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Sitamarhi, Nawada

2023-10-04T18:10:56Z

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{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Sitamarhi Nawada|native_name=सीतामढ़ी नवादा|deity=Maa Sita|location=Sitamarhi Meskaur|district=Nawada|state=Bihar|country=India|map_type=India Bihar|image=Sitamarhi, Nawada.jpg}}
'''Sitamarhi''' is a village located in the Meskaur block of [[Nawada district]], [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार: ऐसा अनोखा गांव, जहां हर जाति के लिए है अलग-अलग मंदिर |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-nawada-village-of-bihar-has-different-temple-on-the-basis-on-caste-1685530.html |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> Unique village of [[Bihar]]- where every caste has its own separate temple.

== Temples ==
Each caste has a separate temple:<ref>{{Cite web |title=P.S – Sitamarhi {{!}} District Administration, Nawada {{!}} India |url=https://nawada.nic.in/public-utility/ps-sitamarhi/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

* Chauhan Thakurbari - [[Chauhan (caste)|Chauhan]] [[Lonia|Nonia]] caste<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaiya |first=Ravindra Nath |date=2018-12-07 |title=नवादा की सीतामढ़ी |url=https://swatvasamachar.com/sanskriti/nawada-ki-sitamadhi/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Swatva Samachar |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Kabir Math Temple - Ravidas caste<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/nawada/news/memories-of-mother-sitas-exile-are-associated-with-every-village-of-sitamarhi-130654527.html|title=पहल: सीतामढ़ी के गांव-गांव से जुड़ी हैं मां सीता के निर्वासन की स्मृतियां|date=December 8, 2022|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>
* Rajvanshi Thakurbari - Rajwar caste
* Jarasandh Temple - Chandravanshi Kahar caste,
* Balmiki Temple - Mahto Koeri caste
* Narhari Vishwakarma Temple - Sonar caste
* Shiv Temple - Chaudhary Pasi caste
* Yadav Thakurbari - Yadav Gwala caste
* Bhumihar Thakurbari - [[Bhumihar|Bhumihar Brahmin]] caste
* Shabari Temple [[Dashrath Manjhi]] Smriti - Manjhi Musahar caste

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Nawada district]]

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Pandora's box

2023-07-03T00:02:21Z

Swaggerdeevs: Greek mythological artifact

{{short description|Greek mythological artifact}}
{{about|the mythological artifact||Pandora's box (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Lawrence Alma-Tadema 10.jpeg|thumb|[[Lawrence Alma-Tadema]]'s water-colour of an ambivalent Pandora, 1881]]
[[File:Pithos Louvre CA4523.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|A ''[[pithos]]'' from [[Crete]], c. 675 BC. [[Louvre]]]]

'''Pandora's box''' is an artifact in [[Greek mythology]] connected with the myth of [[Pandora]] in [[Hesiod]]'s c. 700 B.C. poem ''[[Works and Days]]''.<ref>Hesiod, ''Works and Days''. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0132%3Acard%3D42 47ff.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225095126/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0132%3Acard%3D42 |date=2021-02-25 }}</ref> Hesiod related that curiosity led her to open a [[container]] left in the care of her husband, thus releasing [[curse]]s upon mankind. Later depictions of the story have been varied, with some literary and artistic treatments focusing more on the contents than on Pandora herself.

The container mentioned in the original account was actually a large storage [[jar]], but the word was later mistranslated. In modern times an idiom has grown from the story meaning "Any source of great and unexpected troubles",<ref>''Chambers Dictionary'', 1998</ref> or alternatively "A present which seems valuable but which in reality is a curse".<ref>''Brewer's Concise Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'', 1992</ref>

==In mythology==
{{main|Pandora}}
According to Hesiod, when [[Prometheus]] stole fire from heaven, [[Zeus]], the king of the gods, took vengeance by presenting Pandora to Prometheus' brother [[Epimetheus]]. Pandora opened a jar left in her care containing sickness, death and many other unspecified evils which were then released into the world.<ref name=hesiod>Cf. Hesiod, ''[[Works and Days]]'', (90). "For ere this the tribes of men lived on earth remote and free from ills and hard toil and heavy sicknesses which bring the Fates upon men ... Only Hope remained there in an unbreakable home within under the rim of the great jar, and did not fly out at the door; for ere that, the lid of the jar stopped her, by the will of Aegis-holding Zeus who gathers the clouds. But the rest, countless plagues, wander amongst men; for earth is full of evils and the sea is full. Of themselves diseases come upon men continually by day and by night, bringing mischief to mortals silently; for wise Zeus took away speech from them."</ref> Though she hastened to close the container, only one thing was left behind – usually translated as [[Elpis (mythology)|Hope]], though it could also have the pessimistic meaning of "deceptive expectation".<ref name=brill>''Brill's Companion to Hesiod'', Leiden NL 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R4MtDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22pandora%22++hope+means+deceptive+expectations&pg=PA77 p.77] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105944/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R4MtDgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA77&ots=7laQtz7z8i&dq=%22pandora%22%20%20hope%20means%20deceptive%20expectations&pg=PA77#v=onepage&q=%22pandora%22%20%20hope%20means%20deceptive%20expectations&f=false |date=2023-01-02 }}</ref>

From this story has grown the idiom "to open a Pandora's box", meaning to do or start something that will cause many unforeseen problems.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/open-a-pandora-s-box |title=''Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English'' |access-date=2018-01-16 |archive-date=2019-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422015103/https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/open-a-pandora-s-box |url-status=live }}</ref> A modern, more colloquial equivalent is "to open a [[wikt:can of worms|can of worms]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Ammer |first=Christine |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms, Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_LxuR1jMVgC&pg=PA342 |year=2013 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-547-67658-6 |page=342}}</ref>
[[File:Wedding procession pyxis BM GR1920.12-21.1 by Marley Painter.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|An Attic ''[[Pyxis (pottery)|pyxis]]'', 440–430 BC. British Museum|alt=]]

==Etymology of the "box"==

The word translated as "box" was actually a large jar (πίθος ''[[pithos]]'') in Greek.<ref>Schlegel and Weinfield, "Introduction to Hesiod" [https://books.google.com/books?id=R6GqYRhaCCAC&pg=PA6 p. 6]</ref><ref>Meagher 2314, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vBDfKCyC2LMC&pg=PA148 p. 148]</ref> Pithoi were used for storage of wine, oil, grain or other provisions, or, ritually, as a container for a human body for burying, from which it was believed souls escaped and necessarily returned.<ref>Cf. Harrison, Jane Ellen, ''Prolegomena to the Study of Greek history'', Chapter II, "The Pithoigia", pp.42-43. Cf. also Figure 7 which shows an ancient Greek pot painting in the University of Jena where Hermes is presiding over a body in a pithos buried in the ground. "In the vase painting in fig.7 from a lekythos in the University Museum of Jena we see a Pithoigia of quite other and solemn booty. A large pithos is sunk deep into the ground. It has served as a grave. ... The vase-painting in fig. 7 must not be regarded as an actual conscious representation of the rupent rite performed on the first day of the Anthesteria. It is more general in content; it is in fact simply a representation of ideas familiar to every Greek, that the pithos was a grave-jar, that from such grave-jars souls escaped and to them necessarily returned, and that Hermes was ''Psychopompos'', Evoker and Revoker of souls. The vase-painting is in fact only another form of the scene so often represented on Athenian white ''lekythoi'', in which the souls flutter round the grave-stele. The grave-jar is but the earlier form of sepulture; the little winged figures, the Keres, are identical in both classes of vase-painting."</ref> Many scholars see a close analogy between Pandora herself, who was made from clay, and the clay jar which dispenses evils.<ref>Cf. Jenifer Neils 2005, p.41 especially: "They ignore, however, Hesiod's description of Pandora's ''pithos'' as ''arrektoisi'' or unbreakable. This adjective, which is usually applied to objects of metal, such as gold fetters and hobbles in Homer (''Il. 13.37, 15.20''), would strongly imply that the jar is made of metal rather than earthenware, which is obviously capable of being broken."</ref>

The mistranslation of ''pithos'' is usually attributed to the 16th-century humanist [[Erasmus]] who, in his Latin account of the story of Pandora, changed the Greek ''pithos'' to ''[[Pyxis (vessel)|pyxis]]'', meaning "box".<ref>Meagher 1995, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vBDfKCyC2LMC&pg=PA56 p. 56]. In his notes to Hesiod's ''Works and Days'' (p.168) M.L. West has surmised that Erasmus may have confused the story of Pandora with that found elsewhere of a box which was opened by [[Eros and Psyche|Psyche]].</ref> The context in which the story appeared was Erasmus' collection of proverbs, the ''[[Adagia]]'' (1508), in illustration of the Latin saying ''Malo accepto stultus sapit'' (from experiencing trouble a fool is made wise). In his version the box is opened by [[Epimetheus (mythology)|Epimetheus]], whose name means 'Afterthought' – or as Hesiod comments, "he whom mistakes made wise".<ref>William Watson Baker, ''The Adages of Erasmus'', University of Toronto 2001, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VmJn6IFMyicC&q=Malo%20accepto&pg=PA32 1 i 31, p.32]</ref>

===Different versions of the container===
<gallery>
File:Pandora (Louvre, RF 2016-4).jpg|[[Nicolò dell'Abate]], 1555
File:"Пандора" 1801г. фото №2.jpg|Russian fountain, 1801
File:Pandora opening her box by James Gillray.jpg|[[James Gillray]] political cartoon, 1809
File:John Gibson-Pandora-Victoria and Albert Museum-2.jpg|''Pandora'' by [[John Gibson (sculptor)|John Gibson]], 1899
File:Pandora - John William Waterhouse.jpg|[[John William Waterhouse]], 1896
</gallery>

==Contents==
There were alternative accounts of jars or urns containing blessings and evils bestowed upon humanity in Greek myth, of which a very early account is related in [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'':
<blockquote>On the floor of Jove's palace there stand two urns, the one filled with evil gifts, and the other with good ones. He for whom Jove the lord of thunder mixes the gifts he sends, will meet now with good and now with evil fortune; but he to whom Jove sends none but evil gifts will be pointed at by the finger of scorn, the hand of famine will pursue him to the ends of the world, and he will go up and down the face of the earth, respected neither by gods nor men.<ref>Iliad, [http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.24.xxiv.html 24:527ff] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202224915/http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.24.xxiv.html |date=2020-02-02 }}</ref></blockquote>

In a major departure from Hesiod, the 6th-century BC Greek [[elegiac]] poet [[Theognis of Megara]] states that
<blockquote><poem>
Hope is the only good god remaining among mankind;
the others have left and gone to [[Mount Olympus|Olympus]].
Trust, a mighty god has gone, Restraint has gone from men,
and the [[Graces]], my friend, have abandoned the earth.
Men's judicial oaths are no longer to be trusted, nor does anyone
revere the immortal gods; the race of pious men has perished and
men no longer recognize the rules of conduct or acts of piety.<ref>Theognis, 1135ff.</ref></poem></blockquote>

[[File:Epimetheus opening Pandora's box MET DP812748.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|[[Giulio Bonasone]]'s 16th century engraving of Epimetheus opening the fatal jar]]
The poem seems to hint at a myth in which the jar contained blessings rather than evils. It is confirmed in the new era by an [[Aesop's Fables|Aesopic]] fable recorded by [[Babrius]], in which the gods send the jar containing blessings to humans. Rather than a named female, it was a generic "foolish man" (ἀκρατὴς ἄνθρωπος) who opened the jar out of curiosity and let them escape. Once the lid was replaced, only hope remained, "promising that she will bestow on each of us the good things that have gone away." This [[Aetiology|aetiological]] version is numbered 312 in the [[Perry Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/perry/312.htm |title=Aesopica |access-date=2018-04-12 |archive-date=2018-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205190538/http://www.mythfolklore.net/aesopica/perry/312.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the Renaissance, the story of the jar was revisited by two immensely influential writers, [[Andrea Alciato]] in his [[Emblem book|''Emblemata'']] (1534) and the [[Neo-Latin]] poet [[Gabriele Faerno]] in his collection of a hundred fables (''Fabulum Centum'', 1563). Alciato only alluded to the story while depicting the goddess Hope seated on a jar in which, she declares, "I alone stayed behind at home when evils fluttered all around, as the revered muse of the old poet [Hesiod] has told you".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/alciato/emblem.php?id=A50a044 |title=''In simulachrum spei'' |access-date=2018-04-12 |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506040633/https://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/alciato/emblem.php?id=A50a044 |url-status=live }}</ref> Faerno's short poem also addressed the origin of hope but in this case it is the remainder of the "universal blessings" (''bona universa'') that have escaped: "Of all good things that mortals lack,/Hope in the soul alone stays back."<ref>''Fabulum Centum'', London 1743, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wlATAAAAQAAJ&q=Spes Fable 94, p.216] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105950/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wlATAAAAQAAJ&q=Spes#v=snippet&q=Spes&f=false |date=2023-01-02 }}</ref>

An idea of the nature of the blessings lost is given in a Renaissance [[engraving]] by [[Giulio Bonasone]], where the culprit is Pandora's husband, [[Epimetheus (mythology)|Epimetheus]]. He is shown holding the lid of a large storage jar from which female representations of the Roman virtues are flying up into the air. They are identified by their names in Latin: security ([[salus]]), harmony ([[Concordia (mythology)|concordia]]), fairness ([[aequitas]]), mercy ([[clementia]]), freedom ([[libertas]]), happiness ([[felicitas]]), peace ([[Pax (goddess)|pax]]), worth ([[Virtus (virtue)|virtus]]) and joy ([[Laetitia (goddess)|laetitia]]). Hope ([[spes]]) is delayed on the lip and holds aloft the flower that is her attribute.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/392735 |title=Metropolitan Museum |access-date=2018-04-12 |archive-date=2021-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124191837/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/392735 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Difficulties of interpretation==
In Hesiodic scholarship, the interpretive [[crux (literary)|crux]] has endured:<ref>Though Pandora was not a subject of medieval art, Dora Panofsky and Erwin Panofsky examined the post-Renaissance ''mythos'', see Bibliography</ref> Is the hope imprisoned within a jar full of evils to be considered a benefit for humanity, or a further curse? A number of mythology textbooks echo the sentiments of M. L. West: "[Hope's retention in the jar] is comforting, and we are to be thankful for this antidote to our present ills."<ref>West 1978, p. 169.</ref> Some scholars such as Mark Griffith, however, take the opposite view: "[Hope] seems to be a blessing withheld from men so that their life should be the more dreary and depressing."<ref>Griffith 1983:250.</ref> The interpretation hangs on two related questions: First, how is ''elpis'' to be rendered, the Greek word usually translated as "hope"? Second, does the jar preserve ''elpis'' for men, or keep it away from men?

As with most ancient Greek words, ''elpis'' can be translated in a number of ways. A number of scholars prefer the neutral translation of "expectation". Classical authors use the word ''elpis'' to mean "expectation of bad", as well as "expectation of good". Statistical analysis demonstrates that the latter sense appears five times more than the former in all of extant ancient Greek literature.<ref>Leinieks 1984, 1–4.</ref> Others hold the minority view that ''elpis'' should be rendered "expectation of evil" (''vel sim'').<ref name="Verdenius1985">E.g., Verdenius 1985; Blumer 2001.</ref>

The answer to the first question largely depends on the answer to the second one: should the jar be interpreted as a prison, or a [[pantry]]?<ref>The prison/pantry terminology comes from Verdenius 1985 ad 96.</ref> The jar certainly serves as a prison for the evils that Pandora released – they only affect humanity once outside the jar. Some have argued that logic dictates, therefore, that the jar acts as a prison for ''elpis'' as well, withholding it from the human race.<ref>Scholars holding this view (e.g., Walcot 1961, 250) point out that the jar is termed an "unbreakable" (in Greek: ''arrektos'') house. In Greek literature (e.g., Homer, and elsewhere in Hesiod), the word ''arrektos'' is applied to structures meant to sequester or otherwise restrain its contents.</ref> If ''elpis'' means expectant hope, then the myth's tone is pessimistic: All the evils in the world were scattered from Pandora's jar, while the one potentially mitigating force, hope, remains locked securely inside.<ref>See Griffith 1984 above.</ref> A less pessimistic interpretation understands the myth to say: countless evils fled Pandora's jar and plague human existence; the hope that humanity might be able to master these evils remains imprisoned inside the jar. Life is not hopeless, but human beings are hopelessly human.<ref>Thus [[Apostolos Athanassakis|Athanassakis]] 1983 in his commentary ad ''Works'' 96.</ref>

It is also argued that hope was simply one of the evils in the jar, the false kind of hope, and was no good for humanity, since, later in the poem, Hesiod writes that hope is empty (498) and no good (500) and makes humanity lazy by taking away their industriousness, making them prone to evil.<ref>Cf. Jenifer Neils, in ''The Girl in the Pithos: Hesiod's Elpis'', in [https://books.google.com/books?id=6yi6XtAI6GwC "Periklean Athens and its Legacy. Problems and Perspectives"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105937/https://books.google.com/books?id=6yi6XtAI6GwC&printsec=frontcover |date=2023-01-02 }}, pp. 40–41 especially.</ref>

In ''[[Human, All Too Human]]'', philosopher [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] argued that "Zeus did not want man to throw his life away, no matter how much the other evils might torment him, but rather to go on letting himself be tormented anew. To that end, he gives man hope. In truth, it is the most evil of evils because it prolongs man's torment."<ref>Nietzsche, Friedrich, ''Human, All Too Human''. Cf. Section Two, On the History of Moral Feelings, aph. 71. "Hope. Pandora brought the jar with the evils and opened it. It was the gods' gift to man, on the outside a beautiful, enticing gift, called the 'lucky jar.' Then all the evils, those lively, winged beings, flew out of it. Since that time, they roam around and do harm to men by day and night. One single evil had not yet slipped out of the jar. As Zeus had wished, Pandora slammed the top down and it remained inside. So now man has the lucky jar in his house forever and thinks the world of the treasure. It is at his service; he reaches for it when he fancies it. For he does not know that the jar which Pandora brought was the jar of evils, and he takes the remaining evil for the greatest worldly good—it is hope, for Zeus did not want man to throw his life away, no matter how much the other evils might torment him, but rather to go on letting himself be tormented anew. To that end, he gives man hope. In truth, it is the most evil of evils because it prolongs man's torment."</ref>

An objection to the "hope is good/the jar is a prison" interpretation counters that, if the jar is full of evils, then what is expectant hope – a blessing – doing among them? This objection leads some to render ''elpis'' as the expectation of evil, which would make the myth's tone somewhat optimistic: although mankind is troubled by all the evils in the world, at least it is spared the continual expectation of evil, which would make life unbearable.<ref name="Verdenius1985" />

The optimistic reading of the myth is expressed by M. L. West. ''Elpis'' takes the more common meaning of expectant hope. And while the jar served as a prison for the evils that escaped, it thereafter serves as a residence for Hope. West explains, "It would be absurd to represent either the presence of ills by their confinement in a jar or the presence of hope by its escape from one."<ref>West 1978, 169–70.</ref> Hope is thus preserved as a benefit for humans.<ref>Taking the jar to serve as a prison at some times and as a pantry at others will also accommodate another pessimistic interpretation of the myth. In this reading, attention is paid to the phrase ''moune Elpis'' – "only hope," or "hope alone." A minority opinion construes the phrase instead to mean "empty hope" or "baseless hope": not only are humans plagued by a multitude of evils, but they persist in the fruitless hope that things might get better. Thus Beall 1989 227–28.</ref>

==Fixing the blame==
Neither Alciato nor Faerno had named who was responsible for opening the jar beyond saying it was a "mortal". During the Renaissance it is the name of Epimetheus that is mentioned as often as not, as in the engraving by Bonasone noticed above and the mention of Pandora's partner in a [[rondeau (forme fixe)|rondeau]] that [[Isaac de Benserade]] took it on himself to insert into his light-hearted version of the [[Metamorphoses]] (1676) - although [[Ovid]] had not in fact written about it himself.
[[File:Sébastien Le Clerc - Pandora and Epimetheus.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|Pandora seated with her husband Epimetheus, who has just opened her jar of curses; an etching by [[Sébastien Le Clerc]] (1676)]]

<blockquote><poem>::In a jar an odious treasure is
::Shut by the gods' wish:
::A gift that's not everyday,
::The owner's Pandora alone;
::And her eyes, this in hand,
::Command the best in the land
::As she flits near and far;
::Prettiness can't stay
::Shut in a jar.
::Someone took her eye, he took
::A look at what pleased her so
::And out came the grief and woe
::We won't ever be rid of,
::For heaven had hidden
::That in the jar.</poem></blockquote>

The etching by [[Sébastien Le Clerc]] that accompanied the poem in the book shows Pandora and Epimetheus seated on either side of a jar from which clouds of smoke emerge, carrying up the escaping evils. The lid of the jar is quite plainly in Epimetheus' hand.<ref>Panofsky 1956, [https://www.scribd.com/document/365690708/Pandoras-Box-The-Changing-Aspects-of-a-Mythical-Symbol-by-Dora-and-Erwin-Panofsky-Art-eBook p.79] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430023336/https://www.scribd.com/document/365690708/Pandoras-Box-The-Changing-Aspects-of-a-Mythical-Symbol-by-Dora-and-Erwin-Panofsky-Art-eBook |date=2020-04-30 }}</ref> [[Paolo Farinati]], an earlier Venetian artist, was also responsible for a print which laid the blame on Epimetheus, depicting him as lifting the lid from the jar that Pandora is holding. Out of it boils a cloud which carries up a man and a dragon; between them they support a scroll reading "''sero nimirum sapere caepit''" (finding out too late), in reference to the meaning of Epimetheus' name in Greek.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

[[File:Pandora allegory 1557.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|An Allegory of ''Les Sciences qui Éclairent l'esprit de l'homme'' (The Sciences that Illuminate the Human Spirit, 1557), an etching ascribed to Marco Angelo del Moro]]
Another Venetian print, ascribed to Marco Angelo del Moro (active 1565 – 1586), is much more enigmatic. Usually titled "Pandora's Box, or The Sciences that Illuminate the Human Spirit", it portrays a woman in antique dress opening an ornate coffer from which spill books, manuscripts, snakes and bats. By Pandora's side is a woman carrying a burning brand, while a horned figure flees in the opposite direction. Above is a curved vault painted with signs of the zodiac to which the sun-god [[Apollo]] is pointing, while opposite him another figure falls through the stars. Commentators ascribe different meanings to these symbols as contradictory as the contents of the chest. In one reading, the hand Pandora holds up to her face makes her the figure of Ignorance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scma.smith.edu/artmuseum/Collections/Cunningham-Center/Blog-paper-people/Pandora-s-Box |title=Smith College |access-date=2018-01-22 |archive-date=2018-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072453/https://scma.smith.edu/artmuseum/Collections/Cunningham-Center/Blog-paper-people/Pandora-s-Box |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alternatively her eyes are protected because she is dazzled and the snakes crawling from the chest are ancient symbols of wisdom.<ref>Count Leopoldo Cicognara, ''Le premier siècle de la calcographie; ou, Catalogue raisonné des estampes'', Venice 1837, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BAhaAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Les+Sciences+qui+%C3%89clairent+l%27esprit+de+l%27homme%22&pg=PA533 pp.532-3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105937/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BAhaAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA533&dq=%22Les%20Sciences%20qui%20%C3%89clairent%20l%27esprit%20de%20l%27homme%22&pg=PA533#v=onepage&q=%22Les%20Sciences%20qui%20%C3%89clairent%20l'esprit%20de%20l'homme%22&f=false |date=2023-01-02 }}</ref> Apollo, seated above, points to [[Aquarius (astrology)|Aquarius]], the zodiacal sign of January/February, which marks the "Ascent of the Sun" from the trough of winter. The falling figure opposite him may be identified either as [[Lucifer]] or as night fleeing before the dawn; in either case, the darkness of ignorance is about to be dispelled. The question remains whether the box thus opened will in the end be recognised as a blessing; whether the ambiguous nature of knowledge is either to help or to hurt.

In later centuries the emphasis in art has generally been on the person of Pandora. With few exceptions, the box has appeared merely as her attribute. [[René Magritte]]'s street scene of 1951, however, one of the few modern paintings to carry the title "Pandora's Box", is as enigmatic as were the Renaissance allegorical prints.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ayay.co.uk/arts/surrealist/rene_magritte/pandoras-box.jpg |title=Yale University Art Gallery |access-date=2018-01-22 |archive-date=2018-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123190428/http://ayay.co.uk/arts/surrealist/rene_magritte/pandoras-box.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Theatre==
In the first half of the 18th-century, three French plays were produced with the title "Pandora's Box" (''La Boîte – or Boëte – de Pandore''). In each of these, the main interest is in the social and human effects of the evils released from the box and in only one of them does Pandora figure as a character. The 1721 play by [[Alain René Lesage]] appeared as part of the longer ''La Fausse Foire''.<ref>''Oeuvres choisies de Lesage'', Paris 1810, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MI2LF5gfBxwC&dq=La+Bo%C3%AEte+de+Pandore+%281721%29%2C+Alain+Ren%C3%A9+Lesage&pg=PA409 vol.4, pp.409 – 450] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105937/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MI2LF5gfBxwC&pg=PA409&lpg=PA409&dq=La+Bo%C3%AEte+de+Pandore+%281721%29,+Alain+Ren%C3%A9+Lesage&source=bl&ots=gABb__y3Mh&sig=ebCIYH5DAPIc83s5Ar7vayfg1W0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwnaKyou7YAhWGyqQKHQDcAAQQ6AEIVzAH#v=onepage&q=La%20Bo%C3%AEte%20de%20Pandore%20(1721)%2C%20Alain%20Ren%C3%A9%20Lesage&f=false |date=2023-01-02 }}</ref> It was a one-act prose drama of 24 scenes in the ''[[commedia dell'arte]]'' style. At its opening, [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]] has been sent in the guise of [[Harlequin]] to check whether the box given by Jupiter to the animated statue Pandora has been opened. He proceeds to stir up disruption in her formerly happy village, unleashing ambition, competition, greed, envy, jealousy, hatred, injustice, treachery and ill-health. Amid the social breakdown, [[Pierrot]] falls out with the bride he was about to marry at the start of the play and she becomes engaged instead to a social upstart.

The play by Philippe Poisson (1682-1743) was a one-act verse comedy first produced in 1729. There Mercury visits the realm of [[Pluto (mythology)|Pluto]] to interview the ills shortly to be unleashed on mankind. The characters Old Age, Migraine, Destitution, Hatred, Envy, Paralysis, Quinsy, Fever and Transport (emotional instability) report their effects to him. They are preceded by Love, who argues that he deserves to figure among them as a bringer of social disruption.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theatre-classique.fr/pages/pdf/POISSON_BOITEDEPANDORE.pdf |title=''Théâtre Classique'' |access-date=2018-01-23 |archive-date=2017-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630134557/http://theatre-classique.fr/pages/pdf/POISSON_BOITEDEPANDORE.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The later play of 1743 was written by [[Pierre Brumoy]] and subtitled "curiosity punished" (''la curiosité punie'').<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLxhAAAAcAAJ |title=La Haye 1743 |access-date=2018-01-23 |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105937/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZLxhAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live |last1=Brumoy |first1=Pierre |year=1743 }}</ref> The three-act satirical verse comedy is set in the home of Epimetheus and the six children recently created by Prometheus. Mercury comes on a visit, bringing the fatal box with him. In it are the evils soon to subvert the innocence of the new creations. Firstly seven flatterers: the [[Genius (mythology)|Genius]] of Honours, of Pleasures, Riches, Gaming (pack of cards in hand), Taste, Fashion (dressed as Harlequin) and False Knowledge. These are followed by seven bringers of evil: envy, remorse, avarice, poverty, scorn, ignorance and inconstancy. The corrupted children are rejected by Prometheus but Hope arrives at the end to bring a reconciliation.

It is evident from these plays that, in France at least, blame had shifted from Pandora to the [[trickster]] god who contrives and enjoys mankind's subversion. Although physical ills are among the plagues that visit humanity, greater emphasis is given to the disruptive passions which destroy the possibility of harmonious living.

==Poetry==
[[File:Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_Pandora.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]]'s painting of Pandora holding the box, 1871]]
Two poems in English dealing with Pandora's opening of the box are in the form of [[monologue]]s, although [[Frank Sayers]] preferred the term [[monodrama]] for his recitation with lyrical interludes, written in 1790. In this Pandora is descending from Heaven after being endowed with gifts by the gods and therefore feels empowered to open the casket she carries, releasing strife, care, pride, hatred and despair. Only the voice of Hope is left to comfort her at the end.<ref>''Poems'', Norwich 1803, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fYc1AAAAMAAJ&dq=pandora++frank+sayers&pg=PA211 pp.213-19] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105937/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fYc1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA211&lpg=PA211&dq=pandora++frank+sayers&source=bl&ots=O19HarVkw3&sig=FUdLaNcl8LTJIB3JyGM0ybIRRtE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhpLTMuqbZAhUsAsAKHQeKDIcQ6AEIPDAE#v=onepage&q=pandora%20%20frank%20sayers&f=false |date=2023-01-02 }}</ref> In the poem by Samuel Phelps Leland (1839-1910), Pandora has already arrived in the household of Epimetheus and feels equally confident that she is privileged to satisfy her curiosity, but with a worse result. Shutting the lid too early, she thus "let loose all curses on mankind/ Without a hope to mitigate their pain".<ref>''Poems'', Chicago 1866, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6xRIAQAAMAAJ&dq=Pandora+poem&pg=PA24 pp.24-5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105938/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6xRIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA24&dq=Pandora+poem&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwicmOnRvqbZAhWMZVAKHW7SAkA4ChDoAQhCMAU#v=onepage&q=Pandora%20poem&f=false |date=2023-01-02 }}</ref> This is the dilemma expressed in the sonnet that [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]] wrote to accompany his oil painting of 1869–71. The gifts with which Pandora has been endowed and that made her desirable are ultimately subverted, "the good things turned to ill…Nor canst thou know/ If Hope still pent there be alive or dead."<ref>[http://www.rossettiarchive.org/img/1-1881.1stedn.270-271.jpg Rossetti Archive]</ref> In his painting Rossetti underlines the point as a fiery halo streams upward from the opening casket on which is inscribed the motto ''NESCITUR IGNESCITUR'' (unknown it burns).

While the speakers of the verse monologues are characters hurt by their own simplicity, Rossetti's painting of the red-robed Pandora, with her expressive gaze and elongated hands about the jewelled casket, is a more ambiguous figure. So too is the girl in [[Lawrence Alma-Tadema]]'s watercolour of Pandora (see above), as the comments of some of its interpreters indicate. Sideways against a seascape, red-haired and naked, she gazes down at the urn lifted towards her "with a look of animal curiosity", according to one contemporary reviewer,<ref>''The Pall Mall Budget'' 1882, [https://books.google.com/books?id=erg_AQAAMAAJ&q=Alma-Tadema+Pandora vol. 27, p.14] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105938/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=erg_AQAAMAAJ&q=Alma-Tadema+Pandora&dq=Alma-Tadema+Pandora&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjfksXqpqbZAhVLKlAKHSAhDLY4ChDoAQhMMAc |date=2023-01-02 }}</ref> or else "lost in contemplation of some treasure from the deep" according to another account.<ref>''The Life and Work of L. Alma Tadema'', Art Journal Office, 1888, p.22</ref> A moulded sphinx on the unopened lid of the urn is turned in her direction. In the iconography of the time, such a figure is usually associated with the ''femme fatale'',<ref>Lothar Hönnighausen, ''Präraphaeliten und Fin de Siècle'', Cambridge University 1988, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VSL6R6tSJMYC&dq=%22femme+fatale%22+sphinx&pg=PA232 pp.232-40] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105938/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VSL6R6tSJMYC&lpg=PA234&dq=%22femme%20fatale%22%20sphinx&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q=%22femme%20fatale%22%20sphinx&f=false |date=2023-01-02 }}</ref> but in this case, the crown of hyacinths about her head identifies Pandora as an innocent Greek maiden.<ref>Victoria Sherrow, ''Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History'', Greenwood Publishing Group 2006, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z6vCGbf66YC&dq=hyacinths+in+hair+%22Greece%22++-pinterest+-Poe&pg=PA1 A] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102105938/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9Z6vCGbf66YC&lpg=PA1&ots=YM-eBWldp7&dq=hyacinths%20in%20hair%20%22Greece%22%20%20-pinterest%20-Poe&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=hyacinths%20in%20hair%20%22Greece%22%20%20-pinterest%20-Poe&f=false |date=2023-01-02 }}</ref> Nevertheless, the presence of the sphinx at which she gazes with such curiosity suggests a personality on the cusp, on the verge of gaining some harmful knowledge that will henceforth negate her uncomplicated qualities. The name of Pandora already tells her future.
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* [[Apostolos Athanassakis|Athanassakis, Apostolos]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=cvSiWE0KQsYC ''Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days and The Shield of Heracles'']. Translation, introduction and commentary, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1983. Cf. P.90
* Beall, E. "The Contents of Hesiod's Pandora Jar: ''Erga'' 94–98," Hermes 117 (1989) 227–30.
* Gantz, Timothy, ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* Griffith, Mark. ''Aeschylus ''Prometheus Bound'' Text and Commentary'' (Cambridge 1983).
* [[Hesiod]]; ''[[Works and Days]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0132%3Acard%3D1 Online version] at the Perseus Digital Library.
* Lamberton, Robert, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BL2AZpopNu8C ''Hesiod''], New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-300-04068-7}}. Cf. Chapter II, "The Theogony", and Chapter III, "The Works and Days", especially pp. 96–103 for a side-by-side comparison and analysis of the Pandora story.
* Leinieks, V. "''Elpis'' in Hesiod, ''Works and Days'' 96," ''Philologus'' 128 (1984) 1–8.
* Meagher, Robert E.; ''The Meaning of Helen: in Search of an Ancient Icon'', Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-86516-510-6}}.
* Neils, Jenifer, "The Girl in the ''Pithos'': Hesiod's ''Elpis''", in [https://books.google.com/books?id=6yi6XtAI6GwC ''Periklean Athens and its Legacy. Problems and Perspective''], eds. J. M. Barringer and J. M. Hurwit (Austin: University of Texas Press), 2005, pp. 37–45.
* Panofsky, Dora and Erwin. ''Pandora's Box. The Changing Aspects of a Mythical Symbol'' (New York: Pantheon, Bollingen series) 1956.
* Revard, Stella P., "Milton and Myth" in ''Reassembling Truth: Twenty-first-century Milton'', edited by Charles W. Durham, Kristin A. Pruitt, Susquehanna University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|9781575910628}}.
* [[H. J. Rose|Rose, Herbert Jennings]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=MfmiBw1ZxqMC ''A Handbook of Greek Literature; From Homer to the Age of Lucian''], London, Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1934. Cf. especially Chapter III, ''Hesiod and the Hesiodic Schools'', p. 61
* Schlegel, Catherine and Henry Weinfield, "Introduction to Hesiod" in ''Hesiod / Theogony and Works and Days'', University of Michigan Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-472-06932-3}}.
* [[Willem Jacob Verdenius|Verdenius, Willem Jacob]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=K29Bmkzqb-YC ''A Commentary on Hesiod Works and Days vv 1-382''] (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1985). {{ISBN|90-04-07465-1}}. This work has a very in-depth discussion and synthesis of the various theories and speculations about the Pandora story and the jar. Cf. p. 62 & 63 and onwards.
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] ''Hesiod, Works and Days'', ed. with prolegomena and commentary (Oxford 1978)

==External links==

{{Greek religion|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandora's Box}}
[[Category:Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Phrases and idioms derived from Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological objects]]
[[Category:Idioms]]
[[Category:Storage vessels]]

Outer Ring Road, Thiruvananthapuram

2023-06-27T08:40:24Z

Swaggerdeevs:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| name = Thiruvananthapuram Outer Ring Road
| image =
| image_notes =
| length_km = 80
| length_notes = [[Vizhinjam]] ([[Port of Trivandrum]]) - NH66 [[Navaikulam]]
| formed = 2018
| destinations = [[Vizhinjam]], [[Balaramapuram]], [[Malayinkeezhu]], [[Aruvikkara]], [[Nedumangad]], [[Thekkada]],[[Ozhukupara]],[[Vembayam]], Mangalapuram, [[Navaikulam]]
| header_type = UC
| direction_a = South
| terminus_a = [[Port of Trivandrum]] (Vizhinjam)
| junction = Mangalapuram
| ring_road = [[Trivandrum]]
| direction_b = North
| terminus_b = [[Navaikulam]]
}}

'''Thiruvananthapuram Outer Area Growth Corridor (OAGC)''' (also known as: '''Trivandrum Outer Ring Road''') is a proposed {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}} 6 lane [[ring road]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital city of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is part of the Capital Region Development Programme-II (CRDP-II) in Thiruvananthapuram City which comes under the Centre’s [[Bharatmala|Bharatmala Pariyojana]] scheme.<ref>{{cite news |title=New unit to manage growth corridor project |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/new-unit-to-manage-growth-corridor-project/article30846252.ece |access-date=18 September 2021 |agency=The Hindu |date=18 February 2020}}</ref> Central government officially notified the road as [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] 866 (NH 866).<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi to lay stone for Outer Ring Road in Thiruvananthapuram on April 25 - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2023/apr/17/pm-modi-to-lay-stone-for-outer-ring-road-in-thiruvananthapuram-on-april-25-2566582.amp |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

The road starts at [[National_Highway_66_(India)|National Highway 66]] from [[Navaikulam]] and ends at [[Vizhinjam]] with a length of 65.630km. There is also a link road connecting Thekadda to Mangalapuram at a length of 13.250km. Apart from the 70m wide six-lane road and a 10m wide service road, the corridor will also have special economic development zones making it a hub for logistics, IT and entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Outer Ring Road project: NHAI approves DPR prepared by KITCO |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2022/oct/03/outer-ring-road-project-nhai-approves-dpr-prepared-by-kitco-2504322.html |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> This includes logistics hub of 60 acres at North Mangalapuram and south Neeramankuzhy. [[Andoorkonam]] (48 acres) and Panthalacode (80 acres) are the economical and commercial zones. The proposed alignment is through Navaikulam, [[Kilimanoor]], Thekkada, Ozhukupara,[[Vembayam]], Mangalapuram, [[Pothencode]], [[Nedumangad]] , [[Aruvikkara]], [[Cheriya Konni|Cheriyakonni]], Chowalloor, Vilappilsala, [[Maranalloor]], [[Ooruttambalam]], Mudavoorpara, Chavadinada, [[Venganoor]], Kalluvettankuzhi and Vizhinjam.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/outer-ring-road-for-capital-to-become-a-reality-soon/articleshow/63538334.cmsrhttps://m.timesofindia.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/outer-ring-road-for-capital-to-become-a-reality-soon/articleshow/63538334.cms|title=Outer ring road for capital to become a reality soon - Times of India|website=timesofindia.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India-road-stub}}

[[Category:Roads in Kerala]]
[[Category:Proposed roads in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Kerala]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Ring roads in India]]

Sudarshan News

2023-02-03T21:24:24Z

Swaggerdeevs:

{{Short description|Indian news channel}}
{{Use dmy dates}}{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Sudarshan News
| logo = SudarshanNewsLogo.png
| logo_size =
| launch_date = 9 August 2005
| type = Right Wing News channel
| picture_format = [[16:9]] [[576i]] ([[SDTV]])
| network = [[Terrestrial television|Broadcast television]] and online
| owner = [[Suresh Chavhanke]]
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| headquarters = A-84, Sector 57, [[Noida, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| website = {{URL|http://www.sudarshannews.in}}
}}
'''Sudarshan News''' is an Indian [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]]{{refn|name=right-wing|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jafri |first1=Alishan |title=The 'Hindutva Ecosystem' Has a New Anti-Muslim Narrative. This Time Street Vendors Are the Target. |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/hindutva-ecosystem-muslim-fruit-sellers-threat-india |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=19 February 2022 |date=28 June 2021 |quote=Sudarshan News, a far-right TV channel often accused of broadcasting hatred against Muslims, reported the Uttam Nagar protest in an extremely inflammatory manner. Throughout the show, Sudarshan reporter Sagar Kumar and anchor Shubham Tripathi referred to Muslims as 'jihadis' and used other derogatory terms.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nair |first1=Anagha Subhash |title=Hindu extremists in India escalate rhetoric with calls to kill Muslims |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hindu-extremists-india-escalate-rhetoric-calls-kill-muslims-rcna12450 |website=[[NBC News]] |access-date=19 February 2022 |language=en |quote=Speaking in Delhi, Suresh Chavhanke, editor of the right-wing outlet Sudarshan News, administered an oath to attendees that "until our last breath, to make India a Hindu nation, keep it a Hindu-only nation, we will fight and die, and if required we will kill as well."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mehta |first1=Archit |last2=Zubair |first2=Mohammed |title=How disinformation led to the attack on missionary school in MP by right-wing groups |url=https://www.altnews.in/how-disinformation-led-to-the-attack-on-missionary-school-in-mp-by-right-wing-groups/ |website=[[Alt News]] |access-date=19 February 2022 |quote=Several other right-wing channels have also amplified the false "conversion narrative", including Sudarshan News. The disinformation led to violence when Class XII students were giving a mathematics exam and barely escaped the attack.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hassan |first1=Jakir |title=Sudarshan News Shares Video Of Teacher Punishing His Student With False Communal Narrative |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/fact-check/hindu-boy-beaten-by-christian-teacher-for-wearing-rudraksha-31301 |website=The Logical Indian |access-date=19 February 2022 |language=en |quote=Sudarshan News, an Indian right-wing news channel, posted a video on Twitter with a communal narrative. The video shows a classroom where a boy is being brutally beaten by the teacher with a stick. The video shows the teacher repeatedly kicking him with his feet.}}</ref>}} [[news channel]].<ref name=":3" /> It was founded in 2005 by [[Suresh Chavhanke]], the chairman and [[editor-in-chief]].<ref name="Held_express">{{cite news|last1=Bharadwaj|first1=Ashutosh|title=Held for 'promoting truth', TV channel head is proud of it|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/channel-not-business-whatever-i-am-is-due-to-rss-sudarshan-news-cmd-4612317/|access-date=2 April 2018|agency=Express News Service|publisher=Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402230212/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/channel-not-business-whatever-i-am-is-due-to-rss-sudarshan-news-cmd-4612317/|archive-date=2 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
Chavhanke was a long-term volunteer of the Hindu nationalist organisation [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), also associating with [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]], the student wing of RSS.<ref name="Held_express" /> He asserts that he practices ideology-driven journalism<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/the-hindi-news-channel-editor-who-thrives-on-provoking-hindu-muslim-sentiments/158947/|title=The Hindi news channel editor who 'thrives on provoking' Hindu, Muslim sentiments|last=Dutta|first=Amrita Nayak|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref> and prefers that the news programs on his channel be viewed as opinionated campaigns.<ref name="Held_express" />

The channel has been widely criticised for blatant [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal]] broadcasting.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Held_express" /><ref name=":1" />

== Reception ==

=== Hate speech ===
In April 2017, Chavhanke was arrested for allegedly inciting [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal hatred]] through multiple episodes of a flagship program.<ref name="Held_express" /><ref name=":1" /> He secured bail two days later.

In 2020, [[Hemant Soren]], the [[Chief Minister]] of [[Jharkhand]], ordered state police to take action against Chavhanke for this [[hate speech]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Angad |first1=Abhishek |title=Police probing Sudarshan News editor Suresh Chavhanke's speech: Hemant Soren |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/police-probing-sudarshan-news-channel-editors-speech-hemant-soren-6307449/ |access-date=25 May 2020 |work=The Indian Express }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/sudarshan-news-top-editor-does-it-again-now-calls-for-economic-boycott-of-rioters/378307/|title=Sudarshan News top editor does it again, now calls for economic boycott of 'rioters'|last=Jha|first=Fiza|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>

Chavhanke claims to have contributed towards the [[Ochlocracy|ochlocratic]] atmosphere that led to police complaints and death threats against [[M. F. Husain]] for allegedly violating Hindu sentiments. As a result, Husain left India on a self-imposed exile until his death.<ref name="Held_express" />

=== Alleged Anti-Muslim fear-mongering propaganda ===
Dissemination of [[Islamophobia|anti-Muslim]] content to manufacturing actual news with neutral overtones has been alleged.<ref name=":1" /> Critics allege the channel as "bigoted" and "dangerous" for its communal-toned fake news.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/10/28/bloodlust-tv-bigotry-on-suresh-chavhankes-sudarshan-news-sponsored-by-the-taxpayer|title=Hindu TV: Honourable Suresh Chavhanke's Sudarshan News, sponsored by the taxpayer|last=Meghnad|first=S|work=Newslaundry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.altnews.in/sudarshan-news-and-its-history-of-dangerous-communally-divisive-misinformation/|title=Sudarshan News and its alleged history of dangerous, communally-divisive misinformation|last=Chaudhuri|first=Pooja|website=Alt News|language=en-GB|access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelallantop.com/bherant/profile-of-suresh-chavhanke-controversial-editor-of-sudarshan-news/|title=कौन हैं सुरेश चव्हाणके |last=Vishal|website=LallanTop|language=hi|access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref> Hilal Ahmed, a professor of [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]], alleges a call for extrajudicial lynching of Muslims, who refused to chant a particular slogan in praise of the motherland, whilst discussing the context of [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]] discourse in media and its role in creating the stereotypical image of Indian Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IzKUDwAAQBAJ|title=Siyasi Muslims: A Story of Political Islams in India|last=Ahmed|first=Hilal|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=9789353055127|pages=43|language=en}}</ref>

In June 2018, the Delhi Minorities Commission issued a notice to the channel after it broadcast a program that claimed a Muslim-dominated region was inhabited by illegal Bangladeshi and Rohingya infiltrators.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/tv-channel-labels-minorities-rohingyas-bangladeshis|title=TV Channel Pulled up After Calling Delhi infiltrators 'Rohingyas'|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-hc-refuses-to-vacate-stay-on-sudarshan-tv-show-after-controversy/story-xVJQ0Zs6aBJB2pjAapyOjO.html|title = Delhi HC refuses to vacate stay on Sudarshan TV show after controversy|date = 29 August 2020}}</ref>

On 25 August 2020, a Sudarshan News trailer uploaded by [[Suresh Chavhanke]] suggesting that Muslim students were infiltrating [[Union Public Service Commission|administrative services]] as "UPSC [[jihad]]," became viral. It was heavily condemned, including by former senior bureaucrats, judges, and the Home Minister. Broadcast of the actual TV programme was stayed by the Delhi High Court and the matter is ''sub-judice''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnan|first=Revathi|title=Not just stay, need action against Sudarshan News for 'UPSC jihad' show, say ex-civil servants|url=https://theprint.in/india/not-just-stay-need-action-against-sudarshan-news-for-upsc-jihad-show-say-ex-civil-servants/493669/|access-date=2020-09-04|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="IANS">{{Cite news|last=IANS|title=Take action against Sudarshan TV, former civil servants urge Amit Shah|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/take-action-against-sudarshan-tv-former-civil-servants-urge-amit-shah-120090101924_1.html|access-date=2020-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Communal and divisive: Ex-bureaucrats demand strong action against Sudarshan TV|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/sep/02/communal-and-divisive-ex-bureaucrats-demand-strong-action-against-sudarshan-tv-2191363.html|access-date=2020-09-04|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Telecast of progranme on Muslim 'infiltration' in government services: No HC breather for Sudarshan TV|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/aug/30/telecast-of-progranme-on-muslim-infiltration-in-government-services-no-hc-breather-for-sudarshan-2190213.html|access-date=2020-09-04|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UPSC Jihad: Suresh Chavhanke of Sudarshan TV could never have cleared the UPSC|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/upsc-jihad-suresh-chavhanke-of-sudarshan-tv-could-never-havecleared-the-upsc|access-date=2020-09-04|website=National Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sudarshan-tv-served-showcause-notice-over-bindas-bol-programme-centre-tells-sc-6607719/|title = Sudarshan TV showcause over programme code 'violation': Centre to SC|date = 24 September 2020}}</ref>

=== Fake news ===
On multiple occasions, Sudarshan News was found to be spreading [[fake news]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.altnews.in/sudarshan-news-and-its-history-of-dangerous-communally-divisive-misinformation/|title=Sudarshan News and its history of dangerous, communally-divisive misinformation|last=Chaudhuri|first=Pooja|website=Alt News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref> In 2019, the channel broadcast an old video, which was morphed with slogans calling for the killings of RSS workers. In 2014, fake quotes were attributed to [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] by the news channel.<ref name=":3" /> During the [[2020 Delhi riots|Delhi riots of 2020]], the channel was found to be spreading communally charged fake news.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.altnews.in/sudarshan-news-broadcasts-fake-news-about-woman-murdered-in-tahir-hussains-house/|title=Sudarshan News broadcasts fake news about woman murdered in Tahir Hussain's house|last=Mehta|first=Archit|website=Alt News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>

In March 2019, a [[Kozhikode]] district court ordered the channel to pay a compensation of {{INRConvert|50|l|lk=on}} to [[Malabar Gold and Diamonds|Malabar Gold]] in a defamation suit, after it broadcast edited visuals alleging the company of having celebrated [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|Pakistani Independence Day]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Malabar Gold wins suit against TV Channel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/malabar-gold-wins-suit-against-channel/articleshow/68338932.cms |access-date=25 May 2020 |work=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Court slaps Rs.50Lac defamation notice against Sudershan TV for airing Fake-news |url=https://millichronicle.com/2019/03/kerala-court-slaps-rs-50lac-defamation-notice-against-sudershan-tv-for-fakenews/ |access-date=25 May 2020 |work=[[The Milli Gazette|The Milli Chronicle]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{url|www.sudarshannews.in|Official site}}

{{Television news in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudarshan News}}
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2007]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]

National Diet

2022-12-04T14:43:23Z

Swaggerdeevs: Published an influential piece.

{{Short description|National legislature of Japan}}
{{Redirect|Kokkai|the sumo wrestler|Kokkai Futoshi}}
{{Redirect2|Diet of Japan|Japanese Diet|information on Japanese food|Japanese cuisine}}
{{good article}}
{{Use mdy dates}}
{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = {{party color|House of Councillors}}
| name = National Diet of Japan
| native_name = {{noitalics|{{nobold|{{lang|ja|日本国国会}}}}}}
| transcription_name = ''Kokkai''
| legislature = 211th Session of the National Diet
| coa_pic = Go-shichi no kiri crest 2.svg
| house_type = Bicameral
| houses = {{ublist
| [[House of Councillors (Japan)|House of Councillors]] (upper house)
| [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]] (lower house)
}}
| leader1_type = [[List of Speakers of the House of Representatives (Japan)|Speaker of the House of Representatives]]
| leader1 = [[Hiroyuki Hosoda]]
| party1 = [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|LDP]]
| election1 = November 10, 2021
| leader2_type = [[List of presidents of the House of Councillors (Japan)|President of the House of Councillors]]
| leader2 = [[Hidehisa Otsuji]]
| party2 = [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|LDP]]
| election2 = August 3, 2022
| members = {{ublist
| '''713'''
| 248 ([[House of Councillors]])
| {{nowrap|465 ([[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]])}}
}}
| house1 = [[House of Councillors]]
| structure1 = House of Councillors of Japan.svg
| political_groups1 = '''[[Second Kishida Cabinet|Government]] (146)'''
*{{Color box|{{party color|Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)}}}} [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|LDP]] (119)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Kōmeitō}}}} [[Kōmeitō]] (27)
'''Opposition (102)'''
*{{Color box|{{party color|Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan}}}} [[Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan|CDP]] (40){{efn|
*{{Color box|{{party color|Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan}}}} [[Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan|CDP]] (37)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Japan)}}}} [[Social Democratic Party (Japan)|SDP]] (2)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Independent}}}} Independent (1)}}
*{{Color box|{{party color|Nippon Ishin no Kai}}}} [[Nippon Ishin no Kai|Ishin]] (21)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Democratic Party for the People}}}} [[Democratic Party for the People|DPP]] (13){{efn|
*{{Color box|{{party color|Democratic Party for the People}}}} [[Democratic Party for the People|DPP]] (10)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Independent}}}} Independent (3)}}
*{{Color box|{{party color|Japanese Communist Party}}}} [[Japanese Communist Party|JCP]] (11)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Reiwa Shinsengumi}}}} [[Reiwa Shinsengumi|Reiwa]] (5)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Seijika Joshi 48 Party}}}} [[Seijika Joshi 48 Party|Seijika Joshi]] (2)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Okinawa Social Mass Party}}}} [[Okinawa Social Mass Party|Okinawa Whirlwind]] (2)
'''Unaffiliated (8)'''
*{{Color box|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}}} Unaffiliated (8){{efn|
*{{Color box|{{party color|Sanseitō}}}} [[Sanseitō]] (1)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Independent}}}} Independent (7)}}
| house2 = [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]]
| structure2 = Japón Cámara de Representantes 2021.svg
| political_groups2 = '''[[Second Kishida Cabinet (Reshuffled)|Government]] (295)'''
*{{Color box|{{party color|Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)}}}} [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|LDP]] (263)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Kōmeitō}}}} [[Komeito|Kōmeitō]] (32)
'''Opposition (166)'''
*{{Color box|{{party color|Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan}}}} [[Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan|CDP]] (97)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Nippon Ishin no Kai}}}} [[Nippon Ishin no Kai|Ishin]] (41)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Democratic Party for the People}}}} [[Democratic Party for the People|DPP]] (10)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Japanese Communist Party}}}} [[Japanese Communist Party|JCP]] (10)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Yūshi no Kai}}}} [[Yūshi no Kai]] (5)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Reiwa Shinsengumi}}}} [[Reiwa Shinsengumi|Reiwa]] (3)
'''Unaffiliated (4)'''
*{{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}}} Unaffiliated (4)}}{{efn|
*{{Color box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party of Japan}}}} [[Social Democratic Party (Japan)|SDP]] (1)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Independent}}}} Independent (3)}}
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 = [[Parallel voting]]: [[Single non-transferable vote]] (147 seats) [[Party-list proportional representation]] (98 seats) [[Staggered elections]]
| voting_system2 = [[Parallel voting]]: [[First-past-the-post voting]] (289 seats) [[Party-list proportional representation]] (176 seats)
| last_election1 = [[2022 Japanese House of Councillors election|July 10, 2022]] (26th)
| next_election1 = [[2025 Japanese House of Councillors election|Before July 25, 2025]] (27th)
| last_election2 = [[2021 Japanese general election|October 31, 2021]] (49th)
| next_election2 = [[Next Japanese general election|Before October 31, 2025]] (50th)
| session_room = Diet of Japan Kokkai 2009.jpg
| meeting_place = [[National Diet Building]], [[Nagatachō]] 1-7-1, [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda District]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] {{coord|35|40|33|N|139|44|42|E|source:kolossus-plwiki_type:landmark_region:JP-13|display=title,inline}}
| website = {{plain list|
*[http://www.sangiin.go.jp/eng/index.htm House of Councillors – official website]
*[http://www.shugiin.go.jp/index.nsf/html/index_e.htm House of Representatives – official website]}}
| footnotes =
|structure2_res=250px|structure1_res=250px}}
{{Politics of Japan}}

The {{nihongo|'''National Diet'''|国会|Kokkai|lead=yes}} is the national [[legislature]] of [[Japan]]. It is composed of a lower house, called the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]] ({{lang|ja|衆議院}}, ''Shūgiin''), and an upper house, the [[House of Councillors (Japan)|House of Councillors]] ({{lang|ja|参議院}}, ''Sangiin''). Both houses are directly elected under a [[parallel voting|parallel voting system]]. In addition to passing laws, the [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]] is formally responsible for nominating the [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]]. The Diet was first established as the Imperial Diet in 1890 under the [[Meiji Constitution]], and took its current form in 1947 upon the adoption of the [[Constitution of Japan|post-war constitution]]. Both houses meet in the {{Nihongo|[[National Diet Building]]|国会議事堂|Kokkai-gijidō}} in [[Nagatachō]], [[Chiyoda, Tokyo|Chiyoda]], [[Tokyo]].

==Composition==
{{Main list|List of members of the Diet of Japan}}
{{See also|Elections in Japan}}

The houses of the National Diet are both elected under [[parallel voting]] systems. This means that the seats to be filled in any given election are divided into two groups, each elected by a different method; the main difference between the houses is in the sizes of the two groups and how they are elected. Voters are also asked to cast two votes: one for an individual candidate in a constituency, and one for a party list. Any national of Japan at least 18 years of age may vote in these elections, reduced from age 20 in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title = Diet enacts law lowering voting age to 18 from 20 |url = http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/06/17/national/politics-diplomacy/diet-enacts-law-lowering-voting-age-18-20/ |newspaper = [[The Japan Times]] |access-date = June 17, 2015 |archive-date = October 10, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161010081014/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/06/17/national/politics-diplomacy/diet-enacts-law-lowering-voting-age-18-20 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>Japan Guide [http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2280.html Coming of Age (seijin no hi)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302011810/http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2280.html }} Retrieved June 8, 2007.</ref> Japan's parallel voting system is not to be confused with the [[Additional Member System]] used in many other nations. The [[Constitution of Japan]] does not specify the number of members of each house of the Diet, the voting system, or the necessary qualifications of those who may vote or be returned in [[Elections in Japan|parliamentary elections]], thus allowing all of these things to be determined by law. However it does guarantee universal adult suffrage and a secret ballot. It also insists that the electoral law must not discriminate in terms of "race, creed, sex, social status, family origin, education, property or income".<ref name="const" />

Generally, the election of Diet members is controlled by statutes passed by the Diet. This is a source of contention concerning re-apportionment of prefectures' seats in response to changes of population distribution. For example, the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] had controlled Japan for most of its [[Post-war Japan|post-war]] history, and it gained much of its support from rural areas. During the post-war era, large numbers of people were relocating to the urban centers in the seeking of wealth; though some re-apportionments have been made to the number of each prefecture's assigned seats in the Diet, rural areas generally have more representation than do urban areas.<ref>U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies [http://countrystudies.us/japan/117.htm Japan – Electoral System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012010352/http://countrystudies.us/japan/117.htm }}. Retrieved June 8, 2007.</ref> The [[Supreme Court of Japan]] began exercising [[judicial review]] of apportionment laws following the ''Kurokawa'' decision of 1976, invalidating an election in which one district in [[Hyōgo Prefecture]] received five times the representation of another district in [[Osaka Prefecture]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Carl F. |title=The Somewhat Less Reluctant Litigant: Japan's Changing View towards Civil Litigation |url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-83249551/the-somewhat-less-reluctant-litigant-japan-s-changing |journal=Law and Policy in International Business |url-access=subscription |volume=32 |number=4 |page=785 |access-date=April 21, 2019 |archive-date=August 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804062520/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-83249551/the-somewhat-less-reluctant-litigant-japan-s-changing |url-status=live }}</ref> In recent elections the malapportionment ratio amounted to 4.8 in the House of Councillors (census 2005: Ōsaka/Tottori;<ref>[[National Diet Library]] Issue Brief, March 11, 2008: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110410120428/http://www.ndl.go.jp/jp/data/publication/issue/0610.pdf 参議院の一票の格差・定数是正問題] Retrieved December 17, 2009.</ref>
election 2007: Kanagawa/Tottori<ref>[[The Nikkei|nikkei.net]], September 29, 2009: [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001105521/http://www.nikkei.co.jp/news/shakai/20090929AT1G2801M28092009.html １票の格差、大法廷30日判決　07年参院選4.86倍] Retrieved December 17, 2009.</ref>) and 2.3 in the House of Representatives (election 2009: Chiba 4/Kōchi 3).<ref>[[Asahi Shimbun]], August 18, 2009: [http://www2.asahi.com/senkyo2009/news/TKY200908180340.html 有権者９８万人増　「一票の格差」２．３倍に拡大] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927152322/http://www2.asahi.com/senkyo2009/news/TKY200908180340.html }} Retrieved December 17, 2002.</ref>

Candidates for the lower house must be 25 years old or older and 30 years or older for the upper house. All candidates must be Japanese nationals. Under Article 49 of Japan's Constitution, Diet members are paid about ¥1.3 million a month in salary. Each lawmaker is entitled to employ three secretaries with taxpayer funds, free [[Shinkansen]] tickets, and four round-trip airplane tickets a month to enable them to travel back and forth to their home districts.<ref>Fukue, Natsuko, "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110104i1.html The basics of being a lawmaker at the Diet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902001426/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110104i1.html }}", ''[[The Japan Times]]'', January 4, 2011, p. 3.</ref>

==Powers==

Article 41 of the [[Constitution of Japan|Constitution]] describes the National Diet as "the highest organ of State power" and "the sole law-making organ of the State". This statement is in forceful contrast to the [[Meiji Constitution]], which described the [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]] as the one who exercised legislative power with the consent of the Diet. The Diet's responsibilities include not only the making of laws but also the approval of the annual national budget that the government submits and the ratification of treaties. It can also initiate draft constitutional amendments, which, if approved, must be presented to the people in a referendum. The Diet may conduct "investigations in relation to government" (Article 62).

The [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] must be designated by Diet resolution, establishing the principle of legislative supremacy over executive government agencies (Article 67). The government can also be dissolved by the Diet if it passes a motion of no confidence introduced by fifty members of the House of Representatives. Government officials, including the Prime Minister and [[Cabinet of Japan|Cabinet members]], are required to appear before Diet investigative committees and answer inquiries. The Diet also has the power to impeach judges convicted of criminal or irregular conduct.<ref name="const">[[National Diet Library]]. [http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/etc/c01.html Constitution of Japan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007073643/http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/etc/c01.html }}. Published 1947. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</ref>

In most circumstances, in order to become law a bill must be first passed by both houses of the Diet and then promulgated by the [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]]. This role of the Emperor is similar to the [[Royal Assent]] in some other nations; however, the Emperor cannot refuse to promulgate a law and therefore his legislative role is merely a formality.<ref>House of Councillors. [https://web.archive.org/web/20010411172147/http://www.sangiin.go.jp/eng/guide/f_c_6.htm Legislative Procedure]. Published 2001. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</ref>

The House of Representatives is the more powerful chamber of the Diet.<ref>Asia Times Online [https://web.archive.org/web/20070713235707/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/IG06Dh01.html Japan: A political tsunami approaches]. By Hisane Masaki. Published July 6, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</ref> While the House of Representatives cannot usually overrule the House of Councillors on a bill, the House of Councillors can only delay the adoption of a budget or a treaty that has been approved by the House of Representatives, and the House of Councillors has almost no power at all to prevent the lower house from selecting any Prime Minister it wishes. Furthermore, once appointed it is the confidence of the House of Representatives alone that the Prime Minister must enjoy in order to continue in office. The House of Representatives can overrule the upper house in the following circumstances:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Diet-Japanese-government|title=Diet {{!}} Japanese government|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=August 22, 2017|language=en|archive-date=November 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119145411/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Diet-Japanese-government|url-status=live}}</ref>
* If a bill is adopted by the House of Representatives and then either rejected, amended or not approved within 60 days by the House of Councillors, then the bill will become law if again adopted by the House of Representatives by a majority of at least two-thirds of members present.<ref name="disagree">House of Representatives of Japan [https://web.archive.org/web/20020617093433/http://www.shugiin.go.jp/itdb_english.nsf/html/statics/guide/disagree.htm Disagreement between the Two Houses]. Retrieved July 14, 2007.</ref>
* If both houses cannot agree on a budget or a treaty, even through the appointment of a joint committee of the Diet, or if the House of Councillors fails to take final action on a proposed budget or treaty within 30 days of its approval by the House of Representatives, then the decision of the lower house is deemed to be that of the Diet.<ref name="disagree"/>
* If both houses cannot agree on a candidate for Prime Minister, even through a joint committee, or if the House of Councillors fails to designate a candidate within 10 days of House of Representatives' decision, then the nominee of the lower house is deemed to be that of the Diet.

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" caption="National Diet Building Interior" heights="130px" per="" row="3">
File:Chamber_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Japan.jpg|House of Representatives
File:Japanese_diet_inside.jpg|House of Councillors
File:The_minister_room_at_the_National_Diet_Building.jpg|The waiting room adjacent to the Cabinet Room at the National Diet Building
</gallery>

==Activities==
Under the Constitution, at least one session of the Diet must be convened each year. Technically, only the House of Representatives is ''dissolved'' before an election. But, while the lower house is in dissolution, the House of Councillors is usually "closed". The Emperor both convokes the Diet and dissolves the House of Representatives but in doing so must act on the ''advice'' of the [[Cabinet of Japan|Cabinet]]. In an emergency the Cabinet can convoke the Diet for an extraordinary session, and an extraordinary session may be requested by one-quarter of the members of either house.<ref name="session">House of Representatives of Japan [https://web.archive.org/web/20020410021015/http://www.shugiin.go.jp/itdb_english.nsf/html/statics/guide/sessions.htm Sessions of the Diet]. Retrieved July 14, 2007.</ref> At the beginning of each parliamentary session, the [[Speech from the Throne|Emperor reads a special speech]] from his throne in the chamber of the House of Councillors.<ref>House of Representatives of Japan [https://web.archive.org/web/20020410020528/http://www.shugiin.go.jp/itdb_english.nsf/html/statics/guide/opening.htm Opening Ceremony and Speeches on Government Policy]. Retrieved July 14, 2007.</ref>

The presence of one-third of the membership of either house constitutes a [[quorum]]<ref name="session"/> and deliberations are in public unless at least two-thirds of those present agree otherwise. Each house elects its own presiding officer who casts the deciding vote in the event of a tie. The Diet has [[parliamentary immunity]]. Members of each house have certain protections against arrest while the Diet is in session and arrested members must be released during the term of the session if the House demands. They are immune outside the house for words spoken and votes cast in the House.<ref>{{cite web |title= Judgments of the Supreme Court Case 1994 (O) 1287 |website= Supreme Court of Japan |url= https://www.courts.go.jp/app/hanrei_en/detail?id=368 |access-date= August 13, 2020 |archive-date= October 20, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020010535/https://www.courts.go.jp/app/hanrei_en/detail?id=368 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Judgments of the Supreme Court Case Number 1978 (O) 1240 |website= Supreme Court of Japan |url= https://www.courts.go.jp/app/hanrei_en/detail?id=80 |access-date= August 13, 2020 |archive-date= October 20, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020005313/https://www.courts.go.jp/app/hanrei_en/detail?id=80 |url-status= live }}</ref> Each house of the Diet determines its own standing orders and has responsibility for disciplining its own members. A member may be expelled, but only by a two-thirds majority vote. Every member of the Cabinet has the right to appear in either house of the Diet for the purpose of speaking on bills, and each house has the right to compel the appearance of Cabinet members.<ref>{{cite web|title= The Constitution of Japan, CHAPTER IV THE DIET|website= Japanese Law Translation|url= http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=174|access-date= August 12, 2020|archive-date= January 5, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210105093921/http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=174|url-status= dead}}</ref>

=== Legislative process ===
The vast majority of bills are submitted to the Diet by the Cabinet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Oda|first=Hiroshi|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232185.001.1/acprof-9780199232185|title=Japanese Law|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-923218-5|chapter=The Sources of Law|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232185.001.1|access-date=May 27, 2020|archive-date=June 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603081544/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232185.001.1/acprof-9780199232185|url-status=live}}</ref> Bills are usually drafted by the relevant ministry, sometimes with the advice of an external committee if the issue is sufficiently important or neutrality is necessary.<ref>M. Nakamura and T. Tsunemoto, 'The Legislative Process: Outline and Actors', in Y.Higuchi (ed.), ''Five Decades of Constitutionalism in Japanese Society'' (Tokyo, 2001), pp. 197–219</ref> Such advisory committees may include university professors, trade union representatives, industry representatives, and local governors and mayors, and invariably include retired officials.<ref name=":0" /> Such draft bills would be sent to the [[Cabinet Legislation Bureau]] of the government, as well as to the ruling party.<ref name=":0" />

==Buildings==
{{See also|National Diet Building|National Diet Library}}
The National Diet Library contains four buildings in one. These buildings include: the main building, the annex, the Kansai-kan of the National Diet Library and the International Library of Children's Literature.

'''Main Building'''
Has a centralized stack system and "For rapid movement of materials, the stack space is equipped with pneumatic carrier pipe and vertical/horizontal conveyor systems".<ref name="National Diet Library 2012">National Diet Library (2012). Buildings and Equipment.</ref> Surrounding the stack space unit, the administrative space contains a catalog hall, reading rooms and research rooms for both general visitors and diet members.

'''Annex'''
Located North of the Main Building, "special design emphasis on natural and harmonious linkage with the Main Building".<ref name="National Diet Library 2012"/> The annex also houses the exhibition room and an auditorium.

'''Kansai-kan of the National Diet Library'''
It is a facility in Keihanna Science City that acts as a storage space and the center for library services; for the advanced information communications society for library materials, information supply service, electronic library functions and enhanced documents.

'''International Library of Children's Literature'''
Contains the children's library, stacks and a researcher's reading room.

==History==
{{further|Political funding in Japan}}

Japan's first modern legislature was the {{nihongo|'''Imperial Diet'''|帝国議会|Teikoku-gikai}} established by the [[Meiji Constitution]] in force from 1889 to 1947. The Meiji Constitution was adopted on February 11, 1889, and the Imperial Diet first met on November 29, 1890, when the document entered into force.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3ImB0-ZL9UC&pg=PT8 |title=Japan's Early Parliaments, 1890–1905: Structure, Issues and Trends |last1=Fraser |first1=Andrew |last2=Mason |first2=R. H. P. |last3=Mitchell |first3=Philip |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-97030-8 |pages=8 |access-date=November 27, 2019 |archive-date=January 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122185542/https://books.google.com/books?id=-3ImB0-ZL9UC&pg=PT8 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first Imperial Diet of 1890 was plagued by controversy and political tensions. The [[Prime Minister of Japan]] at that time was [[General]] [[Count]] [[Yamagata Aritomo]], who entered into a confrontation with the legislative body over military funding. During this time, there were many critics of the army who derided the Meiji slogan of "rich country, strong military" as in effect producing a poor country (albeit with a strong military). They advocated for infrastructure projects and lower taxes instead and felt their interests were not being served by high levels of military spending. As a result of these early conflicts, public opinion of politicians was not favorable.<ref>Stewart Lone [https://books.google.com/books?id=5juMAgAAQBAJ Provincial Life and the Imperial Military in Japan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122185543/https://books.google.com/books?id=5juMAgAAQBAJ }}. Page 12. Published 2010. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-203-87235-5}}</ref>

The Imperial Diet consisted of a House of Representatives and a {{nihongo|'''[[House of Peers (Japan)|House of Peers]]'''|貴族院|Kizoku-in}}. The House of Representatives was directly elected, if on a limited franchise; universal adult male suffrage was introduced in 1925. The House of Peers, much like the British [[House of Lords]], consisted of high-ranking nobles chosen by the Emperor.<ref name="history">House of Representatives of Japan [https://web.archive.org/web/20020617093922/http://www.shugiin.go.jp/itdb_english.nsf/html/statics/guide/imperial.htm From Imperial Diet to National Diet]. Retrieved July 15, 2007.</ref>

The word ''[[Diet (assembly)|diet]]'' derives from [[Latin]] and was a common name for an assembly in medieval European polities like the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. The Meiji Constitution was largely based on the form of constitutional monarchy found in nineteenth century [[Prussia]] and the new Diet was modeled partly on the German [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]] and partly on the British [[Westminster system]]. Unlike the post-war constitution, the Meiji constitution granted a real political role to the Emperor, although in practice the Emperor's powers were largely directed by a group of oligarchs called the ''[[genrō]]'' or elder statesmen.<ref>Henkin, Louis and Albert J. Rosenthal [https://books.google.com/books?id=9s2KPYdpx_cC&dq=meiji+constitution+germany&pg=PA424 Constitutionalism and Rights: the Influence of the United States Constitution Abroad]. Page 424. Published 1990. Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0-231-06570-1}}</ref>

To become law or bill, a constitutional amendment had to have the assent of both the Diet and the Emperor. This meant that while the Emperor could no longer legislate by decree he still had a veto over the Diet. The Emperor also had complete freedom in choosing the Prime Minister and the Cabinet, and so, under the Meiji Constitution, Prime Ministers often were not chosen from and did not enjoy the confidence of the Diet.<ref name="history"/> The Imperial Diet was also limited in its control over the budget. However, the Diet could veto the annual budget, if no budget was approved the budget of the previous year continued in force. This changed with the new constitution after World War II.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diet {{!}} Japanese government|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Diet-Japanese-government|access-date=November 2, 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=November 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119145411/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Diet-Japanese-government|url-status=live}}</ref>

The proportional representation system for the House of Councillors, introduced in 1982, was the first major electoral reform under the post-war constitution. Instead of choosing national constituency candidates as individuals, as had previously been the case, voters cast ballots for parties. Individual councillors, listed officially by the parties before the election, are selected on the basis of the parties' proportions of the total national constituency vote.<ref>Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication. [http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/chouki/27exp.htm Chapter 27 – Government Employees and Elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305015809/http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/chouki/27exp.htm }}. Published 2003. Retrieved June 8, 2007.</ref> The system was introduced to reduce the excessive money spent by candidates for the national constituencies. Critics charged, however, that this new system benefited the two largest parties, the LDP and the Japan Socialist Party (now [[Social Democratic Party (Japan)|Social Democratic Party]]), which in fact had sponsored the reform.<ref>Library of Congress County Data. [http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-7249.html Japan – The Legislature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624185350/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-7249.html }}. Retrieved June 8, 2007.</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align:center;" heights="130px" per="" row="3" caption="National Diet buildings">
File:The First Japnese Diet Hall 1890-91.jpg|The First Japanese Diet Hall (1890–91)
File:National Diet Hiroshima Temporary Building (external view).jpg|National Diet Hiroshima Temporary Building (1894)
File:The Second Japnese Diet Hall 1891-1925.jpg|The Second Japanese Diet Hall (1891–1925)
File:National Diet in 1930s.jpg|National Diet Building (1930)
File:National_Diet_Building_P5030133.jpg|National Diet Building (2017)
</gallery>

== List of sessions ==
There are three types of sessions of the National Diet:<ref>House of Councillors: [http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/aramashi/syousyu_kaiki.html 国会の召集と会期] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003433/http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/aramashi/syousyu_kaiki.html }}</ref>
* R – ''jōkai'' (常会), regular, annual sessions of the National Diet, often shortened to "regular National Diet" (通常国会, ''tsūjō Kokkai''). These are nowadays usually called in January, they last for 150 days and can be extended once.
* E – ''rinjikai'' (臨時会), extraordinary sessions of the National Diet, often shortened to "extraordinary National Diet" (臨時国会, ''rinji Kokkai''). These are often called in autumn, or in the summer after a regular election of the [[House of Councillors (Japan)|House of Councillors]] (参議院議員通常選挙, ''sangiingiin tsūjōsenkyo'') or after a full-term general election of the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]] (衆議院議員総選挙, ''shūgiingiin sōsenkyo''). Its length is negotiated between the two houses, it can be extended twice.
* S – ''tokubetsukai'' (特別会), special sessions of the National Diet, often shortened to "special National Diet" (特別国会, ''tokubetsu Kokkai''). They are called only after a dissolution and early general election of the House of Representatives. Because the [[Cabinet of Japan|cabinet]] must resign after a House of Representatives election, the National Diet always chooses a prime minister-designate in a special session (but inversely, not all PM elections take place in a special Diet). A special session can be extended twice.
* HCES – There is a fourth type of legislative session: If the House of Representatives is dissolved, a National Diet cannot be convened. In urgent cases, the cabinet may invoke an emergency session (緊急集会, ''kinkyū shūkai'') of the House of Councillors to take provisional decisions for the whole Diet. As soon as the whole National Diet convenes again, these decisions must be confirmed by the House of Representatives or become ineffective. Such emergency sessions have been called twice in history, in 1952 and 1953.<ref>House of Councillors: [http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/aramashi/kinkyu_syukai.html 参議院の緊急集会] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209221007/http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/aramashi/kinkyu_syukai.html }}</ref>

Any session of the National Diet may be cut short by a dissolution of the House of Representatives (衆議院解散, ''shūgiin kaisan''). In the table, this is listed simply as "(dissolution)"; the House of Councillors or the National Diet as such cannot be dissolved.

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+List of National Diet sessions<ref>House of Representatives: [http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_annai.nsf/html/statics/shiryo/kaiki.htm 国会会期一覧] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003455/http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_annai.nsf/html/statics/shiryo/kaiki.htm }}, retrieved October 4, 2019.</ref>
|-
! data-sort-type="number" | Diet !! Type !! Opened !! Closed !! data-sort-type="number" | Length in days (originally scheduled+extension[s])
|-
| 1st || S || {{dts|1947-5-20}} || {{dts|1947-12-09}} || 204 (50+154)
|-
| 2nd || R || {{dts|1947-12-10}} || {{dts|1948-07-05}} || 209 (150+59)
|-
| 3rd || E || {{dts|1948-10-11}} || {{dts|1948-11-30}} || 51 (30+21)
|-
| 4th || R || {{dts|1948-12-01}} || {{dts|1948-12-23}} (dissolution) || 23 (150)
|-
| 5th || S || {{dts|1949-02-11}} || {{dts|1949-05-31}} || 110 (70+40)
|-
| 6th || E || {{dts|1949-10-25}} || {{dts|1949-12-03}} || 40 (30+10)
|-
| 7th || R || {{dts|1949-12-04}} || {{dts|1950-05-02}} || 150
|-
| 8th || E || {{dts|1950-07-21}} || {{dts|1950-07-31}} || 20
|-
| 9th || E || {{dts|1950-11-21}} || {{dts|1950-12-09}} || 19 (18+1)
|-
| 10th || R || {{dts|1950-12-10}} || {{dts|1951-06-05}} || 178 (150+28)
|-
| 11th || E || {{dts|1951-08-16}} || {{dts|1951-08-18}} || 3
|-
| 12th || E || {{dts|1951-10-10}} || {{dts|1951-11-30}} || 52 (40+12)
|-
| 13th || R || {{dts|1951-12-10}} || {{dts|1952-07-31}} || 225 (150+85)
|-
| 14th ([[:ja:第14回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|1952-08-26}} || {{dts|1952-08-28}} (dissolution) || 3 (150)
|-
| – || [HCES] || {{dts|1952-08-31}} || {{dts|1952-08-31}} || [1]
|-
| 15th ([[:ja:第15回国会|ja]]) || S || {{dts|1952-10-24}} || {{dts|1953-03-14}} (dissolution) || 142 (60+99)
|-
| – || [HCES] || {{dts|1953-03-18}} || {{dts|1953-03-20}} || [3]
|-
| 16th || S || {{dts|1953-05-18}} || {{dts|1953-08-10}} || 85 (75+10)
|-
| 17th || E || {{dts|1953-10-29}} || {{dts|1953-11-07}} || 10 (7+3)
|-
| 18th || E || {{dts|1953-11-30}} || {{dts|1953-12-08}} || 9
|-
| 19th || R || {{dts|1953-12-10}} || {{dts|1957-06-15}} || 188 (150+38)
|-
| 20th || E || {{dts|1954-11-30}} || {{dts|1954-12-09}} || 10 (9+1)
|-
| 21st || R || {{dts|1954-12-10}} || {{dts|1955-01-24}} (dissolution) || 46 (150)
|-
| 22nd || S || {{dts|1955-03-18}} || {{dts|1955-07-30}} || 135 (105+30)
|-
| 23rd || E || {{dts|1955-11-22}} || {{dts|1955-12-16}} || 25
|-
| 24th || R || {{dts|1955-12-20}} || {{dts|1956-06-03}} || 167 (150+17)
|-
| 25th || E || {{dts|1956-11-12}} || {{dts|1956-12-13}} || 32 (25+7)
|-
| 26th || R || {{dts|1956-12-20}} || {{dts|1957-05-19}} || 151 (150+1)
|-
| 27th || E || {{dts|1957-11-01}} || {{dts|1957-11-14}} || 14 (12+2)
|-
| 28th || R || {{dts|1957-12-20}} || {{dts|1958-04-25}} (dissolution) || 127 (150)
|-
| 29th || S || {{dts|1958-06-10}} || {{dts|1958-07-08}} || 29 (25+4)
|-
| 30th || E || {{dts|1958-09-29}} || {{dts|1958-12-07}} || 70 (40+30)
|-
| 31st || R || {{dts|1958-12-10}} || {{dts|1959-05-02}} || 144
|-
| 32nd || E || {{dts|1959-06-22}} || {{dts|1959-07-03}} || 12
|-
| 33rd || E || {{dts|1959-10-26}} || {{dts|1959-12-27}} || 63 (60+13)
|-
| 34th || R || {{dts|1959-12-29}} || {{dts|1960-07-15}} || 200 (150+50)
|-
| 35th || E || {{dts|1960-07-18}} || {{dts|1960-07-22}} || 5
|-
| 36th || E || {{dts|1960-10-17}} || {{dts|1960-10-24}} (dissolution) || 8 (10)
|-
| 37th || S || {{dts|1960-12-05}} || {{dts|1960-12-22}} || 18
|-
| 38th || R || {{dts|1960-12-26}} || {{dts|1961-06-08}} || 165 (150+15)
|-
| 39th || E || {{dts|1961-09-25}} || {{dts|1961-10-31}} || 37
|-
| 40th || R || {{dts|1961-12-09}} || {{dts|1962-05-07}} || 150
|-
| 41st || E || {{dts|1962-08-04}} || {{dts|1962-09-02}} || 30
|-
| 42nd || E || {{dts|1962-12-08}} || {{dts|1962-12-23}} || 16 (12+4)
|-
| 43rd || R || {{dts|1962-12-24}} || {{dts|1963-07-06}} || 195 (150+45)
|-
| 44th || E || {{dts|1963-10-15}} || {{dts|1963-10-23}} (dissolution) || 9 (30)
|-
| 45th || S || {{dts|1963-12-04}} || {{dts|1963-12-18}} || 15
|-
| 46th || R || {{dts|1963-12-20}} || {{dts|1964-06-26}} || 190 (150+40)
|-
| 47th || E || {{dts|1964-11-09}} || {{dts|1964-12-18}} || 40
|-
| 48th || R || {{dts|1964-12-21}} || {{dts|1965-06-01}} || 163 (150+13)
|-
| 49th || E || {{dts|1965-07-22}} || {{dts|1965-08-11}} || 21
|-
| 50th || E || {{dts|1965-10-05}} || {{dts|1965-12-13}} || 70
|-
| 51st || R || {{dts|1965-12-20}} || {{dts|1966-06-27}} || 190 (150+40)
|-
| 52nd || E || {{dts|1966-07-11}} || {{dts|1966-07-30}} || 20
|-
| 53rd || E || {{dts|1966-11-30}} || {{dts|1966-12-20}} || 21
|-
| 54th ([[:ja:第54回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|1966-12-27}} || {{dts|1966-12-27}} (dissolution) || 1 (150)
|-
| 55th || S || {{dts|1967-02-15}} || {{dts|1967-07-21}} || 157 (136+21)
|-
| 56th || E || {{dts|1967-07-27}} || {{dts|1967-08-18}} || 23 (15+8)
|-
| 57th || E || {{dts|1967-12-04}} || {{dts|1967-12-23}} || 20
|-
| 58th || R || {{dts|1967-12-27}} || {{dts|1968-06-03}} || 160 (150+10)
|-
| 59th || E || {{dts|1968-08-01}} || {{dts|1968-08-10}} || 10
|-
| 60th || E || {{dts|1968-12-10}} || {{dts|1968-12-21}} || 12
|-
| 61st || R || {{dts|1968-12-27}} || {{dts|1969-08-05}} || 222 (150+72)
|-
| 62nd || E || {{dts|1969-11-29}} || {{dts|1969-12-02}} (dissolution) || 4 (14)
|-
| 63rd || S || {{dts|1970-01-14}} || {{dts|1970-05-13}} || 120
|-
| 64th ([[:ja:第64回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|1970-11-24}} || {{dts|1970-12-18}} || 25
|-
| 65th || R || {{dts|1970-12-26}} || {{dts|1971-05-24}} || 150
|-
| 66th || E || {{dts|1971-07-14}} || {{dts|1971-07-24}} || 11
|-
| 67th || E || {{dts|1971-10-16}} || {{dts|1971-12-27}} || 73 (70+3)
|-
| 68th || R || {{dts|1971-12-29}} || {{dts|1972-06-16}} || 171 (150+21)
|-
| 69th || E || {{dts|1972-07-06}} || {{dts|1972-07-12}} || 7
|-
| 70th || E || {{dts|1972-10-27}} || {{dts|1972-11-13}} (dissolution) || 18 (21)
|-
| 71st ([[:ja:第71回国会|ja]]) || S || {{dts|1972-12-22}} || {{dts|1973-09-27}} || 280 (150+130)
|-
| 72nd || R || {{dts|1973-12-01}} || {{dts|1974-06-03}} || 185 (150+35)
|-
| 73rd || E || {{dts|1974-07-24}} || {{dts|1974-07-31}} || 8
|-
| 74th || E || {{dts|1974-12-09}} || {{dts|1974-12-25}} || 17
|-
| 75th || R || {{dts|1974-12-27}} || {{dts|1975-07-04}} || 190 (150+40)
|-
| 76th || E || {{dts|1975-09-11}} || {{dts|1975-12-25}} || 106 (75+31)
|-
| 77th || R || {{dts|1975-12-27}} || {{dts|1976-05-24}} || 150
|-
| 78th || E || {{dts|1976-09-16}} || {{dts|1976-11-04}} || 50
|-
| 79th || E || {{dts|1976-12-24}} || {{dts|1976-12-28}} || 5
|-
| 80th || R || {{dts|1976-12-30}} || {{dts|1977-06-09}} || 162 (150+12)
|-
| 81st || E || {{dts|1977-07-27}} || {{dts|1977-08-03}} || 8
|-
| 82nd || E || {{dts|1977-09-29}} || {{dts|1977-11-25}} || 58 (40+18)
|-
| 83rd || E || {{dts|1977-12-07}} || {{dts|1977-12-10}} || 4
|-
| 84th || R || {{dts|1977-12-19}} || {{dts|1978-06-16}} || 180 (150+30)
|-
| 85th || E || {{dts|1978-09-18}} || {{dts|1978-10-21}} || 34
|-
| 86th || E || {{dts|1978-12-06}} || {{dts|1978-12-12}} || 7
|-
| 87th || R || {{dts|1978-12-22}} || {{dts|1979-06-14}} || 175 (150+25)
|-
| 88th || E || {{dts|1979-08-30}} || {{dts|1979-09-07}} (dissolution) || 9 (30)
|-
| 89th || S || {{dts|1979-10-30}} || {{dts|1979-11-16}} || 18
|-
| 90th || E || {{dts|1979-11-26}} || {{dts|1979-12-11}} || 16
|-
| 91st || R || {{dts|1979-12-21}} || {{dts|1980-05-19}} (dissolution) || 151 (150+9)
|-
| 92nd || S || {{dts|1980-07-17}} || {{dts|1980-07-26}} || 10
|-
| 93rd || E || {{dts|1980-09-29}} || {{dts|1980-11-29}} || 62 (50+12)
|-
| 94th || R || {{dts|1980-12-22}} || {{dts|1981-06-06}} || 167 (150+17)
|-
| 95th || E || {{dts|1981-09-27}} || {{dts|1981-11-28}} || 66 (55+11)
|-
| 96th ([[:ja:第96回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|1981-12-21}} || {{dts|1982-08-21}} || 244 (150+94)
|-
| 97th || E || {{dts|1982-11-26}} || {{dts|1982-12-25}} || 30 (25+5)
|-
| 98th || R || {{dts|1982-12-28}} || {{dts|1983-05-26}} || 150
|-
| 99th || E || {{dts|1983-07-18}} || {{dts|1983-07-23}} || 6
|-
| 100th || E || {{dts|1983-09-08}} || {{dts|1983-11-28}} (dissolution) || 82 (70+12)
|-
| 101st || S || {{dts|1983-12-26}} || {{dts|1984-08-08}} || 227 (150+77)
|-
| 102nd || R || {{dts|1984-12-01}} || {{dts|1985-06-25}} || 207 (150+57)
|-
| 103rd || E || {{dts|1985-10-14}} || {{dts|1985-12-21}} || 69 (62+7)
|-
| 104th || R || {{dts|1985-12-24}} || {{dts|1986-05-22}} || 150
|-
| 105th ([[:ja:第105回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|1986-06-02}} || {{dts|1986-06-02}} (dissolution) || 1
|-
| 106th || S || {{dts|1986-07-22}} || {{dts|1986-07-25}} || 4
|-
| 107th || E || {{dts|1986-09-11}} || {{dts|1986-07-25}} || 4
|-
| 108th || R || {{dts|1986-12-29}} || {{dts|1987-05-27}} || 150
|-
| 109th || E || {{dts|1987-07-06}} || {{dts|1987-09-19}} || 76 (65+11)
|-
| 110th || E || {{dts|1987-11-06}} || {{dts|1987-11-11}} || 6
|-
| 111th || E || {{dts|1987-11-27}} || {{dts|1987-12-12}} || 16
|-
| 112th || R || {{dts|1987-12-28}} || {{dts|1988-05-25}} || 150
|-
| 113th || E || {{dts|1988-07-19}} || {{dts|1988-12-28}} || 163 (70+93)
|-
| 114th || R || {{dts|1988-12-30}} || {{dts|1989-06-22}} || 175 (150+25)
|-
| 115th || E || {{dts|1989-08-07}} || {{dts|1989-08-12}} || 6
|-
| 116th || E || {{dts|1989-09-28}} || {{dts|1989-12-16}} || 80
|-
| 117th || R || {{dts|1989-12-25}} || {{dts|1990-01-24}} (dissolution) || 31 (150)
|-
| 118th || S || {{dts|1990-02-27}} || {{dts|1990-06-26}} || 120
|-
| 119th || E || {{dts|1990-10-12}} || {{dts|1990-11-10}} || 30
|-
| 120th || R || {{dts|1990-12-10}} || {{dts|1991-05-08}} || 150
|-
| 121st || E || {{dts|1991-08-05}} || {{dts|1991-10-04}} || 61
|-
| 122nd || E || {{dts|1991-11-05}} || {{dts|1991-12-21}} || 47 (36+11)
|-
| 123rd || R || {{dts|1992-01-24}} || {{dts|1992-06-21}} || 150
|-
| 124th || E || {{dts|1992-08-07}} || {{dts|1992-08-11}} || 5
|-
| 125th || E || {{dts|1992-10-30}} || {{dts|1992-12-10}} || 42 (40+2)
|-
| 126th || R || {{dts|1993-01-22}} || {{dts|1993-06-18}} (dissolution) || 148 (150)
|-
| 127th || S || {{dts|1993-08-05}} || {{dts|1993-08-28}} || 24 (10+14)
|-
| 128th || E || {{dts|1993-09-17}} || {{dts|1994-01-29}} || 135 (90+45)
|-
| 129th || R || {{dts|1994-01-31}} || {{dts|1994-06-29}} || 150
|-
| 130th || E || {{dts|1994-07-18}} || {{dts|1994-07-22}} || 5
|-
| 131st || E || {{dts|1994-09-30}} || {{dts|1994-12-09}} || 71 (65+6)
|-
| 132nd || R || {{dts|1995-01-20}} || {{dts|1995-06-18}} || 150
|-
| 133rd || E || {{dts|1995-08-04}} || {{dts|1995-08-08}} || 5
|-
| 134th || E || {{dts|1995-09-29}} || {{dts|1995-12-15}} || 78 (46+32)
|-
| 135th || E || {{dts|1996-01-11}} || {{dts|1996-01-13}} || 3
|-
| 136th ([[:ja:第136回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|1996-01-22}} || {{dts|1996-06-19}} || 150
|-
| 137th || E || {{dts|1996-09-27}} || {{dts|1996-09-27}} (dissolution) || 1
|-
| 138th || S || {{dts|1996-11-07}} || {{dts|1996-11-12}} || 6
|-
| 139th || E || {{dts|1996-11-29}} || {{dts|1996-12-18}} || 20
|-
| 140th || R || {{dts|1997-01-20}} || {{dts|1997-06-18}} || 150
|-
| 141st || E || {{dts|1997-09-29}} || {{dts|1997-12-12}} || 75
|-
| 142nd || R || {{dts|1998-01-12}} || {{dts|1998-06-18}} || 158 (150+8)
|-
| 143rd ([[:ja:第143回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|1998-07-30}} || {{dts|1998-10-16}} || 79 (70+9)
|-
| 144th || E || {{dts|1998-11-27}} || {{dts|1998-12-14}} || 18
|-
| 145th || R || {{dts|1999-01-19}} || {{dts|1999-08-13}} || 207 (150+57)
|-
| 146th || E || {{dts|1999-10-29}} || {{dts|1999-12-15}} || 48
|-
| 147th || R || {{dts|2000-01-20}} || {{dts|2000-06-02}} (dissolution) || 135 (150)
|-
| 148th ([[:ja:第148回国会|ja]]) || S || {{dts|2000-07-04}} || {{dts|2000-07-06}} || 3
|-
| 149th || E || {{dts|2000-07-28}} || {{dts|2000-08-09}} || 13
|-
| 150th || E || {{dts|2000-09-21}} || {{dts|2000-12-01}} || 72
|-
| 151st || R || {{dts|2001-01-31}} || {{dts|2001-06-29}} || 150
|-
| 152nd || E || {{dts|2001-08-07}} || {{dts|2001-08-10}} || 4
|-
| 153rd || E || {{dts|2001-09-27}} || {{dts|2001-12-07}} || 72
|-
| 154th || R || {{dts|2002-01-21}} || {{dts|2002-07-31}} || 192 (150+42)
|-
| 155th || E || {{dts|2002-10-18}} || {{dts|2002-12-13}} || 57
|-
| 156th || R || {{dts|2003-01-20}} || {{dts|2003-07-28}} || 190 (150+40)
|-
| 157th || E || {{dts|2003-09-29}} || {{dts|2003-10-10}} (dissolution) || 15 (36)
|-
| 158th || S || {{dts|2003-11-19}} || {{dts|2003-11-27}} || 9
|-
| 159th || R || {{dts|2004-01-19}} || {{dts|2004-06-16}} || 150
|-
| 160th || E || {{dts|2004-07-30}} || {{dts|2004-08-06}} || 8
|-
| 161st || E || {{dts|2004-10-12}} || {{dts|2004-12-03}} || 53
|-
| 162nd || R || {{dts|2005-01-21}} || {{dts|2005-08-08}} (dissolution) || 200 (150+55)
|-
| 163rd ([[:ja:第163回国会|ja]]) || S || {{dts|2005-09-21}} || {{dts|2005-11-01}} || 42
|-
| 164th ([[:ja:第164回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2006-01-20}} || {{dts|2006-06-18}} || 150
|-
| 165th ([[:ja:第165回国会|ja]]) || S || {{dts|2006-09-26}} || {{dts|2006-12-19}} || 85 (81+4)
|-
| 166th ([[:ja:第166回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2007-01-25}} || {{dts|2007-07-05}} || 162 (150+12)
|-
| 167th ([[:ja:第167回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2007-08-07}} || {{dts|2007-08-10}} || 4
|-
| 168th ([[:ja:第168回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2007-09-10}} || {{dts|2008-01-15}} || 128 (62+66)
|-
| 169th ([[:ja:第169回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2008-01-18}} || {{dts|2008-06-21}} || 156 (150+6)
|-
| 170th ([[:ja:第170回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2008-09-24}} || {{dts|2008-12-25}} || 93 (68+25)
|-
| 171st ([[:ja:第171回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2009-01-05}} || {{dts|2009-07-21}} (dissolution) || 198 (150+55)
|-
| 172nd ([[:ja:第172回国会|ja]]) || S || {{dts|2009-09-16}} || {{dts|2009-09-19}} || 4
|-
| 173rd ([[:ja:第173回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2009-10-26}} || {{dts|2009-12-04}} || 40 (36+4)
|-
| 174th ([[:ja:第174回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2010-01-18}} || {{dts|2010-06-16}} || 150
|-
| 175th ([[:ja:第175回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2010-07-30}} || {{dts|2010-08-06}} || 8
|-
| 176th ([[:ja:第176回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2010-10-01}} || {{dts|2010-12-03}} || 64
|-
| 177th ([[:ja:第177回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2011-01-24}} || {{dts|2011-08-31}} || 220 (150+70)
|-
| 178th ([[:ja:第178回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2011-09-13}} || {{dts|2011-09-30}} || 18 (4+14)
|-
| 179th ([[:ja:第179回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2011-10-20}} || {{dts|2011-12-09}} || 51
|-
| 180th ([[:ja:第180回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2012-01-24}} || {{dts|2012-09-08}} || 229 (150+79)
|-
| 181st ([[:ja:第181回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2012-10-29}} || {{dts|2012-11-16}} (dissolution) || 19 (33)
|-
| 182nd ([[:ja:第182回国会|ja]]) || S || {{dts|2012-12-26}} || {{dts|2012-12-28}} || 3
|-
| 183rd ([[:ja:第183回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2013-01-28}} || {{dts|2013-06-26}} || 150
|-
| 184th ([[:ja:第184回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2013-08-02}} || {{dts|2013-08-07}} || 6
|-
| 185th ([[:ja:第185回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2013-10-15}} || {{dts|2013-12-08}} || 55 (53+2)
|-
| 186th ([[:ja:第186回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2014-01-24}} || {{dts|2014-06-22}} || 150
|-
| 187th ([[:ja:第187回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2014-09-29}} || {{dts|2014-11-21}} (dissolution) || 54 (63)
|-
| 188th ([[:ja:第188回国会|ja]]) || S || {{dts|2014-12-24}} || {{dts|2014-12-26}} || 3
|-
| 189th ([[:ja:第189回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2015-01-26}} || {{dts|2015-09-27}} || 245 (150+95)
|-
| 190th ([[:ja:第190回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2016-01-04}} || {{dts|2016-06-01}} || 150
|-
| 191st ([[:ja:第191回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2016-08-01}} || {{dts|2016-08-03}} || 3
|-
| 192nd ([[:ja:第192回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2016-09-26}} || {{dts|2016-12-17}} || 83 (66+17)
|-
| 193rd ([[:ja:第193回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2017-01-20}} || {{dts|2017-06-18}} || 150
|-
| 194th ([[:ja:第194回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2017-09-28}} || {{dts|2017-09-28}} (dissolution) || 1
|-
| 195th ([[:ja:第195回国会|ja]]) || S || {{dts|2017-11-01}} || {{dts|2017-12-09}} || 39
|-
| 196th ([[:ja:第196回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2018-01-22}} || {{dts|2018-07-22}} || 182 (150+32)
|-
| 197th ([[:ja:第197回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2018-10-24}} || {{dts|2018-12-10}} || 48
|-
| 198th ([[:ja:第198回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2019-01-28}} || {{dts|2019-06-26}} || 150
|-
| 199th ([[:ja:第199回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2019-08-01}} || {{dts|2019-08-05}} || 5
|-
| 200th ([[:ja:第200回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2019-10-04}} || {{dts|2019-12-09}} || 67
|-
| 201st ([[:ja:第201回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2020-01-20}} || {{dts|2020-06-17}} || 150
|-
| 202nd ([[:ja:第202回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2020-09-16}} || {{dts|2020-09-18}} || 3
|-
| 203rd ([[:ja:第203回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2020-10-26}} || {{dts|2020-12-05}} || 41
|-
| 204th ([[:ja:第204回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2021-01-18}} || {{dts|2021-06-16}} || 150
|-
| 205th ([[:ja:第205回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2021-10-04}} || {{dts|2021-10-14}} (dissolution) || 11
|-
| 206th ([[:ja:第206回国会|ja]]) || S || {{dts|2021-11-10}} || {{dts|2021-11-12}} || 3
|-
| 207th ([[:ja:第207回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2021-12-06}} || {{dts|2021-12-21}} || 16
|-
| 208th ([[:ja:第208回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2022-01-17}} || {{dts|2022-06-15}} || 150
|-
| 209th ([[:ja:第209回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2022-08-03}} || {{dts|2022-08-05}} || 3
|-
| 210th ([[:ja:第210回国会|ja]]) || E || {{dts|2022-10-03}} || {{dts|2022-12-10}} || 69
|-
| 211th ([[:ja:第211回国会|ja]]) || R || {{dts|2023-01-23}} || ''{{dts|2023-06-21}}'' || ''150''
|}

== List of House of Representatives general elections ==
=== 19th century ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
!Election
!Date
!{{nowrap|Elected prime minister}} (during term)
!Turnout
!Seats
!Date of dissolution (D) / expiration of term (E)
!Registered voters
!Majority party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
! Monarch {{small|(Reign)}}
|-
| align="center" style="background:#efefef;" colspan="10" |'''Imperial Diet (1890–1947); upper house: [[House of Peers (Japan)|House of Peers]]'''
! rowspan=15 style="font-weight:normal" | '''{{nowrap|[[Emperor Meiji|Emperor Meiji]]}}''' [[File:Flag of the Japanese Emperor.svg|50px]]<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.1em;">{{small|(1867–1912)}}</div>
|-
!rowspan=2|[[1890 Japanese general election|1890]]
|rowspan=2|1 July 1890
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf"|[[Yamagata Aritomo]]
|rowspan=2|93.91%
|rowspan="14"|300
|rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 align="right"|450,872
| bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Party (Japan, 1890)}} rowspan="10" style="white-space:nowrap" |[[Liberal Party (Japan, 1890)|Constitutional Liberal]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Party (Japan, 1890)}}|130
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Party (Japan, 1890)}}|43.33%
|-
|bgcolor="Gainsboro"|([[Matsukata Masayoshi]])
|-
!rowspan=2|[[1892 Japanese general election|1892]]
|rowspan=2|15 February 1892
|bgcolor="Gainsboro"|[[Matsukata Masayoshi]]
|rowspan=2|91.59%
|rowspan=2|(D) December 25, 1891
| rowspan=2 align="right"|434,594
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Party (Japan, 1890)}}|{{0}}94
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Party (Japan, 1890)}}|31.33%
|-
|bgcolor="Gainsboro"|([[Itō Hirobumi]])
|-
![[March 1894 Japanese general election|Mar. 1894]]
|March 1, 1894
|bgcolor="Gainsboro"|[[Itō Hirobumi]]
|88.76%
|(D) December 30, 1893
|align="right"|440,113
| bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Party (Japan, 1890)}}|120
| bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Party (Japan, 1890)}}|40.00%
|-
!rowspan=3|[[September 1894 Japanese general election|Sep. 1894]]
|rowspan=3|1 September 1894
|bgcolor="Gainsboro"|[[Itō Hirobumi]]
|rowspan=3|84.84%
|rowspan=3|(D) June 2, 1894
|rowspan=3 align="right"|460,483
|rowspan=3 bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Party (Japan, 1890)}}|107
|rowspan=3 bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Party (Japan, 1890)}}|35.66%
|-
|bgcolor="Gainsboro"|([[Matsukata Masayoshi]])
|-
|bgcolor="Gainsboro"|([[Itō Hirobumi]])
|-
!rowspan=2|[[March 1898 Japanese general election|Mar. 1898]]
|rowspan=2|15 March 1898
|bgcolor="Gainsboro"|[[Itō Hirobumi]]
|rowspan=2|87.50%
|rowspan=2|(D) December 25, 1897
|rowspan=2 align="right"|452,637
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Party (Japan, 1890)}}|105
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Liberal Party (Japan, 1890)}}|35.00%
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Kenseito}}|([[Ōkuma Shigenobu]])
|-
!rowspan=4|[[August 1898 Japanese general election|Aug. 1898]]
|rowspan=4|10 August 1898
|bgcolor={{party color|Kenseito}}|[[Ōkuma Shigenobu]]
|rowspan=4|79.91%
|rowspan=4|(D) June 10, 1898
|rowspan=4 align="right"|502,292
|rowspan=4 bgcolor={{party color|Kenseito}}|[[Kensei Hontō]]
|rowspan=4 bgcolor={{party color|Kenseito}}|124
|rowspan=4 bgcolor={{party color|Kenseito}}|41.33%
|-
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf"|([[Yamagata Aritomo]])
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|([[Itō Hirobumi]])
|-
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf"|([[Katsura Tarō]])
|-
!Election
!Date
!{{nowrap|Elected prime minister}} (during term)
!Turnout
!Seats
!Date of dissolution (D) / expiration of term (E)
!Registered voters
!Majority party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
! Monarch {{small|(Reign)}}
|}

=== 20th century ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
!Election
!Date
!{{nowrap|Elected prime minister}} (during term)
!Turnout
!Seats
!Date of dissolution (D) / expiration of term (E)
!Registered voters
!Majority party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
! Monarch {{small|(Reign)}}
|-
![[1902 Japanese general election|1902]]
|August 10, 1902
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf" rowspan=2|[[Katsura Tarō]]
|88.39%
|rowspan=2|376
|(E) August 9, 1902
|align="right"|982,868
| rowspan="11" bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|[[Rikken Seiyūkai]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|191
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|50.79%
! rowspan=11 style="font-weight:normal" | '''{{nowrap|[[Emperor Meiji|Emperor Meiji]]}}''' [[File:Flag of the Japanese Emperor.svg|50px]]<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.1em;">{{small|(1867–1912)}}</div>
|-
![[1903 Japanese general election|1903]]
|March 1, 1903
|86.17%
|(D) December 28, 1902
| align="right"|958,322
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|175
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|46.54%
|-
!rowspan=2|[[1904 Japanese general election|1904]]
|rowspan=2|1 March 1904
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf"|[[Katsura Tarō]]
|rowspan=2|86.06%
|rowspan=5|379
|rowspan=2|(D) December 11, 1903
|rowspan=2 align="right"|762,445
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|133
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|35.09%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|([[Saionji Kinmochi]])
|-
!rowspan=3|[[1908 Japanese general election|1908]]
|rowspan=3|15 May 1908
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|[[Saionji Kinmochi]]
|rowspan=3|85.29%
|rowspan=3|(E) March 27, 1908
|rowspan=3 align="right"|1,590,045
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|187
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|49.34%
|-
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf"|([[Katsura Tarō]])
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|([[Saionji Kinmochi]])
|-
!rowspan=4|[[1912 Japanese general election|1912]]
|rowspan=4|15 May 1912
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|[[Saionji Kinmochi]]
|rowspan=4|89.58%
|rowspan=8|381
|rowspan=4|(E) May 14, 1912
|rowspan=4 align="right"|1,506,143
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|209
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|54.85%
|-
|bgcolor="Gainsboro"|([[Katsura Tarō]])
|-
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf"|([[Yamamoto Gonnohyōe]])
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Doshikai}}|([[Ōkuma Shigenobu]])
|-
!rowspan=2|[[1915 Japanese general election|1915]]
|rowspan=2|25 March 1915
|bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Doshikai}}|[[Ōkuma Shigenobu]]
|rowspan=2|92.13%
|rowspan=2|(D) December 25, 1914
|rowspan=2 align="right"|1,546,411
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Doshikai}}|[[Rikken Dōshikai]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Doshikai}}|153
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Doshikai}}|40.15%
! rowspan=12 style="font-weight:normal" | '''{{nowrap|[[Emperor Taishō|Emperor Taishō]]}}''' [[File:Flag of the Japanese Emperor.svg|50px]]<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.1em;">{{small|(1912–1926)}}</div>
|-
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf"|([[Terauchi Masatake]])
|-
!rowspan=2|[[1917 Japanese general election|1917]]
|rowspan=2|20 April 1917
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf"|[[Terauchi Masatake]]
|rowspan=2|91.92%
|rowspan=2|(D) January 25, 1917
|rowspan=2 align="right"|1,422,126
|rowspan=7 bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}|[[Rikken Seiyūkai]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}|165
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}|43.30%
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}|([[Hara Takashi]])
|-
!rowspan=5|[[1920 Japanese general election|1920]]
|rowspan=5|10 May 1920
|bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}|[[Hara Takashi]]
|rowspan=5|86.73%
|rowspan=8|464
|rowspan=5|(D) February 26, 1920
|rowspan=5 align="right"|3,069,148
|rowspan=5 bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}|278
|rowspan=5 bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}|59.91%
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}|([[Takahashi Korekiyo]])
|-
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf"|([[Katō Tomosaburō]])
|-
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf"|([[Yamamoto Gonnohyōe]])
|-
|bgcolor="Gainsboro"|([[Kiyoura Keigo]])
|-
!rowspan=3|[[1924 Japanese general election|1924]]
|rowspan=3|10 May 1924
|bgcolor={{party color|Kenseikai}}|[[Katō Takaaki]]
|rowspan=3|91.18%
|rowspan=3|(D) January 31, 1924
|rowspan=3 align="right"|3,288,405
|rowspan=3 bgcolor={{party color|Kenseikai}}|[[Kenseikai]]
|rowspan=3 bgcolor={{party color|Kenseikai}}|151
|rowspan=3 bgcolor={{party color|Kenseikai}}|32.54%
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Kenseikai}}|([[Wakatsuki Reijirō]])
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}|([[Tanaka Giichi]])
|-
!rowspan=2|[[1928 Japanese general election|1928]]
|rowspan=2|20 February 1928
|bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}|[[Tanaka Giichi]]
|rowspan=2|80.36%
|rowspan=28|466
|rowspan=2|(D) January 21, 1928
|rowspan=2 align="right"|12,408,678
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}|[[Rikken Seiyūkai]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}|218
|rowspan=2 bgcolor={{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}|46.78%
! rowspan=58 style="font-weight:normal" | '''{{nowrap|[[Hirohito|Emperor Shōwa]]}}''' [[File:Flag of the Japanese Emperor.svg|50px]]<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.1em;">{{small|(1926–1989)}}</div>
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Minseito}}"|([[Hamaguchi Osachi]])
|-
!rowspan=3|[[1930 Japanese general election|1930]]
|rowspan=3|20 February 1930
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Minseito}}"|[[Hamaguchi Osachi]]
|rowspan=3|83.34%
|rowspan=3|(D) January 21, 1930
|rowspan=3 align="right"|12,812,895
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Minseito}}"|[[Constitutional Democratic Party (Japan)|Rikken Minseitō]]
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Minseito}}"|273
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Minseito}}"|58.58%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Minseito}}"|([[Wakatsuki Reijirō]])
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|([[Inukai Tsuyoshi]])
|-
!rowspan=3|[[1932 Japanese general election|1932]]
|rowspan=3|20 February 1932
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|[[Inukai Tsuyoshi]]
|rowspan=3|81.68%
|rowspan=3|(D) January 21, 1932
|rowspan=3 align="right"|13,237,841
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|[[Rikken Seiyukai]]
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|301
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Seiyukai}}"|64.59%
|-
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf"|([[Saitō Makoto]])
|-
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf"|([[Keisuke Okada]])
|-
!rowspan=2|[[1936 Japanese general election|1936]]
|rowspan=2|20 February 1936
|bgcolor="Gainsboro"|[[Kōki Hirota]]
|rowspan=2|78.65%
|rowspan=2|(D) January 21, 1936
|rowspan=2 align="right"|14,479,553
|rowspan=10 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Minseito}}"|[[Constitutional Democratic Party (Japan)|Rikken Minseitō]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Minseito}}"|205
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Minseito}}"|43.99%
|-
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf"|([[Senjūrō Hayashi]])
|-
!rowspan=8|[[1937 Japanese general election|1937]]
|rowspan=8|30 April 1937
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf"|[[Senjūrō Hayashi]]
|rowspan=8|73.31%
|rowspan=8|(D) March 31, 1937
|rowspan=8 align="right"|14,618,298
|rowspan=8 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Minseito}}"|179
|rowspan=8 bgcolor="{{party color|Rikken Minseito}}"|38.41%
|-
|bgcolor="Gainsboro"|([[Fumimaro Konoe]])
|-
|bgcolor="Gainsboro"|([[Hiranuma Kiichirō]])
|-
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf"|([[Nobuyuki Abe]])
|-
|bgcolor="#bfbfbf"|([[Mitsumasa Yonai]])
|-
|bgcolor="Gainsboro" | ([[Fumimaro Konoe]])
|-
|bgcolor="#eba5a9" | ([[Fumimaro Konoe]])
|-
|bgcolor="#eba5a9" | ([[Hideki Tojo]])
|-
!rowspan=6|[[1942 Japanese general election|1942]]
|rowspan=6|30 April 1942
|bgcolor="#eba5a9" | [[Hideki Tojo]]
|rowspan=6|83.16%
|rowspan=6|(E) April 29, 1942
|rowspan=6 align="right"|14,594,287
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="#eba5a9" | [[Imperial Rule Assistance Association]]
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="#eba5a9" |381
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="#eba5a9" |81.75%
|-
|bgcolor="#eba5a9" | ([[Kuniaki Koiso]])
|-
|bgcolor="#eba5a9" | ([[Kantarō Suzuki]])
|-
|bgcolor="Gainsboro" | ([[Kantarō Suzuki]])
|-
|bgcolor="#dfd29f"|([[Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni]])
|-
|bgcolor="#ccff99"|([[Kijūrō Shidehara]])
|-
![[1946 Japanese general election|1946]]
|April 10, 1946
|bgcolor="#99ead5" | [[Shigeru Yoshida]]
|72.08%
|(D) December 18, 1945
|align="right"|36,878,420
|bgcolor="#99ead5" | [[Liberal Party (Japan, 1945)|Liberal]]
|bgcolor="#99ead5" | 141
|bgcolor="#99ead5" | 30.25%
|-
!rowspan=3|[[1947 Japanese general election|1947]]
|rowspan=3|25 April 1947
|bgcolor="#9cb3d4" | [[Tetsu Katayama]]
|rowspan=3|67.95%
|rowspan=3|(D) March 31, 1947
|rowspan=3 align="right"|40,907,493
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="#9cb3d4" | [[Japan Socialist Party|Socialist]]
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="#9cb3d4" | 143
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="#9cb3d4" | 30.68%
|-
|bgcolor="#ffff7f" | ([[Hitoshi Ashida]])
|-
|bgcolor="#8fc586" | ([[Shigeru Yoshida]])
|-
| align="center" style="background:#efefef;" colspan="10" |'''National Diet (1947–present); upper house: [[House of Councillors (Japan)|House of Councillors]]'''
|-
!rowspan=2|[[1949 Japanese general election|1949]]
|rowspan=2|23 January 1949
|bgcolor="#8fc586" | [[Shigeru Yoshida]]
|rowspan=2|74.04%
|rowspan=5|466
|rowspan=2|(D) December 23, 1948
|rowspan=2 align="right"|42,105,300
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8fc586" | [[Democratic Liberal Party (Japan)|Democratic Liberal]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8fc586" | 264
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8fc586" | 56.65%
|-
|bgcolor="#8fc586" | ([[Shigeru Yoshida]])
|-
![[1952 Japanese general election|1952]]
|October 1, 1952
|bgcolor="#8fc586" | [[Shigeru Yoshida]]
|76.43%
|(D) August 28, 1952
|align="right"|46,772,584
|bgcolor="#8fc586" | [[Liberal Party (Japan, 1950)|Liberal]]
|bgcolor="#8fc586" | 240
|bgcolor="#8fc586" | 51.50%
|-
!rowspan=2|[[1953 Japanese general election|1953]]
|rowspan=2|19 April 1953
|bgcolor="#8fc586" | [[Shigeru Yoshida]]
|rowspan=2|74.22%
|rowspan=2|(D) March 14, 1953
|rowspan=2 align="right"|47,090,167
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8fc586" |[[Liberal Party (Japan, 1950)|Liberal]] Yoshida faction
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8fc586" |199
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8fc586" |42.70%
|-
|bgcolor="#ccd790" | ([[Ichirō Hatoyama]])
|-
!rowspan=4|[[1955 Japanese general election|1955]]
|rowspan=4|27 February 1955
|bgcolor="#ccd790" | [[Ichirō Hatoyama]]
|rowspan=4|75.84%
|rowspan=9|467
|rowspan=4|(D) January 24, 1955
|rowspan=4 align="right"|49,235,375
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="#ccd790" | [[Japan Democratic Party (1954)|Democratic]]
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="#ccd790"|185
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="#ccd790"|39.61%
|-
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | ([[Ichirō Hatoyama]])
|-
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | ([[Tanzan Ishibashi]])
|-
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | ([[Nobusuke Kishi]])
|-
!rowspan=2|[[1958 Japanese general election|1958]]
|rowspan=2|22 May 1958
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Nobusuke Kishi]]
|rowspan=2|76.99%
|rowspan=2|(D) April 25, 1958
|rowspan=2 align="right"|52,013,529
|rowspan=15 bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681"|287
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681"|61.45%
|-
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | ([[Hayato Ikeda]])
|-
![[1960 Japanese general election|1960]]
|November 20, 1960
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Hayato Ikeda]]
|73.51%
|(D) October 24, 1960
|align="right"|54,312,993
| bgcolor="#8dc681"|296
| bgcolor="#8dc681"|63.38%
|-
!rowspan=2|[[1963 Japanese general election|1963]]
|rowspan=2|21 November 1963
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Hayato Ikeda]]
|rowspan=2|71.14%
|rowspan=2|(D) October 23, 1963
|rowspan=2 align="right"|58,281,678
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681"|283
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681"|60.59%
|-
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | ([[Eisaku Satō]])
|-
![[1967 Japanese general election|1967]]
|January 29, 1967
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Eisaku Satō]]
|73.99%
|rowspan=3|486
|(D) December 27, 1966
|align="right"|62,992,796
| bgcolor="#8dc681"|277
| bgcolor="#8dc681"|56.99%
|-
!rowspan=2|[[1969 Japanese general election|1969]]
|rowspan=2|27 December 1969
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Eisaku Satō]]
|rowspan=2|68.51%
|rowspan=2|(D) December 2, 1969
|rowspan=2 align="right"|69,260,424
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681"|288
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681"|59.25%
|-
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | ([[Kakuei Tanaka]])
|-
!rowspan=2|[[1972 Japanese general election|1972]]
|rowspan=2|10 December 1972
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Kakuei Tanaka]]
|rowspan=2|71.76%
|rowspan=2|491
|rowspan=2|(D) November 13, 1972
|rowspan=2 align="right"|73,769,636
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681"|271
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681"|55.19%
|-
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | ([[Takeo Miki]])
|-
!rowspan=2|[[1976 Japanese general election|1976]]
|rowspan=2|5 December 1976
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Takeo Fukuda]]
|rowspan=2|73.45%
|rowspan=6|511
|rowspan=2|(E) December 9, 1976
|rowspan=2 align="right"|77,926,588
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681"|249
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681"|48.72%
|-
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | ([[Masayoshi Ōhira]])
|-
![[1979 Japanese general election|1979]]
|October 7, 1979
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Masayoshi Ōhira]]
|68.01%
|(D) September 7, 1979
|align="right"|80,169,924
| bgcolor="#8dc681"|248
| bgcolor="#8dc681"|48.53%
|-
!rowspan=2|[[1980 Japanese general election|1980]]
|rowspan=2|22 June 1980
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Zenkō Suzuki]]
|rowspan=2|74.57%
|rowspan=2|(D) May 19, 1980
|rowspan=2 align="right"|80,925,034
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681"|284
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681"|55.57%
|-
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | ([[Yasuhiro Nakasone]])
|-
![[1983 Japanese general election|1983]]
|December 18, 1983
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Yasuhiro Nakasone]]
|67.94%
|(D) November 28, 1983
|align="right"|84,252,608
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic]] (LDP-[[New Liberal Club|NLC]] coalition)
| bgcolor="#8dc681"|250
| bgcolor="#8dc681"|48.92%
|-
!rowspan=4|[[1986 Japanese general election|1986]]
|rowspan=4|2 June 1986
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Yasuhiro Nakasone]]
|rowspan=4|71.40%
|rowspan=6|512
|rowspan=4|(D) June 2, 1986
|rowspan=4 align="right"|86,426,845
|rowspan=6 bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic]]
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="#8dc681"|300
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="#8dc681"|58.59%
|-
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | ([[Noboru Takeshita]])
|-
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | ([[Sōsuke Uno]])
|-
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | ([[Toshiki Kaifu]])
|-
!rowspan=2|[[1990 Japanese general election|1990]]
|rowspan=2|18 February 1990
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Toshiki Kaifu]]
|rowspan=2|73.31%
|rowspan=2|(D) January 24, 1990
|rowspan=2 align="right"|90,322,908
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681"|275
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681"|53.71%
! rowspan=11 style="font-weight:normal" | {{nowrap|[[Akihito|'''Emperor Akihito''' (Heisei)]]}} [[File:Flag of the Japanese Emperor.svg|50px]]<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.1em;">{{small|(1989–2019)}}</div>
|-
|bgcolor="#8dc681" | ([[Kiichi Miyazawa]])
|-
!rowspan=4|[[1993 Japanese general election|1993]]
|rowspan=4|18 July 1993
|bgcolor="#81bbb2" | [[Morihiro Hosokawa]]
|rowspan=4|67.26%
|rowspan=4|511
|rowspan=4|(D) June 18, 1993
|rowspan=4 align="right"|94,477,816
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic]] ([[Japan New Party|JNP]]-[[Japan Renewal Party|JRP]]–[[Japan Socialist Party|JSP]]-[[Komeito]]–[[Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)|DSP]]-[[New Party Sakigake|NPS]]-[[Socialist Democratic Federation (Japan)|SDF]] coalition: 1993–1994, [[Japan Renewal Party|JRP]]–[[Komeito]]–[[Japan New Party|JNP]]-[[Democratic Socialist Party (Japan)|DSP]]-Liberal Reform League coalition: 1994, LDP-[[Japan Socialist Party|JSP]]-[[New Party Sakigake|NPS]] coalition since 1994)
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="#8dc681"|223
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="#8dc681"|43.63%
|-
|bgcolor="#7fbdec" | ([[Tsutomu Hata]])
|-
|bgcolor="#9CB3D4" | ([[Tomiichi Murayama]])
|-
|bgcolor="#8DC681" | ([[Ryūtarō Hashimoto]])
|-
!rowspan=3|[[1996 Japanese general election|1996]]
|rowspan=3|20 October 1996
|bgcolor="#8DC681" | [[Ryūtarō Hashimoto]]
|rowspan=3|59.65%
|rowspan=3|500
|rowspan=3|(D) September 27, 1996
|rowspan=3 align="right"|97,680,719
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic]] (LDP-[[Japan Socialist Party|JSP]]/[[Social Democratic Party (Japan)|SDP]]-[[New Party Sakigake|NPS]] coalition: 1996, LDP-[[Liberal Party (Japan, 1998)|Liberal]] coalition: 1999, LDP-[[Komeito]]-Liberal/[[New Conservative Party (Japan)|NCP]] coalition: 1999–2000, LDP-Komeito-NCP coalition: 2000)
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="#8dc681"|239
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="#8dc681"|47.80%
|-
|bgcolor="#8DC681" | ([[Keizō Obuchi]])
|-
|bgcolor="#8DC681" | ([[Yoshirō Mori]])
|-
!rowspan=2|[[2000 Japanese general election|2000]]
|rowspan=2|25 June 2000
|bgcolor="#8DC681" | [[Yoshirō Mori]]
|rowspan=2|62.49%
|rowspan=2|480
|rowspan=2|(D) June 2, 2000
|rowspan=2 align="right"|100,492,328
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681" | [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic]] (LDP-[[Komeito]]-[[New Conservative Party (Japan)|NCP]] coalition)
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681"|233
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8dc681"|48.54%
|-
|bgcolor="#8DC681" | ([[Junichiro Koizumi]])
|-
!Election
!Date
!{{nowrap|Elected prime minister}} (during term)
!Turnout
!Seats
!Date of dissolution (D) / expiration of term (E)
!Registered voters
!Majority party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
! Monarch {{small|(Reign)}}
|}

=== 21st century ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
!Election
!Date
!{{nowrap|Elected prime minister}} (during term)
!Turnout
!Seats
!Date of dissolution (D) / expiration of term (E)
!Registered voters
!Majority party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
! Monarch {{small|(Reign)}}
|-
![[2003 Japanese general election|2003]]
|November 9, 2003
|bgcolor="#8DC681" | [[Junichiro Koizumi]]
|59.86%
|rowspan=9|480
|(D) October 10, 2003
|align="right"|102,306,684
|rowspan=5 bgcolor="#8DC681" | [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic]] (LDP-[[Komeito]] coalition)
| bgcolor="#8dc681"|237
| bgcolor="#8dc681"|49.37%
! rowspan=13 style="font-weight:normal" | {{nowrap|[[Akihito|'''Emperor Akihito''' (Heisei)]]}} [[File:Flag of the Japanese Emperor.svg|50px]]<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.1em;">{{small|(1989–2019)}}</div>
|-
!rowspan=4|[[2005 Japanese general election|2005]]
|rowspan=4|11 September 2005
|bgcolor="#8DC681" | [[Junichiro Koizumi]]
|rowspan=4|67.51%
|rowspan=4|(D) August 8, 2005
|rowspan=4 align="right"|103,067,966
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="#8dc681"|296
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="#8dc681"|61.66%
|-
|bgcolor="#8DC681" | ([[Shinzo Abe]])
|-
|bgcolor="#8DC681" | ([[Yasuo Fukuda]])
|-
|bgcolor="#8DC681" | ([[Tarō Asō]])
|-
!rowspan=3|[[2009 Japanese general election|2009]]
|rowspan=3|30 August 2009
|bgcolor="#f59999" | [[Yukio Hatoyama]]
|rowspan=3|69.28%
|rowspan=3|(D) July 21, 2009
|rowspan=3 align="right"|104,057,361
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="#f59999" | [[Democratic Party of Japan|Democratic]] (DPJ-[[People's New Party|PNP]]-[[Social Democratic Party (Japan)|SDP]] coalition: 2009–2010, DPJ-PNP coalition: 2010–2012)
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="#f59999"|308
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="#f59999"|64.16%
|-
|bgcolor="#f59999" | ([[Naoto Kan]])
|-
|bgcolor="#f59999" | ([[Yoshihiko Noda]])
|-
![[2012 Japanese general election|2012]]
|December 16, 2012
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#8DC681" | [[Shinzo Abe]]
|59.32%
|(D) November 16, 2012
|align="right"|103,959,866
| bgcolor="#8DC681" rowspan="6" |[[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic]] (LDP-[[Komeito]] coalition)
|bgcolor="#8DC681"|294
|bgcolor="#8DC681"|61.25%
|-
![[2014 Japanese general election|2014]]
|December 14, 2014
|52.66%
|475
|(D) November 21, 2014
|align="right"|104,067,104
|bgcolor="#8DC681"|291
|bgcolor="#8DC681"|61.26%
|-
!rowspan=3|[[2017 Japanese general election|2017]]
|rowspan=3|22 October 2017
|bgcolor="#8DC681" | [[Shinzo Abe]]
|rowspan=3|53.68%
|rowspan=4|465
|rowspan=3|(D) September 28, 2017
|rowspan=3 align="right"|106,091,229
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="#8DC681"|284
|rowspan=3 bgcolor="#8DC681"|61.08%
|-
|bgcolor="#8DC681" | ([[Yoshihide Suga]])
|-
|bgcolor="#8DC681" | ([[Fumio Kishida]])
|-
![[2021 Japanese general election|2021]]
|October 31, 2021
|bgcolor="#8DC681"|[[Fumio Kishida]]
|55.93%
|(D) October 14, 2021
| align="right"|105,622,758
|bgcolor="#8DC681"|261
|bgcolor="#8DC681"|56.12%
! style="font-weight:normal" | {{nowrap|[[Naruhito|'''Emperor Naruhito''' (Reiwa)]]}} [[File:Flag of the Japanese Emperor.svg|50px]]<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.1em;">{{small|(2019–present)}}</div>
|-
!Election
!Date
!{{nowrap|Elected prime minister}} (during term)
!Turnout
!Seats
!Date of dissolution (D) / expiration of term (E)
!Registered voters
!Majority party
! colspan=2|Seats Share
! Monarch {{small|(Reign)}}
|}

== List of House of Councillors regular elections ==
=== 20th century ===
*[[1947 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1950 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1953 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1956 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1959 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1962 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1965 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1968 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1971 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1974 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1977 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1980 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1983 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1986 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1989 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1992 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1995 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[1998 Japanese House of Councillors election]]

=== 21st century ===
*[[2001 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[2004 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[2007 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[2010 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[2013 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[2016 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[2019 Japanese House of Councillors election]]
*[[2022 Japanese House of Councillors election]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Japan|Politics}}
* [[Bicameralism]]
* [[Diet (assembly)]]
* [[Government of Japan]]
* [[History of Japan]]
* [[List of legislatures by country]]
* [[National Diet Building]]
* [[National Diet Library]]
* [[Parliamentary system]]
* [[Politics of Japan]]
* [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]
* [[United States Congress]]
* [[:ja:国会開会式]] – Opening ceremony of National Diet.

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021018164307/http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/data/diet.html National Diet Library: Diet and Parliaments] has the Diet minutes and additional information {{in lang|ja}} (archived 18 October 2002)

{{Japan topics}}
{{National bicameral legislatures}}
{{Asia topic|Parliament of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diet Of Japan}}
[[Category:National Diet| ]]
[[Category:1889 establishments in Japan]]
[[Category:Bicameral legislatures|Japan]]
[[Category:National legislatures|Japan]]

ICC Cricket World Cup

2020-07-21T17:24:57Z

Swaggerdeevs: Cricket World Cup

#REDIRECT [[Cricket World Cup]]