip, [[Pollachi]]. She immediately rescues him and treats him like her own son. The man, who prefers not to speak much, is called as Mottai by the people over there as a reference to him being bald. He gets employed as a driver to Usha, the only arrogant daughter of a rich landlord Koopu Konar. One day, Mottai, while replacing a tyre for Usha's car, lets something slip from his pocket, Upon retrieving the card, Usha is shocked to learn of Mottai's identity as Suriyan, an IPS officer serving in the Special Security Force, who is on the run after murdering the Union Home Minister. When she threatens to expose him, Suriyan rvelas that had he not killed the Home Minister, the nation would have lost the Prime Minister. Suriyan then reveals his back story.

During an international summit in [[Bangalore]], the Union Home Minister urges Suriyan to devise a strategy to assassinate the Prime Minister of India promising him a few thousands of dollars in return. Suriyan gets furious and kills the home minister for which he is wanted by the police. Suriyan escapes from them and hides in Top Slip as he previously overheard home minister's conversation to his henchman Micky. Suriyan hides his identity and keeps monitoring the forest to trace the activities of Micky, so that he can prove his innocence.

Usha falls in love seeing Suriyan's dedication to nation. She elopes from her house and marries Suriyan contrary to her father's wishes. Meanwhile, Suriyan finds some suspicious activities in the forest and keeps track of them to gather evidence. Finally he finds out that Micky is under the protection of Koopu Konar and Micky plans to assassinate Prime Minister during his visit to Pollachi. Police trace the whereabouts of Suriyan and arrest him. Micky and Koopu Konar plan to kill Suriyan, so that they are saved. Koopu Konar secretly plants a bomb while visiting Surieyan in prison, but unfortunately, Koopu Konar himself gets killed in the attack. Suriyan escapes from prison and finds out Micky and kills him. In the end, the Prime Minister visits Surieyan and thanks him for his dedication.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[R. Sarathkumar]] as Surieyan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] / Mottai
* [[Babu Antony]] as Micky
* [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Usha
* [[Goundamani]] as Panikutti Ramasamy
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Chettiyar Amma
* [[Omakuchi Narasimhan]]
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Koopu Konar
* [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as CBI officer
* [[Raju Sundaram]] in a special appearance
* [[Prabhu Deva]] (special appearance in the song "Lalakku Dol Dappi Ma")<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitra Deepa |date=20 August 2018 |title=I taught Salman Tamil, says Prabhu Deva |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/interview-with-prabhu-deva-on-lakshmi/article24737464.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200717170340/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/interview-with-prabhu-deva-on-lakshmi/article24737464.ece |archive-date=17 July 2020 |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Pasi Narayanan]] as Ottavai Narayana
* [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] as phone booth employee
* [[Viji]] (special appearance in the song "Lalakku Dol Dappi Ma")
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Vasanthakala Paravai]]'' (1991), [[K. T. Kunjumon]] again collaborated with cast member [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarathkumar]] and director [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]] for a new project titled ''Surieyan''.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinivasa |last2=Menon |first2=Vishal |date=21 July 2018 |title=KT Kunjumon and 25 years of 'Gentleman' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kt-kunjumon-and-25-years-of-gentleman/article24482821.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823082049/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kt-kunjumon-and-25-years-of-gentleman/article24482821.ece |archive-date=23 August 2019 |access-date=22 February 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> During the scene where the title character shaves his hair, Sarathkumar himself did so because the producers were unable to hire a barber. The film was shot at different locations including [[Top Slip]] and places in Rajasthan. [[S. Shankar]] and [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] worked as associate directors.<ref name="golden">{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=28 May 2020 |title=Landmark films, golden memories |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/landmark-films-golden-memories/article31693902.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602064801/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/landmark-films-golden-memories/article31693902.ece |archive-date=2 June 2020 |access-date=29 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], and the lyrics for the songs were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2014 |title=Surieyan |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/surieyan/UTPhplj0LaQ_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406213716/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/surieyan/UTPhplj0LaQ_ |archive-date=6 April 2019 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suriyan Tamil Audio Cassette By Deva |url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/deva-tamil-audio-cassettes/suriyan-tamil-audio-cassette/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/Oh1qY |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=Banumass |language=en}}</ref> The song "Pathinettu Vayadhu" is based on "[[Kanda Shasti Kavasam]]", a Hindu devotional song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2020 |title=How Kandha Sashti Kavasam helped Suriya, Vikram, Ajith & Arun Vijay! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/how-kandha-sashti-kavasam-helped-suriya-vikram-ajith-arun-vijay/articleshow/77041215.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719142205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/how-kandha-sashti-kavasam-helped-suriya-vikram-ajith-arun-vijay/articleshow/77041215.cms |archive-date=19 July 2020 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=18 May 2020 |title=Deva interview: 'Kushi' proved that I could do more than just 'gaana' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/20-years-of-kushi-how-deva-used-the-vijay-film-to-prove-that-he-was-more-than-a-gaana-composer/article31615468.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622212043/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/20-years-of-kushi-how-deva-used-the-vijay-film-to-prove-that-he-was-more-than-a-gaana-composer/article31615468.ece |archive-date=22 June 2020 |access-date=25 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Laalaku Dole" belongs to the [[dappankuthu]] genre, and follows a {{Time signature|6|8}} [[time signature]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Adesh |date=10 March 2023 |title=A Brief History of South Indian Kuthu and Teenmaar Music in 10 Songs |url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/naatu-naatu-south-indian-kuthu-in-10-songs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230316104533/https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/naatu-naatu-south-indian-kuthu-in-10-songs/ |archive-date=16 March 2023 |access-date=17 March 2023 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> For the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-dubbed version ''Mande Suryudu'', the lyrics were written by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2014 |title=Mandey Suryudu |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3YONcRDU29rLOIJ2WVxBKh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230126042917/https://open.spotify.com/album/3YONcRDU29rLOIJ2WVxBKh |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Laalaku Dole
| extra1 = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Kottungadi Kummi
| extra2 = S. Janaki, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Pathinettu Vayadhu
| extra3 = S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 =
| title4 = Mannathi Mannargal
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 =
| title5 = Thoongu Moonchi
| extra5 = S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 =
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:44
| title1 = Eay Oye Ayi Jummalaka
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:20
| title2 = Piliche Vayasu Palike Sogasu
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length2 = 5:16
| title3 = Choodu Choodu Oorantha
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length3 = 5:11
| title4 = Maataina Botaina Okatele Needi
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 5:02
| title5 = Mugdaraali Navve
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length5 = 4:53
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Surieyan'' was released on 14 August 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Films |url=http://gentlemanfilmktk.in/tamil-films/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825085045/http://gentlemanfilmktk.in/tamil-films/ |archive-date=25 August 2020 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=Gentleman Film KTK}}</ref> On the same day, Ayyappa Prasad ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "[''Surieyan''] is a racy entertainer that keeps the viewers attention engaged till the end".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=14 August 1992 |title=A chase without a base |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fYBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mp4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=453%2C1027795 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504101136/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fYBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mp4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=453%2C1027795 |archive-date=4 May 2024 |access-date=25 August 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> On 22 August, K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' praised the director, saying he "succeeds in keeping the viewers in suspense" but criticised the stunt sequences for being unconvincing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=22 August 1992 |title=Good plot but action flops |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_7BUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YJADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5525%2C623510 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504092634/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_7BUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YJADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5525%2C623510 |archive-date=4 May 2024 |access-date=25 August 2020 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=24 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting, comedy and cinematography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=23 August 1992 |title=சூரியன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-08-23/page/n25/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230126042737/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-08-23/page/n25/mode/2up |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=15 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=25 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> At the [[13th Cinema Express Awards]], Goundamani won the Award for Best Comedian, M. Sundaram won for Best Dance Master, and Sarathkumar received an "extraordinary Special Award" for acting in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 1993 |title=Cinema Express Awards |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930317&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=22 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The film was a major breakthrough for Sarathkumar who previously played mainly negative roles, and its success made him a much sought-after lead actor.<ref name="golden" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2022 |title=Sarathkumar on 30 years of Surieyan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sarathkumar-on-30-years-of-surieyan/articleshow/93556781.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250107063838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sarathkumar-on-30-years-of-surieyan/articleshow/93556781.cms |archive-date=7 January 2025 |access-date=7 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It also helped popularise Top Slip as a tourist attraction.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sujatha |first=S. |date=10 February 2009 |title=Pollachi: Mini Kodambakkam in Tamil Nadu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/pollachi-mini-kodambakkam-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/4107438.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250107054229/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/pollachi-mini-kodambakkam-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/4107438.cms |archive-date=7 January 2025 |access-date=7 January 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The comedy track performed by Goundamani became popular, as did his dialogue "Arasiyalla Ithellam Satharanampa" ({{translation|This is all routine in politics}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vankipuram |first=Meera |date=8 June 2017 |title=Netizens ROFL as memes mock volatile TN politics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/netizens-rofl-as-memes-mock-volatile-tn-politics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619100623/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/netizens-rofl-as-memes-mock-volatile-tn-politics/ |archive-date=19 June 2020 |access-date=25 August 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Pavithran}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s police films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 action films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pavithran (Tamil film director)]]
[[Category:Films produced by K. T. Kunjumon]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Lamput

2026-04-21T05:25:31Z

Swap72: new details.

{{short description|2016 Cartoon Network India series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| country = India
| language = Silent Interjection
| creator = Vaibhav Kumaresh
| director = {{plainlist |
* Anand Babu
* Vaibhav Kumaresh
}}
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Leslie Lee|Mark Eyers|Silas Hickey}}
| producer = Chai Yoon Fei
| runtime = 15 seconds–11 minutes
| company = Vaibhav Studios
| network = [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network]]{{efn|name=Network|Starting on June 2024, new episodes of ''Lamput'' started airing on [[Cartoon Network (Asia)#Japan|Cartoon Network Japan]] first, with its Indian premiere on the following day.}}
| composer = Roto Shah Advait Nemlekar
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|11|30|}} 
| last_aired = present
| num_episodes = 147
| num_seasons = 4
| list_episodes = List of Lamput episodes
| image = Lamput.png
}}

'''''Lamput''''' is an Indian animated television series of shorts created by Vaibhav Kumaresh and produced by Vaibhav Studios for [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network India]] and [[Cartoon Network (Asia)|Asia]]. The series consists of shorts ranging from 18 seconds to 3 to 5 minutes, as well as some 7-minute specials and three 11-minute specials from Season 4. The title character is a gooey, orange creature named Lamput who has escaped from a laboratory and is chased by the scientists Specs and Skinny.

==Synopsis==
Lamput is a gooey, orange creature who has escaped the [[laboratory]] of Specs and Skinny. They try to catch Lamput, but never succeed in their endeavors due to his shapeshifting ability.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bevan |first=Luke |date=27 March 2017 |title=Cartoon Network Asia-Pacific's Lamput Wins FICCI Frames 2017 Award |url=https://www.regularcapital.com/2017/03/cartoon-network-asia-pacifics-lamput-wins-ficci-frames-2017-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622140206/https://www.regularcapital.com/2017/03/cartoon-network-asia-pacifics-lamput-wins-ficci-frames-2017-award/ |archive-date=22 June 2018 |access-date=24 March 2018 |website=RegularCapital}}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{Main|List of Lamput episodes}}
{{:List of Lamput episodes}}

==Characters==
===Main===
* Lamput is the titular character of the show. He is a gooey, orange creature that escaped from the Docs' laboratory.
* Specs, also known as Fat Doc, is the gray-skinned fat [[scientist]] who tries to catch Lamput.
* Skinny, also known as Slim Doc, is the gray-skinned slim scientist who also tries to catch Lamput.

===Supporting===
* Mr. Moustache: He is a fit-built, yellow-skinned police officer. He holds a grudge against the docs for bullying him when they were students, and sometimes arrests or beats them up.
* Doctor: He is a pink-skinned doctor who sometimes checks Lamput and the docs.
* Droopy (Formerly Mr. Bald): He is a light-blue-skinned citizen who works at various jobs throughout the city.
* The Boss: He is the doc's gray-skinned boss. He has a big white moustache and is in charge of the lab. He gets angry at the docs when they return to the lab without Lamput.
* Ms. Lipstick: She is a white-skinned lady who has a crush on Mr. Moustache.
* Thief: A robber who usually steals everything.

==Production and development==
''Lamput'' was created by Vaibhav Kumaresh, and produced by Vaibhav Studios for [[Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel)|Cartoon Network India]] and [[Cartoon Network (Asian TV channel)|Asia]]. ''Lamput'' earned the distinction of being the first Indian show sold from a pitch bible that has gone to air globally.<ref name=main/>

The series consisted of 18-second micro-shorts, which were extended to 2 minutes for the second season.<ref name="main">{{cite web|url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/tv/cartoon-network-looks-india-lamput-series-150192.html|title=Cartoon Network Looks To India For 'Lamput' Series|last=Amidi|first=Amid |author-link=Amid Amidi|website=Cartoon Brew|date=13 April 2017|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/tasi-celebrates-anifest-india-2017-with-live-charcoal-sketching-tokri-lamput-screening-and-a-rat-race/|title=TASI Celebrates Anifest India 2017 with live charcoal sketching, Tokri & Lamput screening and a Rat Race|website=AnimationXPress|last=Panda|first=Swati|date=7 November 2017|access-date=13 May 2018}}</ref> The third season consists of episodes ranging from 3 to 5 minutes, as well as some 7-minute specials.

On 20 April 2021, a crossover between ''Lamput'' and Chinese internet character [[Tuzki]] was announced. It was also announced that a fourth season was in the works.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2021 |title=Cartoon Network APAC Greenlights 'Lamput Meets Tuzki,' 'Tom and Jerry' Pilot |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/cartoon-network-apac-greenlights-lamput-meets-tuzki-tom-and-jerry-pilot/ |website=Animation Magazine}}</ref>

==Broadcast and release==
The series airs on Cartoon Network in [[Cartoon Network (Middle East and Africa)|EMEA]] and [[Cartoon Network (Latin America)|Latin America]]. ''Lamput'' has also started airing on Boomerang worldwide.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} In the United States, ''Lamput'' is broadcast via [[HBO Max]] and [[Cartoon Network]]. It was added to HBO Max on 28 April 2022,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hbomax.com/collections/whats-new|title = New on HBO Max April 2022: Movies, TV, Original Series}}</ref> and started airing on Cartoon Network on 23 May 2022. It also started airing on [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] on 15 August 2022, but ended its run on 26 August. The series was later added to [[Hulu]] on 13 September 2024.

==Reception==
''Lamput'' received mostly positive reviews from critics and audiences.

''[[Cartoon Brew]]'' praised the show's animation as "a fresh look for [it] with sharp animation timing and attractive design."<ref name="main" /> Polly Conway of ''[[Common Sense Media]]'' gave the rate three stars out of five, saying "Silly, but the funny slapstick shorts have some violence." She also describes the show as "a ''[[Looney Tunes]]''/''[[Tom and Jerry|Tom & Jerry]]'' way, abides by the classic rules of [[slapstick]]."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Conway |first1=Polly |title=Lamput TV Review |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/lamput |website=Common Sense Media |access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>

===Accolades===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref
|-
| 2017
| [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|Best Animated Frames Award]]
| Case Study of the Year
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Milligan |first=Mercedes |date=29 March 2017 |title=FICCI's BAF Awards 2017 Winners Revealed |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/events/ficcis-baf-awards-2017-winners-revealed/?doing_wp_cron=1519152073.1967771053314208984375 |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=[[Animation Magazine]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TURNER'S SHORT SERIES 'LAMPUT' WINS BIG AT FICCI |url=https://press.wbd.com/as/media-release/cartoon-network/turners-short-series-lamput-wins-big-ficci |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=[[Warner Bros. Discovery]] |date=27 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| Best Animated Frames Award
| Best Animated Episode (Indian){{hr}}Best Promo
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiantvawards.com/2018/03/cartoon-network-scores-wins-ficci-animation-awards/|title=Cartoon Network scores wins at Ficci Animation Awards|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Milligan |first1=Mercedes |title=FICCI FRAMES 2018 BAF Award Winners Revealed |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2018/03/ficci-frames-2018-baf-award-winners-revealed/ |access-date=17 January 2025 |date=6 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asian Academy Creative Awards]]
| Best Short Form Content{{hr}}Best 2D Animated Programme or Series{{hr}}Best Children's Animated Programme or Series
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=CNN takes home five awards at the annual Asian Academy Creative Awards |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/07/asia/asia-awards-intl/index.html |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=7 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TURNER'S KIDS AND NEWS CHANNELS WIN BIG AT INAUGURAL ASIAN ACADEMY CREATIVE AWARDS |url=https://press.wbd.com/be/media-release/turners-kids-and-news-channels-win-big-inaugural-asian-academy-creative-awards?language_content_entity=en |access-date=17 January 2025 |date=11 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| [[International Emmy Kids Awards]]
| [[International Emmy Award for Best Kids: Animation|Kids: Animation]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Cartoon Network's Lamput scores 1 Emmy nom & 2 awards wins |url=https://advanced-television.com/2019/10/17/cartoon-networks-lamput-scores-1-emmy-nom-2-awards-wins/ |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=Advanced Television |date=17 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tuchow |first1=Ryan |title=International Emmy Kids Awards nod to Nigeria, India |url=https://kidscreen.com/2019/10/15/international-emmy-kids-awards-nod-to-nigeria-india/ |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=[[Brunico Communications#Kidscreen and The Kidscreen Awards|Kidscreen]] |date=15 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asian Academy Creative Awards]]
| Best Animated Programme or Series (2D or 3D){{hr}}Best Short Form Content
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharmindrila |first1=Paul |title='Lamput' season two: First original Indian animated content to be nominated for the International Kids Emmy Awards |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/lamput-season-two-first-original-indian-animated-content-nominated-international-kids-emmy-awards/ |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=Animation Xpress |date=22 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cartoon Network's 'Lamput' Scores International Kids Emmy Nomination; Wins Two AACA Awards |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/cartoon-networks-lamput-scores-internatonal-kids-emmy-nomination-wins-two-aaca-awards/ |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=MediaNews4U |date=18 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| [[Asian Academy Creative Awards]]
| Best Children's Programme or Series
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharmindrila |first1=Paul |title=Exclusive: 'Lamput' bags Best Children's Series at AACA; Vaibhav Kumaresh and Leslie Lee comments |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/exclusive-lamput-bags-best-childrens-series-at-aaca-vaibhav-kumaresh-and-leslie-lee-comments/ |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=Animation Xpress |date=19 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=HBO AND CARTOON NETWORK PICK UP FOUR ASIAN ACADEMY CREATIVE AWARDS |url=https://press.wbd.com/us/nz/media-release/cartoon-network/hbo-and-cartoon-network-pick-four-asian-academy-creative-awards |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=[[Warner Bros. Discovery]] |date=8 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| ContentAsia Awards
| Best Kids TV Programme
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Content Asia 2022 – 1 Award |url=https://www.vaibhavstudios.com/2022/08/19/nominated-for-best-kids-tv-programme-in-asia-at-the-contentasia-award/ |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=Vaibhav Studios |date=19 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Instagram |user=lemonskystudios |postid=ChuXXLahVxw |date=26 August 2022 |title=He's done it!! Lamput is the winner of the Best Kids TV Programme in Asia at the ContentAsia Awards 2022!! |access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asian Academy Creative Awards]]
| Best Animated Programme or Series (2D or 3D){{hr}}Best Children's Programme (One Off/Series)
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=2022 National Winners |url=https://www.asianacademycreativeawards.com/2022-national-winners/ |access-date=17 January 2025 |publisher=[[Asian Academy Creative Awards]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Instagram |user=vaibhavstudios |postid=CjQoUzePfCD |date=3 October 2022 |title=Lamput Season 4 bags 2 awards at the 2022 Asian Academy Creative Awards on the national level for India! |access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ContentAsia Awards
| Best Kids TV Programme in Asia
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite Instagram |user=vaibhavstudios |postid=CwsiZbzyQFd |date=2 September 2023 |title=LAMPUT - Robinput Wins ContentAsia Awards 2023 for Best Kids TV Programme in Asia 📺 A big shoutout to the Team! |access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| [[Asian Academy Creative Awards]]
| Best Sound
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite Instagram |user=vaibhavstudios |postid=DDKDtwuCD4t |date=4 December 2024 |title=*Boss on the Moon* one of the most beautiful episodes from *Lamput* Season 4 wins the Best Sound award at the Asian Academy Creative Awards 2024 in Singapore! Kudos to director Anand Babu, Advait Nemlekar & Team WBD. |access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=11917738}}
{{Cartoon Network co-productions}}
{{Cartoon Network pilots, films and specials}}

[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 animated television series debuts]]
[[Category:Animated television series without speech]]
[[Category:Cartoon Network (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated comedy television series]]

Gangtok Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T20:22:56Z

Swap72: Creating basic entry more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| constituency_no = 27
| name = Gangtok
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Delay Namgyal Barfungpa]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Sikkim]]
| district = [[Gangtok district|Gangtok]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
| established = 1979
| electors =
| reservation = BL
}}
'''Gangtok Assembly constituency''' is one of the 32 assembly constituencies of [[Sikkim]] a north east state of [[India]]. Gangtok is part of [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/sikkim/assembly-constituencies/gangtok.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Gangtok Assembly constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S02/Old/partycomp24.htm Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |title=Assembly constituencies Revenue Blocks |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416060808/http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref> This constituency has been reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST: [[Bhutia]], [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]] and [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]]) since 2009.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || [[Lal Bahadur Basnet]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Balchand Sarda || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Manita Pradhan || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan=3 | Narendra Kumar Pradhan
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Dorjee Namgyal Bhutia
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Pintso Chopel || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Kunga Nima Lepcha]]
|-
| [[2019 elections in India#Sikkim|2019 by-election]] || [[Yong Tshering Lepcha]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]] ||[[Delay Namgyal Barfungpa]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|}

==Electoral results==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangtok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Delay Namgyal Barfungpa]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=4,440 |percentage=57.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pintso Chopel Lepcha |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=1,748 |percentage=22.61% |change={{increase}}8.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pema Wangyal Rinzing |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,230 |percentage=15.91% |change={{decrease}}25.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawcho Lepcha |party=Citizen Action Party – Sikkim |votes=206 |percentage=2.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=62 |percentage=0.80% |change={{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Snumit Targain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,692 |percentage=34.83% |change= {{increase}}18.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,730 |percentage=65.06% |change= {{increase}}13.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,881 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}15.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly by-election 2019 ===
In the [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]], [[Kunga Nima Lepcha]] of [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]] won in both Shyari and Gangtok constituencies, so he relinquished Gangtok seat.

In the by-election, ruling SKM didn't send their candidate to Gangtok, and supported opposition [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]. Former ruling [[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]] participated in the Sikkim Legislative Assembly election as the opposition for the first time in 25 years. Opposition [[Sikkim National People’s Party|SNPP]]<ref>SNPP was established on 10 October, 2008, but its registration had not been passed by [[Election Commission of India|ECI]] till 25 September, 2019.</ref> and [[Sikkim Republican Party|SRP]] sent their candidates to Gangtok for the first time. Opposition [[Indian National Congress|INC]] boycotted this by-election.

As the result, [[Yong Tshering Lepcha]] of BJP defeated his nearest rival [[Delay Namgyal Barfungpa]] of SNPP. [[Rinzing Ongmu Bhutia]] of SDF fell to the 3rd position.

{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 elections in India#Sikkim|2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Gangtok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yong Tshering Lepcha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,508 |percentage=41.57% |change={{increase}}36.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Delay Namgyal Barfungpa |party=Sikkim National People's Party |votes=1,498 |percentage=24.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinzing Ongmu Bhutia |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=874 |percentage=14.49% |change={{decrease}}25.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhaichung Bhutia |party=Hamro Sikkim Party |votes=579 |percentage=9.60% |change={{increase}}8.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Yenten Chankapa |party=Independent politician |votes=455 |percentage=7.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Song Tshering Lepcha |party=Sikkim Republican Party |votes=119 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=102 |percentage=1.69% |change={{increase}}1.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,010 |percentage=16.74% |change= {{increase}}4.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,033 |percentage=51.23% |change= {{decrease}}12.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,777 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}10.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangtok<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kunga Nima Lepcha]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=3,838 |percentage=51.68% |change={{decrease}}9.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pintso Chopel |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,950 |percentage=39.72% |change={{increase}}5.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yong Tshering Lepcha]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=392 |percentage=5.28% |change={{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Delay Namgyal Barfungpa]] |party=Independent politician |votes=97 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhaichung Bhutia]] |party=Hamro Sikkim Party |votes=70 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phurba Sherpa |party=Independent politician |votes=42 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=38 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=888 |percentage=11.96% |change= {{decrease}}15.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,427 |percentage=63.76% |change= {{decrease}}4.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,649 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}9.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangtok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pintso Chopel |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=4,208 |percentage=61.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hishey Lachungpa]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,317 |percentage=33.74% |change={{decrease}}27.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Norden Gyalpo Dorji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=171 |percentage=2.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tshering Gyatso Kaleon |party=Indian National Congress |votes=72 |percentage=1.05% |change={{decrease}}32.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=62 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tshering Wangchuk Lepcha |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=37 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,891 |percentage=27.54% |change= {{increase}}0.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,867 |percentage=68.17% |change= {{decrease}}2.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,073 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangtok<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorjee Namgyal Bhutia |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,506 |percentage=61.18% |change={{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tshering Gyatso Kaleon |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,928 |percentage=33.64% |change={{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Delay Namgyal Barfungpa]] |party=Independent politician |votes=150 |percentage=2.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uttam Lepcha |party=Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad |votes=123 |percentage=2.15% |change={{increase}}1.54 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,578 |percentage=27.53% |change= {{decrease}}7.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,731 |percentage=70.38% |change= {{increase}}7.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,143 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangtok<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narendra Kumar Pradhan |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,952 |percentage=66.69% |change={{increase}}23.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nar Bahadur Bhandari]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,829 |percentage=31.70% |change={{increase}}25.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Pd. Dahal |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=90 |percentage=1.01% |change={{decrease}}47.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Chettri |party=Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad |votes=54 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,123 |percentage=34.99% |change= {{increase}}29.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,925 |percentage=62.50% |change= {{decrease}}3.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,280 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}17.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangtok<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narendra Kumar Pradhan |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=4,308 |percentage=48.89% |change={{increase}}9.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. B. Gurung |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,835 |percentage=43.52% |change={{increase}}25.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand Lama |party=Indian National Congress |votes=548 |percentage=6.22% |change={{decrease}}23.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhumerlall Sirohia |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=86 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=473 |percentage=5.37% |change= {{decrease}}4.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,812 |percentage=67.82% |change= {{decrease}}4.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,303 |ref = |change= {{increase}}33.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}9.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangtok<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narendra Kumar Pradhan |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,798 |percentage=39.55% |change={{decrease}}16.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilli Pd. Dhungel |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,070 |percentage=29.26% |change={{decrease}}11.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Bahadur Subedi |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=1,253 |percentage=17.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balchand |party=Independent politician |votes=617 |percentage=8.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Penzo D. Namgyal |party=Independent politician |votes=60 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna S. Basneti |party=Independent politician |votes=55 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gokul Singh Cintury |party=Independent politician |votes=52 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiran Chhetri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=46 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pren Prakash Goyal |party=Independent politician |votes=42 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=728 |percentage=10.29% |change= {{decrease}}4.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,074 |percentage=72.54% |change= {{increase}}4.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,960 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}16.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangtok<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Manita Pradhan |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=3,415 |percentage=56.40% |change={{increase}}18.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilli Prasad Dhungel |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,494 |percentage=41.19% |change={{increase}}31.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lal Bahadur Basnet]] |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=129 |percentage=2.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=921 |percentage=15.21% |change= {{increase}}9.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,055 |percentage=68.31% |change= {{increase}}16.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,109 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangtok<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Balchand Sarda |party=Independent politician |votes=2,010 |percentage=43.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dil Kumari Bhandari |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,749 |percentage=37.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M.K.Chetri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=469 |percentage=10.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Gyatso Trateng |party=Independent politician |votes=208 |percentage=4.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Passang Obed Pazo |party=Independent politician |votes=72 |percentage=1.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=James Basnet |party=Independent politician |votes=39 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiran Chetri |party=Independent politician |votes=38 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalawati Subba |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=27 |percentage=0.58% |change={{decrease}}5.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chyangha Tamang |party=Janata Party |votes=25 |percentage=0.54% |change={{decrease}}26.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=261 |percentage=5.61% |change= {{decrease}}6.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,656 |percentage=50.71% |change= {{decrease}}5.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,321 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Sikkim Janata Parishad |swing= {{increase}}4.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangtok<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lal Bahadur Basnet]] |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=1,707 |percentage=38.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorjee Dadul |party=Janata Party |votes=1,174 |percentage=26.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. P. Bhawanipuri |party=Independent politician |votes=420 |percentage=9.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kharka Bahadur Chhetri |party=Independent politician |votes=321 |percentage=7.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaiser Bahadur Thapa |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=284 |percentage=6.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=107 |percentage=2.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagat Bandhu Pradhan |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=89 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chandra Verma |party=Independent politician |votes=77 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bimal Kumar Rasaily |party=Independent politician |votes=59 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. B. Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=46 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gauri Shanker Bansal |party=Independent politician |votes=24 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=533 |percentage=12.14% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,389 |percentage=56.74% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,908 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Janata Parishad |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Gangtok]]
* [[Gangtok district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|27.339|88.610|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Gangtok district]]
[[Category:Gangtok]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:13Z

Swap72: Creating basic info added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Choudwar-Cuttack}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Choudwar-Cuttack
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 91
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Souvic Biswal]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|electors = 2,33,928{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Choudwar-Cuttack''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Cuttack district]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Choudwar-Cuttack (91) District: Cuttack}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Choudwar]], 19 wards of [[Cuttack]], [[Charibatia]] (C.T), Choudwar (O.G), and 6 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Banipada, Nakhara, Kayalpada, Indranipatna, Kayalpada and Agrahat) Tangi-Choudwar block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected Members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp45.htm|title= 45 - Choudwar Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 20 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.71}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.41}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|54.45}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|56.53}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|57.39}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|36.54}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.13}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|75.59}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.16}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|52.66}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|64.39}}
}}

Since its formation in 1961, 15 elections were held till date.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref>

List of members elected from Choudwar-Cuttack constituency are:<ref name=Candidate>{{cite web|title= Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/choudwar-cuttack.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 20 March 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly Election Results 2024: Choudwar-Cuttack Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/choudwar-cuttack-constituency-result-18091 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Souvic Biswal]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=5|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Choudwar-cuttack Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/choudwar-cuttack-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Pravat Ranjan Biswal
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Dharmananda Behera
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Bidhubhusan Praharaj
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Kanhu Charan Lenka
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Raj Kishore Ram
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Rasananda Sahoo
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Kanhu Charan Lenka
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Raj Kishore Ram
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Kanhu Charan Lenka
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Akulananda Behera
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|[[Biju Patnaik]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25 May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Souvic Biswal]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Nayan Kishore Mohanty by a margin of 17,816 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Choudwar-Cuttack}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Souvic Biswal]]|votes=72,325|percentage=51.71|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Nayan Kishore Mohanty|votes=54,509|percentage=38.97|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Meera Mallick|votes=5,118|percentage=3.66|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,040|percentage=0.74|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=17,816|percentage=12.74|change=}}

{{Election box turnout||votes=1,39,878|percentage=59.8|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Souvic Biswal]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Nayan Kishore Mohanty by a margin of 21,584 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Choudwar-Cuttack<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=20 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Souvic Biswal]]
|votes = 64,686
|percentage = 48.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nayan Kishore Mohanty
|votes = 43,102
|percentage = 32.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Deepak Kumar Barik
|votes = 14,652
|percentage = 10.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jagdish Chandra Mohanty
|votes = 6,761
|percentage = 5.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,190
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,584
|percentage = 16.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,37,121
|percentage = 59.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Pravat Ranjan Biswal defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Suresh Mohapatra by a margin of 41,385 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Choudwar-Cuttack}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Pravat Ranjan Biswal
|votes = 70,880
|percentage = 54.45
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Suresh Mohapatra
|votes = 29,495
|percentage = 22.66
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nayan Kishore Mohanty
|votes = 24,651
|percentage = 18.94
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,365
|percentage =
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 41,385
|percentage = 31.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,30,176
|percentage = 61.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,05,767
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Pravat Ranjan Biswal defeated Independent candidate Deepak Kumar Barik by a margin of 32,777 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=32777 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election |2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Choudwar-Cuttack<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Pravat Ranjan Biswal
|votes = 58,495
|percentage = 56.53
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Deepak Kumar Barik
|votes = 25,718
|percentage = 24.85
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nayan Kishore Mohanty
|votes = 8,988
|percentage = 8.69
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sabitri Chowdhury
|votes = 8,498
|percentage = 8.21
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32,777
|percentage = 31.68{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,03,479
|percentage = 53.15
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,94,678
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Cuttack district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.546|85.913|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]

Shilky Devi Hemam

2026-04-15T16:24:19Z

Swap72:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Western name order|Hemam Shilky Devi}}
{{Meitei name|Hemam|Shilky|Devi}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Shilky Devi
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Shilky Devi Hemam
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|11|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Moirang]], [[Manipur]], India
| height = 1.67 m<ref name="AFC-squad-list">{{cite web |title=2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup Squad Lists |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/2026_AFC_Womens_Asian_Cup/Finals/Squad_Lists/AFC-Women's-Asian-Cup-Australia-2026%E2%84%A2-Final-Registration---Feb-25upd.pdf?source=url |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |access-date=27 February 2026 }}</ref>
| position = [[Midfielder]]/[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| currentclub = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| clubnumber = 19
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = SAI Academy Imphal
| years1 = –2022
| clubs1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2022–2023
| clubs2 = The Young Welfare Club
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2023–2025
| clubs3 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps3 = 35
| goals3 = 5
| years4 = 2025–
| clubs4 = [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]]
| caps4 = 0
| goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2019
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 = 4
| nationalgoals1 = 3
| nationalyears2 = 2021–2023
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps2 = 17
| nationalgoals2 = 1
| nationalyears3 = 2022–
| nationalteam3 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 31
| nationalgoals3 = 1
| medaltemplates =
| club-update = 18 April 2025
| nationalteam-update = 15 April 2026
}}
'''Shilky Devi Hemam''' ({{langx|mni|Hemam Shilky Devi}}, born 23 November 2005) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] from [[Manipur]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hemam Shilky Devi |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/67642 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> who plays as a [[midfielder]] or [[Defender (association football)|defender]] for [[East Bengal FC (women)|East Bengal]] in the [[Indian Women's League]] and the [[India women's national football team]].

== Early life ==
Shilky was born in [[Moirang]], into a poor family. Her father, Suresh Hemam, was a cook and he used to encourage Hemam to play football but her mother, also a cook, was reluctant to let her play football elsewhere. Later, she accepted and Shilky was then sent to the [[Sports Authority of India|SAI]] Academy, [[Imphal]] for training. Her brother Bijoyo used to play for a local club, AMOFA in Manipur. Bijoyo runs a small hotel which sells rice in [[Moirang]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-18 |title=Why Manipur dominates women's football in India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-manipur-dominates-women-s-football-in-india-101666095838019.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219154654/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-manipur-dominates-women-s-football-in-india-101666095838019.html |archive-date=2024-02-19 |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Career ==
Hemam made her Junior India debut at the age of 12 years in 2018 when she captained India to victory at the [[South Asian Football Federation|SAFF]] under-15 Women's Championship in [[Bhutan]] and became the joint top-scorer. The other tournaments she has played in are [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] U-16 Qualifiers in Mongolia<ref>{{Cite web |title=14-year-old Shilky Devi aspires to dream big and fulfil world cup ambition |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/14-year-old-shilky-devi-aspires-to-dream-big-and-fulfil-world-cup-ambition |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> in 2019 before she made here Senior India debut in 2022 against Brazil<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Avishka |title=Who Is Shilky Devi? Youngest Football Player In Asia Women's Cup 2022 |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/sportswomen/who-is-shilky-devi-youngest-football-player-in-asia-womens-cup-2022/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=en}}</ref> where India lost 1–5. In the other matches, they lost to Chile 0-3 on 29 November and to Venezuela 1-2 on 2 December 2021.

In the [[FIFA U-17 World Cup]], she was part of the Indian team that played three matches in October 2022 against USA (lost 0-8),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Hemam Shilky Devi |url=https://www.aiscore.com/player-hemam-shilky-devi-/zrkn6invpyma0ql |url-status= |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=www.aiscore.com}}</ref> [[Morocco]] (lost 0-3)<ref name=":0" /> and [[Brazil]] (lost 0-5).<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - S. Hemam - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/hemam-shilky-devi/804981/matches/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref> In 2022, she also played the Asian Women's Cup in 2022 and was part of the India Under-17 team at the Women's World Cup where she was the captain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-15 |title=Youngest in Asia, Shilky Devi looking to take learnings into the future |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/youngest-in-asia-shilky-devi-looking-to-take-learnings-into-the-future-101642239133081.html |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, she was the youngest player of the [[AFC Women's Asian Cup|AFC Women's Asia Cup]] aged 16 years and two months.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youngest in Asia, Shilky Devi looks to learn for the future |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/youngest-in-asia-shilky-devi-looks-to-learn-for-the-future |date=15 January 2022 |website=AIFF }}</ref>

In March 2023, she also represented India U-20 women's team in Group F matches at the AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup Qualifiers Round 1 at Viet Tri City, Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup Qualifiers: India Blank Indonesia With Six Goals To Maintain Perfect Record |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/afc-u-20-women-s-asian-cup-qualifiers-india-blank-indonesia-with-six-goals-to-maintain-perfect-record-news-268608 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|match played 28 April 2023}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National Cup
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals||Apps||Goals
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[2022–23 Indian Women's League|2022–23]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Women's League]]
|10||3||0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||10||3
|-
|[[2023–24 Indian Women's League|2023–24]]
|11||0||0||0||0||0||3{{efn|name=statsAWCC|Appearance(s) in [[2023 AFC Women's Club Championship]]}}||0||14||0
|-
|[[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]
|14||2||0||0||0||0||0||0||14||2
|-
! colspan="2" |Gokulam Kerala total
!35!!5!!0!!0!!0!!0!!3!!0!!38!!5
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!35!!5!!0!!0!!0!!0!!3!!0!!38!!5
|}
{{notelist}}

===International===
{{Updated|15 April 2026}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=6|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2021
|2
|0
|-
|2022
|0
|0
|-
|2023
|7
|1
|-
|2024
|7
|0
|-
|2025
|11
|0
|-
|2026
|4
|0
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!31
!1
|}

:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+List of international goals scored by Hemam Shilky Devi
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 4 April 2023 || [[Dolen Omurzakov Stadium]], [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] || {{fbw|KGZ}} || align=center|4–0 || align=center| 5–0 || [[2024 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament|2024 Olympic Qualifiers]]
|}

==Honours==
'''Gokulam Kerala'''
*[[Indian Women's League]]: [[2022–23 Indian Women's League season|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Women's League 2023: Gokulam Kerala thrash Kickstart FC 5–0 to win third consecutive title|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-wins-indian-womens-league-gkfc-5-0-kickstart-fc-sabitra-bhandari-top-scorer-iwl-records-milestones-stats/article66878249.ece|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=21 May 2023|access-date=22 May 2023|location=Chennai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522151217/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/gokulam-kerala-wins-indian-womens-league-gkfc-5-0-kickstart-fc-sabitra-bhandari-top-scorer-iwl-records-milestones-stats/article66878249.ece|archive-date=22 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gokulam Kerala steamroll Kickstart to complete hat-trick of Hero IWL titles|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-steamroll-kickstart-to-complete-hat-trick-of-hero-iwl-titles|access-date=21 May 2023 |website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522160849/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-steamroll-kickstart-to-complete-hat-trick-of-hero-iwl-titles|archive-date=22 May 2023}}</ref>

'''Manipur'''
* [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]: [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipur champions for the 22nd time in Sr Women's NFC for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/manipur-champions-for-the-22nd-time-in-sr-womens-nfc-for-rajmata-jijabai-trophy |website=AIFF |date=15 May 2024 }}</ref>

'''Individual'''
* Indian Women's League Best Defender: [[2023–24 Indian Women's League|2023–24]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/67642 Shilky Devi Hemam] at All India Football Federation

{{Navboxes
| title = India squads
| bg = #2234F5
| fg = #FFFFFF
| bordercolor = #FF8000
| list1 =
{{India squad 2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}
{{India squad 2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shilky Devi, Hemam}}
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:People from Bishnupur district]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Gokulam Kerala FC Women players]]
[[Category:East Bengal FC Women players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:2026 AFC Women's Asian Cup players]]

Molakalmuru Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:37Z

Swap72: new a data

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Molakalmuru
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 97
| map_image = 97-Molakalmuru constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| electors = 2,43,788<ref name=election2023/>
}}
'''Molakalmuru Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Chitradurga district]] and parliamentary constituency, and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || A. Bhimappa Naik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || [[S. Nijalingappa]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | S. H. Basanna
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | Patil Papanaik
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || N. G. Naik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Purna Muthappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || N. G. Naik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Purna Muthappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1997 elections in India#Karnataka|1997 By-election]] {{efn|Died on 20/01/1997}} || rowspan="4" | [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || S. Thippeswamy || {{Full party name with color|Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[B. Sriramulu]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Molakalmuru <ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 29 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Molakalmuru">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Molakalmuru |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1097.htm?ac=97 |access-date=30 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430193659/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1097.htm?ac=97 |archive-date=30 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 109,459 |percentage = 53.81% |change = {{increase}}32.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Thippeswamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 87,310 |percentage = 42.92% |change = {{decrease}}0.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veerabhadrappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,594 |percentage = 0.78% |change = {{decrease}}7.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,561 |percentage = 0.77% |change = {{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,149 |percentage = 10.89% |change = {{decrease}}10.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 203,455 |percentage = 83.46% |change = {{increase}}0.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 203,405}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 243,788 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.47 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}10.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Molakalmuru <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Sriramulu]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 84,018 |percentage = 43.63% |change = {{increase}}41.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. B. Yogesh Babu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,973 |percentage = 21.80% |change = {{decrease}}25.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Thippeswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 41,152 |percentage = 21.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. M. Thippeswamy Patel |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 15,262 |percentage = 7.93% |change = {{increase}}5.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Chandranna (Yattinahatty) |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,223 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Raghavendra |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 1,427 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. P. Raju (Sasalahatty Rajanna) |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,366 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,361 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 42,045 |percentage = 21.84% |change = {{increase}}16.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 192,621 |percentage = 83.33% |change = {{increase}}3.92 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 192,549}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 231,151 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.58 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Molakalmuru <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Thippeswamy |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 76,827 |percentage = 51.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,658 |percentage = 47.14% |change = {{increase}}10.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Obanna Poojar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,234 |percentage = 2.87% |change = {{decrease}}17.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dasari Kirthi Kumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,227 |percentage = 2.18% |change = {{decrease}}31.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhrakshayanamma |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,832 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanna Maranna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,536 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Commred Patel. G. Papanayaka |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,438 |percentage = 0.97% |change = {{decrease}}1.00 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,169 |percentage = 4.85% |change = {{increase}}1.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 164,510 |percentage = 79.41% |change = {{increase}}7.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 147,776}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 207,158 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}14.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Molakalmuru <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,402 |percentage = 37.11% |change = {{increase}}7.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Thippeswamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,326 |percentage = 33.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. M. Thippeswamy Patel |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 27,774 |percentage = 20.05% |change = {{increase}}12.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanna Maranna |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,938 |percentage = 2.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patel G. Papanayak(comred) |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,732 |percentage = 1.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. N. P. Venkatesh |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,063 |percentage = 1.49% |change = {{decrease}}13.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Shivanna |party = Swarna Yuga Party |votes = 1,160 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. R. Mallaiahswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 911 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Mahesh Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 892 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,076 |percentage = 3.67% |change = {{decrease}}1.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 138,510 |percentage = 71.92% |change = {{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 138,495}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,601 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Molakalmuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,592 |percentage = 29.48% |change = {{decrease}}15.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. M. Thippeswamy Patel |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 27,155 |percentage = 23.83% |change = {{decrease}}6.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagareddy. H. T |party = Janata Party |votes = 23,982 |percentage = 21.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Jayanna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 16,581 |percentage = 14.55% |change = {{increase}}3.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramadas. B |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 8,100 |percentage = 7.11% |change = {{decrease}}5.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. R. Mallaiahswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,305 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parameshwarappa. A. T |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,282 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohana. M. P |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 1,026 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmi. P. V |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 940 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,437 |percentage = 5.65% |change = {{decrease}}8.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,091 |percentage = 70.57% |change = {{decrease}}2.65 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,963}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,671 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}15.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Molakalmuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,296 |percentage = 44.66% |change = {{decrease}}6.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. M. Thippeswamy Patel |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 30,115 |percentage = 30.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patel G. Papanayaka |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 12,896 |percentage = 13.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Jayanna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 10,961 |percentage = 11.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Ganganna |party = Independent politician |votes = 907 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,181 |percentage = 14.30% |change = {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,483 |percentage = 73.22% |change = {{decrease}}2.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,175}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,262 |percentage = 4.12% |change = {{increase}}2.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,331 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1997 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1997 elections in India#Karnataka|1997 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Molakalmuru <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeApril1997/index.htm |title=BYE - ELECTIONS, 1997 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413130951/http://www.eci.gov.in:80/ByeElection/ByeApril1997/index.htm}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,916 |percentage = 51.40% |change = {{increase}}42.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patel Gom. Thuppeswamy Ethinahatly Gewphry |party = Janata Dal |votes = 39,809 |percentage = 39.41% |change = {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Basavaraj Mandimat |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,700 |percentage = 7.62% |change = {{decrease}}3.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Ramachandra Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,079 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,107 |percentage = 11.99% |change = {{increase}}5.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,030 |percentage = 76.16% |change = {{increase}}5.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,004}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,995 |percentage = 1.94% |change = {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,279 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.80 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}12.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Molakalmuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Purna Muthappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 35,160 |percentage = 39.26% |change = {{increase}}10.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 29,492 |percentage = 32.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Ramakrishna Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 10,058 |percentage = 11.23% |change = {{increase}}7.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. G. Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,749 |percentage = 8.65% |change = {{decrease}}42.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = E. Nagendrappa |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 2,741 |percentage = 3.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Shakunatala Swamy |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,518 |percentage = 2.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Rajanna |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 852 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,668 |percentage = 6.33% |change = {{decrease}}15.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,556 |percentage = 70.93% |change = {{increase}}1.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,547}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,995 |percentage = 2.18% |change = {{decrease}}3.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,078 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.98 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Molakalmuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. G. Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,802 |percentage = 50.86% |change = {{increase}}1.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Purna Muthappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 23,188 |percentage = 28.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Thippeswamy |party = Janata Party |votes = 6,242 |percentage = 7.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Naryana Reddy |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 5,295 |percentage = 6.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. M. Chandrasekhar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,784 |percentage = 3.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = E. Nagendrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,003 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,614 |percentage = 21.96% |change = {{increase}}20.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 84,894 |percentage = 69.70% |change = {{increase}}5.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,218}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,676 |percentage = 5.51% |change = {{increase}}4.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,791 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.58 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Molakalmuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Purna Muthappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 30,022 |percentage = 50.76% |change = {{increase}}15.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. G. Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,121 |percentage = 49.24% |change = {{decrease}}0.99 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 901 |percentage = 1.52% |change = {{decrease}}13.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,033 |percentage = 63.87% |change = {{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,143}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 890 |percentage = 1.48% |change = {{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,987 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.42 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Molakalmuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. G. Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,659 |percentage = 50.23% |change = {{increase}}45.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Thippeswamy |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,220 |percentage = 34.91% |change = {{decrease}}10.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Rajanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,503 |percentage = 13.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhageerathi Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 527 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,439 |percentage = 15.33% |change = {{increase}}9.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,388 |percentage = 64.45% |change = {{decrease}}12.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,061}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,327 |percentage = 2.35% |change = {{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,496 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.71 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Molakalmuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Papanaik |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 30,316 |percentage = 50.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. C. Boraiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,075 |percentage = 45.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. Pundareekakshappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,603 |percentage = 4.34% |change = {{decrease}}55.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,241 |percentage = 5.40% |change = {{decrease}}13.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,389 |percentage = 76.98% |change = {{increase}}9.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,994}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,395 |percentage = 2.27% |change = {{increase}}2.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,751 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.21 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Molakalmuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Papanaik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,038 |percentage = 59.38% |change = {{increase}}5.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. C. Boraiah |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 19,183 |percentage = 40.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,855 |percentage = 18.75% |change = {{increase}}9.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,239 |percentage = 67.27% |change = {{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,221}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,709 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Molakalmuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. H. Basanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,801 |percentage = 53.54% |change = {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. B. Obaiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 17,388 |percentage = 44.76% |change = {{increase}}5.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. L. Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 660 |percentage = 1.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,413 |percentage = 8.79% |change = {{decrease}}6.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,472 |percentage = 66.48% |change = {{decrease}}4.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,849}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,382 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Molakalmuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. H. Basanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,845 |percentage = 54.04% |change = {{decrease}}4.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Veeranna |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 15,041 |percentage = 38.99% |change = {{decrease}}2.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavanaika |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,688 |percentage = 6.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,804 |percentage = 15.05% |change = {{decrease}}1.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,282 |percentage = 71.05% |change = {{increase}}5.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,574}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,104 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Molakalmuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. Nijalingappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,167 |percentage = 58.21% |change = {{increase}}2.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. V. Anjanappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 13,758 |percentage = 41.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,409 |percentage = 16.43% |change = {{increase}}4.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,925 |percentage = 65.11% |change = {{decrease}}3.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,925}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,565 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Molakalmuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. Bhimappa Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,444 |percentage = 55.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. H. Basanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,203 |percentage = 44.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,241 |percentage = 11.72% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,647 |percentage = 68.83% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,647}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,168 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chitradurga district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|14.72|76.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Chitradurga district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Matsya States Union

2026-04-13T08:15:46Z

Swap72:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Matsya States Union
| common_name = Matsya Union
| nation = [[India]]
| status_text = [[States and union territories of India|State of India]]
| era =
| year_start = 1948
| date_start = 18 March
| event_start = Merger of former [[princely state]]s, [[Alwar State|Alwar]], [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], [[Dholpur State|Dholpur]], and [[Karauli State|Karauli]] after accession
| year_end = 1949
| date_end = 15 May
| event_end = Merger into Greater Rajasthan
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 = Alwar State
| p2 = Bharatpur State
| p3 = Dholpur State
| p4 = Karauli State
| s1 = State of Rajasthan
| flag_p1 = Alwar flag.svg
| flag_p2 = Flag of Bharatpur1.png
| flag_p3 = Dholpur flag.svg
| flag_p4 = Flag of Karauli.svg
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| footnotes =
| capital = [[Alwar]]
| today = [[India]] {{·}} [[Rajasthan]]
}}
[[File:N.V. Gadgil at Bharatpur Railway Station for the inauguration of the Matsya States Union (March 1948).jpg|thumb|N.V. Gadgil at Bharatpur Railway Station for the inauguration of the Matsya States Union (March 1948)]]
The '''Matsya States Union''', also called '''Matysa Union''' and '''Matsya Sangh''', was a [[States of India|State]] of [[India]] which was formed on 18 March 1948 by the merger of four erstwhile [[princely state]]s, [[Alwar State|Alwar]], [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], [[Dholpur State|Dholpur]], and [[Karauli State|Karauli]], after their accession to the [[Dominion of India]].<ref name=a>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html States of India since 1947]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2743877?searchWord=karauli&backquery=[query=karauli&originalquery=&sort_by=dc.date.accessioned_dt&order=desc&rpp=100&etal=0&start=100] |title=Matsya Union (Alwar, Bharatpur, Etc) |year=1950 |pages=5 |chapter=Letter from Dr. Mangal Singh to Vallabhbhai Patel |access-date=30 January 2023 |url-access=registration |via=[[National Archives of India]]}}</ref> [[Shobha Ram Kumawat]] of [[Indian National Congress]] was the first and last chief minister of the State from 18 March 1948 till 15 May 1949.<ref name=a/> Maharaja of Dholpur, [[Udai Bhan Singh]], became its [[Rajpramukh]], and Maharaja of Karauli state, Ganesh Pal, was made its deputy-Rajpramukh.

On 15 May 1949, the Matsya Union was merged with Greater Rajasthan,<ref name=r1>{{cite web|url=https://rajassembly.nic.in/OverviewRajLegislature.aspx|title=History of Legislature in Rajasthan|publisher=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly website|access-date=2009-06-04}}</ref> to form the [[United States of Rajasthan]], under the promise of autonomy,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/display/9781526167866/9781526167866.00014.xml |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=www.manchesterhive.com}}</ref> which later became the state of [[Rajasthan]] on 26 January 1950.<ref name=r2>{{cite web|url=http://rajassembly.nic.in/raj-integration.htm|title=Integration of Rajasthan|publisher=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly website|access-date=2009-06-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:History of Rajasthan (1947–present)]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Political integration of India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1949]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1948]]
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Former states and territories of India|M]]

{{india-history-stub}}

Rudra Thandavam (2021 film)

2026-04-06T18:16:02Z

Swap72: new the pg initial version - done

{{Short description|2021 film by Mohan G}}
{{Distinguish|Rudra Thandavam (1978 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rudra Thandavam
| image = Rudra Thandavam 2021 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mohan G. Kshatriyan]]
| producer = Mohan G. Kshatriyan
| writer = Mohan G. Kshatriyan
| starring = [[Richard Rishi]] [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] [[Dharsha Gupta]]
| music = Jubin
| cinematography = Farook J. Basha
| editing = Devaraj S.
| studio = GM Film Corporation and 7G Films
| released = {{Film date|2021|10|01|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}
'''''Rudra Thandavam''''' ({{translation| [[Rudra|Violent]] [[Tandava|dance]]}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written, directed and produced by [[Mohan G. Kshatriyan]]. The film stars [[Richard Rishi]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], and [[Dharsha Gupta]] in lead roles, with [[Radha Ravi]] and [[Thambi Ramaiah]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2021 |title='Rudra Thandavam' trailer: Richard as cop battles against drug trafficking |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rudra-thandavam-trailer-richard-as-cop-battles-against-drug-trafficking/articleshow/85593255.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828203927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rudra-thandavam-trailer-richard-as-cop-battles-against-drug-trafficking/articleshow/85593255.cms |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-27 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The music was composed by Jubin with editing by Devaraj S. and cinematography by Farook J. Basha. The film released in theatres on 1 October 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2021 |title=Release date of Rudra Thandavam announced |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/sep/16/release-date-of-rudra-thandavam-announced-26677.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916163250/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/sep/16/release-date-of-rudra-thandavam-announced-26677.html |archive-date=16 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-16 |website=[[CinemaExpress.com]] |language=en}}</ref> to mostly negative reviews from critics.<ref name="Dinamani 2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-15 |title=என்னது மிஷ்கின் கையால் இயக்குநர் மோகன் ஜிக்கு விருதா ? அதிர்ச்சியில் ரசிகர்கள் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/aug/15/director-mohan-g-got-best-screenplay-writer-award-from-mysskin-3898807.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827185431/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/aug/15/director-mohan-g-got-best-screenplay-writer-award-from-mysskin-3898807.html |archive-date=27 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref>

The film claimed that the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled caste (SC)]] people misuse the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act]] 1989, which is affirmative action aimed at protecting them from caste discrimination and violence. It echoed the political positions of the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK), a caste-based political party.<ref name="j379">{{cite news | last=Ganeshan | first=Balakrishna | title=How cinema is used as a vehicle for hate politics in Tamil Nadu | website=The News Minute | date=2021-12-22 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-cinema-used-vehicle-hate-politics-tamil-nadu-159010 }}</ref> The film was criticised for allegedly promoting caste-pride and encouraging communalist hostility.<ref>{{cite news | last=Rajamani | first=Rajesh | title=The Super and Snoozy Seven: Presenting the best, and worst, of Tamil cinema in 2021 | website=Newslaundry | date=2021-12-28 | url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/12/28/the-super-and-snoozy-seven-presenting-the-best-and-worst-of-tamil-cinema-in-2021 }}</ref><ref name="r603">{{cite news | last=Singaravel | first=Bharathy | title=How recent Tamil cinema has tackled gender, caste and communalism on screen | website=The News Minute | date=2022-10-09 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-recent-tamil-cinema-has-tackled-gender-caste-and-communalism-screen-168713 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/why-tamil-nadu-style-coalitions-non-elite-social-groups-are-vital-politics|title=Why Tamil Nadu-Style Coalitions of Non-Elite Social Groups are Vital to Politics | NewsClick|date=18 October 2021}}</ref>

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
* [[Richard Rishi]] as Inspector Rudra Prabhakaran<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=Rudra Thandavam: New age propaganda films promoting caste pride in Tamil cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rudra-thandavam-new-age-propaganda-films-promoting-caste-pride-tamil-cinema-154486 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831073022/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rudra-thandavam-new-age-propaganda-films-promoting-caste-pride-tamil-cinema-154486 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as Vathapirajan<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2021 |title=Gautham Menon roped in for important role in 'Rudra Thandavam' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gautham-menon-roped-important-role-rudra-thandavam-143472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824164622/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gautham-menon-roped-important-role-rudra-thandavam-143472 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[Dharsha Gupta]] as Varahi, Rudra's wife
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Indrasena, Rudran's lawyer
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as constable Joseph Murray
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Ramachandran, amicus curiae advocate
* [[Malavika Avinash]] as Judge
* [[Manobala]] as Pastor
* [[G. Marimuthu]] as Suryaprakash, public prosecutor
* Jayam SK Gopi as Deputy Commissioner Annamalai
* [[Ramachandran Durairaj]] as Ranger Ravi
* [[J. Vignesh]] as Maaran
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Annalakshmi, Maaran's mother
* [[Ambani Shankar]]
* Theni Murugan as Drug Patient's Caretaker
}}

== Production ==
The film marks the third collaboration between the director Mohan G. and [[Richard Rishi]] after ''[[Pazhaya Vannarapettai (film)|Pazhaya Vannarapettai]]'' (2016) and ''[[Draupathi (2020 film)|Draupathi]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2020 |title=Richard Rishi in a political crime thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/richard-rishi-in-a-political-crime-thriller/articleshow/78933338.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317123029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/richard-rishi-in-a-political-crime-thriller/articleshow/78933338.cms |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=2021-09-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Dharsha Gupta who was contested earlier in ''[[Cooku with Comali#Season 2|Cooku with Comali]]'' TV show, was cast in the film as the female lead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2020 |title=Social media sensation Darsha Gupta all set to make her acting debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/social-media-sensation-darsha-gupta-all-set-to-make-her-acting-debut/articleshow/79841370.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020143225/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/social-media-sensation-darsha-gupta-all-set-to-make-her-acting-debut/articleshow/79841370.cms |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=2021-09-16 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2021 |title=Rudra Thandavam movie starring 'Cook with Comali' fame Dharsha Gupta to release soon |url=https://thenewscrunch.com/rudra-thandavam-movie-starring-cook-with-comali-fame-dharsha-gupta-to-release-soon/36229/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916115127/https://thenewscrunch.com/rudra-thandavam-movie-starring-cook-with-comali-fame-dharsha-gupta-to-release-soon/36229/ |archive-date=16 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-16 |website=The News Crunch |language=en}}</ref> The Principal photography began in early January 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2021 |title='Rudra Thandavam' shoot begins, Director Mohan confirms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rudra-thandavam-shoot-begins-director-mohan-confirms/articleshow/80112909.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916174601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rudra-thandavam-shoot-begins-director-mohan-confirms/articleshow/80112909.cms |archive-date=16 September 2021 |access-date=2021-08-27 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In February 2021, [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] was roped in for an important role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2021 |title=Gautham Menon roped in for important role in 'Rudra Thandavam' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gautham-menon-roped-important-role-rudra-thandavam-143472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824164622/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gautham-menon-roped-important-role-rudra-thandavam-143472 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |access-date=2021-09-16 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was entirely shot in [[Chennai]] in a single schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2021 |title=சென்னையில் 'ருத்ர தாண்டவம்' படப்பிடிப்பு தொடக்கம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/619255-rudra-thandavam-shooting-begins.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916121547/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/619255-rudra-thandavam-shooting-begins.html |archive-date=16 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-16 |website=[[The Hindu Tamil]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music of the film is being composed by Jubin,{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} collaborating with Mohan and Richard Rishi for the third time after ''[[Pazhaya Vannarapettai (film)|Pazhaya Vannarapettai]]'' and ''[[Draupathi (2020 film)|Draupathi]]''.

{{Infobox album
| name = Rudra Thandavam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Jubin
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2021
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 10:15
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Ayngaran International]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=வெளியானது மோகன் ஜி-யின் 'ருத்ரதாண்டவம்' ட்ரைலர் |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/rudra-thandavam-movie-trailer-released |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916122558/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/rudra-thandavam-movie-trailer-released |archive-date=16 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-16 |website=[[Nakkheeran]] |language=ta}}</ref>
| producer = Jubin
| prev_title = [[Draupathi (2020 film)|Draupathi]]
| prev_year = 2020
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ammadi
| length1 = 3:34
| lyrics1 = Jubin
| extra1 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], Mookuthi Murugan
| title2 = Vaalai Suruttu
| length2 = 3:40
| lyrics2 = Jubin, Mohan G
| extra2 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| title3 = Rudran Theme
| length3 = 3:01
| lyrics3 = Jubin
| extra3 = Jubin
| total_length = 10:15
}}

== Trailer ==
The trailer was released on 24 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2021 |title=Rudra Thandavam Trailer Out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/aug/25/rudra-thandavam-trailer-out-26269.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831074109/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/aug/25/rudra-thandavam-trailer-out-26269.html |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=[[CinemaExpress.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[The News Minute]] called the trailer as "another film that spouts his violent, [[Casteism|casteist]] propaganda, creating false narratives about [[Romance (love)|romance]], [[masculinity]], [[social justice]] and [[Rationalism|anti-caste ideology]].".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=Rudra Thandavam: New age propaganda films promoting caste pride in Tamil cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rudra-thandavam-new-age-propaganda-films-promoting-caste-pride-tamil-cinema-154486 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831073022/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rudra-thandavam-new-age-propaganda-films-promoting-caste-pride-tamil-cinema-154486 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

Godman [[Nithyananda]], calling himself of incarnation of Vanniyar clan god [[Draupathi]], praised the movie trailer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swamy nithyananda praised Rudra thandavam from kailash |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/cartoonistvarma/status/1431829026004357128 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125193152/https://mobile.twitter.com/cartoonistvarma/status/1431829026004357128 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-25 |language=en |via=Twitter}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}

The Ministry of Minority Welfare stated that the trailer is misrepresenting the [[Christians|Christian community]]. They said that the movie might cause a [[Religious violence|religious riot]] among the common people and to avoid such issues of religious and [[caste politics]] they asked the DGP in a written complaint to take action. They also said that Mohan G is using the statement by one Christian preacher who spoke against Hinduism and apologized later to spread hate on the Christian community as a whole like it happens all the time and also asked to arrest anyone who indulges in [[religious conversion]]s.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ruthra Thandavam Movie Issue — Minority Christians Association demand to arrest Director Mohan G |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MH8HJVCbceY |access-date=2021-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928113405/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MH8HJVCbceY |archive-date=28 September 2021 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Rudra Thandavam' caught in a legal soup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rudra-thandavam-caught-in-a-legal-soup/articleshow/86607619.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001042546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rudra-thandavam-caught-in-a-legal-soup/articleshow/86607619.cms |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-01 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] (VCK) Tamil Nadu, youth wing leader Sangathamizhan criticized the trailer asked the director Mohan G that which course he took to earn the "[[Kshatriya]]n" title in his name and said Mohan G is a stooge of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and said that people will see director Mohan G as a caste fanatic. He also criticized the real name of "PCR" used in the trailer is "POA" and said caste is a problem of all humans and not only Dalits.<ref>{{Citation |title=மதம் மாறினா உனக்கு என்ன மோகன்? {{!}} VCK Sangathamizhan {{!}} Mohan G {{!}} Rudra Thandavam Trailer {{!}} Draupathi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lMEkWQBdu4 |access-date=2021-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928113406/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lMEkWQBdu4 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
In September 2021, the makers officially announced that the film was released on 1 October 2021 in theaters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudra Thandavam Release date |url=https://twitter.com/mohandreamer/status/1438457749570916354 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917065847/https://twitter.com/mohandreamer/status/1438457749570916354 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-16 |language=en |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}{{Primary source inline|date=November 2021}}

On 27 September, prior to its release, a special screening of the film was held for [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) workers. The screening was attended by several BJP and [[Hindu Makkal Katchi]] leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-28 |title=Chennai Press Club asks BJP leader H Raja to apologise for 'presstitutes' remark |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/chennai-press-club-asks-bjp-leader-h-raja-apologise-presstitutes-remark-155847 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001060838/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/chennai-press-club-asks-bjp-leader-h-raja-apologise-presstitutes-remark-155847 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box Office===


{{expand section|date=October 2021}}

===Critical reception===
{{Summarize section|date=October 2021}}
[[BBC News Online|''BBC News Tamil'']] said "Mohan G has created the story focusing on the drug addiction of the youth. But since it would not be exciting to make a film with it alone, he has compiled and made the movie with the information shared on [[WhatsApp]]. Mohan G is busy saying what he has to say at all the moments available. It doesn't matter if the film is very modest. On the contrary, Mohan G continues to portray a few sections of society badly with superficial information. It is unfortunate that he thinks that it is his strength."<ref>{{Cite news |title=ருத்ர தாண்டவம் - சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/arts-and-culture-58760677 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001132313/https://www.bbc.com/tamil/arts-and-culture-58760677 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-01 |work=BBC News தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref>

S. Srivatsan from ''[[The Hindu]]'', "Unlike ''Draupadi'', in which Mohan G seems to have played it safe by testing waters with his "ideology", he seems to have finally come out with this movie by making a passionate plea to "erase" caste from [[Caste-related violence in India|caste-related violence]], in a shocking manner. Mohan G attacks his critics directly for calling him out for making a casteist work in Draupathi. He introduces a dangerous concept called [[crypto-Christians]], primarily attacking [[Dalit Christian]]s, who, according to the director, are benefiting from the fruits of caste, despite having been converted. There is a whole history behind why Dalits took refuge in Christianity, but that is not something this movie seems interested in. Everything is all over the place, from music to acting."<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=2021-10-01 |title='Rudra Thandavam' movie review: A dangerous piece of work to 'erase' caste from caste-based violence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/rudra-thandavam-movie-review/article36776270.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001153938/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/rudra-thandavam-movie-review/article36776270.ece |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Sudhir Srinivasan of the ''[[Cinema Express]]'' said "Director Mohan G's protagonists of the two films he's done so far belong to the privileged and the powerful and are shown as hapless victims. His villains are either from the minority (in ''Draupathi'') or from those claiming to stand for them (in ''Rudra Thaandavam''). Mohan G seems to also detest [[human rights group]]s. He enjoys picking on loopholes in a system and projecting it like it were the norm, thereby mounting opposition to the very system and any potential benefits it may possess. In ''Draupathi'', he spoke of how some men from [[Oppressed caste|oppressed communities]] utilised love marriages to extort money. The ulterior motive was to vilify all [[Inter-caste marriage|inter-caste love marriages]]. Here, he has more agendas, including mounting opposition to religious conversion and vilifying victims of [[Caste system in India|caste oppression]]. But this time he has learned to mask these motives better. Ultimately, both ''Draupathi'' and ''Rudra Thaandavam'', despite containing an interesting premise, feel simply like crafty arguments, mounted on exceptions, with which to defend the privileged and the powerful, and discredit the subjugated."<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2021 |title=Rudra Thaandavam Movie Review: Better craft, better cast, and yet, similar problems |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/oct/01/rudra-thaandavam-movie-review-better-craft-better-cast-and-yet-similar-problems-27028.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001161548/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/oct/01/rudra-thaandavam-movie-review-better-craft-better-cast-and-yet-similar-problems-27028.html |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' gave 29/100 marks and said "According to this film, there is no caste problem in the society and the problem is the politics that opposes caste-based atrocities. Richard does not give enough acting while Dharsha gives a good performance. As the oppressed are still subjected to the oppression of the dominant castes, it is dangerous politics to disguise caste violence as ‘brotherly fighting’ and divert the next generation. Accordingly, it is an unethical act to create some artificial characters as representatives of those involved and to utter the directors own venom in verses."<ref>{{Cite web |last=விமர்சனக்குழு |first=விகடன் |date=7 October 2021 |title=ருத்ர தாண்டவம் - சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/rudra-thandavam-cinema-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023171512/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/rudra-thandavam-cinema-review |archive-date=23 October 2021 |access-date=19 October 2021 |website=vikatan.com/}}</ref>

Subramani of ''[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]]'' said "Mohan G has directed the film in a biased manner. When there are no arguments worthy of argument one spits out anger and malice. That is what Mohan G has done. It seems to be poisonously motivated that the scenes have been set up as if the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled caste]] youth are only engaged in drug sales and illegal activities. The villain Gautam Menon who is a political leader and drug trafficker is shown as someone with [[Left-wing politics|left wing ideology]]. A verse spoken by a Dalit mother, 'We must die as we were born.' is a social danger. PCR Act misuse may have happened here and there in the last few years but, it is a social danger for a cinema to show it as a norm. Can we do things to dilute the Dowry Prevention Act because it is being misused in some places? The film is full of right-wing ideas and one-sided ideology. The cinematography, music, screenplay and acting selection of the actors are all sloppy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2021 |title=ருத்ர தாண்டவம் - திரைப்பார்வை: கருத்துப் போதாமையால் திணறும் விஷமத் தாண்டவம்! |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/117506/ruthra-thandavam-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002073325/https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/117506/ruthra-thandavam-review |archive-date=2 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-02 |website=Puthiyathalaimurai |language=ta}}</ref>

''[[Vikatan|Cinema Vikatan]]'' said "There is no clarity in the politics in which the film speaks. The director shows the law enacted for the protection of the oppressed sections as a big problem. Even as brazen killings and caste rampages take place on a daily basis, questioning the Prevention of Atrocities Act, which supports the oppressed, is a venomous propaganda. Could the director, who appears to 'celebrating [[Ambedkar]]', also address the reasons for the religious conversion described by Ambedkar? Calling 'Subramani' as 'Subramani Arogyaswamy' jokingly shows the director's immature, tendency to ignore justice for his own sake. It is ethical politics to find out the root of the problem and talk about it clearly. It is another kind of politics to draw attention to the branches of the problem and protect the root from being left out and the director deals carefully with this type of dangerous politics. These types of films are taken based on Whastapp forwarded messages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=டீம் |first=விகடன் |date=October 2021 |title=வாட்ஸ்அப் பார்வேர்டுகளும், மோகன்ஜி கம்பி கட்டும் கதைகளும்! 'ருத்ர தாண்டவம்' ப்ளஸ், மைனஸ் ரிப்போர்ட்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/mohan-g-directorial-rudra-thandavam-movie-plus-minus-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002174930/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/mohan-g-directorial-rudra-thandavam-movie-plus-minus-report |archive-date=2 October 2021 |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=vikatan.com/}}</ref>

Ranjani Krishnakumar of ''[[Film Companion]]'' said "Mohan G brings together his research about all the impediments of social justice, and creates his protagonist from it who is [[patriarchy]], casteism and [[Fascism|fascist]] [[bigotry]] all rolled into one. The movie is a painfully long attempt at sealioning [[social justice]] conversations. It is a deliberately manipulative attempt to restore [[Caste system in India|oppressive structures]], backed only by quotes from [[WhatsApp]]. If the real world worked like in Mohan G’s fantasies, we would all be begging for mercy from the dominant caste male to live our lives. Thankfully, it doesn't, yet."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnakumar |first=Ranjani |date=2021-10-01 |title=Rudra Thandavam Movie Review: An Ill-Intentioned Bore |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/rudra-thandavam-tamil-movie-review-an-ill-intentioned-bore-gautham-menon-richard-rishi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003112026/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/rudra-thandavam-tamil-movie-review-an-ill-intentioned-bore-gautham-menon-richard-rishi/ |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=Film Companion |language=en-US}}</ref>

S Karthikeyan of the ''[[Dinamani]]'' said "The director has shown the caste and religious issues in drug trafficking and the politics behind it but has shown them all in a biased manner. The director's intention is in doubt as most of the scenes in the film are [[Reactionary|regressive]]. The movie shows people who are against [[Right-wing politics|right wing politics]] as villains and only right-wingers can enjoy this film. The fight scenes are poorly made and cinematography and music is good. The film may link all who protest in a bad light. On the whole, this movie is meant to add strength to those with [[Right-wing politics|right wing ideologies]]."<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2021 |title=ருத்ர தாண்டவம் : திரைப்பட விமரிசனம் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/movie-reviews/2021/oct/01/mohan-g-rudra-thandavam-movie-review-3709538.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001074041/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/movie-reviews/2021/oct/01/mohan-g-rudra-thandavam-movie-review-3709538.html |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref>

Karthiga Rajendran of [[ABP News|''ABP News Tamil'']] gave 2 out of 5 ratings and said "The film has many elements of action, family, love, affection and emotion for a commercial spice film, but the film relies solely on the emotional content. Showing the Drug mafia as one community and giving a message "live united" while showing caste is important on surface level is contradictory. Hindu faith sentiments are kept all over the film. The fact that the Scenes have that Christian missionaries are systematically converting Hindus is not acceptable as shown in the film. Mohan G has inserted his comments into the film as if he had turned the jackfruit back, even though the usual hero villain was the subject.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2021 |title=Rudra Thandavam Review: 'ருத்ர தாண்டவம் ரிலீஸ்' - வென்றது சட்டமா தர்மமா..? |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/rudra-thandavam-movie-review-in-tamil-19565 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001192941/https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/rudra-thandavam-movie-review-in-tamil-19565 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref>

''[[Sify|Sify.com]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and said "Director Mohan G's ''Rudra Thandavam'' starts as a mainstream crime thriller with an upright cop Rudra Prabhakaran (Richard Rishi), who nabs the drug mafia in North Chennai. Mohan has also captured how the drug mafia uses religion and the caste angle to divert the case. On the downside, the film is too long and needs trimming of at least 20 minutes. Overall, ''Rudra Thandavam'' is a watchable flick."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudra Thandavam review: Watchable |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rudra-thandavamreview-watchable--review-tamil-vkbebuccjaagg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001061904/https://www.sify.com/movies/rudra-thandavamreview-watchable--review-tamil-vkbebuccjaagg.html |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-01 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

Logesh Balachandran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 stars and said "Overall, the film could have been better if the makers had tried to be neutral in their approach while handling sensitive issues.".<ref>{{Citation |title=Rudra Thandavam Movie Review: Richard-Mohan G's action drama is a one-time watch |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/rudra-thandavam/movie-review/86670085.cms |access-date=2021-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001044709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/rudra-thandavam/movie-review/86670085.cms |archive-date=1 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Cinema Express]] gave a negative review and said "As this film wants to mount some opposition to cries of caste oppression, Rudra’s lawyer turns out to be a Dalit man (Radha Ravi). Hurrah for representation, you think? Wait, watch this man closely. Pay attention to how quiet he is about his identity, until that scene in which he uses it as leverage to protect Rudra. Notice how this lawyer proclaims that even though he's a Dalit, he worships several leaders including Ambedkar, yes, and Muthuramalinga Thevar. It’s clear who this film views to be a good Dalit man."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudra Thaandavam Movie Review: Better craft, better cast, and yet, similar problems | Cinemaexpress |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/oct/01/rudra-thaandavam-movie-review-better-craft-better-cast-and-yet-similar-problems-27028.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001174659/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/oct/01/rudra-thaandavam-movie-review-better-craft-better-cast-and-yet-similar-problems-27028.amp |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

[[The Quint]] criticized the movie plot for its alleged casteist agenda and justification of police brutality. It said "Rudra shoots an accused even before the interrogation starts and this is depicted as heroism. In another scene, the justification for kicking the bike of two young boys running away from a drug bust is established by portraying them as putting a pregnant woman in danger. There are failed attempts by Mohan G to hide his casteism when he places dialogues like "Nee ellam meesaya pathi pesalama (Can you even talk about a moustache)", reminding the caste oppression where Dalit men were attacked for sporting a big or curled mustache."<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title='Rudra Thandavam' 'Draupathi': Mohan G's Sexist, Casteist, Problematic Films |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/rudra-thandavam-draupathi-mohan-g-tamil-films-sexist-casteist-problematic-richard-rishi#read-more |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007061848/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/rudra-thandavam-draupathi-mohan-g-tamil-films-sexist-casteist-problematic-richard-rishi#read-more |archive-date=7 October 2021 |access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref>

== Audience reception ==
While theatres in Ariyalur and other northern districts saw audiences mainly belonging to the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]], those in Tiruchy attracted significant numbers of [[Brahmin priest]]s.<ref name="NIE">{{Cite web |date=3 October 2021 |title=How did Rudra Thandavam attract massive crowd within few days of its release? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/oct/03/how-did-rudra-thandavam-attract-massive-crowd-within-few-days-of-its-release-2366901.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003191215/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/oct/03/how-did-rudra-thandavam-attract-massive-crowd-within-few-days-of-its-release-2366901.html |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> At the parking area, many two-wheelers were seen with stickers of [[Narendra Modi]] and the BJP flag.<ref name="NIE" /> In support of the film, [[Hindu Makkal Katchi]] leader Arjun Sampath and various [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu organizations]] offered sweets to the fans who came to the theater in Coimbatore.<ref name="Samayam">{{Cite web |title=ருத்ரதாண்டவம் படம் வெளியாகியுள்ள தியேட்டருக்கு வெளியே அர்ஜூன் சம்பத் செய்த வேலையை பாருங்க! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/coimbatore-news/indu-makkal-katchi-president-arjun-sampath-celebrated-rudra-thandavam-movie-release-theatre-in-coimbatore/articleshow/86681238.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001183915/https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/coimbatore-news/indu-makkal-katchi-president-arjun-sampath-celebrated-rudra-thandavam-movie-release-theatre-in-coimbatore/articleshow/86681238.cms |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> They also raised slogans that Rudra Thandavam should be a success.<ref name="Samayam" />

More than 300 Vanniyar youths from the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] and Vanniyar Sangam marched towards the theater. They were dancing on the road to the sound of an drums, which disrupted traffic and caused a commotion. Most of the people fled when they saw the police, and the officers arrested five of them have registered a case against more than 100 people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2021 |title=ருத்ரதாண்டவம் படம் பார்க்க சென்றபோது ரகளை - 5 பேர் கைது; 100க்கும் மேற்பட்டோர் மீது வழக்கு |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/117548/youngsters-atrocity-while-going-for-ruthra-thandavam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002104512/https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/117548/youngsters-atrocity-while-going-for-ruthra-thandavam |archive-date=2 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-02 |website=Puthiyathalaimurai |language=ta}}</ref>
Arul Rathinam, PMK IT-wing head said "Some recent films have shown one community as victim and other as ruthless villain. Some intellectuals and reviewers were glorifying those films showing indifference to the opinion of others. So, the youth see Mohan’s film as a consolation to their hurt feelings."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ezhilarasan |first=K. |date=3 October 2021 |title=How did Rudra Thandavam attract massive crowd within few days of its release? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/oct/03/how-did-rudra-thandavam-attract-massive-crowd-within-few-days-of-its-release-2366901.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003191236/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/oct/03/how-did-rudra-thandavam-attract-massive-crowd-within-few-days-of-its-release-2366901.html |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15292474}}

[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Indian propaganda films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Race-related controversies in film]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:2021 controversies]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mohan G.]]

Lagan Laagii Re

2026-04-06T12:18:06Z

Swap72: Made A Pg

{{Short description| 2026 film directed by Sandeep Patel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lagan Laagii Re
| image = Lagan_Laagii_Re.png
| caption = Official Poster
| director = Saandeep Patel
| producer =Rashmin Majithia Aarti Patel (Co-Producer)
| writer = {{Plainlist|
*Mitai Shukla
* Nehal Bakshi
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Malhar Thakar]]
* [[Aarohi Patel]]
* Tatsat Munshi
}}
| cinematography = Tapan Vyas
| editing =
| music =
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Coconut Motion Pictures]]
* Akshar Communications
}}
| distributor = Coconut Movies Release
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2026|02|06}}
}}

'''''Lagan Laagii Re'''''<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/entertainment/news/lagan-lagi-re-poster-release-malhar-thakar-arohi-patel-valentine-week-release-136824755.html|title= વેલેન્ટાઇન વીકમાં લાગશે પ્રેમની ધૂન!:આરોહી, તત્સત અને મલ્હાર સ્ટારર 'લગન લાગી રે'નું પોસ્ટર રિવીલ; 6 ફેબ્રુઆરીએ રિલીઝ થશે ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ|newspaper= Divya Bhaskar}}</ref> is a [[List of Gujarati films of 2026|2026]] [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] family drama, directed by Sandeep Patel.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/saandeep-patels-lagan-laagii-re-takes-off-with-muhurat-puja/articleshow/113204927.cms|title=Saandeep Patel's 'Lagan Laagii Re' takes off with muhurat puja|newspaper= Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/director-saandeep-patel-on-lagan-laagi-re-there-is-a-very-interesting-thought-in-the-film-exclusive/articleshow/126565303.cms|title=Director Saandeep Patel on 'Lagan Laagi Re': 'There is a very interesting thought in the film' - EXCLUSIVE|newspaper= Times of India}}</ref> Starring [[Malhar Thakar]],<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/lagan-lagi-teaser-out-malhar-thakar-returns-with-romance-as-film-locks-valentine-week-release-date/articleshow/126350721.cms|title= 'Lagan Lagi' teaser out: Malhar Thakar returns with romance as film locks Valentine week release date|newspaper= Times of India}}</ref> [[Aarohi Patel]],<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/aarohi-patel-begins-preparations-for-her-next-venture-lagan-laagii-re/articleshow/113137087.cms|title= Aarohi Patel begins preparations for her next venture 'Lagan Laagii Re’ |newspaper= Times of India}}</ref> Tatsat Munshi and others. The film is produced under the banner of [[Coconut Motion Pictures]] by Rashmin Majithia in association with Akshar Communications by Aarti Patel as a Co-Producer.

== Plot ==

== Cast ==
* [[Malhar Thakar]]
* [[Aarohi Patel]]
* Tatsat Munshi
* Vedika Kaul Vyas
* Aarti Patel
* Ragi Jani
*[[Hemang Dave]]
* Nisarg Trivedi
* Manisha Trivedi

== Production ==
The film was shot at various locations in [[Ahmedabad]]. [[Niren Bhatt]] has penned the lyrics of the film. The music has been acquired by Zen Music Gujarati.

== Soundtrack ==
[[Niren Bhatt]] has given the lyrics for all the songs.
{{Infobox album
| name = Lagan Laagii Re
| type = soundtrack
| artist =
| cover = blank
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2026}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=18|s=46}}
| language = Gujarati
| label = Zen Music Gujarati
| misc = {{External media | audio1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQH9aEVsY0Y on [[YouTube]]}}
}}
=== Tracklist ===
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:46
| all_music = Zen Music Gujarati
| all_lyrics = [[Niren Bhatt]]
| title1 = Baby Bewafa
| extra1 = Jignesh Barot
| music1 = Zen Music Gujarati
| lyrics1 = [[Niren Bhatt]]
| length1 = 03:03

| title2 = Ame To Karishu Prem
| extra2 = [[Jigardan Gadhavi]]
| music2 = Zen Music Gujarati
| lyrics2 = [[Niren Bhatt]]
| length2 = 02:40

| title3 = Tame Vaato Karjo Prem Ni
| extra3 = [[Aishwarya Majmudar]]
| music3 = Zen Music Gujarati
| lyrics3 = [[Niren Bhatt]]
| length3 = 02:00

| title4 = Lagan Laagii Re (Title Track)
| extra4 = [[Aishwarya Majmudar]] [[Jigardan Gadhavi]]
| music4 = Zen Music Gujarati
| lyrics4 = [[Niren Bhatt]]
| length4 = 04:35

| title5 = Lagan Laagii Re (Climax Version)
| extra5 = [[Aishwarya Majmudar]]
| music5 = Zen Music Gujarati
| lyrics5 = [[Niren Bhatt]]
| length5 = 01:04

| title6 = Nindardi
| extra6 = [[Aishwarya Majmudar]]
| music6 = Zen Music Gujarati
| lyrics6 = [[Niren Bhatt]]
| length6 = 03:28

| title7 = Booma Boom
| extra7 = Umesh Barot
| music7 = Kedar - Bhargav
| lyrics7 = [[Niren Bhatt]]
| length7 = 03:10

}}

==Marketing and Releases ==
The release announcement of the film made on December 31st 2025 on social media.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/lagan-lagi-re-poster-out-aarohi-patel-malhar-thakar-and-tatsat-munshi-features-in-love-story-set-for-valentines-week/articleshow/126321554.cms|title= 'Lagan Lagi Re' poster out! Aarohi Patel, Malhar Thakar and Tatsat Munshi features in love story set for Valentine’s week |newspaper= Times of India}}</ref> The teaser of the film released on January 3rd 2026 on social media. The song Baby Bewafa which sung by Jignesh Barot released on January 7th 2026 on social media.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/music/jignesh-kaviraj-barots-new-song-baby-bewafa-from-lagan-lagi-re-is-an-instant-hit-singer-shares-picture/articleshow/126434604.cms|title= Jignesh Kaviraj Barot's new song 'Baby Bewafa' from 'Lagan Lagi Re' is an instant hit; Singer shares picture|newspaper= Times of India}}</ref> Ame to Karishu Prem song which sung by [[Jigardan Gadhavi]] released on January 18th 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/music/lagan-laagi-re-song-jigardan-gadhavi-brings-magic-ame-karishu-prem-making-glimpse-wins-hearts/articleshow/127236522.cms|title= ‘Lagan Laagi Re’ song: Jigardan Gadhavi brings magic; ‘Ame Karishu Prem’ making glimpse wins hearts|newspaper= Times of India}}</ref> The Trailer of film released on January 24th 2026 on social media.
==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2026]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title| 39366590}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2020s Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

BBC Bangla

2026-03-23T07:08:00Z

Swap72:

{{Short description|Bengali-language service of the BBC World Service}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox broadcasting network
| name = BBC News Bangla
| logo = বিবিসি বাংলার লোগো.svg
| logo_caption = Logo of BBC News Bangla
| country = [[United Kingdom]] [[Bangladesh]] [[India]] ([[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]])
| network_type = Online news portal, internet, and television broadcasts
| available = International
| owner = [[BBC]]
| endowment = [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]], UK
| key_people = Mir Sabbir (Editor)
| launch_date = 1941
| website = {{URL|bbc.com/bengali}}
}}

'''BBC News Bangla''' ({{langx|bn|বিবিসি নিউজ বাংলা|Bibiśi Niuj Baṅla}}) is the [[Bengali language]] service of the [[BBC World Service]], inaugurated in 1941 for Bengali audiences worldwide especially the ones in the [[Bengal]] region, which includes the sovereign state of Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura.<ref name="banglanews24"/> It conveys the latest political, social, economic and sports news relevant to Bangladesh, India and the world.

==History==
BBC Bangla was launched on 11 October 1941 with a 15-minute programme under the [[BBC World Service]].<ref name="BBC Bangla">{{cite web |script-title=bn:আমাদের সম্পর্কে |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/institutional-37289764 |website=BBC Bangla |access-date=18 February 2019 |date=6 September 2016}}</ref> BBC Bangla's headquarters used to be [[Bush House, London|Bush House]], but since 2012, it has been broadcast from [[Broadcasting House]] in [[London]] as well as from BBC bureaux in [[Dhaka]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref name="BBC Bangla"/> In September 2022, BBC Bangla announced its cessation of radio broadcasts due to financial reasons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/295046/bbc-bangla-to-discontinue-radio-broadcast|title=BBC Bangla to discontinue radio broadcast|date=30 September 2022|access-date=1 October 2022|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616181713/https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/295046/bbc-bangla-to-discontinue-radio-broadcast |archive-date=16 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2022 |title=BBC World Service proposes 382 post closures as part of savings |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-63072977 |access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>

On 31 December 2022, BBC Bangla officially ceased broadcasting on radio after 81 years of service, following the ''Parikrama'' program. Despite this, it continued its existence on television and the internet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2022 |title=BBC Bangla Radio: a voice in history goes off air tonight |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/world/news/bbc-bangla-radio-voice-history-goes-air-tonight-3209411 |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=bn:বিবিসি বাংলা রেডিও’র ৮১ বছরের যাত্রা শেষ |trans-title=81 year journey of BBC Bangla Radio is over |url=https://www.abnews24.com/media/215853/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%27 |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=ABNEWS24}}</ref>

==Broadcasting==
The programmes of BBC News Bangla are broadcast on their website, television, social media sites like Facebook and YouTube.<ref name="banglanews24"/> BBC Bangla reaches over a million [[Bengali language|Bengali]] speaking people. Its radio and online services have listeners from many Bengali communities including those in [[Bangladesh]], [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]].

==Programming==
BBC News Bangla mainly focuses on news-based daily programming and political news. They also broadcast entertainment programmes, sports news, news analysis, and discussion about daily newspapers' lead stories.<ref name="banglanews24">{{cite web |script-title=bn:সত্তরে বিবিসি বাংলা |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/62834.details |website=[[banglanews24.com]] |date=13 October 2011 |access-date=18 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In addition, they respond to and discuss messages and opinions from the audience.

===Broadcasts on FM Radio===
BBC Bangla stopped its radio broadcasts on December 31, 2022, after 81 years of service.<ref>{{cite news |title=BBC Bangla radio broadcast to stop after 81 years |url=https://dailyasianage.com/news/299326/bbc-bangla-radio-broadcast-to-stop-after-81-years |access-date=23 April 2025 |work=The Asian Age |date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231192943/https://dailyasianage.com/news/299326/bbc-bangla-radio-broadcast-to-stop-after-81-years |archive-date=31 December 2022 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Dhaka]] - FM 100
* [[Kolkata]] - FM 90.4
* [[Barisal]] - FM 105
* [[Comilla]] - FM 103.6
* [[Cox's Bazar]] - FM 100.8
* [[Thakurgaon District|Thakurgaon]] - FM 92
* [[Chittagong]] - FM 88.8
* [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]] - FM 88.8
* [[Rajshahi]] - FM 88.8
* [[Sylhet]] - FM 88.8
* [[Khulna]] - FM 88.8<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bengali/institutional/2012/07/000001_how_to_listen.shtml | title= How to listen |website=BBC Bangla | date= 4 July 2012 | access-date= 19 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231072850/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bengali/institutional/2012/07/000001_how_to_listen.shtml |archive-date= Dec 31, 2013 }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Bangladesh Songlap==
BBC Bangladesh Songlap ({{Langx|bn|বিবিসি বাংলাদেশ সংলাপ}}) was a live programme<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaaction/where-we-work/asia/bangladesh/sanglap|title = BBC Bangladesh Sanglap: Powered by people's questions}}</ref> of the BBC Bangla service broadcast in association with Bangladeshi satellite channel [[Channel i]] from 2005 to 2015 in three seasons.<ref name="BBC - Debate programme">{{cite web |title=BBC - Debate programme Sanglap - Media Action |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaaction/where-we-work/asia/bangladesh/sanglap |website= |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:চ্যানেল আইয়ের পর্দায় আসছে বিবিসি ক্লিক |url=https://www.channelionline.com/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9B/ |website=[[Channel i]] |date=23 November 2017 |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> The main focus of this programme was questions from the general public to relevant authorities about important issues.<ref name="BBC - Debate programme"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|BBC}}
*[[BBC Persian]]
*[[BBC Hausa]]
*[[BBC Somali]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{bbc.co.uk|bengali}}

{{BBC World Service}}
{{BBC Radio}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:BBC Bangla}}
[[Category:Radio stations established in 1941]]
[[Category:BBC World Service foreign language stations]]
[[Category:British Bangladeshi mass media]]
[[Category:British Indian mass media]]

Arundhati Reddy

2026-03-21T12:03:05Z

Swap72: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1997)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Arundhati Reddy
| female = true
| image = Arundhati Reddy in 2025.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Reddy in 2025
| country = India
| international = true
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|4|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]

| onetest =
| testdebutdate =
| testdebutyear =
| testdebutagainst =
| testcap =
| lasttestdate =
| lasttestyear =
| lasttestagainst =

| odidebutdate = 19 June
| odidebutyear = 2024
| odidebutagainst = South Africa
| odicap = 144
| lastodidate = 20 September
| lastodiyear = 2025
| lastodiagainst = Australia

| T20Idebutdate = 19 September
| T20Idebutyear = 2018
| T20Idebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| T20Icap = 59
| lastT20Idate = 30 December
| lastT20Iyear = 2025
| lastT20Iagainst = Sri Lanka
| T20Ishirt = 20

| club1 = [[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2009/10–2016/17}}
| club2 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
| year2 = 2017/18–present
| club3 = [[IPL Supernovas|Supernovas]]
| year3 = 2019–2020
| club4 = [[IPL Trailblazers|Trailblazers]]
| year4 = 2022
| club5 = [[Delhi Capitals (WPL)|Delhi Capitals]]
| year5 = 2023–2025
| club6 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| year6 = 2026–present

| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Women's One Day International|WODI]]
| matches1 = 11
| runs1 = 58
| bat avg1 = 9.66
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 14
| deliveries1 = 548
| wickets1 = 15
| bowl avg1 = 32.66
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/26
| catches/stumpings1 = 11/–
| column2 = [[Women's Twenty20 International|WT20I]]
| matches2 = 42
| runs2 = 110
| bat avg2 = 8.46
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 27[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 815
| wickets2 = 37
| bowl avg2 = 28.37
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/19
| catches/stumpings2 = 14/–

| date = 9 January 2026
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/960867.html ESPNcricinfo
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Cricket World Cup|ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025 India]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asia Cup|ACC Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2024 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup|2024 Sri Lanka]]}}
|internationalspan=2018–present}}
'''Arundhati Reddy''' (born 10 April 1997) is an Indian international [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/960867.html |title=Arundhati Reddy |access-date=16 September 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> She plays for the [[India women's national cricket team|women's national cricket team]] as a right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] bowler.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's potential Test debutantes: Where were they in November 2014? |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/india-test-newbies-where-were-they-in-november-2014 |access-date=10 June 2021 |work=Women's CricZone}}</ref> She represents [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] in domestic cricket and [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru (WPL)|Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] in the [[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]]. Reddy was part of the Indian team that won the [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="Arundhati Reddy gets rousing welcome in Hyderabad after World Cup victory">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Arundhati Reddy gets rousing welcome in Hyderabad after World Cup victory |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/arundhati-reddy-gets-rousing-welcome-after-world-cup-victory/article70249157.ece |access-date=8 November 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=6 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Career==
In August 2018, Reddy was named in the [[India women's cricket team|India Women]]'s squad for their series [[India women's cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2018–19|against the Sri Lanka Women]].<ref name="IndWT20Is">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/829141 |title=Uncapped Dayalan Hemalatha and Arundhati Reddy called up to India Women squad |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> She made her [[Women's Twenty20 International cricket]] debut against [[Sri Lanka women's cricket team|Sri Lanka Women]] on 19 September 2018.<ref name="WT20I">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157709.html |title=1st T20I, India Women tour of Sri Lanka at Katunayake, Sep 19 2018 |access-date=19 September 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In October 2018, she was named in India's squad for the [[2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20]] tournament in the West Indies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17669/indian-womens-team-for-icc-womens-world-twenty20-announced |title=Indian Women’s Team for ICC Women’s World Twenty20 announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=28 September 2018 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928121529/http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17669/indian-womens-team-for-icc-womens-world-twenty20-announced |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/863769 |title=India Women bank on youth for WT20 campaign |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref> In January 2020, she was named in India's squad for the [[2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]] in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28468147/kaur-mandhana-verma-part-full-strength-india-squad-t20-world-cup |title=Kaur, Mandhana, Verma part of full strength India squad for T20 World Cup |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref>

In May 2021, she was named in India's [[Women's Test cricket|Test squad]] for their one-off match against the [[India women's cricket team in England in 2021|England women's cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/154389/india-s-senior-women-squad-for-the-only-test-match-odi-t20i-series-against-england-announced |title=India's Senior Women squad for the only Test match, ODI & T20I series against England announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref>

She was named in the India squad for the [[2024 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/jKTSq82Z |title=India’s squad for the ICC Women's T20 World Cup 2024 announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref> and their home [[New Zealand women's cricket team in India in 2024–25|ODI series against New Zealand]] in October 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/EEI1QDRi|title=India's Squad for IDFC First Bank ODI Series against New Zealand announced|publisher=BCCI|accessdate=9 November 2024}}</ref>.She is also member of womens odi world cup winning squad of 2025.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite news |last1=Narayanan |first1=Lavanya Lakshmi |title=The trials and tribulations of Arundhati Reddy, cricket tragic awaiting her moment in the sun after falling out of favour |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/arundhati-reddy-wpl-india-team-comeback-struggle-womens-inter-zonal-multi-day-trophy-delhi-capitals-coach-nice-academy/article68053302.ece |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=[[Sportstar]] |date=11 April 2024 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* {{cricinfo|id=960867}}

{{Royal Challengers Bengaluru WPL squad}}
{{Navboxes
|title= India squads
|bg= #0077FF
|fg= #FF8800
|bordercolor=#FF8800
|list1=
{{India Squad 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20}}
{{India Squad 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2024 ICC Women's T20 World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2025 Women's Cricket World Cup}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Arundhati}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]
[[Category:India women One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India women Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Hyderabad women cricketers]]
[[Category:Railways women cricketers]]
[[Category:IPL Supernovas cricketers]]
[[Category:IPL Trailblazers cricketers]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals (WPL) cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1997-stub}}
[[Category:Telugu cricketers]]

Ballabhgarh

2026-03-17T08:32:35Z

Swap72: minor cleaned up lead as per guidelines additionally and corrected details

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=January 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ballabhgarh
| official_name = Balramgarh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Ballamgarh
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Ballabgarh railway station.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|20|32|N|77|19|32|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Raja Balram Singh Tewatia
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 197
| population_total = 214894
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 121004
| area_code = 0129
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = HR-29 (Faridabad)
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 882 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], Regional [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] and [[Braj]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 75.05%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Ballabhgarh
}}

'''Ballabgarh''', officially '''Balramgarh''',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ashok |date=2017-04-24 |title=Haryana's Ballabgarh is now Balramgarh |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/haryanas-ballabgarh-is-now-balramgarh/article18202415.ece |access-date=2023-04-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is a large town, nearby [[Faridabad|Faridabad city]] and a [[tehsil]] (subdistrict) in [[Faridabad district]] of [[Haryana]], India, and is part of the [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi National Capital Region]]<ref name=king2>[http://ncrup.up.nic.in/ncr/coverage.htm Coverage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921041804/http://ncrup.up.nic.in/ncr/coverage.htm |date=21 September 2011 }} ncrup.up.nic.in.</ref> or Delhi NCR.

The town was founded by Raja Balram Singh, in 1739, who also built the [[Nahar Singh Mahal]] palace in the same year.<ref name="king1" /> [[Raja Nahar Singh]] (1823–1858) was the last king of the [[princely state]]. He was executed for taking part in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 war of independence]] in 1858.<ref name="king1">{{cite news |title=Expanding woes |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1922/stories/20021108003004000.htm |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |volume=19 |issue=22 |date=26 October – 8 November 2002}}</ref> The town of Ballabhgarh is only {{convert|17|mi|km}} from [[Delhi]], and today lies on the [[National Highway 19 (India)|National Highway 19]], a major portion of historical [[Grand Trunk Road]].<ref name="king1" /> It is connected to [[Faridabad]] and south-east [[Delhi]] by the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref name="delhi300a">{{cite web
|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/pm-inaugurates-kmp-expressway-ballabhgarh-mujesar-metro-rail-link/685668.html
|title=PM inaugurates KMP expressway, Ballabhgarh-Mujesar Metro rail link
|access-date=20 November 2018
|archive-date=26 April 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426200529/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/pm-inaugurates-kmp-expressway-ballabhgarh-mujesar-metro-rail-link/685668.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Ballabhgarh is the fourth city in Haryana to get metro connectivity after Gurgaon, Faridabad and Bahadurgarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metro-makes-another-foray-into-ncr-total-span-reaches-317km/articleshow/66695823.cms|title=Delhi Metro makes another foray into NCR, total span reaches 317km|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The origin of Ballabhgarh State itself goes back to 1705 and Ballabhgarh town and fort were founded in 1739 by Balram Singh.<ref name=king1/>{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} Ballabhgarh is named after its founder the chief Balram Singh, who held the surrounding country as a feudatory of [[Suraj Mal of Bharatpur]], built the [[Nahar Singh Mahal]] fort and palace in 1739.<ref name=king1/>{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} In 2017, the government announced the renaming of several villages and towns based on the requests from villagers, including a name change of Ballabgarh to Balramgarh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/haryana-ballabhgarh-renamed-as-Balramgarh-4626960/|title=Haryana: Ballabhgarh renamed as Balramgarh|date=25 April 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref>

=={{anchor| Balramgarh History | Ballabhgarh History | Ballabhgarh State | Balramgarh State | Ballabhgarh estate }}History==
{{see also | History_of_Haryana#Colonial_period | Farrukhnagar#Under_British_Raj | Nahar Singh | Rao Tula Ram | label 1 = Haryana in 1857| label 2 = Farrukhnagar history | label 3 = Nahar Singh | label 4 = Rao Tula Ram }}

===Ballabhgarh State===
{{Main articles|Ballabgarh (jagir)}}
{{see also | List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)}}
Ballabhgarh State, a [[princely state]] was founded by [[Teotia|Tewatia]] [[Jat people|Jat]]s in 1705.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

====The founder: Gopal Singh ====
Gopal Singh, the founder of the princely state of Ballabgarh, migrated from Alwalpur village in 1705, and established himself at [[Sihi]] ({{convert|5|km|mi}} from Ballabhgarh) after attacking the local [[Brahman]] rulers there. Gopal Singh of Sihi started establishing his power in Delhi, [[Khair]] and [[Mathura]] areas. He attacked the [[Rajput]] rulers of that area with the help of local villagers.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} He became more powerful and started looting the mughal travelers on Delhi–Agra route during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]] (d. 1707). In 1710, during the reign of Aurangzeb's son [[Bahadur Shah I]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] officer Murtaza Khan killed him in 1711.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Gopal's successor was his son Charan Das Tewatia, who was also ambitious. When Charan Das saw weakening of the Mughal rule, he stopped paying ''malgujari'' (octroi) to Mughals. As a result, Mughals arrested and imprisoned Charan Das at Faridabad fort for a short time in 1714 during the reign of [[Farrukhsiyar]] (r. 1713–1719). His son Balram Singh freed him by pretending to pay the ransom.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}Charan Das's son, Balram Singh, later rose to be a powerful king.

====Expansion: Balram Singh ====
On 30 June 1750, Safdar Jung, marched against Balram but Balram managed to evade him using stratagem with the help of Marathas.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}Mughal king Ahmad Shah Bahadur replaced Safdar Jung with Gaziuddin Khan ("Intizam-Ud-Daullahas" or "lmad-ul-Mulk", the imperial [[Mir Bakhshi]]) as new wazir. Safdar Jung, supported by Balram Jat and Surajmal Jat, revolted against the Mughal king. Murtija Khan's son Aqaibet Mahmud Khan was the chief diwan of Gaziuddin Khan, he and Balram agreed to meet to negotiate the terms of truce. Balram arrived with his son, diwan and 250 men, angry words flew, Balram put his hand on his sword, Aquibat's guard suddenly fell upon Balram and killed him, his son, diwan and 9 other escorts. Maharaja Suraj Mal Jat retaliated by capturing [[Palwal]] from Mughals on 27 September 1754. He also caught the [[Qadi|qazi]] there and slayed the qanungo Santokh Rai for scheming Balram's murder. In November 1755, Jats under Suraj Mal also recaptured Ballabgarh and Ghasira from Mughals. Suraj Mal appointed sons of Balram, Bishan Singh as Nazim and Kishan Singh as kiledar, who stayed in these roles till 1774 under Suraj Mal.<ref name=balidan26>Asloub Ansari, 2001,[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8174352767 SIR SYED AHMED KHAN : ( A Centenary Tribute )], Page 166.</ref>

From 1757 to 1760, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Abdali]] waged war against Jats and Marathas. After the defeat of [[Maratha Empire]] in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] on 12 June 1761, Suraj Mal recaptured Ballabhgarh from Abdali's forced in 1762 and reinstated Balram's sons Kishan Singh and Bishan Singh in their roles under Bharatpur State.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

On 20 April 1774, Ajit Singh with title of "Raja" and Hira Singh with titles of "Raja" and "Salar Jang" were restored to Ballabhgarh as descendant of Balram by Mughal king after they were removed by Bharatpur king. In 1775, Ajit Singh was formally appointed Raja of Ballabhgarh under Mughal authority. In 1793, Ajit Singh was killed by his brother Zalim Singh, and Ajit's son Bahadur Singh became the king. Till 1803 Ballabhgarh rulers remained under Marathas .In 1785 mahadji capture deeg but not capture bharatpur after 1787 to keep peace with Jats gave 11 paragana to ranjit singh and make friendly relation with bharatpur to make peace ref agra province.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dharma Bhanu|title=The Province of Agra: Its History and Administration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CctFMm9HSH8C&pg=PA10|year=1979|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=10|id=GGKEY:KQWQCNNELB2}}</ref>

====Jat rule during British era====
[[File:Map of the plan of the Jagir (estate) of Ballabhgarh in Delhi District, surveyed by W. Brown, 1840 (F07-04).jpg|thumb|Plan map of the Jagir (estate) of Ballabhgarh in Delhi District, surveyed by W. Brown, 1840]]
In 1803, after the [[Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon]] Haryana was transferred to British by [[Maratha Empire]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}British confirmed Ajit Singh's son Bahadur Singh as independent ruler of Ballabhgarh [[jagir]],{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}as a buffer state between British border and [[Misl|Sikhs rulers]],<ref name=balidan25>1968, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PkVE8aPcOdMC Haryana: Studies in History and Culture], Page 74.</ref> and it remained an independent [[princely state]] until the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}Bahadur Singh killed in 1806. His son Narain Singh became king but he too was killed in 1806.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}Narain's son Anirudh Singh became king and ruled till he was killed in 1819.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}His infant son Sahib Singh ruled till 1825 when he died childless.{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}}Sahib's paternal uncle and Narain Singh's brother Ram Singh ruled till 1829 till his death.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

In [[Raja Nahar Singh]] ascended the throne in 1829 after his father Ram Singh's death and proved to be a just ruler. Nahar Singh was ruler of 11 villages of Ballabhgarh. He, Nawab Ahmed Ali Khan of [[Farrukhnagar]], and rulers of neighbouring principalities such as [[Rewari]] and [[Jhajjar]], took part in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name="REVOLT1857">{{cite web |title=REVOLT OF 1857 AND MUSLIMS IN HARYANA |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39058/12/12_chapter%204.pdf |website=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in |access-date=20 November 2019 }}</ref> On 10 September 1857, just four days before British forces stormed Delhi, Nahar Singh wrote a letter to [[Governor General of India]], [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]] (1842–1844), whom he had met as a young man, seeking his protection. According to a 2011 auction catalogue, "it seems was written as a ruse to deceive the British in the event of his capture... as he was fully committed to the cause of Indian Independence".<ref>{{cite news |title=Photos of Mysore may get £200,000 |url=http://www.asianage.com/newsmakers/photos-mysore-may-get-200000-929 |publisher=[[Asian Age]] |date=24 September 201 |access-date=24 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930095443/http://www.asianage.com/newsmakers/photos-mysore-may-get-200000-929 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Princely letter up for sale|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/princely-letter-up-for-sale/822618.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017224413/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/princely-letter-up-for-sale/822618.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2012 |publisher=[[IBN Live]] |date=14 September 2011 }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

====Aftermath of 1857 rebellion====
After the mutiny was suppressed, Nahar Singh along with all the rulers were captured, tried and hanged on 9 January 1858 and their estate confiscated by the [[British Raj]].<ref name=balidan8>L. C. Gupta and M. C. Gupta, 2000, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nAexAAAAIAAJ Haryana on Road to Modernisation]</ref> As was Gulab Singh Saini, the commander-in-chief of the army of state of Ballabhgarh. The territory of Ballabhgarh was added into the Delhi district as a new [[tehsil]], which was now made part of Punjab, while Faridabad became the headquarters of the [[pargana]] till now in ''jagir'' by the Ballabgarh rulers.<ref name=balidan4>Ranjit Singh Saini, 1999, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qHFjAAAAMAAJ Post-Pāṇinian systems of Sanskrit grammar], Parimal Publications.</ref> It was made a municipality in 1867.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

===20th century===
In 1901, Ballabhgarh town had a population of 4,506. Bahdurgarh [[tehsil]] of Delhi district, including towns and villages of Faridabad and Ballabhgarh, had a population of 126,693 in 1901, up from 119,652 in 1891.<ref>{{cite web |title=Variation In Population Since 1901 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/06%20A-2%20Haryana.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>

===Post-independence===
One 2001 study in Neurology of a rural population at Ballabgarh, India, found a 0.3% incidence of Alzheimer's, "among the lowest ever reported" -and roughly a quarter of that of a reference US population, & it is believed that keys lies in the diet of the peoples, which having Indian spices, organic herbs & vegetables.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

In 2015, there was a [[2015 Ballabhgarh riot|riot in Atali village]] where a Hindu mob attacked the Muslim villagers.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web|title=Ballabhgarh Communal Tension: Homes torched, 150 Muslims seek shelter at a Haryana police station|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ballabhgarh-communal-tension-homes-torched-150-muslims-seek-shelter-at-a-haryana-police-station/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Another disputed mosque sparks Ballabgarh riots|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/another-disputed-mosque-sparks-ballabgarh-riots/article7261799.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LOCAL POLICE ABETTED BALLABHGARH RIOTS, INDICATES NCM REPORT TO MHA|url=http://indiasamvad.co.in/local-police-abetted-ballabhgarh-riots-indicates-ncm-report-to-mha/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150604020352/http://indiasamvad.co.in/local-police-abetted-ballabhgarh-riots-indicates-ncm-report-to-mha/|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2015|publisher=India Samvad|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref>

==Demographics==
The total population of Ballabgarh, as per the [[2001 Census of India]] was 187067, up from 144215 in 1991 Census. Of this, 0 are Scheduled Tribes (STs) and 37428 are Scheduled Caste (SC), however [[Jats]] have highest density along with [[Ahir]]s, [[Punjabis]],[[Rajputs]], [[Agarwal]]s, [[Brahmins]]. The sex ratio of the population in Ballabgarh is 850 females per 1000 males. The literacy rate in the city is 65.35 per cent, 79.96 for males and 48.25 for females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census |url=http://faridabad.nic.in/census.htm |publisher=[[Faridabad district]] |access-date=25 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918143617/http://faridabad.nic.in/census.htm |archive-date=18 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The local language is [[Braj Bhasha|Brajbhasha]] and [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date=2004-06-16 |title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |access-date=2008-11-01 |publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ ''Religion in Ballabhgarh'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Census India govt 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11374}}</ref>
|-
! Religion
! Population (2011)<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/site/SAOA/SouthAsiaOpenArchivesSAOA/CensusReports-1911-26575903/|title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables.|access-date=21 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|20}}
! Percentage (2011)
|-
| [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 191,398
|{{Percentage |191398|214894| 2 }}
|-
| [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
|18,954
|{{Percentage | 18954| 214894| 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 9
|{{Percentage | 9 | 4058 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 3
|{{Percentage |3785| 214894| 2 }}
|-
| Others {{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], others, or not stated}}
| 30
|{{Percentage | 30 | 4058 | 2 }}
|-
| '''Total Population'''
| '''4,058'''
|'''{{Percentage | 214894| 214895| 2 }}'''
|}

==Ancient monuments==
===Balramgarh Fort===
{{anchor | Balramgarh Fort }}
[[File:Ballabhgarh Fort, 19th century - Anonymous.jpg|thumb|Ballabhgarh Fort]]
The fort was built by the Raja Balram Singh, inner part of which has been encroached by the police station and the tahsil office. The carefully planned town outside the fort walls was laid out by "Raja Bahadur Singh", with quadrangular market places, wells at cross roads, and a large garden which he named "Dilkusha" (literally "pleasing to heart"). The last ruler of this dynasty was Raja Nahar Singh, a martyr of 1857 war of independence. A monument in Raja Nahar Singh’s memory has been built by the municipal committee inside the "Nahar Singh memorial park" to mark the centenary of war of 1857.<ref name=censfort1>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0620_PART_B_DCHB_FARIDABAD.pdf 2011 census of Faridabad], Part=B, Census of India.</ref>

===Nahar Singh Mahal===
{{Main|Nahar Singh Mahal}}
The earliest parts of [[Nahar Singh]]'s palace, called Nahar Singh Mahal were constructed by his ancestor Rao Balram after whom the estate was named, who came to power in 1739, the construction however continued in parts till about 1850, under Nahar Singh.

===Rani ki Chhatri===
{{Anchor | Balramgarh Rani ki Chhatri | Ballabhgarh Rani ki Chhatri | Jat Rani ki Chhatri | Rani ki Chhatri }}

"Rani ki Chhatri" on the bank of historic "Rajsi Sarovar" (the royal lake) were constructed by the widow of ruler Anrudh Singh, who ruled Ballabagarh till 1818, in the memory of her deceased husband.<ref name=censfort1/> It is located near Nahar Singh Mahal and [[Raja Nahar Singh metro station]]. The monument has [[chhatri]]s (cenotaph) with [[ghat]]s that has steps leading to the lake. The fresh water was fed from the [[Agra Canal]]. Earlier, [[INTACH]] had undertaken renovation costing INR 1,000,000, which was not sufficient. COnsequently, INR 1 cr (10 Million) was approved in 2016 for the completion of renovation of chhatri and sarovar. The queens used to bath and worship here.<ref name=renov1>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/faridabad-13645716.html रानी की छतरी व शाही तालाब का होगा जीर्णोद्धार], Jagran, Feb 2016.</ref> In 2025, Haryana government announced a INR 95 crore restoration plan for upgrade of 20 monuments across the state including the Rani Ki Chatri and talab (royal lake).<ref name=bhai1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/20-protected-heritage-sites-to-be-restored-beautified-in-state/ 20 protected heritage sites to be restored, beautified in state], The Tribune, 19 Sept 2025.</ref>

==Institutes==
Home to the Cement Research Institute of India as well as Comprehensive Rural Health Services Project (AIIMS) or called ''Civil Hospital''. It is the rural field practice area of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.

==Administration==
Faridabad district is divided into three sub divisions viz. [[Faridabad]], Ballabhgarh and Badkhal each headed by a [[Sub Divisional Magistrate]] (SDM).

Ballabgarh, is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] constituency segment, within the [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/pdf/ERoll%202009.pdf |title=Parliamentary/Assembly Constituency wise Electors in Final Roll 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Haryana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409213734/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/pdf/ERoll%202009.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2009 }}</ref> and the current representative in the state assembly is [[Mool Chand Sharma]].<ref name=fari>{{cite web|title=Members of Haryana Legislative Assembly (MLAs) From District: Faridabad:Ballabgarh|url=http://faridabad.nic.in/prep.htm|publisher=[[Faridabad district]] website|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930054746/http://faridabad.nic.in/prep.htm|archive-date=30 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Ballabhgarh railway station]] is main railway station in Ballabhgarh. It is located on [[Agra–Delhi chord]] sector. It serves [[Faridabad]] and surrounding areas.

The [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]] connects Ballabhgarh.

[[National Highway 19 (India)|National Highway 19]] also runs through Ballabhgarh.

==Notable people==
Notable people from Ballabhgarh include:-

*[[Mohit Sharma]] – cricketer, born 1988, who plays for [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]], [[Kings XI Punjab]] and [[India national cricket team|India]]
*[[Gaurav Solanki]] - Indian boxer

==See also==
*[[Darsanalaya Ashram]]

Mansi Exclusive, Main Market Ballabgarh

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{notelist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Villages and Colonies in Ballabgarh Tehsil |url=http://faridabad.nic.in/blb_crates.pdf |publisher=[[Faridabad district]] official website |access-date=25 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930055255/http://faridabad.nic.in/blb_crates.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}
{{Princely states annexed by British India}}
[[Category:1739 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Faridabad district]]
[[Category:Faridabad]]
[[Category:Princely states of Punjab]]

Damian Marley

2026-03-16T22:10:47Z

Swap72: small edit

{{Short description|Jamaican reggae musician (born 1978)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Damian Marley
| image = Damian Marley Summerjam 20150704 IMG 0166 by Emha.jpg
| caption = Marley performing in 2015
| birth_name = Damian Robert Nesta Marley
| alias = Jr. Gong
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|7|21}}
| birth_place = [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], Jamaica
| instrument =
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Reggae]]
* [[reggae fusion]]
* [[hip-hop]]
* [[dancehall]]
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Deejay
* singer
* songwriter}}
| years_active = 1992–present
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Tuff Gong]]
* [[Ghetto Youths Crew|Ghetto Youth International]]
* [[Motown]]
* [[Republic Records|Republic]]
}}
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
* [[SuperHeavy]]
* [[Nas]]
* [[Skrillex]]
* [[Stephen Marley]]
* [[Skip Marley]]
}}
}}

'''Damian Robert Nesta Marley''' (born 21 July 1978) is a Jamaican [[reggae]] singer. The second youngest child of [[Bob Marley]], he is the recipient of four [[Grammy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 November 2020|title=Damian Marley|url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/damian-marley/4304 |website= Grammy.com| publisher= |language=en |access-date=14 April 2021}}</ref>

==Early life, education and family==
Marley is the youngest son of legendary [[reggae]] singer [[Bob Marley]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.feelnumb.com/2011/07/26/bob-marley-and-all-his-children-baby-mommas/ |title= Bob Marley: All His Children & 9 Baby Mommas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127020751/http://www.feelnumb.com/2011/07/26/bob-marley-and-all-his-children-baby-mommas/ |archive-date=27 January 2015 | website= FeelNumb.com |date= 26 July 2011| access-date= 3 May 2016}}</ref> He is the only child born to Marley and [[Cindy Breakspeare]], a Jamaican jazz singer and crowned [[Miss World]] 1976. Like several of Bob's children, Damian was born out of wedlock and outside of Bob's marriage to singer [[Rita Marley]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Damian Marley - SINGER - REGOON.COM |url=https://www.regoon.com/artist/1637/damian-marley.htm |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=www.regoon.com}}</ref> After seeing the film ''[[Damien - Omen II]]'', which is about the coming of the Antichrist, one of Bob's last requests in Germany was to have Damian's name changed. "Damien being a devil...It was inappropriate for him as a Rastafarian to have a child with that name," Bob said and Damian's name was later changed.<ref>{{cite book| last= White| first= Timothy| title= Catch a Fire: the Life of Bob Marley| page= 402| publisher= | location= | year= | isbn= }}</ref>

Damian was two years old when his father died. His nickname "Junior Gong" is derived from his father's nickname of "Tuff Gong".

==Career==
===Early releases (1992–2004)===
At the age of 13,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/damian-jr-gong-marley/26252771 |title=_Damian Jr. Gong Marley – Apple Music |publisher= | website= music.apple.com |access-date=17 February 2024}}</ref> Marley formed a musical group by the name of the Shephards, which included the daughter of [[Freddie McGregor]] and son of [[Third World (band)|Third World]]'s Cat Coore. The group opened the 1992 [[Reggae Sunsplash]] festival.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 2012|title=Damian "Junior Gong" Marley biography|url=http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/marley_damian_junior_gong_/artist.jhtml|website=mtv.com|publisher=|language=en|access-date=4 October 2023|archive-date=29 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629182434/http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/marley_damian_junior_gong_/artist.jhtml|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>
The band fell apart in the early 1990s, and Damian started his solo career.<ref name="Moskowitz, David Vlado 2006. pg 188-189">{{cite book| last= Moskowitz| first= David Vlado| title= Caribbean popular music: an encyclopedia of reggae| year= 2006| pages= 188–189| publisher= | location= | isbn= }}</ref>

With the backing of his father's label, Tuff Gong, he released his 1996 debut album ''[[Mr. Marley]]'', which surprised many who were unaccustomed to hearing a Marley [[Deejay (Jamaican)|deejaying]] rather than singing.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mills |first=Claude |url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20030102/lead/lead6.html |title=Damian Marley: Conveying solid, conscious lyrics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006181645/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20030102/lead/lead6.html |archive-date= 6 October 2012 |work=Jamaica Gleaner |date=2 January 2003 |access-date=2 March 2011}}</ref>
Marley released his second studio album ''[[Halfway Tree]]''. The name "Halfway Tree" comes from his mother Cindy Breakspeare being from the rich part of town, and his father Bob Marley coming from the poor part of town, thus him being "a tree halfway in between the 'rich' world and 'poor' world."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afiwi.com/music/interviews/damian_jr_gong_marley.html |title=Damian Jr. Gong Marley the Afiwi Interview |publisher= | website= Afiwi.com |date=10 February 2002 |access-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110717100232/http://www.afiwi.com/music/interviews/damian_jr_gong_marley.html |archive-date=17 July 2011 }}</ref> Additionally, Halfway Tree is a well-known landmark that marks the cultural center of Half-Way-Tree, the clock tower that stands where the historical eponymous cotton tree once stood is featured prominently behind Marley on the cover of the album. The album was released on 11 September 2001 and received the [[Grammy Awards of 2002|2002 Grammy Award]] for [[Best Reggae Album]]. It was co-produced by Damian Marley and his brother [[Stephen Marley]], who had also produced Damian's debut album ''Mr. Marley''.

===''Welcome to Jamrock'' (2005)===
[[File:Damian Marley070607.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Marley in 2007]]
Marley released his third studio album ''[[Welcome to Jamrock]]'' which was released on 12 September 2005 in the United States and 13 September 2005 in the United Kingdom. The album sold 86,000 copies in its first week of release,<ref name="boyne"/> and was eventually certified gold after selling 500,000 copies in the United States.<ref>Evans, Teino. [http://jamaica-star.com/thestar/20060210/ent/ent1.html Grammy welcomes Jamrock – Jr. Gong speaks about his double victory] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713074846/http://jamaica-star.com/thestar/20060210/ent/ent1.html |date=13 July 2011 }}. ''Jamaica Star''. 10 February 2006. Retrieved 2 March 2011.</ref>

Damian's half-brother, [[Stephen Marley]], was a producer and co-writer of the [[Welcome to Jamrock (song)|hugely successful song]] of the same name. The lyrics to the single "[[Welcome to Jamrock (song)|Welcome to Jamrock]]", which was performed over a [[riddim]] produced by [[Sly and Robbie]] for [[Ini Kamoze]] some 20 years earlier,<ref>Henry, Krista. [http://jamaica-star.com/thestar/20061215/ent/ent8.html Old beats, new hits] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713074824/http://jamaica-star.com/thestar/20061215/ent/ent8.html |date=13 July 2011 }}. ''Jamaica Star''. 15 December 2006.</ref> centered around poverty, politics and crime in Jamaica. While the single was controversial at home over its perceived negative viewpoint of the island,<ref name="boyne">Boyne, Ian. [http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20051002/focus/focus1.html 'WELCOME TO JAMROCK' – A phenomenon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006181706/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20051002/focus/focus1.html |date=6 October 2012 }}. ''Jamaica Gleaner''. 2 October 2005. Retrieved 2 March 2011.</ref> many praised the content of the song. Dr Clinton Hutton, professor at the [[University of the West Indies]], said of the single: "'Jamrock' uses the icon of the inner city, of alienation, of despair, of prejudice, but of hope, of Jamaican identity, to remind us of the fire of frustration, the fire of creativity, the fire of warning to open up our eyes and look within to the life we are living. And still some of us don't want to hear and to look and say enough is enough."<ref>Cooke, Mel. [http://jamaica-star.com/thestar/20050912/ent/ent2.html 'Welcome to Jamrock': A celebration of culture and talent] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713074830/http://jamaica-star.com/thestar/20050912/ent/ent2.html |date=13 July 2011 }}. ''Jamaica Star''. 12 September 2005. Retrieved 2 March 2011.</ref> The single reached number 13 on the UK Singles Chart<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/> and number 55 on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart.<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/album/welcome-to-jamrock-r792930/charts-awards/billboard-single Billboard Singles Chart (Welcome to Jamrock-Damian Marley)]. AllMusic. Retrieved 3 March 2011.</ref> It was also number 100 on the Top 100 Songs of the Decade listing by ''[[Rolling Stone]]''.<ref>[http://mobile.jamaica-gleaner.com/20091215/life/life3.php 'Jamrock' stands alone]. ''Jamaica Gleaner''. 15 December 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2011.</ref>

Other notable singles from the album include "[[The Master Has Come Back]]", "[[Road to Zion]]" featuring [[Nas]], and "Khaki Suit" featuring [[Bounty Killer]] and [[Eek-A-Mouse]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gardner |first1=Claudia |title='It's Gonna Be Real Dancehall,' Damian Marley Is Executive Producer For Bounty Killer's First Album In 18 Years |url=https://www.dancehallmag.com/2020/06/25/news/its-gonna-be-real-dancehall-damian-marley-is-executive-producer-for-bounty-killers-first-album-in-18-years.html |website=Dancehall Mag |access-date=15 April 2024 |date=25 June 2020}}</ref>

===''Distant Relatives'' (2006–2010)===
[[File:Nas and Damian Marley performing in Wellington Photo By Brady Dyer.jpg|thumb|right|Nas and Marley performing in Wellington, New Zealand, 2011]]
At the 2006 Grammy Awards, he won Best Reggae Album and Best Urban/Alternative Performance for ''[[Welcome to Jamrock]]''. He is the only Jamaican reggae artist in history to win two Grammy Awards on the same night. He is also the only reggae artist to win in the Best Urban/Alternative Performance category at the Grammy Awards.
In 2008, he made an appearance on singer [[Mariah Carey]]'s [[E=MC² (Mariah Carey album)|''E=MC²'']] album as a featured artist on the album track "[[Cruise Control (Mariah Carey song)|Cruise Control]]". At the [[2009 Grammy Awards]] news of a collaborative album between Marley and [[Nas]] was announced, when Nas told MTV reporters "Right now, I'll tell you first, I'm working on an album with Damian Marley. We tryin' to build some schools in Africa with this one, and trying to build empowerment. We're tryin' to show love and stuff with this album. So, the record's ... all about really the 'hood and Africa also as well."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1604589/20090209/nas.jhtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211101202/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1604589/20090209/nas.jhtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2009|title=Nas Confirms Kelis' Pregnancy, Talks New Album|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=9 February 2009|work=[[MTV News]]|access-date=8 April 2009}}</ref>

On 17 May 2010, Marley released ''[[Distant Relatives]]'', a collaborative album with [[Nas]]. The album title refers not only to the bond between the artists but the connection to their African ancestry, which inspired the album both musically and lyrically.<ref>Brunstad, Svein. [http://www.urb.com/2010/04/19/nas-and-damian-%e2%80%9cjr-gong%e2%80%9d-marley-are-distant-relatives-interview/ Nas and Damian "Jr. Gong" Marley are Distant Relatives (Interview)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717171942/http://www.urb.com/2010/04/19/nas-and-damian-%e2%80%9cjr-gong%e2%80%9d-marley-are-distant-relatives-interview/ |date=17 July 2011 }}. ''URB''. 19 April 2010. Retrieved 3 March 2011.</ref> They have previously collaborated on "Road to Zion", on Marley's ''[[Welcome to Jamrock]]'' album. The album joins two different flavours of music with Marley's dub-rock aesthetic and Nas' flow. Damian and Stephen produced much of the album. The proceeds of this album will go to building schools in the Congo.<ref>Lemmon, Kyle. [http://www.prefixmag.com/reviews/damian-marley-nas/distant-relatives/27543/ "Damian Marley, Nas: Distant Relatives"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627005222/http://www.prefixmag.com/reviews/damian-marley-nas/distant-relatives/27543/ |date=27 June 2010 }}, ''Prefix'', 12 May 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2011</ref>

The album debuted at number five on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart with first-week sales of 57,000 copies.<ref name="Caulfield">Caulfield, Keith. [http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/958034/glee-stops-the-show-at-no-1-stones-come-in-second-on-billboard-200 'Glee' Stops the Show at No. 1, Stones Come in Second On Billboard 200]. ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''. Retrieved 26 May 2010.</ref> It serves as Nas's tenth top-ten album and Marley's second top-ten album in the United States.<ref name="Caulfield"/> The album also entered at number four on ''[[Billboard charts|Billboard]]''{{'}}s [[Digital Albums]],<ref name="Digital">[http://www.billboard.com/charts/2010-06-05/digital-albums Digital Albums – Week of 5 June 2010]. ''Billboard''. Retrieved 27 May 2010.</ref> and at number one on its [[R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]],<ref name="R&B">[http://www.billboard.com/charts/2010-06-05/r-b-hip-hop-albums R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Week of 5 June 2010]. ''Billboard''. Retrieved 27 May 2010.</ref> [[Rap Albums]],<ref name="Rap">[http://www.billboard.com/charts/2010-06-05/rap-albums Rap Albums – Week of 5 June 2010]. ''Billboard''. Retrieved 27 May 2010.</ref> and Reggae Albums charts.<ref name="Reggae">[http://www.billboard.com/charts/2010-06-05/reggae-albums Reggae Albums – Week of 5 June 2010]. ''Billboard''. Retrieved 27 May 2010.</ref>
Internationally, ''Distant Relatives'' attained some chart success.<ref name="Ultratop">{{cite web|title=Nas & Damian Marley – Distant Relatives|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/album/20249/Nas-&-Damian-Marley-Distant-Relatives|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|access-date=27 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="acharts">[http://acharts.us/album/55241 Album Performance: ''Distant Relatives'']. acharts. Retrieved 27 May 2010.</ref> It entered at number 33 on the [[European Top 100 Albums]] chart.<ref name="Eur">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110122103501/http://www.billboard.com/charts/reggae-albums?chartDate=2010-06-05 European Albums – Week of 5 June 2010]. ''Billboard''. Retrieved 27 May 2010.</ref> In the United Kingdom, it debuted at number 30 on the [[UK Albums Chart]] and at number four on the [[UK R&B Chart|R&B Albums Chart]].<ref name="UK">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100528174139/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/albums/ The Official UK Top 40 Albums Chart – 23 May 2010]. [[BBC Online]]. Retrieved 27 May 2010.</ref><ref name="UKR&B">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100723181421/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/rnbalbums UK Top 40 RnB Albums – 23 May 2010]. BBC Online. Retrieved 27 May 2010.</ref> In Canada, the album entered at number 9 on the [[Canadian Albums Chart|Top 100 Albums]] chart.<ref name="CAN">[http://www.billboard.com/charts/2010-06-05/canadian-albums Canadian Albums: Top Albums Chart]. ''Billboard'' (5 June 2010). Retrieved 3 May 2016.</ref> In Germany, it debuted at number 38 on the [[Media Control Charts]].<ref name="German">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100228175846/http://www.mtv.de/charts/album50 Album Top 50 KW 20 – Gültig ab 28.05.2010]. MTV. Retrieved 28 May 2010.</ref>
[[File:Damian-Marley.jpg|thumb|Marley in 2010]]

The first single, "[[As We Enter]]", was released on [[iTunes Store|iTunes]] on 23 February 2010.<ref>[http://www.rap-up.com/2010/02/11/single-cover-nas-damian-jr-gong-marley-as-we-enter/ Single Cover: Nas & Damian 'Jr. Gong' Marley – 'As We Enter'.] ''Rap-Up.''</ref> It peaked at number 10 on the iTunes Hip Hop/Rap charts and number 41 on the iTunes Music charts. The single debuted at number 39 on the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100528060202/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/singles/ The Official UK Top 40 Singles Chart – 23 May 2010]. [[BBC Online]]. Retrieved 27 May 2010.</ref>
At a sold-out panel discussion on the [[African diaspora]] and its relation to music, sponsored by [[National Geographic]], Damian and Stephen Marley and Nas were among the several hip-hop and reggae musicians voicing their solidarity. The discussion focused on the collaborations between artists of the two genres, and highlighted the ''Distant Relatives'' project.<ref>The Source, [http://www.thesource.com/2009/12/nas-and-damian-marley-distant-relatives-coming-in-2010/ Nas and Damian Marley Distant Relatives Coming in 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063944/http://www.thesource.com/2009/12/nas-and-damian-marley-distant-relatives-coming-in-2010 |date=28 May 2010 }}, ''TheSource.com'', 14 December 2009. Accessed 6 January 2010.</ref>

===''SuperHeavy'' (2011–2015)===
The existence of [[SuperHeavy]] was secret until May 2011.<ref>{{citation|url=http://perezhilton.com/2011-05-24-mick-jagger-has-formed-a-secret-supergroup|title=Mick Jagger Has Formed A Secret Supergroup!|publisher=perezhilton.com|date=24 May 2011|access-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> [[Mick Jagger]], English musician and the lead vocalist of rock band [[The Rolling Stones]], announced its formation on 20 May 2011.<ref name="Mick Jagger Forms RS">{{cite magazine |title=Mick Jagger Forms Supergroup with Dave Stewart, Joss Stone and Damian Marley |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/mick-jagger-forms-supergroup-with-dave-stewart-joss-stone-and-damian-marley-20110520 |date=20 May 2011 |access-date=11 August 2011 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |archive-date=23 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523052409/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/mick-jagger-forms-supergroup-with-dave-stewart-joss-stone-and-damian-marley-20110520 |url-status=dead }}</ref> SuperHeavy was [[Dave Stewart (Eurythmics)|Dave Stewart]]'s idea.<ref name="Mick Jagger Forms RS"/> Inspired by the sounds washing into his home in [[Saint Ann's Bay]], Jamaica, Stewart urged Jagger to fuse their sound with that of [[Indian music|Indian orchestra]]s.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/may/23/mick-jagger-super-heavy|title=Mick Jagger forms new band Super Heavy| work=Guardian |date=23 May 2011|access-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> Stewart and Jagger had mutual liking for Indian orchestrations; thus, [[A. R. Rahman]] was added to the supergroup, as well as British singer Joss Stone.<ref>{{citation|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rahman-jams-with-mick-for-super-heavy-band/153693-60-120.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527182717/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rahman-jams-with-mick-for-super-heavy-band/153693-60-120.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2011|title=Rahman jams with Mick for Super Heavy Band| work=IBN | publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=24 May 2011|access-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> The name of the band is said to be inspired by [[Muhammad Ali]].<ref>{{cite news|title=SuperHeavy has a strong Indian influence'|url=http://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/2011/sep/250911-SuperHeavy-has-a-strong-Indian-influence.htm|access-date=19 October 2011|newspaper=[[MiD DAY]]|date=25 September 2011}}</ref>
The group began recording their [[SuperHeavy (album)|self-titled debut album]] in early 2009 at a studio in Los Angeles. They recorded about 35 hours of music.{{cn|date=May 2020}} The album was previewed at [[Jim Henson Studios]], Los Angeles, on 30 June 2011. The band played eight of the recorded songs at the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spinner.com/2011/07/01/mick-jagger-superheavy/|title=Mick Jagger and SuperHeavy Preview Album, Ponder Tour in Los Angeles|first=Steve|last=Baltin|publisher=[[Spinner.com]]|date=1 July 2011|access-date=3 July 2011|archive-date=22 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122224921/http://www.spinner.com/2011/07/01/mick-jagger-superheavy/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

"[[Miracle Worker]]" was released on [[iTunes Store|iTunes]] as the album's lead single on 7 July 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/miracle-worker-single/446843699 |title=Miracle Worker – Single by SuperHeavy |date=January 2011 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] UK. [[Apple Inc]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711041234/http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/miracle-worker-single/id446843699 |archive-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref> It is a [[reggae]] song performed by Marley, Stone and Jagger.<ref>{{cite web |last=Winistorfer |first=Andrew |url=http://www.prefixmag.com/media/super-heavy/miracle-worker/54147/ |title=Super Heavy: "Miracle Worker" |publisher=Prefix Magazine |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=10 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Wilkening |first=Matthew |url=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/superheavy-miracle-worker |title=SuperHeavy, 'Miracle Worker' – Song Review |publisher=Ultimate Classic Rock |date=7 July 2011 |access-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> The single entered at number 195 on the [[UK Singles Chart]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/110827cluk.txt |title=CHART: CLUK Update 27.08.2011 (wk33) |publisher=The Zobbel Website |access-date=10 September 2011}}</ref> The music video was released on YouTube on 12 August 2011. Directed by Stewart and filmed at [[Paramount Studios]] in Los Angeles, the video features all five members of the band.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTF7T1Nw5OU |title=SuperHeavy – Miracle Worker |publisher=YouTube |date=12 August 2011 |access-date=12 August 2011}}</ref>
"[[Satyameva Jayathe (SuperHeavy song)|Satyameva Jayathe]]" (the [[national motto of India]], which literally translates as "Truth Alone Triumphs") was released as the second single from the album on 9 August 2011, a week before [[India's Independence Day]] on 15 August. Composed by Rahman to have an Indian feel, Jagger sings in [[Sanskrit]] on the song, which also features Stewart, Stone and Marley.<ref>{{cite web |last=Salvadore |first=Sarah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Rahmans-new-approach/articleshow/9322739.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911135746/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-22/news-interviews/29803185_1_mick-jagger-joss-stone-rahman |url-status=live |archive-date=11 September 2011 |title=Rahman's new approach |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd]] |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=9 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14471568 |title=Rolling Stone Mick Jagger sings in Sanskrit |publisher=[[BBC News Online]] |date=10 August 2011 |access-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> The song premiered exclusively on [[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 FM on 9 August across twenty-two Indian cities, and [[Tata DoCoMo]] is set to simultaneously promote the song and the album on mass media.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/A-R-Rahmans-Satyameva-Jayathe-releases/articleshow/9540370.cms |title=A R Rahmans Satyameva Jayathe releases! |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd]] |date=9 August 2011 |access-date=9 August 2011}}</ref>
"Beautiful People" reached number 64 on the Dutch [[Single Top 100]] chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=SuperHeavy&titel=Beautiful+People&cat=s |title=SuperHeavy – Beautiful People |language=nl |publisher=dutchcharts.nl. Hung Medien |access-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004131331/http://www.dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=SuperHeavy&titel=Beautiful%2BPeople&cat=s |archive-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>

Damian also worked with electronic artist [[Skrillex]] on a song called "[[Make It Bun Dem]]" in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2012/04/listen-skrillex-damian-marley-make-it-bun-them |title=Listen: Skrillex & Damian Marley "Make It Bun Them" |publisher=Complex Music |date=17 April 2012 |access-date=20 April 2012}}</ref> This song also appears in the 2012 game [[Far Cry 3]]. Affairs of the Heart was a massive hit in Jamaica, topping the reggae charts.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://forums.ozreggae.com/index.php?showtopic=15958&page=3 |title= Jamaica Music Countdown Charts – Page 3 – Wha Gwaan |website= OzReggae.com |date= |access-date= 3 May 2016 |archive-date= 22 March 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220322210714/http://forums.ozreggae.com/index.php?showtopic=15958&page=3 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
[[File:Damian Marley Summerjam 20150704 IMG 0148 by Emha.jpg|thumb|Marley in 2015]]

===''Stony Hill'' (2017–present)===
Damian Marley released his fourth studio album, ''Stony Hill'', in July 2017. Its first single "Nail Pon Cross" was released in August 2016. The album won the [[Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album]] at the [[60th Annual Grammy Awards]].

==Musical style==
Marley has described his music as "[[dancehall]] and [[reggae]]. I've noticed ... people trying to separate the two of them," he continues. "It's Jamaican culture in general. I don't try to classify or separate."<ref>{{cite web| last= Henry| first= Krista| url= http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20061222/ent/ent1.html| title= Music a means, a message |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101209092024/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20061222/ent/ent1.html |archive-date=9 December 2010 |work= Jamaica Gleaner| date= 22 December 2006}}</ref>
''Distant Relatives'' fused [[hip hop]] and [[reggae]] musical elements,<ref name="MTV One"/> Marley and Nas also incorporated [[sample (music)|samples]] from African music into the album.<ref name="Entertainment Weekly">{{cite magazine|url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2009/04/nas-damian-marl.html|title=Nas and Damian Marley on their 'Distant Relatives' collaboration|last=Vozick-Levinson|first=Simon|date=22 April 2009|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=[[Time Inc.|Time]]|access-date=29 April 2009}}</ref> The album's lyrical content heavily revolves around themes concerning Africa, from ancestry and poverty,<ref name= "Entertainment Weekly"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://exclaim.ca/articles/generalarticlesynopsfullart.aspx?csid1=131&csid2=844&fid1=37732|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120708190851/http://exclaim.ca/articles/generalarticlesynopsfullart.aspx?csid1=131&csid2=844&fid1=37732|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2012|title=Nas and Damian Marley Become Distant Relatives, Join Rock the Bells Tour|last=Thiessen|first=Brock|date=8 April 2009|work=[[Exclaim!]]|access-date=29 April 2009}}</ref> with [[social commentary]] of the United States and Africa.<ref name="MTV One">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/nas/news/112307-nas-announces-damian-marley-album|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411125638/http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/nas/news/112307-nas-announces-damian-marley-album|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2009|title=Nas Announces Damian Marley Album|date=8 April 2009|work=[[MTV One]]|access-date=29 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1608773/20090407/id_3108857.jhtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411085046/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1608773/20090407/id_3108857.jhtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2009|title=Nas And Damian Marley Team Up For Rock The Bells Tour, Joint Album|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=7 April 2009| work=MTV.com |access-date=29 April 2009}}</ref> The track "Count Your Blessings" reflects on the plight of Africa.<ref name="Rolling Stone">{{cite magazine| url= https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/26796184/spring_music_preview_june|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323160829/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/26796184/spring_music_preview_june|url-status= dead|archive-date=23 March 2009|title=Spring Music Preview: June|date=20 March 2009|magazine=Rolling Stone|publisher=[[Wenner Media]]|access-date=8 April 2009}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of studio albums, with selected details, chart positions and certifications
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Details
! scope="col" colspan="7"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Top Rap Albums|US Rap]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard charts|US Reg.]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[SNEP|FRA]] <ref name="fr">[http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Damian+Marley Damian Marley page]. Lescharts.com. Retrieved 3 May 2016.</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]] <ref>[http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Damian+Marley Damian Marley page]. Hitparade.ch. Retrieved 2 August 2017.</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/3277/damian-jr-gong-marley/|title=Damian Jr Gong Marley {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Mr. Marley]]''
|
* Released: 9 September 1996
* Label: Tuff Gong
* Format: CD, digital download
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Halfway Tree]]''
|
* Released: 11 September 2001
* Label: [[Universal Motown]]
* Format: CD, digital download
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Welcome to Jamrock]]''
|
* Released: 13 September 2005
* Label: Universal
* Format: CD, digital download
| style="text-align:center;"| 7
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 188
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 34
|
*[[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Gold<ref name="BPI">{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|artist=Damian Marley|access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>
* [[Music Canada|MC]]: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Canada|artist=Damian Marley|access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>
* [[RIAA]]: Gold<ref name="RIAA2">{{cite web|title=Gold & Platinum: Damian Marley|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=DAMIAN+MARLEY&ti=WELCOME+TO+JAMROCK|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>
* [[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]]: 2× Platinum<ref name="RMNZ-albums">{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|artist=Damian Marley|type=album|source=radioscope|access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Stony Hill (album)|''Stony Hill'']]
|
* Released: 21 July 2017
* Label: [[Republic Records|Republic]]
* Format: CD, digital download
| style="text-align:center;"| 65 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2017-08-12|title=Top 200 Albums|publisher=Billboard|access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 1 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/reggae-albums/2017-08-12|title=Reggae Music: Top Reggae Albums & Songs|date=2 January 2013|publisher=Billboard|access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| 104 <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-album-megafusion/?ye=2017&we=30|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums – SNEP (Week 30, 2017)|newspaper=Snep |date=November 2013 |publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=fr|access-date=1 August 2017}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| 26
| style="text-align:center;"| 94
|
|}

===Collaborative releases===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| Year
!rowspan="2"| Album details
!colspan="5"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;" | [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]
|-
! style="width:3em;font-size:80%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]
! style="width:3em;font-size:80%;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B]]
! style="width:3em;font-size:80%;"| [[Top Rap Albums|US Rap]]
! style="width:3em;font-size:80%;"| [[Billboard charts|US Reg.]]
! style="width:3em;font-size:80%;"| [[SNEP|FRA]] <ref name="fr"/>
|-"
| 2010
| ''[[Distant Relatives]]'' (with [[Nas]])
* Released: 18 May 2010
* Label: [[Universal Republic]]
* Format: CD
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 27
|
* BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/>
|-
| 2011
| ''[[SuperHeavy (album)|SuperHeavy]]'' (with [[SuperHeavy]])
* Released: 16 September 2011
* Label: [[A&M Records|A&M]]
* Format: CD
| style="text-align:center;"| 26
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
|-
| 2013
| ''Set Up Shop Vol. 1''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://concerttournewshub.com/Hip-Hop-Music/Damian-Marley-Concert-Tour-Schedule.php |title=Damian Marley 2015 Catch A Fire Tour Schedule With Stephen Marley, Morgan Heritage & Tarrus Riley |date=14 May 2015 |access-date=14 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626134738/http://concerttournewshub.com/Hip-Hop-Music/Damian-Marley-Concert-Tour-Schedule.php |archive-date=26 June 2015 }}</ref> (with various artists)
* Released: 19 February 2013
* Label: Ghetto Youths International
* Format: CD
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Set Up Shop Vol. 2''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/ghetto-youths-international-presents-set-up-shop-vol-2/946634344|title=Ghetto Youths International presents Set Up Shop, Vol. 2 by Various Artists on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]]|date=23 December 2014}}</ref> (with various artists)
* Released: 23 December 2014
* Label:Ghetto Youths international
* Format: CD
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Set Up Shop Vol. 3''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/ghetto-youths-international-presents-set-up-shop-vol-3/1069283657|title=Ghetto Youths International Presents Set Up Shop, Vol. 3 by Various Artists on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]]|date=22 December 2015}}</ref> (with various artists)
* Released: 22 December 2015
* Label: Ghetto Youths International
* Format: CD
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center; font-size:80%;"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart.
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1"
|+ List of songs, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title
!rowspan="2"| Year
!colspan="9"| Peak chart positions
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]
!rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]
! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]
! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot Rap Songs|US Rap]]
! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]
! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]
! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]] <ref name="fr"/>
! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]
! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] 
! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] <ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book |first=David |last=Roberts |year=2006 |title=British Hit Singles & Albums |edition=19th |publisher=Guinness World Records Limited |location=London |isbn=1-904994-10-5 |page=350}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Welcome to Jamrock (song)|Welcome to Jamrock]]"
| rowspan="3"|2005
| style="text-align:center;"| 55
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
| style="text-align:center;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 13
|
* BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/>
* [[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]]: 2× Platinum<ref name="RMNZ-singles">{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|artist=Damian Marley|type=single|source=radioscope|access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>
| rowspan="5"|''Welcome to Jamrock''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[The Master Has Come Back]]"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 74
|
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Road to Zion]]" (featuring [[Nas]])
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 57
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
* BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/>
* RMNZ: Gold<ref name="RMNZ-singles"/>
|-
! scope="row"| "Beautiful" (featuring [[Bobby Brown]])
| rowspan="2"|2006
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 39
|
|-
! scope="row"| "All Night" (featuring [[Stephen Marley]])
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 79
|
|-
! scope="row"| "[[As We Enter]]" ([[Nas]] and Damian Marley)
| 2010
| style="text-align:center;"| 116
| style="text-align:center;"| 18
| style="text-align:center;"| 16
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 39
|
| rowspan="2"|''[[Distant Relatives]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "Nah Mean" (Nas and Damian Marley)
| rowspan="2"|2011
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Set Up Shop"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
| rowspan="2" | ''Set Up Shop Vol. 1''
|-
! scope="row"| "Affairs of the Heart"
| rowspan="2"| 2012
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Make It Bun Dem]]" ([[Skrillex]] and Damian Marley)
| style="text-align:center;"| 106
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 27
| style="text-align:center;"| 34
| style="text-align:center;"| 87
| style="text-align:center;"| 16
| style="text-align:center;"| 48
| style="text-align:center;"| 58<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/tulisa-scores-fastest-selling-debut-smash-hit-of-2012-with-young-1380 |title=Tulisa scores fastest selling debut smash hit of 2012 with Young |publisher=Officialcharts.com |access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref>
|
* ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/orr9fphn3kyhykimwm11l/AExzyTkHniRw2CkE2G9HX6Y/2023%20Accreds.pdf?rlkey=b5et6u9n5p7f3gkxgmqhivbyf&e=1|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |access-date=15 March 2026 2013}}</ref>
* BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/>
* MC: Gold<ref>{{cite certification | region=Canada | artist=Skrillex | access-date=21 January 2013}}</ref>
* RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web|title=Gold & Platinum: Damian Marley|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=SKRILLEX+%26amp%3B+DAMIAN+%26ldquo%3BJR+GONG%26rdquo%3B+MARLEY&ti=MAKE+IT+BUN+DEM|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>
* RMNZ: 2× Platinum<ref name="RMNZ-singles"/>
| {{Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Hard Work"<ref>"[http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20141004/ent/ent1.html Damian 'Jr Gong' Marley 'Works Hard' On Welcome To Jamrock Reggae Cruise]", ''[[Jamaica Gleaner]]'', 4 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014</ref>
| 2014
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
| ''Set Up Shop Vol. 2''
|-
! scope="row"| "Nail Pon Cross"
|2016
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
| rowspan="3" | ''Stony Hill''
|-
! scope="row"| "Medication" (featuring [[Stephen Marley]])
| 2017
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
* RMNZ: Platinum<ref name="RMNZ-singles"/>
|-
! scope="row"| "Living It Up"
| 2018
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
|-
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center; font-size:80%;"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart.
|}

====As featured artist====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| Year
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title
!colspan="1"| Peak chart positions
!rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] <ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book |first=David |last=Roberts |year=2006 |title=British Hit Singles & Albums |edition=19th |publisher=Guinness World Records Limited |location=London |isbn=1-904994-10-5 |page=350}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| "[[Now That You Got It]]" ([[Gwen Stefani]] featuring Damian Marley)
| style="text-align:center;"| 59
| ''[[The Sweet Escape]]''
|-
| 2012
| "Can't Keep Me Down" ([[Cypress Hill]] and [[Rusko (musician)|Rusko]] featuring Damian Marley)
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| ''[[Cypress X Rusko]]''
|-
| 2013
| "Riot" ([[Sean Paul]] featuring Damian Marley)
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| ''[[Full Frequency]]''
|-
| 2017
|"[[So Am I (Ty Dolla Sign song)|So Am I]]" ([[Ty Dolla Sign]] featuring Damian Marley and [[Skrillex]])
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| ''Beach House 3''
|-
|-
| 2019
| "Love With A Quality" ([[Karol G]] featuring Damian Marley)
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| ''Ocean''
|-
| 2021
| "What Do You Say" ([[Common (rapper)|Common]] and PJ featuring Damian Marley)
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| ''A Beautiful Revolution Part II''
|-
| 2022
| "No Fear"<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/sean-paul-nicky-jam-damian-marley-no-fear-song-1340708/|title=Sean Paul Wants to 'Keep It Blazin' on Reggaetón-Infused 'No Fear' With Nicky Jam|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=April 20, 2022|access-date=April 23, 2022}}</ref> {{small|([[Sean Paul]] featuring Damian Marley and [[Nicky Jam]])}}
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| ''Scorcha''
|-
| colspan="11" style="text-align:center; font-size:80%;"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart.
|}

===Other charted songs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Song
! colspan="2"| Peak chart positions
! rowspan="2"| Album
! rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]
|-
! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]
! style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]] <ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.bdsradio.ca/CanadianHot100.pdf |title=Canadian Hot 100: Oct 1, 2010 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |publisher=[[Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems]] |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224175504/http://www.bdsradio.ca/CanadianHot100.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2010
|align="left"|"[[Liquor Store Blues]]" ([[Bruno Mars]] featuring Damian Marley)
|105
|97
|''[[Doo-Wops & Hooligans]]''
|
*RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA"/>
|-
| 2017
| align="left" | "[[Bam (song)|Bam]]" ([[Jay-Z]] featuring Damian Marley)
| 47
| —
| ''[[4:44]]''
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{allmusic}}
* {{discogs artist}}
* {{imdb name|1233372}}
*{{MusicBrainz artist}}
*[https://myspace.com/damianmarley Damian Marley] on [[Myspace]]

{{Damian Marley|state=expanded}}
{{Bob Marley family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marley, Damian}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jamaican dancehall musicians]]
[[Category:Jamaican reggae singers]]
[[Category:Jamaican hip-hop musicians]]
[[Category:Jamaican people of Canadian descent]]
[[Category:Jamaican people of English descent]]
[[Category:Motown artists]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Marley family|D]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica]]
[[Category:SuperHeavy members]]
[[Category:21st-century Jamaican male singers]]
[[Category:Jamaican Rastafarians]]

Gharib Nawaz Masjid

2026-03-12T16:38:08Z

Swap72:

{{short description|Mosque in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2012}}
{{About|the mosque in Maharashtra, India|other uses|Gharib Nawaz (disambiguation){{!}}Gharib Nawaz}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Gharib Nawaz Masjid
| native_name = गरीब नवाज मशीद
| native_name_lang = mr
| image = Gharib Nawaz.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = The mosque at night, in 2011
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Maharashtra]]
| location = [[Mominpura, Nagpur|Mominpura]], [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21.0927|N|79.0542|E|region:IN-MH_type:landmark|format=dms|display=it}}
| latitude =
| longitude =
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| sect = [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Barelvi movement]]
| status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| website =
| architect = {{ubl|Mohammad Ayyub Ansari Noori|Tariq Ansari Noori}}
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = Modern [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
| capacity = 1,500 worshippers
| length =
| width =
| dome_quantity = One
| dome_height_outer = {{cvt|5|m}}
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1999
| minaret_quantity = Two {{nowrap|{{small|(under construction)}}{{when|date=January 2025}}}}
| minaret_height = {{cvt|80|ft|m|order=flip}}
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials = Concrete; marble; glass; metals
}}

The '''Gharib Nawaz Masjid''' ({{langx|mr|गरीब नवाज मशीद}}), also known as the '''Gharib Nawaz Mosque''', is a [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[mosque]] affiliated with the [[Barelvi movement]], located in the [[Mominpura, Nagpur|Mominpura]] area of [[Nagpur]], in the state of [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enotes|url=http://www.enotes.com/topic/Gharib_Nawaz_Mosque}}</ref> The mosque was named after [[Mu'in al-Din Chishti|Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti]], a [[Sufi saint]]. The dome of the mosque is similar to the Shrine of [[Khwaja Gharib Nawaz]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Masjid Gharib Nawaz |work=Wikimapia |url=http://wikimapia.org/16736108/MASJID-GHARIB-NAWAZ |date=n.d. |access-date= }}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The mosque was completed in 1999 in a modern version of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]]. The walls of the mosque and its twenty-seven arches are covered with marble. There are [[calligraphy|calligraphic]] verses derived from the [[Quran]] on every arch. The ornamentation on the walls includes the names of four khalifahs and Ahl Al Bait.

==Visits==
[[Mohammad Ilyas Attar Qadri]], the leader of [[Dawat-e-Islami]], and Muhammad Owais Raza Qadri, the [[Naat Khawan]], both visited the mosque in 1997. In 2004, Mohammad Imran Attar visited the mosque. Sheikh Al Islam Madani Miyan, Sayyad Hashmi Miyan, and other Muslim scholars have also visited the mosque.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dawat-e-Islami, Mujalla-e-Mumbai |work=Madani Press |location=Mominpura, Mumbai |year=2007 |page= |isbn= }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Wudhu Khana.jpg|''[[Wuzu]]'' khana
Upper Portion.jpg|Upper portion
Wuzu.jpg|''Wuzu'' khana
Arch Pillar.jpg|View of dome
Inside Minbar.jpg|Minbar
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite web |url=http://maps.google.co.in/maps/place?hl=en&gs_upl=8399l9849l1l10029l7l7l0l7l0l0l0l0ll2l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&biw=1024&bih=600&um=1&ie=UTF-8&q=gharib+nawaz+mosque+nagpur&fb=1&gl=in&hq=gharib+nawaz+mosque&hnear=0x3bd4c0a5a31faf13:0x19b37d06d0bb3e2b,Nagpur,+Maharashtra&cid=4260474405394304010 |title=Gharib Nawaz Mosque |publisher=Google Maps |date=n.d. |accessdate=2012-05-16}}
* {{cite web |author=Muj, Raza |url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/28327049 |title=Photo of Masjid Gharib Nawaz |publisher=Panoramio |date=2009-10-29 |access-date=2012-05-16}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:1999 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Barelvi mosques]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]

[[Category:Mosques completed in 1999]]
[[Category:Mosques in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Sufi mosques in India]]
[[Category:Sufism in Maharashtra]]

{{India-mosque-stub}}

Khitish Chandra Mondal

2026-03-06T07:29:34Z

Swap72: reworked references

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician (1939–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khitish Chandra Mondal
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| children =
| parents =
| native_name_lang = bn
| native_name = ক্ষিতীশ চন্দ্র মন্ডল
| death_place = [[Pirojpur]]
| office = Member of Parliament from Bbakerganj-15
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|3|9|1939|10|13}}
| birth_place = [[Pirojpur District]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1939|10|13}}
| successor =
| predecessor =
| term_end =
| term_start =
| image = Khitish Chandra Mondal.jpg
}}
'''Khitish Chandra Mondal''' (13 October 1939 – 9 March 2020) was a [[Bangladesh Awami League]] politician. He served as the minister of state for relief and rehabilitation in the [[third Sheikh Mujib cabinet]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Portfolio of Ministers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHAwAQAAIAAJ&q=Khitish+Chandra+Mondal&pg=RA8-PA10 |magazine=Bangladesh |date=1 September 1975 |page=5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rahman |first1=Syedur |title=Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh |date=2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7453-4 |page=309 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJfcCPUr0OoC&q=Khitish+Chandra+Mondal&pg=PA309 |language=en}}</ref>

== Birth and early life ==
Khitish Chandra Mondal was born on 13 October 1939 in [[Pirojpur District]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://samakal.com/whole-country/article/200314867/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81|script-title=bn:বঙ্গবন্ধুর মন্ত্রী সভার প্রতিমন্ত্রী ডা. ক্ষিতিশ চন্দ্র মন্ডলের মৃত্যু|last=|first=|date=|website=Samakal |language=bn|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref>

== Death ==
Khitish Chandra Mondal died on 9 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/khitish-chandra-no-more-1878829|title=Khitish Chandra no more|date=2020-03-10|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Khitish Chandra}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nazirpur Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Pirojpur District]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:1st Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League central committee members]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Barisal Division]]

{{Barisal-AL-politician-stub}}

Paropakari

2026-03-03T22:23:31Z

Swap72: general reworked formatting per standard format and improved wording per standard format

{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paropakari
| image = Paropakari.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Y. R. Swamy]]
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay = Y. R. Swamy
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = R. Chittibabu
| editing = P. Bhaktavatsalam
| studio = Bhagavathi Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1970}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Paropakari''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಪರೋಪಕಾರಿ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1970 Indian [[Kannada language]] [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Y. R. Swamy]]. It stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]. It revolves around the story of a self respecting young man who wins a wager with his wealthy father. The film was produced under Bhagavathi Productions. It had a very successful soundtrack composed by [[Upendra Kumar]].

Rajkumar played dual role in a small portion of the movie where the second character appears only for thirty seconds on-screen in an important plot twist. Paropakari was the first film to be released at Nataraj theatre, Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=2018-03-22 |title=Nataraj theatre at Seshadripuram downs its shutters |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/fade-to-black/article23321615.ece |access-date=2023-11-29 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109043218/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/fade-to-black/article23321615.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Mohan, played by Dr Rajkumar, leaves his father's home after betting that he would return home after one year, after earning Rs 25,000 by legal means. He meets Shami, played by Jayanti, a runaway orphan, on the way. The two start living together, but face several hurdles like Mohan being accused of a murder. He earns the money, only to decide to spend it on the cancer treatment of his teacher. Mohan survives an attempt on his life by his cousin. Mohan returns to his father, along with Shami in the end.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as Mohan / Ramanna
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Shami
* [[Rathna (actress)|Rathna]]
* [[Sampath (Kannada actor)|Sampath]] as Veeranna, Mohan's father
* [[H. R. Shastry]]
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Mohan's mother
* Ganapathi Bhat
* Papamma as Ramanna's mother
* [[Vijayalalitha]]
* Nagappa as Jayanna
* G. V. Swarnamma
* Comedian Guggu
* [[Tiger Prabhakar]]
* Sundarashree
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by [[Upendra Kumar]] and lyrics for the soundtrack written by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] and [[R. N. Jayagopal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paropakari |url=https://gaana.com/album/paropakari-kannada |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Gaana |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129044658/https://gaana.com/album/paropakari-kannada |url-status=live }}</ref> All the songs were received very well and the cabaret track "Jokey Naanu Balliya Minchu" sung by [[L. R. Eswari]] created a rage and became a chartbuster. That song was remixed in films like ''Nan Hendthi Maduve'' (2003) and ''[[Kalla Malla Sulla]]'' (2011). The song was also recreated by [[Ravi Basrur]] in ''[[KGF: Chapter 1 (soundtrack)|KGF: Chapter 1]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2018 |title=First single from Yash-starrer KGF album to be out on Monday |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/dec/01/first-single-from-kgf--album-to-be-out-on-monday-1905576.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222848/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/dec/01/first-single-from-kgf--album-to-be-out-on-monday-1905576.html |url-status=live }}</ref>''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| "Kannu Reppe Ondanondu Marevude"
| [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| "Ice cream Beke"
| P. B. Sreenivas
|-
| "Guttondu Heluve"
| P. B. Sreenivas
|-
| "Jokey Naanu Balliya Minchu"
| [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| "Hodare Hogu Nanagenu"
| P. B. Sreenivas, S. Janaki
|}

==Legacy==
The core concept of the hero being taunted for spending his father's earnings and challenged to earn a decided sum of money at the end of a fixed period on his own without revealing his family background, leading to the hero leaving his bungalow wearing a suit, went on to be seen in future movies like ''[[Arasu (2007 film)|Arasu]]'' (2007).

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1364271}}

{{Y. R. Swamy}}
[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Y. R. Swamy]]
{{1970s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Astram (film)

2026-03-03T21:56:06Z

Swap72: made a entry

{{For|the transit system in Hiroshima, Japan|Astram Line}}
{{Long plot|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Astram
| image = Anushka's Asthram Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Suresh Krishna (director)|Suresh Krishna]]
| producer = Raju Harwani
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]] (Dialogues)
|based_on = [[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]] (Hindi) by [[John Matthew Matthan]]
| story = [[John Matthew Matthan]]
| starring = [[Vishnu Manchu]] [[Anushka Shetty]] [[Jackie Shroff]] [[Rahul Dev]]
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cinematography = B. Balamurugan
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2006|06|30|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu Language|Telugu]]
}}

'''''Astram''''' ({{translation|Weapon}}) is a 2006 Indian Telugu-language [[action crime film]], directed by [[Suresh Krishna (director)|Suresh Krishna]]. The film stars [[Vishnu Manchu]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Jackie Shroff]] and [[Rahul Dev]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Movies - Muhurat Photos - Telugu Cinema - Vishnu, Anushka |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-suprememovies.html |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Movies - press meet Photos - Telugu Cinema - Vishnu, Jackie Shroff & Anushka |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-suprememovies.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asthram - pressmeet - Telugu Cinema - Vishnu & Anushka |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-asthram.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asthram review: Asthram (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/asthram/telugu/asthram-movie-reviews-1754-2.html}}</ref> It is a remake of the Hindi film ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''. The film was dubbed into Hindi as ''Astra - The Weapon''.

==Plot==
The story starts off by showing gun smuggling and gun running via bags of mirchi (dried red peppers) throughout the country to nefarious dacoits and criminals. Shortly after one group gets their shipment of guns, they block off a road with rocks and stop a wedding bus, kill the conductor and the driver, drive everyone from the wedding party out of the bus and gun them all down and steal their gold ornaments/jewelry and other valuables. Even women and children are not spared. This Event led the government police department to establish a special task force headed by Hyderabad Crime Branch, ACP Siddharth IPS (Manchu Vishnu). They go to Chittoor (the location of the wedding bus massacre) and set up their own road block and capture some of the criminals/dacoits who were responsible as well as arrest the SI of that area. During interrogation, they get a lead back to Hyderabad, but their superior officer wants them to bring the SI to him before the Press gets wind of this arrest and things get blown out of proportion. While taking the SI to their superior officer, the SI cruelly teases and bullies and gets pushed out the back of the jeep and gets run over by a lorry, and this incident is filed as “an accident”.

Flashback to 4 years ago; Siddharth and Anusha (Anushka Shetty) both attend the same dance class and like each other but neither wants to make the first move to express their love for the other. Siddharth tricks Anusha into expressing that she has feelings for him, but he fails to show up as promised that evening and is absent for the next four years.

Back to the present, Khadar Vali, a.k.a. “KV” (Jackie Shroff), is a singer who has been invited back to the dance/song school to put on presentations. During an outing, Siddharth realizes that he is being followed, but brainless jabber mouth Anusha, not believing that Siddharth is an ACP, confronts the tail and nearly screws up the arrest that Siddharth had planned with his team. The perp gets stabbed in the police van before he could spill any information.

Another flashback by Siddharth to Karim (Rahul Dev) shows why he was MIA for four years and spent that time doing IPS and became an ACP... his father had his neck broken is in bad health; as a result, his sister-in-law is a widow because her husband was murdered, and his uncle has sacrificed everything in his life to help the family cope with their troubles. All these troubles came to happen because the Police were working with the criminal and immediately intimated that a witness (Siddharth's father played by Sarath Babu) had come forward to identify and testify against him. The criminal and his gang went after Siddharth's father and, in the process, killed Siddharth's brother.

Back to the present, the task force uses the information in the dead criminal's cell phone that they captured to find when and where the next consignment of illegal weapons will come through and stake out the place in the hopes of capturing it and the criminal smugglers. They find that Pulla Rao is one of the smugglers, and shortly after he appears, a lorry containing a large shipment of illegal firearms shows and the bags of mirchi are offloaded onto various jeeps for further distribution. While trying to apprehend Pulla Rao, a shootout ensues. Karim arrives to help out, but Pulla Rao and his goons get away, and Siddharth breaks his leg.

Back in Rameswaram, the leader of the smuggling ring gets a phone call reporting that their entire shipment was seized, but Pulla Rao and Sardar managed to avoid capture. It is then revealed that the ring leader is none other than Khadar Vali, aka KV (Jackie Shroff), who is now under pressure from his clients not just for more weapons that they have paid for but also for ammunition that is running low (ammunition was also seized), and what use is a gun without ammunition? It would be nothing more than an expensive and very clumsy club. The smuggling ring tries to buy off (bribe) Siddharth, and if he doesn't take the bribe and stay out of their business, then they will kill him. After fighting off the smuggler, Siddharth uses Karim's help to navigate a facial construction software to create an image of his attacker and distribute that to all police stations to see if they can get an ID on the culprit.
During the scuffle at the dhaba where they seized the large shipment, Siddharth remembers that something came out of one of the smuggler's bag and flew into the underbrush. He goes back to the dhaba and traces out his steps, and finds Sardhar’s horoscope. They use this information to backtrace where Sardhar probably lives and, therefore, the point of origin of where the illegal weapons are entering the country and think that it is Rameswaram. There, KV finds out that the ACP he was looking for was actually Siddharth.

Siddharth and his team raid the next shipment and capture and start interrogating Bullet Basha (a higher up in the smuggling ring) for information but is called off for a school function that his nephew is part of. At the school function, Siddharth's dad recognizes the swastika tattoo on the forearm of the criminal that broke his neck and caused the death of his son (Siddharth's brother), and it is none other than the current DGP. At this time, the team also finds out that all the weapons that were seized are now missing from evidence, and when Siddharth offers to go and investigate the disappearance, the DGP overrules him and says that he will do it personally. The only evidence left at the scene is a handkerchief with the initials “PD”, so Karim uses a sniffer dog, and the dog goes straight at the DGP, confirming Siddharth's suspicions.

The DGP surreptitiously arranges for Siddharth's nephew to be kidnapped for exchange for Bullet Basha (trade). After rescuing his nephew, Siddharth tries a new number that they retrieved and finds out that the real culprit (kingpin) is none other than KV himself. The team of six decide to try a near-suicide attempt to stop the latest shipment. At the end, Siddharth plays KV against DGP and gives them both the opportunity to kill the other before the other kills them, but only one gun (the one given to KV) had a bullet in it, and so the DGP dies. After a fiery speech by Siddharth admonishing KV for his actions and pitting Hindu vs. Muslim, Karim handcuffs KV, but KV has different ideas than to be taken to prison and so impales himself on the bayonet of an officer's rifle and thereby committing suicide.

At the end of the movie, the team comes to meet Siddharth to inform him that another bus atrocity similar to the one in the beginning of the movie, just occurred. Still, the difference is that the culprits were using entirely new types of weapons, suggesting that there is now a new smuggling ring and a new leader to chase down.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vishnu Manchu]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Siddharth [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Crime Branch, Hyderabad
*[[Anushka Shetty]] as Anusha
*[[Teja Sajja]] as Teja
*[[Jackie Shroff]] as Khadar Vali
*[[Rahul Dev]] as Karim
*[[Sumalatha]] as Rajya Lakshmi, Siddharth's mother
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Panduranga Rao, Siddharth's father
*[[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Mirchi Mallaiyya
*[[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy
*[[Ravi Prakash]] as Siddharth's colleague
*Prabhu as Siddharth's colleague
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Mirchi Malai's assistant
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
*Sirisha as Siddharth's sister-in-law
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
*[[Visweswara Rao]]
*Potti Rambabu (Rabhas) as Khadar Vali's servant
*[[Ravali]] in [[item number]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asthram Songs |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=a0000569 |access-date=2014-08-12 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Muddu Muddu" || [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] || [[Bhaskarabhatla]]|| 04:32
|-
| 2 || "Padahare" || Roshini, [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || rowspan="2" | [[Bhuvana Chandra]]|| 05:09
|-
| 3 || "Sakhiya"(Version l) || Karunya, Shivani || 05:02
|-
| 4 || "Undipo Nesthama" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Rajesh Krishnan]]|| [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]|| 04:15
|-
| 5 || "Prema Kanna" || Ananthu, [[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]]|| [[Veturi Sundara Ramamurhty]]|| 05:23
|-
| 6 || "Raa Chilaka" || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || [[Bhaskarabhatla]]|| 04:46
|-
|7
|"Sakhiya"(Version ll)
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Shivani
|[[Bhuvana Chandra]]
|05:02
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0925058}}

{{Suresh Krissna}}

[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2006 action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suresh Krissna]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

Vajram (1995 film)

2026-03-03T18:29:33Z

Swap72: enhance section for consistency and improved wording per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vajram
| image = Vajram (1995).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| writer = Diwakar Babu {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[Bhadran (director)|Bhadran]]
| screenplay = S. V. Krishna Reddy
| based_on = ''[[Spadikam]]'' (1995)
| producer = C. Gowtham Kumar Reddy
| director = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| starring = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] [[Indraja]]
| music = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| cinematography = Sarath
| editing = K. Ram Gopal Reddy
| studio = Lakshmi Padmaja Enterprises
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1996|01|05|df=y}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Vajram''''' ({{translation|Diamond}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] and produced by C. Gowtham Kumar Reddy under the Lakshmi Padmaja Enterprises banner. It is a remake of the 1995 [[Malayalam]] film, ''[[Spadikam]]'', directed by [[Bhadran (director)|Bhadran]]. The film stars [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], and [[Indraja]]. The music was composed by S. V. Krishna Reddy.<ref>[http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1996/Jan/12-jan-1996.pdf ''Zamin Ryot'' review]</ref>

==Plot==
Vajram is a story of young man, estranged from his [[Narcissistic parent|narcissistic father]], upon failing to meet the latter's high expectations for intellectual pursuits.

A school headmaster ([[K. Viswanath]]), is never happy with his son, Chakravarthy aka "Chakri" ([[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]), and always degrades him. However, having had enough of him, Chakri runs away from home only to return as a gangster after long. What happens to him and his comeback effect to all forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as Chakravarthy "Chakri"
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Kuali
*[[Indraja]]
*[[K. Viswanath]] as Chakri's father
*[[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]] as G. M. Rao
*[[Giri Babu]] as Chakri's uncle
*Jard Andhoni
*Vallabhaneni Janardhan
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as Police Officer
*[[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as Police Officer
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Brahmam
*[[Babu Mohan]]
*[[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|AVS]] as Brahmam's father-in-law
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Constable
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
*[[Ananth Babu]] as Chakri's assistant
*[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]]
*[[Subbaraya Sharma]]
*[[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
*[[Sivaji Raja]] as Kota's henchman
*[[Raja Ravindra]] as Madhu
*[[Ashok Kumar (Telugu actor)|Ashok Kumar]] as Doctor
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Chakri's mother
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] as Brahmam's mother-in-law
*[[Seetha (Malayalam actress)|Seetha]] as Chella
*Aleekhya
*Rajasri
*Swathi
*Sugandha
*[[Saakshi Siva]] as Chakri's friend
*[[Tarun Kumar|Master Tarun]] as Young Chakri
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vajram
| type = film
| artist = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1995
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 30:17
| label = Supreme Music
| producer = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| prev_title = [[Top Hero]]
| prev_year = 1995
| next_title = Vinodam
| next_year = 1996
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list<ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/79uzdxmx4VKgGk7HRr1VzT | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Vazram | access-date = 11 January 2021}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:00
| all_music = [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| title1 = Kuyile Kuyile
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]], Swarnalatha
| length1 = 4:48
| title2 = Gampalo Kodentha
| lyrics2 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra, [[Swarnalatha]]
| length2 = 5:21
| title3 = Thaka Dhimi Thalamesi
| lyrics3 = [[Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao]]
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Swarnalatha
| length3 = 5:00
| title4 = Manasa Yenduku Kanniru
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Renuka, Srilatha
| length4 = 5:08
| title5 = Avva Kaavala Buvva Kaavala
| lyrics5 = Bhuvana Chandra
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Swarnalatha
| length5 = 4:39
| title6 = Pellidu Kocchindhi Pilla
| lyrics6 = Bhuvana Chandra
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Swarnalatha
| length6 = 5:01
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0268003}}

{{S. V. Krishna Reddy}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. V. Krishna Reddy]]

{{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Laal Rang

2026-03-02T10:06:17Z

Swap72: added lead per sources

{{short description|2016 Indian crime drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Laal Rang
| image = Laal Rang Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Syed Ahmad Afzal
| producer = Nitika Thakur, Krian Media<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/seeing-red-randeep-hooda-is-out-for-blood-in-laal-rang-1.136914/|title=Seeing red: Randeep Hooda is out for blood in Laal Rang - The National|website=thenational.ae|date=19 April 2016 |access-date=29 May 2017}}</ref>
| writer = Syed Ahmad Afzal Pankaj Matta
| starring = [[Randeep Hooda]] [[Akshay Oberoi]] [[Rajneesh Duggal]] [[Pia Bajpai]] [[Meenakshi Dixit]] [[Shreya Narayan]]
| music = [[Mathias Duplessy]] [[Shiraz Uppal]] [[Vipin Patwa]]
| cinematography = Dhirendra Shukla
| editing = Shounok Ghosh
| studio = Krian Media
| distributor = Krian Media
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|4|22}}
| runtime = 150 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/laal-rang-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtotkwmju2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612112940/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/laal-rang-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtotkwmju2|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 June 2021|title=Laal Rang|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}} 10 [[crore]]<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3268|title=Laal Rang - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com|accessdate=30 December 2019}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR}} 2.26 crore<ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>
}}

'''''Laal Rang''''' ({{translation|Red colour}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[black comedy]] [[crime drama film]]<ref name=GENRE>{{cite web|url=https://filmcity.one/all-of-the-characters-are-a-part-of-me-but-i-am-none-of-them/|title=All Of The Characters Are A Part Of Me, But I Am None Of Them|website=Filmcity.one|quote=An entertaining dark comedy. It is about crime – kind of a mafia crime, a dark comedy, and a bromance.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-randeep-hooda-shines-in-laal-rang/20160422.htm|title=Review: Randeep Hooda shines in Laal Rang|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=22 April 2016|quote=Laal Rang is a crime drama set in Karnal, Haryana, and is about the blood trading business. }}</ref> directed by Syed Ahmad Afzal and produced by Nitika Thakur and Krian Media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/5878050|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906211247/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/5878050|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 September 2015|title=Yeh Laal Rang|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=4 February 2016}}</ref> [[Randeep Hooda]], [[Akshay Oberoi]] and [[Piaa Bajpai]] star in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Randeep-Hooda-is-chilled-out-says-Pia-Bajpai/articleshow/48579818.cms|title=Randeep Hooda is chilled out, says Pia Bajpai|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 August 2015|accessdate=4 February 2016}}</ref> Set in [[Haryana]], the film depicts the theft of blood from [[blood banks]] and how the lives of two friends involved in the trade get affected. The film was released on 22 April 2016.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/> It received mixed reviews, with praise for the story, performances and production values but criticism towards the slow screenplay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/laal-rang-movie-review-by-audience-live-update-675794|title='Laal Rang' movie review: Randeep Hooda's performance impresses audience|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=22 April 2016 |access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>In later years it has gained a [[Cult film|Cult status]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-04-23 |title=Randeep Hooda on 9 Years of ‘Laal Rang’: What began as a bold story became a cult classic |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/randeep-hooda-on-9-years-of-laal-rang-what-began-as-a-bold-story-became-a-cult-classic-1503423653.html |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Plot==

Rajesh, a youngster, is in love with fellow student Poonam. Rajesh meets Shankar, the owner of an illegal blood bank. Shankar has recently had his heart broken by a Punjabi girl called Rashi, whom he still misses. Though initially, Rajesh is not aware of Shankar's illegal trades, he likes it the instant he learns about it and becomes involved in earning quick money to impress Poonam. Slowly, as the business kicks off, Rajesh starts showing off his money to Poonam. The cops, who have a hint of this business, are also closing in on the illegal activity. Shankar confesses his crime and is arrested, saving Rajesh and Poonam's relationship. Five years later, Shankar is released from prison, and he reunites with Rajesh and Poonam. The couple has a son that they have named after Shankar.

==Cast==
*[[Randeep Hooda]] as Shankar Singh Malik
*[[Akshay Oberoi]] as Rajesh Dhiman
*[[Rajniesh Duggall]] as SP Gajraj Singh
*[[Pia Bajpai]] as Poonam Sharma
*[[Meenakshi Dixit]] as Raashi
*[[Shreya Narayan]] as Neelam
*Rajendra Sethi as Pushpendra
*[[Ashutosh Kaushik]] as Vishnu
*Priya Gupta as Sunita
*Jaihind Kumar as Harnaam
*Abhimanue Arun as Suraj aka Draculla
*Kumar Saurabh as Shani Baba
*Rehan Kidwai as Dr. Sabharwal
*Sanjay Dumroo as Mithuniya
*Kulvinder Baksshish as Naresh
*Pall Singh as Prakash
*Atul Chouthmal as Sub Inspector Swaraj
*Pushkar Anand as Prahlad

== Production ==
The film was largely filmed in and around [[Karnal]], [[Haryana]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2016-04-25 |title=Director Syed Ahmad Afzal gets a thumbs up from Haryana CMO for Laal Rang |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/250416/director-syed-ahmad-afzal-gets-a-thumbs-up-from-haryana-cm-for-laal-rang.html |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Release==

=== Critical reception ===
Mohar Basu of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 2 stars out of 5, wrote that film is half-baked and unconvincing. Despite the grit, it never becomes a riveting film.<ref name=timesreview>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/laal-rang/movie-review/51922772.cms|title=Laal Rang Movie Review|website=The Times of India|accessdate=29 May 2017}}</ref> Rohit Vats of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave it 3 stars out of 5, wrote that movie has a shade grey and is much more high voltage than an ordinary thriller.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/laal-rang-review-randeep-hooda-shines-in-this-dark-haryanvi-tale/story-ymMM3YZMQ6ph5wB2AdHsbJ.html|title=Laal Rang review: Randeep Hooda shines in this dark Haryanvi tale|date=22 April 2016|website=hindustantimes.com|accessdate=29 May 2017}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave it 1.5 stars out of 5, quoted that film is meant to be based on two `real life’ incidents, but it doesn't tell us which.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/laal-rang-movie-review-randeep-hooda-one-and-half-stars-2765417/|title=Laal Rang movie review: Randeep Hooda is a true-blue Jat and can and does sound authentic|date=22 April 2016|website=indianexpress.com|accessdate=29 May 2017}}</ref> Anna MM Vetticad of ''[[Firstpost]]'' criticized that title is hot but film is not.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/laal-rang-review-randeep-hooda-and-the-topic-are-hot-the-film-is-not-2743036.html|title='Laal Rang' review: Randeep Hooda, the topic are hot, but the film is not|date=23 April 2016|website=firstpost.com|accessdate=29 May 2017}}</ref>

Namrata Thakker of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' praised actor and criticized film by giving it 2.5 stars out of 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-randeep-hooda-shines-in-laal-rang/20160422.htm|title=Review: Randeep Hooda shines in Laal Rang|website=rediff.com|accessdate=29 May 2017}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] said that the characters aren't insignificant.<ref name="Chatterjee">{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=''Laal Rang'' Movie Review |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/laal-rang-movie-review-1256 |work=NDTV |date=22 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125200835/https://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/laal-rang-movie-review-1256 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Music==
The music for ''Laal Rang'' was composed by [[Shiraz Uppal]], [[Vipin Patwa]] & [[Mathias Duplessy]]. The [[Music licensing|music rights]] of the film were acquired by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:52
| title1= Bhaang Ragad Ke
| extra1= Vikas Kumar, [[Vipin Patwa]]
| music1= Vipin Patwa
| lyrics1= Mange Ram Koch
| length1= 5:54
| title2= Bawli Booch
| extra2= Vikas Kumar
| music2= [[Mathias Duplessy]]
| lyrics2= Vikas Kumar
| length2= 3:49
| title3= Mera Mann
| extra3= [[Shiraz Uppal]], [[Kashif Ali (singer)|Kashif Ali]]
| music3= Shiraz Uppal
| lyrics3= Shakeel Sohail
| length3= 4:21
| title4= Aye Khuda
| extra4= Mukhtiyar Ali, Sameer Khan
| music4= Shiraz Uppal
| lyrics4= [[Kausar Munir]]
| length4=3:18
| title5= Laali
| extra5= Sameer Khan
| music5= Mathias Duplessy
| lyrics5= Kausar Munir
| length5=3:23
| title6= Kharch Karod
| extra6= Vikas Kumar, Fazilpuria, [[Randeep Hooda]], Vipin Patwa
| music6= Vipin Patwa
| lyrics6= Vikas Kumar, (Rap By Fazilpuria)
| length6=2:24
| title7= Kharch Karod (Slow)
| extra7= Vikas Kumar
| music7= Vipin Patwa
| lyrics7= Vikas Kumar
| length7=2:26
}}

=== Box office ===
According to ''[[Box Office India]]'', movie collected {{INR}}2.68 [[crore]] in its lifetime on a budget of 10 crores.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com"/>

== Sequel ==
''Laal Rang 2: Khoon Chusva'', a sequel to the film by director Afzal was announced in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Randeep Hooda announces his return as Shankar in Laal Rang 2 with first look poster, shoot to begin soon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/randeep-hooda-announces-his-return-as-shankar-in-laal-rang-2-with-first-look-poster-shoot-to-begin-soon-2324269-2023-01-20 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

*{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Namrata |author1-link=Namrata Joshi |title=Laal Rang: Meet the mofussil cool |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/meet-the-mofussil-cool/article8506702.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 April 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210819213039/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/meet-the-mofussil-cool/article8506702.ece |archive-date=19 August 2021 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite magazine |last=Gupta |first= Rachit |date=23 April 2016 |title=Movie Review: Laal Rang |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-laal-rang-13039.html |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210904193922/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-laal-rang-13039.html |archive-date=4 September 2021 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite magazine |last=Duara |first=Ajit |date=27 April 2016 |title=Movie Review: Laal Rang |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/movie-review-laal-rang/ |magazine=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210904194048/https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/movie-review-laal-rang/ |archive-date=4 September 2021 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |title='Laal Rang': A hard-hitting story told well (IANS Movie Review, Rating: ***1/2) |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/laal-rang-a-hard-hitting-story-told-well-ians-movie-review-rating-1-2-116042100752_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=21 April 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210904193857/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/laal-rang-a-hard-hitting-story-told-well-ians-movie-review-rating-1-2-116042100752_1.html |archive-date=4 September 2021 |url-status=live}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|5878050}}

[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vipin Patwa]]
[[Category:2016 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2016 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Haryana]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]

Mister Mummy

2026-03-02T04:56:13Z

Swap72: adjusted references to improve readability and improved wording after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mister Mummy
| image = Mister Mummy film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Shaad Ali]]
| writer = Ananya Sharma
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]] [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] [[Siva Ananth]] [[Shaad Ali]]
| starring = [[Ritesh Deshmukh]] [[Genelia D'Souza]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sunita Radia
| editing = Vaishnavi Krishnan
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Rochak Kohli]] [[Sneha Khanwalkar]] '''Background Score:''' [[Roy (singer)|Roy]]
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] Hectic Cinema Bound Script Pictures
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|11|18}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mister Mummy''''' is a 2022 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film directed by [[Shaad Ali]] starring [[Riteish Deshmukh]] in the title role and [[Genelia D'Souza]]. The story involves a man who becomes pregnant. The film received highly negative reviews.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Riteish Deshmukh]] as Amol Khote
*[[Genelia D'Souza]] as Gugloo Khote
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Dr Satyam Satsangi
*[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Dr. Rampal Satsangi / Dr. Lakhanpal Satsangi (Double Role)
*[[Ila Arun]] as Kavita
*[[Rakesh Bedi]] as Toni
*[[Kiran Juneja]] as Koni
*[[Guddi Maruti]] as Burnol
*Leo Franky as Mike
*[[Karishma Kotak]] as Pushpa
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/riteish-deshmukh-genelia-deshmukh-starrer-mister-mummy-goes-on-floors/article65248826.ece |title=Riteish Deshmukh-Genelia Deshmukh starrer 'Mister Mummy' goes on floors |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2022 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:56
| all_lyrics = [[Kumaar]]
| title1 = Chupke Chupke
| music1 = [[Rochak Kohli]]
| extra1 = Rochak Kohli, [[Armaan Malik]], [[Shilpa Rao]]
| length1 = 5:16
| title2 = Papaji Pet Se
| music2 = [[Sneha Khanwalkar]]
| extra2 = [[Amit Gupta]], Sneha Khanwalkar
| length2 = 2:50
| title3 = Mister Mummy (Title Track)
| music3 = Sneha Khanwalkar
| extra3 = Amit Gupta, [[Harjot Kaur]], Sneha Khanwalkar
| length3 = 2:27
| title4 = Rut Mastani
| music4 = Sneha Khanwalkar
| extra4 = Harjot Kaur, Sneha Khanwalkar
| length4 = 2:23
| title5 = Uncle Ji
| music5 = Sneha Khanwalkar
| extra5 = [[Jakir Hussen]], [[Jasu Khan]], Sneha Khanwalkar
| length5 = 3:19
| title6= Chupke Chupke
| note6 = Film Version
| music6 = Rochak Kohli
| extra6 = Rochak Kohli, Armaan Malik, Shilpa Rao
| length6 = 4:58
}}

== Reception ==
''Mister Mummy'' received negative reviews from audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=N |first=Sakshi |date=4 January 2025 |title=4 Riteish Deshmukh and Genelia D'Souza movies on OTT that will make you believe in love |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/4-riteish-deshmukh-and-genelia-dsouza-movies-on-ott-that-will-make-you-believe-in-love-1365535 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226071402/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/4-riteish-deshmukh-and-genelia-dsouza-movies-on-ott-that-will-make-you-believe-in-love-1365535 |archive-date=26 February 2025 |access-date=26 February 2025 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |quote=Mister Mummy received mixed reviews from the audience and stood out for the actor's ability to create light-hearted moments and fun in the most unusual situations.}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "All things considered, ''Mister Mummy'' could have explored a lot more with the material at hand. But Shaad Ali ends up losing out on this opportunity. Definitely not worth watching".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/mister-mummy/movie-review/95607181.cms |title=Mister Mummy Movie Review : Riteish Deshmukh & Genelia D'Souza's film fails to entertain |date=18 November 2022 |work=The Times of India |last=Khurana |first=Archika}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "The film is neither a comedy ... nor an emotional drama of an estranged couple still in love".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/mister-mummy-review/20221118.htm |title=Mister Mummy Review: Disaster! |first=Deepa |last=Gahlot |date=18 November 2022 |work=Rediff}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Quint]]'' wrote that "Yet another mediocre Bollywood slapstick comedy that is nothing but repackaged queerphobia".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/hot-take/mister-mummy-honest-review-a-transphobic-nightmare-in-the-name-of-comedy-riteish-deshmukh-genelia-dsouza#read-more |title='Mister Mummy' Honest Review: A Transphobic Nightmare In The Name Of Comedy |last=Phelian |date=19 November 2022 |work=The Quint}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In 2019, Kolkata-based producer Akash Chatterjee told [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] the story of ''Vicky Pet Se'', which he wanted to star [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]. T-Series had agreed to co-produce the film. ''Mister Mummy'' has the same storyline as his script but Chatterjee argues that he did not get due credit. The poster of ''Mister Mummy'' is also similar to a poster of ''Vicky Pet Se''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/shocking-kolkata-producer-accuses-mister-mummy-makers-of-plagiarism/articleshow/95221650.cms |title=Shocking! Kolkata producer accuses 'Mister Mummy' makers of plagiarism |date=1 November 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|17736704}}

[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 comedy films]]

1972 elections in India

2026-02-27T21:35:10Z

Swap72: expanded content

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 1971 elections in India
| previous_year = 1971
| election_date = 1972
| next_election = 1974 elections in India
| next_year = 1974
}}

The '''1972 elections in India''' were a set of sub-national elections held from March to June 1972 across several Indian states and territories, including Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Mysore, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tripura, West Bengal, Goa, Daman and Diu, and Jammu and Kashmir. In most of these contests the faction of the formerly-united Indian National Congress associated with Indira Ghandi, the [[Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)|Requisitionists]] formed the respective governments, representing a defeat for the [[Syndicate Congress]].

==Summary of Legislative Assembly elections==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Date(s)
!State
! colspan="2" |Government before election
!Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after election
!Chief Minister after election
!Maps
|-
| rowspan="3"| 5 March 1972
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Yashwant Singh Parmar]]
| [[File:IN-HP.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Kedar Pandey]]
| [[File:IN-BR.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Maharashtra]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Vasantrao Naik]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Vasantrao Naik]]
| [[File:IN-MH.svg|50px]]
|-
| 5 and 8 March 1972
| [[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Ghanshyam Oza]]
| [[File:IN-GJ.svg|50px]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 6 March 1972
| [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Barkatullah Khan]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Barkatullah Khan]]
| [[File:IN-RJ.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|Manipur]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{Full party name with color|Manipur People's Party}}
| [[Mohammed Alimuddin]]
| [[File:IN-MN.svg|50px]]
|-
| 7 March 1972
| [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Sarat Chandra Singha]]
| [[File:IN-AS.svg|50px]]
|-
| 8 March 1972
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Madhya Pradesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Shyama Charan Shukla]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
| [[File:IN-MP.svg|50px]]
|-
| 9 March 1972
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|Meghalaya]]
| colspan="3"|''New state was created''
| {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
| [[Williamson A. Sangma]]
| [[File:IN-ML.svg|50px]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|11 March 1972
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
| [[File:IN-WB.svg|50px]]
|-
|[[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Haryana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bansi Lal]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|[[Bansi Lal]]
| [[File:IN-HR.svg|50px]]
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|Tripura]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Sukhamoy Sen Gupta]]
| [[File:IN-TR.svg|50px]]
|-
| 15 March 1972
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| [[File:IN-AP.svg|50px]]
|-
| 8 April 1972
| [[1972 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|Mizoram]]
| colspan="3"|''New state was created''
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| [[C. Chhunga]]
| [[File:IN-MZ.svg|50px]]
|-
|
| [[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|Mysore]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[D. Devaraj Urs]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|-
|
| [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab]]
| bgcolor="#000000" |
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[President's rule|President's Rule]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| [[Zail Singh]]
| [[File:IN-PB.svg|50px]]
|-
|
|[[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|Goa, Daman and Diu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|[[Dayanand Bandodkar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|[[Dayanand Bandodkar]]
| [[File:IN-GA.svg|50px]]
|-
| 17 June 1972
|[[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|[[Syed Mir Qasim]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|[[Syed Mir Qasim]]
| [[File:IN-JK.svg|50px]]
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
===[[Assam]]===
{{Main|1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Assam Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=1976209|seats1=95|sc1=+22
|party2=[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]|votes2=214342|seats2=4|sc2=0
|party3=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes3=209550|seats3=3|sc3=–4
|party4=[[Plain Tribals Council of Assam]]|votes4=62108|seats4=1|sc4=New
|party5=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes5=21663|seats5=1|sc5=–2
|party20=Others|votes20=125928|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=1104977|seats21=10|sc21=–16
|total_sc=+9
|invalid=136122
|electorate=6328537
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3995-assam-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref>
}}

===[[Andhra Pradesh]]===
{{Election results
|image=[[File:AP Assembly 1972.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=7474255|sw1={{increase}}6.87%|seats1=219|sc1={{increase}}54
|party2=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes2=854742|sw2={{decrease}}1.80%|seats2=7|sc2={{decrease}}4
|party3=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes3=282949|sw3={{decrease}}7.86%|seats3=2|sc3={{decrease}}27
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=454038|sw4={{decrease}}4.43%|seats4=1|sc4={{decrease}}5
|party5=[[Telangana Praja Samithi|Sampurna Telangana Praja Samithi]]|votes5=237934|sw5=''new party''|seats5=1|sc5=''new party''
|party6=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes6=266192|sw6={{decrease}}0.25%|seats6=0|sc6={{decrease}}3
|party7=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes7=45303|sw7=''new party''|seats7=0|sc7=''new party''
|party8=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes8=36466|sw8=''new party''|seats8=0|sc8=''new party''
|party9=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes9=21357|sw9=''new party''|seats9=0|sc9=''new party''
|party10=[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]|votes10=9952|sw10={{decrease}}0.29%|seats10=0|sc10={{nochange}}
|party11=Minorities League|votes11=3582|sw11=''new party''|seats11=0|sc11=''new party''
|party12=Backward Classes Mahasabha|votes12=910|sw12=''new party''|seats12=0|sc12=''new party''
|party13=[[Independent politician|Independents]]|votes13=4604943|sw13={{increase}}5.81%|seats13=57|sc13={{decrease}}11
|total_sc={{nochange}}
|valid=14292623
|invalid=400407
|electorate=24607903
|Source: ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 February 2023}}</ref>
}}

===[[Bihar]]===
{{Election results
|image =[[File:India Bihar Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=5688002|seats1=167|
|party2=[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]/Socialist Party|votes2=2814799|seats2=33
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|seats5=35|votes5=1192746
|party3=[[Indian National Congress (O)]]|votes3=2544841|seats3=30
|party4=[[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]]|seats4=25|votes4=2007314
|party6=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes6=276649
|party7=Hindustani Shoshit Dal|seats7=3|votes7=219341
|party8=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes8=121238|seats8=1
|party9=[[All India Jharkhand Party]]|votes9=149754|seats9=3
|party10=Jharkhand |seats10=1|votes10=90717
|party11=[[Bihar Prant Hul Jharkhand]]|seats11=2|votes11=90234
|party12=[[Socialist Unity Centre of India]]|votes12=47732
|party13=Progressive Hull Jharkhand Party (Shibu Group)|seats13=1|votes13=32631
|party14=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes14=20525
|party15=[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]|votes15=5609
|party16=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes16=5317
|party17=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)]]|votes17=4677
|party18=Backward Classes Party of India|votes18=4386
|party19=All India Labour Party|votes19=3859
|party20=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]]|votes20=2968
|party21=Chota Nagpur Bhumi Rakshak Party|votes21=1274
|party22=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes22=907
|party23=Independent|seats23=17|votes23=1849613
|invalid =333560
|electorate=33164286
|source =[https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/1972.pdf]
}}

===Goa, Daman & Diu===
{{Main|1972 Goa, Daman & Diu Legislative Assembly election}}
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the Goa, Daman & Diu Legislative Assembly election, 1972<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1971 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>|sortable=yes}}
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political Party 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seats contested 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seats won 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Number of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seat change 
|-
| {{party color cell|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|align="left"|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]||23||18||116,855||38.30%||{{increase}} 2
|-
|
|align="left"|United Goans Party (Superia Group)||26||10||99,156||32.50%||{{decrease}} 2
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]]||19||1||41,612||13.64%||{{increase}} 1
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|align="left"|[[Independent politician|Independents]]||36||1||28,874||9.64%||{{decrease}} 1
|-
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''||'''138'''||'''30'''||'''305,077'''||
|-
|}

===[[Gujarat]]===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan=10|[[File:India Gujarat Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|-
!#
!Party
!Seats Contested
!Seats Won
!Forfeited Deposits
!Popular Vote
!Voting Percentage
!Vote % In Seats Contested
|-
|1 ||BJS ||100|| 3|| 69|| 643032 ||9.29% ||15.03%
|-
|2 || CPI|| 11 ||1|| 10|| 32439 ||0.47%|| 7.00%
|-
|3 || CPM ||4 ||0|| 4|| 15500|| 0.22% ||9.57%
|-
|4 || INC ||168 ||140 ||1 ||3527035|| 50.93% ||50.93%
|-
|5 ||NCO ||138 ||16 ||29 ||1626736|| 23.49% ||28.95%
|-
|6 ||SOP ||15 ||0 ||12 ||50009 ||0.72% ||9.11%
|-
|7 || SWA ||47 ||0 ||42 ||123589 ||1.78%|| 6.32%
|-
|8 || RSP|| 1|| 0 ||0 ||8649 ||0.12%|| 22.33%
|-
|9 || HMS ||1 ||0 ||1 ||136|| 0.00% ||0.35%
|-
|10 || IND|| 337 ||8 ||299 ||897584|| 12.96%|| 15.54%
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|
|Men
|Women
|Total
|-
|NO. OF ELECTORS
|6370260
|6137124
|12507384
|-
|Votes
|4020234
|3246959
|7267193
|-
|Percentage
|63.11%
|52.91%
|58.10%
|-
|Valid votes
| colspan="3" align="right" |6924709
|-
|Invalid votes
| colspan="3" align="right" |342484
|-
|NO. OF POLLING STATIONS
| colspan="3" |17994
|-
|AVERAGE NO. OF ELECTORS
PER POLLING STATION
| colspan="3" |695
|-
|
|Men
|Women
|Total
|-
|NO. OF CONTESTANTS
|852
|21
|873
|-
|ELECTED
|167
|1
|168
|-
|FORFEITED DEPOSITS
|0
|0
|0
|}

===[[Haryana]]===
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Haryana Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=1639405|seats1=52
|party2=[[Indian National Congress (Organization)]]|votes2=377427|seats2=12
|party3=[[Vishal Haryana Party]]|votes3=242444|seats3=3
|party4=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes4=228761|seats4=2
|party5=Akhil Bhartiya Arya Sabha|votes5=77234|seats5=1
|party6=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes6=69335|seats6=0
|party7=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes7=12617|seats7=0
|party8=[[Socialist Party]]|votes8=8333|seats8=0
|party9=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes9=7467|seats9=0
|party10=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes10=3636|seats10=0
|party11=[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Center of India]]|votes11=2640|seats11=0
|party12=[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]|votes12=1486|seats12=0
|party13=[[Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes13=400|seats13=0
|party14=Independents|votes14=823611|seats14=11
|electorate=5091082
|invalid=922520
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3818-haryana-1972/?do=download&csrfKey=d92b2d87e14641c3e907cc52a0dccb16 ECI]
}}

===Himachal Pradesh===
{{Main|1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=467592|seats1=53|sc1=+19
|party2=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes2=68032|seats2=5|sc2=New
|party3=[[Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh]]|votes3=44067|seats3=2|sc3=–9
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=9654|seats4=1|sc4=–3
|party20=Others|votes20=40590|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=248310|seats21=7|sc21=–9
|total_sc=+8
|invalid=23506
|electorate=1805448
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>
}}

===Jammu and Kashmir===
{{Main|1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=764492|seats1=58|sc1=–3
|party2=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes2=135778|seats2=3|sc2=0
|party3=[[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]]|votes3=98985|seats3=5|sc3=New
|party20=Others|votes20=10689|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=369062|seats21=9|sc21=–6
|total_sc=0
|invalid=49689
|electorate=2297951
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3790-jammu-kashmir-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref>
}}

===[[Madhya Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=10|[[File:India Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|-
! #
! Party
! Seats Contested
! Seats won
! Seats Changed
! % Votes
|- style="background:cyan;"
| 1
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 289
| 220
| {{increase}}53
| 47.93%
|-
| 1
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| 260
| 48
| {{decrease}}30
| 28.64%
|-
| 3
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]/[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]
| 172
| 7
| N/A
| 6.24%
|-
| 4
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 30
| 3
| {{increase}}2
| 1.02%
|-
| 7
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| 296
| 18
| {{decrease}}4
| 14.73%
|-
|
| '''Total'''
|
| '''296'''
|
|
|}

===[[Maharashtra]]===
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the Maharashtra State Assembly election, 1972|sortable=yes}}
!colspan=10|[[File:India Maharashtra Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political Party 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of candidates 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of elected 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seat change 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Number of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Change in vote %
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]]{{Composition bar|222|270|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||271||222||{{increase}} 19||8,535,832||56.36%||{{increase}} 9.33%
|-
| {{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]{{Composition bar|7|270|{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||58||7||{{decrease}} 12||856,986||5.66%||{{decrease}} 2.14%
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|align="left"|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]{{Composition bar|5|270|{{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||122||5||{{increase}} 1||947,266||6.25%||{{decrease}} 1.92%
|-
| {{party color cell|Socialist Party (India)}}
|align="left"|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]/[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]{{Composition bar|3|270|{{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||52||3||{{decrease}} 1||693,797||4.58%||{{decrease}} 0.03%
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Republican Party of India]]{{Composition bar|2|270|{{party color|Republican Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||118||2||{{decrease}} 3||570,533||3.77%||{{decrease}} 2.89%
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India]]{{Composition bar|2|270|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||44||2||{{decrease}} 8||412,857||2.73%||{{decrease}} 2.14%
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|align="left"|[[All India Forward Bloc]]{{Composition bar|2|270|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||26||2||{{increase}} 2||363,547||2.40%||{{increase}} 2.40% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|align="left"|[[Shiv Sena]]{{Composition bar|1|270|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||26||1||{{Increase}} 1||279,210||1.84%||{{increase}} 1.84% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]{{Composition bar|1|270|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||20||1||{{nochange}}||117,134||0.77%||{{decrease}} 0.31%
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|align="left"|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]{{Composition bar|1|270|{{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||2||1||{{Increase}} 1||31,508||0.21%||{{Increase}} 0.21% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|align="left"|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]{{Composition bar|1|270|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||1||1||{{Increase}} 1||27,138||0.18%||{{Increase}} 0.18% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Republican Party of India (Khobragade)}}
| align="left"|[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]
| 56
| 0
| ''(New Party)''
| 202,935
| 1.34%
| {{Up}} 1.34% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
| align="left"|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]
| 49
| 0
| ''(Split in [[Indian National Congress|INC]])''
| 162,433
| 1.07%
| ''(Split in [[Indian National Congress|INC]])''
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
| 5
| 0
| {{Steady}}
| 14,269
| 0.09%
| {{Down}} 1.03%
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|align="left"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]{{Composition bar|23|270|{{party color|Independent}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}||343||23||{{Increase}} 7||1,920,667||12.68%||{{decrease}} 1.89%
|-style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''||1196||270||{{nochange}}||15,146,171||60.63%||{{decrease}} 4.21%
|-
|}

===[[Manipur]]===
{{Main|1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Manipur Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=135678|seats1=17|sc1=+1
|party2=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes2=91148|seats2=15|sc2=New
|party3=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes3=45765|seats3=5|sc3=+4
|party4=[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party (India)]]|votes4=24195|seats4=3|sc4=New
|party5=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes5=10699|seats5=1|sc5=New
|party6=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes6=2988|seats6=0|sc6=
|party7=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes7=1004|seats7=0|sc7=New
|party11=[[Independent (politics)|Independents]]|votes11=140471|seats11=19|sc11=+10
|total_sc=+30
|invalid=9744
|electorate=608403
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3703-manipur-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>
}}

===[[Meghalaya]]===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
!colspan=10|[[File:1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election.svg]]
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Votes
!%
!Seats
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}"|
| align="left" |[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] (AHL)
|73,851
|35.67
|32
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| align="left" | [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 20,474 || 9.89
| 9
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| align="left" |[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|1,182
|0.57
|0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| align="left" |[[Independent (politician)|Independents]] (IND)
| 111,506 || 53.86
| 19{{ref label|alpha|a}}
|-
| colspan="5" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="2" align="left" | Total
| 207,013 || 100.00
| 60
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" |Source: [[Election Commission of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3669-meghalaya-1972/|title=Meghalaya 1972|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref>
|}

===[[Mizoram]]===
{{Main|1972 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=34421|seats1=6
|party2=[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]|votes2=1713|seats2=0
|party3=[[Independent (politics)|Independents]]|votes3=75224|seats3=24
|valid=111358
|invalid=3028
|electorate=156901
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3654-mizoram-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mizoram |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 13 July 2021}}</ref>
}}

===[[Mysore State|Mysore]]===
{{Main|1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election}}
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the Mysore Legislative Assembly election, 1972|sortable=yes}}
!colspan=10|[[File:India Mysore Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political Party 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Contestants 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seats won 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seat change 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Vote share 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Net change
|-style="background: #90EE90;"
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (R)}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)]]||212||165||{{increase}} 39||4,698,824||52.17%||{{increase}} 3.74%
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]||176||24||||2,361,308||26.22%||{{increase}} 26.22%
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India]]||4||3||||88,978||0.99%||
|-
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|align="left"|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]||29||3||{{decrease}} 3||152,556||1.69%|| {{decrease}} 0.78%
|-
| {{party color cell|}}
|align="left"|[[Janata Paksha Party]]||2||1||||14,390||0.16%||
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|align="left"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]||||20||{{decrease}} 21||1,159,383||12.87%||
|-
|align="left" colspan=2|'''Total'''||||'''216'''||||||||
|-
|}

===[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]===
{{Main|1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="7" |Result of Punjab Legislative Assembly Election 1972
|-
!
!Party
!Seats contested
!Seats won
!Change in seats
!Popular vote
!%
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|89
|66
|{{increase}} 28
|20,83,390
|42.84
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|72
|24
|{{decrease}} 19
|13,44,437
|27.64
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|13
|10
|{{increase}} 6
|3,16,722
|6.51
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|17
|1
|{{decrease}} 1
|1,58,309
|3.26
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|205
|3
|{{decrease}} 1
|5,97,917
|12.29
|-
|
|Others
|72
|0
| -
|3,62,783
|7.47
|-
!
!Total
!468
!104
!
!48,63,558
!
|}

===[[Rajasthan]]===
{{Main|1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Rajasthan Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=3976157|seats1=145|sc1=+56
|party2=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes2=958097|seats2=11|sc2=–37
|party3=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes3=948928|seats3=8|sc3=–14
|party4=[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes4=189851|seats4=4|sc4=New
|party5=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes5=121591|seats5=4|sc5=+3
|party6=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes6=104398|seats6=1|sc6=New
|party7=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes7=74514|seats7=0|sc7=0
|party8=[[Vishal Haryana Party]]|votes8=50229|seats8=0|sc8=New
|party9=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes9=2137|seats9=0|sc9=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=1350012|seats21=11|sc21=–5
|total_sc=0
|invalid=259313
|electorate=13910553
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3383-rajasthan-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
}}

===[[Tripura]]===
{{Main|1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan=10|[[File:India Tripura Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|-
! Party
! Seats contested
! Seats won
! No. of votes
! % of votes
! 1967 Seats
|-
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| 3
| 0
| 345
| 0.07%
| 0
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 11
| 1
| 15,226
| 3.04%
| 1
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 57
| 16
| 189,667
| 37.82%
| 2
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 59
| 41
| 224,821
| 44.83%
| 27
|-
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 9
| 0
| 5,739
| 1.14%
| -
|-
| [[Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti]]
| 10
| 0
| 5,883
| 1.17%
| -
|-
| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 85
| 2
| 59,792
| 11.92%
| 0
|-
! Total
! 234
! 60
! 501,473
!
!
|-
|colspan=10|Source: ECI<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3302-tripura-1972/|title=1972 Tripura Election result}}</ref>
|-
|}

===[[West Bengal]]===
{{Main|1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=6543251|seats1=216|sc1=
|party2=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes2=1110579|seats2=35|sc2=
|party3=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes3=3659808|seats3=14|sc3=
|party4=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes4=284643|seats4=3|sc4=
|party5=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes5=196044|seats5=2|sc5=
|party6=[[All India Gorkha League]]|votes6=35802|seats6=2|sc6=
|party7=[[Socialist Unity Centre]]|votes7=238276|seats7=1|sc7=
|party8=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes8=121208|seats8=1|sc8=
|party9=[[Workers Party of India]]|votes9=63673|seats9=1|sc9=
|party20=Others|votes20=605677|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=472556|seats21=5|sc21=
|total_sc=0
|invalid=387018
|electorate=22554545
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3187-west-bengal-1972/ |title=West Bengal Legislative Assembly Election, 1972 |date=14 August 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:1972 elections in India]]
[[Category:1972 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1972 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Government High School, Saheed Nagar

2026-02-26T03:59:53Z

Swap72: Creating the details w/ infobox.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Government High School, Saheed Nagar
| image = Sahid_Nagar_Govt_High_School(A)_Bhubaneswar_1.jpg
| motto =
| established = 1968
| type =
| affiliation =
| grades = 6 - 10
| president =
| principal = Puspa Rani Praharaj<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=SUPER ANNUATION REPORT |url=http://apps.hrmsorissa.gov.in/portal/page/portal/HRMS/YearlySuperannuatioGraph?_piref34_1595419_34_1595418_1595418.strutsAction=%2FdeptWiseSuperannuationAction.do%3Fsubmit%3DOfficeWise%26year%3D2019%26offCode%3DKRDEDN0170000%26pstCls%3DB |website=Human Resource Management, Govt of Odisha |accessdate=28 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903151024/http://apps.hrmsorissa.gov.in/portal/page/portal/HRMS/YearlySuperannuatioGraph?_piref34_1595419_34_1595418_1595418.strutsAction=%2FdeptWiseSuperannuationAction.do%3Fsubmit%3DOfficeWise%26year%3D2019%26offCode%3DKRDEDN0170000%26pstCls%3DB |archive-date=3 September 2018 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903151024/http://apps.hrmsorissa.gov.in/portal/page/portal/HRMS/YearlySuperannuatioGraph?_piref34_1595419_34_1595418_1595418.strutsAction=%2FdeptWiseSuperannuationAction.do%3Fsubmit%3DOfficeWise%26year%3D2019%26offCode%3DKRDEDN0170000%26pstCls%3DB |date=3 September 2018 }}</ref>
| head_of_school =
| dean =
| faculty =
| staff =
| enrollment = 375
| campus_type =
| campus_size = 2.75 acre
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord |20.291057|85.845590}}
| website =
}}
'''Government High School, Saheed Nagar'''(established : 1968) is a government high school located in [[Bhubaneswar]] . It is co-ed school .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtiodisha.gov.in/pa/T1RILzEwLzcxNzQvMTk=|title=Govt. of Odisha:: Central Monitoring Mechanism for Right to Information [RTI CMM V-3.0]: Pages|website=www.rtiodisha.gov.in|access-date=2018-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903215213/http://www.rtiodisha.gov.in/pa/T1RILzEwLzcxNzQvMTk=|archive-date=2018-09-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> The medium of teaching is [[Odia language|Odia]] .<ref>{{cite web |title=List of High School |url=http://sme.odisha.gov.in/pdf/school.xls |website=Department of School & Mass Education, Govt of Odisha |accessdate=28 August 2018 |archive-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820051029/http://sme.odisha.gov.in/pdf/school.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is located at a central place of Bhubaneswar called [[Saheed Nagar]]. Mrs Puspa Rani Praharaj is currently working as the Head Mistress of the School.<ref name="auto"/>

== History ==

School was established in the year 1968 as a private school . Govt of Odisha taken over the school in 1971. The first Head Master was Mr. Shyam Sundar Patnaik.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

[[File:Sahid_Nagar_Govt_High_School(A)_Bhubaneswar_2.jpg|thumb|View from the Play Ground]]

== Facilities ==

The school has 20 teachers and 2 non-teaching staffs apart from the Head Master . School gives equal emphasis to both studies and extra curricular activities. It has got a play ground inside the campus . Scout, NCC, Red Cross wings are available in the school . The other clubs running in the school are Eco Club,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eco Club Photo Galary |url=http://www.ecoclubodisha.org/photogallery7.php |website=eco club odisha |accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref> Science Club and Culture Club. The school publishes a magazine named as "Saheed" . Students of this school has participated<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportslogon.com/body.php?page=news_details&news_id=lqOppqg%3D|title=26 School teams to join Basketball league|website=Sports Logon|accessdate=28 August 2018}}</ref> in many state and national competitions and won prizes .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/students-show-creativity-at-indianoil-exhibition.html|title=Students show creativity at Indianoil Exhibition|website=Pioneer|accessdate=28 August 2018|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903182941/https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/students-show-creativity-at-indianoil-exhibition.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Schools in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1968]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Orissa]]

Tamil keyboard

2026-02-24T14:45:16Z

Swap72: Adding Basic Info Needs Work

{{short description|Keyboard layout}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=January 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Original research|date=January 2026}}
}}
[[File:Tamil 99 keyboard.jpg|300px|thumb|Digraphic Tamil 99 keyboard with the Latin and Tamil scripts]]
The '''[[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[keyboard layout|keyboard]]''' is used in [[computer]]s and [[mobile device]]s to input text in the [[Tamil script]].

The keyboard layout approved by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] is [[Tamil 99]]. The [[InScript keyboard]] is the keyboard layout standardized by the [[Government of India]] for inputting text in the [[languages of India]] written in [[Brahmic scripts]].

Tamil keyboards are often [[digraphia|digraphic]], combining the Tamil script with the [[Latin alphabet]].

==Tamil input methods==
There are different systems developed to type Tamil language characters using a typewriter or a computer keyboard. Several programs such as [[Azhagi (software)|Azhagi]] and NHM writer provide both fixed and phonetic type layouts for typing.

==Phonetic Computer Layouts==
* [[Google transliteration]]
* [[Google IME|Google Input Method Editors(Google IME)]]
* [[Azhagi (software)|Transliteration provided by Azhagi software]]

==Tamil 99==
{{Main|Tamil 99}}
'''Tamil 99''' is a [[keyboard layout]] approved by the [[Tamil Nadu]] Government. The layout, along with several monolingual and bilingual fonts for use with the [[Tamil language]], was approved by Government order on 13 June 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil Font Encoding and Keyboard Layout standards of the Tamilnadu Government|url=http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/tnstd.html|publisher=Tamil Electronic Library|date=2005-11-16|accessdate=2010-05-17}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2026}}

Designed for use with a normal QWERTY keyboard, typing follows a consonant-vowel pattern. The arrangement of the characters allow for fast and simple typing for users familiar with the script.

==InScript==
{{Main|InScript}}
'''InScript''' (Indian Script) is the standard keyboard for Indian [[Writing system|script]]s. It is a [[touch typing]] [[keyboard layout]] for computer. This keyboard layout is standardized by [[Government of India]] for inputting text in [[languages of India]] written in [[Brahmic scripts]], as well as the [[Santali language]], written in the non-Brahmic [[Ol Chiki]] script.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tdil.mit.gov.in/keyoverlay.htm |title=TDIL – Inscript Keyboard |access-date=2012-12-19 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716162534/http://tdil.mit.gov.in/keyoverlay.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was developed by Indian Government and supported by several public and private organisations. This is the standard keyboard for 12 Indian scripts including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]], [[Devanagari]], [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]], [[Gurmukhi]], [[Kannada script|Kannada]], [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]], [[Oriya script|Oriya]], [[Tamil script|Tamil]] and [[Telugu script|Telugu]] etc.

==See also==
* [[Tamil 99]]
* [[InScript]]
* [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brahmic_keyboard_layouts Brahmic keyboard layouts]
* [[Keyboard layout]]
* [[Tamil (Unicode block)]]
* [[Tamil blogosphere]]
* [[Tamil All Character Encoding]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://tamilfontconverter.com/bamini-tamil-keyboard/ Bamini tamil keyboard]
* http://ildc.in/inscriptlayout.html
* http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/tnstd.html
* http://tamilnation.org/digital/tamilnet99/report.htm

{{Character encodings}}
{{Keyboard_layouts}}

[[Category:Tamil input methods]]
[[Category:Keyboard layouts]]
[[Category:Indic computing]]
[[Category:Tamil computing|Input methods]]

YBN University

2026-02-24T06:00:09Z

Swap72:

{{Short description|University in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = YBN University
| image =
| other_name = YBN
| established = {{Start date and age |2017|}}
| type = [[Private university (India)|Private]]
| endowment =
| chairman = Ramjee Yadav
| chancellor = Baidyanath Yadav
| vice_chancellor = Prof. (Dr.) Satyadeo Poddar
| president =
| city = [[Ranchi, Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| postcode = 834010
| pushpin_map =
| publictransit =
| academic_staff = 56
| administrative_staff = 90
| students = 2,500 +
| undergrad = 1,500+
| postgrad = 1,000+
| staff =
| website = {{URL|https://www.ybnu.ac.in/}}
| footnotes =
| affiliation = {{hlist |[[University Grants Commission (India)| UGC]]| [[Pharmacy Council of India |PCI]]| [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute| ICAR]]| [[Bar Council of India|BCI]]|}}
}}
'''YBN University''' is located in [[Ranchi, Jharkhand]], India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=11&Unitype=3 | title=Private University Jharkhand | publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] | access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/cm-approves-three-private-universities.html | title=CM approves three private universities | publisher=Daily Pioneer | date=11 November 2016 | access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/cm-gives-nod-three-private-universities/100466/ | title=CM gives nod to three private universities | publisher=The Avenue Mail | date=11 November 2016 | access-date=5 December 2017 | archive-date=6 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074501/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/cm-gives-nod-three-private-universities/100466/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> The main campus is in [[Namkum]]. Mr. Ramjee Yadav is the founder and chairman of the university.

== Approvals ==
This university is running its courses affiliated to the regulatory bodies of india

* [[University Grants Commission (India)]]
* [[RECOGNISED BY GOVT.OF JHARKHAND]]
* [[NAAC B+ Accredited]]
* [[ASSOCIATION OF INDIA UNIVERSITY]]
* [[Pharmacy Council of India]]
* [[Bar Council of India]]
* [[INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL (INC)]]
* [[NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR HOMOEOPATHY (NCH)]]
* [[NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR TEACHER EDUCATION]]
* [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]]

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of private universities in India]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand]]
*[[University Grants Commission (India)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Education}}
{{Universities in Jharkhand}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ranchi]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2017]]

{{Jharkhand-university-stub}}

P. Chidambaram

2026-02-24T01:54:24Z

Swap72: slightly fix intro based on references and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian politician and lawyer (born 1945)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Chidambaram|Palaniappan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Chidambaram
| image = File:P.Chidambaram in a press conference.jpg
| birth_name = Palaniyappan. Chidambaram Initial Name '''(P. Chidambaram)'''
| nickname =
| party = * [[Congress Jananayaka Peravai]] {{small|(2001–2004)}}
| parents = Father : Palaniyappan Chettiyar Mother : Lakshmi Aachi
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start1 = 30 June 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[A. Navaneethakrishnan]]
| successor1 =
| term_start2 = 5 July 2016
| term_end2 = 16 June 2022
| constituency2 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| predecessor2 = [[Vijay J. Darda]]
| successor2 = [[Imran Pratapgarhi]]
| office3 = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)| Union Minister of Home Affairs]]
| primeminister3 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start3 = 29 November 2008
| term_end3 = 31 July 2012
| predecessor3 = [[Shivraj Patil]]
| successor3 = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| office4 = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Minister of Finance]]
| term_start4 = 31 July 2012
| term_end4 = 26 May 2014
| primeminister4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor4 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| successor4 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| term_start5 = 22 May 2004
| term_end5 = 30 November 2008
| primeminister5 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor5 = [[Jaswant Singh]]
| successor5 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| primeminister6 = [[I. K. Gujral]]
| term_start6 = 1 May 1997
| term_end6 = 19 March 1998
| predecessor6 = [[I. K. Gujral]]
| successor6 = [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| primeminister7 = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| term_start7 = 1 June 1996
| term_end7 = 21 April 1997
| predecessor7 = [[Jaswant Singh]]
| successor7 = [[I. K. Gujral]]
| office8 = [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs| Union Minister of Corporate Affairs]]
| primeminister8 = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| term_start8 = 1 June 1996
| term_end8 = 21 April 1997
| predecessor8 = [[Jaswant Singh]]
| successor8 = [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
| office9 = [[Minister of Law and Justice| Union Minister of Law and Justice]]
| primeminister9 = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| term_start9 = 1 June 1996
| term_end9 = 29 June 1996
| predecessor9 = [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| successor9 = [[Ramakant Khalap]]
| office10 = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)| Union Minister of Commerce & Industry]]
| primeminister10 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| term_start10 = 10 February 1995
| term_end10 = 3 April 1996
| predecessor10 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| successor10 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| office11 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start11 = 17 May 2004
| term_end11 = 18 May 2014
| predecessor11 = [[E. M. Sudarsana Natchiappan]]
| successor11 = [[P. R. Senthilnathan]]
| constituency11 = [[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga]]
| term_start12 = 31 December 1984
| term_end12 = 26 April 1999
| predecessor12 = R. Swaminathan
| successor12 = [[E. M. Sudarsana Natchiappan]]
| constituency12 = [[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|9|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kandanur]], [[Madras Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| otherparty = {{bulleted list|[[Indian National Congress]] (1972–1996), (2004–present)|[[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (1996–2001)}}
| spouse = Nalini Chidambaram
| children = [[Karti Chidambaram]] (son)
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]] ([[B.S.|BSc]], [[LL.B.|LLB]]) [[Harvard Business School|Harvard University]] ([[MBA]]) Loyola College ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| profession = [[Senior Advocate]]
[[Politician]]
}}
'''Palaniyappan Chidambaram''' (born 16 September 1945),<ref name=bio/> better known as '''P. Chidambaram''', is an Indian [[politician]] and [[lawyer]] who currently serves as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]].<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/piyush-goyal-chidambaram-suresh-prabhu-sharad-yadav-elected-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/52572237.cms Piyush Goyal, Chidambaram, Suresh Prabhu, Sharad Yadav elected to Rajya Sabha – The Economic Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812182013/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/piyush-goyal-chidambaram-suresh-prabhu-sharad-yadav-elected-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/52572237.cms |date=12 August 2017 }}. Economictimes.indiatimes.com (3 June 2016). Retrieved on 2016-08-18.</ref> He served as the Chairman of the [[Standing Committee on Home Affairs|Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs]] from 2017 to 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://164.100.47.5/newcommittee/reports/EnglishCommittees/Committee%2520on%2520Home%2520Affairs/205.pdf|title=Parliament of India Rajya Sabha - 205th Report Action taken by Government in 203rd report on Border Security|work=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=2021-06-13|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319225724/http://164.100.47.5/newcommittee/reports/EnglishCommittees/Committee%20on%20Home%20Affairs/205.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article-amp/pti-stories/chidambaram-to-head-parliamentary-panel-on-home-affairs-116091501344_1.html|title=Chidambaram to head Parliamentary panel on home affairs|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=2021-06-13|archive-date=5 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705121144/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/chidambaram-to-head-parliamentary-panel-on-home-affairs-116091501344_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also served as Interim Deputy Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha from 2022 to 2023 under [[Mallikarjun Kharge]].

Chidambaram has served as the Union [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] four times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finance Ministers who shaped India's economy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance-ministers-who-shaped-indias-economy/p-chidambaram-1996-1998/slideshow/67521710.cms |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Economic Times |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307073542/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance-ministers-who-shaped-indias-economy/p-chidambaram-1996-1998/slideshow/67521710.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Most recently, he held the role for the entirety of the [[United Progressive Alliance]] government from 2004 to 2014, except for a three-year period as Minister of Home Affairs, during which he oversaw India's domestic security response to the [[26/11|26/11 terrorist attack]] in Mumbai. Chidambaram returned as Finance Minister in July 2012, succeeding [[Pranab Mukherjee]], who resigned to become the [[President of India]]. He was included in [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]] list in 2013.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sharma |first=Ruchir |date=2013-04-18 |title=Palaniappan Chidambaram: The World's 100 Most Influential People |url=https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/palaniappan-chidambaram/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |magazine=Time |language=en-US |issn=0040-781X |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224063332/https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/palaniappan-chidambaram/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was also the head of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Manifesto Committee for the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 Lok Sabha Elections]] and [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Indian General Elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Neelam |date=2019-04-06 |title=Meet the young women and men who drafted Congress manifesto for Lok Sabha elections |url=https://theprint.in/politics/didnt-want-to-be-armchair-critic-why-these-youngsters-helped-frame-congress-manifesto/217374/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105190822/https://theprint.in/politics/didnt-want-to-be-armchair-critic-why-these-youngsters-helped-frame-congress-manifesto/217374/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The overall theme of the Congress Manifesto is three powerful words- Work, Wealth, and Welfare |url=https://www.inc.in/congress-sandesh/report/the-overall-theme-of-the-congress-manifesto-is-three-powerful-words-work-wealth-and-welfare |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Indian National Congress |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705121143/https://www.inc.in/congress-sandesh/report/the-overall-theme-of-the-congress-manifesto-is-three-powerful-words-work-wealth-and-welfare |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Chidambaram was born to [[Kandanur]] L. Ct. L. Palaniyappan [[Chettiar|Chettiyar]] and Lakshmi Aachi at [[Kanadukathan]] in the [[Sivaganga district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. His maternal grandfather was Raja Sir [[Annamalai Chettiar]], a wealthy merchant and banker from [[Chettinad]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20130130232003/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?658835 Chidambaram, Wife Own Assets Worth Over Rs 20 Crore]. news.outlookindia.com (23 April 2009). Retrieved 16 August 2011.</ref>

Chidambaram did his schooling at the [[M. C. C. Higher Secondary School|Madras Christian College Higher Secondary School]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6709112.cms | title=Star-studded 175th b'day for MCC school | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=7 October 2010 | access-date=7 October 2018 | archive-date=21 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921150755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/star-studded-175th-bday-for-mcc-school/articleshow/6709112.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> He then passed the one-year Pre-university course from [[Loyola College, Chennai]]. After graduating with a BSc degree in Statistics from the [[Presidency College, Chennai]], he completed his [[Bachelor of Laws]] from the Madras Law College ([[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College]]) and his [[Masters in Business Administration|MBA]] from [[Harvard Business School]] in the class of 1968. He also holds a Master's degree from [[Loyola College, Chennai]].<ref>[http://www.alumni.hbs.edu/bulletin/2005/december/newsmakers.html Meg Berté (MBA '00) – December 2005 – Alumni Bulletin – Harvard Business School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621072633/http://www.alumni.hbs.edu/bulletin/2005/december/newsmakers.html |date=21 June 2010 }}. Alumni.hbs.edu. Retrieved 16 August 2011.</ref>

During this time, his politics inclined to the left and in 1969 he joined [[N. Ram]], later an editor of ''[[The Hindu]]'', and the women's activist [[Mythili Sivaraman]] in starting a journal called the ''Radical Review''.<ref>{{cite news | first=Namita | last=Kohli | title=With fire in her belly | newspaper=The Hindu | date=11 October 2013 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/with-fire-in-her-belly/article5221963.ece | access-date=11 March 2014 | archive-date=11 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311140058/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/with-fire-in-her-belly/article5221963.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

Chidambaram has two brothers and one sister.<ref name=bio>[http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/p-chidambaram.html P Chidambaram Biography – About family, political life, awards won, history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216153757/http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/p-chidambaram.html |date=16 December 2016 }}. Elections.in. Retrieved on 18 August 2016.</ref> His father's business interests covered textiles, trading and plantations in India. He chose to concentrate on his legal practice and stayed away from the family business.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/karti-s-family-of-banking-pioneers/cid/1337168|title=P.Chidambaram|website=The Telegraph|access-date=2019-11-01|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714123903/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/karti-s-family-of-banking-pioneers/cid/1337168|url-status=live}}</ref>

Chidambaram enrolled as a lawyer in the [[Madras High Court]], becoming a senior advocate in 1984. He had offices in [[Delhi]] and [[Chennai]] and practiced in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] and various high courts of India.

==Political career==
Chidambaram was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house) of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] from the [[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga]] constituency of [[Tamil Nadu]] in general elections held in 1984. He was a union leader for MRF and worked his way up in the Congress party. He was the Tamil Nadu [[Indian Youth Congress|Youth Congress]] president and then the general secretary of the [[Tamil Nadu Pradesh Congress Committee]] unit. He was inducted into the Union (Indian federal) Council of Ministers in the government headed by Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] on 21 September 1985 as a Deputy Minister in the Ministry of Commerce and then in the Ministry of Personnel. His main actions during his tenure in this period was to control the price of tea and he has been criticized by the [[Government of Sri Lanka]] for destroying the Sri Lankan tea trade by fixing the prices of the commodity in India using state power. He was elevated to the rank of Minister of State in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions in January 1986. In October of the same year, he was appointed to the Ministry of Home Affairs as Minister of State for Internal Security. He continued to hold both offices until general elections were called in 1989. The [[Indian National Congress]] government was defeated in the general elections of 1989.

In June 1991, Chidambaram was inducted as a Minister of State (Independent Charge) in the Ministry of Commerce, by the then Prime Minister Mr P V Narasimha Rao; a post he held till July 1992. He was later re-appointed Minister of State (Independent Charge) in the Ministry of Commerce in February 1995 and held the post until April 1996. He made some radical changes in India's export-import (EXIM) policy, while at the Ministry of Commerce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-13 |title=Commitment, quick decisions in making of new trade policy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/express-economic-history-series-commitment-quick-decisions-in-making-of-new-trade-policy/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804143011/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/express-economic-history-series-commitment-quick-decisions-in-making-of-new-trade-policy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by Minster on Trade Policy |url=https://the1991project.com/statement-by-minster-on-trade-policy |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=the1991project.com |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130103159/https://the1991project.com/statement-by-minster-on-trade-policy |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1996, Chidambaram quit the Congress party and joined a breakaway faction of the [[Tamil Nadu]] state unit of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] called the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (TMC). In the general elections held in 1996, TMC along with a few national and regional level opposition parties, formed a coalition government.

===Ministry of Finance===
[[File:The Union Finance Minister, Shri P. Chidambaram meeting with the World Bank President, Mr. Robert B. Zoellick, in New Delhi on November 02, 2007.jpg|thumb|Chidambaram meeting with the 11th [[President of the World Bank Group]] [[Robert Zoellick]] in New Delhi on November 02, 2007|left]]
The coalition government came as a big break for Chidambaram, who was given the key cabinet portfolio of Finance. His 1997 budget is still remembered as the dream budget<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-fact-18-years-ago-a-tax-amnesty-scheme-that-worked-and-why/|title=In fact: 18 years ago, a tax amnesty scheme that worked – and why|date=2015-10-02|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-07-15|archive-date=15 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715235910/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-fact-18-years-ago-a-tax-amnesty-scheme-that-worked-and-why/|url-status=live}}</ref> for the Indian economy. The coalition government was a short-lived one (it fell in 1998), but he was reappointed to the same portfolio in the government formed by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2004.

In 1998, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) took the reins of the government for the first time and it was not until May 2004 that Chidambaram would be back in government. Chidambaram became Minister of Finance again in the Congress party led [[United Progressive Alliance]] government on 24 May 2004. During the intervening period Chidambaram made some experiments in his political career, leaving the TMC in 2001 and forming his own party, the [[Congress Jananayaka Peravai]], largely focused on the regional politics of Tamil Nadu. The party failed to take off into mainstream Tamil Nadu or national politics. After the elections of 2004, when the Congress won the election he was inducted into the Council of Ministers under the new Prime Minister Manmohan Singh as cabinet Minister of Finance and he merged his party with the mainstream Congress party.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/26/stories/2004112605371100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041208234251/http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/26/stories/2004112605371100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 December 2004 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | title=CJP merges with Congress | date=26 November 2004}}</ref>

===Ministry of Home Affairs===
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil receiving the ninth part of Report of the Committee of Parliament on Official Language from the Union Home Minister, Shri P. Chidambaram, in New Delhi on June 01, 2011.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Home Minister Chidambaram presenting ninth part of Report of the Committee of Parliament on Official Language to [[President of India]] [[Pratibha Patil]].]]
On 30 November 2008, he was appointed the Union [[Home Minister]] following the resignation of [[Shivraj Patil]] who had come under intense pressure to tender his resignation following a series of terror attacks in India, including the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|Mumbai attacks]] on 26 November 2008.

He has been credited with taking the bold decision of prioritising elections above corporate demands to deploy security for the [[2009 Indian Premier League]].<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2608/stories/20090424260808700.htm A victory for the terrorist?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717195742/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2608/stories/20090424260808700.htm |date=17 July 2012 }}. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 1 November 2011.</ref>

In 2009, Chidambaram was re-elected from the [[Sivaganga]] Lok Sabha constituency in the Congress and retained the Home ministry.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/17/stories/2009051754730400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520162605/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/17/stories/2009051754730400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 May 2009 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | title=Chidambaram declared winner after 21 rounds of counting | date=17 May 2009}}</ref> He was one of the representatives of the central government when a tri-party agreement was signed with the Gorkha Hill Council and the [[Government of West Bengal]], an agreement which was a result of [[Mamata Banerjee]]'s effort to end a decade long unrest in the hills of [[Darjeeling]].<ref name="indiatimes1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120412074710/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-19/india/29790139_1_bimal-gurung-gorkha-janmukti-morcha-darjeeling-hills "Historic pact paves way for peace in Darjeeling hills"]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 1 November 2011.</ref>

The Indian National Congress appointed P. Chidambaram as one of thirteen senior spokespersons on 15 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=13 spokespersons chosen by Congress|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/shashi-tharoor-among-13-spokespersons-chosen-by-congress_905733.html|website=Zeenews|publisher=Zee Media Bureau|access-date=18 September 2014|date=2014-01-21|archive-date=13 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013062541/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/shashi-tharoor-among-13-spokespersons-chosen-by-congress_905733.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
He ceded his seat to his son Karti in 2014, which resulted in electoral defeat for his son.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/congress-leaders-opting-out-lok-sabha-polls-chidambaram-natarajan-184820-2014-03-13 | title=Ahead of polls, Congress leaders want to retreat | work=[[India Today]] | author=Priyamvatha P | date=13 March 2014 | access-date=8 October 2018 | archive-date=8 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008180731/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/congress-leaders-opting-out-lok-sabha-polls-chidambaram-natarajan-184820-2014-03-13 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Chidambaram-wants-his-son-to-log-in-at-Sivaganga/articleshow/31977163.cms | title=Chidambaram wants his son to log in at Sivaganga | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=14 March 2014 | access-date=8 October 2018 | archive-date=5 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705121238/https://ssum-sec.casalemedia.com/usermatch?d=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F&s=184674&cb=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.indexww.com%2Fht%2Fhtw-pixel.gif%3F | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Jaya-tears-into-Chidambaram-in-his-home-turf/articleshow/32442313.cms | title=Jaya tears into Chidambaram in his home turf | work=[[The Times of India]] | author=V Mayilvaganan | date=22 March 2014 | access-date=8 October 2018 | archive-date=9 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009184132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Jaya-tears-into-Chidambaram-in-his-home-turf/articleshow/32442313.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Election-results-2014-As-P-Chidambaram-power-fails-Karti-comes-fourth/articleshow/35229275.cms | title=Election results 2014: As P Chidambaram power fails Karti comes fourth | work=[[The Times of India]] | author=V Mayilvaganan | date=17 May 2014 | access-date=8 October 2018 | archive-date=26 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326195956/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Election-results-2014-As-P-Chidambaram-power-fails-Karti-comes-fourth/articleshow/35229275.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, he was elected as an MP of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of Indian parliament from the state of [[Maharashtra]].

;Parliamentary Committee assignments
* 13 September 2021 onwards: Member [[Committee on External Affairs]].<ref name="Committee on External Affairs">{{cite web |title=Committee on External Affairs : Loksabha |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=11&tab=2 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in |access-date=20 January 2022 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120193324/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Committee/CommitteeInformation.aspx?comm_code=11&tab=2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Elections Contested==
=== Lok Sabha Elections Contested ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes %
! colspan="3" | Opponent
! Votes %
! Result
! Margin
|-
! [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|rowspan=8|[[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
| 68.10
|{{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|[[Tha. Kiruttinan]]
| 51.60
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|16.50}}
|-
! [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| 65.86
|A. Ganesan
| 32.26
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|33.60}}
|-
! [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| 67.49
|V. Kasinathan
| 29.12
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|38.37}}
|-
! [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|{{Party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress|rowspan=3}}
| 64.79
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|M. Gowri Shankaran
| 26.53
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|38.26}}
|-
! [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| 51.15
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Kalimuthu]]
| 41.19
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|9.96}}
|-
! [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| 20.85
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[E. M. Sudarsana Natchiappan]]
| 40.23
|{{no2|Lost}}
|{{no2|19.38}}
|-
! [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| 60.01
|{{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|S. P. Karuppiah
| 35.62
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|24.39}}
|-
! [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| 43.17
|[[Raja Kannappan]]
| 42.74
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|0.43}}
|}

===Rajya Sabha===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Position
! colspan="2" |Party
! Constituency
! From
! To
! Tenure
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (1st Term)
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 5 July 2016
| 16 June 2022
| '''{{ayd|2016|7|5|2022|6|16}}'''
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (2nd Term)
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 30 June 2022
| 29 June 2028
| '''{{ayd|2022|6|30|2028|6|29}}'''
|}

== Positions held ==
[[File:The Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior, UAE, Lt. Gen. Sheikh Saif Bin Zayed Al Nahyan and the Union Home Minister.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Home Minister Chidambaram with [[Saif bin Zayed Al Nahyan]].]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Positions Held
|-
! Position !! Duration
|-
| [[All India Congress Committee|Member, All India Congress Committee (A.I.C.C.)]] || 1972
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee|President, Youth Congress, Tamil Nadu]] || 1973-1976
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee|General-Secretary, Pradesh Congress Committee (P.C.C.), Tamil Nadu]] || 1976-1977
|-
| [[8th Lok Sabha|Member, Eighth Lok Sabha (first term)]] || 1984
|-
|[[All India Congress Committee|Joint Secretary, All India Congress Committee (Indira) [A.I.C.C. (I)]]] || 1985
|-
| [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Union Deputy Minister, Commerce]] || Sept. 1985
|-
| [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Union Deputy Minister, Personnel, Administrative Reforms, Training, Public Grievances and Pensions]] || 1985-1986
|-
| [[Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Union Minister of State, Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] || 1986-1989
|-
| [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of State, Home Affairs (Internal Security)]] || 1989
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Member, Ninth Lok Sabha (second term)]] || 1990
|-
| Member, [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] to review [[Lok Sabha]] Secretariat Rules, 1955 || 1990-1991
|-
| Member, Consultative [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] constituted under the Punjab State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act, 1987 || 1991
|-
| Member, Public Accounts [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] || 1991
|-
| Member, Consultative [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] || 1991
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Member, Tenth Lok Sabha (third term)]] || 1991-1992
|-
| [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Union Minister of State, Commerce (Independent Charge)]] || 1995-1996
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Member, Eleventh Lok Sabha (fourth term)]] || 1996
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Member, Twelfth Lok Sabha (fifth term)]] || 1996-1998
|-
| Member, [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] of Privileges || 1998
|-
| Member, [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] on [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]] || 1998-1999
|-
| Member, Consultative [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]], Ministry of [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]] || 2004
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha|Member, Fourteenth Lok Sabha (sixth term)]] || 2009
|-
| [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Cabinet Minister, Finance]] || May 2004 - Nov. 2008
|-
| [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Cabinet Minister, Home Affairs]] || Dec. 2008 - May 2009
|-
| [[15th Lok Sabha|Member, Fifteenth Lok Sabha (seventh term)]] || 2009
|-
| [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Cabinet Minister, Home Affairs]] || May 2009 - July 2012
|-
| [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Cabinet Minister, Finance]] || Aug. 2012 - May 2014
|-
| [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Cabinet Minister, Finance]] [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|(with additional charge of Law, Justice and Company Affairs)]] || July 2016
|-
| [[Rajya Sabha|Elected to Rajya Sabha]] || Resigned w.e.f. 16 June 2022
|-
| Chairman, [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] on [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]] || Sept. 2016 - May 2019
|-
| Member, General Purposes [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] || March 2017 - Nov. 2019
|-
| Member, [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] on [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]] || Sept. 2019 - June 2022
|-
| [[Rajya Sabha|Elected to Rajya Sabha (second term)]] || June 2022
|-
| Member, [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] on [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]] || Sept. 2022 - Sept. 2023
|-
| Member, [[List of committees of the Parliament of India|Committee]] on [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]] || Aug. 2023 - June 2024
|}

==Family and personal life==
Chidambaram's mother, Lakshmi Acchi, was the daughter of [[Sir Annamalai Chettiar]], a banker and merchant, and was granted the title of ''Raja'' by the [[British Raj|British]]. Annamalai Chettiar was the founder of [[Annamalai University]] and [[United India Insurance Company]] Limited. His brother, [[Ramaswami Chettiar]], was the founder of the [[Indian Bank]] and the co-founder of the [[Indian Overseas Bank]].<ref>[http://www.mctmib.org/about_us.html M.Ct.M Group Education and Business Activities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231215058/http://www.mctmib.org/about_us.html |date=31 December 2010 }}. Mctmib.org. Retrieved 16 August 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080808011451/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/04/stories/2008080459340600.htm Tamil Nadu / Sivaganga News : IOB founder’s birth centenary celebrated]. The Hindu (4 August 2008). Retrieved 16 August 2011.</ref><ref>[http://chennainagarathar.com/nagarathar_vip_content.html Chennainagarathar.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201035133/http://www.chennainagarathar.com/nagarathar_vip_content.html |date=1 February 2011 }}. Chennainagarathar.com. Retrieved 16 August 2011.</ref><ref>[http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/aboutus.php Welcome to Annamalai University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222211010/http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/aboutus.php |date=22 February 2014 }}. Annamalaiuniversity.ac.in. Retrieved 16 August 2011.</ref><ref>[http://achi.org/wiki/raja-sir-annamalai-chettiar Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar | Nagarathar Sangam of North America] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120710150223/http://achi.org/wiki/raja-sir-annamalai-chettiar |date=10 July 2012 }}. Achi.org. Retrieved 16 August 2011.</ref>

He is married to Nalini Chidambaram, daughter of Justice (Retd.) [[Palapatti Sadaya Goundar Kailasam]] and Mrs. Soundra Kailasam, a renowned Tamil poet and author. Nalini Chidambaram is a senior advocate practising in the [[Madras High Court]] and the [[Supreme Court of India]]. He has a son, Karti P. Chidambaram, who graduated with a [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]] degree from the [[University of Texas, Austin]], and a [[Masters in Law]] from the [[University of Cambridge]]. Karti, a member of the Congress Party's AICC, is active in [[Tamil Nadu]] state politics. Karti is married to Dr. Srinidhi Rangarajan, a well-known [[Bharathanatyam]] dancer and medical doctor, working with the Apollo Group of Hospitals in [[Chennai]]. Karti and Srinidhi have a daughter, Aditi Nalini Chidambaram.

=== Health Issues ===

He has [[Crohn's disease]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chidambaram-suffers-from-crohn-s-disease-needs-specialised-treatment-report-11572363874668.html|title = Chidambaram suffers from Crohn's disease, needs specialised treatment: Report|date = 29 October 2019|access-date = 10 April 2021|archive-date = 10 April 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210410012128/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chidambaram-suffers-from-crohn-s-disease-needs-specialised-treatment-report-11572363874668.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Controversies==
{{Criticism section|date=April 2025}}
The Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme (VDIS) 1997, which he announced when he was Finance Minister with the United Front government, was condemned by the Controller and Auditor General of India as abusive because of the loopholes that made it possible to fudge data to the financial advantage of the confessor.<ref name="jeth" />

Chidambaram was criticised for his ministry's failure to prevent the [[2011 Mumbai bombings]], despite massive investments in security following the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]. Three years after the 2008 attacks, security preparations were proven to be inadequate with channel breakdown and failures in modernising, procuring, and installing security equipment.<ref name="wsj-mumbaigap">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304223804576447993312720946|title=Mumbai Response Points to Security Gaps|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=16 July 2011|access-date=26 July 2011|first=Megha|last=Bahree|archive-date=10 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410043833/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304223804576447993312720946|url-status=live}}</ref> Chidambaram defended the agencies under his ministry against the charge of intelligence failure with the response which was later ridiculed by many people in India and its media:

{{blockquote|Having no intelligence in this case, however, does not mean that there was a failure on part of the intelligence agencies.<ref name=it-intel>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/mumbai-blasts-2011/story/mumbai-blasts-chidambaram-denies-intelligence-failure-137550-2011-07-14|title=Mumbai blasts: Chidambaram denies intelligence failure|work=India Today|date=15 July 2011|access-date=26 July 2011|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718125551/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/mumbai-blasts-chidambaram-denies-intelligence-failure/1/144890.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

There has been no intelligence failure. There was no intelligence warning about 13/7.<ref name=yahoo-intel>{{cite news|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/13-7-mumbai-blasts-chidambaram-rejects-charges-intelligence-070941960.html|title=13/7 Mumbai blasts: Chidambaram rejects charges of intelligence failure|publisher=Yahoo! News|date=14 July 2011|access-date=26 July 2011|archive-date=19 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519122851/http://in.news.yahoo.com/13-7-mumbai-blasts-chidambaram-rejects-charges-intelligence-070941960.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

[[J. Jayalalithaa|Tamil Nadu Chief Minister J.Jayalalithaa]] wrote to the Chief Election Commissioner in 2011 that data entry operators at Sivaganga had transferred 3,400 votes polled by Kannappan from 11 polling stations in Chidambaram's favour. News reports suggest that on May 16, 2009, the AIADMK candidate Raja Kannappan was declared elected by 3555 votes at 12.30 pm, and the news was also broadcast on television. But in a dramatic reversal a few hours later, P Chidambaram was declared elected by 3354 votes at 4.30 pm, and was confirmed as the winner after a recount at 8.30 pm.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.niticentral.com/2014/02/09/mr-recount-minister-here-are-the-facts-of-sivaganga-poll-188438.html |title=Mr Recount Minister, here are the facts of Sivaganga poll | India News Analysis and Op-Ed Commentary | Politics | Governance | Economic Freedom | National Interest |access-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718164038/http://www.niticentral.com/2014/02/09/mr-recount-minister-here-are-the-facts-of-sivaganga-poll-188438.html |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 7 April 2009, Chidambaram was [[List of shoe-throwing incidents|assaulted]] by [[Sikh]] journalist [[Jarnail Singh (journalist)|Jarnail Singh]] during a press conference in [[Delhi]] on the issue of a "clean chit" to [[Jagdish Tytler]]. Singh, who wrote for the [[Hindi]] daily newspaper ''[[Dainik Jagaran]]'' was dissatisfied with Chidamabaram's answer to a question on the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]]'s (CBI) "clean chit" regarding Jagdish Tytler's involvement in the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]]. It was the first shoe throwing incident in India.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videoshow/4369344.cms The Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411031310/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videoshow/4369344.cms |date=11 April 2009 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved on 18 August 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Journalist hurls shoes at|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/journalist-hurls-shoe-at-p-chidambaram/444151/|access-date=12 March 2014|newspaper=Indian Express|archive-date=12 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312224523/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/journalist-hurls-shoe-at-p-chidambaram/444151/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Chidambaram was part of Vedanta's legal team and on its board before becoming finance minister in 2004 [42].<ref>{{cite news |title=Chidambaram's 2007 flip-flop let Anil Agarwal's Vedanta take over Sesa Goa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20120123-vedanta-anil-agarwal-p-chidambaram-flip-flop-sesa-goa-756976-2012-01-14 |website=www.indiatoday.in |access-date=30 November 2018 |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705121144/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20120123-vedanta-anil-agarwal-p-chidambaram-flip-flop-sesa-goa-756976-2012-01-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2002, a year before UK's Financial Services Authority allowed Sterlite to reconstitute itself as Vedanta Resources Plc, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) served a show-cause notice on three of Chairman Anil Agarwal's family. The notice was a demand that Sterlite directors answer allegations about using their holding companies-Volcan and Twinstar-to avoid paying taxes on forex transactions. It was a polite way of saying there was prima facie evidence, dating back to 1993, that the Agarwals were guilty of money laundering. For seven years the case dragged on in courts as Sterlite employed top lawyers to use every possible delaying tactic. P. Chidambaram argued in Sterlite's defence in a 2003 Bombay High Court case related to the ED's allegations. The following year, Chidambaram found himself appointed non-executive director on the board of Vedanta Resources Plc. And very soon, he became finance minister in UPA 1.

Former Union Minister and Senior Advocate Ram Jethmalani's letter to Chidambaram on 6 December 2013 accused him of acting in collusion with the NDTV and laundering Rs 5000 crores of money through [[Mauritius route]] back to India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/190072062/Ram-Jethmalani-s-letter-to-P-Chidambaram-in-NDTV-money-laundering-matter|title=Ram Jethmalani's letter to P. Chidambaram in NDTV money laundering matter | Indian Black Money | Money Laundering|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507115043/https://www.scribd.com/doc/190072062/Ram-Jethmalani-s-letter-to-P-Chidambaram-in-NDTV-money-laundering-matter|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2025, Chidambaram revealed that in the aftermath of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|2008 Mumbai terror attacks]], the Congress-led UPA government had decided not to retaliate against [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|Pakistan for sponsoring the attack]], due to intense international pressure, although they were ready to act.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/us-stopped-us-from-acting-against-pak-p-chidambarams-big-26-11-confession-bjp-reacts-too-little-too-late-watch-11759201148165.html|title= 'US stopped us from acting against Pak': Chidambaram's big 26/11 confession; BJP reacts – ‘too little, too late’ {{!}} Watch|website=LiveMint.com}}</ref> Several BJP leaders condemned the admission and accused the Congress party for being soft on Pakistan, commenting that the statement came too little, too late.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/upa-governments-decision-not-to-act-against-pakistan-after-2611-amounted-to-treachery-eknath-shinde/article70119924.ece|title= UPA government’s decision not to act against Pakistan after 26/11 amounted to treachery: Eknath Shinde}}</ref>

=== INX Media, Aircel-Maxis case ===
{{Main|INX Media case}}
In 2006, political leader Dr. Subramanian Swamy alleged that a company controlled by [[Karti Chidambaram]], the son of [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] P. Chidambaram, received a five-percent share of Aircel to get part of {{INR}}40 billion paid by [[Maxis Communications]] for the 74-percent share of Aircel. According to Swamy, Chidambaram withheld [[Foreign Investment Promotion Board]] clearance of the deal until his son received the five-percent share in Siva's company.<ref name="Govt's defence of Chidambaram rings hollow">{{cite news | url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/360-todays-newspaper/63605-govts-defence-of-chidambaram-rings-hollow.html | title=Govt's defence of Chidambaram rings hollow | work=The Pioneer | date=8 May 2012 | access-date=10 May 2012 | archive-date=9 May 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509152448/http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/360-todays-newspaper/63605-govts-defence-of-chidambaram-rings-hollow.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The issue was raised a number of times in [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]] by the opposition, which demanded Chidambaram's resignation.<ref name="Aircel-Maxis Deal: Parliament Disrupted Over PC's Role">{{cite news | url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=761922&commentid=49662#49662 | title=Aircel-Maxis Deal: Parliament Disrupted Over PC's Role | work=Outlook India | date=8 May 2012 | access-date=10 May 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022112/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=761922&commentid=49662#49662 | archive-date=10 November 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Although Chidambaram and the then ruling Congress government denied the allegations,<ref name="Aircel-Maxis Deal: PC Dismisses Charges as Reckless">{{cite news|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=762153 |title=Aircel-Maxis Deal: PC Dismisses Charges as Reckless |work=Outlook India |date=10 May 2012 |access-date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510162107/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=762153 |archive-date=10 May 2012 }}</ref> ''[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]'' and ''[[India Today]]'' reported the existence of documents showing that Chidambaram delayed approval of the [[foreign direct investment]] proposal by about seven months.<ref name="Govt's defence of Chidambaram rings hollow" /><ref name="Document shows Chidambaram delayed Aircel-Maxis deal by 7 months">{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/document-shows-chidambaram-delayed-aircel-maxis-deal-101532-2012-05-07 | title=Document shows Chidambaram delayed Aircel-Maxis deal by 7 months | work=India Today | date=8 May 2012 | access-date=10 May 2012 | archive-date=9 May 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509005614/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/document-shows-chidambaram-delayed-aircel-maxis-deal/1/187868.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Govt trapped in own web of deceit">{{cite news | url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/360-todays-newspaper/63884-govt-trapped-in-own-web-of-deceit.html | title=Govt trapped in own web of deceit | work=The Pioneer | date=9 May 2012 | access-date=10 May 2012 | archive-date=11 May 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511164408/http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/360-todays-newspaper/63884-govt-trapped-in-own-web-of-deceit.html | url-status=live }}</ref> It was alleged that Chidambaram's son, Karti was a direct beneficiary of the [[2G spectrum case]]. His company, Advantage Strategic Consulting had a five per cent stake in Aircel Televentures, even as his father P Chidambaram, as Finance minister, was alleged to have offered FIPB clearance for the Aircel-Maxis deal only if his son's company, Advantage Strategic Consulting, got shares in Aircel Ventures.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chidambarams-son-a-direct-beneficiary-of-2G-scam-Subramaniam-Swamy/articleshow/12878815.cms| title=Chidambaram's son a direct beneficiary of 2G scam: Subramaniam Swamy| work=[[The Times of India]]| date=26 April 2012| access-date=11 June 2018| archive-date=17 December 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217200340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chidambarams-son-a-direct-beneficiary-of-2G-scam-Subramaniam-Swamy/articleshow/12878815.cms| url-status=live}}</ref> The Enforcement Directorate is currently investigating his involvement in Aircel deal.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chidambaram-expected-to-appear-before-ed-on-tuesday-in-aircel-maxis-money-laundering-case/story-i5IZZutYnamyVU5X1WMfSM.html| title=Chidambaram expected to appear before ED on Tuesday in Aircel-Maxis money laundering case| date=2018-06-04| access-date=11 June 2018| archive-date=12 June 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143551/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chidambaram-expected-to-appear-before-ed-on-tuesday-in-aircel-maxis-money-laundering-case/story-i5IZZutYnamyVU5X1WMfSM.html| url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, and, subsequently, in 2016, information of wide-scale corruption by Chidambaram's son [[Karti Chidambaram]] and [[Robert Vadra]], with the help of his father's position, including through the [[Airtel]]–[[Maxis]] deal and the [[Uttar Pradesh NRHM scam]], was unveiled in prominent newspapers and media in India.<ref name="oneindia">{{cite news|last1=Chidambaram|first1=Narita|title=Subramanian Swamy exposes Chidambaram, son in corruption case|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2012/04/26/chidambaram-helped-son-in-corruption-subramanian-swamy.html|access-date=27 October 2016|publisher=One India|date=26 April 2012|archive-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027192642/http://www.oneindia.com/2012/04/26/chidambaram-helped-son-in-corruption-subramanian-swamy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Simultaneously, Chidambaram and his son Karti have been dogged with allegations of corruption, misuse of position, insider trading and [[money laundering]].

===Imprisonment===
On 20 August 2019, the Delhi High Court dismissed both anticipatory bail pleas of Chidambaram in connection with corruption charges in the INX Media case during his tenure as Finance minister in UPA Government.<ref name="oneindia" /><ref name="mint">{{cite news|last1=Verma|first1=Gyan|last2=Khanna|first2=Pretika|title=Pioneer – the unlikely crusader|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NQFI4Ii1ilyeb9EpfWLoWN/The-Pioneer-The-unlikely-crusader.html|access-date=27 October 2016|publisher=The Live Mint|date=4 March 2016|archive-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027193328/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NQFI4Ii1ilyeb9EpfWLoWN/The-Pioneer-The-unlikely-crusader.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jeth">{{cite news|title=Friend, father & philosopher of black money is Chidambaram|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/friend-father-a-philosopher-of-black-money-is-chidambaram|access-date=27 October 2016|publisher=The Sunday Guardian|date=27 October 2016|archive-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027194519/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/friend-father-a-philosopher-of-black-money-is-chidambaram|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Correspondent|first1=Special|title=ED searches Karti's office; Chidambaram alleges harassment|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ed-searches-kartis-office-chidambaram-alleges-harassment/article7997679.ece|access-date=27 October 2016|work=The Hindu|date=21 December 2015|archive-date=5 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705121148/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ED-searches-Karti%E2%80%99s-office-Chidambaram-alleges-harassment/article60572205.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 August, he appeared at the Congress HQ and addressed a press conference stating that he was "not accused"; however, he left the place, and, later, he was arrested by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] and [[Enforcement Directorate]] at his home.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chidambaram-arrested-taken-to-cbi-office-for-questioning-in-inx-media-case/article29214167.ece|title=Chidambaram arrested in INX Media case after high drama|date=2019-08-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-22|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821191753/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chidambaram-arrested-taken-to-cbi-office-for-questioning-in-inx-media-case/article29214167.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/live-updates-chidambaram-arrested-inx-media-case-indrani-mukerjea-karti-cbi-2279293.html|title=In 2nd Round of Interrogation, CBI Quizzes Chidambaram on Meeting With Indrani Mukerjea {{!}} LIVE Updates|date=2019-08-22|website=News18|access-date=2019-08-22|archive-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822043755/https://www.news18.com/news/india/live-updates-chidambaram-arrested-inx-media-case-indrani-mukerjea-karti-cbi-2279293.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/p-chidambaram-arrest-as-it-happened-1590176-2019-08-22|title=P Chidambaram's arrest: As it happened|website=India Today|access-date=2019-08-22|archive-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822043756/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/p-chidambaram-arrest-as-it-happened-1590176-2019-08-22|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 September 2019, [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] dismissed his appeal against rejection of anticipatory bail plea by Delhi High Court. The Special Court ordered Chidambaram to stay in [[judicial custody]] in [[Tihar Jail]] for 14 days. He was incarcerated for a total of 106 days in [[Tihar Jail]]. On 4 December he was granted bail by the supreme court.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/inx-media-case-chidambaram-lands-in-tihar-jail-that-currently-has-17-400-inmates-1596071-2019-09-06|title=INX Media case: Chidambaram lands in Tihar Jail that currently has 17,400 inmates|via=Press Trust of India|date=September 6, 2019|magazine=India Today|access-date=2019-09-05|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905213642/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/inx-media-case-chidambaram-lands-in-tihar-jail-that-currently-has-17-400-inmates-1596071-2019-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Books, research papers and journals==
Chidambaram is a published author of several books.

===Books===
* ''Fearless in Opposition: Power and Accountability'' (Publisher: Rupa Publications India; {{ISBN|978-8129145291}})
* ''The Watershed Year: Which Way Will India Go'' (Publisher: Bloomsbury India; ASIN B0CWB4X4JK)
* ''Standing Guard: A Year in Opposition'' (Publisher: Rupa Publications India; {{ISBN|978-8129139627}})
* ''Speaking Truth to Power: My Alternative View'' (Publisher: Rupa Publications India; {{ISBN|978-8129151063}})
* ''Undaunted: Saving the Idea of India'' (Publisher: Rupa Publications India; {{ISBN|978-9353333737}})
* ''A View from the Outside: Why Good Economics Works for Everyone'' (Publisher: Penguin India; {{ISBN|978-0670081165}})

==Books featuring Chidambaram==
* ''An Agenda for India's Growth: Essays in Honour of P. Chidambaram'' (Publisher: Academic Foundation; {{ISBN|978-9332700093}})

==See also==
*[[Outcome Budget: 2005–06]]
*[[2G spectrum case]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Palaniappan Chidambaram}}
* [http://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/pmsteam.php Cabinet of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh] ''Prime Ministers Office, Archived''
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3741169.stm Profile] at ''[[BBC News]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130422102312/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/12886 Interview] with ''[[Charlie Rose]]'' in April 2013

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{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (India)|Minister of State for Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]|years=1985–1989}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Margaret Alva]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jaswant Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]|years=1996–1997}}
{{s-aft|after=[[I. K. Gujral|Inder Kumar Gujral]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Inder Kumar Gujral]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]|years=1997–1998}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yashwant Sinha]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jaswant Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]|years=2004–2008}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Manmohan Singh]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Shivraj Patil]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]|years=2008–2012}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=Manmohan Singh}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]|years=2012–2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Arun Jaitley]]}}
{{s-end}}
}}
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| title = Ministries held by P. Chidambaram
| list =
{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}
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}}
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Baba Baijnath Temple, Agar

2026-02-23T18:58:59Z

Swap72: made location

'''Baba Baijnath Temple''' is a Hindu temple located in [[Agar, Madhya Pradesh|Agar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. The temple is dedicated to Lord [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpcg.ndtv.in/madhya-pradesh-news/a-temple-of-lord-bholenath-where-the-devotee-is-also-worshipped-know-the-popular-stories-of-baijnath-mahadev-temple-of-agar-malwa-6166512|title=Shiv Temple: भोलेनाथ का ऐसा मंदिर जिसे अंग्रेजों ने बनवाया, यहां भक्त की भी होती है पूजा, जानें मंदिर के बारे में|website=mpcg.ndtv.in}}</ref>
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Baba Baijnath Temple
| image
= File:Baba Mandir, Agar.png
| alt =
| caption = Temple from outside
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.73|N|76.04|E|display=title}}
| other_names =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district =
| location = [[Agar, Madhya Pradesh|Agar]]
| elevation_m =
| festivals = [[Mahashivratri]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m-hindi.webdunia.com/religious-places/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0-114022600041_1.htm?amp=1|title=Baba Baijnath Mahadev Agar | आगर मालवा का श्री बैजनाथ महादेव मंदिर|website=m-hindi.webdunia.com}}</ref>}}

It is believed that the temple was built by a British officer. Several interesting aspects are associated with the temple. The local residents have great faith in the temple, and large gatherings are observed during festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agarmalwa.nic.in/tourist-place/%e0%a4%ac%e0%a5%88%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a5-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%b5-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b0/|title=बैजनाथ महादेव मंदिर, आगर | जिला आगर मालवा, मध्य प्रदेश शासन | भारत}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahi Sawari Baba Baijnath Mahadev |url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/shahi-sawari-baba-baijnath-mahadev-1 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=utsav.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Agar Malwa district]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Ponduru railway station

2026-02-13T10:13:12Z

Swap72: new first entry added tags - done

{{short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Ponduru railway station
| type = [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Ponduru]], [[Srikakulam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.3628|83.7768|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India#India Andhra Pradesh
| elevation = {{cvt|39|m}}
| line = [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 5
| tracks = 5
| entrances =
| parking =
| opened = 1899
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PDU
| zone = [[East Coast Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Waltair}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = East Coast Railway
| status = {{color|green|Functioning}}
| former = [[East Coast State Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Coast Railway zone|left=Dusi|right=Sigadam|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Chennai Central|type=[[Howrah–Chennai main line]]}}
}}
{{ Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section|collapse=y}}

'''Ponduru railway station''' is a railway station on [[Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section]], part of the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] under [[Waltair railway division]] of [[East Coast Railway zone]]. It is situated at [[Ponduru]] in [[Srikakulam district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ponduru Railway Station News – Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/news/news-ponduru-pdu/2340|access-date=2020-08-22|website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ponduru Railway Station. Station location and description. Division – Waltair|url=https://erailway.co.in/stations/PDU-Ponduru|access-date=2020-08-22|website=erailway.co.in}}</ref>

==History==
In between 1893 and 1896, the coastal railway track from [[Cuttack Junction railway station|Cuttack]] to [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada]] was built and opened to traffic by [[East Coast State Railway]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|title=South Eastern Railway|date=1 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|url-status=live|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=2013-04-01}}</ref> The route was electrified in several phases. Khurda–Visakhapatnam section was completely electrified by 2002 and Howrah–Chennai route was fully electrified in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history7.html|title=Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Part 7|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1899]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Waltair railway division]]

{{AndhraPradesh-railstation-stub}}

High Commission of Bangladesh, New Delhi

2026-02-11T00:41:35Z

Swap72: Made Data

{{short description|Diplomatic Mission of Bangladesh in India}}
{{Infobox diplomatic mission
| name = High Commission of Bangladesh, New Delhi
| image =
| caption =
| location =
| address = EP-39, S Radhakrishna Marg, [[Chanakyapuri]], [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]] 110021, India
| opened = {{Start date|1972}}
| coordinates =
| jurisdiction = [[India]], ([[North India]] consular service)
| high_commissioner = [[M. Riaz Hamidullah]]
| URL = [https://www.bdhcdelhi.org/ HCB, New Delhi]
}}
The '''High Commission of Bangladesh, New Delhi'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Commission for the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, New Delhi, India |url=https://newdelhi.mofa.gov.bd/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425065101/https://newdelhi.mofa.gov.bd/ |archive-date=2025-04-25 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=newdelhi.mofa.gov.bd |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> is the [[diplomatic mission]] of the [[People's Republic of Bangladesh]] to [[India]]. It is headed by the High Commissioner of Bangladesh to India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WELCOME TO BDHC, INDIA |url=https://dmshao.com/bdhcdelhi/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
After forming of [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]] on April 17, 1971. [[M Hossain Ali]] Deputy High Commissioner of Pakistan at [[Calcutta]] cut ties with Pakistan Government alongside all members working at the deputy high commission and formed Bangladesh's first diplomatic mission in the premises of the Deputy High Commission. A few weeks later, the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh|provisional government of Bangladesh]] opened a liaison office at [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ali, M Hossain - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ali,_M_Hossain |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=en.banglapedia.org |language=en}}</ref> India formally recognized Bangladesh on December 6, 1971. Bangladesh government started preparing to move the high commission to Indian capital. And in 1972, Bangladesh government moved the high commission to [[Chanakyapuri]], [[New Delhi]]. And the mission at Calcutta became the deputy high commission of Bangladesh at Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh High Commission New Delhi, India |url=https://bdhcdelhi.org/officers.html |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=bdhcdelhi.org}}</ref>

==Deputy and Assistant High commissions==
In 1972, the High Commission of Bangladesh, Calcutta became the Deputy High Commission of Bangladesh, Calcutta. After that, a Bangladesh visa office open at [[Agartala]] in 1974 which became Assistant High Commission of Bangladesh, Agartala in 2015. Now, Bangladesh maintains three Deputy High Commission and two assistant high Commission in five different cities in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangladesh |first=Assistant High Commission |date=December 22, 2025 |title=Assistant High Commission of Bangladesh, Agartala |url=https://agartala.mofa.gov.bd/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 22, 2025}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! City !! Current Diplomatic Mission !! Location !! Jurisdiction !! Website
|-
| [[Agartala]] || Assistant High Commission|| near Circuit House, Kunjaban, Agartala, Tripura 799001, India ||[[Tripura]]/ [[North East India]] || [https://agartala.mofa.gov.bd/ AHCB Agartala]
|-
|-
| [[Chennai]] || Deputy High Commission|| 24/46, Agni Business Centre, 1st & 2nd Floor, KB Dasan Rd, Alwarpet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600018, India ||[[South India]] ||[https://chennai.mofa.gov.bd/ DHCB, Chennai]
|-
| [[Guwahati]] || Assistant High Commission || Green Valley Tower Domino’s Old Post Office Lane, Maniram Dewan Rd, near Silpukhuri, Silpukhuri, Guwahati, Assam 781003, India|| [[Assam]] / [[North East India]]|| [https://guwahati.mofa.gov.bd/ AHCB Guwahati ]
|-
| [[Kolkata]] || Deputy High Commission || 9, Circus Ave, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal 700017, India|| [[East India]]||[https://kolkata.mofa.gov.bd/ DHCB, Kolkata]
|-
| [[Mumbai]] || Deputy High Commission || Jolly Maker Bungalow.8, opposite World Trade Centre, Cuffe Parade, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India || [[West India]]||[https://mumbai.mofa.gov.bd/ DHCB, Mumbai]
|}

==Anti Bangladesh movement==
{{Main article|2024 attack on the Bangladesh Assistant High Commission in India}}

A series of protests had started after Sheikh Hasina fled to India to seek [[Right of asylum|political asylum]], following [[Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|her resignation]]. The Assistant High Commission at [[Agartala]],Tripura was [[2024 attack on the Bangladesh Assistant High Commission in India|attacked on December 2, 2024]], due to misinformation spread by some Indian media outlets. Following which, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|Bangladesh Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] had summoned the [[High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh|Indian High commissioner to Bangladesh]] and released a press statement stating the violation of [[Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations]] and withdrew its Assistant High Commission at Agartala resulting in the temporary closure of mission there which, misguided by the media resulted in a larger protest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title=ISKCON row: Far-right outfits breach Bangladesh mission in Agartala |url=https://www.siasat.com/iskcon-row-far-right-outfits-breach-bangladesh-mission-in-agartala-3141454/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title=Bangladesh assistant high commission in Agartala attacked, flag torched |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/international/india/0sprwqe5ux |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref>

In response to the [[lynching of Dipu Chandra Das]], on December 21, 2025, another protest occurred before the High Commission of Bangladesh in [[New Delhi]].

On December 22, 2025, a mob attack occurred at Bangladesh visa center in [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]], India. In response, Bangladesh's Ministry of Foreign Affairs suspended all its consular services in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=দিল্লিতে বাংলাদেশ হাইকমিশনের ভিসা সেবা সাময়িকভাবে স্থগিত – DW – 22.12.2025 |url=https://www.dw.com/bn/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4/live-75261288 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=dw.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=প্রতিবেদক |first=কূটনৈতিক |date=2025-12-22 |title=দিল্লিতে বাংলাদেশ হাইকমিশনের ভিসা সেবা সাময়িকভাবে স্থগিত |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/f6dq3ok97j |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-22 |title='Unavoidable circumstances': Bangladesh suspends visa services in New Delhi; move follows Dhaka's 'scale back' remark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/unavoidable-circumstances-bangladesh-suspends-visa-services-at-high-commission-in-new-delhi-move-day-after-dhakas-scale-back-remark/articleshow/126123996.cms |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On December 23, 2025, a protest occurred in front of Deputy High Commission of Bangladesh in [[Kolkata]]. [[Kolkata Police]] tried to control the situation and arrested 12 protesters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencies,PTI |first=Online Desk |date=2025-12-23 |title=Anti-Bangladesh protests erupt near Deputy High Commission in Kolkata; 12 arrested |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Dec/23/anti-bangladesh-protests-erupt-near-deputy-high-commission-in-kolkata-12-arrested |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bangladesh–India relations}}
{{Diplomatic missions of Bangladesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Diplomatic missions in India}}

[[Category:Diplomatic missions of Bangladesh|New Delhi]]
[[Category:Diplomatic missions in New Delhi|Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India relations]]

Rajkissore Dutt

2026-02-10T02:50:58Z

Swap72: new basic post w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian businessman and fraudster (c. 1820s)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox criminal
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Rajkissore Dutt
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| disappeared_date =
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| years_active = 1826 – 1828
| organization =
| known_for = committing a major fraud against the [[Bank of Bengal]], a predecessor of the [[State Bank of India]]
| net_worth =
| height =
| television =
| criminal_charge = criminal conspiracy, criminal breach of trust, cheating and dishonesty including delivery of property, fraud, embezzlement and misrepresentation.
| conviction_penalty =
| conviction_status =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| callsign =
| website =
| allegiance =
| motive =
| conviction =
| trial =
| trial_start =
| trial_end =
| reward_amount =
| capture_status =
| wanted_by = [[Bank of Bengal]], [[State Bank of India]]
| wanted_since = 1826
| time_at_large =
| escaped =
| escape_end =
| comments =
| victims = [[Bank of Bengal]], [[State Bank of India]]
| date =
| time =
| beginyear =
| endyear =
| places =
| states =
| locations = [[India]]
| targets =
| apprehended =
| imprisoned =
| module =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rajkissore Dutt''' (alternate spelling: '''Raj Kishore Dutt''') ([[floruit|fl.]] 19th century) was a 19th-century Indian businessman, who is most notable for perpetrating a major fraud against the [[Bank of Bengal]], which is one of the predecessors of the [[State Bank of India]].

== Biography ==

=== Early life===

He was born and raised in [[Kolkata]]. He was known for being a devout Hindu and he regularly worshipped the Hindu goddess [[Kali]].<ref name="gutenberg.org">{{Cite web|title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Hindoos as they Are, by Shib Chunder Bose.|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37722/37722-h/37722-h.htm|access-date=2021-05-15|website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref>

=== Career ===

He established a bank in [[Kolkata]], known as [[Indian Bank]]. The bank circulated its own banknotes and achieved significant success.<ref name="gutenberg.org"/>

== Fraud against the Bank of Bengal ==

In 1826, he colluded with his son-in-law Dwarkey Nath Mitter to forge [[East India Company|Company's Paper]] or Government Securities. The documents were forged and passed off as genuine to the public. These documents enabled him to avail a loan of [[Indian Rupee|Rupees]] three and a half lakhs from the [[Bank of Bengal]], a predecessor of the [[State Bank of India]].<ref name="gutenberg.org"/><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jan 5, 2020|title=A walk down history when India banked on Calcutta {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/a-walk-down-history-when-india-banked-on-calcutta/articleshow/73103013.cms|access-date=2021-05-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Discovery and Trial ===

However, his misdeeds were soon discovered and he was tried, convicted and sentenced to transportation in the penal colonies of the [[East India Company]], where he lived out the rest of his life.<ref name="gutenberg.org"/>

In 1829, Mr. J. A. Dorin was the treasury secretary of the [[Bank of Bengal]]. When the documents forged by Rajkissore Dutt were presented before him for verification, he perceived some peculiarity in its printing. He forwarded the documents to the head office of the Treasury. At the Treasury, the documents were examined by [[Henry Prinsep]], the financial secretary to the [[East India Company|Company government]]. [[Henry Prinsep]] concluded that his own signatures had been forged by Rajkissore Dutt, and thus the fraud came to light.<ref name="Scutt 1904">{{Cite book|last=Scutt|first=G. P. Symes|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924022945129|title=The history of the Bank of Bengal; an epitome of a hundred years of banking in India|date=1904|publisher=Calcutta, Printed by A.J. Tobias|others=Cornell University Library}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=1904|title=THE HISTORY OF THE BANK OF BENGAL.|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/10200/GIPE-163956.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|access-date=2021-05-14|website=dspace.gipe.ac.in}}</ref>

The trial thus commenced and the final judgement was given on 30 June 1834 by the Court of Directors of the [[East India Company]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Scutt 1904"/>

=== Impact on the Bank ===

The fraud had a major impact on the [[Bank of Bengal]], which is a predecessor of the [[State Bank of India]]. The amount of the fraud was later written off towards the profit and loss account.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Shobha|title=SBI MUSEUM: A peek into the evolution of Indian banking|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/SBI-MUSEUM-A-peek-into-the-evolution-of-Indian-banking/article20468064.ece|access-date=2021-05-15|website=@businessline|date=7 July 2012 |language=en}}</ref> The fraud perpetrated by Rajkissore Dutt wiped out a major part of the bank's profit for the year. The fraud also impacted the dividends paid out by the [[Bank of Bengal|bank]] till the year 1834.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Shobha|title=SBI MUSEUM: A peek into the evolution of Indian banking|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/SBI-MUSEUM-A-peek-into-the-evolution-of-Indian-banking/article20468064.ece|access-date=2021-05-15|website=@businessline|date=7 July 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

== Media Coverage ==

The fraud and the court case associated with it was regularly reported and written about in the Calcutta Magazine and Monthly Register as well as [[The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRkYAAAAYAAJ|title=Calcutta Magazine and Monthly Register|year=1830}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbdAAQAAIAAJ&q=Rajkissore+Dutt&pg=RA1-PA129|title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany|year=1830}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaIIAAAAQAAJ&q=Rajkissore+Dutt&pg=RA1-PA127|title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australasia|year=1830}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz89AQAAMAAJ&q=Rajkissore+Dutt&pg=RA1-PA129|title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies|year=1830}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Nagarwala case]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{SBI}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutt, Rajkissore}}
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian fraudsters]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]

List of endemic mammals of India

2026-02-07T15:27:09Z

Swap72: new a article

{{Short description|none}} India is home to more than 40 endemic mammals.<ref name="IUCN">{{cite web |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |website=IUCN |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>

Most of India’s endemic mammals are restricted to specialized habitats such as the Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and isolated forest fragments.

==Endemic mammals==
Most endemic mammals are small or habitat‐specialist species that are rarely seen.<ref>{{cite book|last=Molur|first=S|title=Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals|year=2005|publisher=Zoo Outreach Organisation & WII, India|isbn=81-87663-13-5}}</ref>
{|style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!Low vulnerability
!
!Threatened
|-
||
{|
|[[File:Fl mammals lc.svg|center]]||[[Least concern]]
|-
|[[File:Fl mammals nt.svg|center]]||[[Near threatened]]
|}
||
||
{|
|-
|[[File:Fl mammals vu.svg|center]]||[[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]]
|-
|[[File:Fl mammals en.svg|center]]||[[Endangered species|Endangered]]
|}
|}

===Order Primates: primates===
{| width="60%" class="sortable wikitable" text-align:center
! width="20%" style="background:navajowhite"|Name
! width="30%" style="background:navajowhite"|Species authority
! width="10%" style="background:navajowhite"|Red List
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys'''
|-
|[[Lion-tailed macaque]] || ''Macaca silenus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) || [[File:Fl mammals en.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Macaca silenus (Lion-tailed Macaque) {{!}} IUCN Red List API |url=https://apistaging.iucnredlist.org/species/12559/17951402 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=apistaging.iucnredlist.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bonnet macaque]] || ''Macaca radiata'' (É. Geoffroy, 1812) || [[File:Fl mammals vu.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Ajith |last2=Kumara |first2=H.N. |last3=Singh |first3=M |date=2015-11-21 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Macaca radiata |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12558/17951596 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507024854/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12558/17951596 |archive-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nilgiri langur]] || ''Trachypithecus johnii'' (Fischer, 1829) || [[File:Fl mammals vu.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Ajith |last2=Kumara |first2=H.N. |last3=Singh |first3=M |date=2015-11-24 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Semnopithecus johnii |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/44694/17958623#assessment-information |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507014719/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/44694/17958623 |archive-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>
|-
|[[Southern plains gray langur]] || ''Semnopithecus dussumieri'' (I. Geoffroy, 1843) || [[File:Fl mammals lc.svg|none]]
|-
|[[Black-footed gray langur]] || ''Semnopithecus hypoleucos'' (Blyth, 1841) || [[File:Fl mammals lc.svg|none]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Semnopithecus hypoleucos |work=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=22 November 2015 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/167543916/17942313 |access-date=17 May 2025 |last1=Singh |first1=M. |last2=Nag |first2=Chetan |last3=Kumara |first3=H. N. |last4=Kumar |first4=Ajith }}</ref>
|}
===Order Rodentia: rodents===
{| width="60%" class="sortable wikitable" text-align:center
! width="20%" style="background:navajowhite"|Name
! width="30%" style="background:navajowhite"|Species authority
! width="10%" style="background:navajowhite"|Red List
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Muridae: mice and rats'''
|-
|[[Elvira rat]]|| ''Cremnomys elvira'' (Ellerman, 1946) || [[File:Fl mammals cr.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosalind Kennerley (Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust) |last2=Sanjay Molur (ZOO (Eastern Himalayas)) |date=2016-04-19 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cremnomys elvira |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/5514/22417451 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429183258/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/5514/22417451 |archive-date=2025-04-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Manipur bush rat]] || ''Hadromys humei'' (Thomas, 1886) || [[File:Fl mammals en.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title= |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9618/22410442#assessment-information |journal=}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kondana soft-furred rat]] || ''Millardia kondana'' (Mishra & Dhanda, 1975) || [[File:Fl mammals cr.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosalind Kennerley (Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust) |last2=Thomas Dando (Small Mammal Specialist Group) |date=2019-08-03 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Millardia kondana |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13524/22461651 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507012735/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13524/22461651 |archive-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>
|-
|[[Servant mouse|Servent mouse]]|| ''Mus famulus'' (Bonhote, 1898) || [[File:Fl mammals en.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pradhan |first=Malhar |date=2018-12-19 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mus famulus |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13960/22403386 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510171247/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13960/22403386 |archive-date=2025-05-10}}</ref>
|-
|[[Phillips's mouse]]|| ''Mus phillipsi'' (Agrawal, 1977) || [[File:Fl mammals en.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Molur, S. & Nameer, P.O. |date=2008-06-30 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mus phillipsi |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13977/4376826 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429173358/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13977/4376826 |archive-date=2025-04-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Flat-haired mouse]] || ''Mus platythrix'' (Bennett, 1832) || [[File:Fl mammals lc.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanjay Molur (ZOO (Eastern Himalayas)) |date=2016-02-01 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mus platythrix |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13978/22406681 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429175129/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/13978/22406681 |archive-date=2025-04-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nonsense rat|Nicobar rat]]|| ''Rattus burrus'' (Miller, 1902) || [[File:Fl mammals en.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title= IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rattus burrus|journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=11 July 2016 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19325/22444340 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Car Nicobar rat]] || ''Rattus palmarum'' (Zelebor, 1869) || [[File:Fl mammals vu.svg|none]]
|-
|[[Kerala rat]] || ''Rattus ranjiniae'' (Agrawal & Ghosal, 1969) || [[File:Fl mammals en.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanjay Molur (ZOO (Eastern Himalayas)) |date=2016-07-11 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rattus ranjiniae |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19359/115148504 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429211545/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19359/115148504 |archive-date=2025-04-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sahyadris forest rat]] || ''Rattus satarae'' (Hinton, 1918) || [[File:Fl mammals vu.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanjay Molur (ZOO (Eastern Himalayas)) |date=2016-07-11 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rattus satarae |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136517/115209466 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501022725/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136517/115209466 |archive-date=2025-05-01}}</ref>
|-
|[[Andaman rat]] || ''Rattus stoicus'' (Miller, 1902) || [[File:Fl mammals vu.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanjay Molur (ZOO (Eastern Himalayas)) |date=2016-07-11 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rattus stoicus |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19365/115149626 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429010827/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19365/115149626 |archive-date=2025-04-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nilgiri long-tailed tree mouse]] || ''Vandeleuria nilagiricus'' (Jerdon, 1867) || [[File:Fl mammals lc.svg|none]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Platacanthomyidae: spiny dormice'''
|-
|[[Malabar spiny dormouse]] || ''Platacanthomys lasiurus'' (Gray, 1842) || [[File:Fl mammals lc.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanjay Molur (ZOO (Eastern Himalayas)) |date=2016-07-11 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Platacanthomys lasiurus |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17481/115140938 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429183201/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17481/115140938 |archive-date=2025-04-29}}</ref>
|}
{| width="60%" class="sortable wikitable" style="margin-top:-1.5em;" text-align:center
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#ffebad"| '''Family Sciuridae: squirrels'''
|-
|[[Jungle palm squirrel]] || ''Funambulus tristriatus'' (Waterhouse, 1837) || [[File:Fl mammals lc.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title= IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Funambulus tristriatus|journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=20 January 2016 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8704/22259512 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Nilgiri striped squirrel]] || ''Funambulus sublineatus'' (Waterhouse, 1837) || [[File:Fl mammals vu.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alexandra Ferguson (Small Mammal Specialist Group) |last2=Middleton |first2=Kristina |date=2019-08-07 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Funambulus sublineatus |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/88813572/22259638 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507013608/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/88813572/22259638 |archive-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian giant squirrel]] || ''Ratufa indica'' (Erxleben, 1777) || [[File:Fl mammals lc.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanjay Molur (ZOO (Eastern Himalayas)) |date=2016-01-27 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Ratufa indica |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19378/22262028 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429002916/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19378/22262028 |archive-date=2025-04-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mechuka giant flying squirrel]] || ''Petaurista mechukaensis'' (Choudhury, 2009) || [[File:Fl mammals dd.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Petaurista mechukaensis|work=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=30 June 2013 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/45959013/45973146}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mishmi giant flying squirrel]] || ''Petaurista mishmiensis'' (Choudhury, 2009) || [[File:Fl mammals nt.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Paige Engelbrektsson (IUCN SSC Small Mammal Specialist Group (intern)) |last2=Rosalind Kennerley (Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust) |date=2013-06-30 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Petaurista mishmiensis |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/45959040/45973151 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507135721/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/45959040/45973151 |archive-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mebo giant flying squirrel]] || ''Petaurista siangensis'' (Choudhury, 2013) || [[File:Fl mammals dd.svg|none]]
|-
|[[Namdapha flying squirrel]] || ''Biswamoyopterus biswasi'' (Saha, 1981) || [[File:Fl mammals cr.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanjay Molur (ZOO (Eastern Himalayas)) |date=2016-08-02 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Biswamoyopterus biswasi |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2816/115063959 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429024412/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2816/115063959 |archive-date=2025-04-29}}</ref>
|}

===Order Scandentia: treeshrews===
{| width="60%" class="sortable wikitable" text-align:center
! width="20%" style="background:navajowhite"|Name
! width="30%" style="background:navajowhite"|Species authority
! width="10%" style="background:navajowhite"|Red List
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Tupaiidae: treeshrews'''
|-
|[[Madras treeshrew]] || ''Anathana ellioti'' (Waterhouse, 1838) || [[File:Fl mammals lc.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=S. |first=Molur |date=2016-01-29 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Anathana ellioti |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39593/22278758 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429194601/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39593/22278758 |archive-date=2025-04-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nicobar treeshrew]] || ''Tupaia nicobarica'' (Miller, 1902) || [[File:Fl mammals en.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=David Laginha Pinto Correia (SMSG volunteer) |last2=Rosalind Kennerley (Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust) |date=2016-07-11 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Tupaia nicobarica |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22454/115166757 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429002944/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22454/115166757 |archive-date=2025-04-29}}</ref>
|}

===Order Chiroptera: bats===
{| width="60%" class="sortable wikitable" text-align:center
! width="20%" style="background:navajowhite"|Name
! width="30%" style="background:navajowhite"|Species authority
! width="10%" style="background:navajowhite"|Red List
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Pteropodidae: fruit bats'''
|-
|[[Nicobar flying fox]] || ''Pteropus faunulus'' (Miller, 1902) || [[File:Fl mammals en.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sanjay Molur (ZOO (Eastern Himalayas)) |last2=Chelmala Srinivasulu (Osmania University, Hyderabad, India / GRA Western Ghats Workshop) |last3=Tigga Kingston (Texas Tech University) |last4=Susan Tsang (Department of Biology, City College of New York Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History) |date=2019-07-27 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pteropus faunulus |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18723/22080230 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507030619/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18723/22080230 |archive-date=2025-05-07}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Hipposideridae: leaf-nosed bats'''
|-
|[[Nicobar leaf-nosed bat]] || ''Hipposideros nicobarulae'' (Miller, 1902) || [[File:Fl mammals en.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title= IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hipposideros nicobarulae|journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=July 2020 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/80458824/95642215 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Kolar leaf-nosed bat]] || ''Hipposideros hypophyllus'' (Kock & Bhat, 1994) || [[File:Fl mammals cr.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title= IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hipposideros hypophyllus|journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=14 December 2015 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10138/22092730 |last3=Chakravarty |first3=R. }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Rhinolophidae: horseshoe bats'''
|-
|[[Andaman horseshoe bat]] || ''Rhinolophus cognatus'' (Andersen, 1906) || [[File:Fl mammals en.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title= IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rhinolophus cognatus|journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=14 December 2015 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19533/21981807 |last1=Chakravarty |first1=R. |last2=Aul |first2=B. }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Miniopteridae: bent-winged bats'''
|-
|[[Srinivasulu’s bent-winged bat]] || ''Miniopterus srinii'' (Bhat et al., 2023) || [[File:Fl mammals dd.svg|none]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Vespertilionidae: vesper bats'''
|-
|[[Meghalaya thick-thumbed bat]] || ''Glischropus meghalayanus'' (Borissov et al., 2022) || [[File:Fl mammals dd.svg|none]]
|}

===Order Eulipotyphla: shrews and hedgehogs===
{| width="60%" class="sortable wikitable" text-align:center
! width="20%" style="background:navajowhite"|Name
! width="30%" style="background:navajowhite"|Species authority
! width="10%" style="background:navajowhite"|Red List
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Soricidae: shrews'''
|-
|[[Narcondam shrew]] || ''Crocidura narcondamica'' (Prakasan et al., 2018) || [[File:Fl mammals cr.svg|none]]
|-
|[[Nicobar shrew]] || ''Crocidura nicobarica'' (Tyler, 1947) || [[File:Fl mammals en.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanjay Molur (ZOO (Eastern Himalayas)) |date=2016-07-11 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Crocidura nicobarica |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/5610/115077236 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429190325/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/5610/115077236 |archive-date=2025-04-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Andaman shrew]] || ''Crocidura andamanensis'' (Miller, 1946) || [[File:Fl mammals nt.svg|none]]
|-
|[[Day's shrew]]|| ''Suncus dayi'' (Dobson, 1888) || [[File:Fl mammals en.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanjay Molur (ZOO (Eastern Himalayas)) |date=2016-07-11 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Suncus dayi |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/21142/115160385 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429002314/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/21142/115160385 |archive-date=2025-04-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Andaman spiny shrew]] || ''Crocidura hispida'' (Thomas, 1913) || [[File:Fl mammals vu.svg|none]]
|-
|[[Jenkins's shrew]] || ''Crocidura jenkinsi'' (Chakraborty, 1978) || [[File:Fl mammals cr.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title= IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Crocidura jenkinsi|journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=11 July 2016 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/5604/115077051 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Erinaceidae: hedgehogs'''
|-
|[[Madras hedgehog]] || ''Paraechinus nudiventris'' (Horsfield, 1851) || [[File:Fl mammals lc.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title= |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39594/22326706 |journal=}}</ref>
|}

===Order Carnivora: carnivorans===
{| width="60%" class="sortable wikitable" text-align:center
! width="20%" style="background:navajowhite"|Name
! width="30%" style="background:navajowhite"|Species authority
! width="10%" style="background:navajowhite"|Red List
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Felidae: cats'''
|-
|[[Asiatic lion]] || ''Panthera leo persica'' (Meyer, 1826) || [[File:Fl mammals vu.svg|none]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Panthera leo (Asiatic subpopulation) |work=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=30 June 2008 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/247279613/247284471 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Mustelidae: martens'''
|-
|[[Nilgiri marten]] || ''Martes gwatkinsii'' (Horsfield, 1851) || [[File:Fl mammals vu.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title= IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Martes gwatkinsii|journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=3 March 2015 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/12847/86161239 |last1=Mudappa |first1=Divya |last2=(Cat |first2=Devcharan Jathana S. G. |last3=Raman |first3=T. R. Shankar }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Viverridae: civets'''
|-
|[[Brown palm civet]] || ''Paradoxurus jerdoni'' (Blanford, 1885) || [[File:Fl mammals lc.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anwaruddin Choudhury (The Rhino Foundation) |last2=Mudappa |first2=Divya |last3=Punjabi |first3=Girish |date=2015-03-03 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Paradoxurus jerdoni |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/16104/259353263 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429230930/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/16104/259353263 |archive-date=2025-04-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Malabar civet]] || ''Viverra civettina'' (Blyth, 1862) || [[File:Fl mammals cr.svg|none]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Viverra civettina |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/23036/45202281 |publisher=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref>
|}

===Order Artiodactyla: even-toed ungulates===
{| width="60%" class="sortable wikitable" text-align:center
! width="20%" style="background:navajowhite"|Name
! width="30%" style="background:navajowhite"|Species authority
! width="10%" style="background:navajowhite"|Red List
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Bovidae: antelopes'''
|-
|[[Nilgiri tahr]] || ''Nilgiritragus hylocrius'' (Ogilby, 1838) || [[File:Fl mammals en.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title= IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Nilgiritragus hylocrius|journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=30 June 2008 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9917/13026736 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Cervidae: deer'''
|-
|[[Kashmir stag]] || ''Cervus hanglu hanglu'' (Wagner, 1844) || [[File:Fl mammals cr.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sarah Brook (IUCN SSC Deer RLA - Old World Deer) |last2=Dewar Donnithorne-Tait (Cambridge World Wildlife Study Centre) |last3=Khursheed Ahmad (Winter Diversity of Birds in Makaibari Tea Estate, Kurseong, Darjeeling, India) |last4=Mukesh Thakur (Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India) |last5=Ranjitsinh |first5=Maharaj Kumar |date=2016-12-01 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cervus hanglu ssp. hanglu |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/113259123/113281791 |journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429123826/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/113259123/113281791 |archive-date=2025-04-29}}</ref>
|}
===Sub Order Suiformes: pigs===
{| width="60%" class="sortable wikitable" text-align:center
! width="20%" style="background:navajowhite"|Name
! width="30%" style="background:navajowhite"|Species authority
! width="10%" style="background:navajowhite"|Red List
|-
| style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#ffebad" colspan="3"| '''Family Suidae: pigs'''
|-
|[[Pygmy hog]] || ''Porcula salvania'' (Hodgson, 1847) || [[File:Fl mammals cr.svg|none]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title= |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/21172/44139115 |journal=}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Fauna of India]]
* [[List of endemic birds of South Asia|List of endemic birds of India]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Endemic fauna of India|*Mammals]]
[[Category:Mammals of India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of fauna of India|Mammals]]

Pathari tehsil

2026-02-06T15:41:41Z

Swap72: new the info w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tyonda tehsil
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| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vidisha district]]
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

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'''Pathari tehsil''' is a tehsil in [[Vidisha district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of [[Vidisha district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Places to visit in Udaypur|url=http://www.vidisha.nic.in/tourism/tour_3.htm|access-date=27 August 2011|archive-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124011642/http://vidisha.nic.in/tourism/tour_3.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref><ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Pali.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Pali]</ref>

==Demographics==

{{Empty section|date=August 2022}}

==See also==
* [[Pathari]]
* [[Vidisha District]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vidisha district]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Vajra

2026-02-02T07:41:35Z

Swap72: small edit

{{Short description|Spiritual weapon or symbol in Dharmic religions}}
{{For|the mythical king of the Yadava dynasty|Vajra (king)}}
{{Redirect|Vajrayudha}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
[[File:Indra.png|thumb|335x335px|Indra bearing a Lotus and Vedic form of a Vajra]]
[[File:British Museum Tibetan Bell and Vajra B.jpg|thumb|upright|A Tibetan Bell and Dorje (Vajra) are inseparable ritual tools]]
[[File:Emblem of Bhutan.svg|thumb|upright|A Double Vajra appears in the national emblem of [[Bhutan]].]]

The '''vajra''' ({{Langx|sa|वज्र|lit=Thunderbolt}}, {{IAST3|vajra}}, {{langx|bo|'''dorje'''}}) is a legendary and ritualistic tool, symbolizing the properties of a [[diamond]] (indestructibility) and a [[thunderbolt]] (irresistible force). It is also described as a "ritual weapon". The use of the bell and vajra together as symbolic and ritual tools is found in all schools of [[Tibetan Buddhism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Jigme Lingpa|1y=2022|1p=37|2a1=Thubten|2y=2022|2p=96}}{{sfn|Dodrupchen Jigme Tenpé Nyima|2022}}

The vajra is a round, symmetrical metal scepter with two ribbed spherical heads. The ribs may meet in a ball-shaped top, or they may be separate and end in sharp points. The vajra is considered inseparable from the bell, and both are sold in dharma stores only in matching sets. The bell is also metal with a ribbed spherical head. The bell also depicts the face of Akasadhatvisvari, a female buddha and the consort of [[Vairocana]].{{sfn|Dodrupchen Jigme Tenpé Nyima|2022}}<ref>[https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/Dhatvishvari Meaning of Sanskrit word "dhatvishvari"]</ref>

The vajra has also been associated as the weapon of [[Indra]], the Vedic king of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and [[Svarga|heaven]]. It is used symbolically by the [[dharma|dharmic]] traditions of [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Jainism]], often to represent firmness of spirit and spiritual power.

According to [[Hindu mythology]], the vajra is considered one of the most powerful weapons in the universe.{{sfn|Easton|2023|p=114}}

The double vajra has been added to Unicode as {{unichar|U+0FC7}}.

== Etymology ==
According to [[Asko Parpola]], the Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|vajra-}} ({{lang|sa-Deva|वज्र-}}) and its [[Avestan]] [[cognate]] {{Transliteration|ae|vazra-}} are possibly ultimately derived from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] root ''*weg'-'' which means "to be(come) powerful". The related [[Proto-Uralic language|Proto-West-Uralic]] ''*vaśara'' ("axe, mace", (later) "hammer"; whence ''[[Ukonvasara]]'', "[[Ukko]]'s hammer") is an early [[loanword]] from the [[Proto-Indo-Aryan]] ''*vaj’ra-'' but not from [[Proto-Iranian]], state Parpola and Carpelan, because its [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] [[sibilant]] is not consistent with the [[Palatalization (sound change)|depalatalization]] which occurred in Proto-Iranian.{{sfn|Parpola|Carpelan|2005|p=118}}{{sfn|Parpola|2015|pp=63-66, 114}}

==Hinduism==
{{Hindu mythology}}

===Rigveda===
Traditionally, the earliest mention of the vajra is in the [[Rigveda]], part of the four [[Vedas]], though inscription wise, the earliest mention is being part of the name of a Javanese king. It is described as the weapon of [[Indra]], the chief among the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]]. Indra is described as using the vajra to kill sinners and ignorant persons.<ref>Rigveda 2.12</ref> The Rigveda states that the weapon was made for Indra by [[Tvaṣṭṛ]], the maker of divine instruments. The associated story describes Indra using the vajra, which he held in his hand, to slay the asura [[Vritra]], who took the form of a serpent.<ref>[[Rigveda 1.32]], translated by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]]</ref> In the context of Rigvedic weaponry, the word vájra appears to have been used for the sling as a weapon, but also for extremely effective sling projectiles specially crafted from lead corresponding to cast lead projectiles as they were in widespread use in the cultural areas of the Middle East and the ancient world, especially in classical antiquity.{{sfn|Slaje|2022}}

On account of his skill in wielding the vajra, some epithets used for Indra in the Rigveda were ''Vajrabhrit'' (bearing the vajra), ''Vajrivat'' or ''Vajrin'' (armed with the vajra), ''Vajradaksina'' (holding the vajra in his right hand), and ''Vajrabahu'' or ''Vajrahasta'' (holding the vajra in his hand). The association of the Vajra with Indra continued with some modifications in the later Puranic literature, and in Buddhist works. [[Buddhaghoṣa]], a major figure of Theravada Buddhism in the 5th century, identified the Bodhisattva [[Vajrapani]] with Indra.{{sfn|DeCaroli|2004|p=182}}

===Puranas===
[[File:Relief of King Rama VI's privy seal.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Indra's vajra as the [[privy seal]] of King [[Vajiravudh]] of [[Thailand]]]]

Many later [[puranas]] describe the vajra, with the story modified from the Rigvedic original. One major addition involves the role of the Sage [[Dadhichi]]. According to one account, [[Indra]], the king of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], was once driven out of [[Devaloka]] by an [[asura]] named [[Vritra]]. The asura was the recipient of a boon whereby he could not be killed by any weapon that was known till the date of his receiving the boon, and additionally, that no weapon made of wood or metal could harm him.{{sfn|Warrier|2014|p=18}} Indra, who had lost all hope of recovering his kingdom is said to have approached [[Shiva]], who could not help him. Indra, along with Shiva and [[Brahma]], went to seek the aid of [[Vishnu]]. Vishnu revealed to Indra that only the weapon made from the [[bone]]s of [[Dadhichi]] would defeat Vritra.{{sfn|Warrier|2014|p=18}} Indra and the other devas, therefore, approached the sage, whom Indra had once beheaded, and asked him for his aid in defeating Vritra. Dadhichi acceded to the devas' request, but said that he wished that he had time to go on a pilgrimage to all the holy rivers before he gave up his life for them.{{sfn|Tulsidas|1883|p=195}} Indra then brought together all the waters of the holy rivers to [[Naimisha Forest]],{{sfn|Tulsidas|1883|p=195}} thereby allowing the sage to have his wish fulfilled without a further loss of time. Dadhichi is then said to have given up his life by the art of [[yoga]] after which the devas fashioned the vajrayudha from his spine. This weapon was then used to defeat the asura, allowing Indra to reclaim his place as the king of Devaloka.

Another version of the story exists where Dadhichi was asked to safeguard the weapons of the devas as they were unable to match the arcane arts being employed by the asura to obtain them. Dadhichi is said to have kept at the task for a very long time and finally tiring of the job, he is said to have dissolved the weapons in [[Holy water#Hinduism|sacred water]] which he drank.{{sfn|Achuthananda|2018|p=49}} The deva returned a long time later and asked him to return their weapons so that they might defeat the asura, headed by Vritra, once and for all. Dadhichi however told them of what he had done and informed them that their weapons were now a part of his bones. However, Dadhichi, realising that his bones were the only way by which the deva could defeat the asura willingly gave his life in a pit of mystical flames he summoned with the power of his austerities.{{sfn|Achuthananda|2018|p=49}} Brahma is then said to have fashioned a large number of weapons from Dadhichi's bones, including the vajrayudha, which was fashioned from his spine. The deva are then said to have defeated the asura using the weapons thus created.

There have also been instances where the war god Skanda ([[Kartikeya]]) is described as holding a vajra.{{sfn|Clothey|2019|pp=189–190}}

===Ramayana===
According to the [[Ramayana]], as a child, [[Hanuman]] grew to enormous proportions, and attempted to swallow the sun, regarding it to be a ripe fruit. He also attempted to devour [[Rahu]], who had been divinely assigned the function of swallowing the sun. Furious, Rahu pleaded his case to [[Indra]], who immediately appeared to the scene upon his elephant mount, [[Airavata]]. When Hanuman attempted to seize his mount, Indra retaliated by striking Hanuman's chin with the vajra.{{sfn|Valmiki|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uXCYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA650 650]}} Hanuman fell toward the earth, where the child's spiritual father and god of the wind, [[Vayu]], caught him before he crashed upon the ground, and withdrew with him to a cave. In retaliation, he called upon all of the air that permeated creation, causing the suffocation of all life in the universe. [[Brahma]], the god of creation, summoned a number of deities to the cave to placate Vayu. Indra imbued the limbs of Hanuman with the power of his celestial thunderbolt.{{sfn|Lutgendorf|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fVFC2Nx-LP8C&dq=hanuman+indra&pg=PA132 132]}}

==Vajrayana Buddhism==
{{Vajrayana}}

In [[Buddhism]], the vajra or ''dorje'' is the symbol of the [[Vajrayana]], one of the [[Schools of Buddhism|three major schools of Buddhism]] and most identified with [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. Vajrayana is translated as "Thunderbolt Way" or "Diamond Way",{{sfn|Dudjom Dorjee|2013|p=136}} and can imply the thunderbolt experience of Buddhist enlightenment or ''[[bodhi]]''. It also implies indestructibility,{{sfn|Easton|2023|p=114}} just as [[diamond]]s are harder than other [[gemstone]]s.

=== Symbolism ===
[[File:Itsukushima Jinsha Bronze Vadjras and Bell (477).jpg|left|thumb|Five Vajrayana ritual objects at [[Itsukushima Shrine]], Japan: a five-pronged vajra ({{lang|ja|五鈷杵}}, {{transliteration|ja|gokosho}}), a one-pronged vajra ({{lang|ja|独鈷杵}}, {{transliteration|ja|tokkosho}}), a vajra tray ({{lang|ja|金剛盤}}, {{transliteration|ja|kongōban}}), a three-pronged vajra ({{lang|ja|三鈷杵}}, {{transliteration|ja|sankosho}}), and a five-pronged vajra bell ({{lang|ja|五鈷鈴}}, {{transliteration|ja|gokorei}}).]]

In the [[Tantra|tantric]] Vajrayana traditions of Buddhism, the vajra is a symbol for the nature of reality, or ''[[sunyata]]'', indicating endless creativity, potency, and skillful activity. The vajra and bell are used in many recitation rituals by Vajrayana practitioners who have received permission. The vajra is a male [[polysemic]] symbol that represents many things for the tantrika, and the bell is a symbol of the female. The vajra is representative of [[upaya]] or skillful means, whereas its companion tool, the bell, denotes [[Wisdom in Buddhism|prajna]]
or wisdom.{{sfn|Vessantara|2001|p=36}} Some deities are shown holding each the vajra and bell in separate hands, symbolizing the union of the forces of compassion and wisdom, respectively.

===Vajra===
An instrument symbolizing vajra is extensively used in the rituals of the tantra. It consists of a spherical central section, with two symmetrical sets of five prongs, which arc out from [[Sacred lotus|lotus]] blooms on either side of the sphere and come to a point at two points equidistant from the centre, thus giving it the appearance of a "diamond sceptre", which is how the term is sometimes translated.

The vajra is made up of several parts. In the center is a sphere which represents ''[[śūnyatā]]'',{{sfn|Huntington|2003|pp=220–223}} the primordial nature of the universe, the underlying unity of all things. Emerging from the sphere are two eight-petaled lotus flowers.{{sfn|Vessantara|2001|p=18}} One represents the phenomenal world (or in Buddhist terms [[Saṃsāra (Buddhism)|Samsara]]), the other represents the [[noumenal]] world ([[Nirvana]]). This is one of the fundamental [[dichotomies]] which are perceived by the unenlightened.

Arranged equally around the mouth of the lotus are two, four, or eight creatures which are called [[Makara (Hindu mythology)|makara]]. These are mythological half-fish, half-crocodile creatures representing the union of opposites. From the mouths of the makara come tongues which come together in a point.{{sfn|Beer|2003|p=90}}

The five-pronged vajra (with four makara, plus a central prong) is the most commonly seen vajra. There is an elaborate system of correspondences between the five elements of the noumenal side of the vajra, and the phenomenal side. One important correspondence is between the five "poisons" with the five wisdoms. The five poisons are the mental states that obscure the original purity of a being's mind, while the five wisdoms are the five most important aspects of the enlightened mind. Each of the five wisdoms is also associated with a Buddha figure. (see also [[Five Wisdom Buddhas]])

===Accompanying bell===
[[File:Ming Copper Ghanta & Vajra Bells (9834876095).jpg|thumb|Chinese five-pronged vajra (''jīngāngchǔ'' 金剛杵) and [[ghanta]] (''jīngānglíng'' 金剛鈴), made during the [[Xuande Emperor|Xuande period]] of the [[Ming dynasty]]. In [[Chinese Buddhism]], these instruments are usually utilized during esoteric rituals that incorporate tantric elements, such as the ''[[Yujia Yankou]]'' (瑜伽焰口) and the ''[[Shuilu Fahui]]'' ({{lang|zh|水陸法會}}).]]

The vajra is almost always paired with a ritual bell called a [[ghanta]]. The [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]] term for the ritual [[bell (instrument)|bell]] used in [[Tibetan Buddhism|Buddhist]] religious practices is "dril bu" (འབྲིལ་བུ).{{sfn|Beer|2003|p=92}} Priests and devotees ring bells during the rituals. Together these ritual implements represent the inseparability of wisdom and compassion.{{sfn|Huntington|2003|p=220}}

The bell is the most commonly used of all musical instruments in tantric Buddhist ritual. The sound made by the bells is regarded as very auspicious and is believed to drive out evil spirits from where the ritual is being performed. When the bell is being used with the vajra its use is varied depending on the ritual or the mantras being chanted. During meditation ringing the bell represents the sound of Buddha teaching the dharma and symbolizes the attainment of wisdom and the understanding of emptiness. During the chanting of the mantras the bell and vajra are used together in a variety of different ritualistic ways to represent the union of the male and female principles.{{sfnm|1a1=Vessantara|1y=2001|2a1=Beer|2y=2003}}

The hollow of the bell represents the void from which all phenomena arise, including the sound of the bell, and the clapper represents form. Together they symbolize wisdom (emptiness) and compassion (form or appearance). The sound, like all phenomena, arises, radiates forth and then dissolves back into emptiness.{{sfn|Vessantara|2001|p=28}}

=== Iconography and religious terminology ===
[[File:Vajrasattva Tibet.jpg|thumb|upright|Vajrasattva holds the vajra in his right hand and a bell in his left hand.]]

Various figures in Tantric [[iconography]] are represented holding or wielding the vajra. The most famous of these are [[Vajrapani]], [[Vajrasattva]],{{sfn|Huntington|2003}} and [[Vajradhara]]. The figure of the Wrathful Vajrapani (lit. vajra in the hand) brandishes the vajra, in his right hand, above his head. Vajrasattva (lit. vajra-being) holds the vajra, in his right hand, to his heart. Vajradhara holds the vajra and bell with hands crossed at his heart.

The term is employed extensively in tantric literature: the term for the spiritual teacher is the ''vajracharya''; one of the five dhyani buddhas is ''vajrasattva'', and so on. The practice of prefixing terms, names, places, and so on by vajra represents the conscious attempt to recognize the transcendental aspect of all phenomena; it became part of the process of "sacramentalizing" the activities of the spiritual practitioner and encouraged him to engage all his psychophysical energies in the spiritual life.

== In Indian culture ==
Hindu nun [[Sister Nivedita]] designed a [[Flag of India#History|proposed flag for independent India]] with the vajra in yellow on red background.{{sfn|Banerjee|2012|pp=68–70}} [[Param Vir Chakra]], India's highest wartime military decoration, has a motif of Vajra, the weapon of [[Indra]] created by the bones donated by sage [[Dadhichi]], as tribute to his sacrifice.{{sfn|Walia|2021|p=103}}

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Diamond Sutra|''Diamond Sutra''}}
* {{annotated link|Padmasambhava}}
* {{annotated link|Phurba}}
* {{annotated link|Trishula}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Cited works ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Achuthananda |first=Swami |year=2018 |title=The Reign of the Vedic Gods |publisher=Relianz |isbn=978-0-9757883-1-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Banerjee |first=S. |year=2012 |title=Make Me a Man! Masculinity, Hinduism, and Nationalism in India |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8369-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Beer |first=Robert |chapter=The Vajra |title=The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols |year=2003 |publisher=Serindia |isbn=978-1-932476-03-3 |pages=87–92}}
* {{cite book |last=Clothey |first=F. W. |year=2019 |title=The Many Faces of Murukan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. With the Poem Prayers to Lord Murukan |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-080410-2}}
* {{cite book |last=DeCaroli |first=R. |year=2004 |title=Haunting the Buddha: Indian Popular Religions and the Formation of Buddhism |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-516838-9}}
* {{cite web |author=Dodrupchen Jigme Tenpé Nyima |title=On the Symbolism of the Vajra and Bell |orig-year=2003 |translator=Adam Pearcey |year=2022 |website=Lotsawa House |url=https://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/dodrupchen-III/vajra-bell |access-date=2025-04-09}}
* {{cite book |last=Dudjom Dorjee |first=Lama |year=2013 |title=Stillness, Insight, and Emptiness: Buddhist Meditation from the Ground Up |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-1-55939-420-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Easton |first=C. |year=2023 |title=Embodying Tara: Twenty-One Manifestations to Awaken Your Innate Wisdom |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-1-64547-114-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Huntington |first=John C. |editor-last1=Huntington |editor-first1=J. C. |editor-last2=Bangdel |editor-first2=D. |year=2003 |chapter=Practitioner as Perfected Being: Meditations of Vajrasattva |title=The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art |publisher=Serindia Publications |isbn=978-1-932476-01-9 |pages=208–229 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3KmWbcq5foC}}
* {{cite book |author=Jigme Lingpa |year=2022 |title=The Copper-Colored Mountain: Jigme Lingpa on Rebirth in Padmasambhava's Pure Land |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-0-8348-4437-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Lutgendorf |first=Philip |year=2006 |title=Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-804220-4}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Parpola| first1=Asko | last2= Carpelan| first2=Christian | editor1=Edwin Francis Bryant|editor2=Laurie L. Patton|title=The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History | year=2005|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1463-6}}
* {{Cite book|first=Asko|last=Parpola|title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-022691-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Slaje |first=Walter |title=Vájra: Zur Schleuderwaffe im Rigveda |series=Conundrums in Indology |volume=III |place=Halle |publisher=Universitätsverlag |year=2022 | isbn=978-3-86977-253-0 |language=de}}
* {{cite book |last=Thubten |first=Anam |year=2022 |title=Into the Haunted Ground: A Guide to Cutting the Root of Suffering |publisher=Shambhala Publications |isbn=978-1-61180-981-7}}
* {{cite book |author=Tulsidas |author-link=Tulsidas |year=1883 |title=The Rámáyana of Tulsi Dás |publisher=North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnIIAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book |author=Valmiki |author-link=Valmiki |year=2017 |title=The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume VI: Yuddhakāṇḍa |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17398-6}}
* {{cite book |author=Vessantara |title=The Vajra and Bell |year=2001 |publisher=Windhorse Publications |isbn=978-1-899579-41-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Walia |first=S. |year=2021 |title=Unbattled Fears: Reckoning the National Security |place=India |publisher=Lancer |isbn=978-81-7062-331-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Warrier |first=S. |year=2014 |title=Kamandalu: The Seven Sacred Rivers of Hinduism |publisher=Mayur University |isbn=978-0-9535679-7-3}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite dictionary |last=Dallapiccola |first=A. L. |year=2002 |title=Vajra |dictionary=[[Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend]] |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-77067-2}}
* {{cite book |last=McArthur |first=Meher |title=Reading Buddhist Art: An Illustrated Guide to Buddhist Signs And Symbols |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2002}}
* {{cite journal |last=Slaje |first=Walter |title=A Stone of Contention: Afterthoughts on the Rigvedic vájra – and Why a Mace is not an Option |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=29 |number=2 |date=2024 |pages=1–56 |issn=1084-7561 |url=https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/ejvs/issue/view/1570}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Vajra}}
* [http://www.quietmountain.org/links/teachings/yogi_chen/87.htm The Essential Songs of Milarepa / VI. Songs About Vajra Love 46. Answer to Dakini Tzerima]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311071045/http://www.quietmountain.org/links/teachings/yogi_chen/87.htm |date=2015-03-11 }}.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6QwMeOUCMc Video] of a short segment of the Chinese ''[[Yujia Yankou]]'' ritual (瑜伽焰口) where vajra and vajra-bells are being used to expel demons from the ritual platform

{{Indian martial arts}}

[[Category:Buddhist ritual implements]]
[[Category:Buddhist symbols]]
[[Category:Magic items]]
[[Category:Ritual weapons]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist ritual implements]]
[[Category:Vajrayana|*]]
[[Category:Weapons in Buddhist mythology]]
[[Category:Weapons of India]]
[[Category:Weapons of Indra]]

List of international cricket centuries by Gary Kirsten

2026-01-31T22:34:59Z

Swap72: expand formatting and corrected details

{{Short description|none}}
{{featured list}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:GaryKirsten.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Kirsten pictured in 2010|alt=A light-skinned man wearing a cap]]
[[Gary Kirsten]] is a former international [[cricket]]er who represented [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] between 1993 and 2004. A left-handed [[batsman (cricket)|batsman]] who primarily played as an [[opening batsman|opener]], Kirsten took part in 101 [[Test cricket|Test matches]] and 185 [[One Day International]]s (ODIs) for his country and scored [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] (100 or more runs in a single [[innings (cricket)|innings]]) on 21 and 13 occasions respectively.

Kirsten made both his Test and ODI debuts against [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] in December 1993.<ref name="guru" /> He made his first Test century in November 1995, when he scored 110 against [[England cricket team|England]]. A year later Kirsten made centuries in both innings of a Test when he scored 102 and 133 in the second Test of the [[South African cricket team in India in 1996–97|1996–97 series]] against [[Indian cricket team|India]]. He achieved his highest Test score in 1999, when he made 275 against England in [[Durban]]. In an attempt to prevent South Africa from losing the match, he batted for almost 14 hours, spread across the last three of the match's five days.<ref name=wisden>{{cite web|last=Henderson|first=Jon|title=Five cricketers of the year, 2004 – Gary Kirsten|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155376.html|department=Wisden|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424162035/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155376.html|archive-date=24 April 2015}}</ref> The innings remains the second-longest by any batsman in Test cricket in terms of time span, behind an innings of over 16 hours recorded by [[Hanif Mohammad]] for [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]] in 1958.<ref>{{cite web|title=Records / Test matches / Batting records / Longest individual innings (by minutes)|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/content/records/284006.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113191417/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/content/records/284006.html|archive-date=13 November 2012}}</ref> His most prolific [[wikt:series#English|series]] was against England in 2003, when he made 462 runs at an [[Batting average (cricket)|average]] of 66.00 including two centuries.<ref name="guru">{{cite web|title=Statistics / Statsguru / G Kirsten / Test matches / Series averages|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/45813.html?class=1;template=results;type=batting;view=series|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919101633/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/45813.html?class=1%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbatting%3Bview%3Dseries|archive-date=19 September 2015}}</ref> His accomplishments with the bat during the season led to him being named as one of the five [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year|''Wisden'' Cricketers of the Year]] the following year.<ref name=wisden/> As of June 2015, Kirsten is joint fourth in the list of leading Test century-makers for South Africa with [[AB de Villiers]], and his total of three double centuries for the team is exceeded only by the four recorded by [[Graeme Smith]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Most centuries in career for South Africa in Test matches|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/SouthAfrica/Test/Batting/Most_Centuries_in_Career.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728164627/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Records/SouthAfrica/Test/Batting/Most_Centuries_in_Career.html|archive-date=28 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Records / Test matches / Batting records / Most double hundreds in a career|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/230344.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218173658/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/230344.html|archive-date=18 February 2017}}</ref> He scored centuries against all nine other teams which held Test match status at the time, and was the first player to score a hundred against every other active Test-playing nation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Steve Waugh factfile|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2004/jan/06steve.htm|agency=Reuters|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=11 January 2013|date=6 January 2004|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525170305/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2004/jan/06steve.htm|archive-date=25 May 2013}}</ref>

Kirsten's first ODI century came against Australia in January 1994 in the first match of the best-of-three final of the [[South African cricket team in Australia in 1993–94|Tri-nation tournament]]. His highest score in ODI cricket came against the [[UAE cricket team|United Arab Emirates]] during the [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] when he scored 188 [[not out]]. As of November 2016, this is the highest one-day figure recorded by a South African and the third-highest in the World Cup by any batsman.{{efn|At the time it was the second-highest score ever recorded by any batsman in ODI cricket, just one run behind the then-record of 189 set by [[Viv Richards]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/216972.html|title=Records / One-Day Internationals / Batting records / Most runs in an innings|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109164828/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/216972.html|archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?id=12;type=trophy|title=Records / World Cup / High scores|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=25 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024214408/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?id=12%3Btype%3Dtrophy|archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> In ODIs he was most successful against India, accumulating four centuries. South Africa lost only one of the thirteen matches in which Kirsten scored a century. As of November 2016, he is thirtieth among all-time century makers, and sixth in the equivalent list for South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?class=2;id=3;type=team|title=South Africa / Records / One-Day Internationals / Most hundreds|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919101646/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/engine/records/batting/most_hundreds_career.html?class=2%3Bid%3D3%3Btype%3Dteam|archive-date=19 September 2015}}</ref>

== Key ==
[[File:Kingsmead2009.jpg|thumb|right|Kirsten made centuries in both innings of a match at the [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground]], [[Durban]] in 1999.|alt=A panoramic view of a crowded sports stadium at night]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1"
|+ Key
|-
! scope="col" style="width:75px" | Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:450px" | Meaning
|-
! scope="row" | *
| Remained [[not out]]
|-
! scope="row" | {{double-dagger}}
| [[Man of the match]]
|-
! scope="row" | Pos.
| Position in the [[Batting order (cricket)|batting order]]
|-
! scope="row" | Balls
| [[Bowling (cricket)|Balls]] faced
|-
! scope="row" | Inn.
| The [[Innings (cricket)|innings]] of the match
|-
! scope="row" | Test
| The number of the Test match played in that series
|-
! scope="row" | S/R.
| [[Strike rate]] during the innings
|-
! scope="row" | H/A/N
| Venue was at home (South Africa), away or neutral.
|-
! scope="row" | Date
| Match starting day
|-
! scope="row" | Lost
| The match was lost by South Africa.
|-
! scope="row" | Won
| The match was won by South Africa.
|-
! scope="row" | Drawn
| The match was [[Result (cricket)#Draw|drawn]].
|}

== Test cricket centuries ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size: 100%"
|+List of Test centuries scored by Gary Kirsten
! scope="col" style="width:30px;"|No.
! scope="col" style="width:50px;"|Score
! scope="col" style="width:140px;"|Against
! scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Pos.
! scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Inn.
! scope="col" style="width:30px;"|Test
! scope="col" style="width:350px;"|Venue
! scope="col" style="width:65px;"|H/A/N
! scope="col" style="width:65px;"|Date
! scope="col" style="width:25px;"|Result
|-
|| 1
! scope="row" | 110
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 2 || 1 || 2/5 || [[The Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1995|November|30}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63701.html|title=2nd Test: South Africa v England at Johannesburg, Nov 30 – Dec 4, 1995|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108070527/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63701.html|archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| 2 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 102
|| {{cr|IND}}|| 2 || 1 || 2/3 || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || Away|| {{dts|format=dmy|1996|November|27}}1 || Won<ref name=kolkata>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63725.html|title=2nd Test: India v South Africa at Kolkata, Nov 27 – Dec 1, 1996|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207151123/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63725.html|archive-date=7 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 3 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 133
|| {{cr|IND}} || 2 || 3 || 2/3 || [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|November|27}}2 || Won<ref name=kolkata/>
|-
|| 4
! scope="row" | 103
|| {{cr|IND}} || 2 || 1 || 2/3 || [[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|January|2}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63737.html|title=2nd Test: South Africa v India at Cape Town, Jan 2–6, 1997|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106020422/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63737.html|archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| 5
! scope="row" | 100*
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 1 || 1 || 3/3 || [[Iqbal Stadium]], [[Faisalabad]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|October|24}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63768.html|title=3rd Test: Pakistan v South Africa at Faisalabad, Oct 24–27, 1997|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206134439/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63768.html|archive-date=6 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 6
! scope="row" | 108*
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 1 || 3 || 3/3 || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|January|30}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63780.html|title=3rd Test: Australia v South Africa at Adelaide, Jan 30 – Feb 3, 1998|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108200038/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63780.html|archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| 7
! scope="row" | 210
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 1 || 1 || 3/5 || [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground]], Manchester || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|July|2}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63806.html|title=3rd Test: England v South Africa at Manchester, Jul 2–6, 1998|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219080423/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63806.html|archive-date=19 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 8 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 134
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 1 || 3 || 5/5 || [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|January|15}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63823.html|title=5th Test: South Africa v West Indies at Centurion, Jan 15–18, 1999|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106053428/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63823.html|archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| 9
! scope="row" | 128
|| {{CR|NZL}} || 1 || 1 || 1/3 || [[Eden Park]], [[Auckland]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|February|27}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63834.html|title=1st Test: New Zealand v South Africa at Auckland, Feb 27 – Mar 3, 1999|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108195510/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63834.html|archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| 10 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 275
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 1 || 3 || 3/5 || [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground]], [[Durban]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|December|26}} || Drawn<ref name="long">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63862.html|title=3rd Test: South Africa v England at Durban, Dec 26–30, 1999|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109223337/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63862.html|archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| 11 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 180
|| {{cr|SL}} || 2 || 1 || 1/3 || [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground]], [[Durban]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|December|26}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63913.html|title=1st Test: South Africa v Sri Lanka at Durban, Dec 26–30, 2000|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113122001/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63913.html|archive-date=13 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| 12 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 150
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 1 || 2 || 1/5 || [[Bourda Cricket Ground]], [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|March|9}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63925.html|title=1st Test: West Indies v South Africa at Georgetown, Mar 9–13, 2001|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122174648/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63925.html|archive-date=22 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| 13
! scope="row" | 220
|| {{cr|ZIM}} || 2 || 1 || 1/2 || [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|September|7}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63949.html|title=1st Test: Zimbabwe v South Africa at Harare, Sep 7–11, 2001|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111113848/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63949.html|archive-date=11 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| 14
! scope="row" | 153
|| {{cr|AUS}} || 2 || 3 || 3/3 || [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], Sydney || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|January|2}} || Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63966.html|title=3rd Test: Australia v South Africa at Sydney, Jan 2–5, 2002|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223020632/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63966.html|archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| 15
! scope="row" | 150
|| {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || 1 || 1/2 || [[Buffalo Park]], [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|October|18}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64007.html|title=1st Test: South Africa v Bangladesh at East London, Oct 18–21, 2002|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223081324/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64007.html|archive-date=23 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 16
! scope="row" | 160
|| {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || 2 || 2/2 || [[Senwes Park]], [[Potchefstroom]] ||Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|October|25}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64008.html|title=2nd Test: South Africa v Bangladesh at Potchefstroom, Oct 25–27, 2002|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111113922/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64008.html|archive-date=11 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| 17
! scope="row" | 108
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 2 || 2/5 || [[Lord's Cricket Ground]], London || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|July|31}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64039.html|title=2nd Test: England v South Africa at Lord's, Jul 31 – Aug 3, 2003|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223085238/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64039.html|archive-date=23 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 18 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 130
|| {{cr|ENG}} || 3 || 1 || 4/5 || [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|August|21}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64041.html|title=4th Test: England v South Africa at Leeds, Aug 21–25, 2003|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219080502/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64041.html|archive-date=19 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| 19 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 118
|| {{cr|PAK}} || 4 || 3 || 2/2 || [[Iqbal Stadium]], [[Faisalabad]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|October|24}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64051.html|title=2nd Test: Pakistan v South Africa at Faisalabad, Oct 24–28, 2003|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114190851/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64051.html|archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| 20
! scope="row" | 137
|| {{cr|WIN}} || 5 || 2 || 2/4 || [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground]], [[Durban]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|December|26}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64064.html|title=2nd Test: South Africa v West Indies at Durban, Dec 26–29, 2003|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111114017/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64064.html|archive-date=11 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
|| 21
! scope="row" | 137
|| {{cr|NZL}} || 5 || 1 || 1/3 || [[Westpac Park]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|March|10}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64074.html|title=1st Test: New Zealand v South Africa at Hamilton, Mar 10–14, 2004|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111114050/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64074.html|archive-date=11 November 2012}}</ref>
|}

== One Day International centuries ==

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of ODI centuries scored by Gary Kirsten
! scope="col" style="width:30px" |No.
! scope="col" style="width:60px" | Score
! scope="col" style="width:20px" | Balls
! scope="col" style="width:140px" | Against
! scope="col" style="width:10px" | Pos.
! scope="col" style="width:10px" | Inn.
! scope="col" style="width:60px" | S/R
! scope="col" style="width:275px" | Venue
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | H/A/N
! scope="col" style="width:75px" | Date
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | Result
|-
| 1
! scope="row" | 112*
|| 137 || {{cr|AUS}} || 2 || 1 || 81.75 || [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]|| Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|January|21}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65518.html|title=1st Final: Australia v South Africa at Melbourne, Jan 21, 1994|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110053555/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65518.html|archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 116
|| 126 || {{cr|ENG}} || 2 || 2 || 92.06 || [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|January|14}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64514.html|title=4th ODI: South Africa v England at Centurion, Jan 14, 1996|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110194730/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64514.html|archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 3 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 188*
|| 159 || {{cr|UAE}} || 2 || 1 || 118.23 || [[Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium]], [[Rawalpindi]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|February|16}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65158.html|title=2nd Match: South Africa v United Arab Emirates at Rawalpindi, Feb 16, 1996|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521085808/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65158.html|archive-date=21 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 4
! scope="row" | 106
|| 116 || {{IND}} || 1 || 1 || 91.37 || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Sharjah]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|April|14}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65756.html|title=3rd Match: India v South Africa at Sharjah, Apr 14, 1996|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417075112/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65756.html|archive-date=17 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 5 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 115*
|| 142 || {{cr|IND}} || 1 || 1 || 80.98 || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Sharjah]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|April|19}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65760.html|title=Final: India v South Africa at Sharjah, Apr 19, 1996|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108224830/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65760.html|archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 6 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 118*
|| 127 || {{cr|PAK}} || 2 || 2 || 92.91 || [[Nairobi Gymkhana Club]], [[Nairobi]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|October|6}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66058.html|title=Final: Pakistan v South Africa at Nairobi (Gym), Oct 6, 1996|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105004817/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66058.html|archive-date=5 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 7 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 105*
|| 134 || {{cr|AUS}} || 2 || 2 || 78.35 || [[Nehru Stadium, Indore]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|October|19}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66060.html|title=2nd Match: Australia v South Africa at Indore, Oct 19, 1996|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107075938/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66060.html|archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 8 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 103
|| 113 || {{cr|NZL}} || 1 || 1 || 91.15 || [[Brisbane Cricket Ground]], [[Brisbane]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|January|9}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65561.html|title=7th Match: New Zealand v South Africa at Brisbane, Jan 9, 1998|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717014456/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65561.html|archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 9 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 115
|| 123 || {{cr|IND}} || 1 || 1 || 93.49 || [[Nehru Stadium, Kochi]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2000| March|9}} || Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64657.html|title=1st ODI: India v South Africa at Kochi, Mar 9, 2000|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715024314/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64657.html|archive-date=15 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 10 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 101
|| 107 || {{cr|NZL}} || 2 || 2 || 94.39 || [[De Beers Diamond Oval]], [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|October|28}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64676.html|title=4th ODI: South Africa v New Zealand at Kimberley, Oct 28, 2000|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209102515/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64676.html|archive-date=9 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 11 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 133*
|| 155 || {{cr|IND}} || 1 || 2 || 85.80 || [[The Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|October|5}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66098.html|title=1st Match: South Africa v India at Johannesburg, Oct 5, 2001|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211101748/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66098.html|archive-date=11 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 12
! scope="row" | 124
|| 130 || {{cr|KEN}} || 1 || 1 || 95.38 || [[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|October|22}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66105.html|title=8th Match: South Africa v Kenya at Cape Town, Oct 22, 2001|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106030133/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66105.html|archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 13 {{double-dagger}}
! scope="row" | 102*
|| 118 || {{cr|PAK}} || 2 || 2 || 86.44 || [[Boland Park]], [[Paarl]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|December|16}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64811.html|title=4th ODI: South Africa v Pakistan at Paarl, Dec 16, 2002|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104201301/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64811.html|archive-date=4 November 2012}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{International cricket centuries}}

[[Category:South Africa cricket-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of international cricket centuries by player|Kirsten, Gary]]

Amarjeet Kaur

2026-01-26T21:12:06Z

Swap72:

{{Short description|General secretary of the All India Trade Union Congress}}
{{Distinguish|Amarjit Kaur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amarjeet Kaur
| image = Amarjeet Kaur at Workers' Mahapadav in 2017.png
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|4|2}}
| residence =
| nationality =
| office = General Secretary of the [[All India Trade Union Congress]]
| term_start = 11 December 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Gurudas Dasgupta]]
| successor =
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| occupation = [[Trade unionist]], Politician
| education = MSc Physics, LLB
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
}}
'''Amarjeet Kaur''' (Born on 2 April 1952) is an Indian politician and National Secretary of the [[Communist party of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CPI asks state govts not to enact Centre’s 4 labour codes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cpi-asks-state-govts-not-to-enact-centres-4-labour-codes/articleshow/121936986.cms |website=The Times of India |date=10 March 2025 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> She is General Secretary of the [[All India Trade Union Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Amarjeet Kaur’s speech: A scathing attack on labour laws, BJP-RSS and the Modi government |url=https://theazadi.in/amarjeet-kaurs-speech-a-scathing-attack-on-the-policies-of-the-bjp-rss-and-the-modi-government/ |website=The Azadi |publisher=The Azadi |date=28 January 2026}} </ref>
She is the first woman in Independent India to be at the helm of one of the central trade unions, after [[Maniben Kara]]’s election as AITUC General Secretary in 1936.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.labourfile.com/section-detail.php?aid=580#|title=Amarjeet Kaur: The Trade Unionist Who Broke Gender Barriers|website=www.labourfile.com}}</ref>

Kaur went on to become the second woman general secretary of the [[All India Students Federation]] (AISF) for seven years from 1979 and General Secretary of [[National Federation of Indian Women]] (NFIW) from 1999 to 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aisf.org.in/past-leadership-conferences.php|title=AISF – Official|website=www.aisf.org.in}}</ref> She was AITUC National Secretary from 1994 to 2017. While a student, she was jailed in Delhi for 10 days in 1972 for participating in a CPI protest over price-rise, and for four days in 1977 for a joint Jamia-JNU-Delhi University students’ protest over Aligarh Muslim University riots.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Amarjeet}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian trade union leaders]]
[[Category:Indian women trade unionists]]
[[Category:All India Trade Union Congress]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Female politicians of the Communist Party of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
{{CPIndia-politician-stub}}

Rajkumar Sangwan

2026-01-18T16:39:41Z

Swap72:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajkumar Sangwan
| image =
| caption = Sangwan in April 2024
| birth_date = 5 March 1960
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| residence = 306 Pashchimi Kachheri Marg, Civil Lines, Meerut City, Uttar Pradesh
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Satya Pal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Satya Pal Singh]]
| successor =
| party = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| occupation = Politician
| nationality =
| children =
| parents =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5550?from=members
| education = [[Master of Arts]] [[Doctor of Philosophy]]
| alma_mater = [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]]
}}
'''Rajkumar Sangwan''' (born 5 March 1960; {{IPA|hi|ɾaːd͡ʒkʊmaːɾ sãːgʋaːn̪}})<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Dr. Rajkumar Sangwan, Lok Sabha Official |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/5550?from=members |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician. He is [[Lok Sabha|Member of Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the Parliament from [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]] since 2024.<ref name="Grassroots workers {{!}} Rooted in the masses">{{cite news|title=Grassroots workers {{!}} Rooted in the masses|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-grassroots-workers-rooted-in-the-masses-2565853-2024-07-13|accessdate=1 June 2025|publisher=India Today|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601170808/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-grassroots-workers-rooted-in-the-masses-2565853-2024-07-13|archivedate=1 June 2025|language=en}}</ref> He is a member of [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Baghpat Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/baghpat-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-counting-of-votes-on-8918538.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=चौधरी चरण सिंह के लिए कभी बांटे थे पर्चे और बिल्ले, राजकुमार सांगवान अब उनकी विरासत सीट से लड़ेंगे चुनाव |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/baghpat/rajkumar-sangwan-filed-nomination-elections-from-baghpat-lok-sabha-seat/articleshow/108994501.cms |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sangwan was born on 5 March 1960 in Uplehera village,Meerut, Uttar Pradesh to Sahab Singh and Girirajo Devi in a [[Jats|Hindu Jat]] family.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-06 |title=UP caste politics maths: Samajwadi Party's win had role of MPs from OBC, Dalit and Muslim background |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/uttar-pradesh/maths-of-caste-politics-in-uttar-pradesh-samajwadi-partys-win-had-role-of-mps-from-obc-dalit-and-muslim-background/articleshow/110752961.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}} " ''BJP allies like RLD and Apna Dal (S) saw election of three more OBC candidates – Rajkumar Sangwan (Jat) and Chandan Chauhan (Gurjar) in case of RLD and Apna Dal chief Anupriya Patel (Kurmi)''."</ref> He did [[Master of Arts]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy]] from [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] in Meerut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Rajkumar Sangwan(Rashtriya Lok Dal):Constituency- BAGHPAT(UTTAR PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1808 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Sangwan began his political journey in student politics, inspired by [[Charan Singh]], a prominent political figure and former Prime Minister of India. Within the [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD), Sangwan has held several key positions, including national secretary and president of the Western Uttar Pradesh Youth RLD. He has also served as the state incharge of elections in [[Jharkhand]] and [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-05 |title=RLD names candidates, no member of Charan Singh family in fray after 1977 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/rld-names-candidates-no-member-of-charan-singh-family-in-fray-after-1977/articleshow/108219470.cms |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=On Charan Singh's turf Baghpat, RLD and BJP turn ticket to a non-family member into a plus |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/charan-singhs-turf-baghpat-rld-bjp-ticket-family-member-9290241/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sangwan, Rajkumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

Thiruvalluvar Temple, Mylapore

2026-01-17T07:40:02Z

Swap72: Adding First Place Added Tags!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Thiruvalluvar Temple
| native_name =
| image = Thiruvalluvar Temple.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Thiruvalluvar Temple in Mylapore
| map_type = India
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| location = M. K. Amman Street, [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0398073|80.2710717|display=inline,title}}
| deity = [[Valluvar]] and [[Vasuki (wife of Valluvar)|Vasuki]]
| country =[[India]]
| functional_status =
| website =
| founded_by =
| year_completed = Early 16th century (present structure){{sfn|Rajendran, 1989}}
}}
The '''Ekambareswarar–Kamakshi Temple''', commonly known as the '''Thiruvalluvar Temple''', is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the poet-saint [[Thiruvalluvar|Valluvar]] in the neighborhood of [[Mylapore]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. The shrine is located within the Ekambareswarar temple complex. Believed to have been constructed in the early 16th century, the temple was extensively renovated in the 1970s.{{sfn|Chakravarthy| Ramachandran|2009}} Traditionally believed to be the birthplace of Saint Valluvar, the temple is the oldest ever built to Valluvar. The temple also serves as the venue for meetings of [[Tamil language]] enthusiasts and conducting [[Kural]] classes. While many consider the temple as the birthplace of Valluvar, some additionally consider it as his samadhi (place of cremation).

==Tradition and history==
[[File:Thiruvalluvanayanar TraditionalPortrait.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Traditional Shivite portrait of Valluvar]]
The temple was originally believed to be a village temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] during the times of Valluvar.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} Valluvar is traditionally believed to have been born under the ''[[iluppai]]'' or butter tree (''Madhuca indica'') within this temple complex, where he was found and taken for adoption by his foster parents.{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=15}} This claim is attributed to the poem ''Kapilar Akaval'', which states that Valluvar was born on the top of an oil-nut or ''iluppai'' tree in Mayilapuram.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1991|p=25}}{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, ''The Hindu'', 15 November 2019}} Legend has it that close to the time of Valluvar's death, [[Elelasingan]], a merchant at Mylapore and the disciple of Valluvar, expressed his desire to place Valluvar's body in a golden coffin and erect a monumental grave.{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=32}} Refusing his request, Valluvar asked him to tie his corpse with cords and leave it among the woods outside the town in order for the wild animals to feed on it.{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=32}}{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|p=43}} Elelasingan obliged to his mentor's wishes and, upon doing so, observed that the crows and other animals that fed on his corpse "became beautiful as gold."{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=32}}{{sfn|Shulman, 2016|p=95}} He then built a small temple at the site and instituted worship, where it remained for centuries.{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=32}}{{sfn|Kabirdoss and Shankar, ''The Times of India'', 5 November 2019|p=}} The present shrine was built on the ruins of the old shrine located in a grove within the existing Shiva temple complex in the early 16th century.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}}{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}}{{sfn|Muthiah, 2014|p=232}} The temple is the oldest known temple ever built to Saint Valluvar.{{sfn|Department of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments, 2014|p=54}} The [[British raj|British civil servant]] of the [[Madras Presidency]] [[Francis Whyte Ellis]] mentions the temple in his early-19th-century stone inscription found in the Periyapalayathamman temple at [[Royapettah]].{{sfn|Department of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments, 2014|p=55}} The Ekambareshwarar temple is widely considered as the birthplace of Valluvar by the public and historians,{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=15}}{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}}{{sfn|Department of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments, 2014|p=55}}{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, ''The Hindu'', 15 November 2019|p=3}}<ref name="TOI_Defiled"/> although some additionally consider it as the place of his death and cremation.{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=32}}{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}}<ref>{{cite book
| last = Sugumaran
| first = S.
| title = Titanic Gods of Tamil Nadu, India: A Comparative Mythology of Stories on ...
| publisher = Notion Press
| edition = 1
| date = 2021
| location = Chennai
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1k8tEAAAQBAJ&dq=valluvar+temple+mylapore&pg=PT65
| isbn = 978-1-63806-773-3
}}</ref> Valluvar is believed to have been born on ''Vaikasi Anusha'' ([[Anusha]] star in the Tamil month of [[Vaikasi]]) and attained [[moksha]] on ''Maasi Utthra'' ([[Utthra]] star in the Tamil month of [[Magha (month)|Maasi]]).<ref name="Vikatan2019"/>

{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = PlaqueAtValluvarTemple2.jpg
| width1 = 180
| image2 = PlaqueAtMylaporeTemple1.jpg
| width2 = 180
| footer = Temple renovation plaques
}}
In his 1989 book entitled ''Thirumayilayin Thirukoilgal'', S. Rajendran indicates that the temple was built in the early part of the 16th century.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} The book also mentions that the temple's history is documented much earlier by Nathamuni Mudaliar in 54 Tamil verses in his work entitled ''Thirumayilai Thalapuranam'', which chronicles the history of various Shiva temples in Mylapore.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} The revised version of the work was later published as a book by N. Singaravelan Mudaliar in 1929.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} The ''Temple Directory of Madras City'' reports the claim that the temple was constructed by the [[Raja of Benares]], although the dates are unknown.{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}} Joanne Punzo Waghorne, professor of religion at [[Syracuse University]], cites this claim in her work and adds that a survey from 1990 dates the temple to the 16th century.{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}} She also notes that two men, one from the Naicker community and another from the Chettiar community, made some renovations in 1935 and that the remains of the ancient sacred tree was preserved and made a monument only in 1973.{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}} Three statues, namely, Valluvar's father, Valluvar's mother holding her child, and Valluvar seated in meditating posture, along with Valluvar's feet were installed in the same year during consecration to mark Valluvar's birthplace.<ref name="TOI_Defiled">{{cite news | last = Yogesh Kabirdoss & L. R. Shankar | title = Thiruvalluvar statue in Thanjavur defiled | newspaper = The Times of India | location = Chennai | publisher = The Times Group| date = 5 November 2019 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/thiruvalluvar-statue-in-thanjavur-defiled/articleshow/71914171.cms | access-date = 11 January 2023}}</ref> Except for the stone idols in the temple, no traces of the original temple structure remain after the 20th-century renovation by the government.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} The original statue of Valluvar in the shrine is said to have been taken away by the government along with several palm-leaf manuscripts that were preserved in the temple.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} The bronze idols in the temple are believed to be made during the 19th century.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} After the renovation and consecration of 1973, consecrations were held in 1985 and 2001, and the most recent one was in 2020.<ref name="Dinakaran_18Years">{{cite news
| title = 18 ஆண்டுகள் கழித்து நடக்கிறது மயிலாப்பூர் திருவள்ளுவர் கோயிலில் ஜனவரியில் கும்பாபிஷேகம்: அறநிலையத்துறை திடீர் முடிவு [Mylapore Valluvar Temple Consecration to be held after 18 years in January: Sudden decision by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]
| newspaper = Dinakaran
| location = Chennai
| language = ta
| date = 10 November 2019
| url = https://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=539799
| access-date = 11 January 2023
| archive-date = 12 January 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230112120956/https://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=539799
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = ValluvarParents1.jpg
| width1 = 180
| image2 = ValluvarStatueAtMylaporeTemple.jpg
| width2 = 180
| footer = Statues installed at the temple
}}

The tradition of celebrating Valluvar's birthday annually on ''Vaikasi Anusham'' (a day in May) was officially accepted on 18 and 19 May 1935, when a group of Tamil scholars and researchers congregated at the [[Pachaiyappa's College]] auditorium under the leadership of [[Maraimalai Adigal]] and officially declared [[Valluvar year]] and the Valluvar Day celebrations.{{sfn|''Dinamani'', 14 April 2012}} A procession organized on the first day concluded at the Valluvar temple and a mass worship was organized at the temple on the same day.{{sfn|''Dinamani'', 14 April 2012}} The temple was under the aegis of Sivagyana Mudaliyar before it was taken over by the Hindu Religious and Charity Endowment Department of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]].{{sfn|Shanmugasundaram, ''The Hindu Tamil'', 27 August 2015}} In the neighbourhood of Mylapore, which is known for its "Sapta Sthana Shiva sthalas" or the sacred seven-some Shiva shrines (which includes the [[Karaneeswarar Temple, Mylapore|Karaneeswarar Temple]], [[Tirttapaleeswarar Temple, Triplicane|Tirttapaleeswarar Temple]], [[Velleeswarar Temple]], [[Virupakshiswarar Temple, Mylapore|Virupakshiswarar Temple]], [[Valeeswarar Temple, Mylapore|Valeeswarar Temple]], [[Malleeswarar Temple, Mylapore|Malleeswarar Temple]], and [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple]]), the Ekambareshwarar–Valluvar temple is traditionally considered the indispensable eighth.<ref name="Vikatan2019">{{cite web
| url = https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/temples/mylapore-thiruvalluvar-temple-spot-visit
| title = மயிலாப்பூர் திருவள்ளுவர் கோயிலில் என்ன நடக்கிறது? - ஸ்பாட் விசிட் #Video
| last = Muthukumaran
| first = M.
| date = 6 November 2019
| website = Vikatan.com
| publisher = Vikatan
| access-date = 10 January 2023
}}</ref>

==The temple==
[[File:EntranceValluvarMylaporeTemple.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The entrance to the shrines within the temple complex]]
[[File:ValluvarShrineAtMylaporeTemple.jpg|thumb|200px|Valluvar's Sanctum at the temple]]
[[File:Thiruvalluvar 123.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Idols of Valluvar and Vasuki inside the sanctum]]
The Valluvar shrine is located within the Ekambareswarar temple complex in a narrow lane adjacent to the Valluvar statue on [[Royapettah High Road]],{{sfn|''Hindustan Times'', 16 January 2020}} off Mundagakanni Amman Koil street at its northern end and off Nattu Subbaraya Street{{sfn|''Mylapore Times'', 16 January 2025}} and behind the Thanithorai market in Mylapore.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} Situated on a 25-ground plot,{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, ''The Hindu'', 15 November 2019|p=3}} the temple complex has exclusive sanctums for various deities, namely, [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya|Subramanya]], [[Shiva]] (Ekambaranathar shiva linga) and [[Parvathi]] (Kamakshi), Thiruvalluvar and his consort [[Vasuki (wife of Valluvar)|Vasuki]],{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} [[Durga]], [[Navagraha|the Navagrahas]], and goddess Karumariamman (an incarnation of goddess Parvathi).{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}}{{sfn|Department of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments, 2014|p=54}}<ref name="Vikatan2019"/> On a traditional clockwise circumambulatory trip around the temple corridor, the shrines of Shiva and Parvathi appear along with Ganesha and Subramanya, followed by the sanctums of Karumariamman and ''nagakkal'' (carved stone slabs depicting holy snakes) representing [[Nagaraja]] beneath a holy [[neem]] tree (''Azadirachta indica'') at the southwestern corner of the temple complex.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}}{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}} The lintel of the main shrine of Ekambaranathar bears the [[stucco]] idols of Valluvar worshiping Shiva and Parvathi. The ''palli arai'', or the divine bedchamber, lies behind the Shiva shrine, where the processional deities are symbolically laid to rest for the day.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}}

The sanctum of Valluvar is a two-roomed shrine enclosed by an open-pillared portico known as the ''maha mantapam'' or the meditation hall.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} The very first couplet of the ''Tirukkural'' is written at the entrance of Valluvar's sanctum. The Valluvar sanctum enshrines a large stone idol of Valluvar seated on a pedestal along with smaller [[bronze]] idols of both Valluvar and Vasuki below the pedestal. Valluvar's stone idol is sculpted in [[Lotus position|padmasana]] posture with [[Mudra|chin mudra]].{{sfn|Shanmugasundaram, ''The Hindu Tamil'', 27 August 2015}} The idol also features elongated ears, [[Linga]] on the head, [[rosary]] on one hand, palm-leaf manuscripts on the other, and a robe bearing the ''panchakshara mantra'' (five-lettered mantra) of "Namah Shivaya".<ref name="Vikatan2019"/> The ''shikhara'' (a large cupola over the sanctum) of the Valluvar's shrine bears stucco idols of Valluvar. The main shrine of Vasuki is found at the northwestern corner of the temple complex near the Valluvar shrine. The idol of Vasuki is patterned after the Hindu deity [[Kamakshi]] inside the sanctum.{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}} The idols of all the main deities, including Ekambareshwarar, Valluvar, Vasuki, and Karumariamman face towards the east.{{sfn|Department of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments, 2014|p=54}} The temple ''shikhara'' (spire) above the sanctum shows scenes of Hindu life and deities, along with Valluvar reading his couplets to his wife.{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}} The present ''sthala vriksha'' (sanctum tree) is located in front of the Vasuki sanctum, beside the meditation hall and the original sanctum tree. The walls of the temple are adorned with koshta images of deities such as [[Dakshinamurthy]], [[Lingodbhava]], [[Brahma]], and goddess [[Durga]]. Other small sub-shrines within the temple complex include that of [[Hanuman]], Chandikeshwara, [[Bhairava]], and an individual shrine for [[Shaneeswara]] (planet [[Saturn]]). The processional deity of Ekambareswarar is stored in a temple vault opposite the temple's holy water well near the entrance.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} The temple grove is located on the northern side.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} The holy water well of the temple is associated with one of the legends of Vasuki's unfailing devotion towards Valluvar.{{sfn|Shanmugasundaram, ''The Hindu Tamil'', 27 August 2015}} A triad of [[neem]], [[fig]], and [[peepal]] trees that have grown together in an intertwined manner in the temple is considered an incarnation of the [[Trimurti]]s (the trinity of Hinduism).{{sfn|Shanmugasundaram, ''The Hindu Tamil'', 27 August 2015}} All the three trees are considered the temples ''sthala vriksha''s (sacred trees) and are combinedly known as Shankaranarayana Vriksha.<ref name="Vikatan2019"/>

[[File:Inside Thiruvalluvar Temple.JPG|150px|left|thumb|The [[navagraha]] shrine inside the temple complex]]
The temple's ''sthala vriksham'' (sanctum tree) is the ''iluppai'' or [[Madhuca indica|butter tree]] (''Madhuca indica''), grown near the original tree of the same species under which, according to tradition, Valluvar was found as a baby by his foster parents.{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|p=15}}{{sfn|Department of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments, 2014|p=55}}{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, ''The Hindu'', 15 November 2019|p=3}} The locals believe that this is where Valluvar was born.{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}} A chamber is built around the original tree.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} A Valluvar statue in yoga position holding a palm leaf manuscript of the ''Tirukkural'' sits on the pedestal around the original tree.{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}} A pedestal was built around the remains of the original tree in 1935 and is now braced up with [[copper]] sheets.{{sfn|Department of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments, 2014|p=55}}<ref name="Vikatan2019"/>{{sfn|''Dinamani'', 20 September 2012}} The pedestal additionally holds an idol representing the feet of Valluvar made of black granite, along with the statues of Valluvar and his parents, Sri Adhi and Sri Bhagavan, with Adhi holding the baby Valluvar in her arms.{{sfn|Waghorne, 2004|pp=120–125}}{{sfn|Department of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments, 2014|p=55}}<ref name="Vikatan2019"/> Renovation of the temple began on 27 April 1973. Holy consecration (''Kumbabishekam'') of the temple took place on 23 January 2001.{{sfn|''Dinamani'', 20 September 2012}} The temple comes under the purview of the nearby [[Mundaka Kanni Amman Temple|Mundakakanniamman temple]] and is under the ambit of the Hindu religious charity department of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].{{sfn|''Dinamani'', 20 September 2012}} There is also a library within the temple campus.{{sfn|''Dinamani'', 20 September 2012}} A community centre named "Valluvar–Vasuki Community Hall" has been built near the temple.{{sfn|''Dinamani'', 20 September 2012}} The temple also serves as the venue for meetings of Tamil language enthusiasts.{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, ''The Hindu'', 15 November 2019|p=3}} Classes on the [[Tirukkural]] are also held in the evenings for children.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = ValluvarSanctumSanctorum.jpg
| width1 = 180
| image2 = VasukiSanctumSanctorum.jpg
| width2 = 180
| footer = Idols at the sanctum. ''Left:'' Valluvar sanctum. ''Right:'' Vasuki sanctum
}}

In the introduction to his 1897 book ''The Ethics of Kural'', J. M. Nallaswamy Pillai, describes the statue at the temple thus:

{{cquote|Those of you, who wish to have our idea of the personal appearance of the sage, may proceed to his shrine at Mylapore, a minute's walk from the Barber's Bridge, and witness the statue of the canonized saint. The folded knot of his lock, the bushy moustache and beard sweeping over his breast, the gravity of the forehead, the broad eyes revealing his noble heart, and the grace of his majestic frame are such as remind one of [[Plato]] and [[Socrates]]. Add to these, the beads in his right and the moral code in the left hand, the saint in a sitting posture on a raised seat, seeming to impart instruction to his disciples, you will verily believe that he is a Tamil Rishi next to [[Agasthya]]. He is in fact said to be the great grandson of Agasthya. At least the genealogy framed by the pandits states so.{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|p=22}} }}

==Rituals and festivals==
[[File:IluppaiSacredTree2.jpg|thumb|left|150px|The sacred ''Iluppai'' tree at the temple, grown near the spot where the remains of the original tree are preserved]]
Although the official count of [[Nayanars|Nayanmars]], or the canonical [[Saivite]] saints, is 63, Valluvar is often considered the 64th Nayanmar by various communities across South India as an important sign of honor,{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} and several temples have the tradition of taking the idol of Valluvar in annual procession.{{sfn|Kannan, ''The New Indian Express'', 11 March 2013}} The Valluvar temple at Mylapore, too, follows this tradition.{{sfn|Bhatt, 2020}} On ''Arubathi Moovar'', the 8th day of the grand annual festival of the [[Kapaleeshwarar temple]] known as the ''Panguni Brahmotsavam'' taking place on the ''Uthra'' star falling in the Tamil month of ''Panguni'' (March–April), which draws the maximum crowd during the series of events,{{sfn|Swaminathan, ''The Hindu'', 10 March 2014}} the bronze idol of Valluvar and Vasuki are also taken in procession along with the idols of the 63 Nayanmars.{{sfn|Bhatt, 2020}} According to historian [[V. Sriram]], the festival is dated back to the 7th century CE.{{sfn|Lalithasai, ''The Hindu'', 21 May 2012}} Thus, festivals in the temple can be categorized into two, namely one for the Shiva shrine and the other for the Valluvar shrine.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} For the Shiva shrine, the usual Shivite festivals are celebrated except the grand 10-day Brahmotsavam.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} For the Brahmotsavam, the Valluvar–Vasuki idols are placed on a palanquin and taken in procession as part of the Kapaleeshwarar temple annual events.{{sfn|Bhatt, 2020}}

[[File:ValluvarAndParentsAtMylaporeTemple.jpg|thumb|200px|Statues of Valluvar and his parents holding him as a baby, on the pedestal built around the remains of the original holy tree]]
Like any other Hindu temple, the idols witness full traditional temple rituals on a daily basis. ''Abhishekam'' (bathing the idol) is performed twice a day, along with ''alankaram'' (decoration). In the morning, rice is offered as ''neivedhyam'' (offering). Draped in a white dhoti, the idol of Valluvar sports a dash of ''[[vibhuti]]'' (holy ash), ''[[Kumkuma|kumkum]]'' (holy crimson), and [[sandalwood]] paste on the forehead.{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, ''The Hindu'', 15 November 2019|p=3}} Poojas for Valluvar are performed in the morning while those for Ekambareshwarar in the morning and evening.<ref name="Vikatan2019"/><ref name="Dinakaran_18Years"/> The rituals are performed by the priests belonging to the [[Veerashaiva]]-[[Lingayatism|Lingayat]] communities.{{sfn|Department of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments, 2014|p=55}}

[[File:VasukiShrineAtMylaporeTemple.jpg|thumb|200px|Vasuki Sanctum]]
Besides these daily services, special pujas are performed during the ''Arubathi Moovar'' festival (March–April), the second day of the Chitrai month (April), [[Thiruvalluvar Day|Thiruvalluvar day]] (a day notionally fixed by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], falling in January), Chitra Pournami (full moon in the [[Tamil month]] of Chitrai, falling in March–April), and during the monthly ''Anusha'' [[Stars in astrology|star]] (the birth star of Valluvar).{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, ''The Hindu'', 15 November 2019|p=3}} Chitra Pournami is when the wedding of Valluvar and Vasuki is believed to have taken place, and hence a symbolic marriage of idols of Valluvar and Vasuki is conducted annually on this day.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}}<ref name="Vikatan2019"/> The annual Vaikasi Anusham (''Anusha'' star falling in the month of ''Vaikasi'', around the month of early June) is celebrated as the birth day of the poet saint at the temple.{{sfn|Department of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments, 2014|p=55}}{{sfn|''Dinamani'', 14 April 2012}} Maasi Utharam (''Uthram'' star falling in the Tamil month of ''Maasi'', in the months of February–March) is another day of significance in the temple,{{sfn|Department of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments, 2014|p=55}} since it is when Valluvar is believed to have attained ''mukthi'' or died.{{sfn|Ramesh, ''Dinamani'', 4 February 2022}} Thai Sadhayam (in the months of January–February) is celebrated as the wedding day of Ekambareshwarar and Kamakshi.<ref name="Vikatan2019"/> Maasi Magham, Shivarathri, and Aavani Moolam are other important festivals celebrated at the temple.<ref name="Vikatan2019"/>

According to legend, Valluvar gave some mud to Vasuki and asked her to cook it into food in order to marry her, which she did obligingly. To commemorate this, Pongal pots are kept in front of the sanctum sanctorum and on the ''Chitra Pournami'' day (falling in April), some mud is sprinkled into these pots before boiling rice into the dish of pongal.{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, ''The Hindu'', 15 November 2019|p=3}} Annual processions are also held by large group of people to the temple to mark Thiruvalluvar Day.{{sfn|''Mylapore Times'', 22 January 2023}}

==Funds==
The temple is part of temples that are under the neighbouring [[Mundaka Kanni Amman Temple|Sri Mundagakanniamman Temple]], also at Mylapore,{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, ''The Hindu'', 15 November 2019|p=3}} and comes under the control of the Hindu Religious and Charity Endowment Department.{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, ''The Hindu'', 15 November 2019|p=3}} Being a small temple, the Valluvar temple cannot sustain itself and uses the funds from other temples.{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, ''The Hindu'', 15 November 2019|p=3}} The temple has no property and depends entirely on the Mundagakanni Amman Temple.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} The temple's primary income comes from the wedding hall, a paid parking space and a few shops.{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, ''The Hindu'', 15 November 2019|p=3}} All the festivals are funded by devotees, and the events in the shrine are in part sponsored by the [[Mudaliar|Mudaliar community]], whose ancestors were [[Tamil language|Tamil]] scholars.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}} The ancestors of the Mudaliar community are believed to have donated the bronze idols of the shrine.{{sfn|Chakravarthy|Ramachandran|2009}}

In May 2023, the state government allocated {{INR}} 150 million for a complete renovation and restoration of the temple. The renovation plan included rebuilding all the temple halls (''mantapams'') with granite, refurbishing the ancient well, painting the entire temple complex, and landscaping.{{sfn|Prabhu, ''Mylapore Times'', 10 May 2023}} In 2025, a plan to reconstruct the shrine, replacing the old brick-and-mortar structure with new rough-cut granite structure highlighting a chariot pulled by elephants, at a cost of {{INR}} 190 million was announced.{{sfn|''Mylapore Times'', 16 January 2025}}{{sfn|Ramakrishnan, ''The Hindu'', 16 January 2025}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}
* [[Tiruchuli Thiruvalluvar Temple]]
* [[Valluvar Kottam]]
* [[Heritage structures in Chennai]]

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|title=Thiruvalluvar's shrine|first1=Pradeep |last1=Chakravarthy |first2=Ramesh |last2=Ramachandran |date=16–31 August 2009|journal=Madras Musings|volume=19|issue=9|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%209/thiruvalluvars_shrine.html }}
* {{cite book|author=Joanne Punzo Waghorne|title=Diaspora of the Gods: Modern Hindu Temples in an Urban Middle-Class World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZNODwAAQBAJ&dq=Mylapore+temple+processions+Valluvar&pg=PT218 |date= 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-515663-8|ref={{sfnRef|Waghorne, 2004}} }}
* {{cite book|author=S. Rajendran|title=Thirumayilayin Thirukoilgal |date= 1989|location=Chennai|language=ta|ref={{sfnRef|Rajendran, 1989}} }}
* {{cite news | last = Ramakrishnan | first = Deepa H. | title = As a war of words rages outside, peace reigns inside this temple | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | page = 3 | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 15 November 2019 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/as-a-war-of-words-rages-outside-peace-reigns-inside-this-temple/article29976407.ece | access-date = 5 January 2020|ref={{sfnRef|Ramakrishnan, ''The Hindu'', 15 November 2019}} }}
* {{cite book |editor=A. A. Manavalan |title=Essays and Tributes on Tirukkural (1886–1986 AD) |year=2009 |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |location = Chennai|edition = 1|ref={{sfnRef|Manavalan, 2009}}}}
* {{cite news | title = State govt. plans new granite temple for Valluvar in place of old. In Mylapore | newspaper = Mylapore Times | location = Chennai | publisher = Mylapore Times | date = 16 January 2025 | url = https://www.mylaporetimes.com/2025/01/state-govt-plans-new-granite-temple-for-valluvar-in-place-of-old-in-mylapore/ | access-date = 17 January 2026|ref={{sfnRef|''Mylapore Times'', 16 January 2025}} }}
* {{cite news | last = Shanmugasundaram | first = K. | title = திருத்தலம் அறிமுகம்: திருவள்ளுவருக்கு ஒரு திருக்கோயில் [Shrine Introduction: A temple for Thiruvalluvar] | newspaper = The Hindu Tamil | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 27 August 2015 | url = https://www.hindutamil.in/news/spirituals/53251-.html | access-date = 18 June 2022|ref={{sfnRef|Shanmugasundaram, ''The Hindu Tamil'', 27 August 2015}} }}
* {{cite journal|title=Arupathu Moovar – 110 years ago|author=Karthik Bhatt |date=16–31 March 2020|journal=Madras Musings|volume=XXIX|issue=23|url=http://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-29-no-23/arupathu-moovar-110-years-ago/ |ref={{sfnRef|Bhatt, 2020}}}}
* {{cite news | last = Kannan | first = Kaushik | title = Saint poet's guru pooja at Tiruchuli | newspaper = The New Indian Express | location = Tiruchuli | publisher = Express Publications | date = 11 March 2013 | url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2013/mar/11/saint-poets-guru-pooja-at-tiruchuli-457417.html | access-date = 3 September 2020|ref={{sfnRef|Kannan, ''The New Indian Express'', 11 March 2013}}}}
* {{cite book |author=Edward Jewitt Robinson |title=Tamil Wisdom: Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages and Selections from Their Writings |url=https://archive.org/details/tamilwisdomtradi0000robi|year=2001 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location = New Delhi|isbn=978-81-206-1587-8 |ref={{sfnRef|Robinson, 2001}}}}
* {{cite news | title = Thiruvalluvar Day 2020: History, significance and all you need to know about the iconic poet | newspaper = Hindustan Times | publisher = HindustanTimes.com | date = 16 January 2020 | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/thiruvalluvar-day-2020-history-significance-and-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-iconic-poet/story-qmbysM7eb6TZdzsDg7xdsJ.html | access-date = 21 September 2020| ref={{sfnRef|''Hindustan Times'', 16 January 2020}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Shulman |first= David |title=Tamil—A Biography |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |date=2016 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages= |language= |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/680313496/Tamil-A-Biography-David-Shulman|ref={{sfnRef|Shulman, 2016}}}}
* {{cite news | last = Swaminathan | first = Chitra | title = Moods of Mylapore | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 10 March 2014 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/moods-of-mylapore/article5770312.ece | access-date = 21 November 2021 | ref={{sfnRef|Swaminathan, ''The Hindu'', 10 March 2014}} }}
* {{cite news | title = Procession taken out to Thiruvalluvar temple, abishekham conducted | newspaper = Mylapore Times | location = Chennai | publisher = Mylapore Times | date = 22 January 2023 | url = https://www.mylaporetimes.com/2023/01/procession-taken-out-to-thiruvalluvar-temple-abishekham-conducted/ | access-date = 12 September 2023|ref={{sfnRef|''Mylapore Times'', 22 January 2023}} }}
* {{cite news | last = Yogesh Kabirdoss and L. R. Shankar | title = Thiruvalluvar Statue in Thanjavur defiled | newspaper = The Times of India | location = Chennai | publisher = The Times Group | date = 5 November 2019 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/thiruvalluvar-statue-in-thanjavur-defiled/articleshow/71914171.cms | access-date = 12 September 2023|ref={{sfnRef|Kabirdoss and Shankar, ''The Times of India'', 5 November 2019}} }}
* {{cite news | last = Lalithasai | title = Significance of Panguni Uthiram | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 21 May 2012 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/significance-of-panguni-uthiram/article3449280.ece | access-date = 18 June 2022|ref={{sfnRef|Lalithasai, ''The Hindu'', 21 May 2012}} }}
* {{cite news | title = பொலிவிழந்து வரும் மயிலாப்பூர் திருவள்ளுவர் கோயில்! | newspaper = Dinamani | location = Chennai | language = ta | publisher = The New Indian Express Group | date = 20 September 2012 | url = https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-chennai/chennai/2009/jul/31/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-49433.html | access-date = 2 March 2019|ref={{sfnRef|''Dinamani'', 20 September 2012}}}}
* {{cite book | title = திருக்கோயில்கள் வழிகாட்டி: சென்னை மாவட்டம் | publisher = Government of Tamil Nadu, Department of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments | edition = 1st | date = July 2014 | location = Chennai | pages = 54–55 | language = ta|ref={{sfnRef|Department of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments, 2014}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Muthiah| first = S. | author-link = S. Muthiah | title = Madras Rediscovered| publisher = EastWest | date = 2014 | location = Chennai | isbn = 978-93-84030-28-5|ref={{sfnRef|Muthiah, 2014}} }}
* {{cite news | title = திருவள்ளுவர் திருநாளும் ஆண்டுப் பிறப்பும் [Thiruvalluvar Day and the new year] | newspaper = Dinamani | location = Chennai | language = ta | date = 14 April 2012 | url = https://www.dinamani.com/editorial-articles/2012/apr/14/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-483792.html | access-date = 4 February 2022 | ref={{sfnRef|''Dinamani'', 14 April 2012}} }}
* {{cite news | last = Ramesh | first = Janani | title = திருவள்ளுவர் திருநாள் எந்த நாள்? [Which day is Thiruvalluvar Day?] | newspaper = Dinamani | location = Chennai | language = ta | date = 4 February 2022 | ref={{sfnRef|Ramesh, ''Dinamani'', 4 February 2022}} }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nnIcAAAAIAAJ |title=Tamil Traditions on Subrahmaṇya-Murugan |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |publisher=Institute of Asian Studies |year=1991 }}
* {{cite news | last = Prabhu | first = S. | title = Rs.15 cr. to be spent on Thiruvalluvar Temple renovation. Slew of new features planned | newspaper = Mylapore Times | location = Chennai | language = | date = 10 May 2023 | ref={{sfnRef|Prabhu, ''Mylapore Times'', 10 May 2023}} }}
* {{cite news | last = Ramakrishnan | first = Deepa H. | title = Tiruvalluvar temple in Mylapore to be reconstructed with granite; CM Stalin will lay foundation stone, says Minister | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 16 January 2025 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tiruvalluvar-temple-in-mylapore-to-be-reconstructed-with-granite-cm-stalin-will-lay-foundation-stone-says-minister/article69101566.ece | access-date = 17 January 2026 | ref={{sfnRef|Ramakrishnan, ''The Hindu'', 16 January 2025}} }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last = Mudaliar| first = Nathamuni | title = Thirumayilai Thalapuranam | publisher = Noble Press | date = 1929 | location = Chennai }}

==External links==
* [https://agasthiar.org/a/vasuki.valluvar.htm Home page of Agastiar.org containing photos of the temple and the deities]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}
{{Tirukkural}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]
[[Category:Tirukkural]]
[[Category:Memorials to Valluvar]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 16th century]]
[[Category:16th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu]]

List of Rajya Sabha members from Sikkim

2026-01-11T07:40:53Z

Swap72: small updated details for accuracy and added references

{{Short description|none}}
{{Other uses|Member of Parliament (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
The [[Rajya Sabha]] (meaning the "Council of States") is the upper house of the Parliament of India. [[Sikkim]] elects 1 seat and it is indirectly elected by the state legislators of Sikkim, since year 1976.<ref name=rs-at-work>{{cite book|title=Rajya Sabha at Work|date=October 2006|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat|location=New Delhi|edition=2nd|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf|accessdate=21 October 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020442/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf|archivedate=5 March 2016}}</ref> The number of seats, allocated to the party, are determined by the number of seats, a party possesses during nomination and the party nominates a member to be voted on. Elections in within the state legislatures are held using [[Single transferable vote]] with [[proportional representation]].

==List ==
Source:<ref name=RS-list-alpha>{{cite web |title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952 |url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |website=rajyasabha.nic.in |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat |access-date=6 October 2015 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214083532/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of Rajya Sabha members representing Sikkim
! {{abbr|No.|Number}}
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
! Term start
! Term End
|-
! rowspan=2| 1
! rowspan=2| [[Leonard Soloman Saring]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| {{dts|20/10/1975}}
| {{dts|19/10/1981}}
|-
| {{dts|20/10/1981}}
| {{dts|19/10/1987}}
|-
! 2
! [[Khamsum Namgyal Pulger]]
| {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad}}
| {{dts|20/10/1987}}
| {{dts|01/03/1988}}{{Efn|Resignation|name=Resign}}
|-
! rowspan=2| 3
! rowspan=2| [[Karma Topden]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| {{dts|30/03/1988}}{{Efn|Bye-election|name=Bypoll}}
| {{dts|19/10/1993}}
|-
| {{dts|24/02/1994}}
| {{dts|23/02/2000}}
|-
! 4
! [[K. G. Bhutia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=5}}
| {{dts|24/02/2000}}
| {{dts|12/08/2000}}{{Efn|Died in office|name=dead}}
|-
! 5
! [[Palden Tsering Gyamtso]]
| {{dts|22/09/2000}}{{Efn|name=Bypoll}}
| {{dts|23/02/2006}}
|-
! 6
! [[O. T. Lepcha]]
| {{dts|24/02/2006}}
| {{dts|23/02/2012}}
|-
! rowspan=2| 7
! rowspan=2| [[Hishey Lachungpa]]
| {{dts|24/02/2012}}
| {{dts|23/02/2018}}
|-
| {{dts|24/02/2018}}
| {{dts|23/02/2024}}
|-
! 8
! [[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]] *
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{dts|24/02/2024}}<ref name="BJP names D.T. Lepcha as candidate for Rajya Sabha election in Sikkim">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=BJP names D.T. Lepcha as candidate for Rajya Sabha election in Sikkim |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-names-dt-lepcha-as-candidate-for-rajya-sabha-election-in-sikkim/article67715733.ece |access-date=7 January 2024 |date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107113326/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-names-dt-lepcha-as-candidate-for-rajya-sabha-election-in-sikkim/article67715733.ece |archive-date=7 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| {{dts|23/02/2030}}{{update after|2030|3}}
|-
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Indicates current member
{{noteslist}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://rajyasabha.nic.in Rajya Sabha homepage hosted by the Indian government]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090621155536/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/faq/freaq.htm Rajya Sabha FAQ page hosted by the Indian government]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090419110344/http://www.rajyasabha.nic.in/whoswho/hindiwhoswho.htm Nominated members list]
*[http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/RetLMemState.aspx State wise list]

{{Rajya Sabha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajya Sabha members from Sikkim}}
[[Category:Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha|Sikkim]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Sikkim| ]]
[[Category:Sikkim-related lists]]

Cycle rickshaw

2026-01-09T01:32:09Z

Swap72: improve section after review as per guidelines

{{Short description|Pedal-powered version of the rickshaw}}
{{Redirect|Pedicab|other uses|Pedicab (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
[[File:Bangladeshi style Rickshaw.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A Bangladeshi cycle rickshaw for display in Sweden]]
[[File:Bicitaxi en Ciudad de México.jpg|thumb|upright|Cycle rickshaw in Mexico City, with the design established since 2016]]
[[File:Inner Manila Pedicab.jpg|thumb|upright|Typical Manila pedicabs, or "trisikad"]]
[[File:Recumbent pedicab.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Recumbent style cycle taxi/pedicab in London]]
[[File:Cycle rickshaw in Moscow.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Cycle rickshaw in [[Moscow]], Russia]]
The '''cycle rickshaw''' is a small-scale means of local transport. A type of [[tricycle]] designed to carry passengers on a [[vehicle for hire|for-hire]] basis, it may also be known as '''bike taxi''', '''velotaxi''', '''pedicab''', '''bikecab''', '''cyclo''', '''beca''', '''becak''', '''trisikad''', '''sikad''', '''tricycle taxi''', '''trishaw''', or '''hatchback bike'''.

The cycle rickshaw is [[human-powered vehicle|human-powered]] by pedaling, in contrast to the classic [[Pulled rickshaw|rickshaw]], pulled by a person on foot, and distinct from the motorized [[auto rickshaw]].

==Overview==
[[File:Warna-warni Becak di Kota Solo.jpg|thumb|Pedicab or "Becak" (in Indonesian language) in [[Surakarta|Solo]], [[Central Java]], Indonesia ]]
The first cycle rickshaws were built in the 1880s and were first used widely in 1929 in Singapore. Six years later, they outnumbered pulled rickshaws there. By 1950, cycle rickshaws were found in every south and east Asian country. By the late 1980s, there were an estimated 4 million cycle rickshaws worldwide.<ref name="Edgerton p. 46">{{cite book | title=The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History Since 1900 | publisher=Oxford University Press | first=David | last=Edgerton | year=2011 | pages=46 | isbn=978-0199832613}}</ref>

The vehicle is generally pedal-driven by a driver, though some are equipped with an [[electric motor]] to assist the driver.<ref name="Wired01">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/autopia/2010/01/solar-rickshaws-delhi/|title=Solar Rickshaws Ready for Delhi |last=Keith|first=Barry|date=11 January 2010|magazine=Wired Magazine |access-date=10 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hybrid.iit.edu/projects.php?project=auto_rickshaw|title=Sustainable Transportation Solution for Auto Rickshaws|year=2009|publisher=Illinois Institute of Technology|access-date=10 March 2010|archive-date=8 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708204733/http://hybrid.iit.edu/projects.php?project=auto_rickshaw|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/11602/ |title=The Cycle Rickshaw's Electric Dreams|newspaper=Indian Express|access-date=14 August 2010}}</ref>

The vehicle is usually a [[tricycle]], though some [[Quadracycle (human-powered vehicle)|quadracycle]] models exist, and some [[bicycle]]s with [[bicycle trailer|trailers]] are configured as cycle rickshaws.<ref name=Sobey>{{cite book | title=A Field Guide to Automotive Technology | publisher=Chicago Review Press | first=Ed | last=Sobey | year=2009 | pages=172 | isbn=978-1556528125}}</ref> Some cycle rickshaws have gas or electric motors.<ref name=Sobey /><ref name="investvine">{{cite web|url=http://investvine.com/electric-vehicles-become-popular-the-philippines/|title=Electric vehicles become popular in the Philippines|first=Todd|last=Watson|work=Inside Investor|date=31 July 2013|access-date=11 August 2013|archive-date=9 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809233513/http://investvine.com/electric-vehicles-become-popular-the-philippines/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Passenger configuration===
The configuration of driver and passenger seats varies. Generally the driver sits in front of the passengers to pedal the rickshaw. There are some designs, though, where the cyclist driver sits behind the passengers.<ref name="Edgerton p. 46" /><ref name=Sobey /> In many [[Asia]]n countries, like [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], and [[China]], the passenger seat is located behind the driver, while in [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Cambodia]], and [[Vietnam]] the cyclist driver sits behind the passenger. In the [[Philippines]], the passenger seats are usually located beside the driver in a side car. Similar to this, passengers sit alongside the driver in both ''trishaw,'' in [[Singapore]], and the ''sai kaa,'' in [[Burma]].<ref name="Edgerton p. 46" />

==Nomenclature==
{{See also|Rickshaw#Etymology}}
The cycle rickshaw is known by a variety of other names, including:
* velotaxi (used in Germany)<ref>{{Citation|title=Velotaxi|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Velotaxi|work=The Free Dictionary|access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref>
* pussuss (used in parts of France)
* velotram (used in parts of France)
* bikecab
* cyclo (used in Vietnam and Cambodia)
* pedicab (used in the [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], and [[Canada]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is A Pedicab? - Pedicabs & The National Mall|url=https://sites.google.com/site/pubp715pedicabs/introduction|access-date=8 June 2021|website=sites.google.com}}</ref>
* bike taxi (used in [[Buffalo, New York]]){{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
* bicitaxi (used in [[Mexico]])
* taxi ecologico (used in [[Mexico]])
* trishaw
* beca (used in [[Malaysia]])
* becak (used in [[Indonesia]])
* helicak (used in [[Indonesia]]) it is another version of becak but with engines, not manual pedals
* traysikad, trisikad, sikad, or padyak (used in the [[Philippines]])

==Country overview==
Not only are cycle rickshaws used in Asian countries, but they are also used in some cities in Europe and North America. They are used primarily for their novelty value, as an entertaining form of transportation for tourists and locals, but they also have environmental benefits and may be quicker than other forms of transport if traffic congestion is high. Cycle rickshaws used outside Asia often are mechanically more complex, having multiple [[gear ratio|gears]], more powerful brakes, and in some cases [[Motorized bicycle|electrical motors]] to provide additional power.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

===Africa===
====Madagascar====
In [[Madagascar]] rickshaws, including cycle rickshaws or ''cyclo-pousse'', are a common form of transportation in a number of cities. Rickshaws are known as ''pousse-pousse'', meaning ''push-push'',<ref>{{cite book | title=Madagascar, Volume 15 of Cultures of the World Cultures of the World - Group 15 | publisher=Marshall Cavendish |first1=Jay |last1=Heale |author2=Zawiah Abdul Latif | year=2008 | pages=75–76 | isbn=978-0761430360 | edition=2}}</ref> reportedly for the pulled rickshaws that required a second person to push the vehicles up hills. Cycles are more common in the hillier areas, like [[Toamasina]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNax15GoPIkC&q=pousse-pousse&pg=PT59 | title=Madagascar Travel Guide | publisher=Lonely Planet | access-date=13 April 2013 | year=2012 | edition=7 | isbn=978-1743213018 }}</ref>

===Americas===
====Canada====
In Canada there are pedicabs in operation in [[Victoria, British Columbia]],<ref>{{ cite book | title=Vancouver and Victoria. 4th ed. | author=Ulysses Travel Editorial Staff, Ulysses Travel Guides | publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc | year=2003 | isbn=2894645171 }}</ref> and [[Vancouver, British Columbia]]. They are regulated in [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], and Vancouver, British Columbia.<ref>{{ cite web | title=Pedicabs, City of Vancouver | url=https://vancouver.ca/doing-business/pedicabs.aspx | publisher=City of Vancouver | access-date=13 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite news | title=Rickshaw owners back in driver's seat: Toronto rickshaws can now charge unlimited fares after a judge said City Hall's price limits were chosen on a "whim." | url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/toronto/story.html?id=dad7518a-21d5-42d4-8030-d3bae4be6841 | publisher=National Post, CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. (posted on Canada.com) | date=9 May 2007 | access-date=13 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513005700/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/toronto/story.html?id=dad7518a-21d5-42d4-8030-d3bae4be6841 | archive-date=13 May 2013 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref>

====Mexico====
{{See also|Rickshaws in Mexico City}}
In [[Mexico]], they are called {{Lang|es|bicitaxi}} or {{Lang|es|taxi ecologico}} (literally "ecological taxi").{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

====United States====
{{See also|Rickshaws in the United States}}
[[File:JaysPedicabAspen.png|thumb|upright|Jays Valet, Luxury Transportation & Pedicab Service in the 4th of July (Independence Day) Parade in Aspen, Colorado]]

In many major cities, pedicabs can be found rolling about city centers, nightlife districts, park lands, sports stadiums, and tourist-heavy areas. Myriad uses have been discovered in the states, including car-park-to-event transport at large events nationwide. Thousands of pedicabs today operate on streets in locales including Green Bay and Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Austin, Texas; Manhattan, New York; Chicago, Illinois; San Diego and San Francisco, California; Boston, Massachusetts; Miami, Florida; Washington, D.C.; Denver, Colorado; Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Washington; Charleston, South Carolina; New Orleans, Louisiana; Nashville, Tennessee; Phoenix, Arizona; Salt Lake City, Utah; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and dozens of other hot spots. Manhattan sports the largest collection of pedicabs operating within city limits, and the City of New York itself has mandated that approximately 850 pedicabs always sport operating permits issued by the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dca/html/licenses/131.shtml|title=New York City Department of Consumer Affairs - Pedicab Driver License|website=Nyc.gov|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709014051/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dca/html/licenses/131.shtml|archive-date=9 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Pedicabs in the United States seem to have gotten their start at the [[Century 21 Exposition|1962 World's Fair]] in [[Seattle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myballard.com/2011/11/07/ballard-remembers-the-1962-worlds-fair/|title=Ballard remembers the 1962 World's Fair|website=Myballard.com|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>

===Asia===
====Bangladesh====
[[File:Rickshaws Dhaka.jpg|thumb|upright|Cycle rickshaws in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]. The city is known as the Rickshaw Capital of the World.]]

Cycle rickshaws (রিকশা ''riksha'') are the most popular modes of transport in [[Bangladesh]] and are available for hire throughout the country including the capital city [[Dhaka]], known as the "Rickshaw Capital of the World".<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/2300179.stm | work=BBC News | first=Alastair | last=Lawson | title=Dhaka's beleaguered rickshaw wallahs | date=5 October 2002}}</ref> They are either pedal or motor-powered. They were introduced here about 1938 and by the end of the 20th century there were 300,000+ cycle rickshaws in Dhaka.<ref name="Edgerton pp. 46-47">{{cite book | title=The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History Since 1900 | publisher=Oxford University Press | first=David | last=Edgerton | year=2011 | pages=46–47 | isbn=978-0199832613}}</ref>

Approximately 400,000 cycle rickshaws run each day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/2300179.stm|title=Dhaka's beleaguered rickshaw wallahs|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=24 February 2009 | date=5 October 2002|first=Alastair|last=Lawson}}</ref> Cycle rickshaws in Bangladesh are also more convenient than the other public modes of transports in the country namely auto rickshaws, cabs and buses. They are mostly ''convertible'', decorated,<ref>RickshawArt.org [http://www.rickshawart.org ''Website of the social enterprise RickshawArt in Bangladesh.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422102750/http://www.rickshawart.org/ |date=22 April 2017 }} Dhaka.</ref> rickshaws with folding hoods and are the only kind of vehicles that can be driven in many neighbourhoods of the city with narrow streets and lanes. However, increasing traffic congestion and the resulting collisions have led to the banning of rickshaws on many major streets in the city. Urban employment in Bangladesh also largely depend on cycle rickshaws. Because of inflation and unemployment in the rural areas, people from villages crowd in the cities to become rickshaw drivers locally called the ''riksha-wala'' (রিকশাওয়ালা).{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

{{See also|Rickshaw art in Bangladesh}}

====Cambodia====
Cycle rickshaws are known as ''cyclo'' (pronounced see-clo) in [[Cambodia]], derived from the French {{Lang|fr|cyclo}}.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

====China====
[[File:A passenger tricycle at Xiyuan (20230526121029).jpg|thumb|upright|right|A cycle rickshaw at [[Xiyuan station (Beijing Subway)|Xiyuan]], Beijing, targeting at tourists from Summer Palace]]
[[File:Cycle rickshaw、Shenyang,自転車タクシー,中国、瀋陽 PA106988.JPG|thumb|upright|right|Cycle rickshaw in Shenyang]]

Since the 1950s, when the pulled rickshaw was phased out, mid-city and large city passengers may travel using three-wheeled pedicabs, or cycle rickshaws. The [[Chinese language|Chinese]] term for the conveyance is ''sanlunche'' (三轮车). The vehicles may be pedal- or motor-powered. In [[Shanghai]], most of the vehicles are powered by electricity.<ref name="Tiki China">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WM23qDdOGQC&pg=PT61 | title=China Travel Guide - Tiki Travel | publisher=FB Editions | pages=PT61 | isbn=9791021306523}}</ref>

Tourists are warned to beware of over-charging vendors, especially who wear an "old fashioned costume" or are located near tourist locations.<ref name="Tiki China" />

Whilst many local tourism authorities still issue licences for rickshaw drivers to carry passengers, authorities in China are tightening rules in order to alleviate cheating of tourists and to reduce traffic congestion (e.g. a typical Chinese cycle-rickshaw will travel at less than 10 {{Sfrac|km|h}} and is wide enough to fill an entire motor or bicycle lane and therefore are blamed as a major cause of traffic congestion), and have been banned in many cities already.<ref>{{cite web |title=广州这些区域禁止人力三轮车上道路行驶，6月11日起施行 |url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1766212670263278435&wfr=spider&for=pc |website=Baidu |publisher=光明网 |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref>

====India====
[[File:Cargorickshaw.jpg|thumb|upright|A cycle rickshaw carrying shoe boxes in [[Agra]]]]



The first attempt of improving the existing cycle rickshaws and then converting them to electric ones was done by the [[Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute]] in the late 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/sep252002/703.pdf|title=Electric and improved cycle rickshaw as a sustainable transport system for India|website=Iisc.ernet.in|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808223105/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/sep252002/703.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=====Service availability=====
Cycle rickshaws were used in Kolkata starting about 1930<ref name="Edgerton pp. 46-47" /> and are now common in rural and urban areas of India.<ref>{{cite book | title=Good Earth Varanasi City Guide | publisher=Eicher Goodearth Limited | year=1989 | pages=189 | isbn=8187780045 }}</ref>

=====Ecocabs and similar service=====
[[File:ECB1.jpg|thumb|upright|Traction Man on [[Fazilka]] Ecocab "Nano Model"]]

[[Navdeep Asija]] started a dial-a-cycle rickshaw concept known as Ecocabs,<ref name=Ecocabs>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecocabs.org/|title=Ecocabs|website=Ecocabs.org|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> Environmental friendly Ecocabs{{#tag:ref|In 2010, Ecocab service was introduced by the state governments of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] upon the orders of the Honorable Punjab and Haryana High Court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/ecocab-can-become-viable-and-ecofriendly-means-of-transport/612632/|title=Ecocab can become viable and eco-friendly means of transport|website=Expressindia.com|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015021450/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/ecocab-can-become-viable-and-ecofriendly-means-of-transport/612632/|archive-date=15 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>|group="nb"}} operate in the Punjab towns of [[Fazilka]],<ref name="IA With Ecocab" /> [[Amritsar]].<ref name="Tribune Amritsar" />{{#tag:ref|Ecocabs were introduced in Amritsar by the Punjab Heritage and Tourism Promotion Board in association with Graduates Welfare Association Fazilka (GWAF) and District Administration in [[Amritsar]]. Here in the Ecocabs<ref name="Tribune Amritsar">{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101016/aplus.htm#2|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Amritsar PLUS|website=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>|group="nb"}} [[Central Delhi]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref name=Ecocabs /> Passengers may call to request transport service, similar to dial-up taxi cab operations.<ref name="IA With Ecocab">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/with-ecocab-fazilka-shows-the-way/611194/|title=With Ecocab, Fazilka shows the way - Indian Express|website=Indianexpress.com|date=26 April 2010|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://carbusters.org/2010/03/18/fazilka-come-without-your-car/|title=Fazilka: Come Without Your Car – Carbusters|website=carbusters.org|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> {{#tag:ref|Named "Ecocabs", it is known locally as "Pushpak Sewa". the first modified light-weight low-floor rickshaw was introduced under the name ''Nano''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100405/bathinda.htm#9|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Bathinda Edition|website=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>|group="nb"}}

In November 2010, Patiala GreenCABS, similar to Ecocabs, were introduced in the city by the local [[non governmental organisation]] (NGO) the Patiala Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/topic/patiala-green-cabs|title=Patiala Green Cabs: Latest News, Photos, Videos on Patiala Green Cabs|website=NDTV.com|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>

=====Financing=====
In [[West Bengal]] the [[Rotaract|Rotaract Club]] of [[Serampore]] finances cycle rickshaw purchases so that unemployed people can begin their own rickshaw business. The loans are repaid from the workers' earnings. When paid in full, the rickshaw workers own their rickshaw and other unemployed individuals are entered into the program.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Rotaract rickshaws pedal ahead | journal=The Rotarian |date=April 1990 | pages=48 | publisher=Rotary International.}}</ref>

=====Soleckshaw=====
The Soleckshaw is a battery-electric assisted cycle rickshaw. The battery is designed to be charged or exchanged at centralised solar-powered charging stations. Developed by the [[Council of Scientific & Industrial Research]], it was launched in [[Delhi]] in October 2008.<ref name="Wired01" /><ref name="TOI Solar rickshaws">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Solar-rickshaws-to-power-green-city-dreams/articleshow/17347916.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209045729/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-24/bhubaneswar/35333213_1_rickshaw-pullers-solar-rickshaw-soleckshaw|url-status=live|archive-date=9 December 2012|title=Solar rickshaws to power green city dreams|date=24 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 April 2013 }}</ref> However, in September 2010 it was reported that no Soleckshaws had been sold on a commercial basis, and the approximately 30 demonstration units, initially deployed in Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Delhi, Dhanbad, Durgapur, Jaipur, and Kolkata, were "not in operation due to various local administrative and management problems", and the charging stations "are not being used at this point of time as the vehicles are not in operation at those locations".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/100289/csirs-solar-rickshaw-finds-no.html|title=Solar rickshaw finds no takers|website=Deccan Herald|date=28 September 2010|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>

The [[2010 Union budget of India]] had a concessional excise duty of 4% on solar cycle rickshaws.<ref name=TEDDY>{{cite book|title=TERI Energy Data Directory & Yearbook (TEDDY) 2010|publisher=TERI Press|page=403|date=2012|isbn=978-8179933930}}</ref>

====Indonesia====
Cycle rickshaws in Indonesia are called ''becak'' (pronounced {{IPA|ms|ˈbetʃaʔ|}}). They began being used in Jakarta about 1936.<ref name="Edgerton pp. 46-47" /> ''Becak'' were considered an icon of the capital city of Jakarta prior to its ban in the 1970s. Citing concerns of public order, the city government forbade them on the city's main streets. Scenes of the anti-''becak'' campaign appear in the 1971 Canadian film ''Wet Earth and Warm People'', a documentary by [[Michael Rubbo]].<ref>National Film Board of Canada, ''[https://www.nfb.ca/film/wet_earth_and_warm_people Wet Earth and Warm People]'', 1971</ref> Despite the attempts at eradication, however, many ''becak'' still operate near [[slum]]s throughout the city. Attempts at reinforcing the ban resulted in large-scale seizures of the vehicle in the late 1990s and in 2007.<ref>{{cite news | title = 'Becak' drivers challenge authorities over right to work | url = http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/07/06/becak039-drivers-challenge-authorities-over-right-work.html | work = [[The Jakarta Post]] | date = 6 July 2009 | access-date = 10 July 2010}}</ref> In 2018, Governor [[Anies Baswedan]] attempted to allow ''becak'' again because of a political contract with becak drivers during his campaign.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Amindoni|first1=Ayomi|title=Becak di Jakarta dan 'kontrak politik' Gubernur Anies Baswedan|url=http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-42813996|access-date=1 April 2018|work=BBC Indonesia|date=2018|language=id}}</ref>

There are two types of "becak" in Indonesia: the first type is the driver sitting behind the passenger (similar to Dutch-style [[cargo bike]]s), the other one which mainly found in Sumatra is the driver sitting beside the passenger. "Becak" is still being used in various part of Indonesia, especially in smaller cities and town.

====Malaysia====
[[File:National Museum KL 2008 (153).JPG|thumb|upright|''Beca'' from Parit Jawa, Muar, Johor, at the [[Muzium Negara]]]]

In [[Malaysia]], pedestrian-pulled [[Pulled rickshaw|rickshaws]] were gradually replaced by cycle rickshaws ({{Lang|ms|beca}} in [[Malay Language|Malay]], from [[Hokkien]] ''bé-chhia'' 馬車 "horse cart"). Cycle rickshaws were ubiquitous up to the 1970s in cities. Since then, rapid urbanisation has increased demand for more efficient public transport, resulting in dwindling cycle rickshaw numbers. Today, cycle rickshaws are operated mostly as a tourist attraction, with small numbers operating in [[Malacca]], [[Penang]], [[Kelantan]], and [[Terengganu]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

====Myanmar====
[[File:Cycle Rickshaw (29194653278).jpg|thumb|A cycle rickshaw in [[Yangon]]]]

In Myanmar, cycle rickshaws or trishaws ({{langx|my|ဆိုက်ကား|translit=saik kar}}, directly pronounced as in the English word 'side car') came first into wide use in 1938, when the [[1300 Revolution]], which originated from the [[Chauk|Chauk oil-field]] strike, inspired the people in [[Mandalay]] to have a consciousness of nationalism and to boycott British goods and services. The auto body technician Saya Nyo built the first trishaw in Mandalay by attaching a side-car to the side of an old bicycle.<ref>{{cite book |last= Ludu Daw Amar |author-link= Ludu Daw Amar |date= Nov 1993|title=ရတနာပုံ မန္တလေး၊ မန္တလေး၊ကျွန်မတို့ မန္တလေး |trans-title=Yadanabon Mandalay, Mandalay, Kyama do Mandalay|language=my |location= Mandalay|publisher= Ludu press & bookshop}}</ref> So two passengers are on the right of the driver.

Only two forms of transportation were then available in the city; the cab and the electric train. The latter could run only on {{convert|10|km|mi|0|abbr=off|spell=on|adj=on}} tracks. Trishaws could reach every nook and cranny, so the spirit of nationalism plus the advantage of trishaws reaching everywhere made them so popular among Mandalayans that even the train company had to stop its business.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.moi.gov.mm/npe/?q=article/16/12/2019/id-91294|title=ဓာတ်ရထားနှင့် ဆိုက်ကား |date=16 December 2019 |website= News and Periodical Enterprise |author= ဆူးငှက် |access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yangonlife.com.mm/en/article/myanmar-trishaw-01|title=Myanmar Trishaw|date=21 November 2019|website=Yangonlife|first=Crystal|last=Win|access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218142835/http://yangonlife.com.mm/en/article/myanmar-trishaw-01|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Nepal====
In the [[Terai]] region of [[Nepal]], cycle rickshaws are still the most popular means of public transport for short-distance commuting. Most big cities in the Terai have hundreds of cycle rickshaws that carry local commuters and travellers, and are also used for carrying goods. Since the Terai region is bordered with [[India]], cycle rickshaws are also popular means for shoppers, businessmen and travellers to travel in and out of the country freely. The free border between India and Nepal enable the rickshaw owners from both countries to operate across the border without any restriction.

However, in [[Hill Region|Hilly regions]] of Nepal, cycle rickshaws are primarily used to attract tourists who can relax and travel around the popular streets and markets at reasonable fares.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/nepal/Rickshaws-in-Nepal/334 |title=Rickshaws in Nepal | globerove.com |website=www.kwintessential.co.uk |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616012730/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/nepal/Rickshaws-in-Nepal/334 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/Nepal/Transportation-Nepal-Rickshaw-BR-1.html|title=VirtualTourist.com ceased operations|website=Virtualtourist.com|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref> Cycle rickshaws are particularly popular among tourists to roam around the popular streets and markets of [[Thamel]], [[Kathmandu]].

====Pakistan====
The cycle and [[pulled rickshaw]] were banned in [[Pakistan]] in November 1991.<ref name="news.google.com">{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19591104&id=e1pYAAAAIBAJ&pg=2852,691451|title=Lakeland Ledger - Google News Archive Search|website=News.google.com|access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref>

====Philippines====
{{See also|Motorized tricycle (Philippines)}}
[[File:Pedicab at Catarman, Northern Samar.JPG|thumb|upright|Passenger pedicab in [[Catarman, Northern Samar]]]]
[[File:Heavy tricycle transport.jpg|thumbnail|right|upright|''Traysikad'' used for cargo transport]]

In the Philippines, it is called a '''pedicab''', '''traysikad''', '''trisikad'''—or simply '''sikad''' or '''padyak''', from the Philippine word meaning to tramp or stamp one's feet. It is made by mounting a [[sidecar]] to a regular bicycle. They are used mainly to ferry passengers short distances along smaller, more residential streets, often to or from [[jeepney]]s or other [[public utility vehicle]]s. They are also used for transporting cargo too heavy to carry by hand and over a distance too short or roads too congested for motor transport, such as a live pig. During [[rainy seasons]], they are useful as a way to avoid walking through flood waters. Along with the [[jeepney]], the [[Motorized tricycle (Philippines)|motorcycle-powered tricycle]], and the engine-powered [[kuliglig]], the open-air pedicab provides shade when needed.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

====South Korea====
[[File:Artee Pedicab.jpg|thumb|Cycle rickhaw in Seoul, South Korea]]

The Korean term for cycle rickshaw is ''illyeokgeo'' (인력거), which can be pedal- or motor-powered, though most in South Korea are electric. While not commonly used as a primary mode of transportation, cycle rickshaws can still be found in certain areas like [[Bukchon Hanok Village]] in [[Seoul]], where they operate mainly for tourism purposes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2025/01/398_150678.html|title=Startups taking steps toward creative tourism|date=28 January 2014|website=The Korea Times}}</ref>

====Thailand====
[[File:Rickshaw Thailand.JPG|thumb|upright|Rickshaw, Thailand]]

In [[Thailand]], any three-wheeler is called {{Transliteration|th|samlor}} ({{langx|th|สามล้อ|lit=three wheels}}), whether motorised or not, including pedicabs, motorcycles with attached vending carts or [[sidecar]]s, etc. The driver is also called ''{{Transliteration|th|samlor}}''.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

====Vietnam====
[[File:Xich lô Saigon55.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A lady in a traditional [[Áo dài]] on an originally-designed xích lô, 1939]]
[[File:Xich lô 1976.jpg|thumb|upright|right|From 1976, cyclos of [[Ho Chi Minh City]] and other provinces are re-designed a higher carriage for both goods and passengers transport.]]
[[File:Xe Lôi.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Xe Lôi of the [[Mekong Delta]]]]

Cycle rickshaws are known as ''{{lang|vi|xích lô}}'' (pronounced sick-low, from the French ''{{lang|fr|cyclo}}'') in Vietnam. Cyclo was an invention of a French named P. Coupeaid, which was introduced in [[Cambodia]] and [[Saigon]] in 1939. From 2008 to 03/2012, due to the traffic obstruction, cyclos were totally forbidden in [[Ho Chi Minh City]] and other provinces, except cyclo tours organised by tourist agencies.<ref>Xích lô Sài Thành https://thanhnien.vn>Thời sự>Phóng sự/Điều Tra</ref> Another similar vehicle, a pedicab called ''xe lôi'' of the [[Mekong Delta]], are now rarely found in some provinces such as [[Sóc Trăng]], [[Vĩnh Long]], and [[Châu Đốc]]. They are on their way to disappear.<ref>Xe lôi ở Miền Nam Việt Nam - Hình ảnh Việt Nam xưa và nay. https://hinhanhvietnam.com>xe-loi-o-mien-nam-viet-nam</ref>

''[[Cyclo (film)|Cyclo]]'', a 1995 film about a cyclo driver, won the [[Golden Lion]] at the [[52nd Venice International Film Festival]].<ref name="Blum-Reid2003">{{cite book|last=Blum-Reid|first=Sylvie|title=East-West Encounters: Franco-Asian Cinema and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMrQFxR3jcYC&pg=PA166|year=2003|publisher=Wallflower Press|isbn=978-1-903364-67-3|page=166}}</ref>

Beyond their practical utility, [https://asialuyou.com/reminiscing-about-the-iconic-cyclos-on-the-streets-of-saigon/ cyclos held cultural significance in Saigon]. They appeared in literature, art, and cinema, becoming emblematic of the city's identity. From romantic rendezvous to everyday commutes, cyclos featured prominently in the daily lives of Saigonese residents.

Despite the challenges, efforts are underway to preserve the legacy of cyclo in Saigon. Some organizations are restoring vintage models, while others are promoting eco-friendly alternatives to traditional cyclos. These initiatives aim to celebrate the cultural heritage of these iconic vehicles and ensure their continued presence in the city.

===Europe===
Cycle rickshaws, also called pedicabs, are used in most large continental European cities.<ref name=MainStreet />

====Denmark====
[[File:Widok z opery.jpg|thumb|upright|Rickshaw in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 2014]]

[[Copenhagen]] and [[Odense]] have pedicab service.<ref name=MainStreet /><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4QjqJqi7A8C&pg=PT56 | title=Denmark Travel Adventures | publisher=Hunter Publishing, Inc | first=Elizabet | last=Olesen | year=2011 | pages=PT56 | isbn=978-1588437075}}</ref>

====Finland====
Cycle rickshaws are available for rent at [[Kaivopuisto]] in [[Helsinki]]. The rental company brought the vehicles from the city of [[Lappeenranta]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://riksavuokraus.fi/index.html|title=Riksan vuokrausta Helsingissä|website=Riksavuokraus.fi|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021102648/http://riksavuokraus.fi/index.html|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====France====
Most French cities have one or more pedicabs, locally known as PussPuss or VeloTaxi. Most common in [[Paris]], [[Nantes]], [[Lyon]], [[Montpellier]] and [[Valence, Drôme|Valence]], these cities operate one or more units. France have pedicab vendors.<ref name=MainStreet />

====Germany====
[[File:Rickshaw Hamburg.JPG|thumb|upright|A ''Velotaxi'' cycle rickshaw in [[Hamburg]], Germany]]

[[Lake Constance]],<ref name=MainStreet /> [[Berlin]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Dresden]], and [[Hamburg]] offer cycle rickshaw, also called pedicab, service.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

=====Velotaxi=====
In the 1990s, German-made cycle rickshaws called velotaxis were created. They are about 1/3 to 1/2 the cost of regular taxis. Velotaxis are three-wheeled vehicles with a "space-age lightweight plastic cab that is open on both sides", a space for a driver, and behind the driver, space for two passengers.<ref name="De Mente p. 95-96">{{cite book | title=The Bizarre and the Wondrous from the Land of the Rising Sun! | publisher=Cultural-Insight Books | author=Boye De Mente | year=2010 | isbn=978-1456424756 | editor=Demetra De Ment | pages=95–96 }}</ref> They have been made in [[Berlin]], Germany, by Ludger Matuszewski, the founder of "Velotaxi GmbH" company. Velotaxis are often used for group functions like weddings. Under German traffic laws, transporting people on bicycles was forbidden.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

=====Electric-assist pedicabs=====
Berlin's Senate, police, and taxi associations finally agreed that the "cult-flitzer" could be integrated into the city's traffic flow. Germany's highest court later ruled that transporting people on bikes was legal. It is a modern and newly designed pedicab (CityCruiser) with a 500-watt electric assist motor. Although these electric-assist pedicabs were engineered in Germany they are manufactured in the [[Czech Republic]] and some clones are now also produced in China. The Chinese clone can be purchased for about 3,000 [[United States dollar|US dollars]]; the German original is around 6,000 US dollars (the newest version, 9000+ [[euro|€]]). The batteries last about 4 hours with a full charge. As with a few recumbent and semi-recumbent designs, some drivers may suffer with knee and joint pain due to the weight of the vehicle (145 kg).{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

====Hungary====
Pedicab service is available in [[Budapest]].<ref name=MainStreet />

====Ireland====
[[File:Cycle rickshaw on O'Connell Street, Dublin.JPG|thumb|Cycle rickshaw in Dublin]]

Pedicabs operate in [[Cork (city)|Cork]] and [[Dublin]], Ireland.<ref name=MainStreet>{{cite web | url=http://www.pedicab.com/pedicab-operators.html | title=Main Street Pedicab Operators | publisher=Main Street Pedicabs | access-date=13 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405040443/http://www.pedicab.com/pedicab-operators.html | archive-date=5 April 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>{{#tag:ref|In 1994, a wine-club owner named B. McDonald started Pedicabs Ireland with twelve imported pedicab rickshaws. Sponsored pedicabs on the streets of [[Dublin]] give free rides to passengers, as the revenue generated from the advertisements on these pedicabs gives a wage to the drivers. Yellow pedicabs are available in [[Galway]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}|group="nb"}}

====Italy====
Pedicab service is available in [[Florence]], [[Milan]],<ref name=MainStreet /> [[Rome]],{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} Bari.

====The Netherlands====
Pedicab service is available in [[Amsterdam]], [[The Hague]] and in the [[Caribbean]], at [[Willemstad]].<ref name=MainStreet /><ref>{{ cite web | url=https://www.amsterdam.info/transport/bike-taxi/ | title=Bike taxi | publisher=Amsterdam Tourism & Convention Board | access-date=13 April 2013 }}</ref>

Thomas Lundy of Amsterdam adapted his battery-electric assisted cycle rickshaw to become what he terms "semi-solar powered", resulting in a video report on [[Reuters]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gruber|first=Ben|date=17 October 2011|url=https://www.reuters.com/video/2011/10/17/amsterdam-rickshaw-driver-sees-the-light?videoId=223547848&videoChannel=6|title=Amsterdam rickshaw driver sees the light|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018061446/https://www.reuters.com/video/2011/10/17/amsterdam-rickshaw-driver-sees-the-light?videoId=223547848&videoChannel=6|archive-date=18 October 2011|url-status=dead|type=video|access-date=9 November 2023|website=Reuters.com}} (click on transcript to read)</ref>

====Norway====
[[File:Velotaxitonsberg.jpg|thumbnail|upright|A ''velotaxi'' operating in [[Tønsberg]], Norway]]

Pedicab service is available in [[Oslo]],<ref name=MainStreet /> [[Fredrikstad]], [[Bergen]], [[Porsgrunn]], and [[Tønsberg]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.velotaxi.no/ |title=Velotaxi.no - Velotaxi | Hjem |access-date=4 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828032738/http://www.velotaxi.no/ |archive-date=28 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Poland====
[[File:Warsaw 1944 by Bałuk - 26204.jpg|thumb|upright|Cycle rickshaws in Warsaw during [[World War II]]]]

During [[World War II]], when [[Poland]] was under [[Nazi]] German occupation, the German authorities confiscated most privately owned cars and many of the [[streetcar]]s and [[bus]]es. Because of that, [[public transport]] was partially replaced by cycle rickshaws, at first improvised and with time mass-produced by bicycle factories. Cycle rickshaws became popular in [[Warsaw]] and by the start of the [[Warsaw Uprising]] were a common sight on the city's streets.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

Pedicabs still can be found in most large cities in Poland from [[Łódź]] to [[Warsaw]].

====Spain====
[[Alicante]], [[Barcelona]], [[Zaragoza]], [[Málaga]], [[San Sebastián|San Sebastian]], and [[Seville]] have pedicab service.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://suite101.net/article/la-moda-del-bicitaxi-el-transporte-de-la-gran-ciudad-a17371 |title=La moda del bicitaxi, el transporte de la gran ciudad - Suite 101 |access-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218131825/http://suite101.net/article/la-moda-del-bicitaxi-el-transporte-de-la-gran-ciudad-a17371 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
Cycle rickshaws operate in central London, including [[Soho]],<ref name="Edgerton pp. 46-47" /> [[Piccadilly]], [[Leicester Square]], and [[Covent Garden]]. [[Pedal Me]] is a pedicab company using electric cargo bikes to transport passengers and cargo across Central and Inner London. In 2024, [[Transport for London]] was given powers to regulate pedicabs, including fare control, vehicle standards and driver licensing.<ref>{{cite web |title=New rules to put the brakes on nuisance pedicabs |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-rules-to-put-the-brakes-on-nuisance-pedicabs |website=GOV.UK |access-date=29 January 2025 |language=en |date=26 March 2024}}</ref>

Rickshaws and pedicabs are found in the centre of Edinburgh where vendors are hired like taxis and provide tours.<ref>{{cite book | title=Frommer's Scotland |first1=Lesley Anne |last1=Rose |first2=Michael |last2=Macaroon |first3=Vivienne |last3=Crow | edition =12 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year=2012 | isbn=978-1119992769 }}</ref> Pedicabs and their variants are also available in [[Oxford]].<ref name=MainStreet />

==Economic, social and political aspects==

===Economics===
[[File:三轮车.JPG|thumb|upright|right|Modern cycle rickshaw in Beijing Street]]
In many Asian cities where they are widely used, cycle rickshaw driving provides essential employment for recent [[immigration|immigrants]] from rural areas, generally impoverished men. One study in [[Bangladesh]] showed that cycle rickshaw driving was connected with some increases in income for poor agricultural labourers who moved to urban areas, but that the extreme physical demands of the job meant that these benefits decreased for long-term drivers.<ref name="begum2005">Begum, Sharifa and Binayak Sen (2005). Pulling rickshaws in the city of [[Dhaka]]: a way out of poverty? ''Environment and Urbanization'' 17(2):11-25.</ref> In [[Jakarta]], most cycle rickshaw drivers in the 1980s were former [[landlessness|landless]] agricultural labourers from rural areas of [[Java (island)|Java]].<ref name="azuma2003">Azuma, Yoshifumi (2003). ''Urban peasants: beca drivers in Jakarta''. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.</ref>

In 2003, Dhaka cycle rickshaw drivers earned an estimated average of [[Bangladeshi taka|Tk]] 143 ([[United States dollar|US$]]2.38) per day, of which they paid about Tk 50 (US$0.80) to rent the cycle rickshaw for a day. Older, long-term drivers earned substantially less.<ref name="begum2005"/> A 1988–89 survey found that Jakarta drivers earned a daily average of [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp.]] 2722 (US$1.57).<ref name="azuma2003"/> These wages, while widely considered very low for such physically demanding work, do in some situations compare favourably to jobs available to unskilled workers.<ref name="gallagher1992">Gallagher, Rob (1992). ''The rickshaws of Bangladesh''. Dhaka: The University Press Limited.</ref>

In many cities, most drivers do not own their own cycle rickshaws; instead, they rent them from their owners, some of whom own many cycle rickshaws. Driver-ownership rates vary widely. In [[Delhi]], a 1980 study found only one per cent of drivers owned their vehicles, but ownership rates in several other Indian cities were much higher, including fifteen per cent in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and twenty-two per cent in [[Faridabad]]. A 1977 study in [[Chiang Mai]], Thailand found that 44% of cycle rickshaw drivers were owners. In Bangladesh, driver-ownership is usually highest in rural areas and lowest in the larger cities. Most cycle rickshaws in that country are owned by individuals who have only one or two of them, but some owners in the largest cities own several hundred.<ref name="gallagher1992"/>

===Social aspects===
In 2012 [[Ole Kassow (social entrepreneur)|Ole Kassow]], a resident of [[Copenhagen (Denmark)|Copenhagen]], wanted to help the elderly get back on their bicycles, but he had to find a solution to their limited mobility. The answer was a cycle rickshaw, and he started offering free cycle rickshaw rides to residents of a nearby [[Nursing home care|nursing home]]. He then got in touch with a civil society consultant at the City of Copenhagen, Dorthe Pedersen, who was intrigued by the idea, and together they bought five cycle rickshaws and launched an organisation called [[Cycling Without Age]], which has now spread to all corners of Denmark, and since 2015 to another 50 countries around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cyclingwithoutage.org/about/|title=About - Cycling Without Age|website=Cyclingwithoutage.org|access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>

===Legislation===
Some countries and cities have banned or restricted cycle rickshaws. They are often prohibited in [[traffic congestion|congested areas]] of major cities. For example, they were banned in [[Bangkok]] in the mid-1960s as not fitting the modern image of the city being promoted by the government.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} In Dhaka and Jakarta, they are no longer permitted on major roads, but are still used to provide transportation within individual urban neighbourhoods.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} They are banned entirely in [[Pakistan]].<ref name="news.google.com"/> While they have been criticised for causing congestion, cycle rickshaws are also often hailed as environmentally-friendly, inexpensive modes of transportation.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

In Taiwan, the Road Traffic Security Rules require pedicabs to be registered by their owners with the police before they can be legally driven on public roads, or risk an administrative fine of 300 [[new Taiwan dollar]]s (TWD). Their drivers must carry the police registration documents or risk a fine of 180 TWD, but no driver licence is required. The administrative fines are based on Articles 69 and 71 of the Act Governing the Punishment of Violation of Road traffic Regulations. As Taiwanese road traffic is now heavily motorised, most pedicabs have been replaced by [[taxicab]]s, but they can still be found at limited places, such as Cijin District of [[Kaohsiung City]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

Electric-assist pedicabs were banned in New York City in January 2008; the city council decided to allow pedicabs propelled only by muscle power.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} The city of [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], Canada, has decided not to issue permits to electric-assist pedicabs.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

==Arts==
[[File:Rickshaw back decoration.jpg|thumb|Decoration of a cycle rickshaw in Dhaka]]
As a key part of the urban landscape in many cities, cycle rickshaws have been the subject of films and other artwork, as well as being extensively decorated themselves. The cycle rickshaw in Dhaka is especially well known as a major medium for Bengali folk art, as [[plasticine]] cutouts and handpainted figures adorn many cycle rickshaws.<ref>Kirkpatrick, Joanna. (2003) ''Transports of Delight: The Ricksha Arts of Bangladesh''. Indiana University Press. Multimedia CDROM.</ref>

Films featuring cycle rickshaws and their drivers include [[Kickboxer (film)|Kickboxer]] and [[Sammo Hung]]'s 1989 [[martial arts film]] ''[[Pedicab Driver]]'', which dealt with a group of pedicab drivers and their problems with romance and organised crime. ''[[Cyclo (film)|Cyclo]]'', a 1995 film by [[Vietnam]]ese director [[Tran Anh Hung]], is centered on a cycle rickshaw driver. [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]] films with cycle rickshaw themes include ''Orey Rickshaw'' ("Orey" literally means "Hey", in a derogatory tone), which tells a story sympathising with the downtrodden, and ''Rickshavodu'' ("Rickshaw Guy").{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

==Gallery==
{{Commons category|Cycle rickshaws}}
<gallery widths="180px" heights="180px">
File:BECA (17).JPG|An extensively decorated trishaw in Melaka
File:Singapore Raffles Hall trishaw.jpg|A trishaw and rider at the [[Raffles Hotel]] in [[Singapore]]
File:A rickshaw puller in bangladesh.jpg|A Cycle rickshaw puller in [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh
File:Indonesia bike5.JPG|A ''becak'' and its driver wait for a fare in [[Bandung]], Indonesia
File:Trishaws in downtown Singapore - 20060529.jpg|Trishaws are used to ferry [[tourist]]s around the city for sightseeing in [[Singapore]]
File:Cincinnati Rickshaw.jpg|Cycle Rickshaw in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio
File:Rickshaws Dhaka.jpg|Cycle rickshaws in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
File:Rickshaw Parking at Dhaka (9601873282).jpg|Cycle rickshaw parking in Bangladesh
File:Rickshaw Phnom Penh.JPG|A cycle rickshaw driver in [[Phnom Penh]], Cambodia
File:Taiwan road sign Art073.09.png|Taiwanese Prohibitory Sign P9: No Pedicabs
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Boda boda]] (bicycle taxi)
* [[Party bike]]
* [[Tandem bicycle]]
* [[Trailer bike]]
* [[Utility cycling]]
* [[Rickshaw art]]
* [[George Bliss (pedicab designer)]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|trishaw}}
* [http://www.peterloud.co.uk/photos/Indonesia/Yogya/Becak/Yogya_Becak.html Becak Yogya]

{{Public transport}}
{{Human-powered vehicles}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cycle types]]
[[Category:Vehicles for hire]]
[[Category:Taxi vehicles]]
[[Category:Rickshaws]]

Brahmapur railway station

2026-01-03T19:24:41Z

Swap72:

{{Short description|Railway station in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Brahmapur
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Popularity]] [[rail transport|rail]] and [[A Grade]] [[railway station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Brahmapur renewed.jpg
| image_caption = Brahmapur station main entrance
| address = [[Berhampur|Brahmapur]], [[Odisha]], PIN-760001
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.2966|N|84.7968|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| elevation = {{convert|43|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| other = Taxi stand, Auto stand, Bus stand, Availability of wheel chair system& High-speed Rail wire WiFi system provided by RailTel (Govt.of India)
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| platform = 4
| tracks = 5
| line = [[Howrah-Chennai main line]], [[Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section]]
| parking = Available
| opened = {{start date and age|1896}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BAM
| zone = [[East Coast Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Khurda Road}}
}}
| classification = Non-Suburban Grade-2 (NSG-2)
| status = {{color|green|Functioning}}
| former = [[East Coast State Railway]], [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Odisha#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in Odisha##Location in India
| passengers = 11958+
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Coast Railway zone|left=Jagannathpur|right=Golanthra|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Chennai Central|type=[[Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section]] of [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]}}
}}
{{ Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section|collapse=y}}

'''Brahmapur railway station''' is a major and the oldest railway station in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. [[Berhampur|Brahmapur]] well known as “The Silk City", is a city on the eastern coastline of the state of Odisha. Brahmapur Railway Station is one of the oldest Railway Station and it is administered under [[Khurda Road railway division]] of [[East Coast Railway zone]]. This station is classified as ''Non-Suburban Grade-2 (NSG-2)'' Category Station earlier categorized as ‘A’ category station. An average foot fall of 12,000 nos. are dealt here on daily basis. It is one of the major hub for Education & Business (food and garment) and railway provide hassle-free connectivity to this place. Brahmapur is famous for its tourist attraction. [[Tara Tarini]] an ancient Shakti peetha, Breast shrine of Adi Shakti and one amongst the 4 major Shakti Peeethas in India is 25 km from the city. In addition, the world famous [[Gopalpur-on-Sea]] sea beach, [[Bhairabi]] & MahuriKalia temples, and Tampara lake are around 10km from the city. The famous [[Chilika]] Lake at Rambha and [[Taptapani]] Hot Springs are around 45 km from the city. It is silk city so silk products are cheap and readily available. This place is also famous for a variety of pickles, mixtures and papad.

==History==
During the period of 1893 to 1896, ({{convert|1287|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of [[East Coast State Railway]]) this historic Brahmapur station was built and opened to traffic in 1896. [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]'s line to Brahmapur (Berhampur) was opened on 1 January 1899.<ref name=ser>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 |title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway |publisher=South Eastern Railway |access-date=2013-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archive-date= 1 April 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

The {{convert|514|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long northern section of the South Eastern Railway was merged with BNR in 1902.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261 | title = History | publisher = East Coast Railway | access-date = 2013-01-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110131114416/http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C261# | archive-date = 31 January 2011 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==Railway reorganization==
The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] was nationalized in 1944.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title = IR History: Part - III (1900–1947)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-21}}</ref>[[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] was formed on 14 April 1952 with the portion of [[East Indian Railway Company]] east of [[Mughalsarai]] and the Bengal Nagpur Railway.<ref name=zones>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-21 }}</ref> In 1955, [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] was carved out of Eastern Railway. It comprised lines mostly operated by BNR earlier.<ref name=zones/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html |title = IR History: Part - IV (1947–1970)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-21 }}</ref> Amongst the new zones started in April 2003 were [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] and [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]]. Both these railways were carved out of South Eastern Railway.<ref name=zones/>

== Accessibility ==
* Distance from City Bus Stand {{convert|3|km}}
* Distance from New Bus Stand(Haldiapadar) {{convert|5|km}}
* Distance from MKCG Hospital {{convert|3|km}}
* Distance from Berhampur University {{convert|11|km}}
* Distance from Army AD College {{convert|14|km}}
* Distance from Gopalpur Sea Beach {{convert|16|km}}
* Distance from Sonapur Sea Beach {{convert|31|km}}
* Distance from Khallikote University{{convert|1.5|km}}
* Distance from Tampara Lake {{convert|25|km}}

The nearest international airport is [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]] (172 km)

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px">
File:New Entrance Brahmapur.JPG|Newly inaugurated entrance and booking office
File:Brahmapur_Railway_Station_Early_Morning_2015.jpg| Early morning at Brahmapur railway station
File:Brahmapur Station Rainy Day.JPG| Brahmapur railway station on a rainy day
File:Brahmapur Railway Station Entrance.jpg| Railway station at dusk
File:Platform RainyDay.JPG| View from foot overbridge on a rainy day
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|India|Railways|Transport}}
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/brahmapur-bam/224 Trains at Brahmapur]
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Brahmapur}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Gopalpur-on-sea}}

{{Railway stations in Odisha}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Ganjam district]]
[[Category:Khurda Road railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1896]]
[[Category:Berhampur]]

Bhimanna T. Naik

2025-12-15T16:50:32Z

Swap72: made new data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Bhimanna Tirkappa Naik''' (born 1959) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Sirsi Assembly constituency]] in [[Uttara Kannada district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhimanna T Naik in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/bhimanna-t-naik-sirsi-candidate-s10a080c009/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Naik is from Sirsi. His father Tirkappa Naik is a farmer. He passed Class 5 and discontinued his studies while in Class 7 at Higher Primary School, Bisalakoppa, Sirsi, in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhimanna Tirkappa Naik(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SIRSI(UTTARA KANNADA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=http://www.myneta.info/karnataka2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=6563 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Naik won from [[Sirsi Assembly constituency]] representing Indian National Congress in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 76,887 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 8,712 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-election-results-2023-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Sirsi">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Sirsi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1080.htm?ac=80 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425174514/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1080.htm?ac=80 |archive-date=25 April 2025 |access-date=25 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> Earlier, he lost the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] losing to Bharatiya Janata Party's Kageri Vishweshwar Hegde, by a margin of 17,461 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Sirsi Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/sirsi-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99017479.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2024-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Bhimanna T.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}