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Prakriti

2026-05-31T08:40:27Z

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{{Short description|Nature in Hinduism}}
{{Italic title}}
'''Prakriti''' ({{langx|sa|प्रकृति}} {{IAST3|Prakṛti}}) is "the original or natural form or condition of anything, original or primary substance".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Monier-Williams|first=Monier|title=A Sanskrit-English dictionary: with special reference to cognate Indo-European languages|date=1899|publisher=Oxford|location=Ocford, England|language=English|oclc=704040338}}</ref> It is a key concept in [[Hinduism]], formulated by the ''[[Samkhya]]'' school, where it does not refer merely to matter or nature, but includes all cognitive, moral, psychological, emotional, sensorial and physical aspects of reality.<ref name=Lusthaus/> ''Prakriti'' has three different innate qualities ([[Guṇa|''guṇas'']]), whose equilibrium is the basis of all empirical reality, which is in the form of the [[Pancha Bhuta|pancha bhutas]] (five basic elements) – [[Akasha]], [[Vayu]], [[Agni]], [[Water (element)|Jala]], and [[Earth element|Prithvi]].<ref name=lochtefeldprakriti/><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/prakriti Prakriti: Indian philosophy], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> ''Prakriti'' contrasts with ''[[Purusha|Puruṣa]]'', which is pure awareness and [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] consciousness.<ref name=lochtefeldprakriti>James G. Lochtefeld (2001), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0823931798}}, Pages 224, 265, 520</ref> The term is also found in the texts of other Indian religions such as [[Jainism]]<ref>{{cite book|author=J Jaini|title=Outlines Of Jainism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54A9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32 |year=1940|publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=32–33|id=GGKEY:B0FNE81JRLY}}</ref> and [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Williams|title=Buddhism: Yogācāra, the epistemological tradition and Tathāgatagarbha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEpzDpRJBQ0C&pg=PA20 |year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-33231-6|pages=20 }}</ref>

==Etymology and meaning==
''Prakriti'' (Sanskrit: प्रकृति) is an early Indic concept meaning "making or placing before or at first, the original or natural form or condition of anything, original or primary substance".<ref name=mmwprakriti>Monier Monier-Williams (1899), Monier William's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0600/mw__0687.html Prakriti प्रकृति], page 654</ref> The term is discussed by [[Yāska]] (~600 BCE) in ''[[Nirukta]]'', and is found in numerous [[Hindu texts]].<ref name=mmwprakriti/> It connotes "nature, body, matter, phenomenal universe" in Hindu texts.<ref name="Taylor2008p1300"/><ref name="JonesRyan2006p332">{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA332|year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|pages=332–333}}</ref>

According to Dan Lusthaus,
{{blockquote|In Sāṃkhya puruṣa signifies the observer, the 'witness'. Prakṛti includes all the cognitive, moral, psychological, emotional, sensorial and physical aspects of reality. It is often mistranslated as 'matter' or 'nature' – in non-Sāṃkhyan usage it does mean 'essential nature' – but that distracts from the heavy Sāṃkhyan stress on prakṛti's cognitive, mental, psychological and sensorial activities. Moreover, subtle and gross matter are its most derivative byproducts, not its core. Only prakṛti acts.<ref name=Lusthaus>Dan Lusthaus, [http://www.acmuller.net/yogacara/schools/samkhya.html Samkhya]</ref>}}

== ''Pancha Prakriti'' ==
In Indian languages derived from [[Sanskrit]] roots, ''Prakriti'' refers to the feminine aspect of all life forms. A woman can be seen as a symbol of ''Prakriti''.<ref name="Taylor2008p1300">{{cite book|author=Knut A. Jacobsen|editor=Bron Taylor|title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4mvAwAAQBAJ |year=2008|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-2278-0 |pages=1299–1300 }}</ref>

According to Sanskrit scriptures, [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]], five Hindu goddesses are considered as the complete feminine personification of ''Prakriti'' – [[Saraswati]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Parvati]], [[Gayatri]] and [[Radha]]. Together these five goddesses are worshiped as ''Pancha Prakriti''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=John D. |date=1988 |title=Ludo Rocher: The Purā as. (A History of Indian Literature. Vol. ii, fasc. 3.) [vii], 282 pp. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1986. DM 120. |url=https://www.academia.edu/26399308 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=355 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00114958 |s2cid=161845090 |issn=0041-977X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=B. K. |title=Brahmavaivarta Purana |date=1900 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5296-763-6 |language=en |chapter=Prakriti Khanda}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=Radha |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |pages=312 |language=en}}</ref>

==Samkhya==
[[File:Evolution in Samkhya.svg|thumb|Elements in Samkhya philosophy]]
In Samkhya philosophy, the term ''prakriti'' is used in three distinct ways. Prakriti sometimes refers specifically to Mula-Prakriti (root-nature), also known as the unmanifest (''[[avyakta]]'') or the principal (''[[Pradhana#Samkhya|pradhana]]''), which is the fundamental, uncaused source of the material world. When paired with vikriti (modification), prakriti signifies "source", Mula-Prakriti is only ''prakriti'', while the intellect, ego, and five sense qualities are both prakriti and vikriti, forming the eight prakritis. Prakriti can also refer to the entire twenty-four tattvas (elements), encompassing both unmanifest and manifest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sankhya {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/sankhya/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

''[[Samkhya]]'' texts contrast ''Prakriti'' with ''Purusha'' (spirit, consciousness) where ''Prakriti'' refers to "the material world, nature, matter, physical and psychological character, constitution, temper, disposition". According to [[:no:Knut A. Jacobsen|Knut Jacobsen]], in the dualistic system of the Samkhya school, "''Purusha'' is the principle of pure consciousness, while ''Prakriti'' is the principle of matter", where ''Purusha'' is the conscious witness in every living being, while ''Prakriti'' is the manifest world.

Both the [[Bhagavad Gita]] and the [[Samkhya]] school of philosophy posit that ''prakṛti'' is composed of the three ''guṇas'': ''[[sattva]]'' (preservation), ''[[rajas]]'' (creation), and ''[[Tamas (philosophy)|tamas]]'' (destruction). ''Sattva'' encompasses qualities of goodness, light, and harmony.<ref name=":0" /> ''Rajas'' is associated with concepts of energy, activity, and passion; so that, depending on how it is used, it can either have a supportive or hindering effect on the evolution of the soul.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-Oh_-rK5SQC&dq=prakriti&pg=PA221 |page=221|title=The Bhagavad Gita|isbn=9781586380236|last1=Easwaran|first1=Eknath|year=2007|publisher=Nilgiri Press }}</ref> ''Tamas'' is commonly associated with inertia, darkness, insensitivity. Souls who are more Tamasic are considered imbued in darkness and take the longest to reach liberation.<ref>The Concise Yoga Vāsiṣṭha, Swami Venkatesananda, 1984, p.94</ref>

In Samkhya, ''prakriti'', comprising the three ''gunas'', exists in equilibrium before the cosmos manifests, neutralizing each other's properties. Samkhya argues that the complex and purposeful nature of the world suggests that it exists for the sake of something else, particularly the conscious souls. This view suggests that ''prakriti'', though unconscious, serves to aid the liberation of the soul, similar to how milk nourishes a calf.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bartley |first=C. J. |title=An introduction to Indian philosophy |date=2011 |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-1-84706-448-6 |location=London; New York |pages=83–84}}</ref>

== Yoga Sutras ==
In the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]], ''prakriti'' is described as encompassing the entire cosmos including its physical aspects. It is characterized by the three ''gunas'' - sattva, rajas, and tamas. However, the emphasis within the text primarily is on the psychological manifestations of these guṇas. ''Sattva'', the purest ''guna'', is associated with qualities like lucidity, tranquility, wisdom, discrimination, detachment, happiness, and peacefulness when expressed in the mind (citta). Rajas is characterized by traits like hankering, power, and various forms of movement and creative activity. Tamas is marked by qualities such as ignorance, delusion, lethargy, and disinclination toward constructive activity. These psychological attributes reveal the nature of the ''gunas'' in Yoga.{{Sfn|Bryant|2009|p=17-18}}

== Bhagavad Gita ==
The Bhagavad Gita emphasizes the role of ''prakriti'' as the material energy of the universe, created and controlled by God ([[Krishna]]), and its distinction from ''purusha'' in different verses.{{sfn|Sutton|2016|pp=70, 114, 201}} In Chapter 4 verse 6, Krishna describes ''prakriti'' as His own power, through which He manifests in the world.{{sfn|Sutton|2016|p=70}} In Chapter 7 verse 4 and 5, Krishna mentions two types of ''prakriti'':

{{Blockquote|text=Earth, water, fire, air, space, mind, intellect, and the sense of ego comprise the eight component parts of my energy known as ''prakriti''.
This is the inferior ''prakriti'', but you should also know about my higher ''prakriti'', which is distinct from it. This is the element of life, O mighty one, the ''jiva bhuta'', by means of which this world is held in place.|title=Bhagavad Gita|source=Chapter 7, verse 4-5{{sfn|Sutton|2016|p=114}}}}In Chapter 13 verses 19–23, Krishna discusses the eternal nature of both ''prakriti'' and ''purusha,'' as well as their distinction.
{{Blockquote|text=You should understand that both ''prakriti'' (matter) and ''purusha'' (spirit) have no beginning. You should also know that all transformations and the ''gunas'' have their origin in ''prakriti''.|title=Bhagavad Gita|source=Chapter 13, verse 19{{sfn|Sutton|2016|p=201}}}}It is described in ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' as the "primal motive force".<ref name="Johnston2014p159">{{cite book |author=Charles Johnston |title=The Bhagavad Gita: Songs of the Master |pages=159 footnote 36}}</ref> It is the essential constituent of the universe and is at the basis of all the activity of the creation.<ref>Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad-Gita, a New Translation and Commentary, Chapter 1-6. Penguin Books, 1969, p. 220</ref>

== Vedanta ==
In [[Vishishtadvaita|Vishishtadvaita Vedanta]], a sub-school of Indian philosophy, ''Prakṛti'' is one of the six substances ''([[dravya]])''. The ''[[guṇa]]s'' (qualities) are the attributes of primordial Nature (''Prakṛti''), and not its constituents, unlike ''[[Samkhya|Sāṅkhya]]''.{{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=236}} These qualities are inseparable from ''Prakṛti'', but not identical with it and inextricably related to [[Ishvara]]. ''Prakṛti'' in Vishishtadvaita Vedanta is limited above by the eternal manifestation (''nityavibhuti'') whereas it's infinite in ''Sāṅkhya''.{{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=236-237}}

According to [[Dvaita Vedanta]], ''Prakṛti'' is the material cause ([[Satkaryavada]]) of the world.{{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=236}}

Prakriti is closely associated with the concept of ''[[Maya (religion)|Maya]]'' within Hindu texts more broadly.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAorcEA7j4QC&dq=Prakriti++maia&pg=PA40 |title=Preceptos de Perfección |date=1987 |publisher=Editorial Kier |isbn=9789501701463 |page=40}}</ref>

== Jainism ==
In Jainism the term "''Prakriti''" is used in its theory of [[Karma]], and is considered "that form of matter which covers the perfections of the soul (jiva) and prevents its liberation".<ref>{{cite book |author=Knut A. Jacobsen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-zsAAAAIAAJ |title=Prakr̥ti in Samkhya-yoga: Material Principle, Religious Experience, Ethical Implications |publisher=Peter Lang |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8204-3465-0 |pages=151–162}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Purusha}}
* {{annotated link|Akasha}}
* {{annotated link|Dvaita Vedanta}}
* {{annotated link|Shakti}}
* {{annotated link|Ammavaru}}

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|2}}

=== Works cited ===
* {{cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin F. |title=The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation and Commentary |edition= |publisher=North Point Press |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-0865477360}}
* {{cite book|first=John A.|last=Grimes|title=A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1996|isbn= 0791430677}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sutton |first=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNzUnQAACAAJ |title=Bhagavad-Gita |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies |isbn=978-1-366-61059-1|language=en}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://yinyoga.com/yinsights/purusha-prakriti/ Prakriti in Samkhya Philosophy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224194200/http://bhagavadgitaasitis.com/13/1-2/en1 Bhagavad Gita 13.1-2] (bhagavadgitaasitis.com)

{{Indian philosophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakrti}}
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Mahayana Buddhist philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Yogachara]]

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Bahulashva Janaka

2026-05-07T06:40:40Z

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{{Short description|Legendary figure in Hindu Puranas}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bahulashva
| title = Videha King Janaka
| predecessor = Dhriti
| successor = [[Kriti Janaka|Kriti]]
| full name = Bahulashva Janaka
| era name = [[Dwapar Yuga]]
| regnal name = King of Mithila
| father =
| religion = [[Sanatana]] [[Hinduism]]
| native_lang1 = बहूलश्व जनक
| royal house = [[Videha]] Raaj
| dynasty = [[Janaka]] Dynasty
}}
'''Bahulashva Janaka''' ([[Sanskrit]]: बहुलाश्व जनक) is a figure in [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Puranas|Puranic literature]]. He is described as a king of [[Videha]] (also known as the Mithila Kingdom) in the ancient [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-09-03 |title=Elopement of Subhadrā: The Lord's Grace on Śrutadeva [Chapter 86] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-bhagavata-purana/d/doc1128966.html |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhody |first=Chandan Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLQyiYXIujEC&q=Bahulashva+Janaka |title=The Bhagavata |date=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-46-4 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> According to the Puranic tradition, he was a descendant from the lineage of [[Janaka|Janaka Dynasty]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUSCDwAAQBAJ&q=bahulashva+janaka |title=The Bhagavata Purana 3 |date=2019-01-21 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-380-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QG7-EAAAQBAJ&q=bahulashva+janaka |title=Brahmanda Purana Vol 2 |date=2024-03-21 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-522-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vedavyasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPRyEAAAQBAJ&q=bahulashva+janaka |title=Srimad Bhagavatam |date=2021-12-20 |publisher=Editorial Hastinapura |isbn=978-987-4038-43-2 |language=es}}</ref>

== Appearances in Puranic literature ==
According to ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', King Bahulashva Janaka was a devotee as well as beloved of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]].<ref name=":0" /> In his kingdom, there was a famous Brahmin known as [[Shrutadeva]], he was also a great devotee of Krishna.

In the text ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', it is mentioned that Krishna was very pleased with the devotional attitudes of the both great devotees, so he went on with his chariot ''Daruka'' to the [[Videha|Mithila Kingdom]] to meet them. He went to the Mithila Kingdom along the sages [[Narada|Devashree Narada]], [[Vamadeva]], [[Vyasa|Veda Vyasa]], [[Atri]], [[Rishi Asita|Asita]], Aruni, [[Brihaspati|Brihspati]], [[Kanva]], [[Parashurama|Parashuram]], [[Shuka|Shukhadeva]], [[Maitreya (Mahābhārata)|Maitreya]] and [[Chyavana]].<ref name=":0" />

The religious text ''[[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]]'' gives the account of the dialogues between the King Bahulashva Janaka and the celestial sage [[Narada|Devashree Narada]] about the birth of the Goddess [[Radha]]. In the dialogues the king asked about the mystery of the birth of Goddess Radha to the celestial sage Devashree Narada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radha ashtami 2019: जानिए पूर्व जन्‍म में क्‍या थे राधाजी के माता-पिता वृषभानु और कीर्ति |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/astro/religion-rituals/festivals-and-fasts/radha-ashtami-2019-know-the-story-related-to-radhaji-parents/articleshow/91322966.cms |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Videha]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]

{{Hindu-myth-stub}}

Vikram Misri

2026-04-26T06:00:33Z

SwagataDash: article

{{Short description|Foreign Secretary of India (born 1964)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vikram Misri
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|11|07|df=yes}}
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| honorific_prefix =
| office = 35th [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]]
| term_start = 15 July 2024
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister = [[S. Jaishankar]]
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Vinay Mohan Kwatra]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Deputy National Security Advisor of India]]
| president1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]] [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start1 = 1 January 2022
| term_end1 = 14 July 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Pankaj Saran]]
| successor1 = [[Pavan Kapoor]]
| office2 = 26th [[List of ambassadors of India to China|Ambassador of India to China]]
| term2 = 8 January 2019 – 11 December 2021
| president2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| prime_minister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor2 = [[Gautam Bambawale]]
| successor2 = [[Pradeep Kumar Rawat]]
| office3 = [[Myanmar|Ambassador of India to Myanmar]]
| president3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| prime_minister3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term3 = 2016 – 2018
| predecessor3 = [[Gautam Mukhopadhaya]]
| successor3 = [[Saurabh Kumar (ambassador)|Saurabh Kumar]]
| office4 = [[Spain|Ambassador of India to Spain]]
| term4 = 2014 – 2016
| president4 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| prime_minister4 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor4 = Sunil Lal
| successor4 = Venkatachalam Mahalingam
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| alma_mater = *[[Delhi University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])
**[[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]]
*[[XLRI Jamshedpur]] ([[MBA]])<ref name=mea/>
| image = Vikram Misri in 2024 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Misri in 2024
| spouse = Dolly Misri
| profession = [[Diplomat]]
| occupation = [[Indian Foreign Service]]
| children = 2
| blank1 = Rank
| data1 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]]
}}

'''Vikram Misri''' (born 7 November 1964) is an Indian [[diplomat]] of the [[Indian Foreign Service]], currently serving as the 35th [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]] since July 2024. Previously, he served as the Deputy [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor of India]] from January 2022 until July 2024,<ref>{{cite news |title=China expert Vikram Misri, who has been aide to 3 PMs, is India's new deputy NSA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/china-expert-vikram-misri-who-has-been-aide-to-3-pms-is-india-s-new-deputy-nsa-101640628232436.html |access-date=28 December 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212114446/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/china-expert-vikram-misri-who-has-been-aide-to-3-pms-is-india-s-new-deputy-nsa-101640628232436.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and as the [[List of ambassadors of India to China|ambassador of India to China]] from January 2019 to December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 December 2021 |title=Amb Vikram Misri had farewell call on Chinese FM Wang Yi, expressed hope for complete resolution of border issues soon |url=https://newsonair.com/2021/12/07/amb-vikram-misri-had-farewell-call-on-chinese-fm-wang-yi-expressed-hope-for-complete-resolution-of-border-issues-soon/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |work=NewsOnAIR |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228144437/https://newsonair.com/2021/12/07/amb-vikram-misri-had-farewell-call-on-chinese-fm-wang-yi-expressed-hope-for-complete-resolution-of-border-issues-soon/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Previously, he has served as the private secretary to three Prime Ministers: [[Inder Kumar Gujral]], [[Manmohan Singh]] and [[Narendra Modi]],<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=20 July 2014|title=Sanjeev Kumar Singla appointed private secretary to PM Narendra Modi|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/xHmdQIS03l9bDHFmD10rxJ/Sanjeev-Kumar-Singla-appointed-private-secretary-to-PM-Naren.html|access-date=11 July 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> and also as the Indian ambassador to [[Spain]] and [[Myanmar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ambassador's Profile|url=https://www.eoibeijing.gov.in/eoibejing_pages/MTE,|access-date=11 July 2021|website=Embassy of India, Beijing, China|archive-date=2 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302092656/https://eoibeijing.gov.in/eoibejing_pages/MTE,|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vikram Misri Biography: Birth, Age, Early Life, Family, Education, Career, Assignments, and More |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/vikram-misri-biography-1640687765-1 |access-date=28 December 2021 |work=Jagranjosh.com |date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228150227/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/vikram-misri-biography-1640687765-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Misri was born in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri Who Briefed Media After Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/trending/operation-sindoor-meet-foreign-secretary-vikram-misri-who-briefed-media-post-ops |work=NDTV Profit |date=7 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 July 2024 |first1=Surinder Singh |last1=Oberoi |title=Ambassador Vikram Misri becomes 3rd Kashmiri to assume charge of India's Foreign Secretary |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/ambassador-vikram-misri-becomes-3rd-kashmiri-to-assume-charge-of-indias-foreign-secretary/ |work=Greater Kashmir |access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref>

Misri attended [[Burn Hall School]] and DAV School in [[Srinagar]]. He then studied at Carmel Convent School in [[Udhampur]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pratap |first=Rishabh Madhavendra |date=15 July 2024 |title=Vikram Misri, 1989 Batch IFS Officer Assumes Charge As New Foreign Secretary |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/vikram-misri-1989-batch-ifs-officer-assumes-charge-as-new-foreign-secretary-article-111746285 |work=Times Now |access-date=15 July 2024 |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718114310/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/vikram-misri-1989-batch-ifs-officer-assumes-charge-as-new-foreign-secretary-article-111746285 |url-status=live }}</ref> and at [[Scindia School]] in [[Gwalior]].<ref name="The Tribune">{{cite news |title=China expert Vikram Misri takes charge as new Foreign Secretary |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/vikram-misri-takes-charge-as-new-foreign-secretary-640031/ |work=The Tribune |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131011143/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/vikram-misri-takes-charge-as-new-foreign-secretary-640031/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, he completed his undergraduate degree in history from the [[Hindu College, Delhi]].<ref name="The Tribune"/> He also completed an MBA degree at the [[XLRI – Xavier School of Management]], [[Jamshedpur]].<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=8 January 2019|title=Vikram Misri takes charge as India's new envoy to China|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/vikram-misri-takes-charge-as-indias-new-envoy-to-china/article25938273.ece|access-date=11 July 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713103955/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/vikram-misri-takes-charge-as-indias-new-envoy-to-china/article25938273.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:The_Ambassador_of_India_to_Myanmar,_Shri_Vikram_Misri_calling_on_the_President_of_India,_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_on_January_15,_2018.jpg|thumb|left|Vikram Misri calling on the President of India, [[Ram Nath Kovind]], at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 15 January 2018]]

After completing his education, Misri worked for three years in advertising.<ref name=":0" /> He did stints with [[Lintas]] India in Mumbai and Contract Advertising in Delhi, and advertising film making.<ref name=mea>{{citation|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/fs.htm|title=About MEA: Profiles: Shri Vikram Misri, Foreign Secretary |publisher= Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=2025-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2024 |title=Vikram Misri, 1989 Batch IFS Officer Assumes Charge As New Foreign Secretary |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/vikram-misri-1989-batch-ifs-officer-assumes-charge-as-new-foreign-secretary-article-111746285 |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718114310/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/vikram-misri-1989-batch-ifs-officer-assumes-charge-as-new-foreign-secretary-article-111746285 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1989. From January 1991 to September 1993, he was posted in [[Brussels]] as Third Secretary and Second Secretary; from September 1993 to October 1996 in [[Tunis]] as Second Secretary and First Secretary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Vikram Misri? All about his journey and education |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/news-detail/who-is-vikram-misri-all-about-his-journey-and-education-3420 |website=India Today Best Colleges |access-date=6 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

After returning to [[New Delhi]], he served as an Under Secretary and Private Secretary in the Office of the [[External Affairs Minister of India]] [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] since November 1996 to April 1997 and then during his Prime Ministership during April 1997 to March 1998. From April 1998 to August 2000, he served as the Deputy Secretary for the Pakistan Desk in the MEA.<ref name=":0" />

From August 2000 to September 2003, he served in [[Islamabad]] as First Secretary, then Counsellor, and also as [[Chargé d'affaires]]; from September 2003 to October 2006 in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]] as Political Counsellor in the [[Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.]].<ref name=mea/><ref name=":0" />

From November 2006 to September 2008, he served as Director of the Office of the External Affairs Minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri? Career, advertising days, top Indian diplomat in Pakistan: All about his life and education |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/who-is-foreign-secretary-vikram-misri-career-advertising-top-indian-diplomat-pakistan-all-about-his-life-education-11747023071482.html |website=Mint |publisher=HT Media |access-date=6 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

From September 2008 to September 2011, he served as [[Deputy Chief of Mission|Deputy High Commissioner]] of India in [[Sri Lanka]]. From September 2011 to February 2012, he was [[Consul General]] of India in [[Munich]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The calm in the storm: Things you didn't know about Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri — Operation Sindoor and more |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/the-calm-in-the-storm-things-you-didn-t-know-about-foreign-secretary-vikram-misri-operation-sindoor-and-more-101746860728051.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=10 May 2025 |access-date=6 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

From March 2012 to October 2012, he served as the [[Joint Secretary]] in the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister’s Office]], New Delhi and was appointed as the private secretary to Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 October 2012|title=Reshuffle in PMO: IFS officer Vikram Misri made private secy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/reshuffle-in-pmo-ifs-officer-vikram-misri-made-private-secy/story-EtdDOR2NwWcabwHEjLU6XM.html|access-date=11 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> He continued to serve in that capacity when Singh was succeeded by [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|agency=PTI|date=21 July 2014|title=Sanjeev Kumar Singla appointed as Private Secretary to Prime Minister Narendra Modi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/sanjeev-kumar-singla-private-secretary-narendra-modi-vikram-misri-201090-2014-07-21|access-date=11 July 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711121712/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/sanjeev-kumar-singla-private-secretary-narendra-modi-vikram-misri-201090-2014-07-21|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ambassador of India to Spain and Myanmer===
He was appointed Ambassador of India to [[Spain]] in 2014 and Ambassador of India to [[Myanmar]] in 2016.<ref name=mea/>

===Ambassador of India to China===
In 2019, he was appointed the ambassador to China. He was the ambassador during the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]] and held a series of meetings with senior Chinese officials, including [[Liu Jianchao]] to discuss the tensions.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|title=Indian envoy to China Vikram Misri meets top party functionary to discuss LAC tensions|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-envoy-to-china-vikram-misri-meets-top-party-functionary-to-discuss-lac-tensions/articleshow/77511524.cms?from=mdr|access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Basu|first=Nayanima|date=14 August 2020|title=India seeks more engagement with China on border row, envoy Misri meets top Chinese officials|work=The Print|url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/india-seeks-more-engagement-with-china-on-border-row-envoy-misri-meets-top-chinese-officials/481958/|access-date=13 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=ANI|date=6 March 2021|title=Indian envoy meets Chinese vice foreign minister, emphasises on complete disengagement in eastern Ladakh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-envoy-meets-chinese-vice-foreign-minister-emphasises-on-complete-disengagement-in-eastern-ladakh/articleshow/81359168.cms|access-date=13 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713185157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-envoy-meets-chinese-vice-foreign-minister-emphasises-on-complete-disengagement-in-eastern-ladakh/articleshow/81359168.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Deputy National Security Advisor===
He was appointed as the [[Deputy National Security Advisor of India]] (Dy. NSA) from 1 January 2022 in the [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council Secretariat]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Vikram Misri? Know all about India's new Foreign Secretary |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/who-is-vikram-misri-know-all-about-indias-new-foreign-secretary/articleshow/111343310.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Economic Times |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811063242/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/who-is-vikram-misri-know-all-about-indias-new-foreign-secretary/articleshow/111343310.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Foreign Secretary ===
[[File:PM and the Prime Minister of Israel, Mr. Benjamin Netanyahu witnessing the Exchange of MoUs between India and Israel, in Israel on February 26, 2026.jpg|thumb|Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri with [[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Modi]] and [[Prime Minister of Israel|PM]] [[Netanyahu]] in [[Israel]], February 26, 2026]]
On 28 June 2024, it was announced that Mr. Misri would succeed [[Vinay Mohan Kwatra]] to assume the post of [[Foreign Secretary of India]]. On 15 July 2024, he became the 35th [[Foreign Secretary of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2024 |title=Vikram Misri named India's next foreign secretary, who is he? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/vikram-misri-named-indias-next-foreign-secretary-who-is-he-13787252.html |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Misri is married to Dolly and has two children.<ref name=":0" /> He is fluent in [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and has a working knowledge of [[French language|French]].<ref name=":0" /> He is a fellow of [[Aspen Institute|ASPEN Institute]] USA's India leadership initiative, now known as the Kamalnayan Bajaj Fellowship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2024 |title=Vikram Misri, 1989 Batch IFS Officer Assumes Charge As New Foreign Secretary |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/vikram-misri-1989-batch-ifs-officer-assumes-charge-as-new-foreign-secretary-article-111746285 |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718114310/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/vikram-misri-1989-batch-ifs-officer-assumes-charge-as-new-foreign-secretary-article-111746285 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{commons}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Gautam Bambawale]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ambassador of India to China]]|years=2019 - 2021}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pradeep Kumar Rawat]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Vinay Mohan Kwatra]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]]|years=2024 - Present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Misri, Vikram}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scindia School alumni]]
[[Category:Hindu College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:XLRI – Xavier School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Hindu people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to China]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Spain]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Myanmar]]
[[Category:Foreign secretaries of India]]

Mughal Central Asia campaign

2026-04-21T13:01:17Z

SwagataDash: Added a article!

{{Short description|War between Mughals and Uzbeks}}

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mughal Central Asia Campaign
| date = 1645–1647
| place = [[Central Asia]]
| coordinates = 
| territory = Uzbek territories of [[Balkh]] and [[Badakhshan]] falls to [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]] for a time period with [[Murad Bakhsh]] becoming its governor.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195477 |title=The Mughal Occupation of Balkh 1646–1647 |isbn=9781932705546 |last=Foltz |first=Richard |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |date=1996 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=49–61 |doi=10.1093/jis/7.1.49 |jstor=26195477 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.worldofcoins.eu/forum/index.php?topic=56826.0#:~:text=He%20was%20appointed%20as%20the,March%201654)%2C%20and%20Malwa. |title=The Marathas and the English Company 1707-1818 |last=Beck |first=Sanderson |date=2017 }}</ref>
| result = [[Status quo ante bellum]]
*Plunder of southern Uzbek territories<ref name=sb2015>{{cite web |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ce0814a9-36f8-4312-ace1-1d744f1e649f/files/meebf19da0410cc6e54b846cccc9ab5da |title=Numismatic Reflections on Shahjahan's Balkh Campaign– 1646-47 |last=Bhandare |first=Shailendra |date=2015 |access-date=5 August 2024 }}</ref>
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}}
*[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|22px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
**[[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|23px]] [[Kingdom of Amber]]
{{Tree list/end}}[[Nurpur kingdom]]
| combatant2 = {{Tree list}}
*{{flag|Khanate of Bukhara}}
*{{flag|Kazakh Khanate}}
{{Tree list/end}}
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|23px]] [[Shah Jahan]] [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|23px]] [[Murad Bakhsh]] [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|23px]] [[Aurangzeb]] [[File:Flag of Jaipur.svg|23px]][[Jai Singh I]] [[Raja Jagat Singh|Jagat Singh]]
| commander2 = {{flag icon|Khanate of Bukhara}} Nazr Muhammad Khan {{flag icon|Khanate of Bukhara}} [[Abd al-Aziz Khan (Bukhara)|Abd al-Aziz Khan]] {{flag icon|Kazakh Khanate}} [[Salqam Jangir Khan]]
| strength2 = 120,000 Uzbek forces<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne |isbn=9780141001432 |accessdate=24 October 2024 |last=Early |first=Abraham |date=17 September 2007 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited }}</ref> 100,000 Kazakh forces<ref> Alekseev, 2004: 310.</ref><ref>MIKKH, 1969: 396</ref><ref>Atygaev N. Kazakh Khanate: Essays on Foreign Policy History of the 15th-17th Centuries</ref>
| strength1 = 60,000 cavalry<ref name=sb2015></ref>
| casualties2 = Unknown but much more<ref name=sb2015></ref>
| casualties1 = 5,000 men<ref name=sb2015></ref> 14,000 men of [[Nurpur kingdom]]
}}

The '''Mughal Central Asia Campaign''',<ref name="Supriya">{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Supriya |title=The Emperor Who Never Was |date=7 January 2020 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Yze6DwAAQBAJ&dq=Shah+Jahan%27s+central+asian+campaigns&pg=PA132 |publisher=Harvard |isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1 |access-date=24 October 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/The_Emperor_Who_Never_Was.html?id=Yze6DwAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |url-status=live }}</ref> also known as the '''Balkh Campaign''', was a military campaign from 1645–1647 undertook by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Jahan]] against the Uzbek [[Khanate of Bukhara]] in [[Central Asia]]. It notably involved an Indian army crossing the [[Hindu Kush]] in battle.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ali |first=M. Athar |date=1967 |title=The Objectives Behind the Mughal Expedition into Balkh and Badakhshan 1646-47 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44155491 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=29 |pages=162–8 |doi= |jstor=44155491 |access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref> The campaign was technically a stalemate.<ref name=jp1986>{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Peter |last2=Lockhart |first2=Lawrence |date=6 February 1986 |title=The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EF_4AQeOltUC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=299 |isbn=9780521200943 }}</ref>
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]

== Background ==
The Uzbeks and Mughals' relations in the early 17th century was relatively peaceful, and the Janid ruler of Bukhara [[Imam Quli Khan of Bukhara|Imam Quli Khan]] had no intentions of jeopardizing the relationship, with Imam Quli even offering an alliance with the Mughals during their [[Mughal-Safavid War of 1638|war with the Safavids]].<ref name=bps1932>{{cite book |last=Saksena |first=Banarsi Prasad |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saxena |date=1932 |title=History Of Shahjahan Of Dihli |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281500/page/n225/mode/2up?view=theater |pages=182–209 |publisher=Fb&c Limited |isbn=9781334002861 }}</ref> Despite an attempt by Imam Quli's ambitious brother Nazr Muhammad to take Kabul in 1627, the Uzbeks still endeavored to maintain stable relations with the Mughals.<ref name=bps1932></ref> Muhammad also later sent an apology for the Kabul invasion in 1633 which Shah Jahan accepted.<ref name=bps1932></ref>

In the early 1640s, Imam Quli Khan contracted [[ophthalmia]], resulting in blindness. Nazr Muhammad capitalized on this opportunity and took control, against the wishes of his brother. Imam Quli Khan later died in [[Medina]] on pilgrimage in 1644.<ref name=bps1932></ref> Nazr Muhammad was widely unpopular in his territory, as a result of his strict administration and abundant taxation.<ref name=js1925>{{cite book |last=Jadunath |first=Sarkar |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |date=1925 |title=History Of Aurangzib, Vol.1, Ed.2 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.513882/page/81/mode/2up?view=theater |pages=81–100 |publisher=Fb&c Limited |isbn=9781334002861 }}</ref> While in a campaign to conquer [[Khwarazm]], the [[Atalıq]] of Muhammad's third son fell out with him and staged a revolt in [[Tashkent]].<ref name=bps1932></ref> Muhammad sent his son Abd al-Aziz to put down the revolt, but he betrayed him, joining the rebels and usurping the throne. This left Nazr Muhammad with only the territories of Balkh and Badakhshan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rahim |first=Abdur |date=1935 |title=Mughal Relations With Persia And Central Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.486518/page/93/mode/2up |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |page=93 |isbn= }}</ref> Shah Jahan was delighted with this outcome, as he was a known admirer of Transoxiana, part of Bukharan lands. Samarqand was one of the capitals of the Timurids, and the Indian Mughals at times cherished the dreams of gaining possession of the city which Babur had thrice won and lost.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/babur/babur1.html |title=Baburnama |access-date=20 October 2024 }}</ref> This made Shah Jahan launch a military campaign. This was because the Mughal lineage found provenance in Transoxiana, with historian [[Abdul Hamid Lahori]] writing in the [[Padshahnama]], a history of Shah Jahan's reign, that "The Emperor's heart had been set up the conquest of [[Balkh]] and [[Badakhshan]], which were hereditary territories of his house, and were the keys to the acquisition of Samarqand, the home and capital of his great ancestor Timur Sahib Qiran Sani." Therefore, when he heard of the deposing of Nazr Muhammad, he understood it as an opportunity to regain Transoxiana.<ref name=bps1932></ref>

== Campaign ==
Shah Jahan first sent a host of officers, including [[Asalat Khan]] and Persian general [[Ali Mardan Khan]] to scout the area. The first reconnoitre in June 1645 led to the Thanedaar of [[Ghorband]], Khalil Beg, taking [[Kahmard]] as its defending force had left to defend [[Bala Hissar, Kabul|Hisar]] from Abd al-Aziz.<ref name=bps1932></ref> However, he soon abandoned it and left for Zuhak, which resulted in Nazr Muhammad sending his generals Abdur Rahman and Tardi Ali Qatghan to retake the vulnerable fort.<ref name=js1925></ref> Nonetheless, the imperialists pushed on towards Badakhshan. Beg deemed the roads to Badakhshan too narrow for the army and noted that they lacked provisions and would struggle in the imminent winter. Therefore, they returned to Kabul after looting a few district towns.<ref name=bps1932></ref> Later in October, a Rajput soldier, [[Raja Jagat Singh]] was sent on the second scouting mission to take [[Khost]] and build fortifications. He chose to build one between [[Andarab District|Andarab]] and [[Sarab (Ghazni)|Sarab]] which Nazr Muhammad's general Kafsh Qamaq attempted to take, but the 900 men army defended valiantly it until the Uzbeks retreated and reinforcements came,<ref name=bps1932></ref> with Jagat Singh returning to Kabul on November 4.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hutchinson |first=John |title=History of the Panjab Hill States, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC&pg=PA251 |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |page=252 |isbn=9788120609426 }}</ref> Meanwhile, Nazr Muhammad's rule was in disarray. His general and [[divan-begi]] Tardi Ali was exposed to be corrupt, which only made Muhammad more disliked with his people.<ref name=ab2020>{{cite book |last=Burton |first=Audrey |date=25 November 2020 |title=The Bukharans: A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History 1550-1702 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W97UwAEACAAJ |publisher=Routledge |page=226 |isbn=9780700704170 }}</ref> Abd al-Aziz detained Muhammad and only allowed him to administer Balkh.<ref name=bps1932></ref> Muhammad, fearing for his safety, wrote a letter to Shah Jahan calling for military help, which reached the emperor in late January 1646.<ref name=ab2020></ref>

Upon receiving the letter, Shah Jahan began mobilizing troops for the campaign. Shah Jahan then went to Kabul to oversee the campaign, which was led by his youngest son [[Murad Bakhsh]]. The army consisted of 60,000 units, around 2,208 officers, and they set off in late May 1646.<ref name=bps1932></ref> The army split into two, one led by Murad and the other by Ali Mardan.<ref name=ab2020></ref> The two armies converged temporarily at [[Charikar]] to clear the snow, but soon split again.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gommans |first=Jos |author-link=Jos Gommans |date=2003 |title=Mughal Warfare, Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500–1700 |publisher=Taylor & Francis e-Library |url=http://dlx.b-ok.org/genesis/628000/06ae9010b197a442876290ce257027ff/_as/ |isbn=0-203-40258-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004418/http://dlx.b-ok.org/genesis/628000/06ae9010b197a442876290ce257027ff/_as/ |archive-date=7 November 2017 }}</ref> [[Kilich Khan]] was instructed to capture [[Ghor Province|Ghor]] and Kahmard.<ref name=bps1932></ref> Although he, along with Khalil Beg, seized Kahmard without much trouble, the inhabitants of Ghor fought very bravely and the Mughals spared the life of the governor of Ghor upon its capitulation.<ref name=ab2020></ref> Afterwards, Badakhshan succumbed to the Mughals. After Asalat Khan took [[Kunduz]], Shah Jahan told Murad to tell Nazr Muhammad his territories in Balkh would be retained if he acted with submission. However, Muhammad thought cynically of the letter and fled to Persia, which enraged Murad; this led to his tracking Muhammad down in Persia but this came to no avail.<ref name=bps1932></ref> On July 2, Balkh was subdued without much force, and Muhammad's 70 million rupee treasury came under Mughal control, although they had only managed to retain 12 million for the local people had plundered most of it.<ref name=sb2015>{{cite web |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ce0814a9-36f8-4312-ace1-1d744f1e649f/files/meebf19da0410cc6e54b846cccc9ab5da |title=Numismatic Reflections on Shahjahan's Balkh Campaign– 1646-47 |last=Bhandare |first=Shailendra |date=2015 |access-date=5 August 2024 }}</ref> When hearing the news about Balkh, Shah Jahan was overjoyed and announced an 8 day holiday in celebration. He wrote to Persian shah [[Abbas II of Persia|Abbas II]] that he planned to take both Samarkand and Bukhara afterwards.<ref name=cs2005>{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |date=2005 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |page=226 |isbn=9788124110669 }}</ref>

Proceeding the relatively facile occupation of Balkh, Murad wrote home back to Shah Jahan in the middle of the festivities. Murad stated he was tired of the place, demanding to be recalled back to India.<ref name=ab2020></ref> Moreover, the disgruntled soldiers began to lose discipline and began plundering the city.<ref name=js1925></ref> Shah Jahan indignantly replied that Murad would be viceroy of [[Transoxiana]] once Samarkand and Bukhara capitulated and Murad would be replaced and disgraced if he proceeded with leaving his post. This did not placate Murad however, and he returned to India, leaving his officers behind to govern the place.<ref name=bps1932></ref> Shah Jahan was incensed and relinquished Murad's title of mansab.<ref name=hme1875>{{cite book |last=Elliot |first=Henry Miers |author-link=Henry Miers Elliot |date=1875 |title=Shah Jahan |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924006140374/page/n79/mode/2up |publisher=Lahore : Sh. Mubarak Ali |page=79 |isbn=9781334363542 }}</ref> Shah Jahan then sent his reliable minister [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Saadullah Khan]] to govern the local towns and introduce standard currency in Balkh, which would be controlled by [[Bahadur Khan (Moghul General)|Bahadur Khan]] and Asalat Khan.<ref name=ab2020></ref> Saadullah Khan returned to Kabul on September 6.<ref name=bps1932></ref> A lack of a supreme leader led to the Mughal occupations in Balkh and Badakhshan being subject to frequent Uzbek attacks, engaging in many inconsequential conflicts with Uzbek tribes and raiders which only further incensed the soldiers.<ref name=js1925></ref> Abd al-Aziz made it clear that he intended to capitalize on the Mughal struggles.<ref name=ab2020></ref>

In response, Shah Jahan redesignated his son [[Aurangzeb]], then the governor of [[Gujarat]], to lead the Central Asian Campaign and restore order with an army of around 25,000 men who departed from Kabul on April 1647.<ref name=hme1875></ref> Despite the comparative smallness size of his army in commensuration with Murad's, Aurangzeb made the Uzbeks flee at a valley called Derah-i-Garz and later defeated the Uzbeks near Balkh, then proceeding to the city with relative ease. They arrived at the city on May 25 and Aurangzeb left [[Rajput]] Madhu Singh Hada in command of the city.<ref name=js1925></ref> However, upon hearing this information, Abd al-Aziz gathered a large force of around 120,000 men to thwart the Mughals, these troops were led by Qutluq Muhammad and Beg Ughli.<ref name=bps1932></ref> After three days at Balkh, Aurangzeb set off to confront the Uzbeks at [[Aqcha]]. They met on June 1, but Aurangzeb defeated them and prepared to retreat following the plunder of Beg Ughli's camp on June 5.<ref name=js1925></ref> However, they were met with the full force of the Uzbek army on June 7, but managed to beat the disorganized Uzbeks and return to Balkh on the 11th.<ref name=js1925></ref> Though, there were many difficulties for the Mughals at Balkh. The local people did not like the Mughals, and basic necessities were scarce. Shah Jahan knew that it would be impossible to maintain these provinces. Both sides wanted to make peace, with Abd al-Aziz quoted as saying "to fight with such a man [Aurangzeb] is to court one's ruin".<ref name=js1925></ref> Shah Jahan wanted to concede Balkh to Nazr Muhammad on the basis he showed modesty. However, Muhammad accepted Balkh but did not show submission, on the basis of illness. In reality, he was a vain person and knew that they would accept anyway, given the impeding winter, which was proven to be true. The Indians were reluctant to face the winter of Bukhara.<ref name=cs2005></ref> Aurangzeb, desperate to leave Balkh, hastily agreed and left on October 3, 1647. The last of the Mughal army returned to Kabul on November 10, marking the end of the campaign.<ref name=js1925></ref>

== Aftermath ==
Shah Jahan had spent 4 crores (40,000,000 rupees) on the campaign, but only made 22.5 lakhs (22,500,000 rupees) from farming the relatively dry lands of Balkh and Badakhshan. The Mughals also lost 10,000 lives, 5,000 dying through crossing the treacherous passes.<ref name=js1925></ref> This failure in conquering Transoxiana dissuaded the Mughals from any future attempts, leaving Shah Jahan's wish of reclaiming ancestral land unfulfilled.<ref name=sb2015></ref> Nazr Muhammad held precarious control of Balkh until his death in 1651, and his son Subhan Quli Khan succeeded him.<ref>{{cite book |last=Adle |first=Chahryar |date=15 December 2003 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume 5: Development in contrast from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |url=http://elibrary.bsu.edu.az/files/books_400/N_6.pdf |publisher=UNESCO |page=50 |isbn=9788120814097 }}</ref> The Mughals' failure to secure Balkh and Badakhshan was perceived by [[Abbas II of Persia|Shah Abbas II of Persia]] as weakness which lead to [[Siege of Kandahar (1648–1649)|war with the Safavids]].<ref name=jp1986></ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{cite book |last=Lahori |first=Abdul Hamid |date=1630 |title=Badshahnamah Persian Volume 1 |trans-title=پادشاه‌نامه |url=https://archive.org/details/BadshahnamahPersianVolume1/mode/2up |language=Persian }}

[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1640s in India]]
[[Category:1640s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Khanate of Bukhara]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Kazakh Khanate]]

Sisodia dynasty

2026-04-18T17:25:40Z

SwagataDash: stub - done

{{Short description|Royal Rajput dynasty of Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox noble house
| surname =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = House of Mewar
| coat of arms = Coat of arms of Udaipur State.png
| coat_of_arms_size = 200px
| coat_of_arms_caption = Coat of arms
| image = In mewar-state.png
| image_caption = Flag of Kingdom of Mewar
| type = 
| parent house = [[Guhila dynasty]]
| country = [[Kingdom of Mewar]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1326}}
| founder = [[Hammir Singh|Rana Hammir Singh]]
| current head = [[Vishvaraj Singh Mewar]]
| dissolution =
| final ruler = [[Bhupal Singh]]
| titles = [[Rana (title)|Rana]] / [[Maharana]] of [[Udaipur State|Mewar]]
| styles =
| deposition =
| cadet branches = [[Chundawat]] • Ranawat
Shaktawat • Kanawat
}}
The '''Sisodia''' is a [[Rajput]] dynasty belonging to the clan that ruled over the [[Kingdom of Mewar]], in the region of [[Mewar]] in [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (e) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |access-date=25 March 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225003445/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Sisodias are an off-shoot of the [[Guhila dynasty|Guhila Dynasty]] and claim descent from the [[Solar dynasty|Suryavamsha (Solar dynasty)]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=sisodia+suryavanshi |title=India's Communities |date=1998 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Trikha |first=Madhav Hada Translated by Pradeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgsNEAAAQBAJ&dq=sisodia+suryavanshi&pg=PA79 |title=Meera Vs Meera |date=2020-12-07 |publisher=Vani Prakashan Group |isbn=978-93-89915-90-7 |language=en}}</ref>

== Origins ==
The Sisodia dynasty traced its ancestry to Rahapa, a son of the 12th century [[Guhila (clan)|Guhila]] King Ranasimha. He founded the village of Shisoda, in modern day [[Rajsamand district]], as his capital, after which his descendants were called Sisodias. The main branch of the Guhila dynasty ended with their defeat against the [[Khalji dynasty]] at the [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)]]. In 1326, [[Rana Hammir]], who belonged to Sisodiya branch, reclaimed control of the region with the help of Baruji Sauda and his [[Charan]] allies, re-established the dynasty, and also became the founder of the Sisodia dynasty clan, a branch of the Guhila dynasty, to which every succeeding Maharana of Mewar belonged, and the Sisodias regained control of [[Chittor Fort|Chittor]], the former Guhila capital.<ref>{{cite book |author=Rima Hooja |title=A history of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa |oclc=80362053 |pages=328–329 |isbn=9788129108906 |access-date=27 February 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134542/https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Naravane">''The Rajputs of Rajputana: a glimpse of medieval Rajasthan'' by M. S. Naravane {{ISBN|81-7648-118-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Manoshi|first=Bhattacharya|title=The Royal Rajputs|date=12 August 2023 |isbn=9788129114013|pages=42–46|publisher=Rupa & Company }}</ref> The Sisodiyas were engaged in multiple battles against Sultans of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]], Nagor, [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]] and [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Medieval India by Satish Chandra book pdf download |url=https://www.iasnotes.in/2022/11/history-of-medieval-india-by-satish-chandra-book-pdf-download.html |access-date=2024-02-15}}</ref> They were a significant reason in weakening of the adjacent sultanates including the Delhi Sultanate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=John F. |date=1965-01-01 |title=The Economic History of the Lodi Period: 1451-1526 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jesh/8/1/article-p47_2.xml |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=47–67 |doi=10.1163/156852065X00020 |issn=1568-5209|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

According to the ''Rajprashasti'' genealogy, one of these – Rana Samar – married Prithi, the sister of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]. His grandson Rahapa adopted the title [[Rana (title)|Rana]] (monarch). Rahapa's descendants spent some time at a place called Sisoda, and therefore, came to be known as "Sisodia".<ref name="SRS_1971">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tEycu_8H5qkC&pg=PA10 |title=Maharana Raj Singh and His Times |author=Sri Ram Sharma |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1971 |isbn=9788120823983 |pages=2–12 |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817162449/https://books.google.com/books?id=tEycu_8H5qkC&pg=PA10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Wessly Lukose|title=Contextual Missiology of the Spirit: Pentecostalism in Rajasthan, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ccBNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|year=2013|publisher=Wipf & Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-62032-894-1|page=50|access-date=20 January 2019|archive-date=17 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817162433/https://books.google.com/books?id=ccBNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==

The most notable Sisodia rulers were [[Hammir Singh|Rana Hamir]] (r. 1326–1364), [[Kumbha of Mewar|Rana Kumbha]] (r. 1433–1468), [[Rana Sanga]] (r.1508–1528) and [[Maharana Pratap|Rana Pratap]] (r. 1572–1597). The [[Bhonsle]] clan, to which the [[Maratha Empire]]'s founder [[Shivaji]] belonged, also claimed descent from a branch of the royal Sisodia family.<ref name="S1998">{{cite book|author=Singh K S|title=India's communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lZuAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2|page=2211|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703062630/https://books.google.com/books?id=1lZuAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Nainsi in his book mentioned Shahji descended from Chacha, son of Rana Lakha.<ref>Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute, 1960, Muhnot Nainsi Ri Khyat, Part 1, page 15</ref> Similarly, [[Rana dynasty]] of [[Nepal]] also claimed descent from Ranas of [[Mewar]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVDIvLQDGckC&dq=ranas+nepal+rajput&pg=PA319 |title=Greater Game: India's Race with Destiny and China by David Van Praagh |isbn=978-0-7735-7130-3 |access-date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407110207/https://books.google.com/books?id=KVDIvLQDGckC&dq=ranas+nepal+rajput&pg=PA319 |url-status=live |last1=Praagh |first1=David Van |date=27 October 2003 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP }}</ref>

According to the Sisodia Chronicles, when the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultan]] [[Alauddin Khalji]] attacked [[Chittorgarh]] in 1303, the Sisodia men performed ''Saka'' (fighting to the death), while their women committed ''[[Jauhar]]'' (self-immolation in preference to becoming enemy captives). This was repeated twice: when [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] besieged [[Chittorgarh]] in 1535, and when the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] conquered it in 1567.<ref name="MBB_2015"/>

Frequent skirmishes with the Mughals greatly reduced the Sisodia power and the size of their kingdom. The Sisodias ultimately accepted the Mughal suzerainty, and some even fought in the Mughal army. However, the art and literary works commissioned by the subsequent Sisodia rulers emphasized their pre-Mughal past.<ref name="MBB_2015"/> The Sisodias were the last Rajput dynasty to ally with the Mughals, and unlike other Rajput clans, never intermarried with the Mughal imperial family.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone |author=Melia Belli Bose |publisher=Brill |year=2015 |page=37 |isbn=9789004300569 |access-date=16 January 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817162450/https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Sisodias cultivated an elite identity distinct from other Rajput clans through the poetic legends, eulogies and visual arts commissioned by them. [[James Tod]], an officer of the [[British East India Company]], relied on these works for his book ''Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, or the central and western Rajpoot states of India'' (1829–1832). His widely read work further helped spread the views of the Sisodias as a superior Rajput clan in colonial and post-colonial [[India]].<ref name="MBB_2015">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA248 |title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone |author=Melia Belli Bose |publisher=Brill |year=2015 |pages=248–251 |isbn=9789004300569 |access-date=5 January 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817162434/https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA248 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan |first=Jason |last=Freitag |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17594-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |access-date=2011-07-27 |pages=3–5, 49 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817160239/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib93BhAu43gC |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Sub-Clans ==
* [[Chundawat]] - descendants of Rana [[Chunda Sisodia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bakshi |first1=S. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ldo1QtQigosC&dq=Chundawat+clan&pg=PA444 |title=Early Aryans to Swaraj |last2=S.G |date=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-537-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Shaktawat''' - descendants of [[Shakti Singh (16th century Indian noble)|Shakti Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chauhan |first=Brij Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOPZAAAAMAAJ&q=Shaktawat+descendant |title=A Rajasthan Village |date=1999 |publisher=AC Brothers |isbn=978-81-85489-07-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Ranawat''' - descendants of [[Maharana Pratap]].
* '''Kanawat''' - descendants of Kanh Singh.

== Princely States ==
* [[Kingdom of Mewar]]
* [[Shahpura State]]
* [[Dharampur State]]
* [[Dungarpur State]]
* [[Barwani State]]
* [[Pratapgarh State]]
* [[Banswara State]]

== List of Rulers ==
* [[Rana Hammir ]] (1326–1364) established the sisodiya dynasty
* [[Kshetra Singh|Rana Kshetra]] (1364–1382)
* [[Rana Lakha ]] (1382–1421)
* [[Rana Mokal]] (1421–1433)
* [[Rana Kumbha]] (1433–1468)
* [[Udai Singh I|Rana Udai I]] (1468–1473)
* [[Rana Raimal]] (1473–1508)
* [[Rana Sanga]] (1508–1527), ''Under his rule Mewar reached its pinnacle in power and prosperity.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharana Sanga; the Hindupat, the last great leader of the Rajput race: Sarda, Har Bilas, Diwan Bahadur, 1867–1955 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming |url=https://archive.org/details/maharanasangahin00sardrich |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=Internet Archive |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ratan Singh II|Rana Ratan II]] (1528–1531)
* [[Vikramaditya Singh of Mewar|Rana Vikramaditya]] (1531–1536)
* [[Banvir]] (1536–1540)
* [[Udai Singh II|Rana Udai II]] (1540–1572)
* [[Maharana Pratap]] (1572–1597), ''13th king of Mewar, notable for his military resistance against the Mughals.''
* [[Amar Singh I]] (1597–1620)
* [[Karan Singh II]] (1620–1628)
* [[Jagat Singh I]] (1628–1652)
* [[Raj Singh I]] (1652–1680)
* [[Jai Singh of Mewar|Jai Singh]] (1680–1698)
* [[Amar Singh II]] (1698–1710)
* [[Sangram Singh II]] (1710–1734)
* [[Jagat Singh II]] (1734–1751)
* [[Pratap Singh II]] (1751–1754)
* [[Raj Singh II]] (1754–1762)
* [[Ari Singh II]] (1762–1772)
* [[Hamir Singh II]] (1772–1778)
* [[Bhim Singh of Mewar|Bhim Singh]] (1778–1828)
* [[Jawan Singh]] (1828–1838)
* [[Sardar Singh]] (1838–1842)
* [[Swarup Singh of Udaipur|Swarup Singh]] (1842–1861)
* [[Shambhu Singh]] (1861–1874)
* [[Sajjan Singh of Udaipur|Sajjan Singh]] (1874–1884)
* [[Fateh Singh of Udaipur and Mewar|Fateh Singh]] (1884–1930)
* [[Bhupal Singh]] (1930–1947)

=== Titular Maharanas ===

* [[Bhupal Singh]] (1947–1955)
* [[Bhagwat Singh Mewar]] (1955–1984)
* [[Mahendra Singh Mewar]] (1984–2024)
* [[Vishvaraj Singh Mewar]] (2024 - )

== See also ==
* [[List of Ranas of Mewar]]
* [[Chundawat]]
* [[Rajput clans]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|author=Gopinath Sharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ|title=Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.)|date=1954|publisher=S.L. Agarwala|language=en}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/search/Seesodia Sisodia materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]

{{Rajput Groups of India}}
[[Category:Kingdom of Mewar]]
[[Category:Rajput dynasties]]
[[Category:Sisodia dynasty]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Solar dynasty]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]

S. S. Nijjar

2026-04-18T16:39:04Z

SwagataDash: Done

{{Short description|Indian jurist (1949–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S.S. Nijjar
| image = Nijjar's Portrait.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official portrait, 2009
| order =
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 17 November 2009
| term_end = 6 June 2014
| nominator = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| appointer = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = Chief Justice of the [[Calcutta High Court]]
| term_start2 = 8 March 2007
| term_end2 = 16 November 2009
| nominator2 = K. G. Balakrishnan
| appointer2 = Pratibha Patil
| office5 = Judge of the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| term_start5 = 7 August 2000
| term_end5 = 6 March 2007
| term_start6 = 8 April 1996
| term_end6 = 24 April 1996
| nominator5 = [[Adarsh Sein Anand]]
| appointer5 = [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| nominator6 = Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi
| appointer6 = Shankar Dayal Sharma
| office4 = Judge of the [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_start4 = 26 April 1996
| term_end4 = 6 August 2000
| nominator4 = [[Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi]]
| appointer4 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|06|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bhar Singh Pura]], [[Punjab, India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|3|26|1949|06|07|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
| spouse =
| party =
| relations =
| children = 2
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
*[[University College London]] ([[LL.B.]])
*[[Middle Temple]] ([[Barrister-at-Law]]) }}
| education =
| occupation =
| profession =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Surinder Singh Nijjar''' (7 June 1949 – 26 March 2021) was a [[British-Indian]] judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Post-retirement, Nijjar practised as an [[arbitrator]]. Prior to his elevation as judge, Nijjar was a [[Senior Advocate]] and practised at the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]].

==Early life and education==
Nijjar was born in [[Bhar Singh Pura]] village of [[Punjab, India]] on 7 June 1947. His family moved to [[Huddersfield]], England in 1962 where he completed his early education. Sometime later he moved to [[Leeds]] to complete his [[A-Levels]].<ref name="MT">{{cite web|url=https://middletemplar.org.uk/justice-surinder-singh-nijjar1949-2021/|title=Justice Surinder Singh Nijjar 1949 – 2021 |publisher=[[Middle Temple]]}}</ref>

Nijar started his legal career at [[University College London]] by obtaining his [[LL.B.]] degree from [[UCL Faculty of Laws]], then awarded by the [[University of London]], in 1972.

==Career==
Attained a pupillage right after, he was called to the Bar by [[Middle Temple]]. Unable to secure a civil tenancy, due to the prevalent racism at the English Bar at that time, Nijjar returned to India.

Enrolled as an [[Advocate]] in 1977 and practised constitutional, labour and commercial law at the Punjab and Haryana High Court. He got designated as a [[Senior Advocate]] by the same Court in 1989. Before being elevated as judge, Nijjar also served as an Additional Advocate-General for the State of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name="SC">{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/sjud/ssnijjar.htm|title=Chief Justice of India & Sitting Hon'ble Judges Justice Surinder Singh Nijjar |publisher= Supreme Court of India portal}}</ref>

On 8 April 1996, Nijjar was elevated as an additional judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court. He was transferred as an Additional Judge of the [[Bombay High Court]] and assumed charge on 26 April 1996. Later became a permanent judge of the same Court on 3 April 1998. He was then transferred back to Punjab and Haryana High Court and assumed charge on 7 August 2000.<ref name="SC"/>

Nijjar then took charge as Chief Justice of the [[Calcutta High Court]] on 7 March 2007. Later elevated as a judge of the Supreme Court of India on 17 November 2009 and retired on 6 June 2014.

He was unanimously elected as 'Master of the Bench' of Middle Temple in 2011 and continued to hold this position until his demise.<ref name="MT"/>

==Notable judgements==
Several of his notable judgements included:
*''BALCO, Enercon India v. Enercon Gmbh''
*''Reliance Industries Ltd & Ors. v. Union of India''
*''Swiss Timing Ltd. v. Organising Committee, Commonwealth Games, 2010''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nijjar, S. S.}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Alumni of the UCL Faculty of Laws]]

Central Registry of Securitisation Asset Reconstruction and Security Interest

2026-04-17T12:29:31Z

SwagataDash: added data!

{{Short description|Indian security interest registry}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Central Registry of Securitisation, Asset Reconstruction and Security Interest of India
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo = CERSAI Logo.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_padding =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Public sector]]
| founded = {{start date|df=yes|2011|3|11}}
| founder =
| hq_location_city = New Delhi
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people =
| industry = Financial Infrastructure
| products = Online [[security interest]] registry
| brands =
| services =
| former_name =
| owners = [[Government of India]], [[National Housing Bank]] and others
| website = {{URL|cersai.org.in}}
}}

'''Central Registry of Securitisation Asset Reconstruction and Security Interest of India''' ('''CERSAI''') is a central online [[security interest]] registry of [[India]]. It was primarily created to check fraud in lending against equitable mortgages, in which people would take multiple loans on the same asset from different banks.

It is a registered company under section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013, having its registered office at [[New Delhi]].

CERSAI is a Registration System under the provisions of Chapter IV of the [[Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002]]. ([[SARFAESI Act]]).

== History ==
It was formed under the Chapter IV [[Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002]] (SARFAESI Act). It was registered as a company under Section 25 of the [[Companies Act, 1956]]. CERSAI became operational on 31 March 2011. 51% of the equity is owned by the government, and the rest is owned equally by [[National Housing Bank]] and 10 other public sector banks.<ref name="CheckHome">{{cite news |date=22 April 2011 |title=Central Registry to check home loan frauds |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Central-Registry-to-check-home-loan-frauds/articleshow/8051355.cms?referral=PM |accessdate=11 April 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The then Chairman of the National Housing bank, R.V. Verma, served as the first acting Registrar, managing director and CEO of CERSAI, while continuing to hold charge at the National Housing Bank.<ref name="CheckHome" />

==Objectives and functions==
CERSAI's was created to maintain a central registry of mortgages, which contains the mortgage taken on a property along with certain details. CERSAI's mandate was extended in 2012 to start registration of security interests created through assignment of [[accounts receivables]] or [[Factoring (finance)|factoring]], through the passage of the Factoring Act, 2012. In January 2016, it's riled were extended even further to allow the CERSAI to start registration of security interests created on movable and intangible assets, as well as to registration of all other types of mortgages used in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livelaw.in/new-cersai-rules-notified-all-kind-of-mortgages-to-be-registered-with-cersai/|title=New CERSAI Rules notified; All kind of Mortgages to be registered with CERSAI|date=5 February 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[CIBIL]], a credit rating company in India

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.cersai.org.in/ Official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814024842/http://www.cersai.org.in/ |date=14 August 2011 }}

{{Financial services in India}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Financial services companies of India]]
[[Category:Finance fraud]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Banking in India]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2011]]

Tivim Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:29:49Z

SwagataDash: stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tivim
| mla = [[Nilkanth Halarnkar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]
| established = 1963
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:29132}}<ref name=results2022/>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type= SLA | constituency_no =4
| map_image = File:Tivim constitution.svg
}}

'''Tivim Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Goa]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |pp=110–114 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Tivim is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].

It is part of [[North Goa district]].

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]]
|Shambu Palyekar
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Jaisingrao Rane]]
|-
|[[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Punaji Achrekar
|-
|[[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=3|[[Dayanand Narvekar]]
|-
|[[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}
|-
|[[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Vinayak Naiik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|rowspan=2|Dayanand Narvekar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Sadanand Tanavade]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Nilkanth Halarnkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Kiran Kandolkar]]<ref name=results2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|rowspan=2| [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan=3 | Nilkanth Halarnkar<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3862-goa-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2017 |access-date= 7 June 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Tivim<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nilkant Halarnkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,414 |percentage=39.34% |change={{decrease}}6.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kavita Kandolkar |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=7,363 |percentage=30.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tukaram Bharat Parab |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=5,051 |percentage=21.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aman Lotlikar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,262 |percentage=5.27% |change={{decrease}}43.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Udai Salkar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=421 |percentage=1.76% |change={{decrease}}1.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=202 |percentage=0.84% |change={{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,051 |percentage=8.57% |change= {{increase}}5.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,929 |percentage=82.16% |change= {{decrease}}2.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,126 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Tivim<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nilkant Halarnkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,099 |percentage=49.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kiran Kandolkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,304 |percentage=45.67% |change={{decrease}}5.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradeep Amonkar Ghadi |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=703 |percentage=3.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Douglas Lawrence Sequeira |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=275 |percentage=1.22% |change={{decrease}}44.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=179 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=795 |percentage=3.52% |change= {{decrease}}1.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,560 |percentage=84.89% |change= {{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,575 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.36 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Tivim<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kiran Kandolkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,473 |percentage=51.55% |change={{increase}}8.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nilkant Halarnkar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=9,361 |percentage=46.08% |change={{increase}}1.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deelip Datta Chodankar |party=Goa Vikas Party |votes=204 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indrakant Dattaram Korgaonkar |party=Independent politician |votes=167 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,112 |percentage=5.47% |change= {{increase}}3.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,315 |percentage=86.05% |change= {{increase}}13.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,607 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}13.41 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}7.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Tivim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nilkant Halarnkar]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=8,768 |percentage=44.37% |change={{increase}}8.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sadanand Shet Tanavade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,444 |percentage=42.73% |change={{increase}}4.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kandolkar Kiran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,343 |percentage=6.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Goveia Ludovico Sagrado |party=Save Goa Front |votes=541 |percentage=2.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Korgaonkar Indrakant Dattaram |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=198 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salgaonkar Umesh Madhukar |party=Shiv Sena |votes=188 |percentage=0.95% |change={{decrease}}0.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bepari Lala |party=Independent politician |votes=173 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=324 |percentage=1.64% |change= {{decrease}}1.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,761 |percentage=72.48% |change= {{increase}}1.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,262 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Tivim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sadanand Shet Tanavade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,961 |percentage=38.35% |change={{increase}}22.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nilkanth Ramnath Halarnkar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,440 |percentage=35.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maulingkar Premnath Arjun |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,408 |percentage=24.29% |change={{decrease}}16.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Korgaokar Indrakant Dattaram |party=Shiv Sena |votes=328 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=521 |percentage=2.87% |change= {{decrease}}12.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,150 |percentage=70.93% |change= {{increase}}3.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,570 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Tivim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Narvekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,989 |percentage=41.17% |change={{decrease}}27.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Halarnkar Nilkant Ramnath |party=Goa Rajiv Congress Party |votes=4,333 |percentage=25.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sadanand Shet Tanavade]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,769 |percentage=16.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fadte Kamalkant Surya |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,066 |percentage=12.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pereira Sebastiao Christopher |party=Independent politician |votes=817 |percentage=4.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,656 |percentage=15.64% |change= {{decrease}}31.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,978 |percentage=67.43% |change= {{decrease}}4.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,172 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}27.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Tivim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Narvekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,299 |percentage=69.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Vinayak Vithal |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,672 |percentage=22.47% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raikar Kalidas Kashinath |party=Independent politician |votes=954 |percentage=5.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,627 |percentage=46.68% |change= {{increase}}32.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,340 |percentage=70.71% |change= {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,810 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Tivim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Vinayak Vitthal |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=6,797 |percentage=46.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maulingkar Premnath Arjun |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,764 |percentage=32.73% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Halarnakar Nikant Pundalik |party=Independent politician |votes=1,877 |percentage=12.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harmalkar Sanjay Pundalik |party=Independent politician |votes=284 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Suhas Baburao |party=Shiv Sena |votes=116 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,033 |percentage=13.97% |change= {{decrease}}7.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,554 |percentage=70.83% |change= {{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,917 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}10.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Tivim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Narvekar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,858 |percentage=49.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alvares Gabriel Felix |party=Independent politician |votes=4,402 |percentage=27.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pole Pandarinath Vaman |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,913 |percentage=18.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D'Souza Jacinto Cajetano |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=157 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bandodkar Sitaram Ramnath |party=Independent politician |votes=146 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,456 |percentage=21.63% |change= {{decrease}}5.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,976 |percentage=70.09% |change= {{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,313 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.76 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}9.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Tivim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Narvekar]] |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=8,219 |percentage=58.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chodankar Madan Varnan |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,414 |percentage=31.64% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govenkar Lakshiman Dattaram |party=Janata Party |votes=346 |percentage=2.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Albin Santana |party=Independent politician |votes=154 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lotlikar Suresh Madhukar |party=Independent politician |votes=120 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhonsle Jaganath Dharam |party=Independent politician |votes=97 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,805 |percentage=27.27% |change= {{increase}}23.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,952 |percentage=67.62% |change= {{increase}}8.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,788 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{increase}}17.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Tivim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dayanand Narvekar]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,557 |percentage=41.30% |change={{decrease}}14.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinbeeio Malvina Leoner Pinto Rangel |party=Janata Party |votes=4,094 |percentage=37.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Souza Silverio Jose |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,226 |percentage=20.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=463 |percentage=4.20% |change= {{decrease}}27.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,034 |percentage=61.25% |change= {{decrease}}11.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,759 |ref = |change= {{increase}}35.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}14.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Tivim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075126/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Punaji Pandurang Achrekar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,390 |percentage=55.95% |change={{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Govind Mayekar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,361 |percentage=24.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu R. Purushottam |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=1,457 |percentage=15.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gad Madhukar Sakharam |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=142 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,029 |percentage=31.44% |change= {{decrease}}4.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,633 |percentage=71.58% |change= {{increase}}5.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,063 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Tivim<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085800/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jaisingrao Rane]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,761 |percentage=57.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Narayananant |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=1,794 |percentage=21.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Mahadev |party=Independent politician |votes=869 |percentage=10.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. M. Walhekar |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=172 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. F. Albino |party=Independent politician |votes=119 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Z. P. Mariand |party=Independent politician |votes=34 |percentage=0.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Nagesh |party=Independent politician |votes=23 |percentage=0.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,967 |percentage=35.89% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,267 |percentage=63.89% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,164 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.62|73.84|display=title}}

[[Category:North Goa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]

T. N. Sivasubramanian

2026-04-12T14:29:31Z

SwagataDash: created - done

{{citation style|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. N. Sivasubramanian
| native_name = தோ. ந. சிவசுப்பிரமணியன்
| native_name_lang = ta
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|4|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Karur, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| office = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency = [[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
| term_start = 2001
| term_end = 2006
| predecessor = [[Vasuki Murugesan]]
| successor = [[V. Senthil Balaji]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| profession = Farmer
| education = B.E. (Bachelor of Engineering)
}}
'''T. N. Sivasubramanian''' is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Hailing from the [[Pugalur]] region of [[Karur district]], he holds a [[Bachelor of Engineering|Bachelor's degree in Engineering]] (B.E.). Representing the [[Indian National Congress]] party, he contested and won the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]] Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election from the [[Karur Assembly constituency]].<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. April 2002. p. 453-455</ref>

==Election Performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Karur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. N. Sivasubramanian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=82,012 |percentage=53.36 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Vasuki Murugesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,574 |percentage=38.11 |change=-15.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Natarajan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,769 |percentage=4.40 |change=-5.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kamaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,735 |percentage=1.78 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Yakup |party=Independent politician |votes=1,695 |percentage=1.10 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Natarajan |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=738 |percentage=0.48 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Suresh |party=Independent politician |votes=544 |percentage=0.35 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=366 |percentage=0.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Subramani |party=Independent politician |votes=264 |percentage=0.17 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,438 |percentage=15.25 |change=-6.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=153,697 |percentage=64.17 |change= -5.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,674 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivasubramanian, T.N.}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Living people]]

West Meets East

2026-04-09T18:32:29Z

SwagataDash: post

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox album
| name = West Meets East
| type = studio
| artist = [[Yehudi Menuhin]] and [[Ravi Shankar]]
| cover = West Meets East 1966 album cover.jpg
| alt =
| released = January 1967
| recorded = 1966
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]]
| length = 48:47
| label = [[His Master's Voice (British record label)|His Master's Voice]] (UK), [[Angel Records]] (US)
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[West Meets East, Volume 2]]
| next_year = 1968
}}
{{Music ratings
|rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
|rev1score = {{rating|4.5|5}}<ref name="AM review" />
}}

'''''West Meets East''''' is an album by American violinist [[Yehudi Menuhin]] and Indian [[sitar]] virtuoso [[Ravi Shankar]],first released in the United Kingdom by [[His Master's Voice (British record label)|His Master's Voice]] in January 1967.<ref>Shankar, ''Raga Mala'', p. 323.</ref> It was recorded following their successful duet in June 1966 at the [[Bath International Music Festival|Bath Musical Festival]], where they had played some of the same material.<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 7, 62–63.</ref>

The album was issued in the United States on [[EMI]]'s [[Angel Records]] imprint in June 1967.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ScEAAAAMBAJ&dq=West+Meets+East&pg=PA45|title=New Album Releases|date=3 June 1967|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|page=45|accessdate=24 August 2015}}</ref> ''West Meets East'' was number 1 on ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''{{'}}s Best Selling Classical LP's list for eighteen weeks in 1967 and continued to top that chart through January the following year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwoEAAAAMBAJ&q=Richard+Bonynge|last=Kirby|first=Fred|title=Mahler Takes Listings Crown From Beethoven|date=13 January 1968|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|page=34|accessdate=24 August 2015}}</ref> It also placed on the mainstream national chart (later the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]), where it peaked at number 161.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ravi-shankar-mn0000404463/awards|title=Ravi Shankar: Awards|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=24 August 2015}}</ref> In February 1968, the album won the 1967 [[Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance]],<ref>[http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search "Past Winners Search"], grammy.com (retrieved 1 December 2013).</ref><ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 8, 63.</ref> the first time that an Asian musician had won a [[Grammy Award|Grammy]].<ref>''World Music: The Rough Guide'', p. 109.</ref> This recognition coincided with a period of heightened interest in [[Indian classical music]],<ref>Robert Shelton, [http://aliakbarkhanlibrary.com/library_site/pages/z_articles/ny_times3.html "Indian Raga Music Gains in Popularity Across U.S."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207230940/http://aliakbarkhanlibrary.com/library_site/pages/z_articles/ny_times3.html |date=7 December 2013 }}, ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', 20 December 1966 (retrieved 3 December 2013).</ref> and particularly Shankar,<ref name="Hunt/Ravi AM">Ken Hunt, [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ravi-shankar-mn0000404463/biography "Ravi Shankar"], [[AllMusic]] (retrieved 1 December 2013).</ref> as Western pop and rock bands such as [[the Beatles]], [[the Byrds]], [[the Rolling Stones]] and [[Traffic (band)|Traffic]] all adopted sitar or other aspects of the genre into their sound.<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 7, 162, 174–75, 180.</ref><ref>''World Music: The Rough Guide'', pp. 109–10.</ref>

In July 1968, Angel Records announced that ''West Meets East'' was the fastest selling LP in the history of the label.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgoEAAAAMBAJ&dq=United+Nations&pg=PA30|last=Staff writer|title=Angel's Follow LP on 'West'|date=13 July 1968|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|page=30|accessdate=24 August 2015}}</ref> The album was the first in a trilogy of "West Meets East" collaborations by Menuhin and Shankar,<ref name="Massey/Shankar obit">Reginald Massey, [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/dec/12/ravi-shankar-dies "Ravi Shankar obituary"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 12 December 2012 (retrieved 1 December 2013).</ref> volumes [[West Meets East, Volume 2|two]] and three appearing in 1968 and 1976, respectively.<ref name="Lavezzoli p 63">Lavezzoli, p. 63.</ref> The friendship between the two musicians had begun in India in the early 1950s,<ref name="Shankar p 94">Shankar, ''My Music, My Life'', p. 94.</ref> after which Menuhin had done much to introduce Western audiences to Indian music.<ref name="AM review">[http://www.allmusic.com/album/west-meets-east-mw0002150664 "Yehudi Menuhin and Ravi Shankar ''West Meets East''"], [[AllMusic]] (retrieved 1 December 2013).</ref><ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 57–58, 60–61, 63.</ref>

==Musical content==
On the recording, the main performers are accompanied at various points by [[tabla]] player [[Alla Rakha]]; Menuhin's sister, pianist [[Hephzibah Menuhin]]; and Prodyot Sen, on [[Tanpura (instrument)|tambura]]. In addition to Shankar's and Menuhin's liner notes on the album sleeve,<ref name="AM album credits">[http://www.allmusic.com/album/west-meets-east-mw0002150664/credits "Credits: Yehudi Menuhin and Ravi Shankar ''West Meets East''"], [[AllMusic]] (retrieved 1 December 2013).</ref> musician [[John Barham]] supplied a glossary, explaining musical terms such as [[alap]], [[Gat (music)|gat]] and [[Tala (music)|tala]].<ref name="album sleeve" /> At the Bath Festival, Barham had translated Shankar's interpretation of [[Tilang|Raga Tilang]] into Western annotation for Menuhin's benefit.<ref name="Lavezzoli p 62">Lavezzoli, p. 62.</ref> When making ''West Meets East'', Shankar rewrote this Tilang-based piece,<ref name="Clark/RS interview">Sue C. Clark, [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/ravi-shankar-the-rolling-stone-interview-19680309 "Ravi Shankar: The ''Rolling Stone'' Interview"], ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', 9 March 1968 (retrieved 1 December 2013).</ref> recording it with Menuhin as "Swara Kakali".<ref name="Lavezzoli p 63" /> The album's opening selection is "Prabhati", a Shankar composition based on Raga Gunakali,<ref name="Shankar p 95">Shankar, ''My Music, My Life'', p. 95.</ref> and played by Menuhin and Rakha.<ref name="Lavezzoli p 63" />

The fourth selection, filling side two in the [[LP record|LP]] format, is "[[Violin Sonata No. 3 (Enescu)|Sonata for Violin & Piano No. 3 in A minor, Op. 25]]", featuring Hephzibah Menuhin.<ref name="album sleeve">[http://www.discogs.com/viewimages?release=2712017 Sleeve credits], ''West Meets East'' LP ([[His Master's Voice (British record label)|His Master's Voice]], 1966).</ref> This piece was written by Romanian composer [[George Enescu]], who had been Yehudi Menuhin's teacher.<ref>Lionel Rolfe, [http://www.pasadenaweekly.com/cms/story/detail/west_meets_east/11792/ "West Meets East"], ''[[Pasadena Weekly]]'', 10 January 2013 (retrieved 1 December 2013).</ref>

==Track listing==
All selections by Ravi Shankar except where noted.

=== Side one ===
# "Prabhati" – 4:08
# "Raga Puriya Kalyan" – 11:45
# "Swara Kakali (based on [[Tilang|Raga Tilang]])" – 8:46

=== Side two ===
# "[[Violin Sonata No. 3 (Enescu)|Sonata for Violin & Piano No. 3 in A minor, Op. 25]]" ([[George Enescu]]) – 24:08

==Personnel==
* [[Yehudi Menuhin]] – violin
* [[Ravi Shankar]] – [[sitar]], musical arrangements
* [[Alla Rakha]] – [[tabla]]
* [[Hephzibah Menuhin]] – piano
* Prodyot Sen – [[Tanpura (instrument)|tambura]]

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
*[[Hindustani music]]

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* Peter Lavezzoli, ''The Dawn of Indian Music in the West'', Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; {{ISBN|0-8264-2819-3}}).
* Ravi Shankar, ''My Music, My Life'', Mandala Publishing (San Rafael, CA, 2007; {{ISBN|978-1-60109-005-8}}).
* Ravi Shankar, ''Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar'', Welcome Rain (New York, NY, 1999; {{ISBN|1-56649-104-5}}).
* ''World Music: The Rough Guide (Volume 2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific)'', Rough Guides/Penguin (London, 2000; {{ISBN|1-85828-636-0}}).
{{refend}}

{{Ravi Shankar}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1967 albums]]
[[Category:Ravi Shankar albums]]
[[Category:Yehudi Menuhin albums]]

Behmai massacre

2026-04-07T19:10:42Z

SwagataDash: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Phoolan Devi]]

[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:1981 disasters in India]]
[[Category:1980s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1981 crimes in India]]

Postural yoga in India

2026-04-06T18:13:21Z

SwagataDash: New

{{short description|none}} 
{{good article}}
[[File:Yoga Show - Kolkata 2012-01-21 8550 (cropped).JPG|thumb|upright=1.75|A [[Yoga as exercise|postural yoga]] show in [[Kolkata]], January 2012. Postures in the display include [[Chakrasana]] (front), [[Natarajasana]] (back), [[Rajakapotasana]] (middle row), and [[Lotus position|Padmasana]] (top).]]
[[Yoga as exercise|Postural yoga]] began in India as a variant of traditional [[yoga]], which was a mainly [[meditation]]al practice; it has spread across the world and returned to the Indian subcontinent in different forms. The ancient ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]]'' mention yoga postures, [[asana]]s, only briefly, as [[meditation seat]]s. Medieval [[Haṭha yoga]] made use of a small number of asanas alongside other techniques such as [[pranayama]], [[shatkarma]]s, and [[mudra]]s, but it was despised and almost extinct by the start of the 20th century. At that time, the revival of postural yoga was at first driven by [[Indian nationalism]]. Advocates such as [[Yogendra]] and [[Kuvalayananda]] made yoga acceptable in the 1920s, treating it [[The Path of Modern Yoga#Synopsis|as a medical subject]]. From the 1930s, the "father of modern yoga" [[Krishnamacharya]] developed a vigorous postural yoga, influenced by gymnastics, with transitions ([[vinyasa]]s) that allowed one pose to flow into the next.

Krishnamacharya's pupils [[K. Pattabhi Jois]] and [[B. K. S. Iyengar]] brought yoga to the West and developed it further, founding their own schools and [[Yoga teacher training|training yoga teachers]]. Once in the West, yoga quickly became mixed with other activities, becoming less spiritual and more energetic as well as commercial.

Westernized postural yoga returned to India to rejoin the many forms already in the country, transformed by the [[pizza effect]] on its round trip. Western [[Yoga tourism|yoga tourists]], attracted initially by [[The Beatles in India|The Beatles' 1968 visit to India]], came to study yoga in centres such as [[Rishikesh]] and [[Mysore]]. From 2015, India, led by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], held an annual [[International Day of Yoga]], the [[Armed Forces of India|armed forces]] and [[Civil Services of India|civil service]] being joined in mass demonstrations by members of the public.

== Ancient origins ==

[[File:Patanjali Statue.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Patanjali|Patañjali]] seated in a [[meditation seat|meditation asana]], [[Siddhasana]]]]

{{main|Yoga}}

[[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga's ancient spiritual and philosophical goal]] was to unite the human spirit with the [[īśvara|Divine]].<ref>[[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier-Williams, Monier]], "Yoga", ''A Sanskrit Dictionary'', 1899.</ref> It was largely a [[meditation]]al practice; classical yoga such as is described in the ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]]'', written around the second century, mentions yoga postures, [[asana]]s, only as [[meditation seat]]s, stating simply that the posture should be easy and comfortable.<ref>Āraṇya, Hariharānanda (1983), ''Yoga Philosophy of Patanjali'', [[State University of New York Press]], {{ISBN|978-0873957281}}, page 228 with footnotes</ref> The [[Sanskrit]] word योग ''yoga'' means "yoking, joining".<ref>{{cite book |last=White |first=David Gordon |author-link=David Gordon White |title=Yoga in Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ii7D-bR0osC&pg=PA3 |year=2011 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-14086-5 |page=3}}</ref>

== Medieval Haṭha yoga ==

[[File:Jogapradipika 29 Viparitakarana.jpg|thumb|upright|Medieval [[Haṭha yoga]] was a solitary practice. The yogin is shown practising [[Viparita Karani]], both an [[asana]] and a [[mudra]] intended to trap the vital fluid using [[gravity]], helping the yogin to attain [[Moksha#Hinduism|liberation]].{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=90}} [[Jogapradipika]], 1830]]

{{main|Haṭha yoga}}

The branch of yoga that makes use of physical postures is [[Haṭha yoga]]. The Sanskrit word हठ ''haṭha'' means "force", alluding to its use of physical techniques.{{sfn|Mallinson|2011|p=770}}

[[Haṭha yoga]] flourished from c. 1100.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pages=28–29}} It was practised by [[Nath]] and other yogins in South Asia.{{sfn|Bühnemann|2007|pp=20-21}} Its performance was solitary and ascetic.<ref name="Mallinson 2011 response">{{cite web |author=Mallinson, James |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |title=A Response to Mark Singleton's Yoga Body by JamesMallinson |url=https://www.academia.edu/1146607 |access-date=3 July 2019 |date=9 December 2011}} revised from American Academy of Religions conference, San Francisco, 19 November 2011.</ref> All its procedures were secret.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=173}} Its objectives were to force the vital fluid [[prana]] into the central [[sushumna]] channel of the [[subtle body]] to raise [[kundalini energy]], enabling [[Samadhi]] (absorption) and ultimately [[Moksha#Hinduism|Moksha]] (liberation).{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=29}}{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=171 and whole of chapter 5}} Hatha yoga made use of a small number of asanas, mainly seated; in particular, there very few [[standing asanas|standing poses]] before 1900.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|page=29}}{{sfn|Singleton|2010|page=161}} They were practised slowly; positions were often held for long periods.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=93}} The practice of asanas was a minor preparatory aspect of spiritual work.{{sfn|Bühnemann|2007|pp=20-21}}

== Indian practices for independence ==

{{further|Yoga as exercise}}

By the end of the 19th century, Hatha yoga was almost extinct in India, practised by people on the edge of society, despised by Hindus and the [[British Raj]] alike. That changed when [[Yogendra]] (starting in 1918) and [[Kuvalayananda]] (starting in 1924) along with the establishment of Kaivalyadhama Yoga Institute,{{sfn|Alter|2004|pp=84–89}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Oldest Scientific Yoga Research Institute in the World - Kaivalayadhama |url=https://kdham.com/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Kaivalyadhama}}</ref> taught yoga ostensibly as a means of attaining physical wellbeing, and to study [[The Path of Modern Yoga#Synopsis|its medical effects]], though motivated by a nationalistic desire to show the greatness of Indian culture. They accordingly emphasised the physical practices of Haṭha yoga, the asanas and yoga breathing ([[pranayama]]), at the expense of its more esoteric practices such as purifications ([[shatkarma]]s), the mudras intended to manipulate the vital forces, and indeed any mention of the subtle body or liberation.{{sfn|Goldberg|2016|pp=16-43, 88-141}}{{sfn|Alter|2004|pp=73-108}} They were soon followed by the "father of modern yoga" [[Krishnamacharya]] at the Mysore Palace. He experimented with many new yoga asanas and transitions between them ([[vinyasa]]s), creating a dynamic style of postural yoga.{{sfn|Goldberg|2016|pp=208-248}} Krishnamacharya observed and adjusted each pupil in an individualised approach to teaching, which later became known as [[viniyoga]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ruiz |first=Fernando Pagés |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/465 |title=Krishnamacharya's Legacy |journal=[[Yoga Journal]] |issue=May/June 2001 |date=May 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohan |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Mohan |year=2010 |title=[[Krishnamacharya: His Life and Teachings]] |location=Boston |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=978-1-59030-800-4 | ref=AGMohan}}</ref> One factor influencing the popularity of [[yoga as exercise]] was [[Indian nationalism]]; having strong bodies meant being a strong country which could shake off colonial rule. Another was [[photography]]: complex body positions could for the first time be captured in a photograph rather than hard-to-follow words.<ref name="Singleton Indie 2017"/>

==Exotic exercise for the Western world==
{{further|Yoga in America}}

The 20th century saw a series of yoga gurus establish schools of yoga in India, [[Yoga teacher training|train yoga teachers]], and turn themselves into brands known around the world: [[Krishnamacharya]] and his pupils [[K. Pattabhi Jois]] and [[B. K. S. Iyengar]]; and [[Sivananda]] among them.{{sfn|Singleton|2010|pp=152, 175-210}} Jois founded [[Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga|Ashtanga Yoga]], a vigorous vinyasa style, with its headquarters at the Ashtanga Yoga Research Institute in [[Mysore]]. Iyengar founded [[Iyengar Yoga]], a precise style that emphasises correct alignment, using supports where necessary, based at the Ramamani Iyengar Memorial Institute (RIMYI) in [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Pune Institute |url=https://iyengaryoga.org.uk/iyengar-yoga/pune-institute/ |publisher=Iyengar Yoga (UK) |access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref> Sivananda and his disciples including [[Vishnudevananda]] created [[Sivananda Yoga]], a more spiritual style, based in Rishikesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inspire-sivananda.org/about-sivananda-yoga/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512140835/https://inspire-sivananda.org/about-sivananda-yoga/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=May 12, 2019|title=Sivananda Lineage and Vision |publisher=Inspirasï |access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref>

The practice of the medieval seated asanas survived into the 20th century in [[Calcutta]], and was cultivated by Buddha Bose and [[Bishnu Charan Ghosh|Bishnu Ghosh]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Armstrong |first1=Jerome |author-link1=Jerome Armstrong |title=Finding Calcutta Yoga by Jerome Armstrong |url=http://www.buddhabose.com/finding-calcutta-yoga.html# |website=Buddha Bose |access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Armstrong|2018}} Among Ghosh's pupils was Labanya Palit; she published a manual of 40 asanas, ''Shariram Adyam'' ("A Healthy Body"), in 1955, admired by the poet and polymath [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Women of Yoga |url=http://www.ghoshyoga.org/women-of-yoga.html |publisher=Ghosh Yoga |access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Soumya |title=Filling a gap in history: Who were the Indian women who popularised yoga? |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/927842/filling-a-gap-in-history-who-were-the-indian-women-who-popularised-yoga |work=Scroll.in |date=31 July 2019}}</ref> The yoga teacher [[Bikram Choudhury]] (born 1944 in Calcutta) claimed falsely to have learnt Hatha Yoga directly from Ghosh; actually he began yoga in 1969, influenced by Ghosh's writings. He emigrated to America in 1971 to found [[Bikram Yoga]].<ref name="bodywork">{{cite news |author=Schickel |first=Erica |title=Body Work |date=25 September 2003 |work=[[L.A. Weekly]] |url=https://www.laweekly.com/body-work/}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |last=Henderson |first=Julia L. |title=Bikram. ''30for30'', season 3, episodes 4 and 5 |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=2018 |url=https://30for30podcasts.com/bikram/}}</ref> Fleeing legal action in America [[Sexual abuse by yoga gurus|for sexual abuse]] and other matters, Choudhury returned to India in 2016, opening several yoga studios.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/disgraced-hot-yoga-guru-bikram-choudhury-winds-up-us-business-sets-shop-in-lonavla/17272159 |title=Disgraced hot yoga guru Bikram Choudhury winds up US business, sets shop in Lonavla |date=26 May 2016}}</ref>

On its arrival in the West, yoga became mixed with a variety of Western activities and concepts, from [[gymnastics]] to [[psychotherapy]], [[Western occultism]] and [[New Age]] religion. Yoga has grown into a widespread and valuable commodity and form of exercise, ranging from gentle to energetic, and practised by millions across the Western world.<ref name="Singleton Indie 2017">{{cite news |last=Singleton |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=From India with love – how yoga got its stretch back |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/yoga-modern-india-history-exercise-gym-stretching-instagram-a7807451.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=26 June 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Jain|2015|pp=80-81 and whole book}}

== Return to India ==

[[File:I am the Eggman, Beatles Ashram, Rishikesh, India (front).jpg|thumb|left|Restored [[meditation]] chamber labelled "[[I Am the Walrus|I am the Eggman]]" at the [[Beatles Ashram]] in [[Rishikesh]], 2019]]

In 1968, the English rock band [[The Beatles in India|The Beatles travelled to Rishikesh]] to take part in a [[Transcendental Meditation technique|Transcendental Meditation]] training course at [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]]'s [[ashram]], now derelict and renamed the [[Beatles Ashram]].{{sfn|Goldberg|2010|pp=7, 152}}<ref name="Parthsarathi/TheWeek">{{cite news |last=Parthsarathi |first=Mona |title=Displays to mark 50 years of Beatles' arrival in India |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/displays-50-years-beatles-arrival-rishikesh.html |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> The visit sparked widespread Western interest in Indian spirituality,{{sfn|Goldberg|2010|pp=7, 152}} and has led many Westerners to travel to India hoping to find "authentic"<ref name="Maddox2014"/> yoga in ashrams in places such as Mysore (for Ashtanga Yoga) and Rishikesh. That movement led in turn to the creation of many yoga schools offering teacher training and promotion of India as a "[[yoga tourism]] hub"<ref name="Singh"/> by the Indian Ministry of Tourism and the [[Ministry of AYUSH]].<ref name="Maddox2014">{{cite journal |last=Maddox |first=Callie Batts |title=Studying at the source: Ashtanga yoga tourism and the search for authenticity in Mysore, India|journal=Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change |volume=13 |issue=4 |year=2014 |pages=330–343 |issn=1476-6825 |doi=10.1080/14766825.2014.972410 |s2cid=143449133}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ward |first=Mariellen |title=How to 'do' a yoga ashram in India |url=https://travelwireasia.com/2012/03/how-to-do-a-yoga-ashram-in-india/ |date=15 March 2012 |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-date=4 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204092851/https://travelwireasia.com/2012/03/how-to-do-a-yoga-ashram-in-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Shikha |title=Yoga Tourism in India India can be the Wellness Destination for the World |url=http://employmentnews.gov.in/NewEmp/MoreContentNew.aspx?n=SpecialContent&k=54 |access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> Youthful Westerners' sometimes naive spiritual quests to India were gently<ref name="Dowdle 2008"/> satirised in the [[Mindful Yoga]] instructor [[Anne Cushman]]'s novel ''Enlightenment for Idiots''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Douglas |first=Anna |title=Enlightenment for Idiots, by Anne Cushman |url=https://www.inquiringmind.com/article/2501_37_douglas/ |journal=Inquiring Mind |volume=25 |issue=1 (Fall 2008) |date=September 2008}}</ref><ref name="Dowdle 2008">{{cite magazine |last=Dowdle |first=Hillari |title=Enlightened Fiction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-kDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA6 |date=March 2008 |magazine=[[Yoga Journal]] |page=117 |quote=Each character is ripe for a little satire, which makes the novel a fun read, especially if you're in on the joke... Cushman also manages to capture the heart of their teachings, which gives the book another level of meaning.}}</ref>

[[File:Yoga Teacher Training Rishikesh India .jpg|thumb|Students (standing in [[Vrikshasana]]) [[Yoga tourism|from around the world]] undergoing [[yoga teacher training]] beside the [[River Ganges]] in Rishikesh, 2015]]

Yoga, transformed by what the Austrian anthropologist and Indologist [[Agehananda Bharati]] called "the [[pizza effect]]",<ref name="Singleton Indie 2017"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bharati |first=Agehananda |author-link=Agehananda Bharati |title=The Hindu Renaissance and its Apologetic Patterns |year=1970 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |issue=2 |volume=29 |pages=267–287 |jstor=2942625 |doi=10.2307/2942625 |s2cid=154591435 |doi-access=free }}</ref> having journeyed across the Atlantic and back, returned with new "flavours and ingredients". It had become sleek, modern, a sign of health and fitness and urban cool; it had in large part lost its close association with [[Hinduism]], and had indeed become almost wholly a form of exercise rather than [[modern postural yoga as a religion|religion of any kind]].<ref name="Singleton Indie 2017"/><ref name="Farmer 2012">{{cite journal |last=Farmer |first=Jared |author-link=Jared Farmer |title=Americanasana |journal=Reviews in American History |volume=40 |issue=1 |year=2012 |doi=10.1353/rah.2012.0016 |pages=145–158 |s2cid=246283975 }}</ref>

In 1992 the anthropologist [[Sarah Strauss]] spent 11 months at the Sivananda ashram in Rishikesh, [[Participant observation|both practising and observing]] postural yoga in India. The instructors were Indian; the students were American, German, and Indian. She considered that for the Indians, yoga was "embedded in a sense of familial or national belonging", whereas the non-Indians were seeking to "[[Finding oneself|find themselves]]" in a rapidly globalizing world.{{sfn|Strauss|2005|pp=53-85}}

== Government-led event ==

[[File:Indian Navy personnel perform yoga on board INS Viraat in 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Navy]] personnel in [[Uttanasana]] on board [[INS Viraat (R22)|INS ''Viraat'']] for the first [[International Day of Yoga]] in 2015]]

{{further|International Day of Yoga|Yoga and politics}}

In 2014, the [[Indian Prime Minister]], [[Narendra Modi]], persuaded the [[United Nations General Assembly]] to create an annual [[International Day of Yoga]]. It has been celebrated since 2015 in many countries, but especially enthusiastically in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unic.org.in/display.php?E=13712&K=Yoga |title=UN Declared 21 June as International Day of Yoga |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709170015/http://www.unic.org.in/display.php?E=13712&K=Yoga |archive-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/un-declares-june-21-as-international-day-of-yoga/articleshow/45480636.cms |title=UN declares June 21 as 'International Day of Yoga' |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 December 2014 }}</ref> Modi is a member of the right-wing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] volunteer organisation. Critics of Modi have suggested possible motives for the event, [[Yoga and politics|from a partisan attempt]] to make India more [[Hindu]],<ref name="AP 2015">{{cite news |title=Yoga fans around world take to their mats for first International Yoga Day |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/jun/21/yoga-fans-world-first-international-yoga-day |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 June 2015}}</ref> to the desire to reclaim yoga and have it recognised around the world as "India's cultural property", despite the changes it had undergone.<ref name="TW 2015">{{cite web |title=Does yoga belong to India? |url=https://theweek.com/articles/537675/does-yoga-belong-india |website=[[The Week]] |date=7 February 2015}}</ref> Modi personally led over 35,000 participants on the first Day of Yoga in New Delhi; across India, the [[Indian Armed Forces]] ran demonstrations on the decks of warships and high in the Himalayas, while politicians and [[civil servant]]s from India's large bureaucracy joined events in cities from [[Chennai]] to [[Kolkata]] and [[Lucknow]].<ref name="Najar NYT 2015">{{cite news |last=Najar |first=Nida |title=International Yoga Day Finally Arrives in India, Amid Cheers and Skepticism |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=21 June 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Yoga in America]]
* [[Yoga in Britain]]
* [[Yoga in Russia]]{{-}}

== References ==

{{reflist|28em}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book |last=Alter |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Alter |title=Yoga in Modern India : the body between science and philosophy |title-link=Yoga in Modern India |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-691-11874-1 |oclc=53483558}}
* {{cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Jerome |author-link1=Jerome Armstrong |title=Calcutta Yoga : Buddha Bose & the yoga family of Bishnu Ghosh and Yogananda |date=2018 |publisher=Webstrong |isbn=978-0692116715}}
* {{cite book |last=Bühnemann |first=Gudrun |author-link=Gudrun Bühnemann |title=Eighty-Four Asanas in Yoga: A Survey of Traditions |date=2007 |publisher=D. K. Printworld |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8124604175}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Elliott |title=The Path of Modern Yoga : the history of an embodied spiritual practice |publisher=Inner Traditions |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-62055-567-5 |oclc=926062252 |title-link=The Path of Modern Yoga}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Philip |title=American Veda: From Emerson and the Beatles to Yoga and Meditation – How Indian Spirituality Changed the West |publisher=Harmony Books |location=New York |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-385-52134-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3Mdr3IMgW0C&q=Beatles}}
* {{cite book | last=Jain | first=Andrea |author-link=Andrea Jain | title=Selling Yoga : from Counterculture to Pop culture | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-19-939024-3 | oclc=878953765 | title-link=Selling Yoga : from Counterculture to Pop culture }}
* {{cite book |last=Mallinson |first=James |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |title=Haṭha Yoga in the Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism |volume=3 |editor=Knut A. Jacobsen |display-editors=etal |year=2011 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-27128-9 |pages=770–781}}
* {{cite book | last1=Mallinson | first1=James |author1-link=James Mallinson (author) |last2=Singleton |first2=Mark |author2-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |name-list-style=amp | title=Roots of Yoga |title-link=Roots of Yoga | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-241-25304-5 | oclc=928480104}}
* {{cite book |last=Singleton |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=Yoga Body : the origins of modern posture practice |title-link=Yoga Body |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-539534-1 |oclc=318191988}}
* {{cite book |last=Strauss |first=Sarah |title=Positioning Yoga: balancing acts across cultures |publisher=Berg |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-85973-739-2 |oclc=290552174 |title-link=Positioning Yoga: balancing acts across cultures}}

{{Yoga as exercise}}

[[Category:Yoga by country|India]]

Ashok Tiwari

2026-04-04T03:30:38Z

SwagataDash: post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashok Tiwari
| office = Mayor of Varanasi
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

'''Ashok Tiwari''' is an Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was elected as the Mayor of Varanasi in the [[2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections]].<ref name="result1">{{cite news |title=Ashok Tiwari wins Varanasi mayoral election |url= |work= |date= |access-date= }}</ref><ref name="result2">{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh municipal election results 2023 |url= |work= |date= |access-date= }}</ref><ref name="result3">{{cite news |title=BJP candidate Ashok Tiwari elected Mayor of Varanasi |url= |work= |date= |access-date= }}</ref>

== Political career ==
Tiwari contested the 2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections as a candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and won the mayoral seat of Varanasi.<ref name="result1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Ashok}}{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mayors of Varanasi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kumaon division

2026-03-29T14:51:51Z

SwagataDash:

{{Short description|Administrative division in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kumaon division
| native_name = Kumāũ
| other_name = Kurmānchal, Manaskhand
| settlement_type = [[Divisions of India|Administrative Division]]
| nickname = The Home of Gods<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.culturaltrends.in/product/kumaon-home-of-the-gods |title = Kumaon - Home of the Gods from Nest & Wings - Kumaon Complete Travel Guide |access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref>
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |size=290| spacing=3 | border=3|position=center|color_border = maroon
| photo1a = Time lapse shot of Trishul peak.jpg
| photo2a = Kumaon 1631933884-1791e.jpg
| photo2b = River of cloud.jpg
| photo3a = Snow Fall in Ranikhet.jpg
| photo3b = (A) view of Himalayan foothills, Uttarakhand India November 2013.jpg
| photo4a = Nainital Lake and town.jpg
| photo4b = Lapthal and Sangcha Talla Highlands, Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand.jpg
| photo5a = Ramgarh river-1703841300000.jpg
}}
| image_map = India Kumaon.png
| map_caption = Location in India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1815<ref name="Robert Montgomery Martin pg. 107">Robert Montgomery Martin, ''History of the Possessions of the Honourable East India Company,'' Volume 1, pg. 107</ref>
| founder =
| seat1_type = Headquarter
| seat1 = [[Nainital]]
| seat2_type = [[List of cities in India by population|Largest city]]
| seat2 = [[Haldwani]]
| parts_type = [[List of districts in India|Districts]]
| p1 = {{bulleted list
|[[Almora district|Almora]]
|[[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]]
|[[Champawat district|Champawat]]
|[[Nainital district|Nainital]]
|[[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]
|[[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
}}
| government_type = [[Divisions of India|Division]]
| leader_title1 = Legislature
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 21,035
| population_total = 4,228,998<ref name="census2011-C16"/>
| population_density_km2 = 201.04
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type2 = Ethnicity
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Tharu languages|Tharu(Buksari)]], [[Rung languages|RungLo]], [[Kauravi]] 
| demographics2_title2 = Ethnic groups
| demographics2_info2 = [[Kumaonis|Kumaoni]],
[[Shaukas]], [[Rang community|Rungs]], [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiyas]], [[Tharu people|Tharu]], [[Bhoksa people|Bhoksa]]
| population_demonym = [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|UK]]
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Highest peak of Kumaon Division
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hardeol]] 7,151 m (23,461 ft)
| blank2_name_sec1 = Lowest elevation of Kumaon Division
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sharda River|Sharda Sagar Reservoir]] (190 m)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ichthyofaunal Diversity of Sharda Sagar Reservoir in Tarai Region|url=http://oaji.net/pdf.html%3Fn%3D2017/6036-1522843486.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiM5_K5y8PkAhWGknAKHeL7B-sQFjAOegQICRAB&usg=AOvVaw2vDxLKmM8imKtQxbyVI49S|format=PDF|publisher=Open Academics Journal Index|access-date=9 September 2019}}</ref>
| blank3_name_sec1 = Largest lake
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Bhimtal lake|Bhimtal]]
| Website =
| website = http://kumaon.gov.in/
| footnotes =
| leader_title = Commissioner
| leader_name = [[Deepak Rawat]] [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite web |title="Divisional Commissioner details: Office of Commissioner Kumaon" |url=https://kumaon.gov.in/pages/display/53-divisional-commissioner}}</ref>
| image_caption = Clockwise from top: View of [[Trisul|Trishul peaks]] from [[Ranikhet]], [[Sharda River|Kali river]] at [[Jauljibi]],
View of Purnagiri hills from [[Tanakpur]], [[Johar Valley]], [[Naini Lake]], [[Jageshwar]]
}}

'''Kumaon''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɛ|m|ɔː|ʊ}}; {{langx|kfy|Kumāũ}}, {{IPA|kfy|kʊmɔːũː|pron}}; historically romanised as '''Kemāon'''<ref name="Bengal, Volume 6 1837">James Prinsep (Editor){{Google books|Y1oxAQAAMAAJ|Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 6, Part 2 (1837)|page=653}}</ref><ref name="Kemaon 1835">John McClelland {{Google books|0gwKAAAAIAAJ|Some inquiries in the province of Kemaon: relative to geology, and other branches of Natural Science (1835)}}</ref>) is a [[List of divisions in India|revenue and administrative division]] in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]]. It spans over the eastern half of the state and is bounded on the north by [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] of China, on the east by [[Nepal]], on the south by the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], and on the west by [[Garhwal Division]]. Kumāon comprises six districts of the state: [[Almora district|Almora]], [[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]], [[Champawat district|Champawat]], [[Nainital district|Nainital]], [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]] and [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]].

Historically known as '''Manaskhand''' and '''Kurmanchal''', the Kumaon region has been ruled by several dynasties over the course of its history; most notably the [[Katyuri dynasty|Katyuri]]s and the [[Chand dynasty|Chand]]s.

The people of Kumaon are known as [[Kumauni people|Kumaonis]] and speak the [[Kumaoni language]]. Kumaon is home to a famous [[Indian Army]] regiment, the [[Kumaon Regiment]] of [[Indian Himalayan Region|IHR]] within the [[India|Indian Republic]]. The hill town [[Nainital]] is its administrative centre and this is where the Uttarakhand high court is located.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iwanek |first1=Krzysztof |title=Gairsain's Uphill Task: Uttarakhand's Plan for Two Capitals |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/03/gairsains-uphill-task-uttarakhands-plan-for-two-capitals/ |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=The Diplomat |date=17 March 2020}}</ref> Other notable hill towns of Kumaon are [[Almora]], [[Ranikhet]], [[Pithoragarh]], [[Champawat]] and [[Bageshwar]]. However, all the major cities of the region like [[Haldwani]], [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]], [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]], [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]] and [[Tanakpur]] are concentrated in the southern plain areas of [[Bhabar]] and [[Terai]].

== Etymology ==
The Kumaon region is mentioned in the [[Skanda Purana]] as '''Manaskhand'''. Kumaon is believed to have been derived from '''Kurmanchal''', meaning the land of [[Kurma]] (the tortoise [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]], the preserver deity in Hinduism).<ref name="Springer">{{citation |last1=Negi |first1=Govind Singh |last2=Bahuguna |first2=Sonam |last3=Kazmi |first3=Yahya |last4=Lingwal |first4=Shashank |last5=Chandra |first5=Naveen |last6=Singh |first6=Gajendra |year=2025 |chapter=Deciphering Prehistoric Forts of Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya: An Opportunity for Historical Tourism |editor=D. Arya |display-editors=etal |title=Climate Change Impact on Himalayan Biodiversity |pages=21–48 |publisher=Springer}}</ref><ref name="History">{{cite book |last1=Gokhale |first1=Namita |title=Mountains Echoes: Reminiscences of Kumaoni Women |date=2015 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5194-180-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bJlCgAAQBAJ&q=kurmanchal&pg=PT12 |access-date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gyan Publishing House">{{cite book |last1=Gajrani |first1=S. |title=History, Religion and Culture of India |date=2004 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8205-064-8 |page=236 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T02CC0ihCmcC&q=kumaun+kurmanchal&pg=PA236 |access-date=31 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

According to another theory, the word Kumaon can be traced back to the 5th century BC during the time of [[Vedic period]]. The [[Kassites|Khasas]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] left their homeland Kummaoh, on the banks of river [[Euphrates]], and settled in the northern part of [[India]].<ref name="Springer"/><ref name="History"/><ref name="Gyan Publishing House"/>

During this time of the British control of the region, between 1815 and 1857, it was also known as '''Kemaon'''.<ref name="Bengal, Volume 6 1837"/><ref name="Kemaon 1835"/><ref>John Forbes Royle {{Google books|RxBJAAAAcAAJ|Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains and of the flora of Cashmere (1839)|page=108}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{wide image|Panorama of Himalayas from Ranikhet, Uttarakhand, India.jpg|1000px|A panoramic view of the Kumaon [[Himalaya]]s from Ranikhet, showing [[Trisul]] ({{convert|abbr=on|7120|m|ft}}), [[Nanda Devi]] ({{convert|abbr=on|7,817|m|ft}}), [[Nanda Kot]] ({{convert|abbr=on|6,861|m|ft}}), [[Panchachuli]] ({{convert|abbr=on|6,904|m|ft}}) and other giant peaks}}
The Kumaon<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavacationspots.com/kumaon-garhwal-vacation-tour/|title=Garhwal Vacation Tips - Vacation Tour Garhwal Kumaon -Family Tour India|access-date=18 September 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806125847/https://www.indiavacationspots.com/kumaon-garhwal-vacation-tour/|url-status=dead}}</ref> region consists of a large [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] tract, together with two [[wikt:submontane|submontane]] strips called the [[Terai]] and the [[Bhabar]]. The submontane strips were up to 1850 an almost impenetrable forest, given up to wild animals; but after 1850 the numerous clearings attracted a large population from the hills, who cultivated the rich soil during the hot and cold seasons, returning to the hills in the rains. The rest of Kumaon is a maze of mountains, part of the [[Himalaya]] range, some of which are among the loftiest known. In a tract not more than 225 km in length and 65 km in breadth there are over thirty peaks rising to elevations exceeding {{Convert|5500|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Kumaon |volume=15 |page=945 |inline=1}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| align = left
| total_width = 500
| image1 = Kosi River valley near Almora, Uttarakhand, India.jpg
| caption1 = [[Kosi River]] valley near [[Almora]]
| image2 = Pindari Glacier, Bageshwar, in Indian Himalayas, Uttarakhand.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Pindari Glacier|Pindari glacier]], located in the [[Bageshwar district]], is the source of the [[Pindar River|Pindar river]] – one of the six major headstreams of the [[Ganges]]
}}

Rivers such as [[Gori River|Gori]], Dhauli, and [[Kali River (Uttarakhand)|Kali]] rise chiefly in the southern slope of the [[Tibet]]an watershed north of the loftiest peaks, amongst which they make their way down valleys of rapid declivity and extraordinary depth. The principal is the [[Sharda River|Sharda]] (Kali Ganga), the [[Pindari Glacier|Pindari]] and Kailganga, whose waters join the [[Alaknanda River|Alaknanda]].<ref name=EB1911/> The river Sharda (Kali Ganga) forms the international boundary between India and Nepal. The pilgrim route currently used to visit [[Mount Kailash|Kailash-Mansarovar]] goes along this river and crosses into [[Tibet]] at [[Lipulekh Pass|Lipu Lekh pass]].

The chief trees are the [[Chir Pine|chir pine]], [[Cupressus|Himalayan cypress]], [[Abies pindrow|pindrow fir]], [[alder]], [[Sal tree|sal]] and saindan. [[Limestone]], [[sandstone]], [[slate]], [[gneiss]] and [[granite]] constitute the principal geological formations. Mines of [[iron]], [[copper]], [[gypsum]], [[lead]] and [[asbestos]] exist, but they are not thoroughly worked. Except in the submontane strips and deep valleys, the climate is mild. The rainfall of the outer Himalayan range, which is first struck by the monsoon, is double that of the central hills, in the average proportion of 2000 mm to 1000 mm. No winter passes without snow on the higher ridges, and in some years, it is universal throughout the mountain tract. Frosts, especially in the valleys, are often severe.<ref name=EB1911/>

==History==
Prehistoric dwellings and [[Stone Age]] implements have been discovered in [[Almora district|Almora]] and [[Nainital district|Nainital]] districts. Initially settled by [[Kol people|Kols]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanu |first=Saurabh |date=2024-07-26 |title=Kol Tribes Of Uttarakhand |url=https://wandersky.in/kol-tribes-of-uttarakhand/ |access-date=2026-02-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> the region witnessed successive waves of [[Kirata]]s, [[Khasas]], and [[Indo-Scythian Kingdom|Indo-Sythians]]. [[Kuninda Kingdom|Kunindas]] were the first rulers of the region. They were followed by the [[Katyuri kings]] of [[Khasas]] origin<ref name="Handa p22">{{cite book |last1=Handa |first1=O. C. (Omacanda) |title=History of Uttaranchal |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC |year=2002 |publisher= Indus Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788173871344|page=22}}</ref> who controlled the region from 700 to 1200 AD.<ref name="History"/>

Around 1100–1200 AD, after [[Katyuri dynasty|Katyuri]] kingdom disintegration, Kurmanchal was divided into eight different principalities: [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath-Katyur]], [[Dwarahat|Dwarhat]], [[Doti District|Doti]], [[Almora district|Baramandal]], [[Askot]], [[Didihat|Sira]], [[Pithoragarh|Sora]], [[Champawat district|Sui]]. Around 1581 AD, under Rudra Chand, the whole region was brought together again as Kumaon.
[[File: Flag of the Kumaon Kingdom.png |thumb|250px|Flag of the Kumaon Kingdom]]

===Kumaon Kingdom===
[[Chieftaincy of Kumaon|The Kumaon Kingdom]] was a historical [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] state located in the eastern part of present-day Uttarakhand, India. It existed as an independent political entity for several centuries and played an important role in the regional history of the Central Himalayas.
The kingdom covered much of the Kumaon region, including areas around [[Almora]], [[Champawat]], [[Nainital]], and [[Bageshwar]]. Its geography consisted of mountainous terrain, river valleys, and forested areas, which influenced its defense, economy, and settlement patterns. Agriculture, pastoralism, and trade formed the economic base of the kingdom. Land revenue systems and local administrative units were used to govern rural areas.<ref name="Handa p22"/> who controlled the region from 700 to 1200 AD.<ref name="History"/>

Culturally, the kingdom contributed significantly to the development of Kumaoni language, folklore, religious traditions, and temple architecture. Hinduism was the dominant religion, with strong influences of Shaivism and Shaktism, and the region became known for its temples and pilgrimage centers.<ref name="Handa p22"/> who controlled the region from 700 to 1200 AD.<ref name="History"/>

The Kumaon Kingdom maintained a distinct political and cultural identity despite conflicts and interactions with neighboring Himalayan states. Its independence ended in 1791, after which the region came under external rule. Following the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816), Kumaon was incorporated into British India.<ref name="Handa p22"/> who controlled the region from 700 to 1200 AD.<ref name="History"/>

===Katyuri Raj===
[[File:BAIJNATH TEMPLE.jpg|thumb|230px]]
The Katyuri dynasty was a ruling Hindu dynasty of [[Khas people|Khasha]] origin<ref name="Handa p22"/> that was founded by Vashudev Katyuri. They established their kingdom and called it Kurmanchal kingdom, dominating lands of varying extent from the 'Katyur' (modern day Baijnath) valley in Kumaon, between 7th and 11th centuries AD, and establishing their capital at [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]] in [[Bageshwar district]], which was then known as Kartikeyapura and lies in the centre of 'Katyur' valley. Brahmadev mandi in Kanchanpur District of far western Nepal was established by Katyuri king Brahma Deo. At their peak, the kurmanchal kingdom of Katyuri kings was extended from [[Sikkim]] in the east to [[Kabul]], Afghanistan in the west, before fragmenting into numerous principalities by the 12th century.

It is believed that from king Dham Deo and Bir Deo the downfall of this powerful dynasty began. Birdeo used to collect heavy taxes and forced his people to work as his slaves, King Birdeo teased his subjects by his tyranny to the extent that he forcibly married his own maternal aunt Tila. It is said that the Kumaoni folk song ''Mami tile dharo bola'' became popular from that very day. after death of Birdeo the kingdom was divided between his eight sons and they were able to form their different small kingdoms in the region for a short period of time until Chands emerged in the region defeating most of katyuri principalities and united ''Kurmanchal'' again as Kumaon.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Atkinson|first=Edwin T.|title=Himalayan Gazetteer.|date=1990|publisher=Cosmo|oclc=183008777|orig-year=1882}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}

The Rajwar dynasty of Askot in [[Pithoragarh]], was set up in 1279 AD, by a branch of the Katyuri kings, headed by Abhay Pal Deo, who was the grandson of Katyuri king Brahma Deo. The dynasty ruled the region until it became part of the British Raj through the treaty of Sighauli in 1816.

===Chand Raj===
[[File:Fort and the capital city of Kali Kumaon, Champawat, 1815.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Fort in [[Champawat]], the first capital of [[Chand Kings]], 1815]]
{{Main|Chand kings}}

The Chand dynasty was established by Som Chand in the 10th century,<ref name="Chand">{{cite book|title=History of Nainital District|date=1909|publisher=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|page=324|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_330.gif}}</ref> by displacing the Katyuri Kings, who had been ruling the area from the 7th century AD. He continued to call his state Kurmanchal and established its capital in Champawat in Kali Kumaon called so, due to its vicinity to river Kali. Many temples built in this former capital city, during the 11th and 12th century exist today, this includes the Baleshwar and Nagnath temples.

[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Baj Bahadur of Kumaon.jpg|thumb|Baj Bahadur of Kumaon c. 1750]]
One of the most powerful rulers of Chand dynasty was Baz Bahadur (1638–1678 AD), who met [[Shahjahan]] in [[Delhi]], and in 1655 joined forces with him to attack [[Garhwal District|Garhwal]], which was then under the King Pirthi Sah. Baz Bahadur subsequently captured the [[Terai]] region including [[Dehradun]], which was thus separated from the Garhwal kingdom. Baz Bahadur extended his territory east to [[Ghaghara|Karnali river]], later Baz Bahadur invaded [[Tibet]] and captured several forts including a Hindu pilgrim [[Lake Manasarovar|Kailash Manasarovar]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hāṇḍā|first=Omacanda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC&q=baz+bahadur+chand+tibet&pg=PA82|title=History of Uttaranchal|date=2002|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-134-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Siba Pada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXUeAAAAMAAJ&q=kailash+mansarovar+baz+bahadur|title=The Sino-Indian Border Question: A Historical Review|date=1971|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Man Mohan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZwRAQAAIAAJ&q=kailash+mansarovar+baz+bahadur|title=Yātrā: Pilgrimages in the Himalayas|date=2005|publisher=Trishul Publications|isbn=978-81-85384-92-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Vaishṇav|first=Yamunādatta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54e1AAAAIAAJ&q=kailash+mansarovar+baz+bahadur|title=Himalayan Districts of Uttar Pradesh: Land and People|date=1983|publisher=Sri Almora Book Depot|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 September 2018|first=Vikram|last=Bhalla|title=Fact Check: Did Aurangzeb defeat China and snatch Kailash Mansarovar from them as a gift to Hindus?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-fact-check/news/fact-check-did-aurangzeb-defeat-china-and-snatch-kailash-mansarovar-from-them-as-a-gift-to-hindus/articleshow/65685957.cms|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=India)|first=Institute of Historical Studies (Calcutta)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8Q9AQAAIAAJ&q=kailash+mansarovar+baz+bahadur|title=Collection of Papers Presented at Annual Conference of the Institute|date=1971|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Man Mohan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQYuAAAAMAAJ&q=kailash+mansarovar+baz+bahadur|title=The Mystery of Rupkund|date=1986|publisher=Vanity Books|language=en}}</ref> he also built the Golu Devata Temple, at Ghorakhal, near [[Bhimtal]],<ref name="Chand" /> after Lord Golu, a general in his army, who died valiantly in battle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chitai Temple |url=http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/indexvisitor.html |access-date=3 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413011854/http://210.212.78.56/almora/English/indexvisitor.html |archive-date=13 April 2009 }}</ref> He also built the famous Bhimeshwara Mahadev Temple at Bhimtal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhimtal |url=http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO000000883U00007000 |access-date=3 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618174145/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO000000883U00007000 |archive-date=18 June 2008 }}</ref>

Towards the end of the 17th century, Chand kings again attacked the Garhwal kingdom, and in 1688, Udyot Chand erected several temples at Almora, including Tripur Sundari, Udyot Chandeshwar, and Parbateshwar. To mark his victory over Garhwal and Doti, the Parbateshwar temple was renamed twice, to become the present Nanda Devi temple.<ref>{{cite web|title=Almora Temples Uttaranchal - Uttarakhand Worldwide - Kumaon and Garhwal - Almora Temples|url=http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/almoratemples.php|website=www.uttaranchal.org.uk|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225503/http://www.uttaranchal.org.uk/almoratemples.php|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later, Jagat Chand (1708–1720) defeated the Raja of Garhwal and pushed him away from [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]] (in Uttarakhand, not to be confused with the capital of present-day Indian Kashmir), and his kingdom was given to a [[Brahmin]].<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Garhwal District|date=1909|publisher=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|page=166|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_172.gif|access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref>

===Nepalese invasion and its defeat===
[[File:View of Almora, with soldiers of 3rd Gurkha, 1895.jpg|thumb|Soldiers of [[3rd Gurkha Rifles]] in [[Almora]], 1895]]
In the latter half of the 18th century, the power of Kumaon was on decline, as the king Mahendra Chand was unable to properly administer the country. After the fall of Doti, the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] decided to again invade over Kumaon. The Gorkha forces, under the leadership of [[Amar Singh Thapa]] crossed the kali river, and reached the outskirts of [[Almora]] via [[Pithoragarh|Sor]] and [[Gangolihat|Gangoli]]. After facing tough resistance by King Mahendra Chand's uncle who was leading the army, and retreating temporarily, the Gorkha's returned again and in the ensuing battle Mahendra Chand's uncle was killed. Hearing about his uncle's death, Mahendra Chandra became frightened and fled to the plains. Kumaon was annexed to the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] in 1790.<ref>{{citation |last=Alter |first=Andrew |year=2008 |title=Dancing with Devtās: Drums, Power and Possession in the Music of Garhwal, North India |series=SOAS Musicology Series |place=Aldershot |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |page=34}}</ref>

The Gorkha rule over Kumaon lasted for 24 years. The only architectural advancements during the period was a road connecting kali river to [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]] via [[Almora]]. The Gorkha rule over Kumaon is said to have been cruel and barbaric. The Gorkha's only thought of Kumaon and Garwhal (which was conquered some years after the invasion of Kumaon) as frontier states and so proper administration was not practiced. Almora was the largest town of Kumaon during the Gorkha period, and is estimated to have about 1000 houses.

After the Gorkhas started meddling in the territories of [[Oudh State|Oudh]], the [[Nawab of Oudh]], who was then a suzerain of the [[British Indian Empire|British Empire]], asked for their help, thus paving way for the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] of 1814. The British forces under Colonel Nicholas, consisting of about forty five hundred men and six pounder guns, entered Kumaon through [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]] and conquered Almora on 26 April 1815. On the same day, Chandra Bahadur Shah, one of the principle Gurkha chiefs, sent a flag of truce, requesting to end hostilities in the region. A negotiation was brought up the following day, under which the Gurkhas agreed to leave the Country, and all its fortified places. The war ended with Nepal signing the [[Treaty of Sugauli]] in 1816, under which, Kumaon officially became a British territory.

===British Raj===
[[File:Old Govt House, N. Tal, pulled down by Sir A.P. Macdonnell.jpg|thumb|200px|Old Govt House at [[Nainital]], the summer capital of [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]] during [[British Raj]]]]
The region was annexed by the [[British East India Company]] in 1815, and the Kumaon region was joined with the eastern half of the Garhwal region as a chief-commissionership on the [[Non-regulation province|non-regulation system]], also known as the [[Kumaon Province]].<ref>{{citation |last=Bergmann |first=Christoph |year=2016 |title=The Himalayan Border Region: Trade, Identity and Mobility in Kumaon, India |series=Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |page=10}}</ref><ref name="Robert Montgomery Martin pg. 107">Robert Montgomery Martin, ''History of the Possessions of the Honourable East India Company,'' Volume 1, pg. 107</ref> It was part of the [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV | title = Travancore to Zīra ("United Provinces" pp. 132–276) | publisher = Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. vi, 1 map, 437. | year = 1908 |page=158}}</ref> It was governed for seventy years by three administrators, Mr. Traill, Mr. J. H. Batten and [[Henry Ramsay (Indian Army officer)|Sir Henry Ramsay]].

There was widespread opposition against British rule in various parts of Kumaon. The Kumaoni people especially [[Champawat]] District rose in rebellion against the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] under the leadership of the members like [[Kalu Singh Mahara]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091108/dun.htm#2 |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Dehradun Edition |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |access-date=12 July 2012 |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222180339/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091108/dun.htm#2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1891 the division was composed of the three districts of Kumaon, [[Garhwal District|Garhwal]] and the [[Tarai]]; but the two districts of Kumaon and the Tarai were subsequently redistributed and renamed after their headquarters, [[Nainital]] and Almora.

The area received international attention after the publication of [[Man-Eaters of Kumaon]], by [[Jim Corbett]], the noted hunter and conservationist, describing the author's trials seeking out and killing man-eating tigers. Animals like the [[Champawat Tiger]] and the [[Tigers of Chowgarh|Chowgarh Tigers]] plagued the area for many years, with the former estimated to have killed over four hundred humans by herself, in Nepal and then Kumaon, in the years 1920–1928.

[[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s advent sounded a death knell for the British in Kumaon. People now aware of the excesses of British Raj became defiant of it and played an active part in the Indian Struggle for Independence. While staying in Kumaon for 12 days, recovering from the rigors of imprisonment, Gandhi wrote ''Anashakti Yoga'', his commentary on the [[Gita]].<ref>{{cite news |title=In Gandhi's footsteps |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/in-gandhi-s-footsteps/cid/498321 |access-date=8 January 2020 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |date=21 February 2009 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=In these hills, nature's hospitality eclipses all men can do. The enchanting beauty of Himalayas, their bracing climate and the soothing green that envelopes you leaves nothing more to be desired. I wonder whether the scenery of these hills and the climate are surpassed, if equalled, by any of the beauty spots anywhere of the world. After having been nearly three weeks in Almora hills, I am more than ever amazed why our people need go to Europe in search of health. |title=Almora Impressions |author=[[Mahatma Gandhi]] |source=''Young India'' (11 July 1929)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gandhi|first=M. K.|date=11 July 1929|title=Almora Impressions|url=https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/journals-by-gandhiji/young-india|journal=Young India|pages=2|access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>}}

Gandhi was revered in these parts and on his call the struggle of Salam Saliya Satyagraha led by Ram Singh Dhoni was started which shook the very roots of British rule in Kumaon.<ref name="Salam Saliya Satyagraha an important chapter of the Indian Freedom Movement">{{cite web |author=рдореНрдпрд░ рдкрд╣рд╛реЬ on 5 March 2010 |url=http://www.merapahad.com/salt-kranti-an-important-chapter-of-indian-freedom-movement/ |title=Salt Kranti in Uttarakhand: An Important Chapter of Freedom Movement |publisher=Merapahad.com |date=5 March 2010 |access-date=12 July 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Many people died in the Saalam Satyagraha due to police brutality. Gandhi named it the ''[[Bardoli]] of Kumaon'' an allusion to the [[Bardoli#Bardoli Satyagrah|Bardoli Satyagrah]]. Many Kumaonis also joined the [[Indian National Army]] led by [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]].

=== Independent India ===
After India became independent in 1947, [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]] were converted into the newly formed Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The princely state of [[Tehri Garhwal]] joined the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] in 1949, and became a district under the Kumaon division. Three new districts viz. [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]] from [[Almora district|Almora]], [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]] from [[Pauri Garhwal district|Garhwal]] and [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]] from [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]] were created in 1960. A new revenue division, named Uttarakhand division, was carved out from these three districts of Kumaon division.

The year 1969 saw major administrative reforms in these hilly regions of Uttar Pradesh, and a new [[Garhwal division]], with its headquarter in [[Pauri]], was formed with the districts of Tehri Garhwal and Garhwal from Kumaon division, and [[Uttarkashi]] and [[Chamoli]] from Uttarakhand division. The Uttarakhand division too was disestablished the same year, and the remaining district of Pithoragarh was brought back to Kumaon division, hence giving it its present size.

Three new districts were created in the 90's, taking the total number of districts in the division to six. [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham singh nagar]] from Nainital in 1995, and [[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]] from Almora and [[Champawat district|Champawat]] from Pithoragarh in 1997. As a result of the largely peaceful [[Uttarakhand movement]], the state of Utarranchal was carved out of Uttar Pradesh in 2000; this state's name was changed to Uttarakhand in 2007.<ref>{{citation |last=Chanchani |first=Nachiket |title=[[Mountain Temples and Temple Mountains|Mountain Temples and Temple Mountains: Architecture, Religion, and Nature in the Central Himalayas]] |place=Seattle |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2019}}</ref> Two new districts, Ranikhet from Almora and Didihat from Pithoragarh, were announced in 2011 by the then Chief minister of Uttarakhand, [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]], but the districts never came into existence because no official notification was ever released.

==Culture==
===Traditional attire===
[[File: Munsiari DSC 7704 (32873389712) (2).jpg|thumb|190px|An elderly tailor in [[Pithoragarh]] wearing traditional Kumaoni cap]]
[[File: Screenshot_kumaoni.png |thumb|210px|[[Kumaon Division|Kumaoni]] man and woman in a traditional dress]]
[[File: Kumaoni_culture.png |thumb|200px|[[Kumaon Division|Kumaoni]] attire of the [[Indian Himalayan Region|Central Himalayas]]]]

'''Pichaura''' (पिछोङा) is a traditional attire worn by married Kumaoni women generally for religious occasions, marriage, and other rituals. Traditionally handmade using vegetable dyes, Pichhauras are available in red and saffron. Local designs made in Almora, Haldwani and other parts of Kumaon use silk fabric and accessories made of pearl. It is also contemporarily made using machines. In recent years its popularity has seen a rise, especially in Kumaoni diaspora in other states and countries.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Vineet |title=NRI pahadi brides eye Kumaoni 'Pichora' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/NRI-pahadi-brides-eye-Kumaoni-Pichora/articleshow/50163441.cms |access-date=11 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=13 December 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

Kumaoni men wear a Kumaoni cap, which is of black colour. However, during festivals, especially during [[Kumauni Holi]] the cap becomes white in colour.<ref name="The Times of India"/>

[[File:Bhotiya women in gattipakhi.jpg|thumb|195px|[[Bhotiya]] community in [[Munsiari]] wearing their traditional attire]]
The [[Bhotiya]] community, also known as [[Kumaon Division|Kumaoni]] [[Bhotiya]], is a minority indigenous group in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. Traditionally inhabiting the high-altitude areas, the community has historically been involved in trans-Himalayan trade, animal husbandry, and agriculture. Their cultural practices, dress, and festivals reflect influences from both Himalayan and Tibetan traditions.<ref name="The Times of India"/>

===Folk Art===
[[Aipan art|Aipan]] is the most famous folk art of Kumaon. In recent times its popularity has grown.
Aipan is not only an important folk art of Kumaoni community but other ethnic groups of Kumaon, like Shaukas and Rungs, as well. Hence it also acts as a cultural link between different ethnic communities of Kumaon, therefore has significant importance.

Among the prominent local crafts is wood carving known as '''Likhai''', which appears most frequently in the ornately decorated temples and at the doors and windows of local houses. Intricately carved designs of floral patterns, deities, and geometrical motifs also decorate the doors, windows, ceilings, and walls of village houses. Paintings and murals are used to decorate both houses and temples.

'''Jyuti patta''' is a class of water color paintings done on rituals, called Jyuti. Some scholars also consider Jyuti to be synonymous with the wod mother of the world. To give concrete form to the deity, two-dimensional geometry is given expression in the form of frescoes. This is a geometric or decorative semi-graphic structure in which different colours and symbols are used. This structure called Jyuti also gets a new dimension by the use of ochre or biswar of Tepan. Jyunti is prepared on the surface of wall or paper and the composition is given with cotton and a brush of limiter. In this artform, various qualities of a specific deity are shown.

===Folk dances===
Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in the Kumaon. Some well-known dances include Hurkiya Baul,<ref>{{cite news|title=बागेश्वर में हुड़किया बोल के साथ रोपाई की धूम|url=http://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/bageshwar/story-planting-with-hoddia-bole-in-bageshwar-1141653.html|access-date=24 June 2017|work=livehindustan.com|language=hi}}</ref> Jhora-Chanchri and [[Chholiya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Folk Dances Of North India|url=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-dance/folk-dances/north-india.html|publisher=culturalindia.net|access-date=29 July 2012|archive-date=18 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718052314/http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-dance/folk-dances/north-india.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Music is an integral part of the Kumaoni culture. Popular types of folk songs include Mangal and Nyoli.<ref>{{cite web|title=Folk Songs of Uttarakhand|url=http://www.aboututtarakhand.com/Know-Abouts/Folk-Song/Folk-Songs.html|publisher=aboututtarakhand.com|access-date=29 July 2012}}</ref> These folk songs are played on instruments including [[dhol]], damau, turri, [[ransingha]], [[dholki]], daur, [[thali]], [[bhankora]], mandan and [[Bagpipe|mashakbaja]]. A famous Kumaoni folk song is [[Bedu Pako Baro Masa]]. Music is also used as a medium through which the gods are invoked. ''[[Jagar (ritual)|Jagar]]'' is a form of spirit worship in which the singer, or ''Jagariya'', sings a ballad of the gods, with allusions to great epics, like [[Mahabharat]] and [[Ramayana]], that describe the adventures and exploits of the god being invoked.

{{multiple image
| perrow = 3
| total_width = 900
| caption_align = center
| align = left
| image1 = Chanchari dance.jpg
| caption1 = Chanchari of Danpur ([[Bageshwar]])
| image2 = Hilljatra-festival-photos.jpg
| caption2 = Hiljatra in [[Pithoragarh]]
| image3 = Cholliyar.jpg
| caption3 = Chholiyar performing Choliya dance
}}

'''Kumaoni [[Ramleela]]''' is the oldest in the world. It is 150 years old, due to which UNESCO has declared it world's longest-running opera. In addition, the Kumaoni Ramleela is now a part of the World Cultural Heritage List.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/do-you-know-that-kumaons-ram-leela-is-the-oldest-in-the-world/articleshow/71441650.cms |title = Do you know that Kumaon's Ram Leela is the oldest in the world? |website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

'''Harela''' is a kumaoni festival hypothesized to date back to the indigenous population. 10–11 days before the Sankranti of Shravan, a bed is made by adding soil in bamboo pots etc. Grains grown during the rainy season like paddy, maize, urad etc. are sown, this is called Hariyala. Harakali Mahotsav, Idols of Gauri Maheshwar, Ganesha and Karkitkeya are made from clay, coloured in them and worshiped with various fruits, flowers, dishes and sweets in a bed of greenery on the night of the month of Sanat. On the second day, the Harela of Uttarang Puja is placed on the head. Sisters and daughters-in-law apply tilak and tilak and put Harela on their heads. They are given gifts.

[[File:Holi Festival Celebration Haldwani India 2025.jpg|thumb|250px|Holi Festival Celebration in [[Haldwani]]]]
'''Kumaoni holi''' is the historical and cultural celebration of the Hindu festival of [[Holi]]. It is one of the most important festivals for the [[Kumauni people]] as it signifies not only the victory of good over evil but also end of the winter season and the start of the new sowing season which holds great importance for this agricultural community of the [[North Indian]] [[Himalayas]]. The uniqueness of the Kumaoni Holi lies in its being a musical affair, whatever its form, be it the Baithki Holi, the Khari Holi and the Mahila Holi all of which start from [[Basant Panchmi]].
This results in the festivities of Holi lasting for almost two months in Kumaon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/culture/uttaranchali-holi-kumaoni-holi|title=eUttaranchal - Rediscover Uttarakhand - Tourism, Culture & People|website=www.euttaranchal.com|date=6 March 2015|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707205616/http://www.euttaranchal.com/culture/uttaranchali-holi-kumaoni-holi|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Baithki Holi and Khari Holi are unique in that the songs on which they are based have a combination of melody, fun, and spiritualism. These songs are essentially based on classical ragas. Baithki Holi is also known as Nirvan Ki Holi or Holi of Salvation.

'''Almora Dussehra''' is a regional variant of Dussehra, dating back to 1936. It is distinct for burning fifteen distinct effigies, each representing the members of the Hindu mythological villain Ravana's entire bloodline. The effigies are all ornate and exquisitely designed. They are paraded through the city of Almora before finally being set on fire to symbolise the triumph of good over evil.

'''Phool-Dei''' is a folk festival which welcomes the spring season in the state. The festival is celebrated on the first day of the Hindu month, Chaitra. In some places, the festival is celebrated as carnival and the celebration goes on for a month. The term 'Dei' refers to a ceremonial pudding which is the key food in this festival that is made from jaggery. White flour and curd are also offered. Young children gather together and go to every house in their village/towns with plates full of rice, jaggery, coconut, green leaves, and flowers. In return, they are presented with blessings and gifts like sweets, jaggery, and money. The wishing and blessing part also include placing flowers and rice on the doorsteps of the houses by the children. People of village sing and dance on their folk songs to celebrate the festival of spring along with exchanging wishes for well-being and prosperity of their family and relatives.

===Cultural hubs===
*[[Almora]] – Almora (famous for its [[bal mithai]] candy) is considered the cultural capital of Kumaon.<ref name="sweet">{{cite news|last1=Pant|first1=Rajshekhar|title=The Sweet Tooth Of Kumaon|url=http://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/NewsDetail/index/9/6381/The-Sweet-Tooth-Of-Kumaon|accessdate=22 July 2017|work=The Citizen|date=4 January 2016|archive-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724132945/http://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/NewsDetail/index/9/6381/The-Sweet-Tooth-Of-Kumaon|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Bal mithai.jpg|thumb|[[Bal Mithai]] originated in [[Almora]], and now has become a symbol of Kumaoni cuisine.]]

*Nainital – Nainital is by far the most well known tourist destination of Kumaon. The city has played a major role in exporting the Kumaoni culture to the rest of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.makemytrip.com/travel-guide/nainital/culture.html|title=[untitled]|publisher=MakeMyTrip|website=www.makemytrip.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008013536/http://www.makemytrip.com/travel-guide/nainital/culture.html|archive-date=8 October 2015|url-status=dead}} {{dead link|date=May 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Nainital lake in the morning.jpg|thumb|Naini dwellers in the morning]]

*Pithoragarh – The city is known for its distinctive and unique culture. It has been one of the major hubs of Kumaoni culture and is the largest city in the hills of Kumaon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pithoragarh.nic.in/culture-heritage/#:~:text=The%20fairs%20of%20Pithoragarh%20are,fairs%20are%20primarily%20trade%20fairs. |title = Culture & Heritage {{!}} District Pithoragarh, Government of Uttarakhand {{!}} India}}</ref>
*Champawat – Also known as Kali Kumaon, Champawat is the root of Kumaoni culture. It is from this place Kumaon got its name.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://champawat.nic.in/about-district/ |title = Champawat : KALI KUMAON {{!}} Champawat {{!}} India}}</ref>
*Bageshwar – Bageshwar is known as "Kumaok Kashi" (Kumaon's [[Varanasi|Kashi]]), because of the holy [[Saryu]] flowing through it. Bageshwar is the home to the largest Kumaoni fair "Uttarayini".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Walton|first1=H. G.|title=Almora: A Gazetter|date=1911|publisher=The Government Press, United Provinces|location=Allahabad|page=Appendix XXIV}}</ref>
*Haldwani – Though it is situated in Bhabhar, Haldwani has played a very significant role in shaping Kumaon's history and culture. It is Kumaon's largest city and has recently become a hub of artists, who are promoting Kumaoni language and culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.haldwani.co.in/art-culture-haldwani.php |title = Haldwani - Haldwani Uttarakhand, City Guide, Travel, News, Hotels, Culture, People, Fairs, Festivals, Photographs, History, Matrimony, Education, Business, Industries, Directory, Discussion Forum - A Complete Haldwani Guide}}</ref>
*Rudrapur – Rudrapur is undoubtedly Kumaon's most cosmopolitan city, with a significant presence of Punjabi, Bengali and other migrants. However, Kumaonis form a large part of the city. Rudrapur is known as Kumaon's Financial Capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://usnagar.nic.in/kumaoni-culture-chachri-chapeli-was-presented-by-swaramayi-academy-rudrapur-on-the-main-stage-under-the-us-carnival/ |title = Kumaoni Culture Chachri, Chapeli was presented by Swaramayi Academy Rudrapur on the main stage Under the US Carnival {{!}} District UdhamSinghNagar, Government Of Uttarakhand {{!}} India}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
[[File:Sarju Aarti at Bageshwar (Cropped).jpg|thumb|Aarti at Sarju Ghat, [[Bageshwar]]]]
In Kumaon, every peak, lake or mountain range is somehow or the other connected with some [[myth]] or the name of a god or goddess, ranging from those associated with the [[Shaiva]], [[Shakta]] and [[Vaishnava]] traditions, to local gods like Bambai Nath Swami, Haim, Saim, Golu, Nanda, Sunanda, Chhurmal, Kail Bisht, Bholanath, Gangnath, Airi and Chaumu. Referring to the rich religious myths and lores associated with Kumaon, E. T. Atkinson has said, "To the beliefs of the great majority of [[Hindus]], the Kumaon is what [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] is to the Christians".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pāṇḍe |first1=Girijā |last2=Geijerstam |first2=Jan af |title=Tradition and Innovation in the History of Iron Making: An Indo-European Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=The University of Michigan |isbn=978-81-86246-19-1 |page=354 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4vtAAAAMAAJ&q=palestine+Atkinson |quote=E. T. Atkinson has said: " To the beliefs of the great majority of Hindus, the Kumaon Himalaya is what Palestine is to the Christian."}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Terraced farming, paddy cultivation in Kumaon, Uttarakhand - 1.jpeg|thumb|Paddy cultivation in [[Pithoragarh district]]]]
Kumaon is home to the financial capital of the state, Haldwani. Kumaon has the state's most commercial, economic and industrial activities specially in Bhabar and Terai regions. Agriculture also plays a huge role in Kumaoni
economy. It employs a large percentage of Kumaoni population.

=== Economic hubs ===
*Haldwani – Being the largest city of Kumaon, and the gateway of Kumaon, Haldwani is the financial centre of Kumaon. It is often dubbed as the financial capital, having the most commercial activity of the state.
*Rudrapur – Rudrapur has established itself as a significant trading center within the Udham Singh Nagar district, which itself is a big trading center in Kumaon. The district exports include industrial as well as agricultural products, both of which are predominantly channelled from Rudrapur.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=District Census Handbook-Udham Singh Nagar Part: XII-A|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0512_PART_A_DCHB_UDHAM%20SINGH%20NAGAR.pdf|access-date=30 September 2020|website=Census India}}</ref> The Basmati rice from Rudrapur is among the top crop which is produced in the region.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=नगर निगम रुद्रपुर, उधम सिंह नगर, उत्तराखण्ड – 263153|url=http://www.nagarnigamrudrapur.com/About.aspx|access-date=28 September 2020|website=www.nagarnigamrudrapur.com|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918064409/http://nagarnigamrudrapur.com/About.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Post the setup of State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (SIDCUL), enhanced by the broad-gauge railway network in the area, Rudrapur has developed into an industrial city with its city limits expanding to accommodate new residential demands of the workers and professionals moving into the area.<ref name=":4" />

===Agriculture===
[[Basmati]] rice, Red rice, wheat, Ragi (Madua in Kumaoni), soybeans, groundnuts, coarse cereals, pulses, and [[oil seeds]] are the most widely grown crops. Fruits like apples, oranges, pears, peaches, lychees, and plums are widely grown and are important to the large food processing industry. Ramgarh, in Nainital District, specially, is famous for its fruits.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Tea is also cultivated in Berinag, Bhowali, Champawat and Lohaghat. Berinag tea being specially famous for its taste. Champawat's tea is sold by the name "Kumaon Black Tea".

== Administrative Subdivisions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Code
! District
! Headquarters<ref name=knowindia>{{cite web | url = http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UA | title = Uttarakhand - Districts of India: Know India | publisher = National Portal of India | access-date = 4 April 2009 | archive-date = 19 February 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090219225233/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UA | url-status = dead }}</ref>
! Population ([[2011 Census of India|As of 2011]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://updateox.com/india/district-wise-population-india-as-of-2011-census/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628204710/http://updateox.com/india/district-wise-population-india-as-of-2011-census |archive-date=28 June 2011 |title=District wise population in India as of 2011 census}}</ref>
! Area (km2)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UA |title=National Portal of India |access-date=10 February 2023 |archive-date=19 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219225233/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UA |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! Density (/km2)
! Map
|-
| AL || [[Almora district|Almora]] || [[Almora]] || 621,972 || 3,083 || 201 ||[[File:Almora in Uttarakhand (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| BA || [[Bageshwar district|Bageshwar]] || [[Bageshwar]] || 259,840 || 2,302 || 113 ||[[File:Bageshwar in Uttarakhand (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| CP || [[Champawat district|Champawat]] || [[Champawat]] || 259,315 || 1,781 || 146 ||[[File:Champawat in Uttarakhand (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| NA || [[Nainital district|Nainital]] || [[Nainital]] || 955,128 || 3,860 || 247 ||[[File:Nainital in Uttarakhand (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| PI || [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]] || [[Pithoragarh]] || 485,993 || 7,100 || 68 ||[[File:Pithoragarh in Uttarakhand (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| US || [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]] || [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]] || 1,648,367 || 2,908 || 567 ||[[File:Udham Singh Nagar in Uttarakhand (India).svg|100px]]
|-
|colspan=3|Total || 4,230,615 || 21,034 || 201 ||
|}

== Cities ==
{{Largest cities
| country = Kumaon division
| stat_ref = [[2011 Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | publisher = |accessdate = 7 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Uttarakhand (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-uttarakhand.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323030632/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-uttarakhand.php|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| list_by_pop =
| div_name =
| div_link = List of districts of Uttarakhand{{!}}District

|city_1 = Haldwani
|div_1 = Nainital District{{!}}Nainital
|pop_1 = 232,060
|city_2 = Rudrapur, Uttarakhand{{!}}Rudrapur
|div_2 = Udham Singh Nagar District{{!}}Udham Singh Nagar
|pop_2 = 154,485
|city_3 = Kashipur, Uttarakhand{{!}}Kashipur
|div_3 = Udham Singh Nagar District{{!}}Udham Singh Nagar
|pop_3 = 121,610
|city_4 = Pithoragarh
|div_4 = Pithoragarh District{{!}}Pithoragarh
|pop_4 = 56,044
|city_5 = Ramnagar, Nainital{{!}}Ramnagar
|div_5 = Nainital District{{!}}Nainital
|pop_5 = 54,787

|city_6 = Jaspur
|div_6 = Udham Singh Nagar District{{!}}Udham Singh Nagar
|pop_6 = 50,523

|city_7 = Kichha
|div_7 = Udham Singh Nagar District{{!}}Udham Singh Nagar
|pop_7 = 41,965

|city_8 = Nainital
|div_8 = Nainital District{{!}}Nainital
|pop_8 = 49,272

|city_9 = Almora
|div_9 = Almora District{{!}}Almora
|pop_9 = 48,456

|city_10 = Sitarganj
|div_10 = Udham Singh Nagar District{{!}}Udham Singh Nagar
|pop_10 = 29,965

|city_11 = Bajpur
|div_11 = Udham Singh Nagar District{{!}}Udham Singh Nagar
|pop_11 = 25,524

|city_12 = Mukhani
|div_12 = Nainital District{{!}}Nainital
|pop_12 = 22,475

|city_13 = Nagla
|div_13 = Udham Singh Nagar District{{!}}Udham Singh Nagar
|pop_13 = 22,258

|city_14 = Umru Khurd
|div_14 = Udham Singh Nagar District{{!}}Udham Singh Nagar
|pop_14 = 20,593

|city_15 = Gadarpur
|div_15 = Udham Singh Nagar District{{!}}Udham Singh Nagar
|pop_15 = 19,301

|city_16 = Ranikhet
|div_16 = Almora District{{!}}Almora
|pop_16 = 18,886

|city_17 = Tanakpur
|div_17 = Champawat District{{!}}Champawat
|pop_17 = 17,626

|city_18 = Khatima
|div_18 = Udham Singh Nagar District{{!}}Udham Singh Nagar
|pop_18 = 15,093

|city_19 = Mahua Kheraganj
|div_19 = Udham Singh Nagar District{{!}}Udham Singh Nagar
|pop_19 = 12,584

|city_20 = Dineshpur
|div_20 = Udham Singh Nagar District{{!}}Udham Singh Nagar
|pop_20 = 11,343

}}

==Languages==
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Kumaon (2011)<ref name="census2011-C16" />
| label1 = [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]
| value1 = 46.8
| label2 = [[Hindi]]
| value2 = 36.1
| label3 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| value3 = 4.4
| label4 = [[Urdu]]
| value4 = 4.1
| label5 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value5 = 3.2
| label6 = [[Tharu language|Tharu]]
| value6 = 1.1
| label7 = Others
| value7 = 4.3
| color1 = Orange
| color2 = blue
| color3 = MediumVioletRed
| color4 = LightGreen
| color5 = Pink
| color6 = LightBlue
| color7 = Yellow
}}
The main language used in administration and education is [[Hindi]], which according to the 2011 census is the first language of well over a million of the region's inhabitants (mostly concentrated in the south). The major native language, however, is [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], spoken by about 2 million people.

In the southern districts there are also sizeable numbers of speakers of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]],<ref name="census2011-C16" /> while the two related languages of [[Buksa language|Buksa]] and [[Rana Tharu language|Rana Tharu]] are found in the southernmost Udham Singh Nagar district. The higher mountains in the north of Kumaon are home to the Sino-Tibetan [[Byangsi language|Byangsi]], [[Chaudangsi language|Chaudangsi]], [[Darmiya language|Darmiya]], [[Raji language|Raji]], [[Rawat language|Rawat]] and [[Rangas language|Rangas]] (the last now extinct).<ref name="ethnologue2019">{{cite web|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2019|title=India – Languages|edition=22nd|website = Ethnologue|publisher=SIL International|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/languages | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190401120331/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN/languages | archive-date = 1 April 2019}}</ref>

The community radio station Kumaon Vani has been broadcasting over the region since 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Kumaon Vani Community Radio - 90.4 MHz| date = 27 December 2017| url = https://www.teriin.org/project/kumaon-vani-community-radio-904-mhz|access-date = 16 January 2020}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible "
|- valign=top
! colspan=10| Kumaon division: mother-tongue of population, according to the [[2011 Indian Census]].<ref name="census2011-C16">{{cite report |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Uttarakhand |url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX |publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>
|- valign=top
! rowspan=2 | Mother tongue code
! rowspan=2 | Mother tongue
! colspan=6 | District
! colspan=2 | Kumaon division
|- valign=top
!| Pithoragarh
!| Bageshwar
!| Almora
!| Champawat
!| Nainital
!| Udham Singh Nagar
!| People
!| Percentage
|- valign=top
|| 002007 || [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| align=right | 414
| align=right | 67
| align=right | 555
| align=right | 519
| align=right | 4,174
| align=right | 129,537

| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 135,266
| align=right | 3.2%
|- valign=top
|| 006102 || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| align=right | 1,654
| align=right | 200
| align=right | 885
| align=right | 462
| align=right | 6,688
| align=right | 60,141

| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 70,030
| align=right | 1.7%
|- valign=top
|| 006195 || [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| align=right | 1,634
| align=right | 1,867
| align=right | 17,939
| align=right | 561
| align=right | 15,348
| align=right | 5,840

| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 43,189
| align=right | 1.0%
|- valign=top
|| 006240 || [[Hindi]]
| align=right | 35,590
| align=right | 10,680
| align=right | 33,198
| align=right | 50,254
| align=right | 369,373
| align=right | 1,028,354

| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 1,527,449
| align=right | 36.1%
|- valign=top
|| 006340 || [[Kumauni language|Kumauni]]
| align=right | 423,862
| align=right | 243,965
| align=right | 561,642
| align=right | 203,022
| align=right | 462,493
| align=right | 86,078

| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 1,981,062
| align=right | 46.8%
|- valign=top
|| 006439 || [[Pahari language|Pahari]]
| align=right | 653
| align=right | 7
| align=right | 200
| align=right | 193
| align=right | 683
| align=right | 2,067

| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 3,803
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top
|| 010014 || [[Tharu language|Tharu]]
| align=right | 10
| align=right | 74
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 83
| align=right | 364
| align=right | 47,501

| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 48,032
| align=right | 1.1%
|- valign=top
|| 014011 || [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| align=right | 7,259
| align=right | 2,158
| align=right | 2,604
| align=right | 1,266
| align=right | 5,984
| align=right | 1,622

| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 20,893
| align=right | 0.5%
|- valign=top
|| 016038 || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| align=right | 383
| align=right | 101
| align=right | 536
| align=right | 378
| align=right | 19,644
| align=right | 166,327

| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 187,369
| align=right | 4.4%
|- valign=top
|| 022015 || [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| align=right | 1,224
| align=right | 222
| align=right | 1,408
| align=right | 1,474
| align=right | 63,170
| align=right | 105,148

| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 172,646
| align=right | 4.1%
|- valign=top
|| 046003 || [[Halam language|Halam]]
| align=right | 5,623
| align=right | 157
| align=right | 18
| align=right | 15
| align=right | 94
| align=right | 38

| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 5,945
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top
|| 053005 || [[Gujari language|Gujari]]
| align=right | 8
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 1
| align=right | 0
| align=right | 1,416
| align=right | 859

| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 2,284
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top
| align=center | –
|| [[Languages of India|Others]]
| align=right | 5,125
| align=right | 400
| align=right | 3,520
| align=right | 1,421
| align=right | 5,174
| align=right | 15,390

| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 31,030
| align=right | 0.7%
|- valign=top class=sortbottom
| colspan=2 | Total
| align=right | 483,439
| align=right | 259,898
| align=right | 622,506
| align=right | 259,648
| align=right | 954,605
| align=right | 1,648,902

| align=right style="background: #ffffcc" | 4,228,998
| align=right | 100.0%
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Kumaoni people]]
* [[List of Kumaonis]]
* [[Kumaoni language]]
* [[Garhwal division]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
* ''A New History of Uttrakhand'' by Dr. Y. S. Kathoch

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Kak|first=Manju|title=In the Shadow of the Devi Kumaon: Of a Land, a People, a Craft |year=2017|publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-85285-67-7 }}
* {{cite book|last=Oakley|first= E Sherman|title=Holy Himalaya; the religion, traditions, and scenery of Himalayan province (Kumaon and Garwhal)|url=https://archive.org/stream/holyhimalayareli00oaklrich#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1905|publisher=Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, London}}
* {{cite book |author=Raja Rudradeva of Kumaon |editor=Haraprasada Shastri |title=Syanika sastra: or A Book on Hawking|url=https://archive.org/stream/syanikasatraorbo00rudruoft#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1910|publisher=Asiatic Society, Calcutta}}

;Folklore:
* {{cite book |last=Минаев |first=Иван Павлович |date=1968 |title=Индийские сказки и легенды, собранные в Камаоне в 1875 году И.П. Минаевым |location=Мoskva |publisher=Наука |orig-year=1877 |language=RU}}
* {{cite book|last=Upreti|first=Ganga Dutt|title=Proverbs & folklore of Kumaon and Garhwal|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924089930774#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1894|publisher=Lodiana Mission Press}}
* Oakley, E. S.; Gairola, Tara Dutt. ''Himalayan Folklore: Kumaon And West Nepal''. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1977 [1935].
* {{cite book |last=Budhwar |first=Kusum |title=Where gods dwell: central Himalayan folktales and legends |location=New Delhi |publisher=Penguin Books |date=2010 |isbn=9780143066026}}
* {{cite book |first=Prabha |last=Pant |title=Echoes of Kumaon: Myths Magic And Mountain Tales |translator=Shweta Awasthi |publisher=BFC Publications |date=2025 |isbn=9789371205474}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Kumaon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150704024946/http://kmvn.gov.in/ Official site of Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam (KMVN) for tourist information]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150626043133/http://www.kmvn.gov.in/contacts/aboutus/20 Brief history of Kumaon]
{{Kumaon}}
{{Uttarakhand}}
{{Historical regions of North India|state=expanded}}

{{coord|29.6|79.7|type:adm2nd_region:IN|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumaon Division}}
[[Category:Kumaon division| ]]
[[Category:Divisions of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:History of Kumaon| ]]

List of programs broadcast by Star Vijay

2026-03-28T13:16:24Z

SwagataDash: minor edit

{{Short description|None}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|reason=Needs cleanup per [[BP:NOTTVGUIDE]]|date=December 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

'''[[Star Vijay]]''', commonly known as '''Vijay TV''', is an Indian [[Tamil language]] [[general entertainment channel]] which is private broadcast television network owned by [[Asianet Star Communications]],<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://www.startv.com/entertainment.aspx |title = Star TV-Entertainment | date=7 July 2015| access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> a subsidiary of American multinational mass media corporation [[The Walt Disney Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k5/vijay1.htm |title = Indian Television dot com | date=7 July 2015| access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref>

==Current programming==
===Scripted series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Premiere date
!Series
|-
|rowspan="2"|23 January 2023
|''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series)|Siragadikka Aasai]]''
|-
|''[[Mahanadhi (TV series)|Mahanadhi]]''
|-
|30 October 2023
|''[[Pandian Stores 2]]''
|-
|22 January 2024
|''[[Chinna Marumagal (TV series)|Chinna Marumagal]]''
|-
|16 September 2024
|''[[Kanmani Anbudan]]''
|-
|20 January 2025
|''[[Sindhu Bairavi Kacheri Arambam]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/raveena-daha-quit-sindhu-bairavi-kacheri-arambam-vijay-tv-serial-mma-splpzw|title='சிந்து பைரவி' சீரியல் துவங்கும் முன்பே ஜூட் விட்ட ரவீனா தாஹா! வில்லியை ஹீரோயினாக்கிய விஜய் டிவி!|website=Asianet News}}</ref>
|-
|27 January 2025
|''[[Ayyanar Thunai]]''
|-
|17 February 2025
|''[[Dhanam (TV series)|Dhanam]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actors-sreekumar-and-sathya-starrer-serial-dhanam-set-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/117636484.cms|title=Actors Sreekumar and Sathya starrer serial 'Dhanam' set to premiere soon|website=The Times of India |date=28 January 2025 }}</ref>
|-
|9 June 2025
|''Thendralle Mella Pesu''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/revathi-murali-to-play-a-pivotal-role-in-the-upcoming-show-thendrale-mella-pesu/articleshow/121052797.cms|title=Revathi Murali to play a pivotal role in the upcoming show 'Thendrale Mella Pesu'|website=The Times of India |date=10 May 2025 }}</ref>
|-
|3 January 2026
|''[[Suttum Vizhi Sudare (TV series)|Suttum Vizhi Sudare]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/bharathi-kannamma-serial-actress-vinusha-devi-starring-new-serial-at-vijay-tv-suttum-vizhi-sudare-promo-is-out-now-vinusha-waiting-for-her-victory-article-153312207|title=Bharathi Kannamma serial actress Vinusha Devi starring new serial at Vijay TV Suttum Vizhi Sudare promo is out now|website=Tamil Times Now News |date=18 December 2025 }}</ref>
|-
|19 January 2026
|''[[Kana Kandenadi | Kana Kandenadi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://cineulagam.com/article/kana-kandenadi-coming-soon-launch-promo-1767358574|title=Kana Kandenadi coming soon launch promo|website=Cineulagam}}</ref>
|-
|26 January 2026
|''[[Azhagae Azhagu | Azhage Azhagu]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://cineulagam.com/article/azhagae-azhagu-serial-coming-soon-launch-promo-1766757237|title=Azhagae Azhagu serial coming soon launch promo|website=Cineulagam}}</ref>
|}

===Reality shows===
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Name
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Date
|-
|[[Start Music (TV series)|Start Music Season 6]]
|15 June 2025–present
|-
|[[Super Singer 11]]
|2 August 2025–present
|}

==Former programming==
===Scripted series===
{| class="wikitable sortable
! Series || Premiere date ||Last Aired || Ref.
|-
|-
|''[[7C (TV series)|7C]]''
|2012
|2013
|
|-
|''[[Aaha Kalyanam (TV series)|Aaha Kalyanam]]''
|20 March 2023
|3 October 2025
|
|-
|''Agni Satchi''
|2001
|2002
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/sep/sep63.htm|title=Vijay TV launching aggressive programme drive from 1 October|website=Indian Television}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Anbe Vaa (2009 TV series)|Anbe Vaa]]''
|2009
|2010
|
|-
|''[[Anbudan Kushi]]''
|2020
|2021
|
|-
|''[[Andal Azhagar]]''
|2014
|2016
|
|-
|''[[Anjali (2019 TV series)|Anjali]]''
|2019
|2019
|
|-
|''[[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]''
|2018
|2020
|
|-
|''[[Aval (TV series)|Aval]]''
|2011
|2013
|
|-
|''[[Avalum Naanum]]''
|2018
|2019
|
|-
|''[[Ayutha Ezhuthu (TV series)|Ayutha Ezhuthu]]''
|2019
|2020
|
|-
|''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]''
|27 July 2020
|8 August 2025
|
|-
|''Bala Ganapathy''
|2015
|2015
|
|-
|''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]''
|25 February 2019
|4 February 2023
|
|-
|''[[Bharathi Kannamma 2]]''
|6 February 2023
|6 August 2023
|
|-
|''[[Bharatidasan Colony]]''
|2022
|2022
|
|-
|''[[Bommukutty Ammavukku]]''
|2020
|2020
|
|-
|''[[Chellamma (TV series)|Chellamma]]''
|9 May 2022
|14 September 2024
|
|-
|''[[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]]''
|2017
|2019
|
|-
|''[[Deivam Thandha Veedu]]''
|2013
|2017
|
|-
|''[[Dharmayutham]]''
|2012
|2013
|
|-
|''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]]''
|09 July 2018
|14 August 2021
|
|-
|''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave 2]]''
|17 January 2022
|02 December 2023
|
|-
|''En Thozhi En Kadhali En Manaivi''
|2005
|2007
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vijay TV a new soap in its line up, the serial En Thozhi En Kadhali En Manaivi|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/july/july197.htm|website=Indian Television}}</ref>
|-
|''Idhu Oru Kadhal Kathai''
|2005
|2005
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/impressive-numbers-for-vijay-tv's-idhu-oru-kadhal-kathai-16179.html|title=Impressive numbers for Vijay TV's Idhu Oru Kadhal Kathai|website=Exchange4media|date=14 May 2005 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaatrin Mozhi (TV series)|Kaatrin Mozhi]]''
|2019
|2021
|
|-
|''[[Kaatrukkenna Veli (TV series)|Kaatrukkenna Veli]]''
|18 January 2021
|30 September 2023
|
|-
|''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai (TV series)|Kadhalikka Neramillai]]''
|2007
|2008
|
|-
|''[[Kalathu Veedu]]''
|2015
|2016
|
|-
|''[[Kallikattu Pallikoodam]]''
|2009
|2010
|
|-
|''[[Kalyanam Mudhal Kadhal Varai]]''
|2014
|2017
|
|-
|''[[Kalyanamam Kalyanam (TV series)|Kalyanamam Kalyanam]]''
|2018
|2019
|
|-
|''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal (2006 TV series)|Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]''
|2006
|2009
|
|-
|''Kanmani''
|2004
|2007
|
|-
|''[[Kanne Kalaimaane (2022 TV series)|Kanne Kalaimaane]]''
|2022
|2023
|
|-
|''Kavyanjali''
|2001
|2002
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/july/july159.htm|title='Marumagal', 'Kavyanjali' among content shipped by Vijay TV to UK Sinhalese channel|website=Indian Television}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kizhakku Vaasal (TV series)|Kizhakku Vaasal]]''
|7 August 2023
|13 April 2024
|
|-
|''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (TV series)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]''
|2017
|2017
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/a-tale-about-two-sisters/articleshow/56954008.cms|title=A tale about two sisters|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 February 2017 }}</ref>
|-
|''Madurai''
|2007
|2009
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/75947-vijay-tv-will-re-telecast-the-old-serials|title=Vijay TV will retelecast the old serials|website=[[Vikatan]]|date=26 December 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Magale En Marumagale]]''
|11 August 2025
|13 March 2026
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/avinash-ashok-and-varshini-suresh-set-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-magale-en-marumagale/articleshow/122313995.cms|title=Avinash Ashok and Varshini Suresh set to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Magale En Marumagale'|website=The Times of India |date=8 July 2025 }}</ref>
|-
|''Mahaangalum Adisayagalum''
|2014
|2014
|
|-
|''[[Maharani (2009 TV series)|Maharani]]''
|2009
|2011
|
|-
|''[[Mappillai (Tamil TV series)|Mappillai]]''
|2016
|2017
|
|-
|''Marumagal''
|2001
|2002
|<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/international-news/vijay-tv-uses-voice-message-to-promote-maurmagal-4139.html|title=Vijay TV uses voice message to promote Maurmagal|website=Exchange4media|date=5 October 2001 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Modhalum Kaadhalum]]''
|24 April 2023
|21 June 2024
|
|-
|''[[Mouna Raagam (Tamil TV series)|Mouna Raagam]]''
|2017
|2020
|
|-
|''[[Mouna Raagam 2]]''
|2021
|2023
|
|-
|''Muthazhagu''
|15 November 2021
|5 October 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tv-show-muthazhagu-completes-500-episodes/articleshow/101508882.cms|title=Popular TV Show 'Muthazhagu' Completes 500 Episodes|website=The Times Of India|date=5 July 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]]''
|2018
|2022
|
|-
|''[[Namma Veetu Ponnu]]''
|2021
|2023
|
|-
|''[[Nee Naan Kaadhal]]''
|13 November 2023
|25 April 2025
|
|-
|''[[Neelakuyil (TV series)|Neelakuyil]]''
|2018
|2019
|
|-
|''[[Neeli (TV series)|Neeli]]''
|2016
|2017
|
|-
|''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]''
|09 October 2017
|22 February 2019
|
|-
|''Ninaika Therintha Manamae''
|2017
|2018
|
|-
|''[[Office (TV series)|Office]]''
|2013
|2015
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/sep/08/from-an-idiot-box-to-a-productive-package-1517126.html|title=From an idiot box to a productive package|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=8 September 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Paavam Ganesan]]''
|2021
|2022
|
|-
|''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]''
|2016
|2019
|
|-
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|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/dhiraviam-rajakumaran-shritha-starrer-veetuku-veedu-vasal-padi-set-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/109187475.cms|title=Dhiraviam Rajakumaran - Shritha starrer 'Veetuku Veedu Vasal Padi'|website=The Times of India|date=10 April 2024|language=en}}</ref>
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*''[[Nazar (TV series)|Adhey Kangal]]'' (2018–2020)
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*''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharatham]]'' (2013–2014)
*''[[Kavach (TV series)|Maya Mohini]]'' (2016)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Maya-Mohini-to-be-aired-on-Star-Vijay/articleshow/53976643.cms|title=Maya Mohini to be aired on Star Vijay|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 September 2016 }}</ref>
*''[[RadhaKrishn|Radha Krishna]]'' (2018–2019)
*''[[Siya Ke Ram|Seethaiyin Raman]]'' (2015–2016)
*''[[Shaka Laka Boom Boom]]'' (2004–2005)<ref>{{Cite web|title="Five months back, we had two programmes in the top 50, today we have 14"; UTV TV content COO Manish Popat|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k2/executive/manish_p.htm?amp|website=Indian Television}}</ref>
*''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev|Shivam]]'' (2011–2014)
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==References==
{{reflist}}

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[[Category:Lists of television series by network|Star Vijay]]
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Terracotta

2026-03-16T13:20:23Z

SwagataDash: basic fixed page to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Clay-based earthenware used for sculpture}}
{{redirect|Terra Cotta|the architectural material|Architectural terracotta|the Chinese sculptures|Terracotta Army|other usages|Terra Cotta (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Bust of the Virgin MET DP124049 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[International Gothic]] Bohemian bust of the [[Virgin Mary]]; {{Circa|1390}}–1395; terracotta with polychromy;<ref name="MoMA">[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2005.393 Bust of the Virgin, ca. 1390–95], In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (October 2008)</ref> 32.5{{nbsp}}× 22.4{{nbsp}}× 13.8{{nbsp}}cm]]

'''Terracotta''', also known as '''terra cotta''' or '''terra-cotta'''<ref>"Terracotta" is normal in [[British English]], and perhaps globally more common in art history. "Terra-cotta" is more popular in general [[American English]], but the Getty's online [https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=terracotta&logic=AND&note=&english=N&prev_page=1&subjectid=300010669 ''Art and Architecture Thesaurus'' prefers "terracotta"].</ref> ({{IPA|it|ˌtɛrraˈkɔtta|lang}}; {{lit|baked earth}};<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|terra-cotta}}</ref> {{etymology|la|terra cocta|cooked earth}}),<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nvu17oLIQNgC&pg=PA341 "Terracotta"], p. 341, Delahunty, Andrew, ''From Bonbon to Cha-cha: Oxford Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases'', 2008, OUP Oxford, {{ISBN|0-19-954369-0}}, 9780199543694; [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nvu17oLIQNgC&q=terra%20cocta book]</ref> is a [[clay]]-based [[Vitrification#Ceramics|non-vitreous]] [[ceramic]]<ref name="Terracotta">[[OED]], "Terracotta"; [http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Terracotta "Terracotta"], MFA Boston, "Cameo" database</ref> fired at relatively low temperatures. The term is used for [[earthenware]] objects of certain types, as set out below.<ref name="Terracotta"/><ref>[https://www.thefreedictionary.com/terracotta "terracotta". (n.d.) Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014. Retrieved July 13 2024 from https://www.thefreedictionary.com/terracotta]</ref>
[[File:Pentola in terracotta.jpg|thumb|A [[ceramic glaze|glazed]] terracotta casserole dish]]

Usage and definitions of the term vary, such as:
*In art, [[pottery]], [[applied art]], and [[craft]], ''terracotta'' is a term often used for red-coloured earthenware [[sculpture]]s or functional articles such as [[flower pot]]s, water and waste water pipes, and [[tableware]].<ref>'Industrial Ceramics.' F.Singer, S.S.Singer. Chapman & Hall. 1971. Quote: "The lighter pieces that are glazed may also be termed 'terracotta.'</ref>
*In [[archaeology]] and [[art history]], ''terracotta'' is often used to describe objects such as figurines and [[loom weight]]s not made on a [[potter's wheel]], with vessels and other objects made on a wheel from the same material referred to as earthenware; the choice of term depends on the type of object rather than the material or shaping technique.<ref>Peek, Philip M., and Yankah, ''African Folklore: An Encyclopedia'', 2004, Routledge, {{ISBN|1-135-94872-0}}, 9781135948726, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Sd6SAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT218 google books]</ref>
*''Terracotta'' is also used to refer to the natural [[Terra cotta (color)|brownish-orange color]] of most terracotta.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=terracotta |dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/terracotta_n |access-date=3 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
*In architecture, the term encompasses many building materials made of fired ceramic for exterior covering.<ref name=STun>{{cite book |last1=Tunick |first1=Susan |title=Terra-Cotta Skyline: New York's Architectural Ornament |date=1997 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |isbn=1-56898-105-8 |edition=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/terracottaskylin0000tuni/page/n7/mode/2up?q=james+taylor}}</ref> [[Architectural terracotta]] can also refer to ornate decorative ceramic elements such as [[antefix]]es and [[revetment]]s, which had a large impact on the appearance of temples and other buildings in the [[classical architecture]] of [[Europe]], as well as in the [[Ancient Near East]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-21|title=The many uses of terracotta tiles - a designers history|url=https://lubelska.co.uk/uses-of-terracotta-tiles/|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Lubelska|language=en-US}}</ref>

This article covers the sense of ''terracotta'' referring to a medium in sculpture, as in the [[Terracotta Army]] and [[Greek terracotta figurines]], and architectural decoration. Neither [[pottery]] such as utilitarian earthenware nor East Asian and European sculpture in [[porcelain]] are covered.

==In art history==
===Asia and the Middle East===
Terracotta female figurines were uncovered by archaeologists in excavations of [[Mohenjo-daro]], [[Pakistan]] (3000–1500 BCE). Along with phallus-shaped stones, these suggest some sort of fertility cult.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Neusner, Jacob|title=World Religions in America|location=Louisville|publisher=[[Westminster John Knox Press]]|date=2003}}</ref> The [[Burney Relief]] is an outstanding terracotta plaque from [[Ancient Mesopotamia]] of about 1950 BCE. In [[Mesoamerica]], the great majority of [[Olmec figurine]]s were in terracotta. Many [[ushabti]] mortuary statuettes were also made of terracotta in [[Ancient Egypt]].
[[File:Female terracotta figurines - Mohenjo-daro - BM.jpg|thumb|Fragments of female terracotta figurines. Handmade, with appliquéd ornaments, especially elaborate coiffures and fan-shaped headdresses. From [[Mohenjo-daro]] (Pakistan), [[Mature Harappan period|Mature Harappan Period]] ({{circa|2600}}–1900 BCE). British Museum.]]

====India====

Terracotta has been a medium for art since the [[Harappan architecture|Harappan]] civilization, although techniques used differed in each time period. In the [[Mauryan]] times, they were mainly figures of mother goddesses, indicating a fertility cult. Moulds were used for the face, whereas the body was hand-modelled. In the [[Shungan]] times, a single mould was used to make the entire figure and depending upon the baking time, the colour differed from red to light orange. The [[Satavahana]]s used two different moulds- one for the front and the other for the back and kept a piece of clay in each mould and joined them together, making some artefacts hollow from within. Some [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]] terracotta artefacts also seem to have a thin strip of clay joining the two moulds. This technique may have been imported from the Romans and is seen nowhere else in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Museum, New Delhi |url=http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/en |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in}}</ref>

[[File:Terracotta horse from Bishnupur Bankura.jpg|thumb|Terracotta horses from [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]], Bankura]]

Contemporary centres for terracotta figurines include [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. In [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]], West Bengal, the terracotta pattern–panels on the temples are known for their intricate details. The [[Bankura Horse]] is also very famous and belongs to the Bengal school of terracotta. [[Madhya Pradesh]] is one of the most prominent production centres of terracotta art today. The tribes of the [[Bastar district|Bastar]] have a rich tradition. They make intricate designs and statues of animals and birds. Hand-painted clay and terracotta products are produced in [[Gujarat]]. The [[Aiyanar]] cult in [[Tamil Nadu]] is associated with life-size terracotta statues.<ref>Shyam Singh Rawat. ''A Historical Journey Of Indian Terracotta From Indus Civilization Up To Contemporary Art.'' European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine. Volume 07, Issue 07, 2020. https://ejmcm.com/article_5016_6156ca1810f72ca7bae4a7de754c9a0e.pdf{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Traditional terracotta sculptures, mainly religious, also continue to be made. The demand for this craft is seasonal, reaching its peak during the harvest festival, when new pottery and votive idols are required. During the rest of the year, the makers rely on agriculture or some other means of income. The designs are often redundant as crafters apply similar reliefs and techniques for different subjects. Customers suggest subjects and uses for each piece.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaatha.org/igaatha/details_craft/Techniques/Terracotta-work/Molela-terracota-detail-research|title=Gaatha.org ~ Craft ~ Molela terracota|website=gaatha.org|access-date=2020-07-14|archive-date=2020-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714101231/https://gaatha.org/igaatha/details_craft/Techniques/Terracotta-work/Molela-terracota-detail-research}}</ref>

To sustain the legacy, the Indian Government has established the [[Sanskriti Museums|Sanskriti Museum of Indian Terracotta]] in [[New Delhi]]. The initiative encourages ongoing work in this medium through displays terracotta from different sub-continent regions and periods. In 2010, the India Post Service issued a stamp commemorating the craft which shows a terracotta doll from the craft museum.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

====China====
Chinese sculpture made great use of terracotta, with and without glazing and color, from a very early date. The famous [[Terracotta Army]] of Emperor [[Qin Shi Huang]], 209–210 BCE, was somewhat untypical, and two thousand years ago [[relief]]s were more common, in tombs and elsewhere. Later Buddhist figures were often made in painted and glazed terracotta, with the [[Yixian glazed pottery luohans]], probably of 1150–1250, now in various Western museums, among the most prominent examples.<ref>Rawson, 140–145; Grove, 4</ref> Brick-built tombs from the [[Han dynasty]] were often finished on the interior wall with bricks decorated on one face; the techniques included molded reliefs. Later tombs contained many figures of protective spirits and animals and servants for the afterlife, including the famous horses of the [[Tang dynasty]]; as an arbitrary matter of terminology these tend not to be referred to as terracottas.<ref>Rawson, 140–145,159–161</ref>

===Africa===
Precolonial West African sculpture also made extensive use of terracotta.<ref>H. Meyerowitz; V. Meyerowitz (1939). "Bronzes and Terra-Cottas from Ile-Ife". ''The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs'' 75 (439), 150–152; 154–155.</ref> The regions most recognized for producing terracotta art in that part of the world include the [[Nok culture]] of central and north-central [[Nigeria]], the [[Ife]]-[[Benin]] cultural axis in western and southern Nigeria (also noted for its exceptionally naturalistic sculpture), and the [[Igbo people|Igbo]] culture area of eastern Nigeria, which excelled in terracotta pottery. These related, but separate, traditions also gave birth to elaborate schools of bronze and brass sculpture in the area.<ref>Grove, 3</ref>

===Europe===
[[File:Terracotta statuette of a draped woman MET DP117152.jpg|thumb| [[Tanagra figurine]], 2nd century BCE; height: 29.2 cm]]

The [[Ancient Greek]]s' [[Tanagra figurines]] were mass-produced mold-cast and fired terracotta figurines, that seem to have been widely affordable in the [[Hellenistic period]], and often purely decorative in function. They were part of a wide range of [[Greek terracotta figurines]], which included larger and higher-quality works such as the [[Aphrodite Heyl]]; the Romans too made great numbers of small figurines, which were often used in a religious context as cult statues or temple decorations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Richardson|first=Emeline Hill|date=1953|title=The Etruscan Origins of Early Roman Sculpture|journal=Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome|volume=21|pages=75–124|doi=10.2307/4238630| jstor=4238630 |issn=0065-6801}}</ref> [[Etruscan art]] often used terracotta in preference to stone even for larger statues, such as the near life-size [[Apollo of Veii]] and the ''[[Sarcophagus of the Spouses]]''. [[Campana reliefs]] are Ancient Roman terracotta [[relief]]s, originally mostly used to make [[frieze]]s for the outside of buildings, as a cheaper substitute for stone.

[[File:Clodion River Rhine Kimbell.jpg|thumb|''The River Rhine Separating the Waters''; by [[Claude Michel]]; 1765; terracotta; 27.9{{nbsp}}× 45.7{{nbsp}}× 30.5{{nbsp}}cm; [[Kimbell Art Museum]] ([[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]], [[Texas]], US)]]

European [[medieval art]] made little use of terracotta sculpture, until the late 14th century, when it became used in advanced [[International Gothic]] workshops in parts of Germany.<ref>Schultz, 67–68</ref> The Virgin illustrated at the start of the article from [[Bohemia]] is the unique example known from there.<ref name="MoMA"/> A few decades later, there was a revival in the [[Italian Renaissance]], inspired by [[Archaeological excavation|excavated]] classical terracottas as well as the German examples, which gradually spread to the rest of Europe. In [[Florence]], [[Luca della Robbia]] (1399/1400–1482) was a sculptor who founded a family dynasty specializing in glazed and painted terracotta, especially large roundels which were used to decorate the exterior of churches and other buildings. These used the same techniques as contemporary [[maiolica]] and other [[tin-glazed pottery]]. Other sculptors included [[Pietro Torrigiano]] (1472–1528), who produced statues, and in England busts of the Tudor royal family. The unglazed busts of the Roman Emperors adorning [[Hampton Court Palace]], by [[Giovanni da Maiano]], 1521, were another example of Italian work in England.<ref>Grove, "Florence"</ref> They were originally painted but this has now been lost from weathering.

In the 18th-century unglazed terracotta, which had long been used for preliminary clay models or [[maquette]]s that were then fired, became fashionable as a material for small sculptures including portrait busts. It was much easier to work than carved materials, and allowed a more spontaneous approach by the artist.<ref>Draper and Scherf, 2-7 and throughout; Grove, 2, i, a and c</ref> [[Claude Michel]] (1738–1814), known as [[Clodion]], was an influential pioneer in [[France]].<ref>Well covered in Draper and Scherf, see index; Grove, 2, i, a and c</ref> [[John Michael Rysbrack]] (1694–1770), a Flemish portrait sculptor working in England, sold his terracotta ''[[modelli]]'' for larger works in stone, and produced busts only in terracotta.<ref>Grove, 2, i, c</ref> In the next century the French sculptor [[Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse]] made many terracotta pieces,<ref>Grove, 2, i, d</ref> but possibly the most famous is ''[[The Abduction of Hippodameia]]'' depicting the Greek mythological scene of a centaur kidnapping Hippodameia on her wedding day.

==Architecture==
{{Main|Architectural terracotta}}
===History===
[[File:太和殿的脊獸.JPG|thumb|[[Imperial roof decoration]] in the [[Forbidden City]] ]]
[[File:Methodist Central Hall Birmingham, porch frieze S.jpg|thumb|One of two terracotta relief sculptures, "Events in the Life of John Wesley", in the porch of Methodist Central Hall, Birmingham, England]]
Architectural terracotta is a broad term encompassing a wide ranging variety of clay-based architectural elements such as wall reliefs, decorative roof elements, and architectural sculpture.

Many ancient and traditional roofing styles included more elaborate sculptural elements than the plain [[roof tiles]], such as Chinese [[Imperial roof decoration]] and the [[antefix]] of western [[classical architecture]]. In India [[West Bengal]] made a speciality of terracotta temples, with the sculpted decoration from the same material as the main brick construction.

Architectural terracotta experienced a resurgence in western architecture starting in the mid-19th century.<ref>Grove, 2, ii</ref> Starting in Europe, architects designed elaborate buildings relying on terracotta detailing for their facades. [[James Taylor (ceramicist)|James Taylor]] was one of the first producers of architectural terracotta to find success in the United States, using his experience manufacturing the material in England to guide his work in North America.<ref name="STun" />

The [[Great Chicago Fire of 1871]] led to increased demand for fireproof materials in urban settings, and helped drive the following push for architectural terracotta throughout North America. The material remained popular through the early 1900s, with its versatility allowing it to support a variety of architectural styles such as Rennaissance revival, [[neo-Gothic]], and [[Art deco]].<ref name="STun" />

Emerging trends in [[Modernist architecture]] favoring the use of concrete and glass significantly reduced demand for architectural terracotta starting in the 1930s.<ref>Grove, 2, ii, c and d</ref> In the time since, the material has experienced a resurgence of interest, favored for work in [[postmodern architecture|postmodern]] and [[revival architecture|revivalist architectural]] styles.<ref name="STun" />

===Differences from non-architectural terracotta===
Unlike art and pottery terracotta, clays used for architectural terracotta can range from dark-bodied [[stoneware]]s to light-bodied [[whiteware]]s, ranging depending on what is required for their particular application.<ref name="STun" />

The clays are usually fired to or near [[vitrification]] in order to survive continued exposure to harsh outdoor conditions such as [[freeze-thaw]] cycles and salt intrusion.<ref name="STun" /> Contrary to popular belief, glazing does not seal terracotta from water penetration and a non-porous clay body is necessary to prevent failure from these issues.<ref>{{cite web |author1=William Carty |author2=Hyojin Lee |title=Ceramics for Exterior Applications & A Discussion of Heat Transfer and Storage |url=https://archceramicworkshop.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Carty-Lee-ACAW-2017-PDF.pdf |publisher=Boston Valley Terra Cotta |date=August 16, 2017}}</ref>

==Production==
{{Main|Pottery#Production}}

Prior to firing, terracotta clays are easy to shape. Shaping techniques include [[Potter's wheel|throwing]], [[slip casting]] as well as [[Pottery#Shaping|others]].<ref>'Technical Trends Of Cottage Ceramic Industries In Southwestern Nigeria' Journal of Visual Art and Design. Segun Oladapo Abiodun. Vol. 10, No. 1, 2018</ref><ref>'Mechanisms To Improve Energy Efficiency In Small Industries. Part Two: Pottery In India And Khurja' A. Rath, DFID Project R7413. Policy Research International</ref>

After drying, it is placed in a [[kiln]] or, more traditionally, in a [[Pit fired pottery|pit]] covered with combustible material, then [[pottery#Firing|fired]]. The typical firing temperature is around {{convert|1000|C}}, though it may be as low as {{convert|600|C}} in historic and archaeological examples.<ref name="Grove">Grove, 1</ref> During this process, the iron oxides in the body reacts with oxygen, often resulting in the reddish colour known as [[Salmon (color)#Variations of salmon|terracotta]]. However, color can vary widely, including shades of yellow, orange, buff, red, pink, grey or brown.<ref name="Grove"/>

A final method is to carve fired bricks or other terracotta shapes. This technique is less common, but examples can be found in the [[architecture of Bengal]] on [[Hindu temple]]s and mosques.
[[File:POL 3596-Editar (15708757686).jpg|thumb|One of the warriors of the [[Terracotta Army]], mould-made [[History of Art#Ancient China|Ancient Chinese]] terracotta sculptures of the armies of [[Qin Shi Huang]], the first [[Emperor of China]]]]

==Properties==
{{See also|Clay|label 1=Clay: Properties}}
Terracotta is not [[waterproof|watertight]], but its porousness decreases when the body is [[Burnishing (pottery)|surface-burnished]] before firing. [[Ceramic glaze|Glazes]] can be used to decrease permeability and hence increase watertightness.

Unglazed terracotta is suitable for use below ground to carry pressurized water (an archaic use), for garden pots and [[Olla#Use in irrigation|irrigation]] or building decoration in many environments, and for oil containers, oil lamps, or ovens. Most other uses require the material to be glazed, such as tableware, sanitary piping, or building decorations built for freezing environments.

Terracotta will also ring if lightly struck, as long as it is not cracked.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Chittaranjan |title=Collection of Essays on Terracotta Temples of Bishnupur |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-85663-10-9 |language=Bengali}}</ref>

Painted ('''polychrome''') terracotta is typically first covered with a thin coat of [[gesso]], then painted. It is widely used, but only suitable for indoor positions and much less durable than fired colors in or under a ceramic glaze. Terracotta sculptures in the West were rarely left in their "raw" fired state until the 18th century.<ref>Grove, 2, i, a</ref>

===Advantages in sculpture===
As compared to [[bronze sculpture]], terracotta uses a far simpler and quicker process for creating the finished work with much lower material costs. The easier task of modelling, typically with a limited range of knives and wooden shaping tools, but mainly using the fingers,<ref>Grove, 2, i, a; Scultz, 167</ref> allows the artist to take a more free and flexible approach. Small details that might be impractical to carve in stone, of hair or costume for example, can easily be accomplished in terracotta, and drapery can sometimes be made up of thin sheets of clay that make it much easier to achieve a realistic effect.<ref>Scultz, 67, 167</ref>

Reusable mold-making techniques may be used for production of many identical pieces. Compared to [[marble sculpture]] and other stonework, the finished product is far lighter and may be further painted and glazed to produce objects with color or durable simulations of metal patina. Robust durable works for outdoor use require greater thickness and so will be heavier, with more care needed in the drying of the unfinished piece to prevent cracking as the material shrinks. Structural considerations are similar to those required for stone sculpture; there is a limit on the stress that can be imposed on terracotta, and terracotta statues of unsupported standing figures are limited to well under life-size unless extra structural support is added. This is also because large figures are extremely difficult to fire, and surviving examples often show sagging or cracks.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Scultz|last2=Hobson|first2=R.L.|title=A New Chinese Masterpiece in the British Museum|magazine=The [[Burlington Magazine]] for Connoisseurs|volume=25|issue=134|date=May 1914|page=70|jstor=859579}}</ref> The [[Yixian glazed pottery luohans|Yixian figures]] were fired in several pieces, and have iron rods inside to hold the structure together.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/2T-EG7Bjcig Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140414223523/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2T-EG7Bjcig Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2T-EG7Bjcig|title=Lecture by Derek Gillman at the Penn Museum, on their example and the group of Yixian figures. From YouTube| website=[[YouTube]] |date=8 August 2011 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Gallery ==
{{Gallery
| GD-FR-LouvreEG126.JPG | Terracotta image of [[Isis]] lamenting the loss of [[Osiris]] ([[Eighteenth Dynasty]], Egypt) [[Musée du Louvre]], [[Paris]]
| Villa Giulia - Sarcofago degli sposi.jpg | Etruscan "[[Sarcophagus of the Spouses]]", at the [[National Etruscan Museum]], c 520 BCE
| Altes Museum - Tanagra Figurine3.jpg | [[Tanagra figurine]], [[ancient Greece]], 325–150 BCE, [[Altes Museum]]
| Terracotta sculpt 2 NMND-6.jpg | Indian terracotta figure, [[Gupta dynasty]], at the [[National Museum, New Delhi]]
| Shelves of flower pots in Darwin's laboratory, Down House - geograph.org.uk - 1200541.jpg | Terracotta flowerpots in [[Charles Darwin]]'s laboratory at [[Down House]]
| Palazzo socci, terrazza, vaso in terracotta con festoni.jpg | Terraacotta planter in Italy, decorated with [[festoon|festoons]]
| Tomb brick k.JPG | [[Han dynasty]] tomb brick relief
| Bust of an unidentified man by Pierre Merard, 1786 CE. From France. The Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Bought with funds from John Webb Trust.jpg | Bust of an unidentified man by Pierre Merard, 1786, France
| Luóhàn at British Museum.jpg | British Museum, [[Seated Luohan from Yixian]], from the [[Yixian glazed pottery luohans]], probably of 1150–1250
| Robespierre IMG 2302.jpg | [[Maximilien Robespierre]], unglazed bust by [[Claude-André Deseine]], 1791
| FCCeramBldgDeco.jpg | Glazed building decoration at the [[Forbidden City]], Beijing
| Terracotta temple 01.jpg | Terracotta temple, [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]], India, a famous centre for terracotta temples
| Kalna Lalji Temple by Piyal Kundu 4.jpg | Hindu temple, 1739, [[Kalna, India]]
| Kan-terra-cota-2.jpg | Terracotta designs outside the [[Kantajew Temple]], Dinajpur, Bangladesh
| Bell Edison Telephone Building.jpg | The [[17 & 19 Newhall Street, Birmingham|Bell Edison Telephone Building]], Birmingham, England
| Natural History Museum London Jan 2006.jpg | The [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] in London has an ornate terracotta facade typical of high [[Victorian architecture]]. The carvings represent the contents of the Museum.
|File:Bankura Terracotta Horses.jpg|[[Bankura horse]]s for sale in Bankura, [[West Bengal]], India
|File:Olla barro (FAbes) 087.jpg|Glazed terracotta casserole bowl
|File:Jar (AM 1993.253-2).jpg|Salt-glazed terracotta jar
|File:Vase (AM 1993.260-1).jpg|Terracotta vase. [[Crown Lynn]], 1950s
}}

==See also==
* [[Architectural terracotta]]
* [[Cittacotte]]
* [[John Marriott Blashfield]], terracotta manufacturer
* [[Kulhar]] – traditional terracotta cups
* [[Majapahit Terracotta]]
* [[Redware]]
* [[Structural clay tile]]
* [[Tile Heritage Foundation]]
* [[Saltillo tile|Saltillo Terracotta Tile]]
* [[Bishnupur, Bankura]]
* [[Panchmura]]
* [[Bankura horse]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Draper, James David and Scherf, Guilhem (eds.), ''Playing with Fire: European Terracotta Models, 1740–1840'', 2003, Metropolitan Museum of Art, {{ISBN|1-58839-099-3}}, 9781588390998, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qboTnQzDd8UC&pg=PA2 fully available on Google books]
*{{cite encyclopedia |entry=Terracotta [It.: 'cooked earth'] |author1=C. A. Galvin |title=Terracotta |display-authors=etal |encyclopedia=[[Grove Art Online]] |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T083896|isbn=978-1-884446-05-4 }}
*{{cite book |author=Rainer Kahnitz |chapter=Sculpture in Stone, Terracotta, and Wood |editor-last1=Schultz |editor-first1=Ellen |title=Gothic and Renaissance Art in Nuremberg |year=1986 |location=New York |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |page=67 |isbn=978-0-87099-466-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OD8g4Eb-3EsC&pg=PA67}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
{{Wiktionary|terracotta}}
* [http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/terracot/terracot.htm Article on terracotta in ''Victorian and Edwardian Terracotta Buildings''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426003400/http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/terracot/terracot.htm |date=2009-04-26 }}
* Bibliography, [[Smithsonian Institution]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20060915073629/http://www.si.edu/resource/faq/nmah/ceratile.htm Ceramic Tiles and Architectural Terracotta]
* [http://www.preserve.org/fotc/ Friends of Terra Cotta], non-profit foundation to promote education and preservation of architectural Terracotta
* [http://www.tilesoc.org.uk/ Tiles and Architectural Ceramics Society] (UK)
* [http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/matching-terracotta/matching-terracotta.htm Guidance on Matching Terracotta] Practical guidance on the repair and replacement of historic terracotta focusing on the difficulties associated with trying to match new to old
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ViqYuQaDThU Throwing a terracotta pot on a wheel]
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=sYdT9LsWRs4 Slipcasting terracotta]
* [[Harvard Art Museums | Fogg Museum]] exhibition of [https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1982-07-06_11_27/page/n66/mode/1up "European Terra-Cotta Sculpture from the Arthur M. Sackler Collections"]

{{Pottery}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Terracotta| ]]
[[Category:Ceramic materials]]
[[Category:Pottery]]
[[Category:Sculpture materials]]

12th Lok Sabha

2026-03-11T04:07:41Z

SwagataDash: minor enhance citations based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Lower House members elected in 1998}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| name = 12th Lok Sabha
| image = New Delhi government block 03-2016 img3.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Old Parliament House]], [[Sansad Marg]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| body = [[Indian Parliament]]
| election = [[1998 Indian general election]]
| before = ''[[11th Lok Sabha]]''
| after = ''[[13th Lok Sabha]]''
}}
The '''12th Lok Sabha''' (23 March 1998 – 26 April 1999), was constituted after the [[1998 Indian general election]] held during February–March 1998. This was the second consecutive Lok Sabha, like the [[11th Lok Sabha]] elections that did not provide the country with a stable government. [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] became the 10th Prime Minister of India but the government lasted for only about thirteen months due to no clear mandate. Also, the party was not able to get support from other parties, after the withdrawal of support by AIADMK.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/318912.stm|title=Jayalalitha: Actress-turned-politician |last=BBC World Service|date=19 April 1999|access-date=11 December 2008 | publisher=BBC News}}</ref> After his resignation, then President [[K. R. Narayanan]] asked Sonia Gandhi, the leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha to form the government; however, Gandhi responded that the UPA would not be able to form a government at the center, following which President Narayanan dissolved the House. The [[1999 Indian general election|next General elections of 1999]] for [[13th Lok Sabha]] provided India a stable government that lasted for full five years. Nine sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 12th Lok Sabha after the [[1998 Indian general election]].<ref name="rs">{{cite web|title=RAJYA SABHA STATISTICAL INFORMATION (1952–2013)|url= http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/rsstatis_inf52-03.pdf |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|access-date= 29 August 2017|page=12 |date=2014}}</ref>{{Politics of India}}

== Important members ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! Position !! Name !! From !! To !! Days in office
|-
| 01 || [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]]
|[[G. M. C. Balayogi]]
| 24 March 1998
| 22 October 1999
| 577
|-
| 02 || [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]]
|[[P M Sayeed]]
| 17 December 1998
| 26 April 1999
| 130
|-
| 03 || [[Secretary-General]]
| [[S. Gopalan]]

[[G C Malhotra]]

| 15 July 1996

14 July 1999

| 14 July 1999

28 July 2005

| 1,094

2206<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/lokprelist.aspx?lsno=12|title=Twelfth Lok Sabha|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|access-date=12 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184307/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/lokprelist.aspx?lsno=12|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|}

== List of members by political party ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
!Party name
!Party flag
!Number of MPs
|-
|1
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|75px]]
|182
|-
|2
|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|75px]]
|141
|-
|3
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M))
|[[File:South Asian Communist Banner.svg|75px]]
|32
|-
|4
|[[Samajwadi Party]] (SP)
|
|20
|-
|5
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK)
|[[File:AIADMK Flag.svg|75px]]
|18
|-
|6
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD)
|[[Image:RJD Flag.svg|75px]]
|17
|-
|7
|[[Samata Party]] (SAP)
|
|12
|-
|8
|[[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP)
|[[Image:TDPFlag.PNG|75px]]
|12
|-
|9
|[[Biju Janata Dal]] (BJD)
|[[File:Biju Janata Dal.jpg|75px]]
|9
|-
|10
|[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|[[File:South Asian Communist Banner.svg|75px]]
|9
|-
|11
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD)
|
|8
|-
|12
|[[West Bengal Trinamool Congress]] (WBTC)
|[[File:All India Trinamool Congress flag.svg|75px]]
|7
|-
|13
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK)
|[[File:Flag DMK.svg|75px]]
|6
|-
|14
|Independent (Ind.)
|[[File:No flag.svg|75px]]
|6
|-
|15
|[[Janata Dal]] (JD))
|[[File:Janata Dal symbol.svg|75px]]
|6
|-
|16
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] (SS)
|
|6
|-
|17
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
|[[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|75px]]
|5
|-
|18
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)]] (RSP)
|[[Image:RSP-flag.svg|75px]]
|5
|-
|19
|[[Haryana Lok Dal (Rashtriya)]] (HLD(R))
|
|4
|-
|20
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK)
|[[File:PMK.svg|75px]]
|4
|-
|21
|[[Republican Party of India]] (RPI)
|[[Image:Flag of various Republican Parties of India.svg|75px]]
|4
|-
|22
|[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] (J&KNC)
|[[Image:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|75px]]
|3
|-
|23
|[[Lok Shakti]] (LS)
|
|3
|-
|24
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK)
|[[File:MDMK.svg|75px]]
|3
|-
|25
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]] (TMC(M))
|
|3
|-
|26
|[[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB)
|
|2
|-
|27
|[[Arunachal Congress]] (AC)
|
|2
|-
|28
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML)
|[[Image:Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg|75px]]
|2
|-
|29
|[[All India Indira Congress (Secular)]] (AIIC(S))
|
|1
|-
|30
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
|[[File:No flag.svg|75px]]
|1
|-
|31
|[[All India Rashtriya Janata Party]] (AIRJP)
|
|1
|-
|32
|[[Autonomous State Demand Committee]] (ASDC)
|
|1
|-
|33
|[[Haryana Vikas Party]] (HVP)
|
|1
|-
|34
|[[Janata Party]] (JP)
|
|1
|-
|35
|[[Kerala Congress (M)]] (KC(M))
|[[File:Kerala Congress(m) Flag.gif|Kerala Congress(m) Flag|75px]]
|1
|-
|36
|[[Manipur State Congress Party]] (MSCP)
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cultivator Cutting Crop.svg|75px]]
|1
|-
|37
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]] (PAWPI)
|
|1
|-
|38
|[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]] (SJP(R))
|
|1
|-
|39
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front]] (SDF)
|[[image:Sikkim-Democratic-Front-flag.svg|75px]]
|1
|-
|40
|[[United Minorities Front, Assam]] (UMFA)
|
|1
|-
|}

== List of members by state ==

{{see also|List of members of the 12th Lok Sabha}}
The list of members as published by the [[Election Commission of India]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1998 TO THE 12th LOK SABHA |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223306/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2014 }}</ref>

===[[Andhra Pradesh]]===
{{color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (22)
{{legend2|#FFFF00|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] (12) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FBB917|[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] (4) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#8D0000|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (2)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#009F3C|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] (1)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{color box|{{Party color|Janata Dal}}}} [[Janata Dal|JD]] (1)
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srikakulam]] || GEN || [[Yerrannaidu Kinjarapu]] || {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2 || [[Parvathipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parvathipuram]] || ST || [[Vijaya Ramaraju Setrucharla]]
|-
| 3 || [[Bobbili (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bobbili]] || GEN || [[Kondapalli Pydithalli Naidu]]
|-
| 4 || [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]] || GEN || [[T. Subbarami Reddy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 5 || [[Bhadrachalam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrachalam]] || ST || [[Sode Ramaiah]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 6 || [[Anakapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anakapalli]] || GEN || [[Gudivada Gurunadha Rao]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 7 || [[Kakinada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kakinada]] || GEN || |[[Venkata Krishnam Raju Uppalapati]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 8 || [[Rajahmundry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajahmundry]] || GEN || [[Girajala Venkata Swamy Naidu]]
|-
| 9 || [[Amalapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amalapuram]] || SC || [[Ganti Mohanachandra Balayogi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 10 || [[Narasapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasapur]] || GEN || [[Kanumuru Bapi Raju]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=11}}
|-
| 11 || [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Eluru]] || GEN || [[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]
|-
| 12 || [[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machilipatnam]] || GEN || [[Kavuru Samba Siva Rao]]
|-
| 13 || [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vijayawada]] || GEN || [[Upendra Parvathaneni]]
|-
| 14 || [[Tenali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenali]] || GEN || [[P. Shiv Shankar]]
|-
| 15 || [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guntur]] || GEN || [[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]
|-
| 16 || [[Bapatla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bapatla]] || GEN || [[Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]]
|-
| 17 || [[Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasaraopet]] || GEN || [[Konijeti Rosaiah]]
|-
| 18 || [[Ongole (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ongole]] || GEN || [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
|-
| 19 || [[Nellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nellore]] || SC || [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
|-
| 20 || [[Tirupathi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupathi]] || SC || [[Chinta Mohan]]
|-
| 21 || [[Chittoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittoor]] || GEN || [[Nuthanakalva Ramakrishna Reddy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 22 || [[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajampet]] || GEN || [[Sai Prathap Annayyagari]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 23 || [[Cuddapah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddapah]] || GEN || [[Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|-
| 24 || [[Hindupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hindupur]] || GEN || [[S. Gangadhar]]
|-
| 25 || [[Anantapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantapur]] || GEN || [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
|-
| 26 || [[Kurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurnool]] || GEN || [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
|-
| 27 || [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]] || GEN || [[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 28 || [[Nagarkurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagarkurnool]] || SC || [[Mallu Ravi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 29 || [[Mahabubnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahabubnagar]] || GEN || [[S. Jaipal Reddy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| 30 || [[Hyderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hyderabad]] || GEN || [[Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM}}
|-
| 31 || [[Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Secunderabad]] || GEN || [[Bandaru Dattatraya]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 32 || [[Siddipet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siddipet]] || SC || [[Malyala Rajaiah]] || {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 33 || [[Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medak]] || GEN || [[Baga Reddy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 34 || [[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nizamabad]] || GEN || [[Gaddam Ganga Reddy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 35 || [[Adilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adilabad]] || GEN || [[Dr. Samudrala Venugopal Chary]]
|-
| 36 || [[Peddapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Peddapalli]] || SC || [[Chellamalla Suguna Kumari]]
|-
| 37 || [[Karimnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimnagar]] || GEN || [[Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 38 || [[Hanamkonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hanamkonda]] || GEN || [[Chada Suresh Reddy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 39 || [[Warangal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Warangal]] || GEN || [[Azmeera Chandulal]]
|-
| 40 || [[Khammam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khammam]] || GEN || [[Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]]||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 41 || [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda]] || GEN || [[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 42 || [[Miryalguda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Miryalguda]] || GEN || [[Baddam Narsimha Reddy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===[[Arunachal Pradesh]]===
{{color box|{{Party color|Arunachal Congress}}}} [[Arunachal Congress]] (2)
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]] || GEN || [[Omak Apang]] || {{Full party name with colour|Arunachal Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]] || GEN || [[Wangcha Rajkumar]]
|-
|}

===[[Assam]]===
{{color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (10)
{{legend2|#FBB917|[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]](1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{Color box|#FF0000|border=darkgray}} [[Autonomous State Demand Committee|ASDC]] (1)
{{legend2|#DDDDDD|[[United Minorities Front Assam|UMFA]](1)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#DDDDDD|[[Independent politician|Independent]](1)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" | Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Karimganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimganj]] || SC || [[Nepal Chandra Das]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2 || [[Silchar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Silchar]] || GEN || [[Kabindra Purkayastha]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 3 || [[Autonomous District (Lok Sabha constituency)|Autonomous District]] || ST || [[Jayanta Rongpi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Autonomous State Demand Committee}}
|-
| 4 || [[Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhubri]] || GEN || [[Abdul Hamid (Dhubri politician)|Abdul Hamid]]|| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 5 || [[Kokrajhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kokrajhar]] || ST || [[Sansuma Khunggur Bwiswmuthiary]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|-
| 6 || [[Barpeta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barpeta]] || GEN || [[A. F. Golam Osmani]] || {{Full party name with colour|United Minorities Front Assam}}
|-
| 7 || [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]] || GEN || [[Bhubaneswar Kalita]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=8}}
|-
| 8 || [[Mangaldoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangaldoi]] || GEN || [[Madhab Rajbangshi]]
|-
| 9 || [[Tezpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tezpur]] || GEN || [[Moni Kumar Subba]]
|-
| 10 || [[Nowgong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowgong]] || GEN || [[Nripen Goswami]]
|-
| 11 || [[Kaliabor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaliabor]] || GEN || [[Tarun Gogoi]]
|-
| 12 || [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]] || GEN || [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]
|-
| 13 || [[Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]] || GEN || [[Paban Singh Ghatowar]]
|-
| 14 || [[Lakhimpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakhimpur]] || GEN || [[Ranee Narah]]
|-
|}

===[[Bihar]]===
{{legend2|#FBB917|[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] (20)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#008000|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] (17)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF6600|[[Samata Party|SAP]] (10)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (5)
{{color box|{{Party color|Janata Dal}}}} [[Janata Dal|JD]] (1)
{{color box|{{Party color|Rashtriya Janata Party}}}}[[Rashtriya Janata Party|RJP]] (1)
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Bagaha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagaha]] || SC || [[Mahendra Baitha]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samata Party}}
|-
| 2 || [[Bettiah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bettiah]] || GEN || [[Madan Prasad Jaiswal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 3 || [[Motihari (Lok Sabha constituency)|Motihari]] || GEN || [[Rama Devi (Muzaffarpur)|Rama Devi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| 4 || [[Gopalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gopalganj]] || GEN || [[Abdul Ghafoor (politician, born 1918)|Abdul Ghafoor]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samata Party}}
|-
| 5 || [[Siwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siwan]] || GEN || [[Mohammad Shahabuddin]] || {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| 6 || [[Maharajganj (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]] || GEN || [[Prabhunath Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samata Party}}
|-
| 7 || [[Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chapra]] || GEN || [[Heera Lal Rai]] || {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| 8 || [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur]] || SC || [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| 9 || [[Vaishali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vaishali]] || GEN || [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 10 || [[Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarpur]] || GEN || [[Jainarain Prasad Nishad]]
|-
| 11 || [[Sitamarhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitamarhi]] || GEN || [[Sitaram Yadav (politician, born 1946)|Sitaram Yadav]]
|-
| 12 || [[Sheohar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sheohar]] || GEN || [[Anand Mohan Singh|Anand Mohan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Party}}
|-
| 13 || [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani]] || GEN || [[Dr. Shakeel Ahmad]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 14 || [[Jhanjharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhanjharpur]] || GEN || [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]] || {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 15 || [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]] || GEN || [[Mohammad Ali Ashraf Fatmi]]
|-
| 16 || [[Rosera (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rosera]] || SC || [[Pitambar Paswan]]
|-
| 17 || [[Samastipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Samastipur]] || GEN || [[Ajit Kumar Mehta]]
|-
| 18 || [[Barh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barh]] || GEN || [[Nitish Kumar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samata Party}}
|-
| 19 || [[Balia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balia]] || GEN || [[Raj Banshi Mahto]] || {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 20 || [[Saharsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saharsa]] || GEN || [[Anup Lal Yadav]]
|-
| 21 || [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]] || GEN || [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
|-
| 22 || [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araria]] || SC || [[Ramjidas Rishidev]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 23 || [[Kishanganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kishanganj]] || GEN || |[[Mohammed Taslimuddin|Taslim Uddin]] || {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| 24 || [[Purnea (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purnea]] || GEN || [[Jai Krishna Mandal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 25 || [[Katihar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katihar]] || GEN || [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq_Anwar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 26 || [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]] || ST || [[Som Marandi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 27 || [[Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumka]] || ST || [[Babulal Marandi]]
|-
| 28 || [[Godda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godda]] || GEN || [[Jagadambi Prasad Yadav]]
|-
| 29 || [[Banka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banka]] || GEN || [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar)|Digvijay Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samata Party}}
|-
| 30 || [[Bhagalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhagalpur]] || GEN || [[Prabhas Chandra Tiwari]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 31 || [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]] || GEN || [[Shakuni Choudhury]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samata Party}}
|-
| 32 || [[Monghyr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Monghyr]] || GEN || [[Vijay Kumar Yadav (Bihar Legislative Assembly)|Vijay Kumar Yadav]] || {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| 33 || [[Begusarai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Begusarai]] || GEN || [[Rajo Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 34 || [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda]] || GEN || [[George Fernandes]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samata Party}}
|-
| 35 || [[Patna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna]] || GEN || [[C. P. Thakur]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 36 || [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arrah]] || GEN || [[Haridwar Prasad Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samata Party}}
|-
| 37 || [[Buxar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buxar]] || GEN || [[Lalmuni Chaubey]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 38 || [[Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sasaram]] || SC || [[Muni Lall]]
|-
| 39 || [[Bikramganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikramganj]] || GEN || [[Bashistha Narain Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 40 || [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]] || GEN || [[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]
|-
| 41 || [[Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jahanabad]] || GEN || [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]] || {{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 42 || [[Nawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nawada]] || SC || [[Malti Devi]]
|-
| 43 || [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya]] || SC || [[Krishna Kumar Choudhary]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
| 44 || [[Chatra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chatra]] || GEN || [[Dhirendra Agarwal]]
|-
| 45 || [[Kodarma (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]] || GEN || [[R.L.P. Verma]]
|-
| 46 || [[Giridih (Lok Sabha constituency)|Giridih]] || GEN || [[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]]
|-
| 47 || [[Dhanbad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhanbad]] || GEN || [[Rita Verma]]
|-
| 48 || [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]] || GEN || [[Yashwant Sinha]]
|-
| 49 || [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]] || GEN || [[Ram Tahal Choudhary]]
|-
| 50 || [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]] || GEN || [[Abha Mahato]]
|-
| 51 || [[Singhbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Singhbhum]] || ST || [[Vijay Singh Soy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 52 || [[Khunti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khunti]] || ST || [[Kariya Munda]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 53 || [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]] || ST || [[Indra Nath Bhagat]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 54 || [[Palamau (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palamau]] || SC || [[Braj Mohan Ram]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

===[[Goa]]===
{{color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Panaji (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panaji]] || GEN || [[Ravi Naik]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Mormugao (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mormugao]] || GEN || [[Francisco Sardinha]]
|-
|}

===[[Gujarat]]===
{{legend2|#FBB917|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (19) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (7)
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Kutch (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kutch]] || GEN || [[Pushpdan Shambhudan Gadhavi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=14}}
|-
| 2 || [[Surendranagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surendranagar]] || GEN || [[Bhavna Dave]]
|-
| 3 || [[Jamnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamnagar]] || GEN || [[Chandresh Patel Kordia]]
|-
| 4 || [[Rajkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajkot]] || GEN || [[Vallabhbhai Kathiria]]
|-
| 5 || [[Porbandar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Porbandar]] || GEN || [[Gordhanbhai Javia]]
|-
| 6 || [[Junagadh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Junagadh]] || GEN || [[Bhavna Chikhalia]]
|-
| 7 || [[Amreli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amreli]] || GEN || [[Dileep Sanghani]]
|-
| 8 || [[Bhavnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhavnagar]] || GEN || [[Rajendrasinh Rana]]
|-
| 9 || [[Dhandhuka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhandhuka]] || SC || [[Ratilal Kalidas Varma]]
|-
| 10 || [[Ahmedabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmedabad]] || GEN || [[Harin Pathak]]
|-
| 11 || [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]] || GEN || [[Lal Krishna Advani]]
|-
| 12 || [[Mehsana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mehsana]] || GEN || [[A.K. Patel]]
|-
| 13 || [[Patan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patan]] || SC || [[Mahesh Kanodia]]
|-
| 14 || [[Banaskantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banaskantha]] || GEN || [[Haribhai Chaudhary]]
|-
| 15 || [[Sabarkantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sabarkantha]] || GEN || [[Nisha Chaudhary]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 16 || [[Kapadvanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kapadvanj]] || GEN || [[Jaysinhji Chauhan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 17 || [[Dohad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dohad]] || ST || [[Damor Somjibhai Punjabhai]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 18 || [[Godhra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godhra]] || GEN || [[Shantilal Patel]]
|-
| 19 || [[Kaira (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaira]] || GEN || [[Dinsha Patel]]
|-
| 20 || [[Anand (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anand]] || GEN || [[Ishwarbhai Chavda]]
|-
| 21 || [[Chhota Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhota Udaipur]] || ST || [[Naranbhai Rathwa]]
|-
| 22 || [[Baroda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baroda]] || GEN || [[Jayaben Thakkar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 23 || [[Broach (Lok Sabha constituency)|Broach]] || GEN || [[Chandubhai Deshmukh]]
|-
| 24 || [[Surat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surat]] || GEN || [[Kashiram Rana]]
|-
| 25 || [[Mandvi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandvi]] || ST || [[Chhitubhai Gamit]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 26 || [[Bulsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bulsar]] || ST || [[Manibhai Chaudhary]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

===[[Haryana]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Ambala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambala]] || SC || [[Rajesh Verma (Ambala politician)|Aman Kumar Nagra]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| 2 || [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra]] || GEN || [[Kailasho Devi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Haryana Lok Dal (Rastriya)}}
|-
| 3 || [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]] || GEN || [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 4 || [[Sonepat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonepat]] || GEN || [[Kishan Singh Sangwan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Haryana Lok Dal (Rastriya)}}
|-
| 5 || [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]] || GEN || [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 6 || [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]] || GEN || [[Chaudhary Ramchandra Baindra]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 7 || [[Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahendragarh]] || GEN || [[Inderjit Singh Rao]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 8 || [[Bhiwani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani]] || GEN || [[Surender Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
| 9 || [[Hissar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hissar]] || GEN || [[Surender Singh Barwala]] || {{Full party name with colour|Haryana Lok Dal (Rastriya)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 10 || [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]] || SC || [[Sushil Kumar Indora]]
|-
|}

===[[Himachal Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Simla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Simla]] || SC || [[Krishan Dutt Sultanpuri]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2 || [[Mandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandi]] || GEN || [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 3 || [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra]] || GEN || [[Shanta Kumar]]
|-
| 4 || [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur]] || GEN || [[Suresh Chandel]]
|-
|}

===[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]] || GEN || [[Saifuddin Soz]] || {{Full party name with colour|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]] || GEN || [[Omar Abdullah]]
|-
| 3 || [[Anantnag (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantnag]] || GEN || [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 4 || [[Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ladakh]] || GEN || [[Syed Hussain]] || {{Full party name with colour|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| 5 || [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur]] || GEN || [[Chaman Lal Gupta]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 6 || [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu]] || GEN || [[Vishno Datt Sharma]]
|-
|}

===[[Karnataka]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Bidar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bidar]] || SC || [[Ramchandra Veerappa]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga]] || GEN || [[Basavaraj Patil Sedam]]
|-
| 3 || [[Raichur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raichur]] || GEN || [[A. Venkatesh Naik]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 4 || [[Koppal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koppal]] || GEN || [[H G Ramulu|H.G.Ramulu]]
|-
| 5 || [[Bellary (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bellary]] || GEN || [[K.C. Kondaiah]]
|-
| 6 || [[Davangere (Lok Sabha constituency)|Davangere]] || GEN || [[Shamanuru Shivashankarappa]]
|-
| 7 || [[Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga]] || GEN || [[C. P. Mudala Giriyappa]]
|-
| 8 || [[Tumkur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tumkur]] || GEN || [[S. Mallikarjunaiah]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 9 || [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]] || GEN || [[R.L. Jalappa]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 10 || [[Kolar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolar]] || SC || [[K.H. Muniyappa]]
|-
| 11 || [[Kanakapura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura]] || GEN || [[M. Srinivas (born 1942)|M. Srinivas]]|| {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 12 || [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]] || GEN || [[C.K. Jaffar Sharief]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 13 || [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]] || GEN || [[Ananth Kumar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 14 || [[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]] || GEN || [[Ambareesh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 15 || [[Chamarajanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chamarajanagar]] || SC || [[Siddaraju A.]]
|-
| 16 || [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore]] || GEN || [[C.H. Vijayashankar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 17 || [[Dakshina Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangalore]] || GEN || [[Dhananjay Kumar]]
|-
| 18 || [[Udupi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi]] || GEN || [[I. M. Jayarama Shetty]]
|-
| 19 || [[Hassan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hassan]] || GEN || [[H. D. Devegowda|H.D. Devegowda]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| 20 || [[Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikmagalur]] || GEN || [[D. C. Srikantappa]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 21 || [[Shimoga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimoga]] || GEN || [[Aayanooru Manjunatha]]
|-
| 22 || [[Kanara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanara]] || GEN || [[Ananth Kumar Hegde]]
|-
| 23 || [[Dharwad South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad South]] || GEN || [[B M Menasinakai]] || {{Full party name with colour|Lok Shakti}}
|-
| 24 || [[Dharwad North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad North]] || GEN || [[Vijay Sankeshwar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 25 || [[Belgaum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belgaum]] || GEN || [[Babagouda Rudragouda Patil]]
|-
| 26 || [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi]] || SC || [[Jigajinagi Ramesh Chandappa]] || {{Full party name with colour|Lok Shakti|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 27 || [[Bagalkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagalkot]] || GEN || [[Ajaykumar Sambasadashiv Sarnaik]]
|-
| 28 || [[Bijapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijapur]] || GEN || [[M. B. Patil|Patil Mallanagouda Basanagouda]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===[[Kerala]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]] || GEN || [[T. Govindan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 2 || [[Cannanore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cannanore]] || GEN || [[Mullappally Ramachandran]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 3 || [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]] || GEN || [[A.K. Premajam]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 4 || [[Calicut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beypore]] || GEN || [[P. Sankaran]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 5 || [[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]] || GEN || [[E. Ahamed]] || {{Full party name with colour|Muslim League Kerala State Committee|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 6 || [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]] || GEN || [[G. M. Banatwalla]]
|-
| 7 || [[Palghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palghat]] || GEN || [[N. N. Krishnadas]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 8 || [[Ottapalam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ottapalam]] || SC || [[S. Ajaya Kumar]]
|-
| 9 || [[Trichur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trichur]] || GEN || [[V.V. Raghavan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 10 || [[Mukundapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mukundapuram]] || GEN || [[A.C. Jose]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 11 || [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]] || GEN || [[George Eden]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 12 || [[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muvattupuzha]] || GEN || [[P. C. Thomas]] || {{Full party name with colour|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
|-
| 13 || [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]] || GEN || [[K. Suresh Kurup]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 14 || [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]] || GEN || [[P. C. Chacko]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 15 || [[Alleppey (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alleppey]] || GEN || [[V. M. Sudheeran]]
|-
| 16 || [[Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikara]] || GEN || [[P. J. Kurien]]
|-
| 17 || [[Adoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adoor]] || SC || [[Chengara Surendran]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 18 || [[Quilon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Quilon]] || GEN || [[N. K. Premachandran]] || {{Full party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party}}
|-
| 19 || [[Chirayinkil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chirayinkil]] || GEN || [[Varkala Radhakrishnan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 20 || [[Trivandrum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trivandrum]] || GEN || [[K. Karunakaran]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===[[Madhya Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena]] || SC || [[Ashok Chhaviram Argal|Ashok Chhabiram]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Bhind (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhind]] || GEN || [[Dr. Ramlakhan Singh]]
|-
| 3 || [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]] || GEN || [[Madhavrao Scindia]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 4 || [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna]] || GEN || [[Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=9}}
|-
| 5 || [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar]] || SC || [[Virendra Kumar Khatik|Virendra Kumar]]
|-
| 6 || [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho]] || GEN || [[Uma Bharti]]
|-
| 7 || [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh]] || GEN || [[Ramkrishna Kusmaria|Dr. Ramakrishna Kusmaria]]
|-
| 8 || [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]] || GEN || [[Ramanand Singh]]
|-
| 9 || [[Rewa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rewa]] || GEN || [[Chandramani Tripathi]]
|-
| 10 || [[Sidhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]] || ST || [[Jagannath Singh (politician)|Jagannath Singh]]
|-
| 11 || [[Shahdol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahdol]] || ST || [[Gyan Singh (Indian politician)|Gyan Singh]]
|-
| 12 || [[Surguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surguja]] || ST || [[Larang Sai]]
|-
| 13 || [[Raigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigarh]] || ST || [[Ajit Jogi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 14 || [[Janjgir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Janjgir]] || GEN || [[Charan Das Mahant]]
|-
| 15 || [[Bilaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilaspur]] || SC || [[Punnulal Mohle]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 16 || [[Sarangarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sarangarh]] || SC || [[Paras Ram Bhardwaj]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 17 || [[Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raipur]] || GEN || [[Ramesh Bais]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 18 || [[Mahasamund (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]] || GEN || [[Chandrashekhar Sahu]]
|-
| 19 || [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanker]] || ST || [[Sohan Potai]]
|-
| 20 || [[Bastar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bastar]] || ST || [[Baliram Kashyap]]
|-
| 21 || [[Durg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durg]] || GEN || [[Tarachand Sahu]]
|-
| 22 || [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]] || GEN || [[Motilal Vora]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 23 || [[Balaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balaghat]] || GEN || [[Gaurishankar Bisen]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 24 || [[Mandla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandla]] || ST || [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
|-
| 25 || [[Jabalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur]] || GEN || [[Baburao Paranjpe]]
|-
| 26 || [[Seoni (Lok Sabha constituency)|Seoni]] || GEN || [[Vimla Varma]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 27 || [[Chhindwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhindwara]] || GEN || [[Kamal Nath]]
|-
| 28 || [[Betul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Betul]] || GEN || [[Vijay Kumar Khandelwal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 29 || [[Hoshangabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshangabad]] || GEN || [[Sartaj Singh (politician)|Sartaj Singh]]
|-
| 30 || [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhopal]] || GEN || [[Sushil Chandra Verma]]
|-
| 31 || [[Vidisha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]] || GEN || [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
|-
| 32 || [[Rajgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajgarh]] || GEN || [[Lakshman Singh (politician)|Lakshman Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 33 || [[Shajapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shajapur]] || SC || [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 34 || [[Khandwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khandwa]] || GEN || [[Nandkumar Singh Chauhan|Nand Kumar Singh Chauhan]]
|-
| 35 || [[Khargone (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khargone]] || GEN || [[Rameshwar Patidar]]
|-
| 36 || [[Dhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhar]] || ST || [[Gajendra Singh Rajukhedi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 37 || [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore]] || GEN || [[Sumitra Mahajan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 38 || [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain]] || SC || [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
|-
| 39 || [[Jhabua (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhabua]] || ST || [[Kantilal Bhuria]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 40 || [[Mandsaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandsaur]] || GEN || [[Dr. Laxminarayan Pandey]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

===[[Maharashtra]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Rajapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajapur]] || GEN || [[Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Ratnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri]] || GEN || [[Anant Geete]]
|-
| 3 || [[Kolaba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolaba]] || GEN || [[Ramsheth Thakur]] || {{Full party name with colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| 4 || [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South]] || GEN || [[Murli Deora]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 5 || [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South Central]] || GEN || [[Mohan Rawale]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 6 || [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Central]] || GEN || [[Athawale Ramdas Bandu|Ramdas Athawale]] || {{Full party name with colour|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| 7 || [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North East]] || GEN || [[Gurudas Kamat]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 8 || [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North West]] || GEN || [[Madhukar Sarpotdar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 9 || [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North]] || GEN || [[Ram Naik]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 10 || [[Thane (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thane]] || GEN || [[Paranjape Prakash Vishvanath]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 11 || [[Dahanu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dahanu]] || ST || [[Shankar Sakharam]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 12 || [[Nashik (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nashik]] || GEN || [[Madhav Patil]]
|-
| 13 || [[Malegaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malegaon]] || ST || [[Zamru Manglu Kahandole]]
|-
| 14 || [[Dhule (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhule]] || ST || [[Dhanaji Sitaram Ahire]]
|-
| 15 || [[Nandurbar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandurbar]] || ST || [[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit]]
|-
| 16 || [[Erandol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Erandol]] || GEN || [[Annasaheb M. K. Patil]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 17 || [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon]] || GEN || [[Ulhas Vasudeo Patil]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 18 || [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buldhana]] || SC || [[Mukul Balkrishna Wasnik]]
|-
| 19 || [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola]] || GEN || [[Ambedkar Prakash Yashwant]] || {{Full party name with colour|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| 20 || [[Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Washim]] || GEN || [[Sudhakarrao Naik]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 21 || [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amravati]] || GEN || [[Ramkrishnan Suryabhan Gavai]] || {{Full party name with colour|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| 22 || [[Ramtek (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramtek]] || GEN || [[Rani Chitralekha Bhonsle]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 23 || [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur]] || GEN || [[Vilas Muttemwar]]
|-
| 24 || [[Bhandara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara]] || GEN || [[Praful Patel]]
|-
| 25 || [[Chimur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chimur]] || GEN || [[Jogendra Kawade]] || {{Full party name with colour|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| 26 || [[Chandrapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandrapur]] || GEN || [[Nareshkumar Chunnalal Puglia]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 27 || [[Wardha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wardha]] || GEN || [[Datta Meghe]]
|-
| 28 || [[Yavatmal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Yavatmal]] || GEN || [[Uttamrao Deorao Patil]]
|-
| 29 || [[Hingoli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hingoli]] || GEN || [[Suryakanta Patil]]
|-
| 30 || [[Nanded (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nanded]] || GEN || [[Bhaskarrao Bapurao Khatgaonkar]]
|-
| 31 || [[Parbhani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parbhani]] || GEN || [[Suresh Warpudkar]]
|-
| 32 || [[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna]] || GEN || [[Uttamsingh Pawar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 33 || [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]] || GEN || [[Ramkrishna Baba Patil]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 34 || [[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beed]] || GEN || [[Jaisingrao Gaikwad Patil]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 35 || [[Latur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Latur]] || GEN || [[Shivraj Patil]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 36 || [[Osmanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Osmanabad]] || SC || [[Arvind Kamble]]
|-
| 37 || [[Solapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Solapur]] || GEN || [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
| 38 || [[Pandharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pandharpur]] || SC || [[Sandipan Thorat]]
|-
| 39 || [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]] || GEN || [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| 40 || [[Kopargaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kopargaon]] || GEN || [[Prasad Tanpure]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=9}}
|-
| 41 || [[Khed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khed]] || GEN || [[Ashok Mohol]]
|-
| 42 || [[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune]] || GEN || [[Vitthal Tupe]]
|-
| 43 || [[Baramati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramati]] || GEN || [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
| 44 || [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satara]] || GEN || [[Abhaysinh Bhonsle]]
|-
| 45 || [[Karad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karad]] || GEN || [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
| 46 || [[Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangli]] || GEN || [[Madan Patil]]
|-
| 47 || [[Ichalkaranji (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ichalkaranji]] || GEN || [[Kallappa Awade]]
|-
| 48 || [[Kolhapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolhapur]] || GEN || [[Sadashivrao Dadoba Mandlik]]
|-
|}

===[[Manipur]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]] || GEN || [[Th. Chaoba Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Manipur State Congress Party}}
|-
| 2 || [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]] || ST || Kumari [[Kim Gangte]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|}

===[[Meghalaya]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]] || GEN || [[Paty Ripple Kyndiah]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]] || GEN || [[Purno Agitok Sangma]]
|-
|}

===[[Mizoram]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram]] || ST || [[H. Lallungmuana]] || {{Full party name with colour|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|-
|}

===[[Nagaland]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]] || GEN || [[K. Asungba Sangtam]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===[[Orissa, India|Orissa]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayurbhanj]] || ST || [[Salkhan Murmu]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore]] || GEN || [[M. A. Kharabela Swain|Kharabela Swain]]
|-
| 3 || [[Bhadrak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]] || SC || [[Arjun Charan Sethi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| 4 || [[Jajpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jajpur]] || SC || [[Rama Chandra Mallick]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 5 || [[Kendrapara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kendrapara]] || GEN || [[Prabhat Kumar Samantaray]] || {{Full party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 6 || [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack]] || GEN || [[Bhartruhari Mahtab]]
|-
| 7 || [[Jagatsinghpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jagatsinghpur]] || GEN || [[Ranjib Biswal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 8 || [[Puri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puri]] || GEN || [[Braja Kishore Tripathy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 9 || [[Bhubaneswar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhubaneswar]] || GEN || [[Prasanna Kumar Patasani]]
|-
| 10 || [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]] || GEN || [[Naveen Patnaik]]
|-
| 11 || [[Berhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampur]] || GEN || [[Jayanti Patnaik]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 12 || [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koraput]] || ST || [[Giridhar Gamang]]
|-
| 13 || [[Nowrangpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowrangpur]] || ST || [[Khagapati Pradhani]]
|-
| 14 || [[Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalahandi]] || GEN || [[Bikram Keshari Deo]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 15 || [[Phulbani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulbani]] || SC || [[Padmanava Behara]] || {{Full party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| 16 || [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]] || GEN || [[Sangeeta Kumari Singh Deo]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 17 || [[Sambalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambalpur]] || GEN || [[Prasanna Acharya]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| 18 || [[Deogarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deogarh]] || GEN || [[Debendra Pradhan]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 19 || [[Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal]] || GEN || [[Tathagata Satapathy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| 20 || [[Sundargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sundargarh]] || ST || [[Jual Oram]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 21 || [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]] || ST || [[Upendra Nath Nayak]]
|-
|}

===[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Gurdaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurdaspur]] || GEN || [[Vinod Khanna]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar]] || GEN || [[Daya Singh Sodhi]]
|-
| 3 || [[Tarn Taran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tarn Taran]] || GEN || [[Tarlochan Singh Tur]]|| {{Full party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
| 4 || [[Jullundur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jullundur]] || GEN || [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| 5 || [[Phillaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phillaur]] || SC || [[Satnam Singh Kainth]] || {{Full party name with colour|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|-
| 6 || [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]] || GEN || [[Kamal Chaudhry]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 7 || [[Ropar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ropar]] || SC || [[Satwinder Kaur Dhaliwal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 8 || [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]] || GEN || [[Prem Singh Chandumajra]]
|-
| 9 || [[Ludhiana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ludhiana]] || GEN || [[Amrik Singh Aliwal]]
|-
| 10 || [[Sangrur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangrur]] || GEN || [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
|-
| 11 || [[Bhatinda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhatinda]] || SC || [[Chatin Singh Samaon]]
|-
| 12 || [[Faridkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridkot]] || GEN || [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
|-
| 13 || [[Ferozepur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ferozepur]] || GEN || [[Zora Singh Maan]]
|-
|}

===[[Rajasthan]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Ganganagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ganganagar]] || SC || [[Shankar Pannu]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2 || [[Bikaner (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikaner]] || GEN || [[Balram Jakhar]]
|-
| 3 || [[Churu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Churu]] || GEN || [[Narendra Budania]]
|-
| 4 || [[Jhunjhunu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhunjhunu]] || GEN || [[Sis Ram Ola]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Indira Congress (Secular)}}
|-
| 5 || [[Sikar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikar]] || GEN || [[Subhash Maharia]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 6 || [[Jaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur]] || GEN || [[Girdhari Lal Bhargava]]
|-
| 7 || [[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dausa]] || GEN || [[Rajesh Pilot]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 8 || [[Alwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alwar]] || GEN || [[Ghasi Ram Yadav]]
|-
| 9 || [[Bharatpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bharatpur]] || GEN || [[K. Natwar Singh]]
|-
| 10 || [[Bayana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bayana]] || SC || [[Ganga Ram Koli]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 11 || [[Sawai Madhopur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sawai Madhopur]] || ST || [[Usha Meena]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 12 || [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]] || GEN || [[Prabha Thakur]]
|-
| 13 || [[Tonk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tonk]] || SC || [[Dowaraka Prasad Bairwa]]
|-
| 14 || [[Kota (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kota]] || GEN || [[Ramnarayan Meena]]
|-
| 15 || [[Jhalawar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhalawar]] || GEN || [[Vasundhara Raje]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 16 || [[Banswara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banswara]] || ST || [[Mahendrajeet Singh Malviya]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 17 || [[Salumber (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salumber]] || ST || [[Bheru Lal Meena]]
|-
| 18 || [[Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udaipur]] || GEN || [[Shanti Lal Chaplot]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 19 || [[Chittorgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittorgarh]] || GEN || [[Udai Lal Anjana]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 20 || [[Bhilwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhilwara]] || GEN || [[Rampal Upadhyay]]
|-
| 21 || [[Pali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pali]] || GEN || [[Mitha Lal Jain]]
|-
| 22 || [[Jalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalore]] || SC || [[Sardar Buta Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|-
| 23 || [[Barmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barmer]] || GEN || [[Sona Ram]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 24 || [[Jodhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jodhpur]] || GEN || [[Ashok Gehlot]]
|-
| 25 || [[Nagaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaur]] || GEN || [[Ram Raghunath Chaudhary]]
|-
|}

===[[Sikkim]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]] || GEN || [[Bhim Prasad Dahal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|-
|}

===[[Tamil Nadu]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Madras North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras North]] || GEN || [[C. Kuppusami]] || {{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2 || [[Madras Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras Central]] || GEN || [[Murasoli Maran]]
|-
| 3 || [[Madras South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras South]] || GEN || [[T. R. Baalu]]
|-
| 4 || [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]] || SC || [[K. Venugopal]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 5 || [[Chengalpattu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chengalpattu]] || GEN || [[Kanchi Panneerselvam]]
|-
| 6 || [[Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arakkonam]] || GEN || [[C. Gopal Mudaliyar]]
|-
| 7 || [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]] || GEN || [[N. T. Shanmugam]] || {{Full party name with colour|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|-
| 8 || [[Tiruppattur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruppattur]] || GEN || [[D. Venugopal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 9 || [[Vandavasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vandavasi]] || GEN || [[M. Durai]] || {{Full party name with colour|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|-
| 10 || [[Tindivanam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tindivanam]] || GEN || [[Gingee N. Ramachandran]] || {{Full party name with colour|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 11 || [[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddalore]] || GEN || [[M. C. Dhamodaran]] ||{{Full party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 12 || [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram]] || SC || [[Dalit Ezhilmalai]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Pattali Makkal Katchi|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 13 || [[Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharmapuri]] || GEN || [[K. Pary Mohan]]
|-
| 14 || [[Krishnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagiri]] || GEN || [[K. P. Munusamy]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 15 || [[Rasipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rasipuram]] || SC || [[V. Saroja]]
|-
| 16 || [[Salem (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salem]] || GEN || [[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|-
| 17 || [[Tiruchengode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchengode]] || GEN || [[K. Palaniswamy]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 18 || [[Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nilgiris]] || GEN || [[Master Mathan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 19 || [[Gobichettipalayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gobichettipalayam]] || GEN || [[V. K. Chinnasamy]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 20 || [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]] || GEN || [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 21 || [[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pollachi]] || SC || [[M. Thiyagarajan]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 22 || [[Palani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palani]] || GEN || [[A. Ganeshamurthi]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 23 || [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]] || GEN || [[C. Sreenivaasan]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 24 || [[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]] || GEN || [[Subramanian Swamy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Janata Party}}
|-
| 25 || [[Periyakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Periyakulam]] || GEN || [[R. Muthiah]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 26 || [[Karur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karur]] || GEN || [[M. Thambi Durai]]
|-
| 27 || [[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchirappalli]] || GEN || [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 28 || [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur]] || SC || [[P. Rajarethinam]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 29 || [[Mayiladuturai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayiladuturai]] || GEN || [[K. Krishnamoorthy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| 30 || [[Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagapattinam]] || SC || [[M. Selvarasu]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 31 || [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur]] || GEN || [[S. S. Palanimanickam]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 32 || [[Pudukkottai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pudukkottai]] || GEN || [[Raja Paramasivam]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 33 || [[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga]] || GEN || [[P. Chidambaram]] || {{Full party name with colour|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| 34 || [[Ramanathapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramanathapuram]] || GEN || [[V. Sathiamoorthy]] ||{{Full party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 35 || [[Sivakasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivakasi]] || GEN || [[Vaiko]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 36 || [[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirunelveli]] || GEN || [[M. R. Kadambur Janarthanan]] ||{{Full party name with colour|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 37 || [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]] || SC || [[S. Murugesan (AIADMK politician)|S. Murugesan]]
|-
| 38 || [[Tiruchendur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchendur]] || GEN || [[Ramarajan]]
|-
| 39 || [[Nagercoil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagercoil]] || GEN || [[N. Dennis]] || {{Full party name with colour|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
|}

===[[Tripura]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]] || GEN || |[[Samar Chowdhury|Samar Choudhury]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2 || [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]] || ST || [[Baju Ban Riyan]]
|-
|}

===[[Uttar Pradesh]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]] || GEN || [[Manabendra Shah]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 2 || [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]] || GEN || [[B. C. Khanduri]]
|-
| 3 || [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)|Almora]] || GEN || [[Bachi Singh Rawat]]
|-
| 4 || [[Nainital (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital]] || GEN || [[Ila Pant]]
|-
| 5 || [[Bijnor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijnor]] || SC || [[Omvati Devi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 6 || [[Amroha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amroha]] || GEN || [[Chetan Chauhan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 7 || [[Moradabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Moradabad]] || GEN || [[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 8 || [[Rampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rampur]] || GEN || [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 9 || [[Sambhal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambhal]] || GEN || [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 10 || [[Budaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Budaun]] || GEN || [[Saleem Iqbal Shervani]]
|-
| 11 || [[Aonla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aonla]] || GEN || [[Rajveer Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 12 || [[Bareilly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bareilly]] || GEN || [[Santosh Gangwar]]
|-
| 13 || [[Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pilibhit]] || GEN || [[Maneka Gandhi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|-
| 14 || [[Shahjahanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahjahanpur]] || GEN || [[Satyapal Singh Yadav]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 15 || [[Kheri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheri]] || GEN || [[Ravi Prakash Verma]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 16 || [[Shahabad, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Shahabad]] || GEN || [[Raghvendra Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 17 || [[Sitapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitapur]] || GEN || [[Janardan Prasad Mishra]]
|-
| 18 || [[Misrikh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Misrikh]] || SC || [[Ram Shankar Bhargava]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| 19 || [[Hardoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hardoi]] || SC || [[Usha Verma]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 20 || [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]] || GEN || [[Atal Behari Vajpayee]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 21 || [[Mohanlalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mohanlalganj]] || SC || [[Reena Choudhary]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 22 || [[Unnao (Lok Sabha constituency)|Unnao]] || GEN || [[Devi Bux Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 23 || [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rae Bareli]] || GEN || [[Ashok Singh (politician, born 1955)|Ashok Singh]]
|-
| 24 || [[Pratapgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pratapgarh]] || GEN || [[Ram Vilas Vedanti]]
|-
| 25 || [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]] || GEN || [[Sanjaya Sinh|Sanjay Singh]]
|-
| 26 || [[Sultanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sultanpur]] || GEN || [[Devendra Bahadur Roy]]
|-
| 27 || [[Akbarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akbarpur]] || SC || [[Mayawati]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| 28 || [[Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faizabad]] || GEN || [[Mitrasen Yadav]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 29 || [[Bara Banki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bara Banki]] || SC || [[Baijnath Rawat]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 30 || [[Kaiserganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaiserganj]] || GEN || [[Beni Prasad Verma]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 31 || [[Bahraich (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bahraich]] || GEN || [[Arif Mohammad Khan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| 32 || [[Balrampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balrampur]] || GEN || [[Rizwan Zaheer]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 33 || [[Gonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gonda]] || GEN || [[Kirti Vardhan Singh]]
|-
| 34 || [[Basti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basti]] || SC || [[Sriram Chauhan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 35 || [[Domariaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Domariaganj]] || GEN || [[Rampal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Rampal Singh]]
|-
| 36 || [[Khalilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khalilabad]] || GEN || [[Indrajeet Mishra]]
|-
| 37 || [[Bansgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bansgaon]] || SC || [[Raj Narain Passi]]
|-
| 38 || [[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gorakhpur]] || GEN || [[Adityanath Yogi]]
|-
| 39 || [[Maharajganj (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]] || GEN || [[Pankaj Choudhary]]
|-
| 40 || [[Padrauna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Padrauna]] || GEN || [[Ram Nagina Mishra]]
|-
| 41 || [[Deoria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deoria]] || GEN || [[Mohan Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 42 || [[Salempur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salempur]] || GEN || [[Hari Kewal Prasad]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samata Party}}
|-
| 43 || [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia]] || GEN || [[Chandra Shekhar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}
|-
| 44 || [[Ghosi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghosi]] || GEN || [[Kalpnath Rai]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samata Party}}
|-
| 45 || [[Azamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azamgarh]] || GEN || [[Akbar Ahmad Dampy]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| 46 || [[Lalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lalganj]] || SC || [[Daroga Prasad Saroj]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 47 || [[Machhlishahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machhlishahr]] || GEN || [[Chinmayanand (politician)|Chinmayanand]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 48 || [[Jaunpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaunpur]] || GEN || [[Parasnath Yadav]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 49 || [[Saidpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saidpur]] || SC || [[Bizay Sonkar Shastri]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 50 || [[Ghazipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghazipur]] || GEN || [[Omprakash Singh]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 51 || [[Chandauli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandauli]] || GEN || [[Ananda Ratna Maurya]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 52 || [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]] || GEN || [[Shankar Prasad Jaiswal]]
|-
| 53 || [[Robertsganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Robertsganj]] || SC || [[Ram Shakal]]
|-
| 54 || [[Mirzapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mirzapur]] || GEN || [[Virendra Singh (Mirzapur)|Virendra Singh]]
|-
| 55 || [[Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulpur]] || GEN || [[Jang Bahadur Singh Patel]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 56 || [[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad]] || GEN || [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 57 || [[Chail (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chail]] || SC || [[Shailendra Kumar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 58 || [[Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur]] || GEN || [[Ashok Kumar Patel]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=9}}
|-
| 59 || [[Banda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banda]] || GEN || [[Ramesh Chandra Dwivedi]]
|-
| 60 || [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur]] || GEN || [[Ganga Charan Rajput]]
|-
| 61 || [[Jhansi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhansi]] || GEN || [[Rajendra Agnihotri]]
|-
| 62 || [[Jalaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalaun]] || SC || [[Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma]]
|-
| 63 || [[Ghatampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatampur]] || SC || [[Kamal Rani]]
|-
| 64 || [[Bilhaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilhaur]] || GEN || [[Shyam Bihari Misra]]
|-
| 65 || [[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur]] || GEN || [[Jagatvir Singh Drona]]
|-
| 66 || [[Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etawah]] || GEN || [[Sukhda Misra]]
|-
| 67 || [[Kannauj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannauj]] || GEN || [[Pradeep Kumar Yadav]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| 68 || [[Farrukhabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Farrukhabad]] || GEN || [[Sakshi Maharaj]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 69 || [[Mainpuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mainpuri]] || GEN || [[Balram Singh Yadav]] || {{Full party name with colour|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 70 || [[Jalesar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalesar]] || GEN || [[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
|-
| 71 || [[Etah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etah]] || GEN || [[Mahadeepak Singh Shakya]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=15}}
|-
| 72 || [[Firozabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozabad]] || SC || [[Prabhu Dayal Katheria]]
|-
| 73 || [[Agra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Agra]] || GEN || [[Bhagwan Shankar Rawat]]
|-
| 74 || [[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]] || GEN || [[Chaudhary Tejveer Singh]]
|-
| 75 || [[Hathras (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hathras]] || SC || [[Kishan Lal Diler]]
|-
| 76 || [[Aligarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aligarh]] || GEN || [[Sheela Gautam]]
|-
| 77 || [[Khurja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khurja]] || SC || [[Ashok Kumar Pradhan]]
|-
| 78 || [[Bulandshahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bulandshahr]] || GEN || [[Chhatrapal Singh Lodha]]
|-
| 79 || [[Hapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hapur]] || GEN || [[Ramesh Chand Tomar]]
|-
| 80 || [[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut]] || GEN || [[Amar Pal Singh]]
|-
| 81 || [[Baghpat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baghpat]] || GEN || [[Som Pal]]
|-
| 82 || [[Muzaffarnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarnagar]] || GEN || [[Sohanveer Singh]]
|-
| 83 || [[Kairana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kairana]] || GEN || [[Virendra Verma]]
|-
| 84 || [[Saharanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saharanpur]] || GEN || [[Nakli Singh]]
|-
| 85 || [[Hardwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hardwar]] || SC || [[Harpal Singh Sathi]]
|-
|}

===[[West Bengal]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]] || SC || [[Amar Roy Pradhan]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| 2 || [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]] || ST || [[Joachim Baxla]] || {{Full party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party}}
|-
| 3 || [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]] || GEN || [[Minati Sen]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 4 || [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]] || GEN || [[Ananda Pathak]]
|-
| 5 || [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]] || GEN || [[Subrata Mukherjee]]
|-
| 6 || [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]] || SC || [[Ranen Barman]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party}}
|-
| 7 || [[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]] || GEN || [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 8 || [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]] || GEN || [[Abul Hasnat Khan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 9 || [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]] || GEN || [[Moinul Hassan]]
|-
| 10 || [[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]] || GEN || [[Promothes Mukherjee]] || {{Full party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party}}
|-
| 11 || [[Krishnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]] || GEN || [[Ajoy Mukhopadhyay]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 12 || [[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip]] || SC || [[Asim Bala]]
|-
| 13 || [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]] || GEN || [[Ranjit Kumar Panja]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| 14 || [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]] || GEN || [[Ajay Chakraborty]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 15 || [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]] || SC || [[Sanat Kumar Mandal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party}}
|-
| 16 || [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]] || SC || [[Radhika Ranjan Pramanik]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 17 || [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]] || GEN || [[Samik Lahiri]]
|-
| 18 || [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]] || GEN || [[Krishna Bose]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| 19 || [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]] || GEN || [[Tarit Baran Topdar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 20 || [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]] || GEN || [[Tapan Sikdar]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 21 || [[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]] || GEN || [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 22 || [[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]] || GEN || [[Ajit Kumar Panja]]
|-
| 23 || [[Calcutta South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South]] || GEN || [[Mamata Banerjee]]
|-
| 24 || [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]] || GEN || [[Bikram Sarkar]]
|-
| 25 || [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]] || GEN || [[Hannan Mollah]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 26 || [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]] || GEN || [[Akbar Ali Khondkar]] || {{Full party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| 27 || [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]] || GEN || [[Rupchand Pal]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 28 || [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]] || GEN || [[Anil Basu]]
|-
| 29 || [[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]] || GEN || [[Geeta Mukherjee]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 30 || [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]] || GEN || [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 31 || [[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]] || GEN || [[Sudhir Kumar Giri]]
|-
| 32 || [[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]] || GEN || [[Indrajit Gupta]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 33 || [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]] || ST || [[Rupchand Murmu]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| 34 || [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]] || GEN || [[Bir Singh Mahato]] ||{{Full party name with colour|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
| 35 || [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]] || GEN || [[Basudeb Acharia]] || {{Full party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8}}
|-
| 36 || [[Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur]] || SC || [[Sandhya Bauri]]
|-
| 37 || [[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur]] || SC || [[Sunil Khan]]
|-
| 38 || [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]] || GEN || [[Bikash Chowdhury]]
|-
| 39 || [[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]] || GEN || [[Nikhilananda Sar]]
|-
| 40 || [[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]] || GEN || [[Mahboob Zahedi]]
|-
| 41 || [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]] || GEN || [[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|-
| 42 || [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]] || SC || [[Ram Chandra Dome]]
|-
|}

===[[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Lok Sabha constituency)|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || GEN || [[Bishnu Pada Ray]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

===[[Chandigarh]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Chandigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandigarh]] || GEN || [[Satya Pal Jain]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

===[[Dadra & Nagar Haveli]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dadra & Nagar Haveli]] || ST || [[Delkar Mohanbhai Sanjibhai]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

===[[Daman & Diu]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Daman and Diu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Daman and Diu]] || GEN || [[Tandel Devji Jogibhai]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

===[[National Capital Territory of Delhi]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]] || GEN || [[Jagmohan]] || {{Full party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 2 || [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]] || GEN || [[Sushma Swaraj]]
|-
| 3 || [[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi]] || GEN || [[Krishan Lal Sharma]]
|-
| 4 || [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]] || GEN || [[Lal Bihari Tiwari]]
|-
| 5 || [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]] || GEN || [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
|-
| 6 || [[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]] || GEN || [[Madan Lal Khurana]]
|-
| 7 || [[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh]] || SC || [[Meira Kumar]] ||{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===[[Lakshadweep]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Lakshadweep (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakshadweep]] || ST || [[P. M. Sayeed]] || {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

===[[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No.
! Constituency
! Type
! Name of Elected M.P.
! colspan="2" style="width:18em"| Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pondicherry]] || GEN || [[S. Arumugham]] || {{Full party name with colour|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{Lok Sabha}}
{{Parliament of India}}

[[Category:12th Lok Sabha| ]]
[[Category:Terms of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1999 disestablishments in India]]

Ministry of Tribal Development (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T00:11:26Z

SwagataDash:

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Tribal Development}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय आदिवासी विकास विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Tribal Development [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Ashok Uike|Prof.(Dr). Ashok Uike]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''[[Indranil Naik]]'''
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}
The '''Ministry of Tribal Development''' is a Ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]] state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Destruction to development: How Adivasi groups organised for land and fishing rights |url=https://idronline.org/article/rights/destruction-to-development-how-adivasi-groups-organised-for-land-and-fishing-rights/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=India Development Review |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-27 |title=Ladki Bahin Yojana 11th Instalment Date: Rs 1,500 for May Month Likely This Week as Rs 335.70 Crore Diverted from Tribal Funds - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/maharashtra/ladki-bahin-yojana-11th-instalment-date-rs-1500-for-may-month-likely-this-week-as-rs-33570-crore-diverted-from-tribal-funds-a517/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] Minister [[Ashok Uike]] is Current Minister of Tribal Development [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three out, five in for Vid in State Cabinet |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2019/6/17/Three-out-five-in-for-Vid-in-State-Cabinet.html |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-08 |title=Minister Ashok Uike stays at Yavatmal ashram school, interacts with students |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/minister-ashok-uike-stays-at-yavatmal-ashram-school-interacts-with-students/articleshow/118033670.cms |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Tribal Development (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Tribal Development}} '''मंत्री आदिवासी विकास विभाग'''
|image=
| incumbent = [[Ashok Uike|Prof.Dr. Ashok Uike]]
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural =
*'''[[P. K. Sawant]]'''
(1960-1962)
| precursor =
* '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
(2024- 2024)
| deputy =
* '''[[Indranil Naik]]'''
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Tribal Development
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''T. R. Narawane''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla Constituency No. 174]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''D. S. Palapsagar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Nirmala Raje Bhosale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Satara Constituency No. 268]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sadashiv Govind Barve]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar Constituency No. 209]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''M. B. Popat''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Dhobitalao Constituency No. 160]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Nashikrao Tirpude]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara Constituency No. 61]]- [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Tribal Welfare
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Tribal Development
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|
|'''[[Sundarrao Solanke]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon Constituency No. 229]]- [[Beed District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|18 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|18}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Tribal Welfare
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Pramilaben Yagnik''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 12 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|rowspan="1"|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Tribal Development
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Tribal Welfare
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Tribal Development
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukarrao Pichad''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Akole Constituency No. 213]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|02 November}} 1992
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1992|11|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="2" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
 (Chief Minister)
|{{small|02 November}} 1992
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1992|11|02|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukarrao Pichad''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Akole Constituency No. 213]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|18 November}} 1994
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1994|11|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Dattatraya Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shivadi Assembly constituency|Shivadi Constituency No. 183]]- [[Mumbai City District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Dr._Daulatrao_Aher.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Daulatrao Aher]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 21 - [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Vishnu Savara]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vikramgad Assembly constituency|Vikramgad Constituency No. 129]]- [[Palghar district|Palghar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|1999|10|27}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''Madhukarrao Pichad''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Akole Constituency No. 213]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|27|2003|01|16}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Satish Chaturvedi (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Satish Chaturvedi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur East Assembly constituency|Nagpur East Constituency No. 54]]- [[Nagpur district]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Vijaykumar Krishnarao Gavit]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nandurbar Assembly constituency|Nandurbar Constituency No. 03]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Vijaykumar Krishnarao Gavit]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nandurbar Assembly constituency|Nandurbar Constituency No. 03]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Babanrao_Pachpute.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Babanrao Pachpute]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda Constituency No. 226]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Babanrao_Pachpute.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Babanrao Pachpute]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda Constituency No. 226]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|11 June}} 2013
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2013|06|11}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''Madhukarrao Pichad''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Akole Constituency No. 213]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 June}} 2013
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2013|06|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Vishnu Savara]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vikramgad Assembly constituency|Vikramgad Constituency No. 129]]- [[Palghar district|Palghar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2019|06|16}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Ashok Uike]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ralegaon Assembly constituency|Ralegaon Constituency No. 77]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|06|16|2019|11|12}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Nitin Raut.jpeg|75px]]
|'''[[Nitin Raut]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North Constituency No. 57]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Kagda Chandya Padvi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Akkalkuwa Assembly constituency|Akkalkuwa Constituency No. 01]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Vijaykumar Krishnarao Gavit]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nandurbar Assembly constituency|Nandurbar Constituency No. 03]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|46
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Ashok Uike|Prof.Dr. Ashok Uike]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ralegaon Assembly constituency|Ralegaon Constituency No. 77]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Tribal Development
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 23 November 2019 To 28 November 2019'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Prajakt Tanpure]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri Constituency No. 223]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| [[Kagda Chandya Padvi]] {{small|(2019-2022)}}
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 30 June 2022 to 21 December 2024'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] {{small|(2022-2022)}}
*[[Vijaykumar Krishnarao Gavit]] {{small|(2022-2024)}}
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-

|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Indranil Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| {{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (Ajit Pawar Group)
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| '''[[Third Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis III]]'''
| [[Ashok Uike|Prof.Dr. Ashok Uike]] (2024 – Present)
| rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Ambadi Ikkavamma

2026-03-04T22:35:22Z

SwagataDash: stub

{{short description|Indian writer and translator of Malayalam literature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ambadi Ikkavamma
| image = File:Ambadi_ikkavamma.png
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Ambadi Ikkavamma
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1898|01|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thrippunithura]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]] (present-day [[Kerala]]), [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1980|01|30|1898|01|12|df=y}}
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer, translator, teacher
| language = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Sanskrit]]
| education = St. Teresa's Convent, Thrippunithura
| alma_mater =
| genre = [[Children's literature]], translation, philosophy
| period = 1925–1980
| notableworks = ''Tolstoy Kathakal'', ''Anasakti Yogam'', ''Matham Pourasthya Paschathya Rajyangalil''
| spouse = Vellattu Karunakaran Nair
| children =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| parents = Naniamma and Kochu Govinda Menon (of Ambadi house)
| awards = Children's Literature Award by the [[President of India]] (1956), [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Award (1978)
}}

'''Ambadi Ikkavamma''' (12 January 1898 – 30 January 1980) was an Indian [[Malayalam literature|Malayalam language writer]], [[Translation|translator]], and educator, known for her pioneering translations of [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s moral stories into Malayalam and for translating [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s ''[[Anasakti Yoga]]'' (commentary on the [[Bhagavad Gita]]). She was among the earliest women translators in Malayalam literature to bring Western literary works to Kerala readers, and her translations played a significant role in introducing Tolstoy's ethical philosophy to Malayalam-speaking audiences.<ref name="mathrubhumi">{{Cite web |date=2012-01-29 |title=അമ്പാടി ഇക്കാവമ്മ – Mathrubhumi Books |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/story.php?id=1432&cat_id=503 |access-date=2023-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129065836/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/story.php?id=1432&cat_id=503 |archive-date=29 January 2012 |work=[[Kalakaumudi]], Issue 1265}}</ref><ref name="ceu-thesis">{{Cite thesis |last=Binoy |first=Rasmi |title=Kerala's 'Progress'-ive Idiom: Moscow Translators and translation of children's literature as socialist intermediary in Kerala |publisher=Central European University |year=2023 |type=MA thesis |url=https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2023/binoy_rasmi.pdf}}</ref> Apart from [[Malayalam]], she was also well versed in [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]] and [[Sanskrit]] language literature.<ref name="sarva">സർവവിജ്ഞാനകോശം, വാല്യം 3, പേജ് 576; സ്റ്റേറ്റ് ഇൻസ്റ്റിറ്റ്യൂട്ട് ഓഫ് എൻസൈക്ലോപീഡിക് പബ്ലിക്കേഷൻസ്, Thiruvananthapuram.</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Ikkavamma was born on 12 January 1898 in [[Thrippunithura]], in the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Cochin]], as the daughter of Naniamma and Kochu Govinda Menon of the Thekke Ambadi house.<ref name="mathrubhumi"/><ref name="sarva"/> She completed her primary education in Thrippunithura and her high school education at St. Teresa's Convent.<ref name="cummaar">{{Cite book |last=Cummār |first=Ṭi Eṃ |title=ഭാഷാഗദ്യസാഹിത്യ ചരിത്രം |date=1964 |publisher=Vitaraṇaṃ |language=ml}}</ref> She went on to serve as a teacher for many years, initially at a government school in Thrippunithura. She was also recognised as a musical virtuoso.<ref name="cummaar"/>

== Personal life ==

Ikkavamma married Vellattu Karunakaran Nair, a literary figure who was a follower of [[Annie Besant]], a colleague of Mancheri Ramayyar, and a leader of the [[Theosophical Society|Brahmavidya Sangham]] (Theosophical Society branch). Karunakaran Nair's deep knowledge of spirituality and [[Indian philosophy]] broadened Ikkavamma's own intellectual horizons and supported her literary pursuits.<ref name="mathrubhumi"/>

== Literary career ==

=== Tolstoy translations ===

Ikkavamma's literary career was primarily devoted to translation. Her reverence for [[Leo Tolstoy]] was inspired by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who regarded Tolstoy as one of his principal intellectual guides.<ref name="mathrubhumi"/> Although [[A. Gopala Menon]] was the first to translate some Tolstoy stories for children into Malayalam, it was Ikkavamma's translations that gained wide circulation and lasting popularity.<ref name="mathrubhumi"/>

In 1925, Gandhi wrote a brief letter to Ikkavamma approving the list of Tolstoy stories she had selected for translation, making her the first writer to receive Gandhi's endorsement for translating Tolstoy's works into an Indian language.<ref name="mathrubhumi"/> Her collection of twenty-three Tolstoy stories, adapted for children and general readers, was published in 1926 with a notable foreword by [[K. P. Kesava Menon]], the founding editor of ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''.<ref name="mathrubhumi"/> The work marked one of the earliest instances of Western literary influence enriching Malayalam literature, and was particularly significant as an early example of Western literary engagement in women's writing in Malayalam.<ref name="mathrubhumi"/>

The Tolstoy stories were reprinted in 1967 by the Indo-Soviet Cultural Association, Ernakulam, on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the [[October Revolution]].<ref name="ceu-thesis"/>

=== ''Anasakti Yogam'' ===

During the [[Indian independence movement]], Gandhi composed ''[[Anasakti Yoga]]'', his personal commentary on the [[Bhagavad Gita]], as a guide for freedom fighters advocating non-attachment and righteous action. Ikkavamma translated this work from [[Hindi]] into Malayalam without, as contemporary accounts noted, any loss of the original's philosophical depth. The first edition was published in 1931 and was followed by numerous reprints.<ref name="mathrubhumi"/>

=== Meeting with Gandhi (1934) ===

In 1934, when Gandhi visited [[Ernakulam]], Ikkavamma, then a teacher at the government school in Thrippunithura, travelled to meet him along with a group of women. She intended to present her Malayalam translation of ''Anasakti Yogam'' to him. All the women arrived wearing [[khadi]] garments. When Gandhi asked whether they wore khadi regularly, Ikkavamma replied honestly that they had worn it only for the occasion of meeting him. Gandhi was not offended, responding that open confession is good for the soul.<ref name="mathrubhumi"/>

=== Translation of Radhakrishnan's work ===

In 1965, Ikkavamma visited [[New Delhi]] with her youngest son and sought an audience with [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|President Radhakrishnan]], who was a distinguished philosopher. She presented her published works to him and also brought a copy of his book ''East and West in Religion'' (1933) for his autograph. Impressed by Ikkavamma's intellectual calibre and philosophical inclination, Radhakrishnan personally asked her to translate the book into Malayalam. The resulting translation, titled ''Matham Pourasthya Paschathya Rajyangalil'' (Religion in Eastern and Western Countries), remains a notable work in the comparative study of religions in Malayalam. The foreword for this work was also written by [[K. P. Kesava Menon]].<ref name="mathrubhumi"/>

=== Other works ===

Ikkavamma's literary output spanned multiple genres including philosophy, biography, and children's literature. Her notable works include:<ref name="mathrubhumi"/><ref name="cummaar"/>

* ''Asokante Dharmalipikal'' – a translation and study of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]]
* Translations of [[Oscar Wilde]]'s stories for children
* ''Kuttikalude Vivekanandan'' (Children's Vivekananda) – a biography of [[Swami Vivekananda]] for young readers
* ''Oru Achan Makalkkayacha Kathukal'' – a Malayalam translation of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s ''[[Letters from a Father to His Daughter]]''
* ''Balakathagal'' (Children's stories)

== Awards and recognition ==

* 1956 – Children's Literature Award from the [[President of India]] for ''Balakathagal''<ref name="mathrubhumi"/>
* 1978 – Award from the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]<ref name="mathrubhumi"/>

== Death ==

Ikkavamma died on 30 January 1980, having lived for eighty-two years. Over the course of her career spanning more than five decades, she made significant contributions to Malayalam literature, particularly in making philosophical and literary works from other languages accessible to Malayalam readers.<ref name="mathrubhumi"/>

== Selected bibliography ==

=== Translations ===
* ''Tolstoy Kathakal'' (Tolstoy Stories, 3 volumes, 1926; reprinted 1967)
* ''Anasakti Yogam'' (translation of Gandhi's ''Anasakti Yoga'', 1931)
* ''Oru Achan Makalkkayacha Kathukal'' (translation of Nehru's ''Letters from a Father to His Daughter'')
* ''Matham Pourasthya Paschathya Rajyangalil'' (translation of Radhakrishnan's ''East and West in Religion'')
* ''Asokante Dharmalipikal'' (translation of the Edicts of Ashoka)
* Translations of Oscar Wilde's stories for children

=== Original works ===
* ''Kuttikalude Vivekanandan'' (Children's Vivekananda)
* ''Balakathagal'' (Children's stories)

== See also ==
* [[Malayalam literature]]
* [[Leo Tolstoy]]
* [[Anasakti Yoga]]
* [[K. P. Kesava Menon]]
* [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Binoy, Rasmi (2023). ''Kerala's 'Progress'-ive Idiom: Moscow Translators and translation of children's literature as socialist intermediary in Kerala''. MA thesis, Central European University.

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ikkavamma, Ambadi}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Translators from Malayalam]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Women children's writers]]
[[Category:Translators to Malayalam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]

Raaste Pyar Ke

2026-03-03T23:53:22Z

SwagataDash: Made

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raaste Pyar Ke
| image = Raaste Pyar Ke (1982 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Dr. Rahi Masoom Reza {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = V. B. Rajendra Prasad
| screenplay = Ram Kelkar
| producer = V. B. Rajendra Prasad
| director = [[V. B. Rajendra Prasad]]
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Rekha]] [[Shabana Azmi]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = P.S. Selvaraj
| editing = Akkkineni Sanjeevi
| based_on = ''[[Dasara Bullodu]]'' (1971)
| studio = Jagapathi Art Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1982|12|19}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Raaste Pyar Ke''''' ({{translation}} ''Route of Love'') is a 1982 [[Hindi]]-language [[romance film]], produced and directed by [[V. B. Rajendra Prasad]] under his Jagapathi Art Productions banner.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raaste Pyar Ke |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/raaste-pyar-ke/cast/2030313099/ |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=[[TV Guide]] |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Jeetendra]], [[Rekha]] and [[Shabana Azmi]] with music composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raaste Pyar Ke Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raste-pyar-ke/cast/ |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> A love triangle,<ref>{{cite news |title=Raaste Pyar Ke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9VlPAAAAIBAJ |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |date=15 July 1989 |language=en}}</ref> the film is a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] blockbuster movie ''[[Dasara Bullodu]]'' (1971), made by the same company and director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Moumita |date=7 April 2021 |title=Jeetendra Birthday Special: Not Akshay Kumar or Salman Khan, But The Veteran Actor Is The King Of Remakes – Here's How |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/bollywood/jeetendra-birthday-special-not-akshay-kumar-or-salman-khan-but-the-veteran-actor-is-the-king-of-remakes-heres-how-2409774.html |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=LatestLY}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Mohanlal Srivatsav is a plucky reared by his elder brother Sohanlal and sister-in-law Yashoda. Municipal Chairman Dwarka Prasad is the paternal uncle who got separated from them on the provocation of his [[virago]] wife Saraswati. Mohan runs a mechanic shed opposite the house of devious & materialistic Udit Narayan Gupta who efforts to remove the shed but fails. However, his benevolent daughter Shyama loves Mohanlal but he is already in love with Shyama's best friend Gauri. Just after tragically, Shyama is diagnosed with cancer when she also realises the love of Mohanlal & Gauri and sacrifices her. Now Udit Narayan conspires to knit Shyama with Mohanlal in a hope of her survival because she idolizes Mohanlal. Hence, he lures Saraswati and splits Mohan from his brother as they have adopted him in childhood. Future, he threatens Gauri to discard which she agrees owing to Shyama's condition and decides to marry Suldev one that adores her. Here, Udit Narayan intrigues by setting fire to the venue when Mohan rescues them. Finally, the movie ends Shyama happily breathes her last, uniting Mohanlal & Gauri.

== Cast ==
*[[Jeetendra]] as Mohanlal Shrivatsav
*[[Rekha]] as Gauri
*[[Shabana Azmi]] as Shyama
*[[Shreeram Lagoo]] as Dwarka Prasad
*[[Utpal Dutt]] as Udit Narayan Gupta
*[[Parikshit Sahni]] as Sohanlal Shrivastav
*[[Om Puri]] as Suldev
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as Seetaram
*[[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]]
*[[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]] as Saraswati
*[[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]] as Laxmi
*[[Shaukat Kaifi]]
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Baby Khushbu]] as Anu

==Reception==
Subhash K. Jha calls it "a typical South Indian masala-dosa film about two warring women sharing the same man".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |author1-link=Subhash K. Jha |title=First Take: Introspecting on loneliness, solitude with films Kaasav, Nowhere Special and After Love |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/first-take-introspecting-on-loneliness-solitude-with-films-kaasav-nowhere-special-and-after-love-10309701.html |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=22 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Gokul Ki Galiyon Ka Gwala" (Trio)
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Sara Din Satate Ho"
| Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Log Jal Gaye, Jane Kya Baat Hui Sathi, Chhati Pe Teer Chal Gaye"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| "Main Tum Mein Sama Jaun"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Raaste Pyar Ke"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Gokul Ki Galiyon Ka Gwala" (Female)
| Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0359867}}

[[Category:1982 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. B. Rajendra Prasad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Okkadine

2026-03-03T17:51:08Z

SwagataDash: Made

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Okkadine
| image = Image of okkadine film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = Srinivas Raga
| producer = C. V. Reddy
| writer = [[Chintapalli Ramana]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Nara Rohit]]
*[[Nithya Menon]]
}}
| music = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| cinematography = Andrew
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = Gulabi Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|2|14}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Okkadine''''' is a 2013 [[Telugu film]] directed by Srinivas Raga and produced by C. V. Reddy, under Gulabi Movies. The film stars [[Nara Rohit]] and [[Nithya Menon]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.supergoodmovies.com/37305/tollywood/okkadine-is-the-title-for-nara-rohit-s-new-movie-news-details|title= 'Okkadine' is the title for Nara Rohit's new movie|publisher= supergoodmovies.com|date= 5 January 2012|accessdate= 16 January 2013 |archive-date= 30 June 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160630064407/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/37305/tollywood/okkadine-is-the-title-for-nara-rohit-s-new-movie-news-details|url-status= usurped}}</ref> The film was dubbed into [[Hindi]] as ''Aur Ek Dushman'' and into [[Malayalam]] as ''Kanalattam''.

==Plot==
The movie begins with Sailaja ([[Nithya Menon]]) arriving in Hyderabad from USA. She is the daughter of a famous philanthropist Sivaji Rao
([[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Sai Kumar]]). Sivaji Rao is revealed to be a very good man. He owns many orphanages to help people and is set to start a political career. Sailaja is his pampered daughter. After Sailaja goes home, her father tells her he has to go abroad to speak to his supporters before he begins his foray into politics. Sailaja although disappointed as she was looking forward to spending time with him, wishes him luck and tells him she is planning to go a trip with her friend Sujatha, who she met online. The next day, Sailaja meets Sujatha ([[Snigda]]) and they plan to go to Vizag where Sujatha's uncle will take care of them. Meanwhile, outside the cafe they are meeting, a corrupt police officer (G.V. Sudhakar Naidu) is torturing a pregnant women so he can reveal the whereabouts of her husband. Sailaja and Sujatha go to the pregnant woman's aid. When the policeman threatens Sailaja and strikes Sujatha, Sailaja curses him saying people like him shouldn't be alive. At the same second, the policeman is shot with a sniper. The unnamed shooter is shown to be the protagonist (Nara Rohit).

Sailaja and Sujatha reach Vizag and meet the latter's uncle. He asks to be called Sreenu Mama ([[Naga Babu]]) by everyone. Just as they are about to go sight seeing, Sujatha tells Sailaja that she has to go home immediately. Sailaja then wanders alone in the forest. She sees a small girl wearing a tiger mask and follows her. Her leg gets caught in an animal trap. The little girl calls out for her uncle. A man comes running up wearing a similar mask. When he removes it he is shown to be the shooter from before. He removes her leg from the trap and takes her to his home to treat her foot as the blood has clotted. When Sailaja goes to his home she sees a joint family who are very amicable and loving. She spends time with them and sees the relationship they have. She tells them that she lost her mother at a young age and the family reminds her of her mother. The man who helped her tells her his name is Surya. Sailaja meets with Surya's family everyday and takes part in their everyday fun and frolic. She sees a local MLA (Jeeva) beating up a youngster for rebelling against him. She tries to go help him but is stopped by Sreenu Mama. He tells her that the MLA is ruthless and stops at nothing and only God can stop him. The MLA starts to leave and gets into a jeep. Sailaja yells that people like him should be killed. Instantaneously, the jeep blows up killing the MLA and his posse. Sailaja is shaken by this and believes he died because of her. She is consoled by Surya and his family.

One day Surya takes her to a small temple in the forest. There he tells her that whoever lights a diya in that temple gets their wish. Sailaja tells him she wishes to be a part of his family and that in her next life she wants to be her father's daughter again. She hounds Surya to tell her what he wished. He then tells her he wished to be by her side forever and proposes to her. Sailaja then reveals that she is leaving the next day. Surya's family tells her that they will see her off. Sailaja calls her father to tell him she has fallen in love. Her father is very happy and promises to talk to her about it when he returns.

The next day Sailaja goes to a fair that happens every two years. There she looks around for Surya but she cannot find him. Sreenu Mama asks her who she is looking for. Sailaja tells him she is looking for Surya and his family. Everyone around is shown to be shocked and frightened. Sailaja asks him why everyone is looking at her like that. Sreenu Mama tells her that Surya's family has been dead for two years and shows her their graves. She runs to their house and sees that it is in ruins and unkempt. She faints because of the shock. When she wakes up she receives a call from her father and tells him she needs to know what happened. Her father asks her whereabouts and promises to send an investigation team. Sailaja is then calmed by Sreenu Mama. A TV crew led by Sensational Sodhan ([[Brahmanandam]]) arrives at the resort Sailaja stays in and tries to interview her, but Sreenu Mama sends them away. The investigation team sent by Sivaji Rao arrives and asks what happened to Surya's family. Sreenu Mama tells them that 2 years back, Surya's family was preparing for the fair as always and Surya was a day late. By the time Surya arrived the whole family was killed by a psycho. Unable to bear the grief Surya had jumped from a waterfall and was later buried by him. The team lead, Guru, asks for any pictures of the family. Sreenu Mama tells him that he had burned them as he couldn't see them anymore because of the bad memories. The team then digs up a newspaper which was printed the day after Surya's family died. The photos of the family however are different from the ones Sailaja has seen. They then go to the house and check under a table and finds two portraits and newspapers with Sivaji Rao on it.

Guru then reveals that it had been a set up from the start and Sailaja had been lured there by Surya with the help of Sujatha and Sreenu Mama. Sailaja is escorted away. Sreenu Mama is taken to a forest where Guru yells to Surya to reveal himself. Surya comes and kills the whole team. Sailaja witnesses this and slaps Surya for betraying her and asks him why he has lured her so. Surya then reveals the whole story to Sailaja. His sister, Archana had fallen in love with Sivaji Rao's son ([[Sree Vishnu|Vishnuvardhan]]), Sailaja's older brother. The family had called Sivaji Rao to ask set up wedding preparations. Sivaji Rao had told them that he would come the next day with his son for the engagement. This news is conveyed to Surya who was in Dehradun for his IFS training, he starts home immediately. That night, a police convoy alerts everyone in the town about a psycho murderer running loose. Surya's family meanwhile is preparing for the engagement. One of Surya's nieces plays with a video camera and places it outside the house. She sees a masked man and mistakes him to be a guest. The masked man then proceeds to murder everyone in the family and leaves.

The next day Surya arrives and sees that his family is dead. The local MLA shown before is berating the police for not helping the family. Later on the police claim they have caught and killed the psycho responsible. Surya walks around his home and looks at the family photographs. He discovers the camera outside and sees the face of the actual murderer. He remembers seeing him in a photo and finds out that he is Sivaji Rao's driver. The driver attacks Surya to cover up his tracks. Surya kills him and tells Sreenu Mama. It is revealed that the driver was sent by Sivaji Rao himself.

The flashback ends and Sailaja finds it hard to believe it. Surya tells her that her father had masqueraded as a good man to get followers and has become like a God for everyone. He had Surya's family killed because he wanted his son to marry a multi millionaire's only daughter to funnel his wealth into his political foray. Surya tells Sailaja that he had lured her so that she realizes what he has lost and will reveal to the world the atrocities her father committed. Sailaja goes to her father and confronts him. He convinces that he had not planned the murders and that they were committed by his in law. Surya and the makeshift family are shown to be planning the final stage of their revenge. Surya reveals that he too had fallen in love with Sailaja. Sreenu Mama goes to Sivaji Rao and informs him of this and tell him that Surya should not be taken away from Sailaja because of their enmity. Sivaji Rao's men attack him and he kills them. He is then duped and killed by Sivaji Rao. This Whole thing was meanwhile recorded by Sodhan who shows the tape to Sailaja.

Surya is crestfallen seeing his dead uncle. Furious he attacks Sivaji Rao in broad daylight. He kills all of his henchman and points a gun at him when police arrive at the scene. The policemen threaten to shoot Surya if he doesn't put his gun down. The press people ask him why he is trying to kill such a good man. Surya tells them that Sivaji Rao is not a god but a ruthless man who killed his own family and that he is not afraid of death anymore. Sailaja comes and stops him. Sivaji Rao tries to convince her to save him but she tells him that she knows the truth. She tells everyone that what Surya is telling is the truth and she has evidence. Relieved, Surya puts his gun away. Sivaji Rao's henchman shoots at Surya and is killed by the police. Amidst this confusion, Sivaji Rao grabs hold of a gun and holds a policeman hostage. He tries to kill Surya but Sailaja shields him. Sivaji Rao yells at her to move but she does not budge. Sailaja tells him he deserves to die. Frustrated Sivaji Rao moves towards her and steps on a dead policeman's arm while doing so. The gun in the policeman's hand goes off and shoots Sivaji Rao dead. The movie ends with Surya in an embrace with Sailaja.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Nara Rohit]] as Surya
*[[Nithya Menon]] as Sailaja
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Sivaiah
*[[Bramhanandam]] as Sodhan
*[[Nagendra Babu]] as Sreenu Mama
*[[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Sivaji Rao
*[[Sree Vishnu]] as Sailaja's brother
*[[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Inspector
*[[Snigdha (actress)|Snigdha]] as Sujatha
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]]
*[[Satya Krishnan]]
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*Jeevi
*[[Gurpreet Singh (actor)|Gurpreet Singh]]
*[[Rachana Maurya]] in an item number
{{colend}}

==Production==

===Filming===
The film was launched formally on 5 Jan 2012 in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://ragalahari.com/news/13276/nara-rohit-nitya-menons-film-launched.aspx|title = Nara Rohit-Nitya Menon's film launched| publisher= ragalahari.com |date= 5 Jan 2012 |accessdate= 12 February 2013}}</ref> The first schedule of the film was started same day and it was continued to 9 January 2012 in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.supergoodmovies.com/36540/tollywood/nara-rohit-s-new-movie-launched-news-details|title= Nara Rohit's new movie launched|publisher= supergoodmovies.com|date= 5 January 2012|accessdate= 28 January 2013 |archive-date= 4 March 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040252/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/36540/tollywood/nara-rohit-s-new-movie-launched-news-details|url-status= usurped}}</ref> The second schedule of the film was started on 24 February 2012 in [[Araku]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://ragalahari.com/news/13532/nara-rohits-okkadine-at-araku.aspx|title = Nara Rohit's Okkadine at Araku| publisher= ragalahari.com |date= 19 February 2012|accessdate= 12 February 2013}}</ref> The climax scenes of the film was started on 28 June 2012 in [[Ramoji Film City]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://ragalahari.com/news/14255/okkadine-climax-at-rfc.aspx|title = Okkadine climax at RFC| publisher= ragalahari.com |date= 28 June 2012|accessdate= 12 February 2013}}</ref> An item song ‘Puttintollu Tharimesaru…’ (remix of [[Jaya Malini]]’s super hit number) was filmed on Rachana Mourya and 70 other dancers in Ramoji Film City.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ragalahari.com/news/14534/rachana-mourya-making-the-item-girls-run-for-their-money.aspx|title = Rachana Mourya making the item girls run for their money | publisher= ragalahari.com |date= 2 August 2012 |accessdate= 13 February 2013}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Okkadine
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 October 2012
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 21:02
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Karthik
| prev_title = [[Aravaan]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = [[Courier Boy Kalyan]]
| next_year = 2015
}}

The music was composed by playback singer [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] and this was his debut album in Telugu. The audio release was held on 22 October 2012 at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Krishnam Raju]], K. L. Narayana, Sagar, Prasanna Kumar, Shekar Babu, [[Tammareddy Bharadwaja]], Gopinath Reddy, Ashok Kumar and others attended the function.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/87505.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121023152708/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/87505.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 23 October 2012|title= Okkadine audio released with fanfare|publisher= www.indiaglitz.com |accessdate= 23 November 2012}}</ref> The audio was launched by [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://article.wn.com/view/2012/10/22/Balakrishna_unveils_Okkadine_audio/|title= Balakrishna unveils Okkadine audio |publisher= article.wn.com |accessdate= 17 July 2012}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:02
| title1 = Seethakoka Nachchave
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Darshana KT|Darshana]]
| length1 = 3:56
| title2 = Hey Po
| lyrics2 = [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]
| extra2 = [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length2 = 4:24
| title3 = Dola Dola Dola
| lyrics3 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Pooja, [[Malavika (singer)|Malavika]]
| length3 =4:24
| title4 = Puttintollu Tharimesaru
| lyrics4 = Sahithi
| extra4 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Geeta Madhuri]], Steeve Vatz
| length4 = 3:41
| title5 = Hola Hola
| lyrics5 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| extra5 = Karthik, [[M. M. Manasi]]
| length5 = 4:37
}}

==Satellite rights==
The film satellite rights were sold to [[Sun TV Network]] for {{INR}}4 crores.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://telugumoviesatelliterights.blogspot.in/2012/12/okkadine-satellite-rights.html|title= Okkadine Satellite Rights |publisher= blogspot.in | date= 8 December 2012 | accessdate= 3 January 2014 }}</ref>

==Release==
The [[Central Board of Film Certification]] rated it U/A.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/crisp-run-time-for-nara-rohiths-okkadine.html|title= Crisp run time for Nara Rohith's 'Okkadine' |publisher = 123telugu.com |accessdate= 26 December 2012}}</ref> The film was initially planned to release on 7 December 2012, but was Postponed to several times.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://timesofap.com/cinema/nara-rohit-okkadine-movie-release-on-dec-14_50067.html |title= Nara Rohit Okkadine Movie Release On Dec 14 |publisher= timesofap.com |accessdate= 5 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/nara-rohits-okkadine-postponed-2.html|title=Nara Rohit's Okkadine postponed|publisher= 123telugu.com |accessdate= 12 December 2012}}</ref> Finally the film was released on [[Valentine's Day]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://timesofap.com/cinema/nara-rohit-s-okkadine-release-on-valentine-s-day.html|title= Nara Rohit-s Okkadine release On Valentine's day| publisher= timesofap.com |date= 4 February 2013 |accessdate= 5 February 2013  }}</ref> on 14 February 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-okkadine-a-messed-up-revenge-saga-2.html|title= Okkadine – A messed up revenge saga | publisher= 123telugu.com |date= 14 February 2013 |accessdate= 15 February 2013  }}</ref>

===Critical reception===
The film received mixed reviews to negative from critics, Timesofap.com gave Rating 2.25/5 and commenting as the film disappoints with illogical screenplay and dragging narration.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://timesofap.com/cinema/okkadine-movie-review.html|title =Okkadine Movie Review| publisher=timesofap.com |accessdate= 4 March 2013 }}</ref> Oneindia entertainment has given a rating 2.5/5 for the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/okkadine.html |title=Okkadine |publisher=Oneindia |access-date=4 March 2013 }}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2 stars for 5.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/movie-reviews/Okkadine/movie-review/18500112.cms|title =Okkadine |newspaper =The Times of India | publisher= timesofindia.indiatimes.com |accessdate= 4 March 2013 }}</ref> [[Rediff]] gave 1.5 stars for 5.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-okkadine/20130214.htm|title =Okkadine isn't appealing | work= rediff.com |accessdate= 4 March 2013 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=3401910}}

[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]

Bisi-Bisi Ice-Cream

2026-03-03T12:17:32Z

SwagataDash: added a entry

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bisi-Bisi Ice-Cream
| image = Bisi-Bisi Ice-Cream.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Arvind Sastry]]
| writer = Arvind Sastry
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Akshara Bharadwaj
| starring = Aravind Iyer [[Siri Ravikumar]] Gopalakrishna Deshpande
| cinematography = Enosh Olivera
| editing = Arvind Sastry
| music = Nakul Abhyankar
| studio = Boiled Beans Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|7|5|}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bisi-Bisi Ice-Cream''''' ({{translation|Super-Hot Ice-Cream}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by [[Arvind Sastry]]. Produced by Akshara Bharadwaj under ''Boiled Beans Pictures'', and starring Aravind Iyer, [[Siri Ravikumar]] and Gopalakrishna Deshpande.<ref name="Cast">{{cite web |last=Joy |first=Prathibha |title=Bisi-Bisi Ice-Cream: Aravinnd Iyer and Siri Ravikumar's film sets theatrical release date |website=OTTPlay |date=25 June 2024 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bisi-bisi-ice-cream-aravinnd-iyer-and-siri-ravikumars-film-sets-theatrical-release-date/a77aa5a4ae933 |access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref>

The film was announced in January 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/hot-or-cold/articleshow/106493437.cms |title=Hot or cold?}}</ref> It was theatrically released on 5 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kannada/kannada-watchlist-will-bisi-bisi-ice-cream-mafia-and-vidyarthi-vidyarthiniyare-pull-in-crowds-at-theaters-this-july/ |title=Kannada watchlist: Will 'Bisi Bisi Ice Cream', 'Mafia', and 'Vidyarthi Vidyarthiniyare' pull in crowds at theatres this July? |date=30 June 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Aravind Iyer<ref name="Cast" /> as Raghav
* [[Siri Ravikumar]]<ref name="Cast" />
* Gopalakrishna Deshpande<ref name="Cast" /> as Mahantesh

== Production ==
The [[principal photography]] of the film concluded in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Jan/02/aravind-iyer-siri-ravikumar-team-up-for-arvind-sastrys-bisi-bisi-ice-cream-50868.html |title=Aravind Iyer, Siri Ravikumar team up for Arvind Sastry's Bisi-Bisi Ice-Cream |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=2 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/trailer-of-aravinnd-iyer-starrer-bisi-bisi-ice-cream-gives-a-sneak-peak-into-bengaluru-lifestyle-8738860.html |title=Trailer of Aravinnd Iyer-starrer Bisi Bisi Ice Cream Gives a Sneak Peak[sic] into Bengaluru Lifestyle |date=13 January 2024}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bisi-Bisi Ice-Cream
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Nakul Abhyankar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2024|1|25}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=06|s=48}}
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 =
}}
}}
The [[soundtrack album]] of the film was composed by [[Nakul Abhyankar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ujjadbitlu-arvind-sastrys-bisi-bisi-ice-creams-song-aims-to-heal-broken-hearts/3f6726bd3b384 |title=Ujjadbitlu – Arvind Sastry's Bisi Bisi Ice Cream's song aims to heal broken hearts}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bisi-bisi-ice-creams-kuthoohala-is-all-about-a-mysterious-woman-played-by-siri-ravikumar/2df85e41fd282 |title=Bisi-Bisi Ice-Cream's Kuthoohala is all about a mysterious woman played by Siri Ravikumar}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Kannada
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ujjadbitlu
| length1 = 3:26
| lyrics1 = Arvind Sastry
| extra1 = Ramesh Kurubagatti, Ram Hadpad
| title2 = Kuthoohala
| length2 = 3:22
| lyrics2 = Jayant Kaikini
| extra2 = Nakul Abhyankar
}}

== Reception ==
Pranati A S from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/bisi-bisi-ice-cream-movie-review-poor-ending-bogs-down-a-great-cinematic-experience-3094429 |title='Bisi-Bisi Ice-cream' movie review: Poor ending bogs down a great cinematic experience}}</ref> Vivek M.V. for ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewed the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bisi-bisi-ice-cream-movie-review-arvind-sastrys-drama-is-a-fine-character-study-of-lonely-people/article68369860.ece |title='Bisi-Bisi Ice-Cream' movie review: Arvind Sastry's drama is a fine character study of lonely people |newspaper=The Hindu |last1=m. v |first1=Vivek}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|30818503}}

{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]

Mevli State

2026-02-28T16:37:25Z

SwagataDash: Added page!

{{Short description|Princely state in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Mevli State
| common_name = Mevli
| nation = [[British India]]
| subdivision = [[Princely State]]
| era =
| year_start =
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 1948
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 = India
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg
| image_map_caption = Location of Mevli
| stat_area1 = 2.59
| stat_year1 = 1931
| stat_pop1 = 207
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mevli State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]]<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 264, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n295/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]].<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 100,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n109/mode/2up</ref> It was part of the 26 Princely States making up the [[Pandu Mehwas]], petty states placed under British protection between 1812 and 1825.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 270,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n301/mode/2up</ref> The state had a population of 1702 and an area of 5 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 22, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n31/mode/2up</ref>

== Rulers ==

The Rulers held the title of Thakur. The state was held by a variety of shareholders.

In 1922 the 3 shareholder of Mevli were:<ref>The Rewakantha directory, p. 116, https://archive.org/details/apz5770.0001.001.umich.edu/page/116/mode/2up</ref>

* Pagi Samatsang Dhembhi (b. 1893)
* Andarsang Gamirsang (b. 1858)
* Bhemsing Dajibhai (b. 1897)

In 1927 the 3 shareholders of Mevli were:<ref>Collection Of Treaties and Sanads Vol - Xiv (1929), p. 160, https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1302/page/159/mode/2up</ref>

* Sadansing Samatsing (b. ca. 1917)
* Andarsang Gamirsang (b. 1858)
* Bhemsing Dajibhai (b. 1897)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

Pallari Assembly constituency

2026-02-27T01:33:41Z

SwagataDash: Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pallari
| type= SLA
| state = Chhattisgarh
| established = 2003
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 147,750
| mla = Dr. Shiv Kumar Dahria
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Pallari Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Dr. Shiv Kumar Dahria || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Pallari<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Shiv Kumar Dahria |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,814 |percentage=38.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Durga Prasad Maheshwar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=38,112 |percentage=36.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Smt. Gita Gritlahre |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=13,740 |percentage=12.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhisan Gurupanch |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,440 |percentage=6.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohan Lal Ratnakar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,056 |percentage=2.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anand Kumar Bandhe |party=Apna Dal (Kamerawadi) |votes=2,004 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Kumar Banjare |party=Chhattisgarhi Samaj Party |votes=1,697 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,702 |percentage=2.55% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=105,863 |percentage=71.65% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,750 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Rithvik Choudary Bollipalli

2026-02-26T14:33:21Z

SwagataDash:

{{Short description|Indian tennis player (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
| name = Rithvik Choudary Bollipalli
| image =
| country = {{Flagu|India}}
| fullname =
| residence = [[Hyderabad]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|1|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], India
| height = 188 cm
| turnedpro = 2022
| plays = Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
| careerprizemoney = $ 220,730
| singlesrecord =
| singlestitles =
| highestsinglesranking =
| currentsinglesranking =
| doublesrecord = 12 - 11
| doublestitles = 2
| highestdoublesranking = No. 65 (3 March 2025)
| currentdoublesranking = No. 97 (23 February 2026)

| AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 1R ([[2025 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2025]])
| FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 1R ([[2025 French Open – Men's doubles|2025]])
| WimbledonDoublesresult = 2R ([[2025 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2025]])
| USOpenDoublesresult = 1R ([[2025 US Open – Men's doubles|2025]])
| updated = 23 February 2026
}}

'''Rithvik Choudary Bollipalli''' (born 17 January 2001) is an Indian tennis player. He has a career-high [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] doubles ranking of No. 65 achieved on 3 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/rithvik-choudary-bollipalli/b0px/overview|title=Rithvik Choudary Bollipalli | Overview | ATP Tour | Tennis|website=ATP Tour}}</ref>

==Career==
Alongside [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha]], Bollipalli won the [[2024 San Luis Open Challenger – Men's doubles|2024 San Luis Open Challenger]], defeating [[Antoine Bellier]] and [[Marc-Andrea Hüsler]] in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/tennis/niki-poonacha-rithvik-bollipalli-first-atp-challenger-title-san-luis-46708|title=Niki Poonacha and Rithvik Bollipalli clinch first ATP Challenger title in San Luis|publisher=The Bridge|accessdate=13 January 2025}}</ref>

Partnering [[Arjun Kadhe]], he won his first ATP title at the [[2024 Almaty Open – Doubles|2024 Almaty Open]], defeating [[Nicolás Barrientos]] and [[Skander Mansouri]] in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/almaty-open-2024-tennis-arjun-kadhe-rithvik-bollipalli-win-doubles-title|title=Almaty Open 2024 tennis: Arjun Kadhe-Rithvik Bollipalli win maiden ATP Tour title|publisher=olympics.com|accessdate=20 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.in/chak-de-india/indian-duo-arjun-and-rithvik-win-first-atp-tour-title-in-almaty/|title=Indian duo Arjun and Rithvik win first ATP Tour Title in Almaty|publisher=Inside Sport|accessdate=20 October 2024}}</ref>

==ATP Tour finals==

===Doubles: 2 (2 titles)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
!Legend
|-style=background:#f3e6d7
|Grand Slam (0–0)
|- style="background:#e9e9e9"
|ATP Masters 1000 (0–0)
|- style="background:#d4f1c5"
|ATP 500 Series (0–0)
|-
|ATP 250 Series (2–0)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (1–0)
|-
|Clay (1–0)
|-
|Grass (0–0)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|1–0
|[[2024 Almaty Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2024}}]]
|[[Almaty Open]], Kazakhstan
|ATP 250
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe]]
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Nicolás Barrientos]] {{flagicon|TUN}} [[Skander Mansouri]]
|3–6, 7–6(7–3), [14–12]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|2–0
|[[2025 Chile Open – Doubles|{{dts|Mar 2025}}]]
|[[Chile Open (tennis)|Chile Open]], Chile
|ATP 250
|Clay
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Nicolás Barrientos]]
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Máximo González]] {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Andrés Molteni]]
|6–3, 6–2
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ATP|B0PX}}
* {{ITF|rithvik-choudary-bollipalli/800451405/ind}}
* {{Davis Cup|new_id=4199945d-21df-410f-b387-75f8d383178b}}

{{Portal bar|Tennis|India|Biography|Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bollipalli, Rithvik Choudary}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male tennis players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hyderabad, India]]

Gorakhpur Zoo

2026-02-18T05:43:00Z

SwagataDash: content fix

{{short description|Zoo in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name = Shaheed Ashfaq Ullah Khan Zoological Park Gorakhpur
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|date_opened = 27 March 2021
|date_closed =
|image =
|image_width = 250px
|image_caption =
|location = Taramandal, Near Nauka Vihar, [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
|area = {{convert|121|acres}}<ref name="auto"/>
|coordinates ={{Coord|26.7192|83.4084|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|num_animals =
|num_species =
|employees =
|exhibits =
|website = {{url|https://gorakhpurzoo.org/}}
}}
'''Shaheed Ashfaq Ullah Khan Zoological Park''' or '''Gorakhpur Zoological Garden''' commonly known as '''Gorakhpur Zoo''' is in [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gorakhpur Zoological Garden |url=http://upforest.gov.in/StaticPages/AboutGorakhpurZoo.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112092413/http://upforest.gov.in/StaticPages/AboutGorakhpurZoo.aspx |archive-date=12 November 2019 |accessdate=14 January 2019 |website=upforest.gov.in |publisher=Environment, Forest and Climate Change Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is named after independence activist [[Ashfaqulla Khan]]. With an area of 121 acres,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2019 |title=गोरखपुर में 181.82 करोड़ रुपये की लागत से 121.34 एकड़ में बनेगा प्राणि उद्यान |trans-title=Zoological park to be built on 121.34 acres in Gorakhpur at a cost of Rs 181.82 crore |url=https://udaipurkiran.in/hindi/1250234/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619205238/https://udaipurkiran.in/hindi/1250234/ |archivedate=2019-06-19 |website=udaipurkiran.in |language=hi}}</ref> it is the second biggest zoo in the state after [[Kanpur Zoological Park]]. It was opened for public on 27 March 2021.

== Location ==
Shaheed Ashfaq Ullah Khan Zoological Park is located on the Gorakhpur-Deoria bypass road. It is about 8 km away from [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station|Gorakhpur railway]]/bus station and about 11 km from the [[Gorakhpur Airport|airport]]. This zoological park is the first in [[Purvanchal]] and the third of Uttar Pradesh. The historical [[Ramgarh Tal Lake]] is situated on one side of it. [[Gorakhnath temple]] is 10 km from the zoo.

The city of Gorakhpur is surrounded by the Rapti and Rohin rivers. [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilvastu]], the birth place of Gautam Buddha and Kushinagar, the place of Parinirvana, is also close to this city. It is located in proximity to the circuit house, Buddhist museum, constellation, boating and water sports complex.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

== About ==
[[File:Gorakhpur , India.jpg|thumb|Gorakhpur wetlands]]
The zoo is established in a total area of 121.34 acres (49.10 ha). About 34 acres are in the form of wetland and 30 acres is dense forest. Tree plantation has been done in an additional area of 20 acres, that is, about 46.5 percent of the area of the zoological park is covered with trees. Due to the development of the zoological park as a green belt / forest like area, the entire area of the zoological park acts as a [[carbon sink]] and "green lungs" for the area.

Arrangements have been made to keep 387 wild animals of more than 58 species, including Asiatic Lion, tiger, leopard, rhinoceros, zebra, hippopotamus, 2 species of bear, 3 species of monkey, 6 species of deer. Various species of reptiles and birds including hyena, wolf, aquarium, butterfly park and crocodile, are the center of attraction. It has quarantine centers, rescue centers, a post-mortem house, a kitchen and feed store. Since Gorakhpur Zoological Park is the only one in Purvanchal, establishment of rescue centers facilitate to rescue wild animals straying from the forests of Purvanchal and its adjoining [[Bihar]] state and [[Nepal]] in the populated area and for their immediate rescue and treatment and thus avoiding [[Human–wildlife conflict|man-animal conflict]].

A veterinary hospital has been built for monitoring the health of wild animals, scientific study of their nature and research. Apart from this, incinerators have also been installed for disposal of dead wild animals and veterinary waste. Along with this, the zoo has public facilities like an interpretation center, 7D theatre, open air theater, ATM booth, souvenir shops, cafeteria, kiosk, gazebo, resting shed, benches, battery operated vehicle, toilet block. Arrangements have also been made of wheel chair for handicapped, pram for babies, R.O. water points and ODOP (One District One Product) shops. Safety and security includes CCTV, fire extinguishers and alarm system, solar fencing for carnivores, round the clock security arrangements and emergency exits.

There are currently more than 226 animals available in the zoo, including lions, tigers, rhinos, hyenas, hippos, bears, monkeys, different types of deer, 10 types of birds and a beautiful aquarium.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} In March 2021, the Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] inaugurated the zoo.

This zoological park is the first zoological park of Purvanchal and the third of Uttar Pradesh.

Monday weekly off.
Entry Ticket price:
(50rs. - over 12 years)
(25rs. - 06 years to 12 years)
(Free - Less than 06 years)

7D theatre price: (100rs. - over 12 years) (75rs. - 06 years to 12 years)
(7D theatre - Tickets can be booked on the spot and on the basis of availability.)
Just go to www(dot)gorakhpurzoo(dot)org and book your tickets now

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite web |last=Chand |first=Pragati |date=24 June 2022 |title=गोरखपुर चिड़ियाघर में 180 वन्यजीवों को मिली नई जिंदगी, यहां घायल जानवरों का इलाज कर बचाया जा रहा उनका जीवन |trans-title=180 wildlife got new life in Gorakhpur zoo, their lives are being saved by treating injured animals here |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-injured-wildlife-in-gorakhpur-zoo-treated-and-given-new-life-22832356.html |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}
* {{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2021-02-28 |title=Etawah's lions shifted to Gorakhpur zoo |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/etawahs-lions-shifted-gorakhpur-zoo-1502954711.html |website=The Statesman}}
* {{Cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=Kanpur zoo tiger finds a new home in Gorakhpur |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/kanpur-zoo-tiger-finds-a-new-home-in-gorakhpur/81804359.html |website=Ahmedabad Mirror}}
* {{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2021-06-06 |title=Gorakhpur zoo gets 5 duck hatchlings |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/gorakhpur-zoo-gets-5-duck-hatchlings/ |website=Mangalorean.com |access-date=6 October 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009200350/https://www.mangalorean.com/gorakhpur-zoo-gets-5-duck-hatchlings/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |last=पाण्डेय |first=राजीव दत्त |date=12 August 2018 |title=गोरखपुर दौरे के पूर्व मुख्यमंत्री ने चिड़ियाघर के लिए दिया तोहफा |trans-title=Before the Gorakhpur tour, the Chief Minister gave a gift to the zoo |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/story-former-chief-minister-of-gorakhpur-visit-to-the-zoo-2120481.html |website=Livehindustan.com}}
* {{Cite web |last= |first= |date=18 March 2022 |title=Yogi Adityanath Welcomes 2 Assam Rhinos At Gorakhpur Zoo |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/national/yogi-adityanath-welcomes-2-assam-rhinos-at-gorakhpur-zoo |website=Pratidin Time}}
* {{Cite web |date=17 February 2022 |title=गोरखपुर: 10 माह में बचाए गए 80 वन्य जीवों का घर बना चिड़ियाघर |trans-title=Gorakhpur: Zoo became home to 80 wild animals saved in 10 months |url=https://www.amarujala.com/gorakhpur/zoo-became-home-to-80-wild-animals-saved-in-10-months |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}

;Primary sources
* {{Citation |title=Letters, Central Zoo Authority |url=https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/zoos/zoo-status/english/290.pdf |publisher=Central Zoo Authority, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change}}
* {{Citation |title=Risk Assessment and Emergency Preparedness Plan. Conceptual Plan. Environment Consultant. |url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/EC/Risk_Assessment/20122017NYJVSVCMRISK.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211175617/http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/EC/Risk_Assessment/20122017NYJVSVCMRISK.pdf |others=environmentclearance.nic.in |archive-date=11 February 2022}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Zoos in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Gorakhpur]]

Ashok Singh

2026-02-14T17:01:42Z

SwagataDash: started new biography!

'''Ashok Singh''' may refer to:

*[[Ashok Singh (politician, born 1955)]], member of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India (1996–1997, 1998–1999)
*[[Ashok Singh (politician, born 1963)]], member of the Rajya Sabha
*[[Ashok Singh Moirangmayum]] (born 1993), Indian football defender
*[[Ashok Kumar Singh (disambiguation)]], several people
*[[Ashok Veer Vikram Singh]] (1949–2014), member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly

{{hndis|Singh, Ashok}}

Ramgopal Ghosh

2026-02-13T08:20:43Z

SwagataDash: added references

{{Short description|Indian Social Reformer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= February 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramgopal Ghosh
| image = Ram Gopal Ghosh.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1815|1|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1868|1|25|1815|1|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Social Reformer
| organization = [[Young Bengal]]
}}
'''Ramgopal Ghosh''' (15 January 1815 – 25 January 1868) was a leader of the [[Young Bengal]] Group, a successful businessman, orator and social reformer. He is called the '[[Demosthenes]] of India'.<ref name = "Bose480-481">Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), 1976/1998, ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, pp 480-481, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}</ref><ref name="Sengupta228">Sengupta, Nitish, 2001/2002, ''History of the Bengali-speaking People'', p 228, UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd., {{ISBN|81-7476-355-4}}</ref> Ghosh was one of the personalities who helped [[John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune]] establish a girls' school in [[Calcutta]].<ref>Acharya, Poromesh, Education in Old Calcutta in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol I, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, pp 87, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-563696-1}}.</ref>

Ramgopal Ghosh received his early education at the [[Hare School|Hare Preparatory school]] and joined the [[Hindu College, Calcutta|Hindu College]] in 1824 where he studied under [[Henry Louis Vivian Derozio]].<ref name="RepInd">{{cite book |last1=Pillai |first1=G. P. |title=Representative Indians |date=1897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GYoAAAAYAAJ |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref> He started his career as a clerk in the firm Messrs. Colvin & Co. and rose to manage the firm. In 1846, he opened a trading firm in his own name, styled R. G. Ghose & Co.

Ramgopal Ghosh was one of the earliest public agitators in Bengal. He was connected with several literary and political associations, such as "The Academic
Institution", the "Epistolary Association" and the "Society for the Acquisition of General Knowledge". He contributed to a paper called the Gyananashun. For some time he was the editor of this paper, and when it ceased to exist, he started another called the Spectator and later the Durpan.

In 1861, he was nominated as a member of the Bengal Legislative Council, but could not join owing to failing health. He died on 25 January 1868.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1815 births]]
[[Category:1868 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Puducherry–Mangaluru Central Weekly Express

2026-02-11T14:50:32Z

SwagataDash:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Puducherry–Mangalore Express
| image =Pondy Mangalore Express (via Trichy-Salem).jpg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Puducherry}} (PDY)
| stops = 21
| end = {{stnlnk|Mangalore Central}} (MAQ)
| distance = {{convert|798|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 16h 55m
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 16855/16856
| speed = {{convert|47|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Puducherry–Mangaluru Central Weekly Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Puducherry}} and {{stnlnk|Mangalore Central}} in India. It is currently being operated with 16855/16856 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/salem/over-5000-students-stage-road-rail-roko/articleshow/56675132.cms Over 5,000 students stage road, rail roko]</ref><ref>[http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in//view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=4486&did=14720311769163195A9EC1D949A8B96BD11326B259DD7.web107 PERMANENT AUGMENTATION OF TRAINS]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Pit-line-repair-work-at-Mangaluru-central-train-scheduleschanged/articleshow/49769649.cms Pit line repair work at Mangaluru central, train schedules changed]</ref>

== Service==

The 16855/Puducherry–Mangaluru Central Weekly Express has an average speed of 47 km/h and covers 798 km in 16h 55m. The 16856/Mangaluru Central–Puducherry Weekly Express has an average speed of 47 km/h and covers 798 km in 16h 55m.

==Halts and schedule==
The train 16855 leaves Puducherry (Pondicherry – PDY ) at 16:35 on Thursday and reaches Mangalore at 10:00 on Friday. It returns as 16856 which leaves Mangaluru (Mangalore Central) at 17:05 on Friday and reaches Puducherry (Pondicherry) at 10:00 on Saturday.

===16856 MAQ–PDY WEEKLY EXP. (FRIDAY)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Station name
! Station code
! Arrival
! Departure
! Day
|-
|Mangalore Central
| MAQ
| -
| 17:05
| 1
|-
| Kasaragod
|KGQ
|17:43
|17:45
|1
|-
| Kanhangad
| KZE
| 18:08
| 18:10
| 1
|-
| Payyanur
| PAY
| 18:33
| 18:35
| 1
|-
|Kannur
|CAN
| 19:07
| 19:10
| 1
|-
| Thalassery
| TLY
| 19:28
| 19:30
| 1
|-
| Mahe
| MAHE
| 19:39
| 19:40
| 1
|-
| Vadakara
| BDJ
| 19:53
| 19:55
| 1
|-
| Kozhikode
| CLT
| 20:27
| 20:30
| 1
|-
| Tirur
| TIR
| 21:03
| 21:05
| 1
|-
| Shoranur Junction
| SRR
| 22:05
| 22:15
| 1
|-
| Palakkad Junction
| PGT
| 22:57
| 23:00
| 1
|-
| Podanur Junction
| PTJ
| 00:14
| 00:15
| 2
|-
| Coimbatore Junction
| CBE
| 00:25
| 00:30
| 2
|-
| Tiruppur
| TUP
| 01:03
| 01:05
| 2
|-
| Erode Junction
| ED
| 01:55
| 02:00
| 2
|-
| Salem Junction
| SA
| 03:50
| 04:00
| 2
|-
| Salem Town
| SXT
| 04:19
| 04:20
| 2
|-
| Attur
| ATU
| 05:09
| 05:10
| 2
|-
| Chinnasalem
| CHSM
| 05:34
| 05:35
| 2
|-
| Vridhachalam Junction
| VRI
| 07:40
| 07:50
| 2
|-
| Viluppuram Junction
| VM
| 08:40
| 08:50
| 2
|-
| Pondicherry
| PDY
| 10:00
| -
| 2
|-
|}

===16855 PDY–MAQ WEEKLY EXP. (THURSDAY)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Station name
! Station code
! Arrival
! Departure
! Day
|-
| Pondicherry
| PDY
| -
| 16:35
| 1
|-
| Viluppuram Junction
| VM
| 17:20
| 17:30
|1
|-
| Vridhachalam Junction
| VRI
| 18:40
| 18:50
| 1
|-
| Chinnasalem
| CHSM
| 19:44
| 19:45
| 1
|-
| Attur
| ATU
| 20:09
| 20:10
| 1
|-
| Salem Town
| SXT
| 20:59
| 21:00
| 1
|-
| Salem Junction
| SA
| 22:00
| 22:10
| 1
|-
| Erode Junction
| ED
| 23:15
| 23:20
| 1
|-
| Tiruppur
| TUP
| 00:03
| 00:05
| 2
|-
| Coimbatore Junction
| CBE
| 01:12
| 01:15
| 2
|-
| Podanur Junction
| PTJ
| 01:24
| 01:25
| 2
|-
| Palakkad Junction
| PGT
| 02:27
| 02:30
| 2
|-
| Shoranur Junction
| SRR
| 03:20
| 03:30
| 2
|-
| Tirur
| TIR
| 04:18
| 04:20
| 2
|-
| Kozhikode
| CLT
| 05:02
| 05:05
| 2
|-
| Vadakara
| BDJ
| 05:43
| 05:45
| 2
|-
| Mahe
| MAHE
| 05:53
| 05:55
|2
|-
| Thalassery
| TLY
| 06:08
| 06:10
| 2
|-
| Kannur
| CAN
| 06:37
| 06:40
| 2
|-
| Payyanur
| PAY
| 07:13
| 07:15
| 2
|-
| Kanhangad
| KZE
| 07:48
| 07:50
| 2
|-
| Kasaragod
| KGQ
| 08:13
| 08:15
| 2
|-
| Mangalore Central
| MAQ
| 10:00
| -
| 2
|-
|}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 20 coaches:

* 2 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 8 Sleeper coaches
* 6 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed Erode or ROYAPURAM or Lalaguda Electric Shed]]-based [[Wap 7]] locomotive from Puducherry to Mangalore Central and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number
! Train
! Class
! Source
! Destination
! Via
|-
| 16855
| Mangaluru Weekly Express
| Express
| Pondicherry (PDY)
| Mangalore Cntl. (MAQ)
| Salem
|-
| 16856
| Puducherry Weekly Express
| Express
| Mangalore Cntl. (MAQ)
| Pondicherry (PDY)
| Salem
|-

| 16857
| Mangaluru Express
| Express
| Pondicherry (PDY)
| Mangalore Cntl. (MAQ)
| Thiruchirapalli
|-
| 16858
| Puducherry Express
| Express
| Mangalore Cntl. (MAQ)
| Pondicherry (PDY)
| Thiruchirapalli
|-
| 22604
| Viluppuram–Kharagpur Express
| Superfast
| Viluppuram Junction (VM)
| Kharagpur Junction (KGP)
| -
|-
| 22603
| Kharagpur–Viluppuram Express
| Superfast
| Kharagpur Junction (KGP)
| Viluppuram Junction (VM)
| -
|-
| 22605
| Purulia–Viluppuram Express
| Superfast
| Purulia Junction (PRR)
| Viluppuram Junction (VM)
| -
|-
| 22606
| Viluppuram–Purulia Express
| Superfast
| Viluppuram Junction (VM)
| Purulia Junction (PRR)
| -
|-
|}
22604–22603–22606–22605 – Empty to PDY – 16855–16856–16857–16858 – Empty to VM and repeat. PM @VM and SM @ MAQ. Total 2 standard blue ICF rakes <ref>amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/959</ref>

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction once:

* {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vriddhachalam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}

== See also ==

* [[Puducherry railway station]]
* [[Mangaluru Central railway station]]
* [[Puducherry–Mangalore Central Express (via Tiruchirappalli)]]
* [[Tirur railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/329 16855/Puducherry–Mangaluru Central Weekly Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/330 16856/Mangaluru Central–Puducherry Weekly Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puducherry-Mangalore Central Weekly Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Transport in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Nina Hamid

2026-01-27T09:22:09Z

SwagataDash:

{{Short description|Bangladeshi folk singer}}
{{cleanup biography|date=October 2015}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| image =
| name = Nina Hamid
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = নীনা হামিদ
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Manikganj District|Manikganj]], Bangladesh
| origin =
| genre = [[Folk music|Folk]]
| occupation = Singer
| instrument =
| years_active = 
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = 
}}

'''Nina Hamid''' is a [[Bangladeshi]] [[folk singer]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nina and MA Hamid on Maasranga Television tonight |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-224410 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=March 1, 2012 |accessdate=August 7, 2015}}</ref> She is notable for the song ''"Amar Sonar Moyna Pakhi"''.<ref>{{cite news |title=A treat for music enthusiasts in Panchagarh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-107689 |date=October 1, 2009 |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref> She was awarded [[Ekushey Padak]] in 1994 by the [[government of Bangladesh]].<ref name=ekushey>{{cite news|url= http://www.moca.gov.bd/site/page/c706da0c-29ee-4f0f-95d9-fa6705e19001/|script-title=bn:একুশে পদকপ্রাপ্ত সুধীবৃন্দ|accessdate=August 23, 2017|publisher=Government of Bangladesh|language=bn|trans-title=Ekushey Padak winners list}}</ref>

==Early life==
Hamid was born to Abu Mohammad Abdullah Khan and Sofrun Nessa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dainikazadi.org/details2.php?news_id=1486&table=june2013&date=2013-06-13&page_id=4&view=0|script-title=bn:পল্লীগীতি সম্রাজ্ঞী নীনা হামিদ|author=Rowshan Ara Beauty|language=bn|publisher=Dainik Azadi|access-date=2015-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211639/http://www.dainikazadi.org/details2.php?news_id=1486&table=june2013&date=2013-06-13&page_id=4&view=0|archive-date=2016-12-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nina Hamid's ancestral home is in Naoda village of [[Manikganj District]].Her father was a police officer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsg24.com/culture/song/2561/|script-title=bn:সোনার ময়না পাখি আসলে নীনা হামিদ|work=Newsg24|language=bn|access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/entertainment-news/2017/11/04/277774|script-title=bn:গানের কোকিল নীনা হামিদ|work=Bangladesh Pratidin|date=4 November 2017 |language=bn|access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hamid is married to modern singer MA Hamid. Dancer Farhana Chowdhury is Hamid's niece.<ref>{{cite news |author=Kavita Charanji |date=February 18, 2006 |title=Farhana Chowdhury: Folk and modern dance are her forte|url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/02/18/d60218140296.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star |accessdate=August 7, 2015}}</ref>

==Works==
Hamid is a [[Music of Bangladesh#Folk music|Bangla Folk Music]] singer, primarily known for her renditions of songs composed by Bangladesh's folk-poet [[Jasim Uddin]]. Hamid's songs mainly depict the sadness, sorrows, pathos of village women. Among the most widely known of her works are "Amar Sonar Moina Pakhi", "Ujaan Ganger Naiyiaa", "Nao Ano Re Bhai", "Jogi Vikkha Loina", "Jare ja Chithi", "Amar Golar har Khule ne Na O Go Lolite", the latter being a prominent example of a ''bicched'' (living-apart) folk song.

She has also performed spiritual songs, including "Ailam ar Gelam, Khailam ar Shyilam, Vobe Dekhlam Shunlam Kichui Bujhlamna", a folk-spiritual song written by [[Kuti Mansur]]. Her other songs are:

* Amar Nithur Bondhur
* Amar Praan Binodiyare
* Amar Praner Bondhu Kon
* Amar Sonar Moyna Pakhi
* Amay Paar Koro Re Ore
* Dukkho Je Moner Majhe
* Sagor Kuler Naaiya Re
* Tomaro Lagiya Re Shoda
* Ujan Ganger Naaiya Tumi

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0357645}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamid, Nina}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi women singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Manikganj District]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]

{{Bangladesh-singer-stub}}

Galiveedu mandal

2026-01-27T03:46:23Z

SwagataDash:

{{Short description|Mandal in Annamayya district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Galiveedu mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rayachoti revenue division|Rayachoti]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}

'''[https://galiveedu.com Galiveedu] mandal''' is one of the 25 [[mandal]]s in [[Annamayya district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Rayachoti revenue division]]. The mandal used to be a part of [[Kadapa district]] and was made part of the newly formed Annamayya district on 4 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-07 |title=Govt. slashing old-age pensions, says Lokesh |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/govt-slashing-old-age-pensions-says-lokesh/article36329115.ece |access-date=2022-04-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>[https://galiveedu.com]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Annamayya district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Annamayya district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

List of Kannada films of 1995

2026-01-07T04:26:24Z

SwagataDash: minor edit

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Sandalwood film list}}

== Top-grossing films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Rank
!Title
!Collection
!Ref.
|-
|1.
|''[[Om (1995 film)|Om]]''
|₹37 crore (₹267.86 crore in 2025)
|
|-
|2.
|''[[Putnanja]]''
|₹8 crore (₹52.4 crore in 2025)
|
|-
|3.
|''[[Operation Antha]]''
|₹5 crore (₹32.75 crore in 2025)
|
|-
|4.
|''[[Aata Hudugata|Aata Hudugaata]]''
|₹2 crore (₹13.1 crore in 2025)
|
|-
|5.
|''[[Karulina Kudi]]''
|₹1 crore (₹6.55 crore in 2025)
|
|}

== List ==
The following is a list of films produced in the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]] industry in [[India]] in [[1995 in film|1995]], presented in alphabetical order.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chiloka.com/kannada/movies/1995 | title=Top 1995 Kannada Movies List }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title
!Title in Kannada
! Director
! Cast
! Music
|-
| ''[[Aagatha]]''
|ಆಘಾತ|| [[Suresh Heblikar]] || [[Suresh Heblikar]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], [[Girish Karnad]] || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
|-
| ''[[Aata Hudugata]]''
|ಆಟ ಹುಡುಗಾಟ|| [[B. Ramamurthy]] || [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]], [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]], [[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]], [[Bank Janardhan]] || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''Annaji''
| || R. Devadiga || [[Kumar Govind]], Latheesha, [[Lohithaswa]] || Chandrakanth
|-
| ''[[Anuraga Sangama]]''
|ಅನುರಾಗ ಸಂಗಮ|| V. Umakanth || [[Kumar Govind]], [[Sudharani]], [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[B. Saroja Devi]] || [[V. Manohar]]
|-
| ''[[Aragini]]''
|ಅರಗಿಣಿ|| [[P. H. Vishwanath]] || [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Sudharani]], [[Ramesh Bhat]], [[Sanketh Kashi]] || [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
|-
| ''Baalondu Chaduranga''
|ಬಾಳೊಂದು ಚದುರಂಗ|| Bhagawan || [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sudharani]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] || Seenu
|-
| ''Bal Nan Maga''
||| Balaji Singh || [[Jaggesh]], Mohana, [[Doddanna]], [[Umashree]] || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''[[Bangarada Kalasha]]''
||| [[H. R. Bhargava]] || [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], [[Anjana (actress)|Anjana]] || [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
|-
| ''[[Beladingala Baale]]''
||| [[Sunil Kumar Desai]] || [[Ananth Nag]], [[Suman Nagarkar]], [[Ramesh Bhat]], [[Vanitha Vasu]] || Guna Singh
|-
| ''Betegara''
||| [[A. T. Raghu]] || [[Ambareesh]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''Bombat Raja Bandal Rani''
||| Vasanth Kunigal || [[Vinod Raj]], Priyanka, [[Umashree]], [[Dheerendra Gopal]] || Raj Mohan
|-
| ''Chinnada Raja''
||| Om Devar || [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], Sagar Raja || Raj Mohan
|-
| ''Chiranjeevi Rajegowda''
||| [[Joe Simon (film director)|Joe Simon]] || [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Sunitha (actress)|Vidyashree]], [[Dolly Minhas|Dolly]], [[Doddanna]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''[[Deergha Sumangali]]''
||| [[D. Rajendra Babu]] || [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishuvardhan]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], Devan, [[Srinivasa Murthy]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''[[Dore (film)|Dore]]''
||| Shivamani || [[Shivarajkumar]], [[Hema Panchamukhi]], [[Bharathi (actress)|Bharathi]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Eddide Gaddala''
||| Sridarshan || [[Sridhar (actor)|Sridhar]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]], [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]], Madhushree || Balu Sharma
|-
| ''Emergency''
||| [[Om Prakash Rao]] || [[Devaraj]], [[Nirosha]], [[Kalyan Kumar]], [[B. Sarojadevi]] || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''Eshwar''
||| R. C. Ranga || [[Jaggesh]], Chandini, [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''[[Gadibidi Aliya]]''
||| [[Om Sai Prakash]] || [[Shivarajkumar]], [[Malashri]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]], [[Jayamala]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] || [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|-
| ''[[Ganeshana Galate]]''
||| [[Phani Ramachandra]] || [[Shashikumar]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] || [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
|-
| ''[[Giddu Dada]]''
||| [[Dwarakish]] || [[Ramkumar]], [[Malashri]], [[Dwarakish]], [[M. P. Shankar]] || [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
|-
| ''Hello Sister''
||| [[Om Sai Prakash]] || [[Malashri]], [[Shashikumar]], [[Dwarakish]], [[Doddanna]] || [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
|-
| ''Hendathi Endare Heegirabeku''
||| [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] || [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]], Akshata, [[Sundar Raj]], [[Girija Lokesh]], [[Sathyabhama (Kannada actress)|Sathyabhama]] || [[V. Manohar]]
|-
| ''[[Himapatha]]''
|ಹಿಮಪಾತ|| [[Rajendra Singh Babu]] || [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Jayapradha]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Hosa Baduku''
||| B. Parameshwar || [[Ramkumar]], [[Bhavya]], [[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]] || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
|-
| ''Kalyanotsava''
||| [[Rajendra Singh Babu]] || [[Ambareesh]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruthi]], [[Vinaya Prasad]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''[[Karulina Kudi]]''
||| V. P. Sarathy || [[Ambareesh]], [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], [[Shamili]] || [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
|-
| ''[[Kavya (film)|Kavya]]''
||| [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]] || [[Ramkumar]], [[Sudharani]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], [[Kalyan Kumar]] || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''Kidnap''
||| [[Dwarakish]] || [[Devaraj]], [[Dwarakish]], Nandini Singh, [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] || Sax Raju
|-
| ''[[Killer Diary]]''
||| Srinivasa Raju || [[Devaraj]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] || [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijay Anand]]
|-
| ''[[Kona Edaithe]]''
||| B. Jayashree Devi || [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Kumar Govind]], [[Vinaya Prasad]], [[Sudharani]], [[Vanitha Vasu]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''[[Kraurya]]''
||| [[Girish Kasaravalli]] || Renukamma Murugodu, Master Vishwas, [[H. G. Dattatreya]] || [[L. Vaidyanathan]]
|-
| ''Lady Police''
||| [[Naganna]] || [[Malashri]], [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish]], [[Rajanand]] || [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
|-
| ''[[Mana Midiyithu]]''
||| [[M. S. Rajashekar]] || [[Shivarajkumar]], [[Priya Raman]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] || [[Upendra Kumar]]
|-
| ''Mangalya Sakshi''
||| Chikkanna || [[Abhijeeth]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], Madhukar, [[Tennis Krishna]] || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''[[Mojugara Sogasugara]]''
||| [[Vijay (director)|Vijay]] || [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], Sonakshi, [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]], [[Lokesh]], [[Pandari Bai]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Mother India''
||| Shivamani || [[Devaraj]], [[Nirosha]], [[Thilakan]], [[Srinivasa Murthy]] || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''Mr. Abhishek''
||| N. T. Jayaram Reddy || [[Ambareesh]], [[Sudharani]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Abhijeeth]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Mr. Vasu''
||| [[Joe Simon (film director)|Joe Simon]] || [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Dolly Minhas|Dolly]], [[Silk Smitha]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Mruthyu Bandhana''
||| Guruprasad || [[Kumar Govind]], Anil, Sangeetha, [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] || Peter Kemilas
|-
| ''[[Mutthinantha Hendathi]]''
||| Peraala || [[P. Sai Kumar|Saikumar]], [[Malashri]], [[Vinaya Prasad]], [[Ramesh Bhat]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Naviloora Naidile''
||| P. Chandrashekar || [[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]], Sindhu, Tejaswini || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Nighatha''
||| [[S. Narayan]] || [[Shashikumar]], [[Charanraj]], Madhurima, [[S. Narayan]] || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''Nilukada Nakshatra''
||| [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]] || [[Ananth Nag]], [[Bhavya]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] || [[S. P. Venkatesh|Sangeeta Raja]]
|-
| ''Ohhooo''
||| H. N. Shankar || [[S. Narayan]], Srivani, B. Mallesh || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''[[Om (Kannada film)|Om]]''
|ಓಂ|| [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] || [[Shivarajkumar]], [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]], Srishanti, [[Sadhu Kokila]], Harish Acharya, Kote Prabhakar || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''[[Operation Antha]]''
||| [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] || [[Ambareesh]], [[Lankesh]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[K. S. Ashwath]] || [[V. Manohar]]
|-
| ''Police Power''
||| Yogish Hunsur || [[Devaraj]], [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]], [[Ramesh Bhat]], [[Lohithaswa]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Priya O Priya''
||| Rajanand Reddy || Naveen Chander, Priyanka, [[Ramesh Bhat]] || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''Professor''
||| [[Renuka Sharma]] || [[Ambareesh]], Srishanti, [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Pandari Bai]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Putmalli''
||| Victory Vasu || [[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Malashri]], [[Kalyan Kumar]], [[B. Saroja Devi]] || Seenu
|-
| ''[[Putnanja]]''
||| [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] || [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Umashree]], [[Lokesh]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Ravitheja''
||| H. Vasudev || [[Kumar Govind]], [[Malavika Avinash]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Doddanna]] || Sax Raja
|-
| ''Rowdy''
||| [[Om Sai Prakash]] || [[Shashikumar]], [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]], [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]], [[Umashree]] || [[Raj–Koti]]
|-
| ''[[Samara (1995 film)|Samara]]''
||| [[Chi Guru Dutt]] || [[Shivarajkumar]], [[Sudharani]], [[Devaraj]], Ajay Gundurao, [[Malavika Avinash]] || Kausthuba
|-
| ''[[Sangeetha Sagara Ganayogi Panchakshara Gavai]]''
||| Chindodi Bangaresh || [[Girish Karnad]], [[Lokesh]], [[Kalyan Kumar]], [[Vijay Raghavendra]], [[Dheerendra Gopal]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''[[Savyasachi (1995 film)|Savyasachi]]''
||| [[M. S. Rajashekar]] || [[Shivarajkumar]], [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]], Charithra, [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''Shiva''
||| [[B. Ramamurthy]] || [[Shashikumar]], [[Farheen|Bindiya]], [[Vinaya Prasad]], [[Kalyan Kumar]] || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''Shravana Sanje''
||| [[A. T. Raghu]] || [[Charan Raj]], [[Ramkumar]], [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], Surya, [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] || [[Upendra Kumar]]
|-
| ''Shubha Lagna''
||| B. Krishnamurthy || [[Shashikumar]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], Nandini Singh || [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
|-
| ''[[Srigandha]]''
||| [[P. H. Vishwanath]] || [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Sudharani]], [[Sanketh Kashi]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''State Rowdy''
||| [[K. S. R. Das]] || [[Devaraj]], [[Ramkumar]], [[Dolly Minhas|Dolly]], [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] || [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
|-
| ''Thaliya Sowbhagya''
||| [[Om Prakash Rao]] || [[Ramkumar]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruthi]], [[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]], [[Dwarakish]] || [[Raj–Koti]]
|-
| ''Thavaru Beegaru''
||| A. Subramanyam || [[Sai Kumar (Tollywood actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Vinaya Prasad]], Lathashree, [[M. S. Umesh]] || [[Sadhu Kokila]]
|-
| ''Thayi Illada Tavaru''
||| [[S. Mahendar]] || [[Ramkumar]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruthi]], [[Srinivasa Murthy]], [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''[[Thumbida Mane]]''
||| S. Umesh || [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Shashikumar]], [[Abhijeeth]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruthi]], [[Vinaya Prasad]], [[Umashree]] || [[Upendra Kumar]]
|-
| ''Tungabhadra''
||| H. N. Shankar || [[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]], Sindhu, [[Girija Lokesh]] || [[Hamsalekha]]
|-
| ''Yama Kinkara''
||| [[Tiger Prabhakar]] || [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Dolly Minhas|Dolly]], Sonakshi, [[Vajramuni]] || [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/moviepages.htm
* http://www.kannadastore.com/

== See also ==

* [[Kannada films of 1994]]
* [[Kannada films of 1996]]

{{Cinema of Karnataka}}
{{1995 films}}
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannada Films Of 1995}}
[[Category:Lists of Kannada films by year|1995]]
[[Category:Lists of 1995 films by language|Kannada]]
[[Category:1995 in Indian cinema]]

Champa Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:16:56Z

SwagataDash: added new post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Champa
| type= SLA
| state = Chhattisgarh
| established = 2003
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 164,786
| mla = Moti Lal
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Champa Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Moti Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Champa<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Moti Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=52,075 |percentage=42.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Prasad |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=44,365 |percentage=36.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Udal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=15,009 |percentage=12.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shashi |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,695 |percentage=3.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,227 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Saheblal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,314 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Saheb Lal Sahu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,184 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,710 |percentage=6.31% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=122,185 |percentage=74.18% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,786 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Dhak (instrument)

2025-12-04T17:45:03Z

SwagataDash: cleanup

{{Short description|Musical instrument from the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Other uses|Dhak (disambiguation){{!}}Dhak}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
[[File:Dhak at Dhakeshwari Temple.jpg|thumb|Dhak at [[Dhakeshwari Temple]]]]
{{Listen
| filename = Durga Puja Dhak Dhol.ogg
| title = Durga Puja Dhak Sample Sound
| description = A 1:38 minute sample of Dhak playing during Durga Puja.
| format = [[Ogg]]
| pos = right
}}
{{Culture of Bengal}}
The '''dhak''' is a huge [[membranophone]] instrument from [[Bengal]] and [[Assam]].<ref name="Barthakur">{{cite book |last1=Barthakur |first1=Dilip Ranjan |title=The Music and Musical Instruments of North Eastern India |date=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-881-5 |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oP4vH-4oSEcC&dq=dhak+instrument&pg=PA97}}</ref> The shapes differ from the almost cylindrical to the barrel. The manner of stretching the hide over the mouths and lacing also varies. It suspended from the neck, tied to the waist and kept on the lap or the ground, and usually played with wooden sticks. The left side is coated to give it a heavier sound.<ref name="instrument">{{cite web | url = http://www.beatofindia.com/mainpages/instruments.htm| title = Instruments| access-date = 13 January 2008 | work =Percussions | publisher = beatofindia.com }}</ref>

It is of medieval origin,<ref name="Kuppuswamy">{{cite book |last1=Kuppuswamy |first1=Gowri |last2=Hariharan |first2=Muthuswamy |title=Indian Music: A Perspective |date=1980 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |isbn=978-0-8364-0629-0 |page=152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3oHAQAAMAAJ&q=dhak+instrument+origin}}</ref> and is used in Hindu religious festivals of the region, especially of [[Sakta]] and [[Shaiva]] traditions, including [[Durga Puja]], [[Kali Puja]] and [[Charak Puja]].<ref name="Barthakur"/><ref name="Folklore">{{cite book |title=Folk-lore |date=1975 |publisher=Indian Publications |pages=429, 430 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMvjAAAAMAAJ&q=dhak+instrument+origin}}</ref>

The drum beats, mostly played by the [[Bengali Hindu]] community, along with the ''[[arati]]'' (invocation dance) forms an integral part of [[Durga Puja]] unique to [[Bengal]].<ref name="Kuppuswamy"/><ref name="Folklore"/><ref name="Durga">{{cite web | url = http://www.durga-puja.org/tradition.html | title = Traditions of Durga Puja| access-date = 13 January 2008 | publisher = Society for confluence of festivals in India }}</ref> The [[Tea-garden community|tea-tribes]] of Assam play ''dhak'' along with ''[[Nagara (drum)|nagara]]''.<ref name="Barthakur"/>

''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' wrote, "Durga Puja does not assume the festive aura without the maddening beats of the dhak, the large drum that people hang around their necks and play with two thin sticks to infuse the frenzied rhythm into listeners. Those enchanting beats are enough to conjure up the sights and smells of Durga Puja."<ref name="Statesman2">{{cite news |last=Bhattachatya |first=Kajari |date=26 September 2006 |title=Beats of changing time |newspaper=The Statesman |location=Kolkata}}</ref>

It is also played in Islamic festivals like [[Muharram]] in Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Koushik |date=2 October 2017 |title=In this Bengal village Hindu dhakis beat drums for Muharram procession |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/in-this-bengal-village-hindu-dhakis-beat-drums-for-muharram-procession/story-OS1JP2lMDV049JTX7NrzoN.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 September 2024}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:বীরভূম জেলার মনসা পূজায় ঢাকিরা.jpg|Bengali drummers during Manasa Puja in [[Birbhum]], [[West Bengal]]
File:BD Dhaki.JPG|Bengal drummer and a dhaki
File:Dhak 2010 Arnab Dutta.JPG|A ''dhaki'' with his magnificent dhak at a South Kolkata Durga Puja pandal, 2010.
File:Dhaki Bazaar - Sealdah Railway Station - Kolkata 2011-10-03 030246.JPG|Dhak players, [[Sealdah]], [[Kolkata]]
File:Pohela boishakh rally.jpg|[[Pohela Boishakh]] procession from [[Dhaka University]], [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Dholak]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Indian musical instruments}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhak (Instrument)}}
[[Category:Membranophones]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi musical instruments]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Music of West Bengal]]

{{India-music-stub}}
{{Membranophone-instrument-stub}}

Jagmohan Singh Raju

2025-11-29T12:56:31Z

SwagataDash: made new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician and civil servant}}
'''Jagmohan Singh Raju''' is a former [[bureaucrat]] and [[politician]] from the [[Punjab]]. He held roles as Joint Secretary in the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of HRD's Department of Higher Education]] and Managing Director of [[Small Industries Development Corporation|SIDCO]]. After resigning from job in 2022, he entered into politics and was appointed general secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Punjab|BJP in Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jamwal |first1=Ranjeet S. |title='BJP is the natural option' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/exclusive-interviews/bjp-is-the-natural-option-1503126104.html |access-date=12 September 2025 |work=The Statesman |date=29 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Former IAS Officer and Politician Jagmohan Singh Raju Demands Inquiry into Punjab IAS & IPS Officers’ Alleged Misconduct |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/jagmohan-singh-raju-inquiry-punjab-officers-misconduct-143172/ |access-date=12 September 2025 |work=indianmasterminds.com}}</ref> Raju won the 2013 [[UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize]] for his efforts to make 10 million Indians literate in five years.

==Biography==
Raju was born into the family of former bureaucrat Karam Singh Raju.<ref>{{cite news |title=Day old in politics, ex-bureaucrat ready for Punjab poll challenge |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-polls-bjp-dr-jagmohan-singh-raju-amritsar-east-7746645/ |work=The Indian Express |date=29 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> His ancestral origin lies in the [[Ravidassia]] caste, and his great grandfather, Duni Chand, used to work as a leather worker.<ref>{{cite news |title=Retd IAS officer asserts his Rangretta identity before election |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/retd-ias-officer-asserts-his-rangretta-identity-before-election-365699 |access-date=12 September 2025 |work=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> He has a [[PhD]] in [[public policy]] from the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (TISS) and has been a visiting fellow at [[Cambridge University]] (UK). His wife Anu Singh is also a bureaucrat and a member of the Central Board of Direct Taxes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishnan |first1=Revathi |title=Senior Tamil Nadu IAS officer resigns from service to fight Sidhu in Amritsar on a BJP ticket |url=https://theprint.in/politics/senior-tamil-nadu-ias-officer-resigns-from-service-to-fight-sidhu-in-amritsar-on-a-bjp-ticket/814888/ |access-date=12 September 2025 |work=ThePrint |date=28 January 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
===Bureaucratic career===
[[File:The Defence Minister, Shri A. K. Antony presenting a trophy to the Joint Secretary, Ministry of HRD, Shri Jagmohan Singh Raju, for the best tableaux at the Republic Day Parade, in New Delhi on January 31, 2012.jpg|thumb|Defence Minister [[A.K. Antony]] presenting a trophy to Raju, for the best tableaux at the Republic Day Parade, in New Delhi on January 31, 2012]]
He joined the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) in 1985 and was assigned to the [[Tamil Nadu]] cadre.<ref>{{cite news |title=Babus in poll fray: 1 IPS, 3 former IAS officers try their electoral luck in Punjab assembly elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/babus-in-poll-fray-1-ips-3-former-ias-officers-try-their-electoral-luck/articleshow/89190724.cms |access-date=12 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=29 January 2022}}</ref> Over his tenure, held positions as Additional Chief Secretary, Commissioner of Land Reforms, and Chief Resident Commissioner of the Tamil Nadu House in New Delhi. He was also the Additional Chief Secretary/Chairman & MD of the Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency at one point.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jagmohan Singh Raju IAS transferred as ACS- Land Reforms, TN {{!}} Indian Bureaucracy {{!}} IAS, IPS, IFS Transfers, Government Appointments & PSU News |url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/jagmohan-singh-raju-ias-transferred-as-acs-land-reforms-tn/ |access-date=12 September 2025 |date=13 November 2018}}</ref>

===Political career===
Raju took voluntary retirement from his bureaucratic career and was fielded as the BJP candidate against [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] and [[Bikramjit Singh Majithia]] for the [[Amritsar East Assembly constituency]] during the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IAS Officer Takes Voluntary Retirement. BJP Pits Him Against Navjot Sidhu |url=https://www.ndtv.com/assembly-punjab/punjab-polls-bjp-fields-jagmohan-singh-raju-against-congs-navjot-singh-sidhu-from-amritsar-east-2733904 |access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref> Later he was appointed as Punjab BJP general secretary, and he resigned from this position in 2025, citing differences with the party's Amritsar (Urban) president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jagmohan Raju quits as state BJP general secy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/jagmohan-raju-quits-as-state-bjp-general-secy/ |access-date=12 September 2025 |work=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==Caste discrimination==
His appointment as [[Additional Secretary to the Government of India]] was blocked (or delayed) unlawfully, although his vigilance clearance (needed for promotion/empanelment) had earlier been cleared. Then Central Vigilance Commissioner (CVC), K.V. Chowdary, allegedly reopened inquiries into closed pseudonymous complaints just when his empanelment was under consideration in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhingra |first1=Sanya |title=Dalit IAS officer used to think caste bias was a myth. Now he's fighting it |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/dalit-ias-officer-used-to-think-caste-bias-was-a-myth-now-hes-fighting-it/227427/ |access-date=14 September 2025 |work=ThePrint |date=26 April 2019}}</ref>

Even after a investigation, committee found no wrongdoing by Raju and he alleges that this 're-inquiry' was used as a tool to withhold clearance and stall his promotion. The [[National Commission for Scheduled Castes]] (NCSC), after examining, also found that he had been 'grossly discriminated and victimised.'<ref>{{cite news |title=PMO asked to action against CVC for caste bias |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pmo-asked-to-action-against-cvc-for-caste-bias-119040700587_1.html |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref>

==Author==
He authored a book named ''Ramrajya -The People’s Welfare State''. The book is based on Raju’s doctoral research and presents a vision of governance inspired by the concept of Ramrajya, an ideal state rooted in justice, equality, and welfare of all citizens. The book was launched at [[Lovely Professional University]] (LPU) during Raju’s tenure as Additional Chief Secretary of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Team |first1=The Happenings |title=TN's Additional Chief Secretary Launched his Book at LPU |url=https://happenings.lpu.in/tns-additional-chief-secretary-launched-book-lpu/ |website=Happenings@LPU |access-date=12 September 2025 |date=31 October 2017}}</ref>

==Awards==
Raju won the 2013 [[UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Day old in politics, ex-bureaucrat ready for Punjab poll challenge |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-polls-bjp-dr-jagmohan-singh-raju-amritsar-east-7746645/ |access-date=12 September 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> for his efforts to make 10 million Indians literate in five years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=MASIH |first1=ARCHANA |title=Can This Babu Be Punjab's Giant Killer? |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/jagmohan-singh-raju-can-this-babu-be-punjabs-giant-killer/20220228.htm |access-date=12 September 2025 |work=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ramendra Jakhu]]
*[[ Shiv Ram Kaler]]
*[[Sucha Ram Ladhar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, Jagmohan Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Union Public Service Commission]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Ravidassia]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Punjab]]

Konthamuru

2025-11-25T23:34:42Z

SwagataDash: brief adjust information to improve readability further and added references

{{more citations needed|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Konthamuru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
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| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.046609|N|81.797749|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajahmundry]] Rural
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[East Godavari district]]
| established_title = 
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| unit_pref = Metric
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| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = [http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Konthamuru%20&district=East%20Godavari 533102]
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
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}}
'''Konthamuru''' is a locality in [[Rajamahendravaram]] City. It is a part of "Greater Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation (GRMC)".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greater Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation (GRMC)|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/rajamahendravaram-civic-body-gets-greater-status-596995|date=14 January 2020|via=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Konthamuru%20&district=East%20Godavari |title=Konthamuru Pincode 533102 |publisher=citypincode.in |date= |accessdate=2014-02-26}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{East Godavari district}}

[[Category:Villages in East Godavari district]]

{{EastGodavari-geo-stub}}

Malathi Chendur

2025-11-21T18:33:54Z

SwagataDash: Added a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{short description|Telugu writer (1928–2013)}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Malathi Chendur
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Malati Chandoor.JPG
| image_size = 200 px
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Malathi Chendur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|12|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nuzvid]], [[Krishna district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day  [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|8|21|1928|12|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| resting_place =
| occupation = Translator Novelist Columnist
| language =
| residence =
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education = [[SSLC]]
| alma_mater =
| home_town =
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notableworks = 
| spouse = Chendur Nageswar Rao
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| signature =
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}}
'''Malathi Chendur''' (26 December 1928 – 21 August 2013) was a popular Indian writer, novelist and columnist. She started her career as a novelist in 1949 and went on to write 26 novels in the [[Telugu language]]. She also translated more than 300 novels from other languages into Telugu. In 1992, she was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for her novel ''Hrudaya Netri''. She wrote a weekly column, "Pramadaavanam", in the ''[[Andhra Prabha]]'' newspaper which appeared continuously for 47 years.

== Early life, education, and marriage ==
She was born on 26 December 1928 to Venkatachalam (father) and Gnanamba (mother) in [[Nuzvid]], [[India]].<ref name="sakshi_article">{{cite web |title=మాలతీ చందూర్ కన్నుమూత |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/noted-telugu-writer-and-columnist-malathi-chandur-no-more-59051 |website=Sakshi |accessdate=20 November 2018 |language=Telugu|date=22 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="hans_2">{{cite web |title=The ever fragrant Malathi |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2013-08-25/The-ever-fragrant--Malathi/70166 |website=The Hans India |date=25 August 2013 |accessdate=21 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Malathi was the sixth and youngest child of her parents. She passed the eighth standard in Nuzvid and went to [[Eluru]] for her high school education. In Eluru she stayed at the house of Nageswar Rao Chendur, her maternal uncle. In 1947, both she and Nageswar Rao Chendur went to [[Madras]]. Malathi received her Secondary School Leaving Certificate in Madras. At the end of 1947 Malathi married Nageswar Rao Chendur. Their marriage was reported as the first registered marriage after independence in Madras.<ref name= hans_2 /><ref name="dearnri_web">{{cite web |title=తె\తెనుగు.ఆర్గు :: దివాణంలో ఆడుకునేవాళ్లం - మాలతీ చందూర్... |url=http://dearnri.org/tenugu.com/te/telugu/malati_chandoor.html |accessdate=20 November 2018 |language=Telugu |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131555/http://dearnri.org/tenugu.com/te/telugu/malati_chandoor.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1949, Chendur started her career as a novelist. In those days she used to narrate her novels on radio.<ref name="dearnri_web"/> She wrote a weekly column, "Pramadaavanam", in the ''[[Andhra Prabha]]'' newspaper, in which she answered questions from readers and gave advice on social and personal issues.<ref name= hans_india>{{cite web |title=My association with Malathi Chandur |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2013-08-30/My-association-with-Malathi-Chandur/70556 |website=The Hans India |date=30 August 2013 |accessdate=20 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="the_hindu">{{cite web |title=Writer Malathi Chandur dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/writer-malathi-chandur-dead/article5047141.ece |website=The Hindu |accessdate=20 November 2018 |language=en-IN |date=22 August 2013}}</ref> The column appeared continuously for 47 years.<ref name="sakshi_article"/>

In 1953, Chendur published a cookbook in Telugu titled ''Vantalu–Pindivantalu'', which was reprinted at least 30 times.<ref name="hans_2"/> Chendur translated many English novels to Telugu and published them under the title ''Paathakeratalu'' in the ''[[Swathi (magazine)|Swathi]]'' magazine.<ref name= sakshi_article /><ref name= the_hindu /> Her first novel was ''Champakam–Cheedapurugulu'' and her first story was "Ravvaladdulu". Some of her famous novels are ''Champakam–Cheedapurugulu'', ''Aalochinchu'', ''Sadyogam'', ''Hrudaya Netri'', ''Sisira Vasantham'', ''Manasuloni Manasu'', and ''Bhumi Puthri''.<ref name= sakshi_article /><ref name="hans_2"/> She also wrote short stories for weekly magazines. Her novels contain practical solutions for the problems women encounter in daily life.<ref name="jagaran">{{cite web |title=Telugu Novelist and Winner of Sahitya Akademi, Malathi Chandur died |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/telugu-novelist-and-winner-of-sahitya-akademi-malathi-chandur-died-1377262449-1# |website=Jagranjosh.com |accessdate=20 November 2018 |language=en |date=23 August 2013}}</ref> She wrote 26 novels in the Telugu language and translated more than 300 novels from other languages to Telugu, publishing them in five volumes under the title ''Navala Parichayalu''.<ref name= sakshi_article /><ref name= hans_india /> She was a member of [[Central Board of Film Certification]] for 11 years.<ref name= sakshi_article /><ref name= hans_2 />

== Awards ==
In 1987, Chendur was awarded the ''Andhra Pradesh'' [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for her novel ''Hrudaya Netri''. In 1992, she was awarded the ''Kendra'' Sahitya Akademi Award for the same novel. In 1990, she was awarded the prestigious [[Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad]] award.<ref name="sakshi_article"/><ref name="hans_2"/> In 1996, she received the [[Raja-Lakshmi Award]]. She also received the Telugu University award. In 2005, [[Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam]] awarded her with an honorary doctorate and title of Kalaprapoorna.<ref name="the_hindu"/><ref name="jagaran"/> In 2005, Chendur and her husband has
received the first Lok Nayak Foundation award instituted by Yarlagadda Lakshmiprasad.<ref name= hans_2 />

== Death ==
She died following a prolonged illness on 21 August 2013 in [[Chennai]].<ref name="hans_2"/><ref name="the_hindu"/><ref name="jagaran"/> Her body was donated to [[Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute]] for research purposes.<ref name="sakshi_article"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chendur, Malathi}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Telugu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Translators to Telugu]]
[[Category:Women writers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]

Jeet Thayil

2025-10-16T15:54:38Z

SwagataDash: made article

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Jeet Thayil
| image = Jeet Thayil performing at Goobe's Book Republic, Bangalore.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Jeet Thayil at Goobe's Book Republic, [[Bangalore]].
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1959}}
| birth_place = Mamalassery, [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Author, Journalist, Poet, Musician, Guitarist
| language = English
| alma_mater = [[Sarah Lawrence College]] (MFA)
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''These Errors Are Correct'' (2008) 
''[[Narcopolis (book)|Narcopolis]]'' (2012) 
''Collected Poems'' (2015) 
''Names of the Women'' (2021)
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.jeetthayil.com/}}
| portaldisp =
| relatives = [[T. J. S. George]] (father) [[Raj Mathai]] (cousin) [[Abraham Verghese]] (cousin)
}}
'''Jeet Thayil''' (born 1959) is an Indian poet,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahitya Akademi : Who's Who of Indian Wiriters|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/SASearchSystem/sauser/writerinfo.jsp?wrids=2832|website=Sahitya Akademi|access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref> novelist, librettist and musician. He is the author of several poetry collections, including ''These Errors Are Correct'' (2008), which won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].<ref name="Pathak 2013"/> His first novel, ''[[Narcopolis (book)|Narcopolis]],'' (2012), won the [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]],<ref name=":1" /> and was shortlisted for the 2012 [[Man Booker Prize]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Pathak 2013">{{cite news |last1=Pathak |first1=Nilima |title=Jeet Thayil: derided at home, loved abroad |url=https://gulfnews.com/general/jeet-thayil-derided-at-home-loved-abroad-1.1140050 |access-date=14 November 2022 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=January 13, 2013}}</ref> and [[Hindu Literary Prize|''The Hindu'' Literary Prize]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/jeet-thayil|title=Jeet Thayil - Literature|website=literature.britishcouncil.org}}</ref>

==Biography==
Thayil was born in [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="Pathak 2013"/> His father is writer and editor [[T. J. S. George|Thayil Jacob Sony George]], and the family moved with his work.<ref name="Pathak 2013"/><ref name="Suman 2017">{{cite news |last1=Suman |first1=Saket |title=Writer Jeet Thayil was inspired by 'soothing sound' of his father's typewriter |url=https://www.theweek.in/webworld/features/society/jeet-thayil-inspired-by-soothing-sound-of-father-typewriter.html |access-date=14 November 2022 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=6 December 2017}}</ref> Thayil was raised in [[Mumbai]] until age 8, then moved to [[Hong Kong]], and returned to Mumbai at age 18 where he graduated from [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]].<ref name="Pathak 2013"/> He later completed an MFA at [[Sarah Lawrence College]] in New York.<ref name="Pathak 2013"/> Until age 40, Thayil lived in Mumbai and [[Bengaluru]], and worked as a journalist in Mumbai, Bengaluru, Hong Kong, and New York.<ref name="Pathak 2013"/>

In 2006, he told ''[[The Hindu]]'' that he had been an alcoholic and an addict for almost two decades.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roy|first=Nilanjana|title=Finding the words again|url=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/06/04/stories/2006060400020100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925011904/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/06/04/stories/2006060400020100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2006|access-date=27 January 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 June 2006}}</ref> He began using drugs after he returned to India at age 18.<ref name="Suman 2017" /> In 2013, he told ''[[Gulf News]]'' that he successfully quit at age 42.<ref name="Pathak 2013"/>

As a songwriter and guitarist, he is one half of the contemporary music project Sridhar/Thayil (Mumbai, New Delhi).<ref>{{cite news|last=Majumdar|first=Anushree|title=Note Worthy|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/noteworthy/334364/0|access-date=27 January 2012|newspaper=Indian Express|date=13 July 2008}}</ref>

==Writing career==
His first novel, ''[[Narcopolis (book)|Narcopolis]]'' (2012), is set mostly in Bombay in the 1970s and '80s, and sets out to tell the city's secret history, when opium gave way to new cheap heroin. Thayil has said he wrote the novel: "to create a kind of memorial, to inscribe certain names in stone. As one of the characters [in ''Narcopolis''] says, it is only by repeating the names of the dead that we honour them. I wanted to honour the people I knew in the opium dens, the marginalised, the addicted and deranged, people who are routinely called the lowest of the low; and I wanted to make some record of a world that no longer exists, except within the pages of a book."<ref name=mid/>

His other novels include ''The Book of Chocolate Saints'' (2017),<ref name="Burnside 2018">{{cite news |last1=Burnside |first1=John |title=The Book of Chocolate Saints by Jeet Thayil – portrait of a doomed genius |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/mar/07/the-book-of-chocolate-saints-by-jeet-thayil-review |access-date=14 November 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=7 March 2018}}</ref> ''Low'' (2020),<ref name="Doyle 2020">{{cite news |last1=Doyle |first1=Rob |title=Low by Jeet Thayil review – a lost weekend in Mumbai |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jan/23/low-by-jeet-thayil-review |access-date=14 November 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Fullerton 2020">{{Cite news|last=Fullerton|first=Jamie|date=8 April 2020|title='Drugs Are a Vehicle to Look at Grief': Jeet Thayil on His New Book|work=VICE|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/drugs-are-a-vehicle-to-look-at-grief-jeet-thayil-on-his-new-book/|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> and ''Names of the Women'' (2021).<ref name="Theroux 2021">{{cite news |last1=Theroux |first1=Marcel |title=Names of the Women by Jeet Thayil review – Bible stories reclaimed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/mar/24/names-of-the-women-by-jeet-thayil-review-bible-stories-reclaimed |access-date=14 November 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kelly 2021">{{cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Stuart |title=Book review: Names of the Women, by Jeet Thayil |url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/books/book-review-names-of-the-women-by-jeet-thayil-3186276 |access-date=14 November 2022 |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=April 1, 2021}}</ref> Thayil spent five years writing an 800-page draft of ''Narcopolis'', and then split the draft into the 300-page ''Narcopolis'' and his later novels ''The Book of Chocolate Saints'' and ''Low''.<ref name="Suman 2017" /><ref name="Fullerton 2020"/> The three novels form what Thayil sees as "Bombay Trilogy".<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/ht-cafe/20200220/281801400982420 |access-date=2025-05-09 |via=PressReader}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeet Thayil |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/thayil-jeet/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref>

His poetry collections include ''Gemini'' (1992), ''Apocalypso'' (1997), ''English'' (2004), ''These Errors Are Correct'' (2008),<ref name="Pathak 2013" /> and ''Collected Poems'' (2015).<ref name="Subramaniam 2016">{{cite news |last1=Subramaniam |first1=Arundhathi |title=Fluid words |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/literary-review/arundhathi-subramaniam-reviews-jeet-thayils-collected-poems/article8227574.ece |access-date=14 November 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=February 13, 2016}}</ref><ref name="King">{{cite news |last1=King |first1=Bruce |title=Book Review: Collected Poems of Jeet Thayil |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/FSZ4Vd29tQ6ttwomKDIF4M/Book-Review-Collected-Poems-by-Jeet-Thayil.html |access-date=14 November 2022 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=9 January 2016}}</ref> In 2016, he was the Arts Queensland Poet-In-Residence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cathcart |first1=Michael |last2=Kirkham |first2=Sky |title=Queensland Poetry Festival: Jeet Thayil |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/archived/booksandarts/qpf_jeetthayil/7719606 |access-date=14 November 2022 |work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] |date=17 August 2016}}</ref>

Thayil is the editor of the ''Bloodaxe Book of Contemporary Indian Poets'' ([[Bloodaxe Books|Bloodaxe]], UK, 2008), ''60 Indian Poets'' (Penguin India, 2008) and a collection of essays, ''Divided Time: India and the End of Diaspora'' ([[Routledge]], 2006). His poetry is included in ''Anthology of Contemporary Indian Poetry'' (United States, 2015).<ref>{{cite web|title=Anthology of Contemporary Indian Poetry|url=http://bigbridge.org/BB17/poetry/indianpoetryanthology/Jeet_Thayil.html|publisher=BigBridge.Org|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref>

He is the author of the libretto for the opera ''Babur in London'', commissioned by the UK-based Opera Group with music by the Zürich-based British composer [[Edward Rushton (composer)|Edward Rushton]].<ref name=opera>{{cite web|title=Babur in London |url=http://www.theoperagroup.co.uk/?p=1237 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412014029/http://www.theoperagroup.co.uk/?p=1237 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2012 |publisher=The Opera Group |access-date=27 January 2012 }}</ref> The world premiere of ''Babur'' took place in Switzerland in 2012, followed by tours to the United Kingdom (performed at theatres in London and Oxford) and India. At the work's core is an exploration about the complexities of faith and multiculturalism in modern-day Britain. Its action hinges on an imagined encounter between a group of religious fundamentalists and the ghost of Babur, who challenges their plans for a suicide strike.<ref name=opera/>

==Awards and honours==
In 2012, Thayil's poetry collection ''These Errors are Correct'' was awarded the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English|Sahitya Akademi Award for English]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jeet Thayil among 24 selected for Sahitya Akademi Awards|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/jeet-thayil-among-24-selected-for-sahitya-akademi-awards/article4222947.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 December 2012}}</ref> He was shortlisted for the [[Man Booker Prize 2012]] and [[The Hindu Literary Prize|''The Hindu'' Literary Prize]] (2013) for his debut novel ''[[Narcopolis (book)|Narcopolis]]''.<ref name=":0">{{cite news| url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/jeet-thayil-on-man-booker-shortlist/article3887005.ece|first=Hasan|last=Suroor|title=Jeet Thayil on Man Booker Prize shortlist|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/the-hindu-literary-prize-goes-to-jerry-pinto/article4425328.ece |title=The Hindu Literary Prize goes to Jerry Pinto |work=The Hindu |author=Staff writer |author-link=Staff writer |date=17 February 2013 |access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref> In 2013, Thayil became the first Indian author to win the [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]], worth $50,000, for the novel ''Narcopolis''.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jan/25/jeet-thayil-south-asian-literature-prize |title=Jeet Thayil becomes first Indian winner of South Asian literature prize |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Richard |last=Lea |date=25 January 2013 |access-date=26 January 2013}}</ref>

==Style==

The Indian poet [[Dom Moraes]], in his introduction to Thayil's first book of poems (with poet Vijay Nambisan), ''Gemini'', said that Thayil did not trouble his mind with the concerns of many Indian poets, their Indianness, that he did not make statements that were irrelevant to his work, that his concerns were mainly personal. Thayil, Moraes said, "works his feelings out with care, through colourations of mood rather than through explicit statements."<ref>{{cite book|title=Gemini|year=1992|publisher=Viking|isbn=0-670-84524-8|author=Jeet Thayil|author2=Vijay Nambisan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brownjohn|first=Alan|author-link=Alan Brownjohn|title=Dom Moraes|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/jun/04/guardianobituaries.india|access-date=27 January 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 June 2004}}</ref>

About ''Narcopolis'', Thayil said, "I've always been suspicious of the novel that paints India in soft focus, a place of loved children and loving elders, of monsoons and mangoes and spices. To equal Bombay as a subject you would have to go much further than the merely nostalgic will allow. The grotesque may be a more accurate means of carrying out such an enterprise."<ref name=mid>{{cite news|last=Ratnam|first=Dhamini|title=The history of Mumbai no one told you|url=http://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/2012/jan/150112-The-history-of-Mumbai-no-one-told-you.htm|access-date=27 January 2012|newspaper=Mid-Day|date=15 January 2012}}</ref>

Thayil, writes a reviewer for Indian Book Critics, is good when he writes without personal exertions (review for Collected Poems).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Amit |title=Collected Poems by Jeet Thayil – Book Review |url=https://indianbookcritics.in/poetry/collected-poems-by-jeet-thayil-book-review/ |website=Indian Book Critics |date=4 April 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

===Poetry===
*''Collected Poems'', [[Aleph Book Company]], New Delhi, 2015. {{ISBN|978-9384067434}}
*''These Errors Are Correct'', Tranquebar Books (EastWest and Westland), Delhi, 2008. {{ISBN|978-8189975425}}
*''English'', [[Penguin Books]], New Delhi and Rattapallax Press, New York, 2004. {{ISBN|1-892494-59-0}}
*''Apocalypso'', Aark Arts, London, 1997, {{ISBN|1-899179-01-1}}
*''Gemini'', [[Viking Press|Penguin-Viking]], New Delhi, 1992. (two-poet volume ), {{ISBN|0-670-84524-8}}

===Fiction===
*''[[Narcopolis (book)|Narcopolis]]'', [[Faber and Faber]], London, 2012, {{ISBN|978-0-571-27576-2}}
*''The Book of Chocolate Saints'', [[Aleph Book Company|Aleph]], 2017, {{ISBN|978-9386021038}}
*''Low'', [[Faber and Faber]], 2020, {{ISBN|978-0571360727}}
*''Names of the Women'', [[Jonathan Cape]], 2021, {{ISBN|978-1787332928}}
*''The Elsewhereans: A Documentary Novel'', 23 June 2025, {{ISBN|978-9369897797}}

===As an editor===
*''The Bloodaxe Book of Contemporary Indian Poets'', [[Bloodaxe Books|Bloodaxe]] UK, 2008 {{ISBN|1-85224-801-7}}
*''60 Indian Poets'', [[Penguin Books|Penguin India]], 2008 {{ISBN|978-0143064428}}
*''Divided Time: India and the End of Diaspora'', [[Routledge]], 2006
*''Give the Sea Change and It Shall Change'': 56 Indian Poets, Fulcrum, 2005
*''Vox2: Seven Stories'', Sterling Newspapers, India, 1997

{{commons category}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}
*[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/feb/09/jeet-thayil-interview-man-booker-narcopolis-book-chocolate-saints Jeet Thayil: 'I have a liver condition, I'm reckless and I'm very aware that time is limited']

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thayil, Jeet}}
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Sarah Lawrence College alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:People educated at Island School]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]

Spice Global

2025-10-04T03:50:59Z

SwagataDash: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian conglomerate}}
{{redirect|ModiCorp|other companies|Modi (disambiguation)}}
{{update|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Spice Global
| logo =
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| predecessor = Modi Corp MCorp Global Spice Corp
| foundation = {{start date and age|1980}}
| defunct = {{start date and age|2018}}
| founder = [[Bhupendra Kumar Modi]]
| location_city = [[Singapore]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| locations =
| key_people = [[Ozi Amanat]] (CIO)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.medianama.com/2013/01/223-spice-global-appoints-ozi-amanat-as-its-chief-investment-officer/|title=Spice Global Appoints Ozi Amanat As Its Chief Investment Officer|author=Vikas SN|date=Jan 3, 2013|publisher=Medianama.com|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref>
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| services =
| products =
| assets = {{Increase}} US$ 2 billion (2011)<ref name="THBL">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/spice-retail-acquires-global-access/article976042.ece|title=Spice Retail acquires Global Access|date=January 22, 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref>
| num_employees = 10,000
| homepage = [http://www.spiceglobal.com/ Spice Global]
}}

'''DigiSpice''' (aka '''Spice Global''') was an Indian [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] headquartered in [[Singapore]]. The company operates in the sectors of telecom, finance, entertainment and technology. They operate internationally in Los Angeles, New York, Kuala Lumpur, London, Dubai, Nepal, Bangladesh, Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka and Shenzhen.

In 2014, the company's aggregated assets totalled [[US$]]2 billion with over 10,000 employees worldwide.<ref name="THBL" />

Spice Global is planning to offer full-fledged banking service, with focus on smart banking, which is showing a 227% annual growth, to its customers. It has applied to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for a license. The company is already offering financial services through Wall Street Finance, which has 6,000 sub-agents across India, including Vijaya Bank, ICICI Bank and Kotak.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spice Global plans to approach RBI for bank licence|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-spice-global-plans-to-approach-rbi-for-bank-licence-319511|accessdate=23 August 2013|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|date=14 March 2013|agency=PTI}}</ref>

In 2014, the company made an aggressive bid to acquire the American business magazine [[Forbes]] Media, from the Forbes family and the private equity group [[Elevation Partners]]. [[Ozi Amanat]] valued the company and acquisition at $300–$500m and quoted it as one of the world’s most brilliant brands.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spice Global's BK Modi among top bidders for Forbes|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/spice-globals-bk-modi-among-top-bidders-for-forbes/articleshow/28854238.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=16 January 2014|agency=ET Bureau}}</ref>
The bid for Forbes was short listed as the 3 top bidders for acquisition, beating [[Time Inc]], [[21st Century Fox|Fox]], [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], [[Warren Buffett]] and other major investors.

==History==
Spice Global was established in 1980 by [[B. K. Modi]] under the name, Modi Corp. Later, the company came to be known as MCorp Global and Spice Corp, before it finally became Spice Global.

In 2009, a bid between [[Virgin Mobile]] and Spice Global was held for the 3G contract of [[Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-09-03/news/28392096_1_offer-3g-services-franchise-deal-spice-group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914200625/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-09-03/news/28392096_1_offer-3g-services-franchise-deal-spice-group|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 14, 2015|title=Virgin Mobile, Spice Group bid for 3G franchise deal of MTNL|date=September 3, 2009|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|accessdate=8 January 2013|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The deal was eventually called off due to regulation issues and a deal was not signed for the network.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-05-26/news/28398497_1_mtnl-plans-3g-state-owned-telecom-operator|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216071536/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-05-26/news/28398497_1_mtnl-plans-3g-state-owned-telecom-operator|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 16, 2013|title=MTNL plans fresh tender for 3G partner|date=May 26, 2010|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|accessdate=8 January 2013|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

[[Spice Telecom]] was sold to [[Idea Cellular]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/04/stories/2008060456121700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606211844/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/04/stories/2008060456121700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 6, 2008|title=Spice considers stake sale|date=June 4, 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=8 January 2013|location=NEW DELHI}}</ref>

The company abandoned plans for a [[US$]] 500 million [[Initial public offering|IPO]] when the [[Dubai Financial Market]] General Index dropped 65 percent in 2009.<ref name="NYTIPO">{{cite news|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2009/06/22/spice-global-to-seek-new-exchange-after-scrapping-dubai-ipo/|title=Spice Global to Seek New Exchange for I.P.O.|date=June 22, 2009|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref> The decision where to hold the IPO was withheld from the general public with Singapore, [[Hong Kong]], [[London]], and the US as strongly speculated possibilities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aJjYQ_awGpWI|title=Indian Billionaire Modi Plans $1 Billion IPO, Scraps Dubai Plan|last=Ismail|first=Netty|date=June 22, 2009|publisher=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/spice-global-listing-likely-this-fiscal/article2107447.ece|title=Spice Global listing likely this fiscal|author=K. V. KURMANATH|date=June 15, 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=8 January 2013|location=HYDERABAD}}</ref> However, plans in 2012 revealed Spice Global would be listed in London.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2011/77/india-billionaires-11_Bhupendra-Kumar-Modi_FDK3.html|title=#52 Bhupendra Kumar Modi|year=2011|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-13/spice-global-s-modi-on-developing-markets-planned-ipo-video-.html|title=Spice Global's Modi on Developing Markets, Planned IPO (Video)|date=Jan 13, 2012|publisher=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref> Modi expects to raise [[US$]] 1 billion in the listing where London has agreed to the listing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/spice-group-plans-1b-london-listing/article2051747.ece|title=Spice Group plans $1-b London listing|date=May 26, 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=8 January 2013|location=London}}</ref>

In May 2023, the Times of India reported that Spice Money, a subsidiary of Spice Global, was partnering with Boston Consulting Group (BCG) to strengthen its reach across India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-11 |title=Fintech platform Spice Money partners BCG to improve its rural reach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/fintech-platform-spice-money-partners-bcg-to-improve-its-rural-reach/articleshow/100154891.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Spice Money was founded in 2015 and aims to develop financial strategies for rural customers in India in saving, credit, and commerce. The partnership with BCG will seek to identify financial areas that demand greater attention and support in rural communities.

==Proposed Operations==
Spice Global Group plans to expand its footprint in Malaysia. Spice Global has a presence in Malaysia in the field of mobile software and hardware technology through Spice CSL. Spice Global had earlier taken over the Malaysian mobile company, CSL.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.s-csl.my/ |title=Welcome to Spice CSL Group | Commitment Service Loyalty - Spice CSL |access-date=2013-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105231233/http://www.s-csl.my/ |archive-date=2013-01-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The company did a business worth over US$100 million in Malaysia in 2012 and hopes to breach US$200 million (RM618 million) by 2014. This year, Spice CSL will launch two new smartphones and one tablet in Malaysia. The company is currently in talks with Malayan Banking Bhd (Maybank) and Bank Islam Malaysia Bhd for strategic partnerships for its proposed banking business.

Spice Global is interested in entering the Malaysian healthcare sector and is in talks with IHH Healthcare Bhd for a partnership. The company also plans to buy a property in Putrajaya.

== Awards and honors ==
* 2007 Golden Peacock certificates for innovative products/services
* Global premier of the World's First Movie Phone<ref name="indiamart1">{{cite web |url=http://news.indiamart.com/story/s-mobility-ltd-handover-handset-business-s-mobile-device-limited-163929.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063853/http://news.indiamart.com/story/s-mobility-ltd-handover-handset-business-s-mobile-device-limited-163929.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-16 |title=S Mobility to handover Handset business to S Mobile Device |publisher=News.indiamart.com |date=2012-07-06 |accessdate=2013-01-08 }}</ref>
* 2008 Peoples' phone at the World Mobile Congress, Barcelona<ref name="indiamart1"/>
* Product of the Year Innovation Award 2010
* Spice Mobility ranked 10 in Asia's 200 Best Under A Billion<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/24/asia-under-billion-10_Spice-Mobility_8L2X.html|title=Asia's 200 Best Under A Billion|date=September 1, 2010|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=8 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613095140/https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/24/asia-under-billion-10_Spice-Mobility_8L2X.html |archive-date=2011-06-13}}</ref>

==Subsidiaries==
* Si2i Mobility
** Si2i - Representing mobility businesses outside India. Listed in Singapore Stock Exchange (SGX: M09)
** S Mobility Limited – Representing Mobility businesses in India. Listed in NSE (NSE: SPICEMOBIL) and BSE (BSE: 517214)
* Spice Retail - Telecommunications retail and accessory chain (741 stores in 136 cities)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/77/india-rich-10_Bhupendra-Kumar-Modi_FDK3.html|title=#65 Bhupendra Kumar Modi|year=2010|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref>
* [[Spice Digital]] - Business solutions for telecom operators
* Spice CSL - Global Spice Mobility and is based in Malaysia. It enjoys a market share of 18% in Malaysia.
* Spice Enfotainment
** [[Spice World Mall]] in [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
** Spice Studios - Film production company
** Spice Investment and Finance Advisors - A 62% controlling stake in Wall Street Finance Limited (India)
** Spice Innovative Technologies - is headquartered in Singapore, provides voice, data and computing services.
** Spice BPO Services - operates in the domestic on-shore BPO
* Spice Foundation
** Varanasi and Rampur DMA Schools
** [http://www.smartinvestor.in/market/Compnews-152795-Compnewsdet-BK_Modi_ventures_into_hospital_biz_in_India.htm Saket City Hospital], South Delhi

==Board of directors==
* [[B. K. Modi]] aka Dr. M, Chairman
* K. N.
* Vangal Ranganathan
* [[Preeti Malhotra]]
* Chhavi Leekha
* [[Ozi Amanat]]
* Anitha Reddy Chadha

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.spiceglobal.com Spice Global]

{{Modi Enterprises}}

[[Category:Conglomerate companies of Singapore]]
[[Category:Modi Enterprises]]
[[Category:Singaporean companies established in 1980]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1980]]

Diocese of Baruipur

2025-10-01T05:37:22Z

SwagataDash:

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Baruipur
|latin = Dioecesis Baruipurensis
|local = বারুইপুর के सूबा
|country = {{flag|India}}
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta|Calcutta]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta|Calcutta]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|image = Baruipur, Roman Catholic Cathedral.JPG
|cathedral = Cathedral of the Immaculate Heart of Mary in [[Baruipur]]
|cocathedral =
|parishes = 22
|patron = [[Immaculate Conception]]
|area_km2 = 10,880
|population = 9,834,000
|population_as_of = 2012
|catholics = 60,465
|catholics_percent= 0.6
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Shyamal Bose]]
|metro_archbishop = Elias Frank <ref>''[https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2019/05/17/190517c.pdf Resignations and Appointments.]'' Holy See Press Office, 17 May 2019.</ref><ref name=indiabishop>{{cite web|author=Matters India |url=http://mattersindia.com/2019/05/baruipur-diocese-gets-coadjutor-bishop/ |title=Baruipur diocese gets coadjutor bishop – Matters India |publisher=Mattersindia.com |date= 17 May 2019|accessdate=2020-02-26}}</ref><ref name=diocesespeaks>{{cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-05/pope-francis-india-baruipur-appointment-coadjutor-bishop-bose.html |title=Pope appoints Coadjutor Bishop in Baruipur, India - Vatican News |publisher=Vaticannews.va |date= 17 May 2019|accessdate=2020-02-26}}</ref>
|auxiliary_bishops=
|website = [http://www.baruipurdiocese.org/ Website of the Diocese]
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Baruipur''' ({{langx|la| Baruipuren(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Baruipur]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta|Calcutta]] in India.

==History==
* May 30, 1977: Established as Diocese of Baruipur from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Calcutta
* May 17, 2019: Father Shyamal Bose, the treasurer and chancellor of the diocese, was appointed Coadjutor Bishop to assist Bishop Salvadore Lobo in the pastoral and administrative of the diocese.<ref name=diocesespeaks /><ref name=indiabishop />

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Ante Gabric<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsaints.faithweb.com/year/1988.htm|title=1988|website=newsaints.faithweb.com|accessdate=Oct 17, 2019}}</ref>

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Baruipur ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop [[Shyamal Bose (bishop)|Shyamal Bose]] (May 4, 2020 - current)
** Bishop Salvadore Lobo (October 16, 1997 – May 2020)
** Bishop [[Linus Nirmal Gomes]], [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]] (May 30, 1977 – October 31, 1995)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/baru0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dbaru.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.baruipurdiocese.org/ Diocese website]

{{coord|22.3749|N|88.4243|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baruipur}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1977]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Christianity in West Bengal]]
[[Category:South 24 Parganas district]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Asiagomphus nilgiricus

2025-09-28T21:40:49Z

SwagataDash: new

{{Short description|Species of dragonfly}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Asiagomphus nilgiricus.jpg
| image_caption = Male
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Mitra, A. |date=2013 |title=''Burmagomphus pyramidalis'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T169143A1272949 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T169143A1272949.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Asiagomphus
| species = nilgiricus
| authority = ([[Frank Fortescue Laidlaw|Laidlaw]], 1922)
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Asiagomphus nilgiricus''''',<ref name=wol>{{World Odonata List}}</ref> is a species of [[dragonfly]] in the family [[Gomphidae]]. It is found in [[South India]].<ref name=atlas>{{cite book |last1=K.A. |first1=Subramanian |last2=K.G. |first2=Emiliyamma |last3=R. |first3=Babu |last4=C. |first4=Radhakrishnan |last5=S.S. |first5=Talmale |title=Atlas of Odonata (Insecta) of the Western Ghats, India |date=2018 |publisher=Zoological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-8171-495-4|pages=208–209}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of odonates of India]]
* [[List of odonata of Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2796104}}

[[Category:Gomphidae]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1922]]

{{Gomphidae-stub}}

Kavathe Ekand

2025-09-25T15:30:47Z

SwagataDash: made new entry

{{Short description|Village in Tasgaon, Sangli district, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Kavathe Ekand''' is a village in the [[Tasgaon]] tehsil of [[Sangli district]] in [[Maharashtra]], India.

The temple is known for the large-scale decorative fireworks and lighting display that occurs during the annual [[Vijayadashami]] festival, lasting all night until sunrise.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-07 |title=Fancy fireworks light up Sangli villages for 12 hrs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/fancy-fireworks-light-up-sangli-villages-for-12-hrs/articleshow/94694158.cms |access-date=2025-08-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Kavathe Ekand, along with the nearby village of Nagaon Kavathe, is known as the "[[Sivakasi]] of Maharashtra" due to its historical tradition of producing decorative fireworks.

== Demography ==
According to the 2011 population census, Kavathe-Ekand has a population of 988, of which 4811 are females and 5070 are from the male gender.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kavathe Ekand Village Population - Tasgaon - Sangli, Maharashtra |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/568689-kavathe-ekand-maharashtra.html |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The village has higher literacy rate compared to Maharashtra. Literacy rate of Kavathe Ekand village in 2011 was 85.44%, compared to Maharashtra which is 82.34%.

== Government ==

According to [[Constitution of India]] and Panchyati Raaj Act, Kavathe Ekand is governed by the Head of Village (Sarpanch) who is elected representative of village.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|16|59|12|N|74|37|26|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Sangli district]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Thiruvengadam Veeraraghavan

2025-08-17T00:56:38Z

SwagataDash: done - done

{{Short description|Indian doctor}}
'''Thiruvengadam Veeraraghava''' was an Indian doctor. He was also known as the “two rupees doctor”.<ref name=":0" /> In 2021 he received [[Padma Shri]], fourth highest civilian award for his service to the society as a medical doctor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Kovind presents 2021 Padma awards |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/president-kovind-presents-2021-padma-awards/81810318.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref> He served the poor communities of Sri Kalyanapuram and [[Erukkanchery|Erukkancherry]] in [[North Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-10-28 |title='Two rupee doctor' serves Chennai's underprivileged |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/61280345.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Life ==

He was born to Veeraraghavan, a farmer, and Radhabai. He completed his schooling from Thyagaraya School and medicine from Government [[Stanley Medical College]]. His wife Saraswathi worked as a railway officer and retired. He used to treat people free of cost or collect only a nominal fee of Rs.2, Rs.5 or 50 from those who can afford to pay. His private practice was selfless service to society and his job as an industrial medical officer in a corporate hospital was his source of regular income. He died on August 15, 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2020-08-16 |title=Vyasarapadi's 'two rupees doctor' passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/vyasarapadis-two-rupees-doctor-passes-away/article32370065.ece |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leader |first=The Weekend |title='What is More Valuable than a Diamond; it's the Joy of Giving' |url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Heroism/2707/such-a-man-lives.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.theweekendleader.com |language=English}}</ref>

He died on 16 August 2020, at the age of 70.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Veeraraghavan, Thiruvengadam}}
[[Category:Padma Shri Award]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Gulmohar Grand

2025-07-06T20:44:40Z

SwagataDash:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Gulmohar Grand.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = Sudhir Sharma Seema Sharma
| based_on =
| director =
| writer =
| creative_director =
| starring =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 17
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer = Sudhir Sharma Seema Sharma
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 48 Minutes approx
| company = Sunshine Productions<ref>{{cite web |title=Gulmohar Grand – Sunshine Productions |url=https://www.sunshineproductions.in/project/gulmohar-grand/}}</ref>
| channel = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|05|03}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2015|9|13|df=y}}
}}

'''''Gulmohar Grand''''' is an Indian television [[miniseries]] that premiered on 3 May 2015 on [[StarPlus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/star-plus-new-finite-series-gulmohar-grand-to-launch-on-3-may-150424|title=Star Plus' new finite series 'Gulmohar Grand' to launch on 3 May|publisher=IndianTelevision|date=24 April 2015|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref> The show is produced by Sunshine Productions which aired on Sundays nights. [[Aashim Gulati]], [[Aakanksha Singh]] and [[Gaurav Chopra]] were the leads of the series.<ref name="Why is Gaurav Chopraa hiding from the camera?">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Why-is-Gaurav-Chopraa-hiding-from-the-camera/articleshow/45922678.cms|title=Why is Gaurav Chopraa hiding from the camera?|newspaper=The Times of India|date=18 January 2015|accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Aakanksha-Singh-in-a-new-love-triangle-on-TV/articleshow/46042630.cms|title=Aakanksha Singh in a new love triangle on TV|newspaper=The Times of India|date=29 January 2015|accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref>

This is a mini series, set in backdrop of the [[Hotel|hotel industry]], wherein each episode will have a different story.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Aakanksha Singh]] as Staff Anahita "Annie" Mehta/Fernandez
* [[Aashim Gulati]] as Security Manager Neel Gujral<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150422/entertainment-tvmusic/article/guarding-hotels-ashim-gulati-play-security-charge-gulmohar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424225543/http://deccanchronicle.com/150422/entertainment-tvmusic/article/guarding-hotels-ashim-gulati-play-security-charge-gulmohar|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2015|title=Guarding hotels: Ashim Gulati to play the security in-charge of Gulmohar Grand|last=|first=|date=|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=}}</ref>
* [[Gaurav Chopra]] as MD Aniruddh Dutt<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gaurav-Chopra-dons-Virat-Kohlis-look-for-Gulmohar-Grand/articleshow/46967783.cms|title=Gaurav Chopra dons Virat Kohli's look for 'Gulmohar Grand'|date=18 April 2015|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=19 April 2015}}</ref>
*

===Recurring===
* Madan Joshi as Owner Mr. K. K. Jaitley
* [[Harleen Sethi]] as Staff Tina
* [[Teeshay Shah]] as Manager Teeshay
* [[Rashi Mal]] as Staff Saloni
* Garima Goel as Secretary Rishita
* Nikhil Diwan as Head of Security Ronnie D'Souza

===Special appearances===
* [[Parikshit Sahni]] as Mr. Devdhar
* [[Karan Grover]] as Charlie: The Mysterious Scarf Killer
* [[Deven Bhojani]] as Mr. Gopal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Funny-man-Deven-Bhojani-in-a-non-comic-role/articleshow/46252692.cms|title=Funny man Deven Bhojani in a non-comic role|date=16 February 2015|accessdate=18 April 2015|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Pratyusha Banerjee]] as Parinda Pathak<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/pratyusha-banerjee-to-play-parinda-in-gulmohar-grand/|title=Pratyusha Banerjee to play Parinda in 'Gulmohar Grand'|last=|first=|date=28 May 2015|website=The Indian Express|access-date=}}</ref>
* [[Shubhangi Atre Poorey]] as Mrs. Kadambari Karthik
* ''Divya Verma'' as Mrs. Sampada Deshpande
* [[Pooja Kanwal]] as Mrs. Mayuri Jaitley Fernandez
* [[Shalmalee Desai]] as Avanti Devdhar
* [[Manini Mishra]]

==Production==
The series was planned for 26 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi//photostory/47397541.cms|title=Most popular shows on TV|last=|first=|date=16 December 2015|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref> However, due to low ratings, it ended with 17 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2015/12/28/5-tv-shows-that-failed-to-warm-up-couch-potatoes-in-2015|title=5 TV Shows That Failed to Warm Up Couch Potatoes in 2015|last=|first=|date=28 December 2015|website=The Quint|access-date=}}</ref>

The series was filmed in Imperial Palace, a hotel in Mumbai, Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gulmohar-Grand-being-shot-in-a-Mumbai-hotel/articleshow/46977534.cms|title='Gulmohar Grand' being shot in a Mumbai hotel|last=|first=|date=20 April 2015|website=The Times of India|access-date=}}</ref> On its premiere, a launch party was held at a restaurant in [[Andheri]], Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/tv-celebs-at-the-launch-party-of-gulmohar-grand/16192183|title=TV Celebs At The Launch Party Of 'Gulmohar Grand'|last=|first=|date=7 May 2015|website=Mid Day|access-date=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/gulmohar-grand/3664#!%2Fgulmohar-grand-3664-s Gulmohar Grand] on [[Hotstar]]

{{Star Plus Shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulmohar Grand}}
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]

Department of Agriculture (Andhra Pradesh)

2025-06-08T08:05:58Z

SwagataDash: added a info

{{Short description|Head of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Government of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Agriculture
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Vyavasāya Śākha Mantrī}}
| insignia =
| insigniasize = 200px
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Emblem of Andhra Pradesh]]
| image = K. Atchannaidu.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 12 June 2024
| department = Department of Agriculture
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation =
| member_of = [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|Andha Pradesh Cabinet]]
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]] [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| inaugural = [[Prathipati Pulla Rao]]
| formation = 8 June 2014
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|https://www.apagrisnet.gov.in//APPRPortal/|Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Minister of Agriculture''' is the head of the Department of Agriculture of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].

The incumbent Minister of Agriculture is [[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]] from the [[Telugu Desam Party]].

== List of ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 |#
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" | Minister {{small|(Lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election {{small|(Term)}}
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Ministry
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Chief Minister
!rowspan=2 |Ref.
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
!1
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[File: Prattipati Pulla Rao on December 29, 2014 (cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Prathipati Pulla Rao]]''' {{small|(born 1958) MLA for [[Chilakaluripet Assembly constituency|Chilakaluripet]]}}
|8 June 2014
|1 April 2017
|'''{{ayd|8 June 2014|1 April 2017}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] {{small|[[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(14th)]]}}
|rowspan=2 |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| '''[[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu III]]'''
|rowspan=2 |[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-08 |title=19 ministers take oath along with Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/19-ministers-take-oath-along-with-chandrababu-naidu/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!2
|
|'''[[Somireddy Chandra Mohan Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1956) MLC}}
|2 April 2017
|29 May 2019
|'''{{ayd|2 April 2017|29 May 2019}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=G. v r Subba |date=2017-04-02 |title=Chandrababu Naidu's son Nara Lokesh takes oath as Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chandrababu-naidus-son-nara-lokesh-takes-oath-as-minister/article17762250.ece |access-date=2022-10-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!3
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Kurasala Kannababu]]''' {{small|(born 1970) MLA for [[Kakinada Rural Assembly constituency|Kakinada Rural]]}}
|30 May 2019
|7 April 2022
|'''{{ayd|30 May 2019|7 April 2022}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] {{small|[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(15th)]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#94A2F7"| '''[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Jagan]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-30 |title=Jaganmohan Reddy sworn-in as Andhra Pradesh chief minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jaganmohan-reddy-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister/articleshow/69574758.cms |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!4
|
|'''[[Kakani Govardhan Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MLA for [[Sarvepalli Assembly constituency|Sarvepalli]]}}
|11 April 2022
|11 June 2024
|'''{{ayd|11 April 2022|11 June 2024}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2022-04-11 |title=25 members of Jagan Reddy's revamped Cabinet take oath |url=https://www.siasat.com/25-members-of-jagan-reddys-revamped-cabinet-take-oath-2306655/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!5
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[File: K. Atchannaidu.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]''' {{small|(born 1969) MLA for [[Tekkali Assembly constituency|Tekkali]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|'''{{ayd|12 June 2024|}}'''
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] {{small|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(16th)]]}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| '''[[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu IV]]'''
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-14 |title=Full list of Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers with portfolios: Who gets what |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-council-of-ministers-full-list/article68288989.ece |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]

Toko Tatung

2025-05-20T10:47:14Z

SwagataDash:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Yachuli Assembly constituency|Yachuli]]
| predecessor = [[Taba Tedir]]
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
}}

'''Toko Tatung''' is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] belonging to the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. He won over [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s candidate Taba Tedir, getting 228 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Yachuli, Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/yachuli-arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2546655-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-02 |title=Yachuli Assembly Election Result 2024: Yachuli Arunachal Pradesh Elections Poll Result Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/yachuli-assembly-election-results-2024-yachuli-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110638051.cms |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Yachuli (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Yachuli (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/yachuli |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520104317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/yachuli |archivedate=20 May 2025 |accessdate=20 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Yachuli">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Yachuli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0216.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520104312/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0216.htm |archivedate=20 May 2025 |accessdate=20 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Yachuli Assembly Election Result 2024: NCP's Toko Tatung wins">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Yachuli Assembly Election Result 2024: NCP's Toko Tatung wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/yachuli-assembly-election-results-2024-yachuli-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110638051.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520104402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/yachuli-assembly-election-results-2024-yachuli-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110638051.cms |archivedate=20 May 2025 |accessdate=20 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Education ==
He graduated from [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]] with [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toko Tatung(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- YACHULI (ST)(LOWER SUBANSIRI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/ArunachalPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=97 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tatung, Toko}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-politician-stub}}

Priya Badlani

2025-03-06T19:03:25Z

SwagataDash: Done

{{short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priya Badlani
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|01|27}}
| birth_place = Mumbai, India
| spouse =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| children =
| relatives =
| years_active = 2004-present
| notable_works = '''Aanya''' in [[Jabb Love Hua]].
}}
'''Priya Badlani''' ({{langx|hi|प्रिया बद्लानि}}; born 27 January 1975)<ref>{{cite web|title=priya badlani cameo|url=http://www.travelmath.com/cities/Lalmatie,+Mauritius|work=BCD|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2015}} is an Indian [[actress]] and a former [[model (profession)|model]]. She appears in [[Bollywood]] films. She is best known as Aanya Shroff on [[Zee TV]]'s Serial ''[[Jabb Love Hua]]''. She made her first appearance in a [[Coca-Cola]] commercial alongside [[Aamir Khan]]. She had cameos in movies like ''[[Naach (2004 film)|Naach]]'' and ''[[Silsilay]]'' before making her big break in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Jabb Love Hua]]''.

== Personal life==

Badlani was born on 27 January 1975 in Mumbai, India.<ref>{{cite web|title='Priya Badlani as ''City ki gori'' '|url= http://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/lalmatie-located.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131227085700/http://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/lalmatie-located.html|url-status= usurped|archive-date= 27 December 2013|work=notoriousmodels|accessdate=25 May 2013}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2015}} She follows is a Hindu. She had chosen fashion photographer as profession since she had studied Graphics Designing in college.

== Career ==

She made her first appearance in a [[Coca-Cola]] commercial alongside [[Aamir Khan]]. She had also worked for several brands such as Fair and Lovely, Vatika, Hansel.<ref>{{cite web|title= Priya Badlani in premiere of Jabb Love Hua|work=BCD}}{{dead link|date=November 2014}}</ref> In 2004, she had a [[Cameo appearance]] in movie ''[[Naach (2004 film)|Naach]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Priya Badlani's Filmography |url=http://www.indiafm.com/celebrities/filmography/13752/index.html |work=indiafm.com |accessdate=25 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617042151/http://www.indiafm.com/celebrities/filmography/13752/index.html |archivedate=17 June 2008 }}</ref> In 2005, she again had a cameo role in ''[[Silsiilay]]'', which she followed with modeling. She also appeared in ''The Fashion Magazine'' where she ranked at the 24th position in the list of Most attractive women in India. In 2007, she appeared in [[Zee TV]]'s serial ''[[Jabb Love Hua]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Priya Badlani's latest biography}}</ref>

{{Portal|India|Bollywood|Biography}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|anyapriyabadlanishroff}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badlani, Priya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Manethi

2025-02-28T02:25:52Z

SwagataDash: Added article

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Manethi
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map_alt = Manethi on map of Haryana
| map_caption = Manethi Village in Rewari
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Map of Haryana showing the location of Bariawas
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.1630313|76.3753301|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| governing_body = Village panchayat
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 296
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 123102<ref name=man1/>
| postal2_code_type =
| postal2_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|www.rewari.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Manethi''' is a village in [[Khol Block of Rewari|Khol]] and [[Community development block in India|development block]] of [[Rewari district]] in [[South Haryana|southern region]] of [[Haryana]] state of India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.prharyana.gov.in/en/haryana-chief-minister-mr-manohar-lal-today-disclosed-that-a-centre-of-all-india-institute-of |title=Haryana Chief Minister Mr Manohar Lal today disclosed that a centre... |website=www.prharyana.gov.in |publisher=Directorate of Information, Public Relations & Languages, [[Government of Haryana]] |location=Haryana |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref><ref name="camp2">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/a-village-that-fought-for-better-healthcare-will-get-an-aiims/articleshow/67800707.cms |title=A village in Haryana that fought for better healthcare will get an AIIMS - Times of India |editor-last=Choudhry |editor-first=Chetna |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref><ref name=man1/><ref name="2011 Census">{{cite web |title=Manethi|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/62662-manethi-haryana.html |website=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date= 1 Feb 2019}}</ref> It is located off [[National Highway 26 (India)|NH26]] about 20 km southeast of [[Mahendragarh]], 25 km west of [[Rewari]], 30 km east of [[Narnaul]], 63 km west of [[Manesar]], 79 km north of [[Alwar]], 90 km west of [[Gurugram]], 96 northeast of [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]], 110 km west of national capital [[Delhi]] and 335 km southwest of the state capital [[Chandigarh]].<ref name="camp2"/><ref name=man1>[https://soki.in/manethi-khol-at-rewari-rewari Manethi info]</ref> Kund Railway Station and Kathuwas Railway Station are the nearest stations.<ref name=man1/>

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 census of India|2011 India census]], Manethi had a population of 5,070 in 987 households, 2,649 males, 2,421 females, Female Sex Ratio is of 914 against state average of 879, and literacy rate of 81.24% against the state average of 75.55% (Male - 91.52% and female 70.34%).

==Education and research==
In February 2019, the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rewari|AIIMS Rewari]] was announced to be located in Manethi,<ref>{{cite news |title=Interim Budget 2019: 22nd AIIMS to be set up in Haryana, Piyush Goyal announces |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/union-budget-2019/story/interim-budget-2019-22nd-aiims-haryana-piyush-goyal-1444216-2019-02-01 |access-date=3 February 2019 |work=[[India Today]] |date=1 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> which will be functional by February 2023.<ref name=statuskya1>[http://www.millenniumpost.in/nation/all-22-new-aiims-to-be-functional-by-2025-govt-388302 All 22 new AIIMS to be functional by 2025: Govt], Millennium Post, 30 Nov 2019.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System]], will pass near Manethi

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Rewari district]]

{{Rewari-geo-stub}}

Tajpur, Ghazipur

2024-12-23T17:50:48Z

SwagataDash: created - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tajpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[Hindi]]
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1700}}
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Sarpanch|Gram Pradhan]]
| unit_pref = Founder
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 70
| population_total = 329
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 232326
| registration_plate = UP 61
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05497
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| founder =
| area_total_acre =
| area_total_ha = 188.62
| area_land_ha =
| area_water_ha =
| leader_name =
| leader_name1 =
| total_type =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| pushpin_relief = Yes
}}
'''Tajpur''' is a village in Zamania tehsil of Ghazipur District, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was a part of Daudpur (Dewaitha) but later it was separated.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Bhulekh"|url=http://upbhulekh.gov.in/public/public_ror/Public_ROR.jsp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="2011 census of India"|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Ghazipur district]]

{{Ghazipur-geo-stub}}