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Gopal Deuskar

2026-05-07T10:23:58Z

Svetlsgx: creating a entry.

{{Short description|Indian painter (1911–1994)}}
{{Expand Marathi|गोपाळ देऊसकर|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox aviator
| image = Gopal Deuskar.jpg
|alt=Portrait of Artist Goapl Damodar Deuskar
| name = Gopal Deuskar
| birth_name = Gopal Damodar Deuskar
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1911|9|11}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmednagar, Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1994|2|8|1916|7|10}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], India
| known for = Painting
| education = [[Sir J. J. School of Art]], Mumbai
| style = [[Realism (arts)|Realism]]
| father = Damodar
| relatives = Shanta (elder sister)
| spouse = Kamalini, Juilee, Madhavi
| child = Sudan
}}

'''Gopal Damodar Deuskar''' (11 September 1911, in [[Ahmednagar]] – 8 February 1994, in [[Pune]]) was an Indian painter, best remembered for his [[portrait]]s and [[mural]]s of notable Indian royalty, politicians, and diplomats. A graduate of the [[Sir J. J. School of Art]] and the [[Royal Academy of London]], his murals are displayed at the [[Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir]] and the [[Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir]]. His portraits have been displayed at the [[New Parliament House, New Delhi]], the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], the [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata]], [[Bombay High Court]], the [[Supreme Court of India]], [[India House, London]], and the [[Nehru Centre Art Gallery]]. A proponent of the [[Expressionism|Gurukul painting]] method, [[Raghuveer Bharam]] was his student.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Gopal Damodar Deuskar |url=https://map.sahapedia.org/article/Gopal%20Damodar%20Deuskar/2652 |website=[[Sahapedia]] |access-date=24 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bahulkar Suhas 2015">{{cite book |last1=Bahulkar |first1=Suhas |title=चित्रकार गोपाळ देऊसकर कलावंत आणि माणूस |date=2015 |publisher=Rajahans Publications |location=Pune |isbn=978-81-7434-850-0 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Nehru Centre pays tribute to late Shri Gopalrao Deuskar: a great Indian master portrait painter : an exhibition of his paintings at the Nehru Centre Art Gallery, Worli, Bombay, 12th December 1995 to 18th December 1995 |date=1995 |publisher=Nehru Centre Art Gallery |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=चित्रकार गोपाळ देऊसकर |url=https://www.dainikprabhat.com/painter-gopal-deuskar/ |access-date=24 February 2024 |work=Dainik Prabhat |date=8 February 2022 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=देऊस्करांच्या चित्रकार व्यक्तिमत्वाचा शोध |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/editorial/samwad/gopal-deuskar/articleshow/48309817.cms |access-date=24 February 2024 |work=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=वसंतराव देशपांडेंच्या दुर्मीळ तैलचित्राचा 'बेरंग' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/maharashtra/oil-painting-torn-of-vasantrao-deshpande-108324/ |access-date=24 February 2024 |work=Loksatta |date=4 May 2013 |language=mr}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Originally from the region of Dewas in Madhya Pradesh, the Deuskar family later settled in Ahmednagar. Gopal Damodar Deuskar was born on 11 September 1911 in a family which had a background in art. While his father was an art teacher in the Mission High School in Ahmednagar, his grandfather Vamana was a sculptor of religious idols. Similarly, his uncle Ramkrishna Waman Deuskar was a renowned painter who worked at the Nizam's Durbar in the [[Hyderabad State|Princely State of Hyderabad]] and played a key role in the establishment of the famous [[Salar Jung Museum]] there in 1951, subsequently becoming its first curator. When Deuskar was two years old, he lost his parents to the flu and was looked after by his relatives in Ahmednagar. He later moved to Hyderabad to live with his uncle due to his growing inclination towards art.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Visual Art of Maharshtra |publisher=Pundole Art Gallery |year=2021 |editor-last=Bahulkar |editor-first=Suhas |location=Mumbai |page=214 - 217 |editor-last2=Ghare |editor-first2=Deepak}}</ref>

== Education ==
Deuskar completed his schooling in Ahemdnagar and moved to Hyderabad to stay with his uncle, where he did his matriculation. After this, he enrolled in the JJ School of Art and moved to Mumbai in 1927. In Mumbai, he stayed with his brother-in-law, Bapurao Pendharkar, and his theatre troupe called the Lalitkaladarsha Natak Mandali. Living in the Company's quarters, he listened to their music rigorously, even coming in contact of the famous Bal Gandharava Natak Mandali. His association with the theatre and its actors made a lasting impact on the painter, inspiring him to make their sketches. In 1931, Deusakar graduated from the school with a first rank and also won a gold medal.<ref name=":1" />

The Nizam of Hyderabad later granted him a five-year scholarship for pursuing his higher studies in Europe. Consequently, he went to study at the [[Royal Academy of Arts]] in London. Deuskar gained immense popularity due to the consistent exhibition of his works in the international summer exhibitions held by the Academy, becoming the only Indian to do so. His works were also selected by the Royal Academy for the British Empire Exhibitions which were to be held in the British colonies. This increasing fame, resulted in an extension of his scholarship by five years.<ref name=":0" />

== Early career ==
Deuskar's career started right from his years at the JJ School of Art, as his artworks were selected by Principal Gladstone Solomon for an exhibition in London, where they were admired and appreciated. Subsequently he also won a gold medal at the [[Bombay Art Society]] and the Indian Railyway's First Prize. At the Shimla exhibition, he also won the Viceroy's Medal. Influenced by the western traditions, Deuskar went on to create paintings like the 'Picnic' and 'A Bull's Holiday', which reflect his incination towards the modern art movements that were materializing in Europe. His paintings Shakuntala and The Bull's Holiday were also exhibited in the Academy exhibitions, winning him immense admiration. However, when these paintings were printed on the cover of the Marathi magazine ''Sahyadri,'' Deuskar faced opposition from conservatives who had taken offence to the bold depiction of half-naked women in subjects related to Indian rituals and mythologies.<ref name=":1" />

In 1938, Deuskar returned back to India, and in 1939 he was appointed as the Deputy Director of the JJ School of Art. In the Times of India Annual issue of 1939, Gladstone Solomon wrote about Deuskar, appreciating his skill in both the Indian and Western art traditions, concluding that the painter will go on to create his own indivisualised free Indian style. However, Deuskar made his mark on the art of modern India as a professional portraitist. His inclination towards academic realism created a rift between him and the director of the JJ School of Art, Charles Gerard, who was an advocate of modernism.<ref name=":1" />

After this, the Maharaja of the Baroda state, [[Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad|Pratapsinhrao Gaekwad]], invited Deuskar to work as his court painter. Resigning from his post at the school, he went to Baroda in 1941. Here, Deuskar went on create numerous of his masterpieces. One of his monumental works includes the painting of the coronation ceremony of the Maharaja, which can still be seen on display in the Durbar Hall of the [[Lakshmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara|Laxmi Vilas Palace]] in Baroda. This massive painting which is seventeen feet tall, depicts the Maharaja striding on his horse accepting the salute of his army which is positioned behind him. Another one of his remarkable works is his life-size portraits of the Nizam Sir Hyder of the Princely state of Hyderabad, which he painted in 1939 and hence is one of his early works. After this, Deuskar went on to paint the portraits of various royals like Fatehsinhrao Gaekwad, Maharanis Shantadevi and Sitadevi, etc. His command and expertise in the art of portraiture quickly spread to the other princely states like Jaipur, Cooch Behar, Porbundar and Junagadh where he was commissioned to paint portraits.<ref name=":1" />

== Post-Independence ==
Even after independence when the Princely states were no longer in existence, Deuskar's popularity and fame continued to grow as he was appointed as the official national portraitist by all-party committee of the Indian Parliament. He was repeatedly called to decorate the walls of various buildings of national importance like the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Delhi Municipal Corporation, Victoria Memorial Museum in Kolkata, the Supreme Court of India and the Bombay High Court. He was also called to paint at the India House in London, where he drew portraits of eminent personalities like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

Deuskar is also known for his portraits of notable individuals like J.R.D. Tata, M.C. Setalvad, the Attorney General of India, Vishnushastri Chiplunkar and Acharya Atre, the Governors of the Reserve Bank of India and of various senior officials of the Indian Air Force and Army. Deuskar was also the representative of India at the International Symposium on Visual Art which was held in Vienna in 1960. Among his later works, one of his most ambitious projects was a seven feet by fifty feet large mural titled as 'Karmayoga', in which he depicted the life of Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, painted at the Tilak Smarak Mandir, Pune in 1971. While he was accustomed to painting commissioned portraits, he started painting and donating portraits of the founders of the Fergusson College, Pune. These include portraits of leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, N.M. Joshi, Wrangler Paranjape, Wrangler Mahajan, Dr. Shriram Lagoo and P.L. Deshpande, all of which can still be seen in the collection of the Fergusson College. The Directorate of Art, Maharashtra State also felicitated him on the occasion of the Silver Jubilee Celebration of the State Art Exhibition.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deuskar, Gopal}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian portrait painters]]
[[Category:Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian Expressionist painters]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]

{{India-painter-stub}}

Tara Singh Narotam

2026-05-06T10:09:42Z

Svetlsgx: put up a biography with sources!

{{Short description|Nirmala scholar (1822–1891)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Tara Singh
| native_name = ਪੰਡਿਤ ਤਾਰਾ ਸਿੰਘ ਨਰੋਤਮ
| image = PunditTaraSingh.png
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Pandit Tara Singh was the most well-known Nirmala sadhu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Oberoi|first1=Harjot|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|date=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226615929|page=126}}</ref>
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1822
| birth_place = Kahlwan, [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]], Punjab, [[Sikh Empire]]
| death_date = 1891
| death_place = [[Patiala]], [[Patiala State]]
| occupation =
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sanskrit]]
| nationality =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = *''Gurmat Nirnay Sagar''
*''Sri Gur Tirath Sangrah''
*''Guru Girarath Kosh''
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
| honorific_prefix = Pandit
| honorific_suffix = Narotam
}}
{{Sikh literature}}

'''Pandit Tara Singh Narotam''' (1822–1891) or also '''Pundit Tara Singh Nawtam''', was a famous [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] scholar who belonged to the [[Sikh]] [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]] Sect.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Trilochan|title=The Turban and the Sword of the Sikhs: Essence of Sikhism : History and Exposition of Sikh Baptism, Sikh Symbols, and Moral Code of the Sikhs, Rehitnāmās|date=2011|publisher=B. Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh|isbn=9788176014915|page=14}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Joginder |url= |title=Religious Pluralism in Punjab: A Contemporary Account of Sikh Sants, Babas, Gurus and Satgurus |date=22 August 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781351986342}}</ref> Tara Singh authored at-least ten works, with the most notable being the ''Gurmat Nirnay Sagar'', the ''Sri Gur Tirath Sangrah'', and ''Gur Girarath Kos''.<ref name=":3" /> The title ''Narotam'' means "man par excellence".<ref name=":3" /> He served as the Sri Mahant (leader) of the [[Panchayati Akhara Nirmal|Nirmal Panchayati Akhara]] in Haridwar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jaggi |first=Rattan Singh |title=TĀRĀ SIṄGH NAROTAM, PAṆḌIT (1822-1891) |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/TARA%20SINGH%20NAROTAM%20PANDIT%20(1822-1891).html |access-date=9 April 2026 |website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition) |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala}}</ref>

==Biography==
Pundit Tara Singh was born into a Sikh family at Kalma village in [[Gurdaspur District (British Punjab)|Gurdaspur district]] (near [[Qadian]]) to a devout Sikh father,<ref name=":0" /> his family were originally Brahmins.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026|reason=Citation needed for Brahmin origin claim}} From a young age, Tara Singh attended ''diwans'' (Sikh religious gatherings).<ref name=":0" /> At the age of around twenty, he left his village [[Kahlwan]], which was near [[Qadian]], and he arrived at the Nirmala ''[[dera (organization)|dera]]'' of Sant Gulab Singh at Kurala, [[Hoshiarpur district]], who initiated him into the Nirmala sect.<ref name="HS_1998">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Harbans|title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: S-Z|date=1998|publisher=Publications Bureau|isbn=9788173805301|page=315}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> He received an education on Sikh texts at the dera.<ref name=":0" /> After, Tara Singh continued his studies at Amritsar.<ref name=":0" /> Tara Singh knew both Punjabi and Sanskrit, studying Vedic and Sanskrit literature at Kashi (Varanasi).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> He also studed in Bengal, specifically in the area of Nadia village in [[Shantipur|Santipur]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1861, he attended the [[Haridwar Kumbh Mela|Arddha Kumbha]] festival at [[Haridwar]].<ref name=":0" /> After his education, Tara Singh visited various [[Akhara|centres]] of the Nirmalas across the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=":3" />

By the early 1860s, he was a renowned scholar and had accumulated some fame throughout the region.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Maharaja of Patiala]], Maharaja Narinder Singh (1824–1862) gave patronage to him,<ref name="HS_1998"/><ref name=":0" /> after which Tara Singh came to Patiala and established his own Nirmala ''dera'' by the name of ''Dharam Dhuja'' and began doing scholarly work. Pundit Tara Singh taught a large group of scholars which include the famous Sikh historian [[Giani Gian Singh|Giani Gain Singh]] (1822–1921) and Bishan Singh Muralewale of the [[Damdami Taksal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Leaders of Damdami Taksaal|url=http://www.damdamitaksaal.org/history/leaders/50-sant-baba-bishan-singh-ji-muralewale|publisher=Damdami Taksal|access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In 1875, Tara Singh became the head (''[[Mahant|Sri Mahant]]'') of the main organization of the Nirmalas, the Nirmal Panchayati Akhara at Kankhal, Haridwar after the death of Mahant Ram Singh Kuberia.<ref name=":0" />

In 1878, his ''Gurmat Nirnay Sagar'' work was published, which advocates the [[Sanatan Sikh]] interpretation based upon ''[[gurbani]]''. The ''Sri Gur Tirath Sangrah'' following in 1883 provides information on 508 Sikh shrines. In 1889, the ''Gur Girarath Kos'' was published, which was a lexicon and dictionary of the Guru Granth Sahib, providing the etymology, meaning, and usage of various vocabulary found in Sikh scriptures, including from various languages of origin.<ref name=":3" />

Tara Singh died at Patiala in 1891. Then ruler of Patiala, Maharaja Rajinder Singh, carried-out a state-funeral for Tara Singh.<ref name=":0" />

===Finding Hemkunt===
[[File:Hemkund Lake.JPG|thumb|[[Hemkund|Hemkunt]] Lake]]
Pundit Tara Singh was the first Sikh to trace the geographical location of [[Hemkunt]] Sahib. Using clues from the [[Bachitar Natak]] to reveal [[Guru Gobind Singh]]'s ''tap asthan'' (place of meditation) such as the place was named Sapatsring (seven peaks) and was on/near ''Hemkunt Parbat'' (lake of ice mountain), he set out to explore the [[Garhwal Himalaya]]s and his search took him to [[Badrinath]] and to the nearby village of [[Pandukeshwar]], near the present-day Gobind Ghat.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh Johar|first1=Surinder|title=Holy Sikh Shrines|date=1998|isbn=9788175330733|location=New Delhi|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd|page=168}}</ref>

==Gurbani interpretation==
[[File:Iconographic depiction of the peaceful form ("Shaant Swaroop") of the God of the Dasam Granth.jpg|thumb|Iconographic depiction of the peaceful form ("Shaant Swaroop") of the God of the Dasam Granth. Symbolic depiction rather than literal. Published in 'Gurmat Nirnai Sagar' by Pandit Tara Singh Narotam.]]
Pandit Tara Singh conforms to the Nirmala school of thought. He presents Sikhism from a [[Vedantic]] orientation,<ref>{{cite book|last=Pemberton|first=Kelly|title=Shared Idioms, Sacred Symbols, and the Articulation of Identities in South Asia|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135904777|page=76}}</ref> and it being a blend of [[Adi Shankara|Sankara]] and [[Ramanuja]].<ref name=":0" /> Tara Singh believed that in ''[[gurmat]]'', ''[[bhakti]]'' (devotion) took precedence over ''[[Jñāna|jnana]]'' (knowledge) and ''[[karma]]'' (action), with bhakti being based entirely on jnana. He taught that ''[[Moksha|mukti]]'' was a bodiless state of being.<ref name=":0" /> Tara Singh believed that Guru Nanak was an incarnation of [[Mahavishnu|Vishnu (Mahavishnu as opposed to the deva)]] and that Guru Nanak believed in the [[Vedas]], affirming them except in idolatry. He believed that the Guru Granth Sahib and its gurbani was a revelation akin to the Vedic literature.<ref name=":0" /> He wrote extensively about the meaning of Waheguru in his book ''Waheguru Shabad-Arth [[Teeka|Tika]]''. Tara Singh believed that ''[[Waheguru]]'' referred to Vishnu rather than the ''[[Nirgun and Sargun|Nirgun]]'' aspect of [[God in Sikhism|divinity]].<ref name=":0" />

In the [[Mahan Kosh]], it is written that Pandit Tara Singh believes that the [[Sarbloh Granth]] was produced by Bhai Sukha Singh, the head [[Granthi]] of [[Takht Sri Patna Sahib|Patna Sahib]] from a manuscript given by an [[Udasi]] from [[Puri, Odisha|Shri Jagannathpuri]] ([[Odisha]]) who said it was [[Guru Gobind Singh]]'s writing. Pandit Tara Singh also believed that the entire [[Dasam Granth]] was written by Guru Gobind Singh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Sukhbhir|title=Dasam Granth An Introductory Study|date=2009|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103257|page=10}}</ref>

==Published works==
[[File:Esoteric Shaktist and Devi illustration published in Tara Singh Narotam's 'Gurmat Nirnai Sagar'.jpg|thumb|Esoteric Shaktist and Devi illustration published in Tara Singh Narotam's 'Gurmat Nirnai Sagar']]
Tara Singh wrote exegetical, lexicographical, theological, and doctrinal works, with him showing [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] influence in his works on Sikhism. He was also influenced by the [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskritic]] works of the Vedic, [[Shastra|Shastric]], and [[Puranas|Puranic]] literature. He may have written a commentary on the entire Guru Granth ahib but it is assumed to be lost. His more famous works are Gurmat Nirnay Sagar, Sri Gur Tirath Sangrah, and Guru Girarath Kos. Other notable works include a commentary on Bani of the [[Bhagat]]s included in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref name=":0" />

* Vahiguru Sabdarth (1862)<ref name=":0" />
* Tika Bhagat Bani Ka (1872)<ref name=":0" />
* Tika Guru Bhav Dipika (1879)<ref name=":0" />
* Sri Guru Tirath Sangrahi (1883)<ref name=":0" />
* Granth Sri Gurmat Nirnaya Sagar (1877)<ref name=":0" />
* Sabda Sur Kosh (1866)<ref name=":0" />
* Akal Murati Pradarsan (1878)<ref name=":0" />
* Guru Vans Taru Darpan (1878)<ref name=":0" />
* Granth Guru Girarth Kosh (1889)<ref name=":0" />
* Prikhia Prakaran (1890)<ref name=":0" />
* Tika Sri Raga (1885)<ref name=":0" />
* Updesh Shatak Basha
* Sehrafi Raje Bharthari
* Japji Sahib Steek

==See also==

* [[Ratan Singh Bhangu]]
* [[Kavi Santokh Singh]]
* [[Giani Gian Singh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Pundit Tara}}
[[Category:1822 births]]
[[Category:1891 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language writers]]

Rajendranagar Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T07:52:06Z

Svetlsgx: started info...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajendranagar
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (51-Rajendranagar highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Rajendranagar Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[T. Prakash Goud]]
| party = {{party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 4,40,000
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 51
}}

'''Rajendranagar Assembly constituency''' is a legislative [[constituency]] of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Congress-trying-to-woo-MIM-supporters/articleshow/18438188.cms Congress trying to woo MIM supporters?]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-assembly-elections-2018-mim-eyes-clean-sweep-muscles-into-8th-fort/articleshow/66902533.cms|title=Telangana assembly elections 2018: MIM eyes clean sweep, muscles into 8th fort}}</ref> It is one of the constituencies in [[Ranga Reddy district]]. It is part of [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is also one of the 24 constituencies of [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kcrs-early-election-gamble-gives-enough-ammo-to-trs/articleshow/66104449.cms|title=KCR’s early election gamble gives enough ammo to TRS}}</ref>

[[T. Prakash Goud]] is currently representing the constituency. He joined [[Indian National Congress]] in 2024.

==Overview==
It is newly formed constituency in 2009 general election (As per Delimitation Act of 2002) delimited from [[Chevella Assembly constituency]]. Rajendranagar Assembly constituency comprises four municipal divisions-Shivrampally, Mailardevpally, Rajendranagar and Attapur. Areas like Hassan Nagar and Shastripuram border the core of the [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old Hyderabad City]] areas of Bahadurpura and [[Chandrayan Gutta|Chandrayangutta]]. The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Rajendranagar]]
|-
| [[Shamshabad]]
|-
| [[Gandipet]]
|-
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|rowspan=1| [[T. Prakash Goud]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=1}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan=3| [[T. Prakash Goud]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor={{Party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} |
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|}

==Election results==

=== Assembly election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajendranagar<ref name="Rajendranagar Constituency Election Results 2018 - 2023">{{cite news |title=Rajendranagar Constituency Election Results 2018 - 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/rajendranagar |access-date=5 May 2026 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref>}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = BRS TO INC
| candidate = [[T. Prakash Goud]]
| votes = 1,21,734
| percentage = 37.09
| change = {{decrease}}6.33
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Thokala Srinivas Reddy|votes=89,638|percentage=27.31|change={{increase}}19.49}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kasturi Narendar|votes=82,057|percentage=25.00|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|candidate=Mandagiri Swamy Yadav|votes=25,670|percentage=7.82|change={{decrease}}10.73}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,832|percentage=0.56|change={{decrease}}0.14}}{{Election box majority|votes=32,096|percentage=9.78|change={{decrease}}13.48}}{{Election box turnout|votes=3,28,436|percentage=56.43|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajendranagar<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150926005602/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=51 Rajendranagar Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[T. Prakash Goud]]
| votes = 1,08,964
| percentage = 43.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Ganesh Renukuntla]]|votes=50,591|percentage=20.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|candidate=[[Mirza Rahmat Baig Quadri]]|votes=46,547|percentage=18.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Baddam Bal Reddy]]|votes=19,627|percentage=7.82|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Forward Bloc|candidate=Tokala Srinivas Reddy|votes=13,084|percentage=5.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,729|percentage=0.69|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=58,373|percentage=23.26|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,50,934|percentage=56.89|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajendranagar<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150926005602/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=51 Rajendranagar Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[T. Prakash Goud]]
| votes = 77,843
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Gnaneshwar|votes=51,962|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|candidate=Zakeer Hussain Javed|votes=49,053|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=A. Swarnalatha Reddy|votes=29,870|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSRCP|candidate=Mujataba Ahmed|votes=6,028|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,336|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajendranagar<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150926005602/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=51 Rajendranagar Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[T. Prakash Goud]]
| votes = 49,522
| percentage = 31.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Gnaneshwar|votes=42,037|percentage=26.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|candidate=Yenugu Muralidhar Reddy|votes=23,300|percentage=14.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=Pathangi Rajbhoopal Goud|votes=17,615|percentage=11.04|change=}}

{{Election box majority|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|17.31|78.40|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Ranga Reddy district]]
[[Category:Memorials to Rajendra Prasad]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-28T08:28:29Z

Svetlsgx:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Banaskantha
| type = LS
| map_image = બનાસકાંઠા – Banaskantha.svg
| map_caption =
| reservation= None
| established = 1952
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| assembly_cons =[[Vav Assembly constituency|Vav]] [[Tharad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tharad]] [[Dhanera Assembly constituency|Dhanera]] [[Danta Assembly constituency|Danta]] [[Palanpur Assembly constituency|Palanpur]] [[Deesa Assembly constituency|Deesa]] [[Deodar Assembly constituency|Deodar]]
|electors =19,61,924 (2024)<ref name="u140">{{cite web | title=ECI/PN/102/2024 - EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases |date=25 May 2024 | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 June 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2024}}</ref>
| mp = [[Geniben Thakor]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
}}
'''Banaskantha''' is one of the 26 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Gujarat]], state in western [[India]].

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Presently, Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf |title=Parliament Constituency wise Electors Detail, Polling Stations & EPIC - Loksabha Election 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Gujarat website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416162919/http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf |archive-date=2009-04-16 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="120px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|7
|[[Vav Assembly constituency|Vav]]
|None
| rowspan="7"|[[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|8
|[[Tharad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tharad]]
|None
|-
|9
|[[Dhanera Assembly constituency|Dhanera]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|-
|10
|[[Danta Assembly constituency|Danta]]
|ST
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|12
|[[Palanpur Assembly constituency|Palanpur]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|13
|[[Deesa Assembly constituency|Deesa]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|14
|[[Deodar Assembly constituency|Deodar]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Akbarbhai Chavda]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Zohraben Chavda]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Manubhai Amersey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|1969^
|[[S. K. Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Popatlal Joshi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Motibhai Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[B.K. Gadhvi]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2 |Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Jayantilal Shah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Harisinh Chavda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[B.K. Gadhvi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Harisinh Chavda]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Mukesh Gadhvi|Mukeshkumar Bheiravdanji Gadhvi]]
|-
|2013^
| rowspan="2" |[[Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Parbatbhai Patel]]
|-
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Geniben Thakor]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|}
^ by-poll

==Election results==

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Banaskantha]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Banaskantha">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Banaskantha |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S062.htm |access-date=16 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716095020/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S062.htm |archive-date=16 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Geniben Thakor]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 6,71,883
|percentage=48.83
|change={{increase}}20.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Rekhaben Hiteshbhai Chaudhary
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 6,41,477
|percentage=46.62
|change= {{decrease}}15.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Mansungbhai Mashrubhai Parmar
|party= Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes= 9,929
|percentage= 0.72
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 22,167
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,406
|percentage = 2.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,78,128
|percentage = 70.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Banaskantha]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Parbatbhai Patel]]|votes=6,79,108|percentage=61.62|change=+4.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Parthibhai Galbabhai Bhatol|votes=3,10,812|percentage=28.20|change=-6.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Thakor Swarupji Sardarji|votes=48,634|percentage=4.41|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=12,728|percentage=1.15|change=-0.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Tejabhai Nethibhai Rabari|votes=11,088|percentage=1.01|change=}}{{Election box majority||votes=3,68,296|percentage=33.42|change=+10.62}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,03,739|percentage=65.03|change=+6.49}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Banaskantha]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/banaskantha-lok-sabha|title = Banaskantha Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency}}</ref>
|votes = 5,07,856
|percentage = 57.23
|change = +3.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Joitabhai Kasnabhai Patel
|votes = 3,05,522
|percentage = 34.43
|change = -7.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 17,397
|percentage = 1.96
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Parsotamgiri Turantgiri Mahant
|votes = 11,175
|percentage = 1.26
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Babaji Thakor
|votes = 10,897
|percentage = 1.23
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,02,334
|percentage = 22.80
|change = +10.13
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,87,336
|percentage = 58.54
|change = +19.81
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +3.02
}}
{{Election box end}}

====Bye election 2013====
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2013: Banaskantha}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary]]
|votes = 3,07,988
|percentage = 54.21
|change = +11.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Krishnaben Mukeshkumar Gadhvi
|votes = 2,36,011
|percentage = 41.54
|change = -3.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = S. S. Bharmabhai
|votes = 7,706
|percentage = 1.36
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = C. A. Nasirbhai
|votes = 6,188
|percentage = 1.06
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = R. A. Rugjibhai
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,255
|percentage = 0.57
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 71,977
|percentage = 12.67
|change = +11.08
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,68,276
|percentage = 38.74
|change = -11.09
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +9.43
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Banaskantha]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mukesh Gadhvi|Mukeshkumar Bheiravdanji Gadhvi]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/2009-election-results.html|title = 2009 India General (15th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
|votes = 2,89,409
|percentage = 44.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary]]
|votes = 2,79,108
|percentage = 43.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ashokbhai Balchandbhai Shrimali
|votes = 20,524
|percentage = 3.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Aaiyubbhai Ibrahimbhai Sipai
|votes = 15,801
|percentage = 2.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chetanbhai Kalabhai Solanki
|votes = 11,867
|percentage = 1.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,154
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,46,231
|percentage = 49.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Banaskantha]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Harisinh Chavda]]
|votes = 3,01,148
|percentage = 46.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary]]
|votes = 2,94,220
|percentage = 45.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ashokbhai Balchandbhai Shrimali
|votes = 23,972
|percentage = 3.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhopaji Majirana
|votes = 9,270
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Babulal Vidaja
|votes = 8,258
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,928
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,42,698
|percentage = 48.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1952===
* Chavda Akbar Dalumiyan (INC) : 91,753 votes
* Mehta Gordhandas Girdharlal (SP) : 36,042

==See also==
* [[Banaskantha district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}

{{coord|24.3|72.4|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Politics of Banaskantha district]]

Antara Sarkar Deb

2026-04-27T07:41:07Z

Svetlsgx: made initial details first draft!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Antara Sarkar Deb''' (born 1970) is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. She is an MLA from [[Kamalasagar Assembly constituency]] in the erstwhile [[West Tripura district]] which is now [[Sipahijala district]], representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She won the [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antara Sarkar Deb in Tripura Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/tripura/antara-sarkar-deb-kamalasagar-candidate-s23a015c004/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tripura election result 2023: Full list of winners constituency-wise |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tripura-election-winner-list-2023-bjp-ipft-congress-left-winner-candidate-list-for-tripura-assembly-election-2023-leading-trailing-candidate-party-101677728980359.html |access-date=2024-07-02 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sarkar is from Surjyamaninagar, West Tripura district. She married Tapan Kumar Deb, a farmer. She studied till Class 10 of [[Tripura Board of Secondary Education|Tripura Board of secondary education]] and passed Madhyamik examination in 1992.<ref name=":0" /> Later, she discontinued her studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antara Sarkar Deb(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KAMALASAGAR(SEPAHIJALA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Tripura2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7031 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sarkar became an MLA winning the 2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election from Kamalasagar Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party. She polled 19,052 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Hiranmay Narayan Debnath of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 1,744 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-03-06 |title=Antara Sarkar Deb |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/politics/antara-sarkar-deb/articleshow/97936436.cms |access-date=2024-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Deb, Antara Sarkar}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from West Tripura district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Suno Na.. Ek Nanhi Aawaz

2026-04-26T13:09:44Z

Svetlsgx: put up some details initial version!

{{Infobox film
| name = Suno Na.. Ek Nanhi Aawaz
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Amy Thanawala
| writer = Amy Thanawala Sanjay Chandwara Rahul Patel
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Amy Thanawala
| starring = [[Tara Sharma]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Dhananjay Kulkarni
| editing = Dayal Mojidra Naren Ratan
| music = [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
| studio = Cinema Kollage
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2009|5|15|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Suno Na.. Ek Nanhi Aawaz''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] co-written, produced, and directed by Amy Thanawala and starring [[Tara Sharma]].

==Cast==
*[[Tara Sharma]] as Anupama
*Dharmendra Gohil as Dhruv
*Rinku Patel as Raina
*[[Avinash Tiwary]]
*Makrand Shukla as Deepak

== Production ==
The film marks the directorial debut of Amy Thanawala, who previously worked as an assistant director for ''[[Khamoshi: The Musical]]'' and ''[[Sarfarosh]]''.<ref name="B"/> [[Tara Sharma]] played the role of a pregnant woman while being pregnant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tara-sharma-delivers-her-second-child/articleshow/8813019.cms|title=Tara Sharma delivers her second child|date=11 June 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_lyrics = Yogesh and Roop-Mati
| all_music = [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/suno-na-ek-nanhi-aawaz-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1131747737|title=Suno Na-Ek Nanhi Aawaz (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Sanjoy Chowdhury & Sanjay Chaudhary on Apple Music|date=21 May 2009|work=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Meri Amma Suno Mera Kehna
| length1 = 5:43
| extra1 = [[Antara Chowdhury]], Apurva
| title2 = Girls Rock The World
| length2 = 4:33
| extra2 = Rekha Rao
| title3 = Deewana Ab Dil Na Maane
| length3 = 6:29
| extra3 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| title4 = Pal Aaya Suhana
| length4 = 3:32
| extra4 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]
| title5 = Zindagi Uljhano Se Bhari
| length5 = 5:22
| extra5 = Antara Chowdhury
| title6 = Ja Bairi Ja Badra
| length6 = 5:27
| extra6 = Shubha Rege
| total_length = 31:06
}}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "This debutant feature has very little going for it".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/movie-review-suno-na-ek-nanhi-awaaz/|title=Movie review: Suno Na,Ek Nanhi Awaaz|url-access=subscription|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831005042/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/movie-review-suno-na-ek-nanhi-awaaz/|archive-date=31 August 2014|access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref> A critic from the ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote, "Take a deep breath and hold it in for two hours. ''Suno na..'' will knock you dead anyway".<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/suno-na-ek-nanhi-aawaz-suno-nah-dekho-nah/articleshow/22141619.cms|title=Suno na.. ek nanhi aawaz: Suno? Nah, Dekho? Nah|website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1970029}}

[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2009 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Experimenter Gallery

2026-04-21T16:42:39Z

Svetlsgx: creating a stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Experimenter Gallery
| image = Experimenter Gallery.jpg
| caption = Gallery facade
| established = 2009
| location = Hindustan Road, [[Kolkata]] [[Ballygunge]] Place, [[Kolkata]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.520711366443617|88.364688530317548|format=dms|display=inline}} {{coord|22.5274690489227|88.37039670093542|format=dms|display=inline}}
| type = [[Contemporary art gallery]]
| founder = Priyanka & Prateek Raja
| website = {{URL|https://experimenter.in/}}
}}
'''Experimenter''' is a [[contemporary art gallery]] co-founded by Priyanka and Prateek Raja in [[Kolkata]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=12 Years of Experimenter|url=https://www.platform-mag.com/art/12-years-of-experimenter-2827.html|access-date=2021-05-27|website=www.platform-mag.com}}</ref> It represents several important artists in the [[contemporary art]] scene from across the globe. The gallery functions as an incubator for contemporary art practice spread across various disciplines and media.

== History ==
[[File:SANCHAYAN GHOSH Reversed Perspective 13 Dec 2013 - 15 Feb 2014.jpg|alt=An installation view of the gallery.|thumb|Experimenter, Hindustan Road, installation view, Sanchayan Ghosh, ''Reversed Perspective: 3 Conjunctions'', 2014. Image courtesy of the artist and Experimenter, [[Kolkata]].]]
Experimenter was launched in 2009 to create a platform for the visual arts beyond the conventional white cube format.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-09|title=Experimenter gallery's experiments without end|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//how-to-lounge/art-culture/experimenter-gallery-s-experiments-without-end-111617888045953.html|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Mintlounge|language=en}}</ref>

The original location of the gallery is its Hindustan Road space that was established in 2009. On 28 February 2018, Experimenter launched its second gallery at [[Ballygunge|Ballygunge Place]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-24|title=Kolkata's Experimenter gallery to launch its second branch|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/art/12829-kolkata-s-experimenter-gallery-launch-its-second-branch|access-date=2021-05-31|website=The Sunday Guardian Live|language=en-US}}</ref> Both spaces now run simultaneously.

== Artists represented ==

* Adip Dutta
* Ayesha Sultana
* [[Bani Abidi]]
* Biraaj Dodiya
* [[CAMP (studio)|CAMP]]
* Julien Segard
* [[Kanishka Raja]]
* [[Krishna Reddy (artist)|Krishna Reddy]]
* Mehreen Murtaza
* [[Moyra Davey]]
* [[Naeem Mohaiemen]]
* Prabhakar Pachpute
* Praneet Soi
* Radhika Khimji
* Rathin Barman
* Raqs Media Collective
* Sahil Naik
* Sakshi Gupta
* [[Samson Young]]
* Sanchayan Ghosh
* [[Sohrab Hura]]
* [[Soumya Sankar Bose]]

== Notable exhibitions ==

* 2009 – Group exhibition, ''Freedom Is Notional'' by [[Bani Abidi]], [[Naeem Mohaiemen]], [[Shilpa Gupta]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-07|title=The Decade That Was|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/the-decade-that-was-contemporary-art-5883849/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* 2010 – Group exhibition, ''This is Unreal'' by Raqs Media Collective, Susanta Mandal, [[Yamini Nayar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IMPOSTORS OF EVIDENCE|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/impostors-of-evidence/cid/493666|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India's Experimenter focuses on the now with RAQS and Kolkata location – an interview with Prateek Raja – ArtRadarJournal.com|url=https://artradarjournal.com/2010/09/16/indias-experimenter-focuses-on-the-now-with-raqs-and-kolkata-location-an-interview-with-prateek-raja/|access-date=2021-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2011 – [[Tino Sehgal]]’s first solo in India ''This Situation'', in collaboration with the [[Goethe-Institut|Goethe-Institut//Max Mueller Bhavan]], [[Kolkata]]; ''The Young Man Was'', [[Naeem Mohaiemen]]’s debut solo and his first solo in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Focus: Naeem Mohaiemen's"The Young Man Was"|url=https://creative-capital.org/2012/04/26/in-focus-naeem-mohaiemens-the-young-man-was/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=Creative Capital|language=en}}</ref>
* 2012 – Rathin Barman’s debut solo ''And My Eyes Filled with Sand…''<ref>{{Cite web|title=AN EYE FOR THE ABSURD|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/an-eye-for-the-absurd/cid/466043|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
* 2013 – ''The Land Eaters'', Prabhakar Pachpute’s first solo held in collaboration with Clark House Initiative;<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Sourav|date=2013-11-06|title=Dark Matter Hits White Cube: Excavating India's Coal Miners|url=https://hyperallergic.com/91996/dark-matter-hits-white-cube-excavating-indias-coal-miners/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=Hyperallergic|language=en-US}}</ref> First show of the exhibition series, ''Filament'' by [[Amar Kanwar]], [[CAMP (studio)|CAMP]], [[Naeem Mohaiemen]], [[Omer Fast]];<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 June 2013|title=Our pick of the month|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20130708-our-pick-of-the-month-764367-2013-06-27|access-date=2021-06-07|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The Indian premiere of [[Bani Abidi]]’s body of works ''Then it was Moulded Anew''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WAITING FOR THE SATIRIC TOUCH|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/waiting-for-the-satiric-touch/cid/347086|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
* 2014 – Ayesha Sultana’s debut solo ''Outside the Field of View'';<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-21|title=Inside Artist Ayesha Sultana's Mind {{!}} Verve Magazine|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/inside-artist-ayesha-sultanas-mind|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.vervemagazine.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Nag|first=Ashoke|title=Experimenter gallery presents Bangladesh artist Ayesha Sultana's first solo exhibition|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/experimenter-gallery-presents-bangladesh-artist-ayesha-sultanas-first-solo-exhibition/articleshow/35030783.cms|access-date=2021-06-07}}</ref> Sanchayan Ghosh’s second solo at the gallery, ''Reversed Perspective: 3 Conjunctions'';<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghoshal|first=Somak|date=2013-12-26|title=An explosion of red|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9vZmqdbZ7vye8Sas4STlFP/An-explosion-of-red.html|access-date=2021-06-07|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> Group exhibition, ''Waiting for the Wind''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghoshal|first=Somak|date=2014-03-13|title=Waiting For the Wind {{!}} Law and disorder|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9xkl964Iv5bmO0cPnzeP8M/Waiting-For-the-Wind--Law-and-disorder.html|access-date=2021-06-07|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=6 artists contemplate freedom in "Waiting for the Wind" – in pictures – ArtRadarJournal.com|url=https://artradarjournal.com/2014/03/28/6-artists-contemplate-freedom-in-waiting-for-the-wind-in-pictures/|access-date=2021-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2015 – ''As if – I, Rock/Paper/Scissors'' - first of the four-part retrospective exhibition series (''As if'') by [[CAMP (studio)|CAMP]]; ''Anywhere but Here'', Julien Segard’s debut solo;<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-07|title=Edge Of The City {{!}} Verve Magazine|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/julien-segard-art-show|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.vervemagazine.in|language=en-US}}</ref> Praneet Soi’s debut solo exhibition ''Srinagar''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goyal|first=Sana|title=From Kashmir to Kolkata: Artist Praneet Soi's exhibition 'Srinagar'|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/artist-praneet-soi-exhibition-gallery-experimenter|access-date=2021-06-07|website=Vogue India|date=23 April 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* 2016 – [[Samson Young]]’s debut show in India, ''Mastery of Language Affords Remarkable Power'';<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-04|title=Samson Young's Mastery of Language {{!}} Verve Magazine|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/solo-show-samson-young-mastery-of-language-affords-remarkable-power-experimenter-kolkata|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.vervemagazine.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhuyan|first=Avantika|date=2016-09-09|title=Framing the note|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/g4f6Q5isGyFbcgEmBNraPL/Framing-the-note.html|access-date=2021-06-07|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> ''Edition Maker'', a [[Krishna Reddy (artist)|Krishna Reddy]] retrospective.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-15|title=Krishna Reddy: The Editionmaker {{!}} Verve Magazine|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/arts-and-culture/solo-show-krishna-reddy-editionmaker-contextual-sculpture-to-the-conceptual-experimenter-kolkata|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.vervemagazine.in|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2017 – Sahil Naik’s debut solo ''Ground Zero'';<ref>{{Cite web|title="Ground Zero: Site as Witness/Architecture as Evidence": India's Sahil Naik – artist profile – ArtRadarJournal.com|url=https://artradarjournal.com/2017/12/12/ground-zero-site-as-witnessarchitecture-as-evidence-indias-sahil-naik-artist-profile/|access-date=2021-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Photographer [[Sohrab Hura]]’s debut solo ''Sweet Life''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Das|first=Soumitra|date=2017-09-16|title=The quiet after the storm|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/the-quiet-after-the-storm/article19690314.ece|access-date=2021-06-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 2018 – ''I Wish to Let You Fall off My Hands, Chapter I'' by [[Bani Abidi]] & [[Naeem Mohaiemen]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bani Abidi & Naeem Mohaiemen, I wish to let you fall out of my hands (Chapter 1)|url=https://www.thewhitereview.org/reviews/bani-abidi-naeem-mohaiemen-wish-let-fall-hands-chapter-1/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=The White Review|language=en-US}}</ref> Experimenter [[Ballygunge|Ballygunge Place]], inaugural show, ''I Wish to Let You Fall off My Hands, Chapter II'';<ref>{{Cite web|title=I wish to let you fall out of my hands so that I may catch you again - Chapter II {{!}} Experimenter {{!}} Galleries {{!}} Frieze|url=https://www.frieze.com/event/i-wish-let-you-fall-out-my-hands-so-i-may-catch-you-again-chapter-ii|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.frieze.com}}</ref> [[Soumya Sankar Bose]]’s debut solo ''Full Moon on a Dark Night'';<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Naughton|first1=Jake|last2=Bose|first2=Soumya Sankar|date=2018-01-31|title=These Dreamlike Portraits Explore L.G.B.T.Q. Identity in India|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/31/lens/these-dreamlike-portraits-explore-lgbtq-identity-in-india.html|access-date=2021-06-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ''Drawn from Practice'' - a dialogue across practices and spaces, shown simultaneously at both Experimenter galleries;<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-07|title=Exhibition {{!}} 'Drawn from Practice' at Experimenter, Ballygunge Place, Kolkata, India|url=https://ocula.com/art-galleries/experimenter/exhibitions/drawn-from-practice/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=ocula.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Moyra Davey]]’s first solo in India, ''Bring My Garters / Do Nothing''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bring My Garters / Do Nothing|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/showcase/bring|access-date=2021-06-07|website=The Caravan|language=en}}</ref>
* 2019 – Experimenter’s 10th anniversary show, group exhibition ''Searching for Stars Amongst the Crescents'';<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-03|title=AF talks to Prateek Raja from Experimenter|url=https://www.artfervour.com/post/select-artworks-and-more-from-experimenter-s-searching-for-stars-amongst-the-crescents|access-date=2021-06-07|website=Art Fervour|language=en}}</ref> First Experimenter Outpost iteration, ''Let’s Sing an Old Song'' by [[Soumya Sankar Bose]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Search of the Unseen: Documenting the jatra art form|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2019/sep/15/in-search-of-the-unseen-photographer-soumya-sankar-bose-captures-the-jatra-art-form-2032710.html|access-date=2021-06-07|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> ''To a New Form'' - solo by the late [[Indian people|Indian]] master printmaker sculptor, [[Krishna Reddy (artist)|Krishna Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khurana|first=Chanpreet|title=How Indian-born artist Krishna Reddy left an indelible mark on printmaking worldwide|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/911278/how-indian-born-artist-krishna-reddy-left-an-indelible-mark-on-printmaking-worldwide|access-date=2021-06-07|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2020 – Photographer [[Sohrab Hura]]’s second solo ''Spill'';<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-12|title=Spill: A Cascade of Memory, Familiarity, Blood and Water|url=http://www.artsillustrated.in/review/spill-a-cascade-of-memory-familiarity-blood-and-water/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=AI {{!}} Arts Illustrated {{!}} An Indian based arts and design magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Biraaj Dodiya’s debut solo ''Stone is a Forehead'';<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhandara|first=Neville|title=Artist Biraaj Dodiya unveils her debut solo at Experimenter gallery in Kolkata|url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/artist-biraaj-dodiya-art-exhitionation-experimenter-gallery-kolkata-stone-is-a-forehead|access-date=2021-06-07|website=Vogue India|date=6 March 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref> First online exhibition, ''Filament Online Film Exhibition, Part 1''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filament Part I|url=https://www.platform-mag.com/film/filament-part-i.html|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.platform-mag.com}}</ref>
* 2021 – Adip Dutta’s works and [[Meera Mukherjee]]’s lesser known practices exhibited as ''Nestled'';<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saraswat-Satpathy|first=Kriti|title=Kolkata: Experimenter showcases 'Nestled' featuring a dialogue between Adip Dutta and Meera Mukherjee's works|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/kolkata-experimenter-nestled-featuring-adip-dutta-meera-mukherjee-works|access-date=2021-06-07|website=Architectural Digest India|date=8 February 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sculptor Adip Dutta's tribute to his mentor Meera Mukherjee|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/arts/sculptor-adip-duttas-tribute-to-his-mentor-meera-mukherjee/cid/1804289|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> A solo exhibition of paintings ''Bare Bones'' by Ayesha Sultana, an artist’s solitary practice working in isolation, amidst pandemic;<ref>{{Cite web|title=A confession, and a cherished conversation with Ayesha Sultana|url=https://www.stirworld.com/inspire-people-a-confession-and-a-cherished-conversation-with-ayesha-sultana|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.stirworld.com|language=English}}</ref> Photographer [[Soumya Sankar Bose]]’s second solo, an ongoing body of work on the [[Marichjhapi massacre]], ''Where the Birds Never Sing''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Garms|first=Juliette|date=2020-04-29|title='Where the Birds Never Sing' by Soumya Sankar Bose|url=https://witness.worldpressphoto.org/where-the-birds-never-sing-by-soumya-sankar-bose-ca2978fd4c46|access-date=2021-06-07|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref>

== Art fair participation ==
Experimenter participates in the leading art fairs of the world including [[Art Basel]] in [[Basel]] (since 2013), [[Art Basel]] in [[Hong Kong]] (since 2014), [[Frieze Art Fair]] in [[London]] (since 2010), [[Frieze Art Fair]] in [[New York City|New York]] (since 2012), [[Foire Internationale d'Art Contemporain|FIAC]] [[Paris]] (2016–18), [[Art Dubai]] (since 2011) and [[India Art Fair]], [[New Delhi]] (since 2011).

== Publishing ==
The publishing wing of the gallery, Experimenter Books, was launched in 2016 to function as a publishing partner for its artists.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-27|title=Prateek and Priyanka Raja: Gallery as Incubator|url=https://ocula.com/magazine/conversations/prateek-and-priyanka-raja-experimenter/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=ocula.com|language=en}}</ref> It works towards producing artist-books, monographs and art objects. It also explores the vast creative possibilities of bookmaking, displays particular interest in design and closely collaborates with artists to conceive and envisage each book. One can also find the gallery’s annual catalogues under this initiative alongside the Experimenter Labs Reader, both of which are available for free online access for anyone wanting to give it a read. The Experimenter Labs Reader is a guest-edited anthology of prose, poetry, essays, images by artists, activists, musicians, poets, writers, photographers, philosophers.<ref name=":2" />

== Educational and other initiatives ==

=== Educational initiatives ===
==== Experimenter Curator’s Hub ====
The Experimenter Curator’s Hub is an annual programme, started by the gallery in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Art lovers in Kolkata, pay a visit to the Experimenter|url=https://elle.in/article/the-experimenter/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Elle India|language=en-US}}</ref> It brings under one roof, the most influential curatorial minds in the contemporary art scene around the world to discuss, debate and create a discourse around curatorial practices.<ref>{{Cite web|title=9th Edition of Experimenter Curators' Hub|url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/296885/9th-edition-of-experimenter-curators-hub/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=www.e-flux.com|language=en}}</ref> With a lack of institutional discourse formulation around curation, the gallery co-founders decided to launch this initiative to start a much-needed conversation on curatorial practices for artists, curators, critics and audiences to critically engage with and understand curation as a distinctive discipline.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khanna|first=Jasreen Mayal|title=Kolkata: The 9th edition of its Experimenter Curators' Hub|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/kolkata-experimenter-art-gallery-hosts-9th-edition|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Architectural Digest India|date=10 December 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In an interview to the ''Firstpost'', they said, "We both agree that one of the biggest inhibitors to knowledge in our country are our structures of learning and education, and we are deeply interested in breaking these structures even in our limited capacities. We re-evaluate our roles as directors of Experimenter all the time and have been thinking about how we can make a definitive impact to the world we inhabit individually and as directors of our program. We have felt over time, that discourse and conversation lies at the crux of understanding our dystopian contemporary moment and possibly the only way to establish a future of awareness that appreciates plurality and celebrates contradiction and diversity and would like to invite thinkers, writers, curators, artists, philosophers, architects, designers and so on from all over the world."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-26|title=Experimenter gallery's Priyanka and Prateek Raja on how they put together the prestigious Curators' Hub|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/experimenter-gallerys-priyanka-and-prateek-raja-on-how-they-put-together-the-prestigious-curators-hub-4826391.html|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

The hub is open for all to attend and was shifted online in the year 2020 owing to the global pandemic situation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Experimenter Curators' Hub goes virtual in its 10th iteration|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/arts/experimenter-curators-hub-goes-virtual-in-its-10th-iteration/cid/1797894|access-date=2021-05-31|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> All presentations by curators and panel discussions are archived as video recordings on the gallery’s website as freely accessible resources for those interested in listening to and learning about the various curatorial practices from all over the world. The hub has had participating curators like Leuli Eshraghi, Reem Fadda, [[Adam Szymczyk]], [[Bonaventure Soh Bejeng Ndikung]], Doryun Chong, Sheikha Hoor Al Qasimi, [[Naomi Beckwith]], Natasha Ginwala, Gitanjali Dang, [[Hans Ulrich Obrist]], Abhay Maskara, Raqs Media Collective, Tasneem Zakaria Mehta, [[Shumon Basar]], [[Pooja Sood]], [[Dayanita Singh]] and more.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Experimenter launch 5th edition of Curators' Hub in Kolkata {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/life-details/AC/1054/experimenter-launch-5th-edition-of-curators-hub-in-kolkata.html|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Indiablooms.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-28|title=What's on your mind, Curator|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/experimenter-gallerykolkata-art-bengal-6140090/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Siganporia|first=Shahnaz|title=Why Experimenter Curators' Hub is a must-attend for art lovers|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/inside-this-years-edition-of-the-experimenter-curators-hub|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Vogue India|date=3 August 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==== Experimenter Learning Program ====
The Experimenter Learning Program (ELP) was launched in 2018<ref>{{Cite web|last=Iyengar|first=Radhika|date=2018-08-17|title=Curators' classroom|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/gEVWtXS7kGv5avKEyizmFI/Curators-classroom.html|access-date=2021-05-31|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> with the vision of knowledge creation and increased audience engagement in order to make the gallery an active space for dialogue, discussion, debate and learning. It is a long-term education program rooted in [[visual culture]] and has a year-long schedule including Experimenter Curator’s Hub, workshops, lecture performances, symposia, salon-style classrooms and Experimenter Juniors’ Program.<ref name=":0" />

==== Generator - Co-operative art production fund ====
In April 2020, in the very early stages in the global [[COVID-19 pandemic]], The Generator co-operative art fund was created by Experimenter in collaboration with artists and friends.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ayaz|first=Shaikh|title=Kolkata: Experimenter starts grant to fund artists' work during the lockdown|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/kolkata-experimenter-gallery-grant-fund-artists-projects-art-coronavirus-lockdown|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Architectural Digest India|date=15 April 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> This collaborative fund awards production grants to aid artists’ projects. It is a decentralized funding framework exclusively meant for artists not represented by the gallery and is open to all visual artists irrespective of medium, age or provenance. The applications are accepted on a rolling basis throughout the year and are reviewed by a rotating jury.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Experimenter launches a co-operative production fund to support artists in a post-pandemic world|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/2020/apr/24/experimenter-launches-a-co-operative-production-fund-to-support-artists-in-a-post-pandemic-world-24337.html|access-date=2021-05-31|website=www.indulgexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>

In an interview with ''Ocula'' magazine, gallery co-founder Prateek Raja said, "One of our early conversations was with [[Bani Abidi]], who is based in [[Berlin]], about how grant-giving is such a power-disseminating activity, where an organization or a group of patrons decide to give something to the artist, as if you are bestowing upon them this honor. This is a conversation we renewed, because we figured we would be closed for a few months, and very quickly we launched Generator, which came out with other initiatives from the Labs."<ref name=":0" />

=== Other initiatives ===

==== Experimenter Radio ====
A curated [[Spotify]] channel consisting of music and podcasts by artists, writers, thinkers, collaborators, philosophers that brings together an acoustic experience which can be a source of comfort, inspiration and musings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Connect with your favourite artistes at Experimenter Radio, hosted by the Kolkata Art Gallery|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2019/aug/02/connect-with-your-favourite-artistes-at-experimenter-radio-hosted-by-the-kolkata-art-gallery-17138.html|access-date=2021-05-24|website=www.indulgexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>

==== Filament ====
Filament is a space for streaming films and video art by a wide range of artists and filmmakers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kolkata's Experimenter sets its first online film programme, Filament, rolling|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/art/2020/may/11/kolkatas-experimenter-sets-its-first-online-film-programme-filament-rolling-24878.html|access-date=2021-05-24|website=www.indulgexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>

==== Deep Dive Series ====
A series of in-depth online (sometimes live) conversations of artists with curators, writers, gallerists or other artists and peers who know the artist’s practice and thoughts intimately. These are shared as podcasts, video interviews, live online studio visits, book readings, and more.

== Reception ==
In 2014, Experimenter won the ‘Contemporary Gallery of the Year (Exhibiting young artists)’ award at the [[Forbes]] Art Awards 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners - Art Awards 2014 :: FORBES INDIA|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/awards/artawards/winners.html|access-date=2021-05-24|website=www.forbesindia.com}}</ref>

In 2016, Experimenter won the 'Gallery of the Year' award at the [[Living Media|India Today]] Art Awards 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 January 2016|first=Srijani|last=Ganguly/|title=India Today Art Awards 2016 honours doyens of art world|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/india-today-art-awards-2016-sh-raza-krishen-khanna-kg-subramanyan-and-ram-kumar-honoured-306039-2016-01-29|access-date=2021-05-31|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, Experimenter co-founders Prateek and Priyanka Raja were named in the [[ArtReview]] Power 100 list of the ‘Most influential people in the contemporary art world’.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prateek & Priyanka Raja|url=https://artreview.com/artist/prateek-priyanka-raja/?year=2020|access-date=2021-05-24|website=artreview.com|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Experimenter Gallery}}

[[Category:Contemporary art galleries in India]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries established in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Kolkata]]

Ratanpur Abhiman

2026-04-20T13:04:52Z

Svetlsgx: started new entry...

{{Short description|Village in Darbhanga, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ratanpur Abhiman
| official_name = Ratanpur Abhiman
| native_name = Ratanpur
| native_name_lang =
| image_skyline = Ratanpur Abhiman Village's Entrance Gate.jpg
| image_caption = Entrance Gate marking the village boundary.
| settlement_type = Village
| image_map =
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|17|28|N|85|44|14|E|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}
| imagesize =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Thēthi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]

| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[List of regions of India|Block]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Jale, Bihar|Jale]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| subdivision_name6 = [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Democracy]]
| governing_body = [[Sarpanch]]
| area_total_km2 = 6.87

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| demographics_type1 = Official
| demographics1_title1 = [[Language]]
| population_as_of = 2011
|population_total = 8360 <ref name="Census"/>
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Darbhanga]], [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Sitamarhi]]
| postal_code = 847307
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Literacy]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = 64.71%
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 4386/3974 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#BR—Bihar|BR]]-07
}}
'''Ratanpur Abhiman''' is a historic village located in the [[Jale, Bihar|Jale]] block within [[Darbhanga|Drabhanga district]], [[Bihar]], known for its cultural heritage and historical legacy. Commonly referred to locally as '''Ratanpur''', the village is also noted in official documents as '''Ratanpur Mokari'''.

==History==
Ratanpur Abhiman dates back to the 13th century, during the rule of the [[Sena Dynasty]] in [[Bengal]], which spanned from 1230 to 1295 AD. With the rise of the [[Deva Dynasty]], the [[Sen Dynasty]]'s last ruler, [[Keshava Sena]], saw his lineage migrate from [[Bengal]], his great-grandson Ratna Sen, a devoted follower of the mother [[Durga]], fled to [[Mithilanchal]]. He established a fort near an existing Durga temple, leading to the village being named Ratanpur in his honor.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/darbhanga/news/senvansh-had-built-maa-ratneshwari-temple-in-darbhanga-132027100.html|title=Senvansh had built Maa Ratneshwari Temple In Darbhanga | सेन वंश ने बनवाया था मां रत्नेश्वरी मंदिर मंदिर: 75 फीट ऊंचे टीले पर बना मां मंदिर, मनोकामना पूर्ण होने की है मान्यता - Darbhanga News|access-date=2024-08-17}}</ref>

The village holds historical significance due to its role in the Indian independence movement. During the August Revolution [[Quit India Movement]] of 1942, local freedom fighters Pradeep Sharma and Md. Bilat Darjee sacrificed their lives, earning the village the designation of '''Shaheed Chowk''' (Martyr's Place).<ref name="shaeed"/>

==Cultural and spiritual legacy==
Ratanpur Abhiman is noted for its spiritual heritage, notably the [[Maa Ratneshwari Temple]], a revered Vaishnavi Durga Peeth located in the village's eastern part. This temple, which has been a site of worship for centuries, was established by Baba Bam Bholi Das. It is a prominent destination for devotees from Mithilanchal and Nepal, particularly during the Shardiya and Annual Navratri festivals. The temple venerates Durga in her Lakshmi Swarupa form, with worship centered around a sacred Pindi rather than a statue. The temple does not practice animal sacrifice, reflecting its tranquil and devout nature.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | title=Vaishnavi Shaktipeeth is in the Mata Ratneshwari place जाले में वैष्णवी शक्तिपीठ है माता रत्नेश्वरी स्थान, दरभंगा न्यूज़ | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-vaishnavi-shaktipeeth-is-in-the-mata-ratneshwari-place-2216948.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812193944/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-vaishnavi-shaktipeeth-is-in-the-mata-ratneshwari-place-2216948.html | access-date=2025-08-24 | archive-date=2024-08-12}}</ref>

Additionally, Ratanpur Abhiman is home to the [[Gangeshwar Asthan]], dedicated to Lord Shiva. This ancient temple is another significant spiritual site in the village, enhancing its religious and cultural prominence. Devotees visit the Gangeshwar Temple to seek blessings from Lord Shiva, adding to the village's reputation as a center of worship and spiritual significance.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/darbhanga/news/decision-came-in-favor-of-baba-gangeshwar-nath-shivalaya-ratanpur-131953707.html|title=Decision came in favor of Baba Gangeshwar Nath Shivalaya Ratanpur | बाबा गंगेश्वर नाथ शिवालय रतनपुर के पक्ष में आया फैसला: दरभंगा में लंबे समय से था विवाद, मंदिर की ही रहेगी जमीन - Darbhanga News|access-date=2024-08-17}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Population in Ratanpur'''
|value1 = 52.4
|label1 = Male Population
|value2 = 47.6
|label2 = Female Population
}}

Ratanpur Abhiman situated in the [[Jale, Bihar|Jale]] Block within [[Darbhanga]] district, [[Bihar]] having a total of 1,871 households. The village's [[Population (human biology)|population]] is 8,360, comprising 4,386 [[male]]s and 3,974 [[females]] according to the 2011 Population Census Data.<ref name="Census"/><ref name="Census2"/> Among the inhabitants of Ratanpur Abhiman, there are 1,360 children aged 0–6, accounting for 16.27% of the total population. The village's average [[sex ratio]] is 906, which is below the Bihar state average of 918. The child sex ratio in Ratanpur Abhiman stands at 957, surpassing the Bihar average of 935.<ref name="Census2"/>
{{bar box
|title=Literacy in Ratanpur Abhiman
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Literacy
|right1=Percent
|width=50%
|float=center
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Male]]|lightblue|71.25}}
{{bar percent|[[Female]]|lightpink|57.42}}
{{bar percent|All|lightgrey|64.71}}
}}
Ratanpur Abhiman boasts a higher [[literacy rate]] compared to the state average. In 2011, the [[literacy rate]] in the village was 64.71%, compared to Bihar's average of 61.80%. The '''male literacy''' rate in Ratanpur Abhiman is 71.25%, whereas the '''female literacy''' rate is 57.42%.<ref name="Census"/><ref name="Census2"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col"|Census Parameter
! scope="col"|Census Data
! scope="col"|Percentage
! scope="col"|Census Parameter
! scope="col"|Census Data
! scope="col"|Percentage
|-
| Total Population
| 8,360
| NA
| Literacy Rate - Males
| 3,126
| 71.25%
|-
| Total No of Houses
| 1,871
| NA
| Literacy Rate - Females
| 2,283
| 57.42%
|-
| Male Population
| 4,386
| 52.5%
| Literate Males
| 3,126
| 71.25%
|-
| Female Population
| 3,974
| 47.5%
| Illiterate Males
| 1,260
| 28.75%
|-
| Total Literacy Rate
| 6,430
| 64.7%
| Literate Females
| 2,283
| 57.42%
|-
| Scheduled Caste Population
| 1,084
| 13.0%
| Illiterate Females
| 1,691
| 42.58%
|-
| Girl Child (0–6) Population
| 665
| 7.95%
| Total Literate Population
| 5,409
| 64.71%
|-
| Boy Child (0–6) Population
| 1,360
| 16.2%
| Total Illiterate Population
| 2,951
| 35.3%
|-
| Working Population
| 2,434
| 29.1%
| Non-Working Population
| 5,926
| 70.1%
|}

<blockquote style="border-left: 2px solid #ccc; padding-left: 10px;">
Data taken from 2011 Population Census <ref name="Census"/><ref name="Census2"/>
</blockquote>

==Tourist places==
Ratanpur Abhiman is known for its tranquil environment and spiritual significance. Nearby, you can explore several notable attractions:

#[[Gangeshwar Asthan]]: A sacred site dedicated to lord [[Shiva]], It is also known as '''Mahadev Asthan''' locally, attracting devotees seeking blessings and peace.<ref name="babag"/>
#[[Maa Ratneshwari Temple]]: A prominent temple dedicated to Goddess [[Durga]], known for its spiritual significance and vibrant festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jaymaaratneshwari.com/|title=Home | MaaRatneshwari | Ratanpur Abhiman|website=JayMaaRatneshwari|access-date=2024-08-17|archive-date=13 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813214740/https://www.jaymaaratneshwari.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#Shaheed Chowk: Memorial site commemorating two local martyrs '''Pradip Sharma''' and '''Mohammad Bilat Darjee''' who died during a clash with British forces in August 1942, part of the [[Quit India Movement]].
#Chaitanya Kuti: A temple dedicated to Lord [[Krishna]] and [[Radha]], known for its devotional atmosphere and serene surroundings.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Chhathihar festival celebrated in Sri Chaitanya Kuti | language=hi | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-chhathihar-festival-celebrated-in-sri-chaitanya-kuti-4624054.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813214734/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-chhathihar-festival-celebrated-in-sri-chaitanya-kuti-4624054.html | archive-date=2024-08-13}}</ref>
#Beegan Baba Kuti: A holy site dedicated to Lord [[Rama]], offering a peaceful retreat and spiritual solace.
#[[Gautam Ashram]]: A revered pilgrimage site associated with sage [[Gautama Maharishi]], known as '''Gautam Kund''' for its spiritual ambiance and historical importance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gautamkund.in/|title=महर्षि गौतम ऋषि तीर्थ क्षेत्र|website=gautamkund.in|access-date=2024-08-17}}</ref>
#[[Ahalya Sthan]]: A significant place connected to the legend of [[Ahalya]] from the [[Ramayana]], offering a glimpse into ancient mythology.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/darbhanga/ahilya-sthaan | title=Ahilya Mandir | website=tourism.bihar.gov.in}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*Kapildeo Thakur (MLA) - Jale Assembly Election 1977 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3893-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-1977/ |title=Bihar Vidhan Sabha Nirvachan 1977 -Page 111 |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=hi |access-date=February 16, 2026}}</ref>
*Dr. Mahendra Singh M.D. in Homeopathy <ref>{{Cite web | title=Dr Mahendra Sing : A Big Loss to Homoeopathy | url=https://www.homeobook.com/dr-mahendra-sing-a-big-loss-to-homoeopathy/ | access-date=2026-02-28 | website=www.homeobook.com}}</ref>
*Pradip Sharma & Bilat Darjee - Martyred freedom fighters of India <ref>{{Cite web| title=Dictionary of Martyrs - India’s freedom struggle (1857-1947) | url=https://moc.php-staging.com/files/publications_documents/Martyrs_Vol_4_06_03_2019_6.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806044648/https://moc.php-staging.com/files/publications_documents/Martyrs_Vol_4_06_03_2019_6.pdf | archive-date=2025-08-06}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Road===
Ratanpur is well-connected by road to [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]. Travelers can use the following routes:
*[[National Highway 57 (India)]]
*NH527B
*NH527C

===Railways===

*Kamtaul Railway Station: A nearby station located very close to Ratanpur.
*Muraitha Halt: It is also in close proximity to Ratanpur.
*[[Darbhanga Junction]] Railway Station: It is situated near Ratanpur, this station provides access to Ratanpur from nearby towns.

===Air===

*[[Darbhanga Airport]]: The nearest airport to Ratanpur, located approximately 30 km away. It offers flights to and from various destinations for convenient air travel.

==Village's Gallery==
<gallery widths="auto" heights="auto">
Ratanpur Abhiman Village's sign board.jpg|Ratanpur Abhiman Village's sign board
Chimny in Ratanpur.jpg|This chimny is in Ratanpur Abhiman Village which is used for making mud/soil's bricks.
Maa ratneshwari Temple Intrance.jpg|Maa Ratneshwari Temple Intrance
Maa Ratneshwari Mandir.jpg |Top View of Maa Ratneshwari Temple
Baba Gangeshwarnath Temple.jpg|Baba Gangeshwarnath Temple which come under Baba Gangeshwarnath Tirth Chetra in Ratanpur Abhiman
Baba Gangeshwarnath Temple Parking Area.jpg|Parking area in Baba Gangeshwarnath Temple, Ratanpur abhiman
Maa Parvati Temple.jpg|Maa Parvati Temple inside Baba Gangeshwarnath Temple Permises
Maa Parvati And Mahadev Temple.jpg|Maa Parvati Temple and Gangeshwarnath Temple Together view

</gallery>

==References==
Village Details <ref>{{cite web | url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-ratanpur-95318 | title=Gram Panchayat: RATANPUR | access-date=12 August 2024 | archive-date=12 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812193945/https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-ratanpur-95318 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Ratneshwari Durga Temple & History <ref name="auto2"/>
Shaktipith Mata Ratneshwari <ref name="auto"/>
Baba Gangeshwarnath temple <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-gangeswaranath-mahadev-temple-19423946.html | title=gangesh }}</ref>
recent news of Baba Gangeshwarnath <ref name="auto1"/>
Shaheed Asthal <ref name="shaeed">{{Cite web | title=Ratanpur remembers martyrs रतनपुर ने शहीदों को किया याद, दरभंगा न्यूज़ | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-ratanpur-remembers-martyrs-2130471.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812212903/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-ratanpur-remembers-martyrs-2130471.html | access-date=2025-08-24 | archive-date=2024-08-12}}</ref>
Census 2011 <ref name="Census">{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/226759-ratanpur-abhiman-bihar.html | title=Ratanpur Abhiman Village Population - Jale - Darbhanga, Bihar }}</ref>
Census India<ref name="Census2">{{cite web | url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/bihar/darbhanga/jale/ratanpur-abhiman-population.html | title=Ratanpur Abhiman Village Population - Jale, Darbhanga, Bihar }}</ref>
Latest news of Baba Gangeshwarnath Teerth Chetra<ref name="babag">{{Cite web | title=Devotees throng Ratanpur for Baba Gangeshwarnath Mahadev s Jalabhishek गंगेश्वरस्थान में हजारों शिवभक्तों ने किया जलार्पण, Darbhanga Hindi News - Hindustan | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-devotees-throng-ratanpur-for-baba-gangeshwarnath-mahadev-s-jalabhishek-201722885872824.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426214554/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-devotees-throng-ratanpur-for-baba-gangeshwarnath-mahadev-s-jalabhishek-201722885872824.html | access-date=2025-08-24 | archive-date=2025-04-26}}</ref>
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Darbhanga district]]

Jairam Kumar Mahato

2026-04-19T17:02:23Z

Svetlsgx: Starting the bio from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1994)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jairam Kumar Mahato
| image = Jairam Kumar Mahato.jpg
| preceded1 = [[Baby Devi]]
| birth_place = Mantand, [[Dhanbad district]], Bihar (now [[Jharkhand]]), [[India]]
| parents = Krishna Prasad Mahato
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|27 December 1994}}
| office1 = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Dumri Assembly constituency|Dumri]]
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Vinoba Bhave University]] ([[Bachelors of Arts|BA]], [[Masters of Arts|MA]])
| office = President of [[Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha]]
| term_end =
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| party = [[Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha]]
| term_start1 = 23 November 2024
| term_start = 18 June 2023
| nickname = Tiger
| caption = Mahato in 2025
| image_size = 200
}}

'''Jairam Kumar Mahato''' (born 27 September 1994) popularly known as '''Tiger Jairam''' is an Indian activist and politician.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Angad |first=Abhishek |date=2024-11-16 |title=‘Jharkhand ka ladka’ as rising ‘Tiger’: But how far will that take Jairam Mahato? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/jharkhand-ka-ladka-rising-tiger-how-far-will-that-take-jairam-mahato-9672356/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-16 |title=सियासी लड़ाई में कहां खड़े हैं जयराम महतो? विधानसभा चुनाव में झारखंड के ‘टाइगर’ की होगी पहली बड़ी परीक्षा |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/jairam-mahato-jklm-first-political-test-in-jharkhand-vidhan-sabha-chunav-rising-as-local-boy/3684006/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref> He is serving as the member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Dumri Assembly constituency]] on the symbol of [[Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha]], a newly formed political party for safeguarding Jharkhandi local languages and cultural heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumri Election Result 2024 LIVE: Jairam Kumar Mahato of JLKM Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/dumri-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130271.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Abhik |date=2024-11-23 |title=Jharkhand Elections: Why Jairam Mahato Couldn’t Make A Dent |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/elections/jharkhand-elections-why-jairam-mahato-couldnt-make-a-dent |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jairam Mahato: The Young Firebrand Leader Who Could Upset NDA, INDIA Bloc's Equations in Jharkhand |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/jairam-mahato-the-young-firebrand-leader-who-could-upset-nda-india-blocs-equations-in-jharkhand |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=thewire.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=2024-06-07 |title=Jharkhand witnesses rise of new political outfit in State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/jharkhand-witnesses-rise-of-new-political-outfit-in-state/article68263263.ece |access-date=2024-11-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Mahato is the founder of [[Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha]], formerly known as Jharkhandi Bhasha Khatiyan Sangharsh Samiti.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=2024-08-17 |title=In the run up to assembly poll, Congress appoints new Jharkhand Chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/in-the-run-up-to-assembly-poll-congress-appoints-new-jharkhand-chief/article68534278.ece |access-date=2024-11-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He fought [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Dumri Assembly constituency]] and [[Bermo Assembly constituency]] seats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Shankar |date=2024-11-16 |title=Jairam ‘Tiger’ Mahto contesting from two Assembly seats, to face first big test |url=https://avenuemail.in/jairam-tiger-mahto-contesting-from-two-assembly-seats-to-face-first-big-test/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand Election 2024: जयराम महतो 2 जगह से लड़ेंगे चुनाव, JLKM ने जारी की 14 प्रत्यशियों की दूसरी सूची - JLKM Releases Second List of 14 Candidates Jairam Mahato to Contest from Two Seats |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/dhanbad-jlkm-releases-second-list-of-of-14-candidates-jairam-mahato-to-contest-from-two-seats-23813571.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> He registered a historic win from Dumri seat by defeating the sitting minister [[Baby Devi]] but lost the Bermo seat, claiming the second spot.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2024-11-23 |title=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha’s Jairam Mahato wins Dumri seat, loses Bermo |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1076019/jharkhand-loktantrik-krantikari-morchas-jairam-mahato-wins-dumri-seat-loses-bermo |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=Nov 24, 2024 |title=Jairam Mahato’s JKLM shakes up Jharkhand poll with Dumri victory |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jairam-mahato-s-jklm-shakes-up-jharkhand-poll-with-dumri-victory-101732387357841.html |access-date=Nov 29, 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pheroze L. |first=Vincent |date=2024-11-24 |title='Tiger' burns bright in Jharkhand: Jairam Mahato triumphs with historic Win |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/tiger-burns-bright-in-jharkhand-jairam-mahato-triumphs-with-historic-win/cid/2065568 |access-date=2024-11-29 |work=The Telegraph India |language=English |publication-place=New Delhi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Jairam Kumar Mahato was born to Krishna Prasad Mahato on 27 September 1994 at Mantand village of [[Topchanchi]], [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiger Jairam Kumar Mahato |url=https://jlkmparty.org/Member/JairamMahto |website=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=झारखंड चुनाव: कौन हैं जयराम महतो जो NDA और INDIA गठबंधन के बन सकते हैं चुनौती |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/story/jairam-mahato-threat-to-nda-and-india-in-jharkhand-assembly-elections-ntc-dskc-2080092-2024-10-24 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> Mahato hails from a family deeply connected to Jharkhand's statehood movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is 'tiger' Jairam Mahato ?|url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/jharkhand-elections/who-is-tiger-jairam-mahato-what-does-his-new-party-mean-for-jharkhand-124112200996_1.html?_gl=1*1hjhzmg*_ga*aVVEejRKQklYVnBoNWJDZ0p6WEJiNG43X2U0VmszZWl2ZWUwUnNHWkFZc0FrYjhpSWhEWG5UU2VSR0ZKSVhQbQ..*_ga_2673Q3QZ8Z*MTczMjgxNjAxNC44LjAuMTczMjgxNjAxNC4wLjAuMA|access-date=2024-11-28|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref> His father was an organizer in the movement for Jharkhand's statehood. He was just two years old when his father lost his life from head injuries sustained during a protest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minj |first=Nolina |date=2024-11-13 |title=In Jharkhand, a young leader’s growing popularity leaves established parties worried |url=https://scroll.in/article/1075548/in-jharkhand-a-young-leaders-growing-popularity-leaves-established-parties-worried |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-16 |title=Tiger Jairam Mahto Biography {{!}} JBKSS / JLKM Party {{!}} जयराम कुमार महतो {{!}} Jharkhand Circle - Jharkhand Circle |url=https://jharkhandcircle.in/2024/05/tiger-jairam-mahto-biography/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

He completed Master of Arts in English from [[P. K. Roy Memorial College]], Dhanbad, under [[Vinoba Bhave University]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jairam Kumar Mahato (Independent(IND)):Constituency- Giridih (Jharkhand) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=8533 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He is pursuing PhD from the [[Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University]], which is to be completed in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-21 |title=Jairam Mahato Education: जानिए कितने पढ़े-लिखे हैं जयराम महतो ? |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/education/dumri-mla-jairam-mahato-education-know-how-many-degree-he-holds-and-which-university-he-studied-at |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=डॉक्टर विधायक बनने की राह पर MLA जयराम महतो, जानिए कब पूरी होगी पीएचडी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/jharkhand/dhanbad/dumri-mla-jairam-mahato-submits-third-annual-phd-report-doctorate-to-be-completed-by-2026/articleshow/116474696.cms |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== Career ==
Jairam Kumar Mahato fought [[2024 Indian general election]] from [[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency]] as an independent candidate at the age of 29 years. He got 347332 votes and stood at the third position, while [[Mathura Prasad Mahato]] of [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] stood second and [[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]] of [[All Jharkhand Students Union]] won the election.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-05 |title=Giridih election results 2024 live updates: AJSU's Chandra Prakash Choudhary wins against JMM’s Mathura Prasad Mahato with a margin of 80880 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/giridih-election-results-2024-jharkhand-giridih-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-mathura-prasad-mahato-jmm/articleshow/110671743.cms |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==
=== Indian general elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]]
| {{party name with colour|Independent politician}}
|347,322
|27.46
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

=== Jharkhand Legislative Assembly elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Bermo Assembly constituency|Bermo]]
| {{party name with colour|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|60,871
|27.21
|{{Lost}}
|-
|[[Dumri Assembly constituency|Dumri]]
|94,496
|41.80
|{{Won}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahato, Jairam Kumar}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dhanbad district]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Vinoba Bhave University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Giridih district]]

Heirok Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:38Z

Svetlsgx: Starting the info w/ refs!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Heirok
| mla = [[Thokchom Radheshyam Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Thoubal district|Thoubal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:33098}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type= SLA
}}

'''Heirok Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3713-manipur-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Thoubal district]].

== Extent ==
Heirok is the 33rd among 60 assembly constituencies of Manipur. It has 39 parts namely: 1-Chandrakhong (A), 2-Ningel, 3-Leirongthel (A), 4-Pitra, 5-Nongpok Sekmai, 6-Shikhong Khunbi, 7-Ingourok, 8-Shikhong Khunou, 9-Hijam Khunou, 10-Ukhongshang Maning, 11-Ukhongshang Mamang, 2-Lourembam Makha, 13-Lourembam Awang, 14-Langmeithet, 15-Kang Yambem Makha Leikai, 16-Kang Yambem Mamang Leikai, 17 - Kang Thokchao Awang Leikai, 18 - Pechi, 19 - Bengi, 20 - Thokchom, 21 - Heirok Part I Heituppokpi, 22 - Heirok Part I Heituppokpi Mamang, 23 - Heirok Part III Ngarouthel, 24 - Heirok Part III Lam Mari Phangba Maning, 25 - Heirok Part III Lam Mari Phangba Mamang, 26 - Heirok Part-III Kabo Leikai, 27 - Heirok Part-I Mamang Leikai, 28 - Heirok Part-II Doctorshang Mamang, 29 - Heirok Part-II Doctorshang Maning, 30 - Heirok Part-II Maning Leikai, 31 - Heirok Part-II Laimayum Mamang, 32 - Heirok Part II Bazar Maning, 33 - Heirok Part II Bazar, 34 - Heirok Part II Mayai Leikai, 35 - Heirok Part-II Devi Mandop Leikai, 36 - Heirok part-II Chingdompok, 37 - Kang Yambem Awang Leikai, 38 - Kang Thokchao Makha Leikai, 39 - Heirok Part-II Bazar Mamang.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Winner !! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Mibotombi Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Moirangthem Tombi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Moirangthem Tombi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Moirangthem Tombi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Nongmeikapam Komol Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Moirangthem Okendro || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Moirangthem Okendro || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Nongmeikapam Sovakiran Singh || {{Full party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || Moirangthem Okendro || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || Moirangthem Okendro || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || [[Thokchom Radheshyam Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Thokchom Radheshyam Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|42.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|46.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Federal Party of Manipur}}|46.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|44.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.12}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|39.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.76}}
}}

=== 2022 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heirok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thokchom Radheshyam Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,589 |percentage=42.80% |change=-3.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Okendro |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,186 |percentage=41.53% |change=0.64% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Diten Singh |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=4,766 |percentage=15.01% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=403 |percentage=1.27% |change=-4.47% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,748 |percentage=95.92% |change= 1.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,098 |change =9.25% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -3.82% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2017 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heirok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thokchom Radheshyam Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,389 |percentage=46.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Okendro |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,742 |percentage=40.89% |change=-12.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Diten Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,321 |percentage=11.57% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,647 |percentage=5.74% |change=-16.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,715 |percentage=94.78% |change= -1.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,297 |change =14.32% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.56% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2012 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heirok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Okendro |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,535 |percentage=53.19% |change=-4.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmeikapam Sovakiran Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=7,764 |percentage=30.51% |change=-11.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumatibala Ningthoujam |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=4,136 |percentage=16.25% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,771 |percentage=22.68% |change=6.64% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,447 |percentage=95.97% |change= 4.38% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,503 |change =1.75% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.52% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2007 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heirok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Okendro |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,775 |percentage=57.71% |change=14.25% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Sovakiran Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=9,947 |percentage=41.68% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,828 |percentage=16.04% |change=13.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,868 |percentage=91.63% |change= -0.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,048 |change =17.90% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= 11.26% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2002 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heirok<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmeikapam Sovakiran Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=9,376 |percentage=46.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Okendro |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,772 |percentage=43.46% |change=3.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Borchandra Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=1,254 |percentage=6.21% |change=-16.59% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kondum |party=Manipur National Conference |votes=307 |percentage=1.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Muhindro Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=284 |percentage=1.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Tombi |party=Samata Party |votes=189 |percentage=0.94% |change=0.32% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=604 |percentage=2.99% |change=-5.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,182 |percentage=92.08% |change= -1.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,094 |change =5.04% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.05% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2000 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heirok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Okendro |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,665 |percentage=40.29% |change=3.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmeikapam Komol Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,956 |percentage=31.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Borchandra Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=4,338 |percentage=22.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Jugeshwar Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=948 |percentage=4.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Tombi |party=Samata Party |votes=118 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,709 |percentage=8.98% |change=2.23% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,025 |percentage=91.26% |change= -2.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,034 |change =10.28% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.89% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1995 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heirok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Okendro |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,456 |percentage=36.40% |change=-4.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmeikapam Komol Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,258 |percentage=29.65% |change=20.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khundongbam Khelendra Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,773 |percentage=15.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Jugeshwor Singh |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=2,397 |percentage=13.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningthoujam Borchandra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=505 |percentage=2.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Krishnadas |party=Independent politician |votes=346 |percentage=1.95% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,198 |percentage=6.76% |change=3.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,735 |percentage=94.01% |change= 3.11% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,073 |change =-7.40% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= -8.05% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1990 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heirok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmeikapam Komol Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=8,207 |percentage=44.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Tombi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,566 |percentage=40.98% |change=-3.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Krishna Das Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,716 |percentage=9.29% |change=-8.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Th. Biramangol Singh |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=973 |percentage=5.27% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=641 |percentage=3.47% |change=-2.64% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,462 |percentage=90.90% |change= 0.29% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,598 |change =26.72% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.33% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1984 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heirok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Tombi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,274 |percentage=44.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmeikapam Nilakamal |party=Independent politician |votes=5,405 |percentage=38.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Krishna |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,540 |percentage=17.86% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=869 |percentage=6.11% |change=4.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,219 |percentage=90.61% |change= 3.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,255 |change =10.35% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= 4.93% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1980 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heirok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Tombi |party=Janata Party |votes=4,936 |percentage=39.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongmeikapam Nilakamal |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=4,754 |percentage=37.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khudongbam Kheiendro |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,903 |percentage=23.05% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=182 |percentage=1.45% |change=-13.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,593 |percentage=87.62% |change= -0.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,730 |change =18.36% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -18.29% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heirok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Tombi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,171 |percentage=57.49% |change=19.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soibam Kushmu Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,563 |percentage=42.51% |change=20.54% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,608 |percentage=14.98% |change=2.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,734 |percentage=88.61% |change= 1.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,445 |change =17.31% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 19.73% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Heirok}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mibotombi Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,401 |percentage=37.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Yaima |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,282 |percentage=25.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chakpram Rameshwar Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,979 |percentage=21.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishramibomcha Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,040 |percentage=11.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mairam Nimai |party=Independent politician |votes=136 |percentage=1.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khundrapamitocha Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=98 |percentage=1.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laisram Krishnadas |party=Independent politician |votes=72 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,119 |percentage=12.42% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,008 |percentage=87.20% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,609 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Thoubal district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.58|94.08|display=title}}

[[Category:Thoubal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Sumerpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:21Z

Svetlsgx: put up new post added tags

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sumerpur
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-121-Sumerpur.svg
| mla = [[Joraram Kumawat]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Pali district|Pali]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Pali]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:311205}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 121
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| incumbent_image =
}}
'''Sumerpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order – 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Pali district|Pali]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Sources:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/rajasthan/sumerpur.html|title=Sumerpur Election Results, Sumerpur Assembly Constituency|website=mapsofindia.com}}</ref><ref name="election2013">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/gehlot-wins-sardarpura-seat-jodhpur-13754.html|title=Gehlot wins Sardarpura seat in Jodhpur|first=India TV News|last=Desk|date=8 December 2013|website=indiatvnews.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1962||Aldaram||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1967||P. Bafna||{{Full party name with color|Swantantra Party}}
|-
| 1972||Sajjan singh||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1977||Vigyan Modi||{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| 1980||Gokul Chandra Sharma ||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1985||[[Beena Kak]]
|-
| 1990||[[Gulab singh Rajpurohit]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 1993||[[Beena Kak]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1998||[[Beena Kak]]
|-
| 2003||[[Madan Rathore]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2008||[[Beena Kak]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2013||[[Madan Rathore]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Joraram Kumawat]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2023||[[Joraram Kumawat]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sumerpur]]<ref name="election2023"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Joraram Kumawat]]
|votes = {{formatnum:104044}}
|percentage = 54.05
|change = {{decrease}}1.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Harishankar Mewara
|votes = {{formatnum:76662}}
|percentage = 39.83
|change = {{increase}}3.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jeevaram Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:3003}}
|percentage = 1.56
|change = {{increase}}0.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Hariram Ghanchi
|votes = {{formatnum:1812}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2290}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change = {{increase}}0.84
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27382}}
|percentage = 14.22
|change = {{decrease}}4.72
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:192486}}
|percentage = 61.85
|change = {{increase}}0.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{Decrease}}4.72
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sumerpur]]<ref name="election2018"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Joraram Kumawat]]
|votes = {{formatnum:96617}}
|percentage = 55.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ranju Ramawat
|votes = {{formatnum:63685}}
|percentage = 36.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nonji
|votes = {{formatnum:2766}}
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Surendra Parmar
|votes = {{formatnum:2178}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bhanwar Singh Jodha
|votes = {{formatnum:1797}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:613}}
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32932}}
|percentage = 18.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173853}}
|percentage = 61.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{Decrease}}9.04
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sumerpur]]<ref name="election2013"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Madan Rathore]]
|votes = 86,210
|percentage = 56.63%
|change = +25.90%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Beena Kak]]
|votes = 43,567
|percentage = 28.62%
|change = -9.97%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = National People's Party (India)
|candidate = Hanuman Bhati
|votes = 8,905
|percentage = 5.85%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,186
|percentage = 2.09%
|change = +2.09%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Narendra Kumar
|votes = 2,274
|percentage = 1.49%
|change = -0.25%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shankarlal Narban
|votes = 1,128
|percentage = 0.74%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhanwar Singh Jodha
|votes = 789
|percentage = 0.52%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 42,648
|percentage = 28.01%
|change = 20.15%
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,52,245
|percentage = 61.21%
|change = +11.46%
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{Increase}}28.01
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sumerpur]]<ref name="delimitation2008"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Beena Kak]]
|votes = 43,268
|percentage = 38.59%
|change = +7.34%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shankar Singh Rajpurohit
|votes = 34,451
|percentage = 30.73%
|change = -2.42%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Gokul Chandra Sharma
|votes = 4,013
|percentage = 3.58%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jagdishpal Singh Ranawat
|votes = 2,068
|percentage = 1.84%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Jaidev Singh
|votes = 4,427
|percentage = 3.40%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Bastimal
|votes = 840
|percentage = 0.75%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Rajasthan Vikas Party
|candidate = Hiralal Garg
|votes = 689
|percentage = 0.61%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha
|candidate = Mangal Das Vaishnav
|votes = 450
|percentage = 0.40%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 8,817
|percentage = 7.86%
|change = +4.96%
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,12,125
|percentage = 50.75%
|change = -7.59%
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{Increase}}7.86
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Pali district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|25.15|73.09|display=title}}

[[Category:Pali district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Proddatur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:30Z

Svetlsgx: started a entry...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Proddatur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (132-Proddatur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Proddatur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Nandyala Varada Rajulu Reddy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 236,730
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 132
}}

'''Proddatur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Nandyala Varada Rajulu Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 236,730 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders'' (1951).

==Overview==
It is part of [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency]] along with another six Sasana Sabha segments, namely, [[Badvel (SC)(Assembly constituency)|Badvel]], [[Kadapa (Assembly constituency)|Kadapa]], [[Pulivendla (Assembly constituency)|Pulivendla]], [[Kamalapuram (Assembly constituency)|Kamalapuram]], [[Jammalamadugu (Assembly constituency)|Jammalamagudu]] and [[Mydukur (Assembly constituency)|Mydukur]] in [[YSR Kadapa district]].

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Rajupalem, Kadapa district|Rajupalem]]
|-
| [[Proddatur]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Kundala Balanarayana Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Kundala Balanarayana Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1957^
| Ramireddy Chandra Obul Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Panyam Yerra Muni Reddy
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Rama Subba Reddy Rajulapalle
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Kopparapu Subba Rao
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Ramireddy Chandra Obula Reddy
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Mallela Ramana Venkata Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=5 |[[Nandyala Varada Rajulu Reddy]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Mallela Linga Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Rachamallu Siva Prasad Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Nandyala Varada Rajulu Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Proddatur<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kundala Balanarayana Reddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,054 |percentage=33.06% |change=33.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Panem Yonamani Reddy |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=11,660 |percentage=25.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramireddy Chandra Obula Reddy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,565 |percentage=23.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Subbarami Reddi |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=2,983 |percentage=6.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. John |party=Independent politician |votes=2,330 |percentage=5.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vedantam Lakshmiah |party=Independent politician |votes=2,020 |percentage=4.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thallur Ethirajulu Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=923 |percentage=2.03% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,394 |percentage=7.45% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,535 |percentage=66.80% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,162 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1957 by-election ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Proddatur<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Bye-election results 1952-95|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111183847/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=XLS|website=www.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramireddy Chandra Obula Reddy |party=Independent politician |votes=28,083 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. Yerramynireddi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,420|percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=T.H. Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,618|percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,663 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Proddatur<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Nandyala Varada Rajulu Reddy]]
|votes = 54,419
|percentage = 39.62
|change = +1.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Mallela Linga Reddy]]
|votes = 37,390
|percentage = 27.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kovvuru Balachandra Reddy]]
|votes = 22,118
|percentage = 16.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,029
|percentage = 12.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 137,359
|percentage = 70.00
|change = +8.25
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Proddatur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Mallela Linga Reddy]]
|votes = 73,023
|percentage = 46.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Nandyala Varada Rajulu Reddy]]
|votes = 56,867
|percentage = 36.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Mallela Muralidhar]]
|votes = 22,784
|percentage = 14.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,156
|percentage = 10.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 157,198
|percentage = 76.97
|change = +6.97
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Proddatur<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Rachamallu Siva Prasad Reddy]]
|votes = 93,866
|percentage = 51.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Nandyala Varada Rajulu Reddy]]
|votes = 80,921
|percentage = 44 .32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,945
|percentage = 7.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 182,601
|percentage = 78.65
|change = +1.68
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Proddatur<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Rachamallu Siva Prasad Reddy]]
|votes = 1,07,941
|percentage = 59.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Mallela Linga Reddy]]
|votes = 64,793
|percentage = 35.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 45,148
|percentage = 256.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 192,293
|percentage = 78.65
|change = +1.68
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Proddatur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Nandyala Varada Rajulu Reddy]]
|votes = 1,06,712
|percentage = 53.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Rachamallu Siva Prasad Reddy]]
|votes = 83,968
|percentage = 41.72
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shaik Poola Mohammed Nazeer
|votes = 6,016
|percentage = 2.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,740
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,744
|percentage = 11.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,01,284
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|14.75|78.55|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story

2026-04-10T14:31:39Z

Svetlsgx: put up a post added tags!

{{short description|Indian streaming television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Special Ops Himmat Story Poster.jpeg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Action fiction|Action]] [[Spy fiction|Espionage]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| based_on =
| creator = {{ubl|[[Neeraj Pandey]]}}
| director = {{ubl|[[Neeraj Pandey]] |[[Shivam Nair]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kay Kay Menon]]
* [[Vinay Pathak]]
* [[Aftab Shivdasani]]
* Aadil Khan
* [[Parmeet Sethi]]
* [[Kali Prasad Mukherjee]]
* Aishwarya Sushmita
}}
| writer = {{ubl|Neeraj Pandey|Deepak Kingrani |Benazir Ali Fida}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = Advait Nemlekar
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 4
| location = India Dubai Ukraine
| cinematography = {{ubl|Sudheer Palsane| Arvind Singh}}
| editor = Praveen Kathikuloth
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|11|12|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
| company = Friday Storytellers
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Shital Bhatia]]
| runtime = 34-51 min
| num_seasons =
| list_episodes =
| related = [[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special Ops]]
}}

'''''Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story''''' is a Hindi [[Action fiction|action]] thriller series created and directed by [[Neeraj Pandey]] for [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref name="India Today 2021">{{cite web | title=Disney+Hotstar announces Special Ops 1.5, the backstory of Himmat Singh | website=India Today | date=2021-01-22 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/disney-hotstar-announces-special-ops-1-5-the-backstory-of-himmat-singh-1761835-2021-01-22 | access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref> The series is set inside the Special Ops Universe and stars [[Kay Kay Menon]] as Himmat Singh, a [[Research & Analysis Wing]] (R&AW) officer. The series premiered on 12 November 2021.<ref name="Layton 2021">{{cite web | last=Layton | first=Mark | title=India's Disney+ Hotstar expands 'Special Ops Universe' | website=TBI Vision | date=2021-01-25 | url=https://tbivision.com/2021/01/25/disney-hotstar-announces-special-ops-universe/ | access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Kay Kay Menon]] as Himmat Singh
* [[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Vijay Kumar
* [[Vinay Pathak]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Abbas Sheikh, [[Delhi Police]]
* [[Aadil Khan]] as Maninder Singh
* [[Gautami Kapoor]] as Sarojini
* [[Parmeet Sethi]] as Naresh Chaddha
* [[Kali Prasad Mukherjee]] as D. K. Banerjee
* [[Kishor Kadam]] as Mondal
* [[Vijay Vikram Singh]] as [[Commodore (rank)|Naval Commodore]] Chintamani Sharma
* [[Aishwarya Sushmita]] as Karishma
* Shantanu Ghatak as Vinayak Shukla
* Shiv Jyoti Rajput as Anita Sharma
* [[Nikhat Khan]] as Meenakshi Sharma
* Purnendu Bhattacharya as G. P. Mathur, Himmat's boss
* Vivek Madaan as Sankalp Chaudhary
* [[Maria Ryaboshapka]] as Natasha
* [[Harssh A. Singh]] as [[Joint commissioner of police|Joint Commissioner]] Mahendra Chautala
* Sushil Tyagi as [[Superintendent of police (India)|DIG]] Sushil Sharma
* Saurabh Mukhija as Bhimsain
* Ronald Mistry as Ashraful Rehman
* Basnet Romila as Boudi
* Aanup Sharma as Basheer Mirza
* [[Karan Tacker]] as Farooq Ali (cameo appearance)

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#B30514 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Aandhi
|DirectedBy = [[Shivam Nair]]
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|[[Neeraj Pandey]] |Deepak Kingrani |Benazir Ali Fida}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|12}}
|ShortSummary =
Abbas Sheikh is summoned by auditors to evaluate Himmat Singh's career as his retirement draws near. After the 2001 Parliament attack, Himmat tracks Ikhlaq Khan to Delhi. Abbas disobeys direct orders from his seniors to not be involved in this case and helps Himmat, but Ikhlaq escapes. A week later in an inquiry, both Himmat and Abbas are suspended from their jobs. Himmat coerces Joint CP Chautala to revoke Abbas' suspension, and dates a girl named Anita before disappearing. Abbas finds him on a news channel where he is in Kashmir searching for leads about Ikhlaq. Soon after, Himmat is called back by R&AW for a case on Vinayak Shukla, an attaché counsellor at the Indian High Commission of Colombo who was honey-trapped by a girl named Karishma, and highly sensitive documents have been leaked. Upon learning the truth, Shukla kills himself. Himmat is joined by Vijay Kumar, his college friend, an ex-army officer. Himmat and Vijay's boss G. P. Mathur gives them their target Maninder Singh, an ex-R&AW officer and Himmat's colleague who has gone rogue. Now their main task is to eliminate him and secure the national documents.
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Mere Apne
|DirectedBy = Neeraj Pandey
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Neeraj Pandey|Deepak Kingrani |Benazir Ali Fida}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|12}}
|ShortSummary = Himmat and Abbas interrogate fake passport agent Mondal and learn that Maninder went to London. Upon returning from Moscow, Natasha Petrova blackmailed Naval Commodore Chintamani Sharma for top-secret Naval documents. Chintamani receives an email with intimate photos and a Trojan virus is installed on his computer. Chintamani lies and travels to London to share the documents with Natasha. Upon further investigation, there appears to be an international conspiracy with Sankalp Chaudhary as the main conspirator, whom Maninder and Karishma appear to work for. Vijay decides to go to Colombo to capture Karishma while Himmat travels to London to stop Chintamani. Maninder intercepts Natasha, kills her, and steals the documents. Himmat arrives at the hotel where Chintamani is staying, but before he can start his investigation, Chintamani shoots himself. Vijay arrives in Colombo and holds Karishma at gunpoint. After a quick call between Himmat and Vijay, Maninder points a gun at Himmat.
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Lekin
|DirectedBy = Shivam Nair
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Neeraj Pandey|Deepak Kingrani |Benazir Ali Fida}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|12}}
|ShortSummary =
Himmat asks Maninder why he went rogue, and he explains that on a mission to Serbia, he was captured and tortured by Serbian forces. After waiting six days, he learned that he was betrayed. He then escapes. Vijay captures Karishma and is ambushed by a group of armed men on the way to the airport. Karishma escapes with the armed men. With no leads, Himmat and Vijay return to Delhi. Himmat, Anita, Vijay, and Saroj attend dinner together. While returning from dinner, Himmat realizes that Anita is a mole and he was being tricked by her. He interrogates Anita and learns that she was coerced by Karishma three years earlier. He also finds out that Maninder is in Kyiv, Ukraine. He moves Anita to a safe house and goes to Ukraine with Vijay to eliminate Maninder. Meanwhile, Karishma appears at the stakeout point, and Vijay calls Himmat, who starts following her, while Maninder is monitoring them. Vijay is captured by Maninder and Himmat captures Karishma. Maninder calls Himmat and tells him to come to a tank factory.
|LineColor = B30514
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Ijazat
|DirectedBy = Neeraj Pandey
|WrittenBy = {{ubl|Neeraj Pandey|Deepak Kingrani |Benazir Ali Fida}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|12}}
|ShortSummary =
As Himmat arrives at the tank factory with Karishma, he finds Vijay wounded. In a face-off, Maninder shoots and kills Karishma. He is about to kill Himmat but Vijay interferes. In the resulting struggle, Maninder kills Vijay and escapes. Himmat sets out to coerce Sankalp to find Maninder and lays a trap by getting Maninder to leave for Dubai. On the flight from Kyiv to Dubai, Himmat strangles Maninder to death. He retrieves the stolen information and, upon returning to Delhi, goes directly to the safe house. Himmat blames Anita for Vijay's death. During an intense conversation, he executes Anita after she asks him to do so. After two months, a deal is agreed between Himmat and Alan Fuller after which Sankalp dies in a car explosion. Due to a successful mission, Himmat gets his job back. A year later, Himmat goes to Saroj and apologises for Vijay's death. In the present, it is shown that Himmat is with his family when he gets a call from Farooq. Farooq was kidnapped somewhere in Nepal and gives Himmat a hint.
|LineColor = B30514
}}
}}

== Production ==
The series was formally announced by [[Disney+ Hotstar]] in January 2021 with [[Kay Kay Menon]] attached to star. In the same month [[Aftab Shivdasani]] joined the cast.<ref name="Bhasin 2021">{{cite web | last=Bhasin | first=Shriya | title=Aftab Shivdasani joins 'Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story' | website=Google | date=2021-02-16 | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/web-series/aftab-shivdasani-joins-special-ops-1-5-the-himmat-story-685161 | access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The series started production in February, 2021.<ref name="Kameshwari 2021">{{cite web | last=Kameshwari | first=A. | title=Kay Kay Menon starrer Special Ops 1.5 begins shoot, declares Neeraj Pandey | website=The Indian Express | date=2021-02-13 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kay-kay-menon-starrer-special-ops-1-5-begins-shoot-declares-neeraj-pandey-7187365/ | access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref> The series was shot in [[Ukraine]] in July 2021,<ref name="Hungama 2021">{{cite web | last=Hungama | first=Bollywood | title=Special Ops 1.5: Aftab Shivdasani shows what WFH looks like as he shares BTS picture with Kay Kay Menon and Aadil Khan in Ukraine : Bollywood News | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=2021-07-27 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/special-ops-1-5-aftab-shivdasani-shows-wfh-looks-like-shares-bts-picture-kay-kay-menon-aadil-khan-ukraine/ | access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref> with the Ukraine leg of the shoot completed in [[Kyiv]] in the same month.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1421699467376349184|user=neerajpofficial|title=Bye bye Ukraine!.Last leg of #specialops 1.5.@kaykaymenon02 @AftabShivdasani @aadilkhanitis @FridayStorytel1… |date=1 August 2021}}</ref>

== Release ==
The four-episode series premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on November 12, 2021, as part of [[Disney+ Day]].<ref name="Desk 2021">{{cite web | last=Desk | first=Entertainment | title=Special Ops 1.5 trailer: Kay Kay Menon's Himmat Singh is on another globetrotting mission | website=The Indian Express | date=2021-10-19 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/special-ops-1-5-trailer-watch-kay-kay-menon-himmat-singh-7579938/ | access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref><ref name="Google">{{cite web | title=Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story starring Kay Kay Menon to premiere on Hotstar | website=Google | url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/special-ops-1-5-himmat-051128599.html | access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref><ref name="Koimoi 2021">{{cite web | title=Special Ops 1.5: Neeraj Pandey Talks On Using Unconventional Title | website=Koimoi | date=2021-02-17 | url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/special-ops-1-5-neeraj-pandey-reveals-the-reason-behind-using-unconventional-title/ | access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref><ref name="Ramachandran Ramachandran 2021">{{cite web | last=Ramachandran | first=Naman | title=Disney Plus Hotstar Reveals Robust India Slate | website=Variety | date=2021-07-27 | url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/news/disney-plus-hotstar-2021-india-slate-ajay-devgn-1235028145/ | access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref>

=== Promotion ===
A teaser of the show was released on 14 October 2021 on the social media handles of [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Hotstar Specials Special Ops 1.5 {{!}} Official Teaser| date=13 October 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAjNKloXqTc|language=en|access-date=2021-10-14}}</ref> The trailer was leaked online before its official release on October 19, 2021.<ref name="India Today Trailer">{{cite web | title=Kay Kay Menon's Special Ops 1.5 The Himmat Story trailer drops hours after being leaked online | website=India Today | date=2021-10-19 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/kay-kay-menon-s-special-ops-1-5-the-himmat-story-trailer-drops-hours-after-being-leaked-online-1866587-2021-10-19 | access-date=2021-10-19}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Archika Khurana writing for ''[[The Times of India]]'' commented "Kay Kay Menon’s Himmat Singh leaves a lasting impression as a R&AW agent" rating 3 out of 5 stars.<ref name="Khurana 2021">{{cite web | last=Khurana | first=Archika | title=Special Ops 1.5 Season 1 Review: Kay Kay Menon's Himmat Singh leaves a lasting impression as a R&AW agent | website=News | date=2021-11-12 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/special-ops-1-5/season-1/seasonreview/87281389.cms | access-date=2021-11-12}}</ref>

Manik Sharma writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'' noted, "It is understandable that Special Ops 1.5 is a detour to make Himmat Singh more personable, instead of the maverick he was shown in the first season, but the story is too disjointed to pull this narrative heist off."<ref name="Firstpost 2021">{{cite web | title=Special Ops 1.5 review: Kay Kay Menon's towering portrayal of Himmat Singh dwarfs all signs of mediocrity around | website=Firstpost | date=2021-11-12 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/special-ops-1-5-review-kay-kay-menons-towering-portrayal-of-himmat-singh-dwarfs-all-signs-of-mediocrity-around-10130681.html | access-date=2021-11-12}}</ref>

Udita Jhunjhunwala writing for ''Scroll'' noted that Special Ops 1.5 feels like an appetiser and a palate cleanser while we wait for the main course, because there's clearly more to come from Neeraj Pandey, Menon, Himmat Singh and his special ops team.<ref name="Jhunjhunwala 2021">{{cite web | last=Jhunjhunwala | first=Udita | title='Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story' review: Solid performances and an intense Kay Kay Menon | website=Scroll.in | date=2021-11-12 | url=https://scroll.in/reel/1010363/special-ops-1-5-the-himmat-story-review-solid-performances-and-an-intense-kay-kay-menon | access-date=2021-11-12}}</ref>

Bhavna Agarwal from ''Bollywood Bubble'' commented "[[Neeraj Pandey]]'s approach to the story with his lenses and storyline is the strength of the prequel backed by a fluid screenplay. [[Kay Kay Menon]] returns as Himmat Singh along with [[Aftab Shivdasani]] and [[Vinay Pathak]] in pivotal roles."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-12|title=Special Ops 1.5 REVIEW: Kay Kay Menon, Aftab Shivdasani and Vinay Pathak starrer sets the right precedent for a stellar prequel|url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/movie-reviews/special-ops-1-5-review-kay-kay-menon-aftab-shivdasani-vinay-pathak/|access-date=2021-11-12|website=Bollywood Bubble|language=en}}</ref>

Prateek Sur of ''[[Outlook India]]'' rated it 3.5 out of 5 and wrote in a positive review, "Special Ops 1.5' is just as sharp, tight, engrossing, and exhilarating as the original. The makers have strewn subtle touches of humour throughout the show with the dialogues and one-liners being so refreshing. They serve as a wonderful counterpoint to the ongoing heavy-duty spy work".<ref name="Outlook India">{{cite web | title='Special Ops 1.5' Review: Kay Kay Menon's Performance And The Taut Storyline Keeps You Hooked | website=Outlook India | date=2021-11-13 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/special-ops-15-review-kay-kay-menons-performance-and-the-taut-storyline-keeps-you-hooked/400863 | access-date=2021-11-13}}
</ref>

== Sequel ==
In April 2022, [[Neeraj Pandey]] confirmed that the second season of Special Ops is under production and will be released on July 18, 2025 on [[JioHotstar]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Se5nggefysA&ab_channel=JioHotstar</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-20 |title=INTERVIEW: Neeraj Pandey on Operation Romeo, Vikram Vedha, Special Ops 2 and Chanakya |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/interview-neeraj-pandey-operation-romeo-vikram-vedha-special-ops-2-and-chanakya-1072642 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

== References==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* {{IMDb title |13899566}}

[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Research & Analysis Wing in fiction]]
[[Category:Secret histories]]

Jaswant Singh Saini

2026-04-10T03:51:11Z

Svetlsgx: Starting the bio more to come!

{{Short description|Indian Politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jaswant Singh Saini
| office = [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry#Minister of State|Minister of State of Parliamentary Affairs of Uttar Pradesh]], Industrial Development
| 1blankname = [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| appointer = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| term_start = {{start date|df=yes|2022|03|25}}
| term_end =
| office1 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = {{start date|df=yes|2022|07|06}}
| 1blankname1 = [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| term_end1 =
| source =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| birth_name =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| father =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
}}

'''Jaswant Singh Saini''' is an Indian politician and [[Union Council of Ministers#Ministers of State|Minister of State]] in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://upcmo.up.nic.in/state_minister.htm|title=Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Office, Lucknow|website= upcmo.up.nic.in}}</ref> and represents [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/five-up-ministers-eyeing-council-route-to-become-house-members/articleshow/91158019.cms|title=Five UP ministers eyeing council route to become house members|access-date= 2022-04-28|website= [[The Times of India|Times of India]]|date=28 April 2022 }}</ref><ref name="MLC2022"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/rampur-maniharan/news/jaswant-saini-of-rampur-maniharan-became-the-minister-of-state-in-the-state-government-the-supporters-were-happy-129559592.html|title=BJP workers celebrated in Rampur Maniharan: Jaswant Saini of Rampur Maniharan became Minister of State in the state government, happiness among supporters
|website= m.economictimes.com|access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref>

==Political career==
On 25 March 2022, the [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], [[Yogi Adityanath]], appointed Jaswant Saini as the Minister of State of Parliamentary Affairs in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]].<ref name="Minister">{{Cite news |date=2022-03-28|title=Uttar Pradesh: Ministries allotted to ministers of Yogi government, know who got which department, this is the complete list|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/india/article/portfolio-allocated-to-ministers-of-yogi-government/396132 |work=[[Times Now]] Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="MLC2022">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-announces-nine-candidates-for-up-legislative-council-polls/articleshow/92078225.cms|title=BJP announces nine candidates for UP Legislative Council polls
|website= [[The Economic Times]]|date=8 June 2022
|access-date=2022-06-08}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saini Singh, Jaswant}}
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Vedic period

2026-04-06T09:08:39Z

Svetlsgx: expand page and fixed typos per sources

{{short description|Ancient South Asian historical period}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox archaeological culture
| name = Early Vedic period
| map = Early Vedic Culture (1700-1100 BCE).png
| mapalt =
| altnames =
| horizon =
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| period = [[Bronze Age India]]
| dates = {{BCE|1500–1100}}
| typesite =
| majorsites =
| extra =
| precededby ={{ubl| [[Cemetery H culture]] | [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] | [[Painted Grey Ware culture]]}}
| followedby = {{ubl| Late Vedic Period | [[Kuru kingdom]] | [[Panchala]] | [[Videha]]}}
}}
{{Infobox archaeological culture
| name = Late Vedic period
| map = Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png
| mapalt =
| altnames =
| horizon =
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| period = [[Iron Age India]]
| dates = {{c.|1100|500 BCE}}
| typesite =
| majorsites =
| extra =
| precededby = Early Vedic culture
| followedby = [[Haryanka dynasty]], [[Mahajanapadas]]
}}

The '''Vedic period''', or the '''Vedic age''' ({{c.|1500|500 BCE}}), is the period in the late [[Bronze Age in India|Bronze Age]] and early [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]] of the [[history of India]] when the Vedic literature, including the [[Vedas]] ({{Circa|1500}}–900 BCE), was composed in the northern [[Indian subcontinent]], between the end of the urban [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] and a [[History of India#Second urbanisation (c. 600 – 200 BCE)|second urbanisation]], which began in the central [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] {{c.|600}} BCE. The Vedas are [[Liturgy|liturgical]] texts which formed the basis of the influential Brahmanical ideology, which developed in the [[Kuru kingdom]], a tribal union of several [[List of Rigvedic tribes|Indo-Aryan tribes]]. The Vedas contain details of life during this period that have been interpreted to be historical{{sfn|McClish|Olivelle|2012|p=xxiv}}{{refn|group=note|name="McClish_Olivelle2012"}} and constitute the primary sources for understanding the period. These documents, alongside the corresponding archaeological record, allow for the evolution of the Indo-Aryan and '''Vedic culture''' to be traced and inferred.{{sfn|Stein|2010|p=50}}

The Vedas were composed and [[Vedas#Transmission|orally transmitted]] with precision{{refn|group=note|"The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalised early on. This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to the classical texts of other cultures; it is, in fact, something like a ''tape-recording'' of ca. 1500–500 BCE. Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present"{{sfn|Witzel|2005}} }} by speakers of an [[Old Indo-Aryan]] language who had [[Indo-Aryan migration theory|migrated]] into the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent early in this period. The Vedic society was patriarchal and [[patrilineal]].{{refn|group=note|See:
* Rita Banerji (2008), ''Sex and Power'', Penguin UK: "The Vedic patriarchal culture was defined by an extremely aggressive need to establish a social order that catered to male sexuality, both on earth and in the heavens—among humans and also among the gods."
* Alphonso Lingis (2018), ''The Alphonso Lingis Reader'', University of Minnesota Press: "Patriarchal culture entered Siam late, through the royal family, which, though to this day Buddhist, in the late Sukhothai period—as Angkor long before it—imported brahminical priests and, with them, Vedic patriarchal culture."
* Chitrabhanu Sen (1978), ''A Dictionary of the Vedic Rituals: Based on the Śrauta and Gṛhya Sūtras'', Concept Publishing Company: "But the most important transformation that occurred in the patriarchal Vedic society is the exclusion of women from the sacrifices."}} Early [[Indo Aryans|Indo-Aryans]] were a [[Late Bronze Age]] society centred in the [[Punjab]], organised into tribes rather than kingdoms, and primarily sustained by a [[pastoralism|pastoral]] way of life.

Around {{circa|1200}}–1000 BCE the ''Aryan'' culture spread eastward to the fertile western [[Ganges]] Plain. [[Iron Age|Iron tools]] were adopted, which allowed for the clearing of forests and the adoption of a more settled, agricultural way of life. The second half of the Vedic period was characterised by the emergence of towns, [[janapada|kingdoms]], and a complex social differentiation distinctive to India,{{sfn|Stein|2010|p=50}} and the [[Kuru kingdom]]'s codification of [[Śrauta|orthodox sacrificial ritual]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995|pp=3–5}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|pp=49–52}} During this time, the central Ganges Plain was dominated by a related but non-Vedic [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] culture, of [[Greater Magadha]]. The end of the Vedic period witnessed the rise of true cities and large states (called [[mahajanapada]]s) as well as [[śramaṇa]] movements (including [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]]) which challenged the Vedic orthodoxy.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=82}}

The Vedic period saw the emergence of a hierarchy of [[Varna (Hinduism)|social classes]] that would remain influential. Vedic religion developed into [[Historical Vedic religion#Brahmanism|Brahmanical orthodoxy]], and around the beginning of the Common Era, the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic tradition]] formed one of the main constituents of "[[Roots of Hinduism|Hindu synthesis]]".{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2002|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}}

Archaeological cultures identified with phases of Indo-Aryan [[material culture]] include the [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] (OCP), the [[Gandhara grave culture]], the [[Black and Red ware culture]] (BRW) and the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] (PGW).{{sfn|Witzel|1989}}

== History ==

=== Origins ===
{{See also|Indo-European migrations|Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan migration|Indigenous Aryans}}
{{Annotated image
| image=Yamnaya Steppe Pastoralists.jpg
| width=400 | image-width = 400 | image-left=0 | image-top=0| float = right
| annotations =
{{Annotation|200|113|[[Indo-Aryans|{{center|Indo-Aryans}}]] | font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#FF4500}}
{{Annotation|255|24|[[Afanasievo culture|{{center|Afanasievo culture}}]] | font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|175|90|[[Iran|{{center|Iranians}}]] | font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
| caption=Bronze Age spread of [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] Steppe pastoralist ancestry into two subcontinents—Europe and South Asia, and arrival in the subcontinent as Indo-Aryans{{sfn|Narasimhan |Patterson |Moorjani |Rohland |2019}}
}}
The early Vedic age is historically dated to the second half of the second millennium BCE.{{sfn|Pletcher|2010|p=60}} Historically, after the collapse of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], which occurred around 1900 BCE,{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=3}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=41}} groups of [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] [[Indo-Aryan migrations|migrated into north-western India]] and started to inhabit the northern [[Indus River|Indus Valley]].{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=30, 33–35}} The [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]] represented a sub-group that diverged from other [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian tribes]] at the [[Andronovo culture|Andronovo horizon]]{{sfn|Anthony|2007|pp=410–411}} before the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE.{{Sfn|Kuzmina|2007|p=322}}{{refn|group=note|name="roots"}} The Indo-Iranians originated in the [[Sintashta culture]], from which arose the subsequent Andronovo horizon.{{sfn|Anthony|2007|pp=410–411}} The Indo-Aryans migrated through the adjacent [[Bactria]]–[[Margiana]] area (present-day northern [[Afghanistan]]) to northwest India,{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=454}}{{refn|group=note|name="Bactria-Marga"}} followed by the rise of the Iranian [[Yaz culture]] at {{c.}} 1500 BCE, and the Iranian migrations into Iran at {{c.}} 800 BCE.

[[File:Indo-Iranian origins.png|thumb|left|Archaeological cultures associated with [[Indo-Iranian migration]]s (after [[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|''EIEC'']]). The [[Andronovo culture|Andronovo]], [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|BMAC]] and [[Yaz culture|Yaz]] cultures have often been associated with [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] migrations. The [[Gandhara grave culture|GGC]], [[Cemetery H culture|Cemetery H]], [[Copper Hoard Culture|Copper Hoard]] and [[Painted Grey Ware culture|PGW]] cultures are candidates for cultures associated with [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] movements.]]
Some Indian writers and archaeologists have opposed the notion of a migration of Indo-Aryans into India, and argued for an [[Indigenous Aryanism|indigenous origin of the Indo-Aryans]].{{sfn|Bryant|2001}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=186}} In this view, "the Indian civilization must be viewed as an unbroken tradition that goes back to the earliest period of the Sindhu-Sarasvati (or Indus) tradition (7000 or 8000 BCE)."{{sfn|Kak|2001b}} Though popular in India, and reflecting Indian views on Indian history and religion,{{sfn|Witzel|2001|p=95}} the idea of a purely indigenous origin of the Indo-Aryans is outside the academic mainstream.{{refn|group=note|name="Indigenous Aryans"}}

The knowledge about the Aryans comes mostly from the ''[[Rigveda]]-[[samhita]]'',{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=31}} ''i.e.'' the oldest layer of the ''[[Vedas]]'', which was composed {{c.}} 1400–1000 BCE.{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=454}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=37}}{{sfn|Witzel|2019|p=[https://archive.org/details/which-of-us-are-aryans-by-romila-thapar-michael-witzel-jaya-menon-kai-friese-razib-khan/page/11/mode/2up 11]}}{{refn|group=note|name="Mitanni confirm"}} They brought with them their distinctive religious traditions and practices.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=30}} The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised [[Proto-Indo-European religion]]{{sfn|Woodard|2006|p=242}} and the Indo-Iranian religion.{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} Funeral sacrifices from the Sintashta culture show close parallels to the sacrificial funeral rites of the ''[[Rigveda]]'',{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=375, 408–411}} while, according to Anthony, the Old Indic religion probably emerged among Indo-European immigrants in the contact zone between the [[Zeravshan River]] (present-day [[Uzbekistan]]) and (present-day) Tajikistan.{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=462}} It was "a syncretic mixture of old Central Asian and new Indo-European elements",{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=462}} which borrowed "distinctive religious beliefs and practices" from the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|Bactria–Margiana culture]],{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|p=32}} including the god [[Indra]] and the ritual drink [[Soma (drink)|Soma]].{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=454}}{{refn|group=note|name="Bactria-Marga"}}

=== Early Vedic period (c. 1500 BCE – c. 1000 BCE) ===
{{See also|Rigvedic tribes}}
[[File:Cremation Urn with Lid LACMA AC1994.234.8a-b.jpg|thumb|Cremation urn of the [[Gandhara grave culture]] ({{Circa|1200 BCE}}), associated with Vedic material culture]]

The ''Rigveda'' contains accounts of conflicts between the Aryas and the [[Dasa]]s and Dasyus. It describes Dasas and Dasyus as people who do not perform sacrifices (''akratu'') or obey the commandments of gods (''avrata''). Their speech is described as ''mridhra'' which could variously mean soft, uncouth, hostile, scornful or abusive. Other adjectives which describe their physical appearance are subject to many interpretations. However, some modern scholars such as [[Asko Parpola]] connect the Dasas and Dasyus to Iranian tribes [[Dahae]] and Dahyu and believe that Dasas and Dasyus were early Indo-Aryan immigrants who arrived into the subcontinent before the Vedic Aryans.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=192}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|p=38}} Likewise, Bronkhorst has argued that the central Ganges Plain was dominated by a related but non-Vedic [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] culture,{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007}} a difference also noted by Samuel.{{sfn|Samuel|2010}}

Accounts of military conflicts in between the various tribes of Vedic Aryans are also described in the ''Rigveda''. Most notable of such conflicts was the [[Battle of the Ten Kings]], which took place on the banks of the river Parushni (modern day [[Ravi River|Ravi]]).{{refn|group=note|According to Erdosy, this battle provided a prototype for the epic [[Mahabharata]],{{sfn|Erdosy|1995|p=335}} Hiltebeitel calls this idea a "particularly baffling fancy."{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2001|p=2, note 12}}}} The battle was fought between the tribe ''[[Bhāratas|Bharatas]]'', led by their chief [[Sudas]], against a confederation of ten tribes.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=187}} The Bharatas lived around the upper regions of the river [[Sarasvati River|Saraswati]], while the Purus, their western neighbours, lived along the lower regions of Saraswati. The other tribes dwelt north-west of the Bharatas in the region of [[Punjab region|Punjab]].{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=32}} Division of the waters of Ravi could have been a reason for the war.{{sfn|Reddy|2011|p=103}}{{unreliable source?|date=September 2017}} The confederation of tribes tried to inundate the Bharatas by opening the embankments of Ravi, yet Sudas emerged victorious in the Battle of Ten Kings.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|pp=37–38}} The Bharatas and the Purus merged into a new tribe, the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]], after the war.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=32}}

=== Later Vedic period (c. 1000 – c. 600 BCE) ===
[[File:Painted Grey Ware - Sonkh - 1000-600 BCE - Showcase 6-15 - Prehistory and Terracotta Gallery - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 6461.JPG|thumb|left|Pottery of the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] (c. 1000–600 BCE), associated with Vedic material culture]]

After the 12th century BCE, as the ''Rigveda'' had taken its final form, the Vedic society, which is associated with the Kuru-Panchala region but were not the only Indo-Aryan people in northern India,{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=49}} transitioned from semi-nomadic life to settled agriculture in north-western India.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|pp=37–38}} Possession of horses remained an important priority of Vedic leaders and a remnant of the nomadic lifestyle,{{sfn|Tignor|2014|p=}} resulting in trade routes beyond the [[Hindu Kush]] to maintain this supply as horses needed for cavalry and sacrifice could not be bred in India.{{sfn|Kaushik|2013|p={{page needed|date=May 2024}} }} The [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic]] plains had remained out of bounds to the Vedic tribes because of thick forest cover. After 1000 BCE, the use of iron axes and ploughs became widespread and the jungles could be cleared with ease. This enabled the Vedic Aryans to extend their settlements into the western area of the Ganga-Yamuna [[Doab]].{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|pp=37–39}} Many of the old tribes coalesced to form larger political units.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=200}}

The Vedic religion was further developed with the emergence of the Kuru kingdom, systematising its religious literature and developing the Śrauta ritual.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|pp=48–51, 61–93}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|pp=8–10}} It is associated with the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] (c.1200–600 BCE), which did not expand east of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab.{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=49}} It differed from the related, yet markedly different, culture of the Central Ganges region, which was associated with the [[Northern Black Polished Ware|Northern Black Polished Ware culture]] and the [[Mahajanapadas]] (Republics/Kingdoms) of [[Kosala]] and [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].{{sfn|Samuel|2010|pp=49–50}}

In this period the ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'' system emerged, state Kulke and Rothermund,{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|pp=39–40}} which in this stage of Indian history were a "hierarchical [[Estates of the realm|order of estates]] which reflected a division of labor among various social classes". The Vedic period estates were four: [[Brahmin]] priests and warrior nobility stood on top, free peasants and traders were the third, and slaves, labourers and artisans, many belonging to the pre-Aryan groups, were the fourth.{{sfn|Avari|2016|p=89}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|pp=39–41}}{{sfn|Sharma|1990|p=33}} This was a period where agriculture, metal, and commodity production, as well as trade, greatly expanded,{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|pp=41–43}} and the Vedic era texts including the early [[Upanishads]] and many Sutras important to later [[Hindu]] culture were completed.{{sfn|Witzel|1995|pp=2–8}}

[[File:ചിതിയുടെയും-ഉപകരണങ്ങളുടെയും മാതൃക.jpg|thumb|right|Modern replica of utensils and [[Vedic fire altar|falcon shaped altar]] used for [[Agnicayana]], an elaborate [[Śrauta]] ritual originating from the [[Kuru kingdom]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}]]
The [[Kuru kingdom]], the earliest Vedic "state", was formed by a "super-tribe" which joined several tribes in a new unit. To govern this state, Vedic hymns were collected and transcribed, and new rituals were developed, which formed the now orthodox [[Śrauta]] rituals.{{sfn|Samuel|2010|pp=48–56}} Two key figures in this process of the development of the Kuru state were the king [[Parikshit]] and his successor [[Janamejaya II|Janamejaya]], transforming this realm into the dominant political and cultural power of northern [[Iron Age India]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}

The most well-known of the new religious sacrifices that arose in this period were the ''[[Ashvamedha]]'' (horse sacrifice).{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=42}} This sacrifice involved setting a consecrated horse free to roam the kingdoms for a year. The horse was followed by a chosen band of warriors. The kingdoms and chiefdoms in which the horse wandered had to pay homage or prepare to battle the king to whom the horse belonged. This sacrifice put considerable pressure on inter-state relations in this era.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=42}} This period saw also the beginning of the social stratification by the use of [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]], the division of Vedic society into [[Brahmins]], [[Kshatriya]], [[Vaishya]] and [[Shudra]].{{sfn|Samuel|2010|pp=48–56}}

The Kuru kingdom declined after its defeat by the non-Vedic [[Salva (India)|Salva tribe]], and the political center of Vedic culture shifted east, into the [[Panchala]] kingdom on the Ganges, under King [[Keśin Dālbhya]] (approximately between 900 and 750 BCE).{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} Later, in the 8th or 7th century BCE, the kingdom of [[Videha]] emerged as a political center farther to the East, in what is today northern [[Bihar]] of India and southeastern [[Nepal]], reaching its prominence under the king [[Janaka]], whose court provided patronage for [[Brahmin]] sages and [[Indian philosophy|philosophers]] such as [[Yajnavalkya]], [[Uddalaka Aruni]], and [[Gargi Vachaknavi]];{{sfn|Witzel|1989}} Panchala also remained prominent during this period, under its king [[Pravahana Jaivali]].{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1972 |pp=67–68}}

=== Towards urbanisation ===
By the 6th century BCE, the political units consolidated into large kingdoms called [[Mahajanapada]]s. The process of urbanisation had begun in these kingdoms, commerce and travel flourished, even regions separated by large distances became easy to access.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=xxviii–xxix}} [[Anga]], a small kingdom to the east of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] (on the door step of modern-day [[West Bengal]]), formed the eastern boundary of the Vedic culture.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=40}} [[Yadavas]] expanded towards the south and settled in [[Mathura]]. To the south of their kingdom was [[Vatsa]] which was governed from its capital [[Kausambi]]. The [[Narmada River]] and parts of North Western [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] formed the southern limits.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=41}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|p=65}} The newly formed states struggled for supremacy and started displaying imperial ambitions.{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|p=66}}

The end of the Vedic period is marked by linguistic, cultural and political changes. The grammar of [[Pāṇini]] marks a final apex in the codification of [[Sutra]] texts, and at the same time the beginning of [[Classical Sanskrit]].{{sfn|Fortson|2011|p=208}} Meanwhile, in the Kosala-Magadha region, the [[sramana|shramana]] movements (including [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]]) objected to the self-imposed authority and orthodoxy of the intruding Brahmins and their Vedic scriptures and ritual.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=82}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|pp=48–51; ch. 3}} According to Bronkhorst, the sramana culture arose in "[[Greater Magadha]]," which was Indo-European, but not Vedic. In this culture, kshatriyas were placed higher than Brahmins, and it rejected Vedic authority and rituals.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007}}{{sfn|Long|2013|p=chapter II}} Greater Magadha reached its zenith under the [[Maurya Empire]]. Meanwhile, the Achaemenid invasion of [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] and [[Darius I]] of the Indus valley in the early 6th century BCE marks the beginning of outside influence, which continued in the Kingdoms of the [[Indo-Greeks]], [[Indo-Scythians]], and [[Indo-Parthians]].{{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=117–120}} This period culminated with the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] and [[Gupta Empire]], which resulted in the "Hindu Synthesis".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wan |first1=Peter P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfIeEAAAQBAJ |title=Asia Past and Present: A Brief History |last2=Reins |first2=Thomas D. |date=17 February 2021 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-95520-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Ancient history}}

=== Society ===
While Vedic society was relatively egalitarian in the sense that a distinct hierarchy of socio-economic classes or [[History of the Indian caste system|castes]] was absent,{{sfn|Staal|2008|p=54}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=191}} the Vedic period saw the emergence of a hierarchy of [[Varna (Hinduism)|social classes]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995|pp=3–5}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|pp=49–52}} Political hierarchy was determined by rank, where ''rājan'' (tribal king or chieftain) and ''rājanya'' (tribal nobility) stood at the top, the ''viś'' (the common people) in the middle, and the ''dāsa'' and ''dasyu'' (non-Indo-Aryan servants) at the bottom.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=191}}{{Sfn|Witzel|1995|p=5}} The words ''Brahamana'' and ''Kshatriya'' occur in various family books of the ''Rigveda'', but they are not associated with the term ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]''. The words ''Vaishya'' and ''Shudra'' are absent. Verses of the ''Rigveda'', such as 3.44–45, indicate the absence of strict social hierarchy and the existence of social mobility:{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=192}}
{{Blockquote|O, Indra, fond of ''soma'', would you make me the protector of people, or would you make me a king, would you make me a sage who has drunk ''soma'', would you impart to me endless wealth.}}

The institution of marriage was important and different types of marriages— monogamy, polygyny and polyandry are mentioned in the ''Rigveda''. Both women sages and female gods were known to Vedic Aryans. Women could choose their husbands and could remarry if their husbands died or disappeared.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=191}} The wife enjoyed a respectable position.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=35}} People consumed milk, milk products, grains, fruits and vegetables. Meat eating is mentioned; however, cows are labelled ''aghnya'' (not to be killed). Clothes of cotton, wool and animal skin were worn.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=191}} ''Soma'' and ''sura'' were popular drinks in the Vedic society, of which ''soma'' was sanctified by religion. Flute (''vana''), lute (''vina''), harp, cymbals and drums were the musical instruments played and a [[heptatonic scale]] was used.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=35}} Dancing, dramas, chariot racing and gambling were other popular pastimes.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=191}}

The emergence of monarchical states in the later Vedic age led to a distancing of the ''rajan'' from the people and the emergence of a ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'' hierarchy. The society was divided into four social groups—[[Brahmin|Brahmanas]], [[Kshatriya]]s, [[Vaishya]]s and [[Shudra]]s. The later Vedic texts fixed social boundaries, roles, status and ritual purity for each of the groups. The ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' associates the Brahmana with purity of parentage, good conduct, glory, teaching or protecting people; Kshatriya with strength, fame, ruling, and warfare; Vaishya with material prosperity and production-related activities such as cattle rearing and agriculture; Shudras with the service of the higher ''varnas''. The effects of ''[[Rajasuya]]'' sacrifice depended on the ''varna'' of the sacrificer. ''Rajasuya'' endowed Brahmana with lustre, Kshatriya with valour, Vaishya with procreative power and Shudra with stability. The hierarchy of the top three ''varnas'' is ambiguous in the later Vedic texts. ''Panchavamsha Brahmana'' and verse 13.8.3.11 of the ''Shatapatha Brahmana'' place Kshatriya over Brahmana and Vaishya, whereas, verse 1.1.4.12 places Brahmana and Vaishya over the Kshatriya and Shudra. The ''[[Purusha Sukta]]'' visualised the four ''varnas'' as hierarchical, but inter-related parts of an organic whole.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=201–203}} Despite the increasing social stratification in the later Vedic times, hymns like ''Rigveda'' IX.112 suggest some amount of social mobility: "I am a reciter of hymns, my father a physician, and my mother grinds (corn) with stones. We desire to obtain wealth in various actions."{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=204}}{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=xxvi}}

Household became an important unit in the later Vedic age. The variety of households of the Vedic era gave way to an idealised household which was headed by a ''grihapati''. The relations between husband and wife, father and son were hierarchically organised and the women were relegated to subordinate and docile roles. Polygyny was more common than polyandry and texts like ''Tattiriya Samhita'' indicate taboos around menstruating women. Various professions women took to are mentioned in the later Vedic texts. Women tended to cattle, milked cows, carded wool; were weavers, dyers, and corn grinders. Women warriors such as [[Vishpala]], who lost a leg in battle, are mentioned. Two female philosophers are mentioned in the Upanishads.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=204–206}} [[Patrick Olivelle]], in his translation of the Upanishads, writes that "the fact that these women are introduced without any attempt to justify or to explain how women could be engaged in theological matters suggests the relatively high social and religious position of at least women of some social strata during this period."{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=xxxvi}}

=== Political organization ===
{{Infobox
| title = Vedic weaponry
| image = {{image array|perrow=2|width=180 | height=180
| image1 = MET 2001 433 53 O.jpeg|caption1=Ancient Indian antennae sword; metalwork, 1500–500 BCE
| image2 = Ax Blade (Celt).jpg|caption2=Ancient Indian axe blade, 1500–1000 BCE
}}
}}
Early Vedic Aryans were organised into tribes rather than kingdoms. The chief of a tribe was called a ''rajan''. The autonomy of the ''rajan'' was restricted by the tribal councils called ''sabha'' and ''samiti''. The two bodies were, in part, responsible for the governance of the tribe. The ''rajan'' could not accede to the throne without their approval. The distinction between the two bodies is not clear. [[Arthur Llewellyn Basham]], a noted historian and [[indologist]], theorises that ''sabha'' was a meeting of great men in the tribe, whereas, ''samiti'' was a meeting of all free tribesmen. Some tribes had no hereditary chiefs and were directly governed by the tribal councils. ''Rajan'' had a rudimentary court which was attended by courtiers (''sabhasad'') and chiefs of sects (''gramani''). The main responsibility of the ''rajan'' was to protect the tribe. He was aided by several functionaries, including the ''purohita'' (chaplain), the ''senani'' (army chief), ''dutas'' (envoys) and ''spash'' (spies).{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|p=45}} ''Purohita'' performed ceremonies and spells for success in war and prosperity in peace.{{sfn|Basham|2008|pp=33–34}}

In the later Vedic period, the tribes had consolidated into small kingdoms, which had a capital and a rudimentary administrative system.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=41}} To aid in governing these new states, the kings and their Brahmin priests arranged Vedic hymns into collections and developed a new set of rituals (the now orthodox [[Śrauta]] rituals) to strengthen the emerging [[Varna (Hinduism)|social hierarchy]].{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} The ''rajan'' was seen as the custodian of social order and the protector of ''rashtra'' (polity). Hereditary kingship started emerging and competitions like chariot races, cattle raids, and games of dice, which previously decided who was worthy of becoming a king, became nominal. Rituals in this era exalted the status of the king over his people. He was occasionally referred to as ''samrat'' (supreme ruler). The ''rajan's'' increasing political power enabled him to gain greater control over the productive resources. The voluntary gift offering (''bali'') became compulsory tribute; however, there was no organised system of taxation. ''Sabha'' and ''samiti'' are still mentioned in later Vedic texts, though, with the increasing power of the king, their influence declined.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=200–201}} By the end of the later Vedic age, different kinds of political systems such as monarchical states (''rajya''), oligarchical states (''gana'' or ''sangha''), and tribal principalities had emerged in India.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=200–201}}

According to [[Michael Witzel]]'s analysis of the [[Kuru kingdom]], it can be characterised as the earliest Vedic "state", during the Middle Vedic Period.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}{{refn|group=note|name="Witzel's study"}} However, [[Robert Bellah]] observes that it is difficult to "pin down" whether the Kurus were a true "state" or a [[complex chiefdom]], as the Kuru kings notably never adopted royal titles higher than "rājan," which means "chief" rather than "king" in the Vedic context.{{sfn|Bellah|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xHr-uN4XpAgC&pg=PA491 491 f.]}} The Middle Vedic Period is also characterised by a lack of cities; Bellah compares this to early [[state formation]] in ancient [[Hawaii]] and "very early Egypt," which were "territorial states" rather than "city-states," and thus "it was the court, not the city, that provided the center, and the court was often peripatetic."{{sfn|Bellah|2011|at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xHr-uN4XpAgC&pg=PA697 pp. 697–698], citing Trigger (2003)}}{{sfn|Trigger|2003|pp=[https://archive.org/details/understandingear0000trig/page/108/mode/2up 108–109]}} [[Romila Thapar]] characterises Vedic-era state formation as being in a condition of "arrested development," because local chiefs were relatively autonomous, and because surplus wealth that could have been directed towards state-building was instead used for the increasingly grandiose rituals that also served to structure social relations.{{sfn|Bellah|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xHr-uN4XpAgC&pg=PA698 698 f.]}} The period of the [[Upanishads]], the final phase of the Vedic era, was approximately contemporaneous with a new wave of state formations, linked to the beginning of urbanisation in the Ganges Valley: along with the growth of population and trade networks, these social and economic changes put pressure on older ways of life, setting the stage for the Upanishads and the subsequent [[śramaṇa]] movements,{{sfn|Bellah|2011|at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xHr-uN4XpAgC&pg=PA509 p. 509], citing Olivelle (1998), pp. xii–x}}{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|at="Notes on the translation": pp. xii–x}} and the end of the Vedic Period, which was followed by the [[Mahajanapada]] period.

According to George Erdosy, archaeological data for the period from 1000 to 600 BCE shows a two-tiered settlement pattern in the Ganges Valley, with some "modest central places," suggestive of the existence of simple [[chiefdom]]s, with the [[Kurukshetra district]] itself displaying a more complex (albeit not yet urbanised) three-tiered hierarchy.{{sfn|Erdosy|1995a}} Subsequently, (after 600 BCE) there are four tiers of site sizes, including large towns and fortified cities, consistent with an urbanised state-level society.{{sfn|Erdosy|1995b}}

=== Economy ===
Economy in the Vedic period was sustained by a combination of [[pastoralism]] and agriculture.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=35}} There are references, in the ''Rigveda'', to the levelling of fields, seed processing, and storage of grains in large jars. War bounty was also a major source of wealth.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=191}} Economic exchanges were conducted by gift giving, particularly to kings (''bali'') and priests (''dana''), and barter using cattle as a unit of currency. While gold is mentioned in some hymns, there is no indication of the use of coins. Metallurgy is not mentioned in the ''Rigveda'', but the word ''ayas'' and instruments made from it such as razors, bangles, axes are mentioned. One verse mentions purification of ''ayas''. Some scholars believe that ''ayas'' refers to iron and the words ''dham'' and ''karmara'' refer to iron-welders.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=190}} However, philological evidence indicates that ''ayas'' in the ''Rigveda'' refers only to copper and bronze, while iron or ''śyāma ayas'', literally "black metal", first is mentioned in the post-Rigvedic ''[[Atharvaveda]]'',{{sfn|Witzel|1989}}{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} and therefore the Early Vedic Period was a [[Bronze Age India|Bronze Age]] culture whereas the Late Vedic Period was an [[Iron Age India|Iron Age]] culture.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

The transition of Vedic society from semi-nomadic life to settled agriculture in the later Vedic age led to an increase in trade and competition for resources.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|p=40}} Agriculture dominated the economic activity along the [[Ganges]] valley during this period.{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=xxvii}} Agricultural operations grew in complexity and usage of iron implements (''krishna–ayas'' or ''shyama–ayas'', literally black metal or dark metal) increased. Crops of wheat, rice, and barley were cultivated. Surplus production helped to support the centralised kingdoms that were emerging at this time.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} New crafts and occupations such as carpentry, leather work, tanning, pottery, astrology, jewellery, dying, and winemaking arose.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=198–199}} Apart from copper, bronze, and gold, later Vedic texts also mention tin, lead, and silver.{{sfn|Basham|2008|pp=42–43}}

''Panis'' in some hymns refers to merchants, in others to stingy people who hid their wealth and did not perform Vedic sacrifices. Some scholars suggest that Panis were [[semitic people|semitic]] traders, but the evidence for this is slim.{{sfn|Basham|2008|p=32}} Professions of warriors, priests, cattle-rearers, farmers, hunters, barbers, vintners and crafts of chariot-making, cart-making, carpentry, metal working, tanning, making of bows, sewing, weaving, making mats of grass and reed are mentioned in the hymns of the ''Rigveda''. Some of these might have needed full-time specialists.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=190}} There are references to boats and oceans. Book X of the ''Rigveda'' refers to both eastern and western oceans. Individual property ownership did not exist and clans as a whole enjoyed rights over lands and herds. Enslavement (''dasa'', ''dasi'') in the course of war or as a result of non-payment of debt is mentioned. However, slaves worked in households rather than production-related activities.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=191}}

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Historical Vedic religion}}
[[File:An attempt to depict the creative activities of Prajapati.jpg|right|thumb|A steel engraving from the 1850s, which depicts the creative activities of [[Prajapati]], a Vedic deity who presides over procreation and protection of life]]

==== Vedic religion ====
Texts considered to date to the Vedic period are mainly the four ''[[Vedas]]'', but the [[Brahmanas]], [[Aranyaka]]s and the older [[Upanishads]] as well as the oldest [[Śrautasutra]]s are also considered to be Vedic. The ''Vedas'' record the [[liturgy]] connected with the rituals and sacrifices performed by the 16 or 17 [[Śrauta]] priests and the [[purohita]]s.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

The [[rishi]]s, the composers of the hymns of the ''[[Rigveda]]'', were considered inspired poets and seers (in post-Vedic times understood as "hearers" of an eternally existing ''Veda'', ''[[Śruti]]'' means "what is heard").

The mode of worship was the performance of sacrifices ([[Yajna]]) which included the [[chant]]ing of Rigvedic verses (see [[Vedic chant]]), singing of ''Samans'' and 'mumbling' of sacrificial mantras ([[Yajus]]). Yajna involved sacrifice and sublimation of the havana sámagri (herbal preparations) in the fire accompanied by the chanting of the Vedic mantras. The sublime meaning of the word yajna is derived from the Sanskrit verb yaj, which has a three-fold meaning of worship of deities (devapujana), unity (saògatikaraña) and charity (dána).{{sfn|Nigal|1986|p=81}} An essential element was the sacrificial fire—the divine [[Agni]]—into which oblations were poured, as everything offered into the fire was believed to reach God. People prayed for abundance of rain, cattle, sons, long life and gaining 'heaven'.

Vedic people believed in the [[Transmigration of a soul|transmigration of the soul]], and the [[peepul]] tree and cow were sanctified by the time of the ''[[Atharvaveda]]''.{{sfn|Singhal|Gupta|2003|pp=150–151}} Many of the concepts of Indian philosophy espoused later like [[Dharma]], [[Karma]] etc. trace their root to the ''Vedas''.{{sfn|Day|1982|pp= 42–45}}

The main deities of the Vedic pantheon were [[Indra]], [[Agni]] (the [[sacrificial fire]]), and [[Soma (drink)|Soma]] and some deities of social order such as [[Mitra (Vedic)|Mitra]]–[[Varuna]], [[Aryaman]], [[Bhaga]] and Amsa, further nature deities such as [[Surya]] (the Sun), [[Vayu]] (the wind) and [[Prithvi|Prithivi]] (the earth). Goddesses included [[Ushas]] (the dawn), Prithvi and [[Aditi]] (the mother of the [[Ādityas|Aditya]] gods or sometimes the cow). Rivers, especially [[Saraswati]], were also considered goddesses. Deities were not viewed as all-powerful. The relationship between humans and the deity was one of transaction, with Agni (the sacrificial fire) taking the role of messenger between the two. Strong traces of a common [[Proto-Indo-Iranian religion|Indo-Iranian]] religion remain visible, especially in the [[Soma (drink)|Soma]] cult and the fire worship, both of which are preserved in [[Zoroastrianism]].

Ethics in the ''Vedas'' are based on the concepts of [[Satya]] and [[Rta]]. Satya is the principle of integration rooted in the Absolute.{{sfn|Krishnananda|1994|p= [https://archive.org/details/AShortHistoryofReligiousandPhilosophicThoughtofIndiaSwamiKrishnanandaDevineLifeSociety/page/n11/mode/2up 11]}} Whereas, Ṛta is the expression of Satya, which regulates and coordinates the operation of the universe and everything within it.{{sfn|Holdrege|2004|p=215}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Panikkar|2001|pp=350–351}} remarks: "''Ṛta'' is the ultimate foundation of everything; it is "the supreme", although this is not to be understood in a static sense. [...] It is the expression of the primordial dynamism that is inherent in everything...."}} Conformity with Ṛta would enable progress whereas its violation would lead to punishment.

==== Influence on Hinduism ====
Around the beginning of the Common Era, the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic tradition]] formed one of the main constituents of the "[[Hinduism#Roots of Hinduism|Hindu synthesis]]".{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2002|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}}{{sfn|Jamison|Witzel|2003|p=65}}{{refn|group=note|name="Vedic Hinduism"}} Vedic religion survived in the srayta ritual, whereas ascetic and devotional traditions like [[Yoga]] and [[Vedanta]] acknowledge the authority of the ''Vedas'', but interpret the Vedic pantheon as a unitary view of the universe with 'God' (Brahman) seen as immanent and transcendent in the forms of [[Ishvara]] and [[Brahman]]. Later texts such as the [[Upanishads]] and epics, namely the [[Gita]] of [[Mahabharata]], are essential parts of these later developments.

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Vedas}}
[[File:Rigveda MS2097.jpg|thumb|An early-19th-century manuscript of ''Rigveda'' ([[padapatha]]) in [[Devanagari]]. The [[Vedic accent]] is marked by underscores and vertical overscores in red.]]

The reconstruction of the history of Vedic India is based on text-internal details, but can be correlated to relevant archaeological details. Linguistically, the Vedic texts could be classified in five chronological strata:{{sfn|Witzel|1989}}

# '''Rigvedic text''': The ''[[Rigveda]]'' is by far the most archaic of the Vedic texts preserved, and it retains many common [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] elements, both in language and in content, that are not present in any other Vedic text. Its time span likely corresponds to the [[Cemetery H culture|Late Harappan culture]], [[Gandhara grave culture]] and [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]].
# '''Mantra language texts''': This period includes both the [[mantra]] and prose language of the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' (''Paippalada'' and ''Shaunmkiya''), the ''Rigveda [[Khilani]]'', the ''[[Samaveda]] Samhita'' (containing some 75 mantras not in the ''Rigveda''), and the mantras of the ''[[Yajurveda]]''. Many of these texts are largely derived from the ''Rigveda'', but have undergone certain changes, both by linguistic change and by reinterpretation. Conspicuous changes include change of ''vishva'' "all" by ''sarva'', and the spread of the ''kuru-'' verbal stem (for Rigvedic ''krno-''). This is the time of the early [[Iron Age]] in north-western India, corresponding to the [[Black and Red Ware]] (BRW) and [[Painted Grey Ware]] (PGW) cultures, and the early [[Kuru kingdom]], dating from c. the 12th to 11th centuries BCE.
# '''Samhita prose texts''': This period marks the beginning of the collection and codification of a Vedic canon. An important linguistic change is the complete loss of the [[injunctive mood|injunctive]]. The Brahmana part ('commentary' on mantras and ritual) of the ''Black [[Yajurveda]]'' (MS, KS, TS) belongs to this period. Archaeologically, the Painted Grey Ware culture from c. 1000 or 900 BCE corresponds to the [[Kuru kingdom]] and the subsequent eastward shift of the political centre from the Kurus to the [[Panchala]]s on the [[Ganges]].
# '''Brahmana prose texts''': The [[Brahmanas]] proper of the four ''Vedas'' belong to this period, as well as the [[Aranyaka]]s, the oldest of the [[Upanishad]]s ([[Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad|BAU]], [[Chandogya Upanishad|ChU]], [[Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana|JUB]]) and the oldest [[Śrautasutra]]s ([[Baudhayana Śrauta Sutra|BSS]], VadhSS). In the east, [[Videha]] (N. Bihar and Nepal) is established as the third main political centre of the Vedic period.
# '''Sutra language texts''': This is the last stratum of Vedic Sanskrit leading up to c. 500 BCE, comprising the bulk of the [[Śrautasutra|Śrauta]] and [[Grhyasutra|Grhya]] Sutras, and some ''Upanishads'' (e.g. [[Katha Upanishad|KathU]], [[MaitrU]]).

=== Visual arts ===
{{See also|Art of Mathura}}
In northern India, some very early depictions of deities appear in the art of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], but the following millennium, coinciding with the [[Indo-Aryan migrations|Indo–Aryan migration]] during the Vedic period, is devoid of such remains.{{sfn|Paul|Paul|1989|pp=112–115, 125}} It has been suggested that the [[Historical Vedic religion|early Vedic religion]] focused exclusively on the worship of purely "elementary forces of nature by means of elaborate sacrifices", which did not lend themselves easily to anthropomorphological representations.{{sfn|Paul|Paul|1989}}{{sfn|Krishan|Tadikonda|1996|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kDyJh--iaL0C&pg=PP13 ix-x]}} Various artefacts may belong to the [[Copper Hoard culture]] (2nd millennium CE), some of them suggesting anthropomorphological characteristics.{{sfn|Shaw|Jameson|2008|p=248}} Interpretations vary as to the exact signification of these artefacts, or even the culture and the periodisation to which they belonged.{{sfn|Shaw|Jameson|2008|p=248}} Some examples of artistic expression also appear in abstract pottery designs during the [[Black and red ware culture]] (1450–1200 BCE) or the Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BCE), with finds in a wide area, including the area of Mathura.{{sfn|Shaw|Jameson|2008|p=248}}

== Archaeology ==

Archaeological cultures identified with phases of Vedic [[material culture]] include the [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]], the [[Gandhara grave culture]], the [[Black and red ware culture]] and the Painted Grey Ware culture.{{sfn|Witzel|1989}}

Ochre coloured pottery culture was first found approximately between 1950 and 1951, in western Uttar Pradesh, in the Badaun and Bisjuar district.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=218}} It is thought that this culture was prominent during the latter half of the 2nd millennium, within the transition between the Indus Valley civilisation and the end of Harappan culture.{{sfn|Darvill|2009|at="ochre‐coloured pottery"}} This pottery is typically created with wheel ware, and is ill-fired, to a fine to medium fabric, decorated with a red slip, and occasional black bands1. When this pottery was worked with, it often left an ochre color on the hands, most likely because of water-logging, bad firing, wind action, or a mixture of these factors.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=218}} This pottery was found all throughout the doab, most of it found in the Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, and Bulandshahr districts, but also existing outside these districts, extending north and south of Bahadrabad.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=218}} This pottery does, however, seem to exist within different time frames of popularity, ochre coloured pottery seeming to occur in areas such as Rajasthan earlier than we see it in the doab, despite the doab being heavily associated with the culture.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=218}}

Gandhara grave culture refers to the protohistoric cemeteries found in the Gandhara region, stretching all the way from Bajuar to the Indus.{{sfn|Dani|1966|p=99}} These cemeteries seem to follow a set grave structure and "mortuary practice", such as inflexed inhumation and cremation.{{sfn|Zahir|2016|pp=274–293}} This culture is thought to occur in 3 stages: the lower, in which burials take place in masonry lined pits, the upper, in which urn burials and cremations are added, and the "surface" level, in which graves are covered with huge stone slabs.{{sfn|Zahir|2016|pp=274–293}}
In the lower stage, excavators found that these graves are typically 2–3 feet deep, and covered with stones on top.{{sfn|Dani|1966|p=99}} After digging out the stones, skeletons were found facing southwest to northeast, with the head facing one direction, and the hands laying on top of one another.{{sfn|Dani|1966|p=99}} Female skeletons were often found wearing hair pins and jewellery.{{sfn|Dani|1966|p=99}} Pottery is greatly important to this culture, as pottery was often used as a "grave good", being buried with the bodies of the dead.{{sfn|Zahir|2016|pp=274–293}} Buried alongside the skeletons, we typically see various pots on top of the body, averaging at about 5 or less pieces of pottery per grave.{{sfn|Zahir|2016|pp=274–293}} Within this culture we typically see two kinds of pottery: grey ware, or red ware.{{sfn|Dani|1966|p=99}}

Black and red ware culture was coined as a term in 1946 by Sir Mortimer Wheeler.{{sfn|Mishra|2007}} The pottery, as the name suggests, typically has a black rim/inside surface, and a red lower half on the outside of the piece.{{sfn|Mishra|2007}} Red-ware pottery tends to fall into two categories: offering stands, or cooking vessels.{{sfn|Dani|1966|p=99}} Most of these pieces of pottery were open-mouthed bowls that were burnished, painted, or slipped on one side; however, jars, pots and dishes-on-stands have also been found in small quantities.{{sfn|Mishra|2007}}
Black and red ware, and the surrounding culture, began its spread during the [[Neolithic]] period and continues until the early medieval period in India, as well as being found in parts of West Asia and Egypt.{{sfn|Mishra|2007}} There are many theories about the process of its creation, the most popular being the use of an inverted firing technique, or a simultaneous oxidation and reduction firing.{{sfn|Mishra|2007}}

[[Painted grey ware culture]] is a significant pottery style that has been linked to a group of people who settled in Sutlej, Ghagger, and the Upper Ganga/Yamuna Valleys, loosely classified with the early Aryans who migrated to India in the beginning of the Vedic period.{{sfn|Hedge|2015}} It's also thought that the groups that introduced the painted grey ware culture also brought iron technology to the Indo-gangetic plains, making this pottery a momentous mark of the Northern Indian Iron Age.{{sfn|Hedge|2015}} The style of grey-ware often includes clay wheel-thrown into a smooth texture, ash-grey in colour, and often decorated with black ink, creating small circular patterns, sometimes spirals, swastikas, or sigmas.{{sfn|Hedge|2015}}
Grey-ware pottery is almost exclusively drinking ware, and tends to have three different forms: narrow-waisted, tall drinking glasses, middle-sized drinking goblets, and drinking vases with outturned lips.{{sfn|Dani|1966|p=99}} There was a distinct grey ware culture surrounding the establishment of the pottery, but while the culture is significant, grey ware has only made up 10–15% of found Vedic pottery, a majority of the pottery red ware, as grey ware pottery was seen as a "highly valued luxury".{{sfn|Lal|1996|pp=412–419}}

== Puranic chronology of the Vedic period ==
The [[Puranic chronology]], the timeline of events in ancient Indian history and mythology as narrated in post-Vedic Hindu texts such as the [[Mahabharata]], the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Puranas]], envisions a much older chronology for the Vedic culture.{{sfn|Kak|2001b}} In this view, the Vedas were received by the [[seven rishis]] thousands of years ago. The start of the reign of [[Vaivasvata Manu]], the [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] of the current [[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]] (aeon) and the progenitor of humanity, is dated by some as far back 7350 BCE.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|p=122}} The [[Kurukshetra War]], the background-scene of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', which may relate historical events taking place ca. 1000 BCE at the heartland of [[Āryāvarta]],{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=19}} is dated in this chronology at {{c.|3100 BCE}}.

== See also ==
* [[History of India]]
* [[Historical Vedic religion]]
* [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]
* [[Vedanga]]
* [[Indigenous Aryanism]]
* [[Avestan period]] (Contemporaneous period in Iranian history)

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|40em|refs=


{{refn|group=note|name="Bactria-Marga"|According to {{harvnb|Anthony|2007|pp=454–455}}, at least 383 non-Indo-European words were borrowed from this culture, including the god [[Indra]] and the ritual drink [[Soma (drink)|Soma]], which according to Anthony was "probably borrowed from the BMAC religion." {{harvnb|Anthony|2007|p=454}}: "Many of the qualities of Indo-Iranian god of might/victory, [[Verethraghna]], were transferred to the adopted god Indra, who became the central deity of the developing Old Indic culture. Indra was the subject of 250 hymns, a quarter of the ''Rigveda''. He was associated more than any other deity with ''Soma'', a stimulant drug (perhaps derived from ''Ephedra'') probably borrowed from the BMAC religion. His rise to prominence was a peculiar trait of the Old Indic speakers."{{pb}}Narasimhan et al. state that there was no genetic impact from Bactria-Margiana populations on the ancestry of South Asians.{{sfn|Narasimhan |Patterson |Moorjani |Rohland |2019}}}}


{{refn|group=note|name="Indigenous Aryans"|See:
* {{harvnb|Singh|2008|p=186}}: "The original homeland of the Indo-Europeans and Indo-Aryans is the subject of continuing debate among philologists, linguists, historians, archaeologists and others. The dominant view is that the Indo-Aryans came to the subcontinent as immigrants. Another view, advocated mainly by some Indian scholars, is that they were indigenous to the subcontinent."
* As of 2006, {{harvnb|Mallory|Adams|2006|pp=460–461}} note that two types of models "enjoy significant international currency" as to the [[Indo-European homeland]], namely the [[Anatolian hypothesis]], and a [[Indo-Aryan migration|migration out of the Eurasian steppes]].
* {{harvnb|Bryant|2001|p=7}}: "This does not mean that the Indigenous Aryan position is historically probable. The available evidence by no means denies the ''normative view''—that of external Aryan origins and, if anything, ''favors'' it." {{harvnb|Bryant|Patton|2005|p=342}} used the term "Indo-Aryan Controversy" for an oversight of the Indo-Aryan Migration theory, and some of its opponents.
* {{harvnb|Witzel|2001}}: "The 'revisionist project' certainly is not guided by the principles of critical theory but takes, time and again, recourse to pre-enlightenment beliefs in the authority of traditional religious texts such as the Purånas. In the end, it belongs, as has been pointed out earlier, to a different 'discourse' than that of historical and critical scholarship. In other words, it continues the writing of religious literature, under a contemporary, outwardly 'scientific' guise. Though the ones pursuing this project use dialectic methods quite effectively, they frequently also turn traditional Indian discussion methods and scholastic tricks to their advantage [...] The revisionist and autochthonous project, then, should not be regarded as scholarly in the usual post-enlightenment sense of the word, but as an apologetic, ultimately religious undertaking aiming at proving the 'truth' of traditional texts and beliefs. Worse, it is, in many cases, not even scholastic scholarship at all but a political undertaking aiming at 'rewriting' history out of national pride or for the purpose of 'nation building'."
* In her review of Bryant's "The Indo-Aryan Controversy," {{harvnb|Jamison|2006}} comments: "...the parallels between the Intelligent Design issue and the Indo-Aryan "controversy" are distressingly close. The Indo-Aryan controversy is a manufactured one with a non-scholarly agenda, and the tactics of its manufacturers are very close to those of the ID proponents mentioned above. However unwittingly and however high their aims, the two editors have sought to put a gloss of intellectual legitimacy, with a sense that real scientific questions are being debated, on what is essentially a religion-nationalistic attack on a scholarly consensus."}}

{{refn|group=note|name="Mitanni confirm"|{{harvnb|Witzel|2019|p=[https://archive.org/details/which-of-us-are-aryans-by-romila-thapar-michael-witzel-jaya-menon-kai-friese-razib-khan/page/11/mode/2up 11]}}: "Incidentally, the Indo-Aryan loanwords in Mitanni confirm the date of the ''Rig Veda'' for ca. 1200–1000 BCE. The ''Rig Veda'' is a late Bronze age text, thus from before 1000 BCE. However, the Mitanni words have a form of Indo-Aryan that is slightly older than that ... Clearly the ''Rig Veda'' cannot be older than ca. 1400, and taking into account a period needed for linguistic change, it may not be much older than ca. 1200 BCE."}}

{{refn|group=note|name="McClish_Olivelle2012"|{{harvnb|McClish|Olivelle|2012|p=xxiv}}: "Although the Vedas are essentially liturgical documents and increasingly mystical reflections on Vedic ritual, they are sufficiently rich and extensive to give us some understanding of what life was like at the time. The earliest of the Vedas, the ''Ṛgveda Saṃhitā'', contains 1,028 hymns, some of which may be as old as 1500 BCE. Because the Vedic texts are the primary way in which we can understand the period between the fall of the IVC (ca 1700) and the second wave of urbanization (600 BCE), we call the intervening era of South Asian history the 'Vedic Period.{{'"}}}}


{{refn|group=note|name="roots"|See:
* {{harvnb|Anthony|2007|p=408}} states that around 1800–1600 BCE, the Indo-Aryans are believed to have split off from the Iranians.
* {{harvnb|Anthony|2007|p=454}} states that one of these Indo-Aryan groups would found the [[Mitanni]] kingdom in northern Syria (c. 1500–1300 BCE).
* {{harvnb|Beckwith|2009|pp=33, 35}} states that they were defeated and split into two groups by the Iranians, who dominated the Central Eurasian steppe zone and "chased them to the extremities of Central Eurasia."
* {{harvnb|Beckwith|2009|p=34}} states that the other group were the [[Vedic people]], who were pursued by the Iranians "across Iran into India."

For an overview of the current relevant research, see:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{harvnb|Witzel|2001}}
* {{harvnb|Bhan|2002}}
* {{harvnb|Anthony|2007}}
* {{harvnb|Ratnagar|2008}}
* {{harvnb|Parpola|2015}}
* {{harvnb|Joseph|2018}}
* {{harvnb|Joseph|2019}}
{{end div col}} }}

{{refn|group=note|name="Vedic Hinduism"|{{harvnb|Jamison|Witzel|2003|p=65}}: "... to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradiction in terms since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion – at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from mediaeval and modern Christian religion. However, Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism."}}

{{refn|group=note|name="Witzel's study"|Witzel's study is furthermore cited by:
* {{harvnb|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=57}}
* {{harvnb|Proferes|2003}}}}
}}

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* {{Citation |last1=Winternitz |first1=Moriz |last2=Sarma |first2=Vuppala Srinivasa |title=A history of Indian literature: Introduction, Veda, epics, purānas and tantras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA102 |year=1981 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0264-3}}
* {{Citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1989 |title=Tracing the Vedic dialects |journal=Dialectes dans les Litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, 97–265.}}
* {{Citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |year=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization. Origins and Development of the Kuru State |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=1–26 |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611142934/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2007}}
* {{cite journal |last=Witzel |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Witzel |year=2001 |title=Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=1–115 |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Vedas and Upaniṣads |last= Witzel |first=Michael |editor=Gavin Flood | pages=68–71 |title=The Blackwell companion to Hinduism |date=2005 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Oxford |isbn=1-4051-3251-5 |edition=1st paperback}}
* {{cite book |last=Witzel |first=Michael |title=Which of Us are Aryans?: Rethinking the Concept of Our Origins |date=2019 |url= https://archive.org/details/which-of-us-are-aryans-by-romila-thapar-michael-witzel-jaya-menon-kai-friese-razib-khan/page/n7/mode/2up |publisher=Aleph |isbn=978-93-88292-38-2 |editor=Romila Thapar |editor-link=Romila Thapar |chapter=Beyond the Flight of the Falcon: Early 'Aryans' Within and Outside India |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/which-of-us-are-aryans-by-romila-thapar-michael-witzel-jaya-menon-kai-friese-razib-khan/page/n21/mode/2up |author-link=Michael Witzel|pages=1–29}}
* {{cite book |last=Woodard |first=Roger D. |title=Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult |date=18 August 2006 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09295-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EB4fB0inNYEC&pg=FA242}}

* {{citation |last=Zahir |first=Muhammad |date=15 April 2016 |title=The Gandhara Grave Culture: New Perspectives on Protohistoric Cemeteries in Northern and Northwestern Pakistan |pages=274–293}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |editor-link=Gavin Flood |year=2003 |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |publisher=Blackwell |location=Malden, MA (US) |isbn=1-4051-3251-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C}}
* {{Citation |last=Thapar |first=Romila |date=2004 |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |publisher=University of California Press}}
* {{Citation |last=Prasad |first=R. U. S. |date=2020 |title=The Rig-Vedic and Post-Rig-Vedic Polity (1500 BCE – 500 BCE) |publisher=Vernon Press}}

{{India topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vedic period| ]]
[[Category:Ancient India]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Iron Age Asia]]
[[Category:Iron Age cultures of South Asia]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan archaeological cultures]]
[[Category:Bronze Age civilizations]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian culture]]
[[Category:Historical Vedic religion]]

Sudhir Kumar Sopory

2026-03-31T08:08:38Z

Svetlsgx: put up basic biography added tags

{{Short description|Indian educationist and plant physiologist (born 1948)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sudhir Kumar Sopory
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Sopory in JNU (2016)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|01|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ambala, Haryana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| alma_mater = [[University of Kashmir]] ([[B.S.]], [[M.S.]]) [[University of Delhi]] ([[PhD]])
| othername =
| occupation = Plant physiologist Educationist
| fields = Molecular plant physiology
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatangar Prize]] Chakravorty Award [[Indian Botanical Society|IBS]] Birbal Sahni Medal [[Indian Science Congress Association|ISCA]] Birbal Sahni Birth Centenary Award [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences|NAAS]] Saligram Sinha Medal ASPB Corresponding Membership Award [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] Career Award [[Indian Science Congress Association|ISCA]] Hira Lal Chakravorty Award [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]] Salgram Sinha Award [[Indian Science Congress Association|ISCA]] S. S. Katiyar Award [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]] Prof. R. N. Tandon Memorial Award B. M. Johri Memorial Award [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Award T. N. Khoshoo Memorial Award
}}
'''Sudhir Kumar Sopory''' (born on 7 January 1948) is an Indian educationist, plant physiologist, scientist and former vice chancellor of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi.<ref name="Vice Chancellor">{{cite web | url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/Administration/ViceChancellor.asp | title=Vice Chancellor | publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University | date=2016 | access-date=9 January 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107002743/http://www.jnu.ac.in/Administration/ViceChancellor.asp | archive-date=7 January 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Sudhir Kumar Sopory - Author Profile">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SlLemeqPVUC&q=Sudhir+Kumar+Sopory&pg=PR24 | title=Sudhir Kumar Sopory - Author Profile | publisher=Springer | date=2016 | access-date=13 January 2016| isbn=9789048131136 }}</ref> He is known to be the first to purify a [[protein kinase C]] activity from plants and is credited with the identification of [[topoisomerase]] as a substrate of protein kinase C.<ref name="Indian Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N94-1164 | title=Indian Fellow | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=9 January 2016 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813022403/http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N94-1164 | archive-date=13 August 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> He is an elected Fellow of several major Indian science academies and [[The World Academy of Sciences]] (TWAS) and is a recipient of many honours, including the 1987 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatangar Prize]], the highest Indian award in the science and technology categories.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=71 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=SSB Prize, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=9 January 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2007, for his contributions to science and technology.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born on 7 January 1948,<ref name="Sopory, Prof. Sudhir Kumar - IAS Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Sopory,_Prof._Sudhir_Kumar | title=Sopory, Prof. Sudhir Kumar - IAS Fellow | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=9 January 2016}}</ref> Sopory secured his graduate degree (BSc) in 1966 and postgraduate degree (MSc) in 1968 from [[Sri Pratap College]], [[Sri Nagar]]<ref name="NAAS Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://naasindia.org/fdetail.html#S119 | title=NAAS Fellow | publisher=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=9 January 2016}}</ref> of the [[University of Kashmir]].<ref name="Prof. Sudhir Kumar SOPORY on JNU">{{cite web | url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/vicechancellor/default.htm | title=Prof. Sudhir Kumar SOPORY on JNU | publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University | date=2016 | access-date=11 January 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114002924/http://www.jnu.ac.in/vicechancellor/default.htm | archive-date=14 January 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Subsequently, he moved to Delhi to start his career by joining [[University of Delhi]] as a member of faculty and pursued his doctoral studies there to obtain a PhD in plant molecular biology in 1973.<ref name="Sudhir Kumar Sopory on Bloomberg">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=134667675&privcapId=22849551&previousCapId=22849551&previousTitle=Jawaharlal%20Nehru%20University | title=Sudhir Kumar Sopory on Bloomberg | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2016 | access-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> After securing the doctoral degree, he joined [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in 1973 as an assistant professor and worked there till his superannuation in 1996, holding positions such as associate professor (1978–1984), professor (1985–1996) and Hostel warden.<ref name="Sopory returns to take charge of JNU">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/kaveri-hostels-first-warden-sopory-returns-to-take-charge-of-jnu/ | title=Sopory returns to take charge of JNU | publisher=Indian Express | date=29 January 2011 | access-date=13 January 2016}}</ref> In between, he worked at various overseas educational institutions; [[Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research]], Cologne, (1976–1978), [[University of Texas]] at their Department of Botany as a visiting [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright fellow]] (1981–1982), USDA Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Maryland and the [[Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München]] as a visiting Humboldt Professor (1991–1992).<ref name="Prof. Sudhir Kumar SOPORY on JNU" /> After his superannuation, he joined [[International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology]] (ICGEB) New Delhi, as a group leader of research in plant molecular biology in 1997, and became the interim director of the institution in 2010. In 2011, he was appointed as the vice chancellor of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]],<ref name="JNU will be the same as ever, assures V-C">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/jnu-will-be-the-same-as-ever-assures-vc/article4980474.ece | title=JNU will be the same as ever, assures V-C | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 August 2013 | access-date=13 January 2016| last1=s.n | first1=Vijetha }}</ref> a post he held till 13 January 2016).<ref name="Bio data on JNU">{{cite web | url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/ViceChancellor/CV%20SK%20Sopory.pdf | title=Bio data on JNU | publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University | date=2016 | access-date=11 January 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319155948/http://www.jnu.ac.in/ViceChancellor/CV%20SK%20Sopory.pdf | archive-date=19 March 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="JNU has to be No.1 within the country">{{cite web | url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/jnu-has-to-be-no1-within-the-country/7/43200/ | title=JNU has to be No.1 within the country | publisher=The Sunday Indian | date=13 January 2016 | access-date=13 January 2016}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
During his researches at [[Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research]], Cologne, Sopory developed a plant breeding methodology to produce monohaploids of potato, in 1978.<ref name="Production of monohaploid embryoids and plantlets in cultured anthers of Solanum tuberosum">{{cite journal | title=Production of monohaploid embryoids and plantlets in cultured anthers of Solanum tuberosum |author1=Sudhir K. Sopory |author2=Evert Jacobsen |author3=Gerhard Wenzel | journal=Plant Science Letters | date=May 1978 | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=47–54 | doi=10.1016/0304-4211(78)90038-X}}</ref> His researches at [[University of Texas]] assisted in the discovery of the "role of calcium and calmodulin" in higher plants and, while in Maryland, he worked on [[D1 protein]] to find the mechanism behind it. In the early Nineties, he worked under R. Hermann on ''promoter analysis of light regulated genes encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis''.<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> His researches on the [[gene expression]] and the activity of nitrate [[reductase]] revealed the effect of light on the turnover of [[phosphoinositide]] cycle. This helped explain light signal [[Transduction (genetics)|transduction]] in plants.<ref name="Indian Fellow" />

Sopory is reported to be the first to purify a [[Protein Kinase C]] from plants and he has been successful in identifying [[topoisomerase I]] as a substrate of [[Protein Kinase C]] in plants.<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> Based on his work on dehydration stress and salinity-related [[gene regulation]], he is known to have developed a new methodology for gene amplification and a [[Polymerase chain reaction]]-based protocol for manipulating differentially-expressed genes and their promoters. Working on rice ([[Oryza sativa]]) and [[Pennisetum]], he evolved new methodologies for producing stress tolerant transgenic plants.<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> His researches on [[glyoxalase]] system in plants explained how it affected the stress environment<ref name="Sudhir Kumar Sopory - Author Profile" /> and he propounded a process how transgenic plants capable of growing in conditions of high salinity could be developed by manipulating [[glyoxalase I]] and [[glyoxalase II]], two enzymes related to the detoxification of [[methylglyoxal]], the organic compound known to increase the level of stress response of plants.<ref name="Indian Fellow" /><ref name="Abiotic Stress Adaptation in Plants">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SlLemeqPVUC&q=Sudhir+Kumar+Sopory | title=Abiotic Stress Adaptation in Plants | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media | author=Aswani Pareek (Ed.), Sudhir Kumar Sopory (Ed.) | year=2010 | pages=546 | isbn=9789048131136}}</ref>

Sopory's researches have been documented in over 250 articles published in peer reviewed journals; [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of science articles have listed 242 of them.<ref name="Sudhir Sopory on ResearchGate">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sudhir_Sopory | title=Sudhir Sopory on ResearchGate | date=2016 | access-date=9 January 2016}}</ref> He has been the editor of 13 books on the subject and has contributed 53 chapters to books written/edited by others<ref name="Prof. Sudhir Kumar SOPORY on JNU" /> besides co-authoring the Hostel Manual for [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]].<ref name="Sopory returns to take charge of JNU" /> He is the president of the Indian Society of Plant Physiology<ref name="Executive Council 2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.ispponline.org/executivecounsil.html | title=Executive Council 2014 | publisher=Indian Society for Plant Physiology | date=2016 | access-date=12 January 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065533/http://www.ispponline.org/executivecounsil.html | archive-date=4 March 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the vice president of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], Allahabad.<ref name="NASI Council 2016">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/council.htm | title=NASI Council 2016 | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2016 | access-date=12 January 2016}}</ref> He has served as the vice president of such organizations as Indian Society for Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (2001–2003), Indian National Science Academy (2004–2006) and the Society for Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, New Delhi (2009–2011) and is a former secretary of the Plant Tissue Culture Association of India (2001–2010).<ref name="Prof. Sudhir Kumar SOPORY on JNU" />

During his stint as the vice chancellor at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], the institution is reported to have acquired a new 1000-acre campus in South Delhi.<ref name="Courses with currency">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/education/story/20140630-indias-best-universities-jnu-sudhir-kumar-sopory-804198-1999-11-29 | title=Courses with currency | publisher=India Today | date=20 June 2014 | access-date=13 January 2016}}</ref> The university started new doctoral research courses in Energy studies, Human rights, [[Silk Route]] studies, Climate change and Biotechnology and inaugurated a new website and a cyber library during this period.<ref name="Courses with currency" /> He has also mentored many students in their doctoral studies.<ref name="Role of calcium and calmodulin in higher plants">{{cite web | url=http://14.139.116.20:8080/jspui/handle/10603/16253 | title=Role of calcium and calmodulin in higher plants | publisher=Shodhganga | date=2016 | access-date=13 January 2016 | last1=Rina | first1=Das }}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
Four of the major Indian science academies have elected Sopory as their fellow; The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (IAS) in 1992,<ref name="Sopory, Prof. Sudhir Kumar - IAS Fellow" /> [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI) in 1993,<ref name="NASI Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S | title=NASI Fellow | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2016 | access-date=9 January 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S | archive-date=16 March 2016 }}</ref> the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA) the next year,<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> and the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] (NAAS) in 2002.<ref name="NAAS Fellow" /> [[The World Academy of Sciences]] (TWAS) followed suit in 2005.<ref name="TWAS Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://twas.org/member/sopory-sudhir-kumar | title=TWAS Fellow | publisher=The World Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=9 January 2016}}</ref> He has delivered many notable award lectures such as Gadgil Memorial Award Lecture (2000) of the Plant Tissue Culture Association, P. Maheshwari Award Lecture (200) and Sisir Kumar Mitra Memorial Lecture Award (2011–2012) of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], Platinum Jubilee Award Lecture (2003) of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]], N. Narayana Memorial Award Lecture (2005) of the [[Indian Institute of Sciences]], Bangalore, G. V. Joshi Lecture Award (2010) of the Indian Society of Plant Physiology, and NCL Foundation Day lecture (2015) of the [[National Chemical Laboratory]],(CSIR) Pune.<ref name="Prof. Sudhir Kumar SOPORY on JNU" /> R. N. Singh Memorial Lecture (2000) of [[Banaras Hindu University]], Varanasi, Panchanan Maheshwari Memorial Lecture (2001) of [[Delhi University]], N. B. Das Memorial Award Lecture (2002) of the Society of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Tenth Godnev Award lecture (2003) of the [[Belarus Academy of Sciences]], Dr. Yellapragada Subba Row Award Lecture (2009) of [[Indraprastha University]], Delhi, First H. C. Arya Lecture Award (2011) of the Plant Tissue Culture Association ( India), Dr. Gopinath Sahu Memorial Award Lecture (2014) of the [[Central Rice Research Institute]], Cuttack, and Padmapani Award Lecture (2014) at Tibet House, Delhi are some of the other lectures delivered by him.<ref name="Prof. Sudhir Kumar SOPORY on JNU" /> S. P. Ray-Chaudhuri 75th Birthday Endowment Lecture Award of the Indian Society of Cell Biology, delivered in 2009 was the first instance a plant biologist was given the opportunity to deliver the address.<ref name="Prof. Sudhir Kumar SOPORY on JNU" />

In 1985, Sopory received the ''Career Award'' of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], followed by ''Professor Hira Lal Chakravorty Award'' of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]], the next year.<ref name="Prof. Sudhir Kumar SOPORY on JNU" /> One year later, the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], the highest Indian award for achievement in science and technology.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> The year 2001 brought him two awards, ''Salgram Sinha Award'' of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and ''Birbal Sahni Medal'' of the [[Indian Botanical Society]].<ref name="IBS Award Achievers">{{cite web | url=http://indianbotsoc.org/aa.php | title=IBS Award Achievers | publisher=Indian Botanical Society | date=2016 | access-date=13 January 2016}}</ref> The [[Indian Science Congress Association]] (ISCA) honoured him with the ''Birbal Sahni Centenary Gold Medal Award'' for Life Time Achievement in 2005<ref name="NAAS Fellow" /> and he was included in the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] list of 2007 by the Government of India for the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards" /> Another ISCA award, ''S. S. Katiyar Award'', reached him in 2010, the same year as he received the ''Corresponding Membership Award'' for Non-USA scientists of the American Society of Plant Biology, thus becoming the first Indian to receive the award.<ref name="Prof. Sudhir Kumar SOPORY on JNU" /> Two more awards followed in 2012, ''Prof. R. N. Tandon Memorial Award'' of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and ''B. M. Johri Memorial Award'' of the Society of Plant Research.<ref name="Prof. Sudhir Kumar SOPORY on JNU" /> The same year, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science ([[honoris causa]]) by the [[Banaras Hindu University]] and, in 2014, he received another DSc degree, from [[Rani Durgavati University]], Jabalpur.<ref name="Prof. Sudhir Kumar SOPORY on JNU" /> He received two more awards in 2014, ''Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Award'' of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] and ''T. N. Khoshoo Memorial Award'' of the Orchid Society of India.<ref name="Prof. Sudhir Kumar SOPORY on JNU" />

== See also ==
* [[Gene expression]]
* [[Regulation of gene expression]]
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi]]
{{Portal|India|Science}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.gettyimages.ae/detail/news-photo/jawaharlal-nehru-university-vice-chancellor-sudhir-kumar-news-photo/500953306 | title=Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Receives The Degree Of Doctor of Philosophy | publisher=Getty Images | date=2016 | access-date=9 January 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=https://vimeo.com/121596163 | title=IDSS 2015 Conference : JNU Vice Chancellor Prof. Sudhir Kumar Sopory speaking during opening ceremony | publisher=Vimeo | work=Web video | date=2015 | access-date=9 January 2016 | author=Lalit Rao}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | title=Abiotic Stress Adaptation in Plants | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media | author=Aswani Pareek (Ed.), Sudhir Kumar Sopory (Ed.) | year=2010 | pages=546 | isbn=9789048131136}}

{{Authority control}}
{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sopory, Sudhir Kumar}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:People from Ambala]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Indian botanical writers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Haryana]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-03-28T16:16:03Z

Svetlsgx: stub!

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_caption =
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = Daksum, Forest Block, [[Anantnag district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|33|39|30|N|75|28|20|E|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:10000|display=inline,title}}
| nearest_city = [[Anantnag]] [[city]]
| area = {{convert|20|km2|abbr=on}}
| established = 1981 <ref name=hunt4hangul/>
| map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| image_map =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
}}

'''Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[protected area]] located in Daksum, Forest Block, near [[Anantnag|Anantnag city]] in [[Anantnag district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. It lies 42 km from [[Anantnag|Anantnag city]], the district headquarter, {{Convert|85|km|mi}} south of [[Srinagar]]. It spreads over an area of {{Convert|20|km2|mi2}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=WILDLIFE AREAS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR|url=http://jkforest.com/jkforest/act_pdf/wildlife_areas.pdf|publisher=J&K Forest Department|access-date=24 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190300/http://jkforest.com/jkforest/act_pdf/wildlife_areas.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> This area was protected as a [[game reserve]] for [[Kashmir stag|hangul]] during the Maharaja's period, prior to 1948. In 1981, it was upgraded to the Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref name=hunt4hangul/>

==Flora and fauna==
The vegetation types present in the Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary include dense coniferous forests and sub-alpine pastures. In dense coniferous forests, [[Himalayan pine|kail pine]], [[spruce]], [[fir]], [[Himalayan birch|birch]], [[Cedrus deodara|deodar]] and [[juniper]] trees are predominant.

The Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary is abode to many species of animals including the [[Himalayan black bear]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Asiatic Black Bear - Human Conflicts around Dachigam National Park, Kashmir|url=http://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/asiatic_blackbear_human_conflict_dachigam.pdf.|work=indiaenvironmentportal.org.in|publisher=[[Wildlife Institute of India]]|date=July 2009|access-date=20 July 2013}}</ref> [[Kashmir stag|hangul]],<ref name=hunt4hangul>{{cite web|title=HUNT FOR HANGUL|url=http://www.wti.org.in/oldsite/publications/hunt-for-hangul.pdf|work=wti.org.in|publisher=[[Wildlife Trust of India]]|access-date=20 July 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183756/http://www.wti.org.in/oldsite/publications/hunt-for-hangul.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[musk deer]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mishra|first=S.|title=Tourism Management: The Socio-Economic and Ecological Perspective|year=2004|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=9788173714641|page=81}}</ref> A number of species of wild birds are also found in the sanctuary.

==Disturbance==
In 1970, the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Government of Kashmir]] constructed a sheep breeding farm on 1300 hectares of prime wintering area of the now [[critically endangered]] [[Kashmir stag|hangul]]. This sheep breeding farm is believed to have had an adverse effect on the movement of hangul in this area.<ref name=hunt4hangul/> Besides, the sanctuary has also been disturbed due to excessive grazing by the [[livestock]] of non-local [[Bakarwal]]s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shah|first=Imtiyaz|title=Duksum Wildlife Sanctuary on the Verge of Extinction|url=http://www.kashmirhorizon.com/news/duksum-wildlife-sanctuary-on-the-verge-of-extinction-4037.aspx|access-date=25 July 2013|work=kashmirhorizon.com|date=19 June 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kashmir Valley|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:National parks in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmir]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1981]]

Saayoni Ghosh

2026-03-27T20:28:56Z

Svetlsgx:

{{short description|Indian actress, singer, politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Saayoni Ghosh
| image = Saayoni Ghosh in 2015 (cropped).jpg
| width = 180px
| caption = Saayoni Ghosh in 2015
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| predecessor = [[Mimi Chakraborty]]
| constituency = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| office1 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Trinamool Youth Congress]]
| predecessor1 = [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
| termstart1 = 5 June 2021
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (2021–present)
| module = {{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|27 January 1993}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| birth_name = Sayani Ghosh
| education = [[Hirendra Leela Patranavis School]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Politician|Singer}}
| yearsactive = 2010–present
| awards = {{Ubl|TTIS Best Actor Award 2010|Mirchi Music Award Bangla, 2012}}
}}
}}

'''Saayoni Ghosh''' (also '''Sayani'''; born 27 January 1993) is an Indian actress, singer and politician.<ref name="singha20210605" /> She is known for her works in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film and television]] industry.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Saayoni Ghosh Movies: Latest and Upcoming Films of Saayoni Ghosh {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sayoni-Ghosh/movies |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She is currently serving as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] representing [[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur parliamentary constituency]].

==Career==
Her acting debut was with a telefilm ''Ichhe Dana'',<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actress Sayoni Ghosh to feature in 'Lockdown Diary' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-saayoni-ghosh-to-feature-in-lockdown-diary/articleshow/76261426.cms |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |series=Saayoni came into the limelight after featuring in the telefilm 'Ichche Dana'in 2009. |date=8 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and her first appearance on the big screen was in a short role in the film ''[[Notobor Notout]]''. She then shared the screen with some veteran actors in Raj Chakraborty's ''[[Shotru]]'', and later played a carefree journalist role in [[Raj Chakraborty]]'s daily serial ''[[Proloy Asche]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lokmat News {{!}} Sayoni Ghosh as journalist role in Raj Chakraborty's daily soap Proloy Asche. |url=https://english.lokmat.com/topics/sayan-basu/photos/ |access-date=9 February 2021 |website=Lokmat English |language=en}}</ref> She has played lead roles in the films ''[[Kanamachi (film)|Kanamachi]]'', ''Antaraal'', ''[[Ekla Cholo]]'', ''Amar Sahor'', ''[[Bitnoon]]'', ''Mayer Biye'', ''[[Rajkahini]]''.<ref name="auto"/>

Ghosh also co-hosted the [[Calcutta Football League]] in 2013 and 2014 for [[Jalsha Movies]] during Live telecast.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

==Political career==
She joined [[Trinamool Congress]] on 24 February 2021. In March 2021, she was announced to be [[Trinamool Congress]]’s candidate for the [[Asansol Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol South]] constituency in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SAYANI GHOSH |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1864 |work=myneta.info |access-date=30 October 2025 }}</ref> But, she was defeated by BJP's candidate Agnimitra Paul.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/elections/news/mamata-banerjee-releases-tmcs-candidate-list-for-bengal-elections/articleshow/81347592.cms |title=Mamata Banerjee releases TMC's candidate list for Bengal elections |website=Business Insider }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

She was appointed the "president of the youth wing of Trinamool Congress" in June-2021, after Abhishek Banerjee had been relieved of the duty.<ref name="singha20210605">{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/west-bengal-abhishek-banerjee-appointed-as-tmc-general-secretary-saayoni-ghosh-takes-charge-as-partys-youth-wing-president |title=West Bengal: Abhishek Banerjee appointed as TMC general secretary; Saayoni Ghosh takes charge as party's youth wing president |date=5 June 2021 |last=Singha |first=Aritra |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Enforcement Directorate]] had questioned her on 30 June 2023 for 11 hours, in connection with its investigation into the [[2022 West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/india/ed-grills-tmcp-leader-saayoni-ghosh-for-11-hours-in-school-jobs-scam-probe/1650016/ | title=ED grills TMCP leader Saayoni Ghosh for 11 hours in school jobs scam probe | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=30 June 2023 }}</ref> In the [[2024 Indian general election]], she contested and won from [[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency]] as a Trinamool candidate,<ref>{{cite web |title=SAYANI GHOSH |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=9062 |work=myneta.info |access-date=30 October 2025 }}</ref> with a margin of more than 2.5 lakhs votes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-meet-actress-saayoni-ghosh-made-headlines-for-hurting-religious-sentiments-upset-bjp-in-lok-sabha-elections-3092081 | title=Meet actress Saayoni Ghosh, once made headlines for 'hurting religious sentiments', now upset BJP in Lok Sabha elections }}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jadavpur">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Jadavpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2522.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717045423/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2522.htm |archive-date=17 July 2025 |access-date=17 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jadavpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Jadavpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/jadavpur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717045441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/jadavpur |archive-date=17 July 2025 |access-date=17 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
* On 21 November 2021, Ghosh was arrested by the [[Tripura Police]] while campaigning for the Trinamool Congress in [[Agartala]]. She was charged with attempt to murder and promoting enmity between groups, following allegations that she tried to drive her vehicle into a gathering of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) supporters at a rally attended by [[Chief Minister of Tripura|Tripura Chief Minister]] [[Biplab Kumar Deb]]. According to the [[first information report]], Ghosh and her associates allegedly used offensive language, threw stones at the crowd, and caused panic among attendees, resulting in minor injuries to some BJP workers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2021 |title=TMC leader actress Saayoni Ghosh arrested |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/589441 |access-date=2025-05-31 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-22 |title=TMC leader Saayoni Ghosh arrested in Tripura on charges of criminal conspiracy, attempt to murder |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-police-arrest-tmc-leader-and-actor-sayani-ghosh-on-charges-of-criminal-conspiracy-attempt-to-murder-7634419/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2021, an old tweet from Ghosh’s [[Twitter]] account dating back to February 2015 resurfaced and sparked controversy. The tweet featured an image of a condom being placed on a [[Lingam|Shivling]], a sacred Hindu symbol, and was posted around the time of [[Maha Shivaratri|Maha Shivratri]]. The post was widely criticized as offensive and disrespectful by several individuals and groups. [[List of governors of Tripura|Former Tripura Governor]] [[Tathagata Roy]] filed a police complaint against Ghosh in Kolkata, alleging that the tweet hurt religious sentiments. Ghosh responded by stating that her account had been hacked at the time and issued an apology for the content.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=Tathagata Roy files complaint against actor Saayoni Ghosh for Shivling pic on Twitter |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/tathagata-roy-files-complaint-against-actor-saayoni-ghosh-for-shivling-pic-on-twitter-7150612/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* On 4 January 2024 Saayoni attended in a public meeting in [[Bardhaman]] and claimed that [[Mamata Banerjee]] founded the historic [[Curzon Gate, Bardhaman|Curzon Gate]] as a part of development.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Pinaki |date=2024-01-04 |title=বারো বছর আগে এই গেট ছিল? বর্ধমানের কার্জন গেট দেখিয়ে বললেন সায়নী ঘোষ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/sayani-ghosh-curzon-gate-bardhaman-tmc-31704355382854.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105062708/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/sayani-ghosh-curzon-gate-bardhaman-tmc-31704355382854.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> This statement was highly criticised by the opponents political leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |title=বর্ধমানের শতাব্দীপ্রাচীন কার্জন গেট মমতার তৈরি! সায়নীর মন্তব্যে বিতর্ক |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/bardhaman/saayoni-ghoshs-comment-on-bardhaman-curzon-gate-sparks-controversy-dgtld/cid/1486302 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref>
* She is on the radar of [[Enforcement Directorate]] over her alleged involvement in [[2022 West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-28 |title=Bengal teacher recruitment scam: ED summons TMC youth president Saayoni Ghosh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengal-teacher-recruitment-scam-ed-summons-saayoni-ghosh-8689986/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and on 30 June 2024, she was questioned by ED officials for 10 hours.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/school-jobs-scam-tmc-leader-saayoni-ghosh-skips-ed-questioning-cites-campaign-engagement-8780198/ | title=School Jobs Scam: TMC leader Saayoni Ghosh skips ED questioning, cites 'campaign engagement' | date=6 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WB school recruitment scam |date=July 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/enforcement-directorate-questions-tmc-youth-wing-president-saayoni-ghosh-for-over-10-hours-in-recruitment-scam-probe-101688196859056.html |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"|

|Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
!Notes
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Notobor Notout]]''
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Shotru]]''
|Puja's sister
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Kanamachi (film)|Kanamachi]]''
|
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Alik Sukh]]''
|Namita
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Antaraal]]''
|
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Aagun]]''
|
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Golpo Holeo Shotti]]''
|Smitha
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Punascha]]''
|
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Aranyadeb]]''
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Ekla Cholo]]''
|Riya
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Bodhon]]''
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Bitnoon]]''
|Rusha
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Choukaath- The Threshold]]''
|
|
|-
| 2015
| [[Bawal (film)|''Bawal'']]
|Nusrat
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Natoker Moto - Like a Play]]''
|Kheya's Friend
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Aro Ekbar]]''
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Mayer Biye]]''
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Babar Naam Gandhiji]]''
|Trina
|
|-
|2015
| ''[[Hashite Hashiona]]''
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Rajkahini]]''
|Koli
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Abaar Ekla Cholo]]''
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Byomkesh O Chiriyakhana]]''
|Mukul
|
|-
| 2016
| [[Kiriti Roy (2016 film)|''Kiriti Roy'']]
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Meghnad Badh Rahasya]]''
|Elena
|
|-
| 2017
|''[[Amar Sahor]]''
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[AndarKahini]]''
|
|
|-
| 2017
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''[[Chalo Let's Live]]''
|
|
|-
| 2017
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''[[Kichu Na Bola Kotha]]''
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Jojo (film)|Jojo]]''
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Ka Kha Ga Gha]]''
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Good Night City]]''
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Reunion (2018 film)|Reunion]]''
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Dwikhondito]]''
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Ke Tumi Nandini]]''
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Wrong Number (2019 film)|Wrong Number]]''
|
|
|-
| 2019
| [[Adda (2019 film)|''Adda'']]
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Atithi (2019 film)|Atithi]]''
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Shakkhi-Jaha Bolibo Shotti Bolibo]]''
|
|
|-
| 2019
| [[Network (2019 film)|''Network'']]
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Brombhodoityo]]''
|
|
|-
| 2019
|''[[Sanjhbati]]''
|Shyamali
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Pratidwandi (2019 film)|Pratidwandi]]''
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Dracula Sir]]''
|Romila
|small appearance as a film actress
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Aparajito (2022 film)|Aparajito]]''
|Bimala Ray, Aparajito's wife
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[City of Jackals]]''
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Uttwaraan]]''
|
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Rahsymoy]]''
|
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[LSD: Laal Suitcase Ta Dekhechen?|Lal: Suitcase Ta Dekhechhen?]]''
|
|
|-
|}

== Web series ==

* ''Pocketmaar'' (Paranoia Series 3rd episode) - 31 December 2017
* ''Charitraheen'' - 29 September 2018
* ''Bou Keno Psycho'' - 21 February 2019
* ''[[Astey Ladies]]!'' - 15 March 2019
* ''Charitraheen 2''–29 June 2019
* ''Rahasya Romancho Series''- Season 1
*''Rahasya Romancho Series''- Season 3
* ''[[Abar Proloy]]''

=== Web films ===
* ''Teen Cup Chaa'' - (2018)

==Television==
* ''Ichhe Dana'' (Guest Appearance) [[Star Jalsha]]
* ''Aparajita'' [[Star Jalsha]]
* ''[[Proloy Aschhe]]'' [[Sananda Tv]]
* ''Josh'' [[Sananda Tv]]
* ''[[Care Kori Na]]'' [[Star Jalsha]]
* ''Bhasha'' [[Star Jalsha]]
* ''Bodhu Kon AAlo Laaglo Chokhe'' [[Star Jalsha]]

===Non-fiction===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Non-Fiction !! TV Channel !! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''I Laugh U Season 3''|| [[Star Jalsha]]|| Winner
|-
| 2015-16 || ''Amra Na Ora''|| [[Star Jalsha]]|| Host
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Phire Ashar Gaan]]''|| [[Star Jalsha]]|| Host
|-
| 2016 || ''Amra Na Ora Season 2''|| [[Star Jalsha]]|| Host
|}

== Playback ==
* "Kothin Song" with [[Ash King]] from Film- ''[[Bojhena Shey Bojhena]]'' (2012)

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:80%;"
! Award name
! Year
! Category
! Result
|-
|TTIS Best Actor Award
| 2010
| Best Actress
| {{Won}}
|-
| Mirchi Music Award Bangla
| 2013
| People's Choice Award (Best Album) song: 'Kothin' From The movie [[Bojhena Shey Bojhena]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| I Laugh U Season-3
| 2015
| Champion
| {{Won}}
|-
| Star Jalsha Paribaar Award
| 2016
| Best Anchor for Amra Na Ora
| {{Won}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
*[https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5785?from=members Sayani Ghosh – Sansad profile]
*[https://prsindia.org/mptrack/18-lok-sabha/sayani-ghosh Sayani Ghosh – PRS profile]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Saayonis-film-inspires-TV-series-on-single-mothers/articleshow/47639810.cms Saayoni's film inspires TV series on single mothers]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/I-cannot-resist-maachh-bhaat-Saayoni-Ghosh/articleshow/44923684.cms Saayoni Ghosh's Interview] with ''[[The Times of India]]''
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/I-have-bled-for-Srijits-dream-project-Rajkahini-Saayoni-Ghosh/articleshow/49089950.cms Saayoni Ghosh's Interview on Shooting Rajkahini] with ''[[The Times of India]]''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Saayoni}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Central Park metro station

2026-03-27T07:18:44Z

Svetlsgx: rework article and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Kolkata Metro's Green Line metro station}}
{{for-multi|the station in Chicago, United States|Central Park station (CTA)|the station in Sofia, Bulgaria|Central Railway Metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date = June 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Central Park
| native_name = {{nobold|সেন্ট্রাল পার্ক}}
| system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| style = Kolkata Metro
| symbol = ewm
| symbol_location = kolkata
| image = Central Park metro station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = DF Block, 3rd Avenue, Sector - I, [[Bidhannagar]], [[North 24 Parganas district]], [[West Bengal]] 700064
| coordinates = {{coord|22.590358|N|88.415596|E|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| owned = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| operator = [[Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation]]
| line = {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|Green|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = 3 (1 [[island platform]];1 [[side platform]])
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 3
| parking =
| bicycle = No
| opening = {{start date and age|df=yes|13 February 2020}}<ref>{{cite news |title=অবশেষে চলার পথে, ১৩ ফেব্রুয়ারি থেকে শুরু ইস্ট-ওয়েস্ট মেট্রো |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/kolkata-east-west-metro-may-be-start-journey-in-13th-february/articleshow/73901943.cms |accessdate=3 February 2020 |publisher=eisamay.indiatimes.com |date=3 February 2020 |location=Kolkata |language=Bengali |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203162854/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/kolkata-east-west-metro-may-be-start-journey-in-13th-february/articleshow/73901943.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| code = CPSA
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjstn|system=Kolkata Metro|line=Green|left=City Center|right=Karunamoyee}}
| map_type = India Kolkata#India Kolkata Metro
| route_map = {{Kolkata Metro Green Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Central Park''' is an elevated metro station on the East–West corridor of the [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] of the [[Kolkata Metro]], serving the eastern neighbourhood of [[Bidhannagar]] in [[West Bengal]], India. The station is situated above 3rd Avenue, between [[Central Park (Kolkata)|Central Park]] and Bikash Bhawan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kmrc.in/stations.php|title=Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.|website=www.kmrc.in|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> in Sector I of Salt Lake. It provides access to Central Park, surrounding residential areas, and a cluster of nearby government offices, and is regularly used by commuters, local residents, and visitors travelling within the planned township and to other parts of the Kolkata metropolitan area.

==Station Layout==
The station layout at Central Park is unusual compared to a typical metro design. Instead of having a separate mezzanine level between street and platforms, the platform and fare control functions are essentially on the same 1st-floor level, so passengers go from ground (G) straight up one level and reach the platforms and ticketing area together. There is no need to pass through an intermediate concourse. For changing sides or crossing the tracks, passengers use the dedicated foot-over-bridge (FOB) that serves as the crossover, rather than an internal mezzanine concourse.

{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| width="50" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" |'''fob'''
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" |Foot Overbridge
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" |Crossover
|-
| rowspan="6" width="50" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''1st Floor'''
| valign="top" |Platform level
| valign="top" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines 
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|{{0|→}} Towards [[Salt Lake Sector-V metro station|Salt Lake Sector-V]] ([[Karunamoyee metro station|Karunamoyee]]) →
|-
|height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← Towards [[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]] ([[City Center metro station|City Center]])
|-
|colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" | [[Island platform]] {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 height=45|'''Platform 2A'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" | ← Towards [[Central Park depot]]
|-
| width="50" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="100" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street Level
| width="500" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance
|-
|}

==Connections==
===Auto===

===Bus===
Bus route number 44A, 206, 211B, 215A/1, 239, 260, KB16, KB22, K1, S171 (Mini), S16, S30A etc. serve the station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://transport.wb.gov.in/transport-services/bus-services/|title = Bus Services}}</ref>

===Air===
[[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]] is {{cvt|11.4|km}} via [[VIP Road]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Central Park metro station platform.jpg|Central Park metro station platform view
Central Park metro railway station, Kolkata 12.jpg|Platforms as viewed from the foot overbridge
Central Park depot map.svg|Map of Central park depot, Kolkata
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata Metro|green line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2020]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kolkata]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}
{{Asia-metro-stub}}

Vithalbhai Haveli

2026-03-27T02:51:42Z

Svetlsgx: put up some article needs work!

{{Infobox building
| name = Vithalbhai Haveli
| image =
| image_size =
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| image_caption = 
| pushpin_map =
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| coordinates = {{coord|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| etymology =
| status =
| building_type = [[Haveli]] (mansion)
| architectural_style = Local [[architecture of Gujarat]]
| classification =
| location =
| address =
| location_city = [[Vaso, India|Vaso]], [[Kheda district]], [[Gujarat]]
| location_country = India
| current_tenants =
| namesake =
| completion_date = 1872
| renovation_date = 1999-2001
| closing_date =
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| structural_system =
| material = Wood, lime, mortar, stone, bricks
| size =
| floor_count = 4
| floor_area =
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| architect =
| designations = Monument of National Importance (N-GJ-142)
| known_for =
| parking =
| public_transit =
| website = 
| embed =
| embedded =
| references =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Vithalbhai Haveli''' is a ''[[haveli]]'' (mansion) in [[Vaso, India|Vaso]], [[Kheda district]], [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name="IA81" /> It was built in the late 19th century<ref name="IA200102" /> and features four floors adorned with beautifully carved wooden pillars, window frames, beams, ceilings and doors.

==History==
The ''haveli'' is an example of late 19th century civil architecture of the state.<ref name="IA200102" /><ref name="IA81">{{cite journal |year=1984 |editor-last=Mitra |editor-first=Debala |title=VIII. Architectural Survey |url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201981-82%20A%20Review.pdf |journal=Indian Archaeology 1981-82 - A Review |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |pages=111–113}}</ref> It was built in 1872.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Indian craftsman walks through the Vitthalbhai Ni Haveli in Vaso... |url=https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/an-indian-craftsman-walks-through-the-vitthalbhai-ni-haveli-news-photo/450561229 |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=Getty Images |language=en-gb}}</ref> The ''haveli'' was restored between 1999 and 2001.<ref name="IA200102">{{cite journal |year=2006 |editor-last= |editor-first= |title=VIII. Preservation of Monument |url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%202000-2001%20A%20Review.pdf |journal=Indian Archaeology 2000-01 - A Review |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |pages=295}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=2005 |editor-last= |editor-first= |title=VIII. Preservation of Monument |url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201999-2000%20A%20Review.pdf |journal=Indian Archaeology 1999-2000 - A Review |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |pages=340}}</ref>

It is the Monument of National Importance (N-GJ-142).

==Architecture==
The ''haveli'' is a large mansion raised on a square platform. It is a four storeyed building built with wooden pillars and beams with spaces between them filled with bricks and plastered with lime to create walls. The wooden structures along with wooden doors, windows and balconies are finely carved. The main entrance, street-facing front facade with its balconies and pillars are very attractively carved. The main entrance has a [[Ganesha]] carved in the centre of the lintel. The open central courtyard of the ''haveli'' is surrounded by the ''[[verandah]]'' with pillars. The courtyard has an underground tank for storing rainwater. There are two large vestibules and thirteen rooms of various sizes on the ground floor. The interior pillars has a stone bases and the wooden capitals and brackets which are finely carved with floral and geometric patterns. The frames of the lattice windows of the ground floor are carved with various patterns and has paintings of various Hindu deities including [[Krishna]] and [[Vishnu]].<ref name="IA81"/>

The main hall on the first floor has a well decorated wooden ceiling. The other rooms on the first floor have false ceilings with floral, geometric and various other patterns. The ceiling of the hall on the second floor is profusely carved with some floral patterns inlaid with ivory. The balconies of these first and second floors is supported by wooden struts and brackets carved in shapes of animals. The top floor is open on three sides, except south. The rooms on this floor has a frontal hall with decorated arches and brackets. There are beautifully carved rings for a swing.<ref name="IA81"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Residential buildings completed in 1872]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kheda district]]
[[Category:Havelis in India]]
[[Category:1872 establishments in India]]

Satya Pal Malik

2026-03-24T12:05:12Z

Svetlsgx: refine intro for consistency and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian politician (1946–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satya Pal Malik
| image = Governor of Bihar Satya Pal Malik.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = Malik in 2018
| office = 19th [[List of governors of Meghalaya|Governor of Meghalaya]]
| term = 18 August 2020 – 3 October 2022
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Conrad Sangma]]
| predecessor = [[Tathagata Roy]]
| successor = [[B. D. Mishra]]
| office1 = 18th [[List of governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]]
| term1 = 3 November 2019 – 18 August 2020
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Pramod Sawant]]
| predecessor1 = [[Mridula Sinha]]
| successor1 = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]] ''(additional charge)''
| office2 = 10th [[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| term2 = 23 August 2018 – 30 October 2019
| president2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor2 = [[Narinder Nath Vohra]]
| successor2 = ''Office abolished'' {{small|([[G. C. Murmu]] as Lieutenant Governor)}}
| office3 = [[List of governors of Odisha|Governor of Odisha]] {{small|''Additional charge''}}
| status3 =
| term3 = 21 March 2018 – 28 May 2018
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| predecessor3 = [[S. C. Jamir]]
| successor3 = [[Ganeshi Lal]]
| office4 = 25th [[List of governors of Bihar|Governor of Bihar]]
| term4 = 30 September 2017 – 21 August 2018
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor4 = [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
| successor4 = [[Lalji Tandon]]
| office5 = [[Union Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Parliamentary Affairs]] and [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]]
| primeminister5 = [[V. P. Singh]]
| term5 = 23 April 1990 {{endash}} 10 November 1990
| predecessor5 = [[P. Namgyal]]
| successor5 = [[M. M. Jacob]]
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term6 = 1989–1991
| predecessor6 = [[Usha Rani Tomar]]
| successor6 = [[Sheela Gautam]]
| constituency6 = [[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency|Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh]]
| office7 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term7 = 1980–1989
| predecessor7 =
| successor7 =
| constituency7 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| office8 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term8 = 1974–1977
| predecessor8 = Chaudhry Vikram Singh
| successor8 = Ismail
| constituency8 = [[Baghpat Assembly constituency|Baghpat]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|07|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Meerut district|Meerut]], United Provinces, British India<ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3327.htm | title=9th Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile | publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] | access-date=30 September 2017 | archive-date=1 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031312/http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3327.htm | url-status=live}}</ref> (present-day [[Bagpat district|Bagpat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|08|05|1946|07|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| otherparty = [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] [[Janata Dal]] [[Indian National Congress]] [[Lok Dal]] [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse = Iqbal Malik
| alma_mater = [[Meerut University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]], [[LLB]])
| website =
}}

'''Satya Pal Malik''' (24 July 1946 – 5 August 2025) was an Indian politician who served as governor of five Indian states, namely [[Bihar]], [[Governor of Odisha|Odisha]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Goa]], and [[List of governors of Meghalaya|Meghalaya]].

His first prominent stint as a politician was as a member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] during 1974–77. He represented Uttar Pradesh in [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1980 to 1986 and 1986–89. He was member of the [[9th Lok Sabha]] from [[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency|Aligarh]], from 1989 to 1991, as member of [[Janata Dal (Ajit)|Janata Dal]]. He was the Governor of [[Bihar]] from October 2017 to August 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-governors-appointed-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/60893472.cms | title=New governors appointed: All you need to know | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=30 September 2017 | access-date=30 September 2017 | archive-date=13 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613163316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-governors-appointed-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/60893472.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-satya-pal-malik-bihar-governor-4868075/ | title=Who is Satya Pal Malik? | publisher=[[Indian Express]] | date=30 September 2017 | access-date=30 September 2017 | archive-date=30 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930094640/http://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-satya-pal-malik-bihar-governor-4868075/ | url-status=live }}</ref> On 21 March 2018, he was also given additional charge to serve as Governor of Odisha up to 28 May 2018. In August 2018, he was appointed Governor to the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir, becoming its 10th and last Governor, and served till October 2019. During his tenure, in August 2019, the state's special status was [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked]] and it was [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|reorganised]] into two union territories. Later, he moved to [[Goa]], becoming the 18th governor, and also served as the 21st Governor of Meghalaya, until October 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Satya Pal Malik Appointed Meghalaya Governor, to Replace Tathagata Roy |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/satya-pal-malik-appointed-meghalaya-governor-to-replace-tathagata-roy-2797255.html |access-date=18 August 2020 |work=News18 |date=18 August 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926225428/https://www.news18.com/news/india/satya-pal-malik-appointed-meghalaya-governor-to-replace-tathagata-roy-2797255.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/satya-pal-malik-have-no-plans-to-join-active-politics-101664563865221.html | title=Satya Pal Malik: Have no plans to join active politics | date=October 2022 | access-date=5 October 2022 | archive-date=5 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005053113/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/satya-pal-malik-have-no-plans-to-join-active-politics-101664563865221.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background ==
Satya Pal Malik was born to Budh Singh on 24 July 1946 in Hisawada, a village in the [[Meerut district]] of the [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]] of [[British India]] (now in the [[Bagpat district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India) into a [[Jats#Hindu Jats|Hindu Jat]] family.<ref name="RS_Profile">{{cite web |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/m.pdf |title=Mali, Shri Satya Pal |page=7 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305103349/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/m.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/2020/03/in-kashmir-governors-kill-time-boozing-and-golfing-satyapal-malik/|title=In Kashmir, governors kill time boozing and golfing: Satyapal Malik|date=15 March 2020|work=Kashmir Walla|access-date=18 February 2022|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516150548/https://thekashmirwalla.com/2020/03/in-kashmir-governors-kill-time-boozing-and-golfing-satyapal-malik/|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Vineet |title=Satya Pal Malik News: सिख और जाट 300 साल नहीं भूलते...गवर्नर सत्यपाल मलिक का वीडियो देख लोग बोले- उकसा क्यों रहे |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/satya-pal-malik-governor-of-meghalaya-anchor-sushant-sinha-live-debate-chhor-kar-bhage-watch-viral-video/articleshow/87870177.cms |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=Navbharat Times |date=23 November 2021 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218175705/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/satya-pal-malik-governor-of-meghalaya-anchor-sushant-sinha-live-debate-chhor-kar-bhage-watch-viral-video/articleshow/87870177.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Malik pursued his [[Bachelor of Science]] and [[Bachelor of Laws]] degrees from [[Meerut University]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Satya Pal Malik? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-satya-pal-malik-bihar-governor-4868075/ |access-date=24 June 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=22 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909173548/https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-satya-pal-malik-bihar-governor-4868075/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1968–69, Malik was elected as the students union president, commencing his political career.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar Governor Satpal Malik visits Meerut College |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/bihar-governor-satpal-malik-visits-meerut-college-1502529584.html |access-date=24 June 2022 |work=The Statesman |date=16 November 2017 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415004234/https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/bihar-governor-satpal-malik-visits-meerut-college-1502529584.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was married to Idbal Malik.<ref name="RS_Profile"/>

Malik died after a prolonged illness on 5 August 2025, at the age of 79.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bhardwaj |first=Amit |date=5 August 2025 |title=Former J&K Governor Satyapal Malik dies at 79 after prolonged illness |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/former-jk-governor-satyapal-malik-dies-at-79-after-prolonged-illness-2766508-2025-08-05 |magazine=India Today |access-date=5 August 2025}}</ref>

==Politics==
===Early state politics===
Malik was first elected to any public office as a member of legislative assembly from [[Baghpat Assembly constituency|Baghpat]] after he successfully contested the election as member of [[Charan Singh]]'s [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]. He won the election by receiving 42.4% of the votes cast and defeating his nearest rival Acharya Deepankar of the [[Communist party of India]] who got 31.6% of the total votes cast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baghpat Assembly Constituency Election Result – Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/baghpat-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency#1974 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=resultuniversity.com |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117145254/https://resultuniversity.com/election/baghpat-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency#1974 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, after the formation of [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]], he joined the party and became the general secretary of Lok Dal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3327.htm |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=164.100.47.194 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001031312/http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3327.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===National politics===
* 1980–89: Rajya Sabha Member from Uttar Pradesh
* 1989–91: Member of Lok Sabha from [[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency|Aligarh]], on [[Janata Dal]] ticket
* 1996: Lost Lok Sabha Election from [[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency|Aligarh]] on [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] ticket, came fourth with only 40,789 votes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/feb/up76.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT: Polling Booth: Election' 96: Uttar Pradesh/Aligarh |work=Rediff.com |access-date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628150819/https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/feb/up76.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2012: Appointed National Vice-president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shekhar |first1=Kumar Shakti |title=Satya Pal Malik: When Satya Pal Malik courted controversies as governor – from Bihar, Jammu-Kashmir and Goa to Meghalaya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/when-satya-pal-malik-courted-controversies-as-governor-from-bihar-jammu-kashmir-and-goa-to-meghalaya/articleshow/87299818.cms |access-date=24 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=27 October 2021 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817003941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/when-satya-pal-malik-courted-controversies-as-governor-from-bihar-jammu-kashmir-and-goa-to-meghalaya/articleshow/87299818.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Governor of States===
* 30 September 2017 – 21 August 2018: [[List of governors of Bihar|Governor of Bihar]]
* 21 March 2018 – 28 August 2018: [[List of governors of Odisha|Governor of Odisha]] Additional Charge
* 23 August 2018 – 30 October 2019: [[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* 3 November 2019 – 18 August 2020: [[List of governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]]
* 18 August 2020 – 3 October 2022: [[List of governors of Meghalaya|Governor of Meghalaya]]

==Political views ==

===Support for farmers' protest===
{{Main|2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest}}
On 8 November 2021, Malik was invited to Global Jat Summit and in his speech, he warned the Indian government regarding the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]] and said "you will not be able to overcome the [[Sikhs]]. The Guru's four children were slaughtered, but the Guru refused to surrender. You cannot defeat the [[Jats]] as well."<ref name="FPJ"/>

He also added, "[[Indira Gandhi]] knew that she would be killed and she was killed [for ordering [[Operation Blue Star|Bluestar]]]. They killed [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya|General Vaidya]] in Pune [for leading Bluestar] and [[Michael O'Dwyer]] in London [Lieutenant Governor Of Punjab during [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]]. I have even said that don't test the patience of the Sikh community."<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite news |title=WATCH: Twitterati trend #SackSatyapalMalik as they slam Governor for remarks on 'Indira Gandhi assassination' in viral video |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/watch-twitterati-trend-sacksatyapalmalik-as-they-slam-governor-for-remarks-on-indira-gandhi-assassination-in-viral-video |work=Free Press Journal |date=23 November 2021 |access-date=25 March 2022 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325043050/https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/watch-twitterati-trend-sacksatyapalmalik-as-they-slam-governor-for-remarks-on-indira-gandhi-assassination-in-viral-video |url-status=live }}</ref> This was used as an outro snippet on the controversial song [[SYL (song)|SYL]] by [[Sidhu Moose Wala]].<ref>{{Citation |title=SYL Sidhu Moose Wala (Official Video) {{!}} Ohna Chir Paani Chado Tupka Ni Dinde {{!}} New Punjabi Song 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsxoE0Z4yt8 |access-date=19 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Views on Pulwama attack and Narendra Modi ===
On 14 April 2023, in an interview to [[Karan Thapar]], Malik gave his views on [[2019 Pulwama attack|Pulwama attack]] and [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Modi Has No Problem With Corruption, Is Ignorant on Kashmir, Silenced Me On Pulwama Laparvahi' |url=https://youtube.com/watch/b8wmHUhLvOI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415045956/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8wmhuhlvoi&feature=youtu.be&themeRefresh=1 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

# Narendra Modi had no dislike for corruption and has taken no action against those alleged to be involved in corruption because they were close to him.
# The former J&K governor had also made serious claims about mistakes that led to the Pulwama attack in 2019, including instructions by Modi and NSA [[Ajit Doval]] for him to stay quiet on the mistakes and that he "realised that all the onus of the attack will be put on [[Pakistan]]".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Abid |title=Pakistan reacts to ex-Kashmir governor's revelations on Pulwama |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/17/pakistan-reacts-to-ex-kashmir-governors-revelations-on-pulwama |work=Al Jazeera |date=17 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
# “CRPF people (had) asked for aircraft to ferry their people because such a large convoy generally doesn’t travel by road,” Malik said, adding the request was made to the Home Ministry but “they refused to give”.
# Malik also said that there was grave intelligence failure in the Pulwama incident because the car carrying 300 kilograms of RDX explosives had come from [[Pakistan]] but was travelling around the roads and villages of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] for 10–15 days without being detected and without anyone knowing.

== See also ==
* [[Balbir Singh Rajewal]]
* [[Rakesh Tikait]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-up-la}}
{{s-bef|before=Chaudhry Vikram Singh}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the Legislative Assembly for [[Baghpat Assembly constituency|Baghpat]]|years=1974–1977}}
{{s-aft|after=Ismail}}
|-
{{s-par|in-upr}}
{{s-bef|before=}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]|years=1980–1989}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alia Zuberi]]}}
|-
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Usha Rani Tomar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency|Aligarh]]|years=1989–1991}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sheela Gautam]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Bihar|Governor of Bihar]]|years=4 October 2017 – 21 August 2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Lal Ji Tandon]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[S. C. Jamir]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Odisha|Governor of Odisha]]|years=21 March 2018 – 28 May 2018 (Additional Charge)}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ganeshi Lal]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Narinder Nath Vohra]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]|years=23 August 2018 – 31 October 2019}}
{{S-aft|after=[[G. C. Murmu]] As Lieutenant Governor}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Mridula Sinha]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Goa|Governor of Goa]]|years=25 October 2019 – 18 August 2020}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]] Additional Charge}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Tathagata Roy]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Meghalaya|Governor of Meghalaya]]|years=18 August 2020 – 4 October 2022}}
{{S-aft|after=[[B. D. Mishra]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Current Indian governors}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Governors of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Governor of Bihar}}
{{Governors of Meghalaya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Satya Pal}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Meerut district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Aligarh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1974–1977]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Governors of Bihar]]
[[Category:Governors of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Governors of Goa]]
[[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Kranti Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Governors of Odisha]]
[[Category:Governors of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Tata Nano

2026-03-23T06:12:45Z

Svetlsgx: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Compact city car that was manufactured by Tata Motors}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Tata Nano
| image = Tata - Nano - Kolkata 2011-09-15 5184.JPG
| alt = Four-door car with a one-box body style with steel wheels, an air intake located behind the rear passenger door, and no passenger side mirror
| manufacturer = [[Tata Motors]]
| production = 2008–2018 
| aka = Tata GenX Nano (facelift 2015–2018)
| assembly = India: [[Gujarat]], [[Sanand]] ([[Sanand Plant (Tata Motors)|Sanand Plant]])<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tatamotors.com/know-us/manufacturing.php | title=Manufacturing: Sanand | work=Tata Motors | access-date=6 June 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920004648/http://tatamotors.com/know-us/manufacturing.php | archive-date=20 September 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| class = [[City car]]
| body_style = 4-door [[saloon car]] 5-door [[hatchback]] (GenX Nano)
| layout = [[Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]
| platform = Tata X3<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.just-auto.com/analysis/analysis-tata-motors-future-models-under-the-microscope_id177896.aspx |title=Analysis - Tata Motors' future models under the microscope |publisher=Just-Auto.com |date=4 August 2017 |access-date=11 August 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811230311/https://www.just-auto.com/analysis/analysis-tata-motors-future-models-under-the-microscope_id177896.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| engine = 624 cc [[Straight-twin engine|I2]] [[Overhead camshaft#Single overhead camshaft|SOHC]] [[Multi Point Injection|MPI]] [[Petrol engine|petrol]]
| transmission = 4-speed [[manual transmission|manual]] 5-speed [[Automated manual transmission|AMT]] (2015+)
| wheelbase = {{convert|2230|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="tatamotors_Specs" />
| length = {{convert|3099|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="tatamotors_Specs"/> {{convert|3164|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (GenX Nano)
| width = {{convert|1390|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="tatamotors_Specs"/>
| height = {{convert|1652|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="tatamotors_Specs"/>
| weight = {{convert|600|-|635|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="tatamotors_Specs"/>
| related =
| designer = {{Unbulleted_list|Justyn Norek {{small|([[I.DE.A Institute]])}}|Pierre Castinel {{small|(Tata Design Studio)}}|Girish Wagh {{small|(Project Manager)}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/automobiles/14NANO.html |title= ''A Tata Nano Takes Manhattan'' | work=The New York Times | first=Phil |last=Patton |date=11 February 2010}}</ref>}}
}}

The '''Tata Nano''' is a [[city car]]/[[microcar]] manufactured and marketed by Indian automaker [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles|Tata Motors]] over a single generation from 2008 to 2018. It was primarily sold in India as an inexpensive [[economy car]] for motorcycle and scooter drivers — with a launch price of {{INR|100,000}} ({{USD|2500}}) on 10 January 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/10/tata-nano-the-worlds-cheapest-car/?_r=0|title=Tata Nano: The World's Cheapest Car|first=Richard S.|last=Chang|date=10 January 2008 }}</ref> The Nano has a [[rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout]] and was initially produced as a four-door [[saloon car]] with no rear cargo opening, with a five-door [[hatchback]] version introduced in 2015.

Tata Motors projected production figures of 250,000 annually at launch. This was not achieved, and various factors led to a decline in sales volume, including delays during the factory relocation from [[Singur]] to [[Sanand]], early instances of the Nano catching fire and the perception that the Nano was unsafe and lacked quality from its aggressive cost cutting. Actual sales reached 7,591 for model year 2016-2017. The project lost money, as confirmed by former Tata Sons chairman [[Cyrus Mistry]] and by 2017 Tata Motors management.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pixr8.com/tata-motors-says-nano-investment-significantly-written-off/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119022652/http://pixr8.com/tata-motors-says-nano-investment-significantly-written-off/|archive-date=19 January 2017|title=Tata Motors Shuts Down Loss Making Small Car Tata Nano Production|website=Pixr8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/nano-a-loss-making-product-says-tata-motors/story-8RqBVdKfbjCo4Y1TH2fQPI.html|title=Nano a loss-making product, says Tata Motors|date=4 November 2016|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In 2017, Tata Motors said manufacturing would continue due to the company's emotional commitment to the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/tata-motors-to-continue-tata-nano-production-for-now/|title=Tata Motors to continue Tata Nano production for now|date=27 September 2017|website=Overdrive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Amaravati-Tab/2017-09-29/Tata-Nano-sales-to-continue-in-spite-of-no-demand/329860|title=Tata Nano sales to continue in spite of no demand|date=29 September 2017|website=The Hans India}}</ref> Production was eventually halted in May 2018.<ref name="wire1">{{cite news |title=Air Asia Case Puts Spotlight Once Again on Cyrus Mistry's 'Legacy Hotspots' |url=https://thewire.in/business/air-asia-tata-cyrus-mistry |access-date=5 June 2018 | publisher=The Wire}}</ref> The [[Sanand Plant (Tata Motors)|Sanand Plant]] subsequently manufactured other hatchbacks, including the [[Tata Tiago|Tiago]] and [[Tata Tigor|Tigor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tatamotors.com/press/tata-motors-sanand-facility-reaches-100-capacity-utilization-to-meet-growing-demand-for-tiago-and-tigor/|title=Tata Motors' Sanand facility reaches 100% utilization|publisher=Tata Motors|date=7 August 2018|accessdate=13 November 2021|location=Ahmedabad}}</ref>

==History==
After successfully launching the low cost [[Tata Ace]] truck in 2005, Tata Motors began development of an affordable passenger car that would appeal to the many Indians who ride motorcycles.<ref name="yahoonano">{{cite news | url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/pf_article_102865.html | title=The Next People Car | work=Forbes | date=19 April 2007 | agency=Yahoo! – ABC News Network | access-date=6 June 2012 | author=Meredith, Robyn | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719081851/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/pf_article_102865.html | archive-date=19 July 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The purchase price of this [[no frills]] auto was brought down by dispensing with most nonessential features, reducing the amount of steel used in its [[construction]], and relying on low cost Indian labour.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}. The design featured only a driver's side wing mirror, one wiper blade, only three lug nuts per wheel and a fuel tank without filler cap.<ref name="bsmotor">{{cite news |author=Bijoy |first=Kumar Y. |date=12 April 2009 |title=Tata Nano – Nano second to none! |url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/storypage.php?autono1002 |access-date=6 June 2012 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> Tata said it was the first time a 2-cylinder petrol engine was being used in a car with single balancer shaft.

At introduction the Nano received attention due to its low price of 1 lakh rupees (Rs. 100,000).<ref name=spiegel>{{cite news | url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,528106,00.html | title=Bodacious Tata: India Delivers World's Cheapest Car | work=Spiegel Online International | date=11 January 2008 | access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> Some promotional material labeled the vehicle as "The People’s Car".<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-01-10 |title=Tata Motors unveils the People's Car |url=https://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/01/tata-motors-unv.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Green Car Congress}}</ref>

===Expectations and effects===
Expectations created for the car during the run up to its production were out of proportion with realised sales. A 2008 study by Indian rating agency CRISIL projected the Nano would expand the nation's car market by 65%,<ref name="economictimes1">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2694186.cms |title=Tata Nano may expand market by 65%: CRISIL- Automobiles-Auto-News By Industry-News |work=The Economic Times |date=12 January 2008 |access-date=8 June 2009}}</ref> but, as of late 2012, news reports have detailed the underwhelming response of the Indian consumer to the offering; sales in the first two fiscal years after the car's unveiling remained steady at about 70,000 units. Tata intended to maintain a capacity to produce the car in much larger quantities, some 250,000 per year, should the need arise.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nair |first=Avinsh |date=26 April 2012 |title=Two years on, Tata Nano sales yet to hit top gear |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/two-years-on-tata-nano-sales-yet-to-hit-top-gear/941736/0 |access-date=29 October 2012 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

It was anticipated that its 2009 debut would greatly affect the used car market, and prices did drop 25–30% prior to the launch.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tata Nano sends used car prices tumbling in India|url=http://www.themotorreport.com.au/3656/tata-nano-sends-used-car-prices-tumbling-in-india|access-date=30 July 2011|newspaper=The Motor Report|date=11 February 2008}}</ref> Sales of the Nano's nearest competitor, the [[Maruti 800]], fell by 20% immediately following the unveiling of the Nano.<ref name="Tankedmarket">{{cite web |url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle.aspx?AR=231051 |title=Nanomania overwhelms Indian car market |work=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |date=7 February 2008 |access-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> It is unknown if the Nano has had a lasting effect on the prices of and demand for [[substitute good|close substitutes]]. In July 2012, Tata's Group chairman Ratan Tata, who retired in same year, said that the car had immense potential in the developing world while admitting that early opportunities were wasted due to initial problems.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://profit.ndtv.com/News/Article/why-ratan-tata-thinks-nano-has-enormous-potential--307830?pfrom=home-otherstories| title=Why Ratan Tata thinks Nano has 'enormous potential' | date= 13 July 2012}}</ref> Due to the sales drops, only a single unit was produced in June 2018. The [[Sanand Plant (Tata Motors)|Sanand Plant]] now produces other hatchbacks like [[Tata Tiago|Tiago]] and [[Tata Tigor|Tigor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tatamotors.com/press/tata-motors-sanand-facility-reaches-100-capacity-utilization-to-meet-growing-demand-for-tiago-and-tigor/|title=Tata Motors' Sanand facility reaches 100% utilization|publisher=Tata Motors|date=7 August 2018|accessdate=13 November 2021|location=Ahmedabad}}</ref>

===Singur factory pullout===
{{Main|Tata Nano Singur controversy}}

Tata Motors announced in 2006 that the Nano would be manufactured in [[Singur]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name="economist"/> Local farmers soon began protesting the 'supposed' forced acquisition of their land the new factory entailed.<ref name="economist">{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/business/2008/08/28/nano-wars | title=Nano wars: Tata threatens to make the world's cheapest car somewhere else | newspaper=The Economist | date=28 August 2008 | access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> Tata first delayed the Nano launch and later decided to build the car in a different state, [[Gujarat]], instead.<ref>For initial delay, see [http://inhome.rediff.com/money/2007/aug/03tata.htm Rain, political unrest delay Tatas' dream car] Rediff.com, 3 August 2007
* For pullout from West Bengal site, see {{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/StoryPrint.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080067550&ch=633588296281093750 | title=It's final: Tata Motors to pull out of Singur | publisher=NDTV.com | date=3 October 2008 | agency=NDTV Convergence Limited | access-date=6 June 2012 }}
* For relocation to Gujarat, see {{cite web | url=http://www.tatamotors.com/know-us/manufacturing.php | title=Manufacturing: Sanand | work=Tata Motors | access-date=6 June 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920004648/http://tatamotors.com/know-us/manufacturing.php | archive-date=20 September 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Price==
[[File:Tata Nano Bangalore 2709.JPG|thumb|Rear]]
Announced as the lowest priced [[production car]] in the world, Tata aimed for a price of one [[lakh]] [[rupee]]s, or {{Indian Rupee}}100,000, which was approximately $2,000 US at launch time.<ref>{{cite news |author=Kurczewski |first=Nick |date=23 March 2009 |title=Tata Nano Launched in Mumbai |url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/23/tata-nano-launched-in-mumbai/ |access-date=6 June 2012 |work=[[The New York Times]] |series=Wheels Blog}}</ref> Only the very first customers were able to purchase the car at that price, and as of 2017, the price for the basic Nano started around {{Indian Rupee}} 215,000 ($3,400 US).<ref>For only first customers receiving {{Indian Rupee}} 100,000, see {{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/tatamotors-nano-idUSBOM1678720090716 | title=Tata Motors to deliver first Nano on Friday | date=16 July 2009 | agency=Thomson Reuters | access-date=6 June 2012 | first=Janaki | last=Krishnan}} Many Indians were of the opinion that Tata just managed to offer offered a four-wheeled [[auto-rickshaw]] for a price of INR 2,00,000.
* For 2017 price, see {{cite web | url=http://nano.tatamotors.com/price-list.php | title=Price List: Select to view citywise ex-showroom price of the Nano. | work=Tata Motors | access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> Increasing material costs may be to blame for this rapid rise in price.<ref name="motorauthority2">{{cite web |author=Ireson |first=Nelson |date=5 August 2008 |title=Rising costs could eat Tata Nano's profits |url=http://www.motorauthority.com/news/hatchbacks/rising-costs-could-eat-tata-nanos-profits/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202142340/http://www.motorauthority.com/news/hatchbacks/rising-costs-could-eat-tata-nanos-profits/ |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=Motor Authority}}</ref>

Compared to the [[Volkswagen Beetle]] it had a relatively low price, though still high in terms of the average salary of an Indian industrial worker or farmer.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} In 1990, a Beetle from Mexican factories was priced at $5,300,<ref>{{cite news |author=Uhlig |first=Mark |date=20 October 1990 |title=Mexico City Journal; Miss the VW Bug? It Lives Beyond the Rio Grande |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/20/world/mexico-city-journal-miss-the-vw-bug-it-lives-beyond-the-rio-grande.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |access-date=8 August 2012 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> about ${{Formatnum: {{Inflation|US|5300|1990}}}} in 2022. The [[Ford Model T]]'s initial price was about $850, equivalent to ${{Formatnum: {{Inflation|US|850|1909}}}} in 2022. The price of the Nano was only just higher<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012 |title=National Geographic - Megafactories - Season 1, Episode "Tato Nano" |url=https://www.natgeotv.com/za/shows/natgeo/megafactories |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=www.natgeotv.com |language=en |quote=Sir Ratan Tata is a man on a mission: to make India's roads safer by getting people off motorbikes and into the world's cheapest car - the Tata Nano. In India it's common to see a family of four ride together on a motorbike. On bad roads in Monsoon rain that's a lethal way to commute. Tata envisages the Nano as a 'people's car' - India's answer to the Model T. But to bring his car to the people he must overcome some formidable challenges. Design issues and skyrocketing costs threaten to blow out the car's $2200 price tag, and violent protests force him to dismantle and shift his 3 billion dollar Megafactory 2100km across India.}}</ref> than the corrected price of the [[Smith Flyer|Briggs & Stratton Flyer]] of the 1910s, with the Flyer costing US$125 ($1,767 in 2016){{citation needed|date=June 2025}}, while the Flyer might be classified as more of a [[go-kart]] than a car.{{clarification needed|date=June 2025}}

===Cost-cutting features===
The Nano's design implements many measures to reduce manufacturing costs.
{| class="wikitable"
! Tata Nano
|-
|The [[Trunk (automobile)|trunk]] was only initially accessible from inside, as the rearmost panel did not open.<ref name=green>{{cite web |url=http://ca.autoblog.com/2010/09/15/quick-spin-2011-tata-nano-cx-driving-the-worlds-cheapest-car/ |title=Quick Spin: 2011 Tata Nano CX – Driving the world's cheapest car |publisher=Autoblog Canada |date=15 September 2010 |access-date=29 July 2011 |archive-date=28 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328084715/http://ca.autoblog.com/2010/09/15/quick-spin-2011-tata-nano-cx-driving-the-worlds-cheapest-car/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (full hatchback offered in 2015).
|-
|One windscreen wiper instead of the usual pair<ref name=spiegel/>
|-
|No base [[power steering]] due to light weight.<ref name=spiegel/> Added in higher variants in later models.
|-
|Three [[lug nut]]s per wheel <ref name=bsmotor/>
|-
|Driver side [[wing mirror]] on base model. Higher variants fitted with passenger side ORVM from 2012 onwards.<ref name=spiegel/>
|-
|1DIN Radio CD player<ref name=spiegel/>
|-
|No airbags on any model<ref>{{cite web | date=30 January 2014 | work=The Guardian | title=Tata Nano safety under scrutiny after dire crash test results | url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jan/31/tata-nano-safety-crash-test-results | access-date=4 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
|624cc rear engine, 2 cylinders (312cc each)<ref name=spiegel/>
|-
|Front&rear all [[drum brake]]s.
|-
|No air conditioning in base model<ref name=spiegel/>
|-
|Front passenger seat same as the driver seat and the headrests are integrated.
|-
|Thinner 135/70R12 space saver spare tyre.
|-
|No external fuel filler cap. Fuel inlet is accessed by opening the front hood.
|-
|Front power windows only offered on highest variant. PW switches placed on central console rather than on door pads.
|}

==Technical specifications==
The Nano (2012) was a {{convert|38|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} car with a two-cylinder 624 cc engine mounted in the [[rear engine|rear]] of the car. The car complied with [[Bharat Stage emission standards#Light duty gasoline vehicles|Bharat Stage 4 Indian Emissions Standards]], which are roughly equivalent to Euro 4.

The development of the Nano led to 31 design and 37 technology patents being filed.

{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; width:390px;"
|-
| rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:top; background:#efefef;"| '''Engine''':
| [[Straight-twin engine|2]] [[cylinder (engine)|cylinder]] petrol with [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] [[Multi Point Injection|multi-point fuel injection]] (single [[Fuel injection|injector]]) all aluminium {{convert|38|PS}} {{convert|624|cc|cuin|0|lk=on|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] [[Motronic]] [[engine control unit|ECU]] (engine control unit)
|-
|2 [[Four-stroke cycle engine valves|valves]] per cylinder overhead [[camshaft]]
|-
|[[Compression ratio]]: 9.5:1
|-
|[[bore (engines)|bore]] × [[stroke (engine)|stroke]]: {{convert|73.5|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} × {{convert|73.5|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Power (physics)|Power]]: {{convert|38|PS|kW hp||abbr=on}} @ 5500 +/-500 [[Revolutions per minute|rpm]]<ref name="tatamotors_Specs"/>
|-
|[[Torque]]: {{convert|51|Nm|ftlbf|abbr=on}} @ 3000 +/-500 [[Revolutions per minute|rpm]]
|-
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; background:#efefef;"|'''Layout and Transmission'''
| [[Rear wheel drive]]
|-
| 4-speed [[manual transmission]]
|-
| Option:[[Automated manual transmission]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; background:#efefef;"|'''Steering'''
|mechanical [[Steering#Rack and pinion, recirculating ball, worm and sector|rack and pinion]] w/o servo
|-
| [[Turning radius]]: 4 metres<ref name="tatamotors_Specs">{{cite web|url=http://tatanano.inservices.tatamotors.com/tatamotors/index.php?option=com_whynano&Itemid=303|title=Official specifications for Tata Nano|work=Tata Motors|access-date=27 August 2009|archive-date=14 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314160600/http://tatanano.inservices.tatamotors.com/tatamotors/index.php?option=com_whynano&Itemid=303|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; background:#efefef;"|'''Performance'''
| [[Acceleration]]: 0-{{convert|60|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}: 10 seconds
0-{{convert|100|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}: 30 seconds<ref name="tatamotors_Specs" /><ref name="Car Magazine Review">{{cite web |title=Tata Nano first impressions test |url=https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-reviews/tata/tata-nano-2009-new-car-test-review/ |website=Car Magazine (UK) |access-date=16 July 2024 |date=23 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="Drive India speed test">{{cite web |title=Tata Nano vs Maruti 800 0-100 speed test (video) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0DCLvbsWGk |website=Youtube - DriveIndia |access-date=16 July 2024 |date=27 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Maximum speed: {{convert|105|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}<ref name="tatamotors_Specs" /><ref name="Car Magazine Review" />
|-
| [[Fuel efficiency]] (overall): 25.35 kilometres per litre ({{convert|4.24|L/100 km }})
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; background:#efefef;"| '''Body and dimensions'''
|[[Seat belt]]: 4<ref>
{{cite news |author=David |first=Ruth |date=10 January 2008 |title=Tata Unveils The Nano, Its $2,500 Car |url=https://www.forbes.com/markets/2008/01/10/tata-motors-nano-markets-equity-cx_rd_0110markets05.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080116131233/http://www.forbes.com/markets/2008/01/10/tata-motors-nano-markets-equity-cx_rd_0110markets05.html |archive-date=16 January 2008 |work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Trunk (automobile)|Trunk]] capacity: {{convert|94|L|cuft|abbr=on}}<ref name="autocar">{{cite news |url=http://www.autocarindia.com/new/Information.asp?id=2002 |title=Nano Mania |date=February 2008|access-date=5 February 2008 |publisher=Autocar India |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080427081838/http://www.autocarindia.com/new/Information.asp?id=2002  |archive-date = 27 April 2008}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" style="vertical-align:top; background:#efefef;"|'''Suspension, Tires & Brakes'''
|Front brake: 180 mm [[drum brake|Drum]]<ref name="tatamotors_Specs" />
|-
|Rear brake: 180 mm [[drum brake|Drum]]<ref name="tatamotors_Specs" />
|-
|Front track: {{convert|1325|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="tatamotors_Specs" />
|-
|Rear track: {{convert|1315|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="tatamotors_Specs" />
|-
|[[Ground clearance]]: {{convert|180|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="tatamotors_Specs" />
|-
|Front [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]]: [[MacPherson strut]] with lower A-arm
|-
|Rear suspension: [[Trailing-arm suspension|Trailing arms]] with [[coil spring]]
|-
|12-inch wheels<ref name="autoexpress.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/214902/tata_nano.html |title=India's £1,250 car |access-date=14 January 2008 |work=Auto Express}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; width:410px;"
|-
! style="width:50px;"|Supplier<ref name="ae-plus">{{cite web |url=http://www.ae-plus.com/Key%20topics/cc-Tata-news3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820163345/http://www.ae-plus.com/Key%20topics/cc-Tata-news3.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 August 2008 |title=India's Tata low-cost Nano took a lot of high-tech |work=ae-plus}}</ref>
! style="width:225px;"|Part/system<ref name="ae-plus" />
|-
|Texspin ||Clutch Bearings
|-
|[[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] || Oxygen sensor, Gasoline injection system (diesel will follow), starter, alternator, brake system
|-
|[[Continental AG]] ||Gasoline fuel supply system, fuel level sensor
|-
|[[Caparo Vehicle Technologies|Caparo]] ||Inner structural panels
|-
|HSI AUTO || Static sealing systems (Weather Strips)
|-
|[[Delphi Automotive|Delphi]] ||Instrument cluster
|-
|Rane Madras Limited ||Steering Assembly
|-
|[[Denso]] ||Windshield wiper system (single motor and arm)
|-
|FAG Kugelfischer ||Rear-wheel bearing
|-
|[[Federal-Mogul]] ||Pistons, Piston rings, Spark plugs, Gaskets, Systems protection
|-
|[[Ficosa]] ||Rear-view mirrors, interior mirrors, manual and CVT shifters, washer system
|-
|[[Freudenberg Group|Freudenberg]] ||Engine sealing
|-
|[[GKN]] ||Driveshafts
|-
|[[Schaeffler Group|INA]] ||Shifting elements
|-
|[[Illinois Tool Works|ITW]] Deltar ||Outside and inside door handles
|-
|[[Johnson Controls]] ||Seating
|-
|[[Mahle GmbH|Mahle]] ||Camshafts, spin-on oil filters, fuel filters and air cleaners
|-
|[[Saint-Gobain]] ||Glass
|-
|[[TRW Automotive|TRW]] ||Brake system
|-
|Ceekay Daikin/Valeo ||Clutch sets
|-
|Vibracoustic ||Engine mounts
|-
|[[Visteon]] ||Air induction system
|-
|[[ZF Friedrichshafen AG]] ||Chassis components, including tie rods
|-
|[[Behr GmbH & Co. KG|Behr]] || HVAC for the luxury version
|-
|[[Dürr AG|Dürr]] || Lean Paint Shop
|}

[[File:Tata Nano Engine.JPG|thumb|Tata Nano engine in trunk that is only accessible from inside as a cost reduction feature]]
[[File:Tata Nano dashboard.JPG|thumb|The Tata Nano's dashboard is very simple.]]
[[File:Tata Nano .jpg|thumb|The car's exterior and interiors were designed at Italy's [[I.DE.A Institute|Institute of Development in Automotive Engineering]].<ref name="yahoonano" />]]

{{clear}}

== Tata GenX Nano (2015–2018) ==
[[File:Tata Nano - GenX 01.JPG|thumb|right|2015 Tata GenX Nano (facelift)]]
In May 2015, to revive the model's sales, Tata Motors introduced a series of enhancements both inside and outside the car. The name was changed to ''GenX Nano'' to underline the changes, the range was offered in 21 different versions, among them a 5-speed automated manual transmission.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alvolante.it/news/tata-nano-genx-2015-341195 |title=Tata Nano GenX: cambio di rotta (in Italian) [Tata GenX Nano: change of direction] |publisher=[[Al Volante]]|date=19 May 2015 |access-date=20 July 2018}}</ref> Electric power steering, air conditioning, and Bluetooth radio were available on top models in addition to new colors and alloy wheels. The body was strengthened and the front and rear bumpers were changed, which slightly increased the length to 3,164 millimeters. The interior was also redesigned with new fabrics and improved soundproofing. The rear hatchback and 5-seat homologation were introduced. The engine remained the 2-cylinder {{convert|624|cc|cuin|lk=on|abbr=on}} with 38 hp.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tatamotors.com/press/tata-motors-launches-the-genx-nano-range-its-new-compact-hatch/ |title=Tata Motors launches the GenX Nano range, its new compact hatch |publisher=[[Tata Motors]]|date=19 May 2015 |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://carandbike.com/news/2015-tata-genx-nano-launched-prices-start-at-rs-1-99-lakh-764296 |title=2015 Tata GenX Nano Launched; Prices Start at 1.99 Lakh |publisher=CarAndBike.com |date=20 May 2015 |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref>

==Alternative power plants==
The Nano was driven by a petrol engine. Though several variants were proposed, none were put into production. An upscale version was shown at an auto show.

===Compressed-air engine===
[[Tata Motors]] signed an agreement in 2007 with a French firm, [[Motor Development International]], to produce a [[compressed air car]] Nano.<ref name=range/> While the vehicle was supposed to be able to travel approximately {{convert|200|km}} on $3 US of electricity to compress the air, Tata's Vice-President of Engineering Systems confirmed in late 2009 that vehicle range continued to be a problem.<ref name=range>[http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_tamo-s-ambitious-air-car-faces-starting-trouble_1316093 TaMo’s ambitious ‘Air Car’ faces starting trouble] ''Daily News and Analysis'', 25 November 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hall |first=Kenneth |url=http://www.motorauthority.com/blog/1023575_tata-nano-could-come-with-optional-air-powered-engine |title=Tata Nano could come with optional air-powered engine |publisher=MotorAuthority |date=10 July 2008 |access-date=29 August 2010}}</ref>

===Electric vehicle===
Tata discussed the possibility of producing an electric version,<ref name=mdie>{{cite web |url=http://www.domainb.com/companies/companies_t/Tata_Motors/20080820_tata_motors.html |title=Tata plans E-Nano, electric version of Rs 1-lakh car |publisher=domain-b.com |date=20 August 2008 |access-date=8 June 2009}}</ref> and while it showcased an [[electric vehicle]] Nano at the 2010 [[Geneva Motor Show]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/03/worlds-cheapest-ev-tata-nano-electrifies-geneva-show/1 |work=USA Today |title=World's cheapest EV: Tata Nano electrifies Geneva show |date=4 March 2010}}</ref> no such car came onto the market.

If an EV Nano had been produced the expectations were that it would have been a highly affordable [[electric car]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?title=Let%20Tata%27s%20Nano%20be%20electric&articleID=141391 |title=Let Tata's Nano be electric |publisher=Merinews.com |access-date=8 June 2009 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> using [[lithium-ion]] batteries and having a range of {{convert|80|mi}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/03/worlds-cheapest-ev-tata-nano-electrifies-geneva-show/1 |title=World's cheapest EV: Tata Nano electrifies Geneva show — Drive On: A conversation about the cars and trucks we drive |work=USA Today |date=4 March 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010}}</ref> A Norwegian electric car specialist, [[Miljø Grenland|Miljøbil Grenland AS]], was named as a proposed partner in the project.<ref name=mdie/>

There was, however, an electric version of the Nano released for fleet operators like Ola by Jayem Automotives which was called the Jayem Neo EV, launched in 2020. It was discontinued in 2019-2020 and only 400 were made. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayem Neo – Tata Nano EV to be launched on Nov 28, 2017 |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/forum/electric-cars/192726-jayem-neo-tata-nano-ev-launched-nov-28-2017-a-4.html |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=Team-BHP.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Tata Nano CNG emax (Bi-fuel)===
The ''Nano CNG emax'' was launched in October 2013. It could run on either gasoline or compressed natural gas. Initially, it was to be sold in Delhi and parts of Maharashtra and Lucknow, where CNG was available at fuel outlets.<ref name="WSJ1008213">[https://online.wsj.com/article/DN-CO-20131008-004342.html "Tata Motors Introduces Bi-Fuel Version of Nano Minicar"]. ''The Wall Street Journal'', Santanu Choudhury</ref> The bifuel engine was powered by both CNG and petrol. In natural gas operation, the engine delivered maximum power of 33 horsepower and 45 Nm of maximum torque. The tank had a capacity of 32 liters (8 US Gal/7 UK Gal) of CNG.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tata.com/article/inside/TSWoO7vEjxs=/TLYVr3YPkMU= |title=Tata Motors launches the Tata Nano CNG emax |publisher=[[Tata Motors]]|date=8 October 2013 |access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref>

=== Tata Super Nano ===
In December 2014, Coimbatore-based JA Motorsport presented a 230 hp 1.3-liter engined version of the Nano called the 'Super Nano' at the Autocar Performance Show. Featuring a full body kit, slick tyres, a bolt-on roll cage, and smoked head and tail lamps, the Super Nano featured carbon fibre components, Recaro seats, and steering-mounted paddle shifters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianautosblog.com/2014/12/super-tata-nano-ja-motorsport-161583|title=230hp Super Tata Nano Revealed, Costs INR 25 Lakhs|website=indianautosblog.com|date=12 December 2014 |access-date=2016-03-28}}</ref>

==European export==
[[File:Nano Tata.jpg|thumb|The Tata Nano Europa [[concept car]]]]
An [[luxury good|upscale]] Nano [[concept car]] called Nano Europa was shown at the 2009 [[Geneva Motor Show]].<ref name=europe>{{cite web|url=http://www.autonews.com/article/20090304/ANE02/903039952/1164|title=Tata unveils a Nano for Europe|work=Automotive News|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref> However, there was no progress towards producing or marketing this upscale specification.

==Car fires==
There were reports of several fire incidents involving the Nano.<ref name=timeslede/> The company denied those were connected to the car's design or its parts and blamed "foreign electrical equipment" found on top of the exhaust system.<ref name=timeslede/> The company offered to retrofit the exhaust and electrical systems but refused to recall the cars.<ref name=timeslede/> Tata extended the warranty on the car, including those already sold, from 18 months to four years in early December 2010.<ref name=timeslede>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/10/business/global/10tata.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1|title=Tata's Nano, the Car That Few Want to Buy|work=The New York Times |date=10 December 2010 |access-date=18 September 2014 |last1=Bajaj |first1=Vikas }}</ref>

==Reception==
The Nano received a mixed reception from Indian consumers; reasons given included that it was still too expensive compared to a motorcycle, and the extended waiting time for delivery (a few months).<ref name="defence.pk">{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.pk/forums/world-affairs/164315-where-did-all-go-wrong-tata-s-nano.html|title=Where Did It All Go Wrong For Tata's Nano?|work=Pakistan Defence|access-date=18 September 2014|archive-date=1 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001123543/http://www.defence.pk/forums/world-affairs/164315-where-did-all-go-wrong-tata-s-nano.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although it was identified as the most affordable car,<ref>{{cite web |author=Tavares |first=Avinash |title=Marketing lessons from tata nano |url=http://www.slideshare.net/avinash2701/marketing-lessons-from-tata-nano |access-date=18 September 2014 |website=[[Slideshare]]}}</ref> a more expensive secondhand car signaled higher social status; the Nano was considered a "[[Poverty in India|poor man]]'s" vehicle, turning some customers away.<ref>{{cite news| title=Cheap proves costly for Tata Nano in status-conscious India | date=30 January 2012 | work=Daily News|location=New York | agency=Agence France-Presse | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/autos/cheap-proves-costly-tata-nano-status-conscious-india-article-1.1014012 | access-date=4 February 2014 }}</ref> The fires and other safety issues were also a concern.<ref name="defence.pk"/>

Tata Motors ended FY16 selling 21,012 Nanos, up from 16,901 in FY15.<ref>{{cite web |author=Das |first=Sohini |date=2017-04-15 |title=Is the Tata Nano in the last leg of its journey? |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/is-the-tata-nano-in-the-last-leg-of-its-journey-117041400542_1.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

=== Safety===
{{Global NCAP
|year=2014
|region=India
|description=Tata Nano – No Airbags
|reference_code=Tata-Nano-NO-Airbags.pdf
|adult_stars=0.00
|adult_points=0.00
|child_stars=0.00
|child_points=0.00
}}
In 2014, [[Global NCAP]] 1.0 crash-tested an Indian-market Tata Nano at the [[ADAC]] facility in Germany in its pilot round of 64km/h front offset deformable barrier crash tests for its Safer Cars for India project (based on [[Latin NCAP]] 2013). They also crashed the Nano in the configuration for the UN's R94 test. Tata had made it public that a version of the Nano designed for export to Europe had passed R94, and they were also expecting a four star [[Euro NCAP]] result.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Nano crash test on video |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/motoring/tata-nano-crash-test-video |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Autocar |language=en}}</ref> In contrast, the Indian car failed the R94 test and scored zero stars for adult and child occupant protection in [[Global NCAP]]'s tests. The Nano was not fitted with airbags, not even one for the driver, nor [[Anti-lock braking system|ABS]]. During the 64km/h NCAP test the passenger compartment not only became unstable but also showed extremely high levels of intrusion of the steering column and waist-level intrusion of the A-pillar, showing high risk of life-threatening injury to the driver's head, neck and chest and also indicating that less critical body regions like the knees, tibias and feet were unlikely to be recoverable. The Nano had only static two-point seatbelts for the rear seats and no child seat available for sale in India could pass the installation check, meaning that the Nano was unsuitable for safely transporting children. It achieved zero stars for child occupant protection, scoring no points in all areas of assessment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jan/31/tata-nano-safety-crash-test-results |title=Tata Nano safety under scrutiny after dire crash test results|work=Guardian|date=31 January 2014 |access-date=9 September 2017 |last1=Oltermann |first1=Philip |last2=McClanahan |first2=Paige }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/video/2014/jan/31/tata-nano-fails-crash-test-video |title=Tata Nano falls short of global crash test standards – video|work=Guardian|date=31 January 2014 |access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref>

==Sales==
At the time of launch Tata Motors planned to sell 250,000 units per year. The maximum sales ever achieved was 74,527 units during FY 2011-2012 and then sales declined rapidly year after year leading to a negligible market share of the car in the "A" segment. The product was expected to be phased out soon as dealers stopped placing orders.<ref>{{cite news |date= 26 November 2017|title= Tata Nano likely to be phased out soon as dealers stop placing orders|url= https://www.dnaindia.com/automobile/report-tata-nano-likely-to-be-phased-out-soon-as-dealers-stop-placing-orders-2562571|work= DNA India|access-date= 14 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 26 November 2017|title= Bidding farewell to 'cheapest car': Tata Nano likely to be phased out soon|url= https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/article/bidding-farewell-to-cheapest-car-tata-nano-likely-to-be-phased-out-soon/133295|work= TimesNowNews|access-date= 14 October 2018}}</ref>

FY 2009–2010 30,000 approx<ref name=IndExpress2012>{{cite news |last= Nair|first= Avinash|date= 26 April 2012|title= Two years on, Tata Nano sales yet to hit top gear|url= http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/two-years-on-tata-nano-sales-yet-to-hit-top-gear/941736/|work= The Indian Express|location= Ahmedabad|access-date= 14 October 2018}}</ref>

FY 2010–2011 70,432<ref name=IndExpress2012 />

FY 2011–2012 74,527<ref name=IndExpress2012 />

FY 2012–2013 53,848<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-05-05 |title=Popularity continues to elude Nano, sales down 88% |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Autos/Latest-News/Popularity-continues-to-elude-Nano-sales-down-88/Article1-1055088.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507083248/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Autos/Latest-News/Popularity-continues-to-elude-Nano-sales-down-88/Article1-1055088.aspx |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=18 September 2014 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

FY 2013–2014 21,129<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/sales-of-tata-nano-worlds-cheapest-car-set-to-hit-six-year-lows/|title=Sales of Tata Nano, world's cheapest car, set to hit six-year lows|date=5 March 2015|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

FY 2014–2015 16,903<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aggarwal|first1=Yogita|title=7 Reasons Why Tata Nano Did Not Take Off as Expected|url=http://www.letuspublish.com/7-reasons-tata-nano-not-take-off-expected/|website=letuspublish.com|access-date=18 March 2016|date=1 March 2014}}</ref>

FY 2016-2017 7,591<ref>{{cite news |last= Kumar|first= Arjun|date= 25 April 2017|title= Tata Nano Sales At An All Time Low, 174 Units Sold In March|url= https://www.motorbeam.com/tata-nano-sales-numbers-all-time-low/|work= MotorBeam|access-date= 14 October 2018}}</ref>

FY 2017-2018 April - October 1,502

==End of production==
Due to the low sales of the model (only one Nano was assembled in June 2018 against the 275 assembled in June 2017) Tata Motors announced the end of production without any direct successor. The Nano wasn't accepted by potential buyers and sales were always lower than projected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2018-07-11/rip-nano-india-s-car-market-is-no-place-for-cheap-thrills |title=RIP Nano. World's Cheapest Car Goes Up in Smoke |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg.com]]|date=11 July 2018 |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref>
The [[Sanand Plant (Tata Motors)|Sanand Plant]] now produces other hatchbacks like the [[Tata Tiago|Tiago]] and the [[Tata Tigor|Tigor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tatamotors.com/press/tata-motors-sanand-facility-reaches-100-capacity-utilization-to-meet-growing-demand-for-tiago-and-tigor/|title=Tata Motors' Sanand facility reaches 100% utilization|publisher=Tata Motors|date=7 August 2018|accessdate=13 November 2021|location=Ahmedabad}}</ref>

==Rumoured revival==

In 2023 and 2024, according to some recent sources {{who?|date=May 2025}}, there are some rumours that Tata could revive the Nano as an affordable all-electric car with a 150-250km range at a future date{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}.

==Awards==
* 2010 Business Standard Motoring Indian car of the year<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/bs-motoring-jury-award-2010-tata-nano/380711/ | title=BS Motoring Jury Award 2010: Tata Nano | work=Business Standard | date=26 December 2009 | access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref>
* 2010 Bloomberg UTV-Autocar car of the year<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=18 January 2010 |title=Nano, Pulsar among winners of Bloomberg UTV-Autocar awards |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Nano--Pulsar-among-winners-of-Bloomberg-UTV-Autocar-awards/568379/ |access-date=22 February 2010 |work=The Financial Express}}</ref>
* 2010 Edison Awards, first place in the transportation category<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edisonawards.com/Winners2010.php |title=Edison Awards 2010 honoring innovation in the development and launch of new products and services |publisher=Edisonawards.com |date=2 April 2010 |access-date=17 October 2010 |archive-date=8 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008214026/http://www.edisonawards.com/Winners2010.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2010 [[Good Design Award (Chicago)|Good Design Awards]], in the category of transportation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-auto-tata-nano-shines-wins-global-design-award/20101223.htm |title=Tata Nano shines! Wins global design award |work=Rediff.com |date=5 January 2010 |access-date=23 December 2010}}</ref>
* 2014 India's Most Trusted hatchback car, according to The Brand Trust Report 2014 edition<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.trustadvisory.info/mab-14/Automobile.htm|title = The Brand Trust Report 2014|website = Trust Research Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tata-nano-again-tops-most-trusted-automobile-list-report/article5702001.ece|title = Tata Nano again tops 'most trusted automobile' list |date = 2014-02-18|work = The Hindu Business Line |access-date = 2015-12-24}}</ref>

==In the media==
* ''Small Wonder: The Making of Nano''–a book about the creation of the Tata Nano<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ratan-tata-didn-t-want-nano-stitched-like-shirt-around-button-book_1460196|title=Ratan Tata didn't want Nano stitched like shirt around button: Book|work=dna|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref>
* A [[Megafactories]] episode on this vehicle
* ''From Bollywood to Hollywood in Jay Leno's garage''. [[YouTube]] channel.<ref>[https://carbuzz.com/news/from-bollywood-to-hollywood-leno-takes-stock-of-tata-nano From Bollywood to Hollywood, Leno Takes Stock of Tata Nano]</ref>
* ''Das Billigste Auto der Welt - Tata Nano''. [[YouTube]] channel.<ref>{{Citation |title=Das Billigste Auto der Welt - Tata Nano - [Doku/HD] |date=2014-04-04 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQsHgNZWxZs |access-date=2024-03-04 |language=en |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tata Pixel]]
* [[Singur Tata Nano controversy]]
* [[City car]]
* [[Tata Ace]]
* [[Tata Magic Iris]]
* [[Bajaj RE60]]
* [[Fiat 126]]
* [[Kei car]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tatamotors.com/vehicles-and-services/nano/nano.php Tata Nano – Official product page]

{{Commons category}}
{{Tata Motors}}
{{Tata Timeline}}

[[Category:City cars]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Rear-engined vehicles]]
[[Category:Tata cars|Nano]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2008]]
[[Category:Cars discontinued in 2018]]
[[Category:Cars powered by 2-cylinder engines]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:Global NCAP superminis]]
[[Category:Sedans]]
[[Category:Hatchbacks]]

Nenu Meeku Telusa?

2026-03-20T05:15:41Z

Svetlsgx: started new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nenu Meeku Telusa?
| image = Nenu Meeku Telusa.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Ajay Sastry]]
| producer = [[Lakshmi Manchu]]
| writer = Ajay Sastry
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = {{Ubl |Ajay Sastry|[[Kishore Tirumala]] (Additional)}}
}}
| cinematography = Sunil K. Reddy
| editing = Naveen Cuts Basva Paidireddy
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Achu Rajamani]] '''Score:''' [[Dharan Kumar|Dharan]] [[Santhosh Narayanan|Santhosh]]–Shakti
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Manoj Manchu]]
*[[Sneha Ullal]]
*[[Riya Sen]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|10|08|}}
| studio = [[Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Nenu Meeku Telusa?''''' ({{translation|Do you know me?}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[psychological thriller]] film directed by [[Ajay Sastry]] and produced by [[Lakshmi Manchu]]. The film stars the latter's brother [[Manoj Manchu]] alongside [[Sneha Ullal]] and [[Riya Sen]], while [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Brahmanandam]] play supporting roles. The film's songs are composed by [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]] with score by [[Dharan Kumar|Dharan]] and the duo [[Santhosh Narayanan|Santhosh]]–Shakti.

Dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Ennai Theriyuma?'' in 2009,<ref name="ET" /> the film is inspired from 1994 Hollywood movie ''[[Clean Slate (1994 film)|Clean Slate]]''.<ref name="i">{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |title=Telugu Movie review - Nenu Meeku Telusa? |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nenumeekutelusa.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704111127/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nenumeekutelusa.html |archive-date=4 July 2020 |access-date=2020-09-13 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Aditya (Machu Manoj) is a short-term memory loss patient. He suffers a brain-damaging accident in which his father dies. In order to continue with his day-to-day activities, he depends on an audio cassette timed every morning by himself the previous night. His uncle and his doctor are the only people who know about his medical condition. Aditya has a girlfriend named Madhumitha (Riya sen). He has two important rules in his everyday regimen. The first rule is not to get drunk outside, and the second rule is that no matter where he goes, he has to ensure that he sleeps only in his home. He has to listen the tape in the next morning or else he will not remember anything.

One day, all of Aditya's friends in the office call him to a party and force him to drink. Aditya gets fully drunk and wakes up in his bedroom the next morning, but the tape he uses everyday to refresh his memory is erased, and he has no clue who did it. He starts to reconstruct his memories by whatever is available in his sight. As he starts to leave his flat, the police comes and interrogates him and asks him that he has complained about a missing car. As Aditya does not remember, he denies giving a complaint; however, the police finds the car in the basement parking. They open the car and find Aditya's uncle's dead body in the car's trunk. Aditya gets arrested. The police initially thinks that he is lying, but eventually when he is submitted to court, the judge submits him for medical examination, and they come to understand that he is a short-term memory loss patient. As the case is still not solved, police officer Anjali (Sneha Ullal) takes up the case by specially requesting the DGP.

The story now goes into a flashback where Aditya and Anjali are college sweethearts who break up because of a minor misunderstanding, after which Aditya reconciles and tries to reach her back, but then he meets with an accident and forgets his past. The story then returns to present, where Anjali gets involved with the investigation, but meets with a dead end at every corner. Finally, Aditya decides that he himself can solve the case, and the only problem is if he sleeps, he will forget. Hence, he decides not to sleep until the case is solved. Aditya tries to dig into his past and see if he can find any clues, and he finds out that Anjali was actually his girlfriend.

Finally, he calls up Madhumitha, and Anjali tells them that he has solved the case and asks them to come at 7:00 the next morning, when he will reveal the murderer. Aditya believes that Anjali might be the killer and waits for dawn. He controls himself the whole night, but just as it was about it be 7:00, his eyes finally give out, and he falls asleep. By the time he wakes up, he sees Anjali and Madhumitha holding guns against each other, both ask for help. Finally, Aditya shoots Madhumitha out of instinct, and she instantly dies on the spot.

Madhumitha's brother comes out and reveals the entire crime to Anjali. He confesses that his sister wanted to become the managing director of the company, but as Aditya is the legal heir, he will precede his uncle to that post. Hence she plans and becomes Aditya's girlfriend with an intent to steal the entire property, but his uncle came to know about that fact. Madhumitha and her brother then killed him and kept the dead body in Aditya's car so that the police may suspect him. The movie ends with Aditya marrying Anjali, who later on reminds him every morning about his past without him referring to a tape.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Manoj Manchu]] as Adithya
* [[Sneha Ullal]] as Anjali
* [[Riya Sen]] as Madhumitha
* [[P. Vasu]] as Adithya's father
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Adithya's uncle
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Barmani
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Kishore
* [[Uttej]] as Madhumitha's brother
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Company MD
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Doctor
* [[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]] as Lawyer
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Police officer
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Scanny from Scotland
* [[Supreeth]] as Rowdy
* [[Noel Sean]] as Adithya's friend
* [[Nag Ashwin]] as Barmani's assistant
* Surekha Vani as Adithya's coworker
* [[Kausha Rach]] (special appearance in the song "Mabbe Masakesindile")
{{colend}}

== Production ==
[[Ajay Sastry]] expressed interest in making the film as a Telugu-Tamil bilingual although the Tamil version was dropped in favour of a dubbed version.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/ajaysastri.html|title=Interview with Ajay Sastri|date=5 February 2008|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=16 March 2024|archive-date=14 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314080426/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/ajaysastri.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2010 |title=Kollywood calling Sneha Ullal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/kollywood-calling-sneha-ullal/articleshow/6214418.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123075350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/kollywood-calling-sneha-ullal/articleshow/6214418.cms |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=4 October 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack has music composed by [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]]. The music was released on 29 August 2008. The background score was composed by [[Dharan Kumar|Dharan]], [[Santhosh Narayanan]] and Shakti. The Telugu album features a remix of the song "Mabbe Masakesindile" from ''[[Vayasu Pilichindi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.iqlikmovies.com/artist-movie/2008/10/10/Nenu-Meeku-Telusa/449/1148|title=Nenu Meeku Telusa|work=iQLIK|access-date=27 May 2023|archive-date=18 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518000915/https://m.iqlikmovies.com/artist-movie/2008/10/10/Nenu-Meeku-Telusa/449/1148|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tamil album features a remix of the song "Yennai Theriyuma" from ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'',<ref name="ET">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=17 September 2008 |title=Yennai Theriyuma? is interesting |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssy/20080917.htm |url-status=live |access-date=2020-09-13 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en |archive-date=5 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105105300/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssy/20080917.htm }}</ref> and "Thanni Karuthiruchu" from ''[[Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu]]'' (the original of "Mabbe Masakesindile").<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=September 4, 2008 |title=Music review: Nenu Meeku Telusa (Telugu, OST) |url=https://milliblog.com/2008/09/04/music-review-nenu-meeku-telusa-telugu-ost/comment-page-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729075602/https://milliblog.com/2008/09/04/music-review-nenu-meeku-telusa-telugu-ost/comment-page-1/ |archive-date=29 July 2024 |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Nenu Meeku Telusa...?
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 29 August 2008 (Audio Release)
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Sony BMG]]
| producer = Lakshmi Manchu
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Kurradu]]
| next_year = 2009
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Emaindo Gaani Chusthu
| extra1 = [[Sriram Parthasarathy]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] (Chorus)
| length1 = 04:14
| title2 = Enduko Madi
| extra2 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[Bombay Jayashri]]
| length2 = 04:24
| title3 = Mabbe Masakesindile
| extra3 = [[Silambarasan]], [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| length3 = 04:31
| title4 = Cheppaka Thappaduga
| extra4 = [[Achu (music director)|Achu]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
| length4 = 03:49
| title5 = Yenno Yenno
| extra5 = [[Premji Amaren]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length5 = 04:14
| title6 = Kannu Theristhe Jananamele
| extra6 = Naveen Madhav, [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length6 = 03:58
| title7 = Theme Music
| extra7 = Sagar
| length7 = 02:16
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote, "The movie looks refreshing though the pace is halted by poor editing. Some of the sub-plots have no connection with the main story," and concluded that the film could be watched once.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2008 |title=Nenu Meeku Telusa: Remember this one? |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/nenu-meeku-telusa-remember-this-one/articleshow/22355878.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301174327/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/nenu-meeku-telusa-remember-this-one/articleshow/22355878.cms |archive-date=2025-03-01 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "the team of NMT must be appreciated for breaking the shackles of doing routine and formulaic films in order to do a different film".<ref name="i" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Kishore Tirumala}}

[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2008 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about amnesia]]
[[Category:Films scored by Achu Rajamani]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]

Bahadur Shah of Gujarat

2026-03-20T02:44:06Z

Svetlsgx:

{{Short description|Sultan of Gujarat from 1526 to 1535 and from 1536 to 1537}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bahadur Shah
| succession = [[Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat|Sultan of Gujarat]]
| image = Sultan Bahadur fleeing from the Fort of Cambay in 1535.jpg
| caption = Sultan Bahadur fleeing from the Fort of Cambay in 1535
| reign1 = 22 August 1526<ref name="w423">{{cite web | last=Dosabhai | first=Edalji | title=A History of Gujarat | url=https://ia801400.us.archive.org/17/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.219641/2015.219641.A-History_text.pdf | access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> – 25 April 1535<ref name="s197">{{cite web | last=Patil | first=Amruta | title=Indian Administrative Service | website=Prepp | date=6 March 2024 | url=https://prepp.in/news/e-492-early-activities-of-humayun-and-the-tussle-with-bahadur-shah-medieval-indian-history-notes | access-date=4 July 2024}}</ref>
| reign2 = 1536 – 13 February 1537
| coronation =
| full name = Qutb-ud-Din Bahadur Shah
| predecessor1 = Mahmud Shah II
| successor1 = [[Hindál Mírza]] (as [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Governor of Gujarat)
| predecessor2 = [[Hindál Mírza]]
| successor2 = Miran Muhammad Shah I (died before coronation) [[Mahmud Shah III of Gujarat|Mahmud Shah III]]
| succession3 = [[List of kings of Malwa|Sultan of Malwa]]
| predecessor3 = Mahmud Khilji II
| successor3 = Hindal Mirza (as Mughal Governor of Gujarat)
| reign3 = 28 March 1531 – 25 April 1535
| predecessor4 = Hindal Mirza
| successor4 = Miran Muhammad Shah I (died before coronation) Qadir Shah
| reign4 = 1536 – 13 February 1537
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty = [[Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat|Muzaffarid]]
| father = [[Muzaffar Shah II]]
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 13 February 1537
| death_place = On board ship, near [[Diu Island|Diu]], [[Arabian Sea]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Qutb-ud-Din Bahadur Shah''' (born '''Bahadur Khan'''; died 13 February 1537) was a [[sultan]] of the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid dynasty]] who reigned over the [[Gujarat Sultanate]], a late medieval kingdom in [[India]] from 1526 to 1535 and again from 1536 to 1537.<ref name="ref85cahal">{{Citation | title=State and locality in Mughal India: power relations in western India, c. 1572–1730, Volume 61 of University of Cambridge oriental publications | author=Farhat Hasan | publisher=Cambridge University Press, 2004 | isbn=978-0-521-84119-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4TbxNT70UPEC | quote=''... Bahadur Shah was the son of Muzaffar Shah (1511-26), an important ruler of the Gujarat Sultanate ... In 1526, when Bahadur Shah formally ascended the throne of Gujarat ...'' | date=2004-11-11 | access-date=2016-10-10 | archive-date=2023-08-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817154536/https://books.google.com/books?id=4TbxNT70UPEC | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=114–115}}</ref> He also ruled over the [[Malwa Sultanate]] after conquering it in 1531. He ascended to the throne after competing with his brothers. He expanded his kingdom and made expeditions to help neighbouring kingdoms. In 1532, Gujarat came under attack of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Humayun]] and fell. Bahadur Shah regained the kingdom in 1536 but he was killed by the Portuguese on board a ship when making a deal with them.

The army of Bahadur Shah included the [[Koli people|Koli]] [[tribe]] and Abyssinians.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&dq=Babur+Koli&pg=PT62 |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |date=2015-10-06 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-32127-9 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |language=en |access-date=2022-10-18 |archive-date=2023-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703040426/https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&dq=Babur+Koli&pg=PT62 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kolis of Gujarat attacked [[Humayun]] in the help of Bahadur Shah at the [[Gulf of Khambhat|Gulf]] of [[Khambhat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Behera |first=Maguni Charan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVS9DwAAQBAJ&dq=Bahadur+Shah+Gujarat+Koli&pg=PA45 |title=Tribal Studies in India: Perspectives of History, Archaeology and Culture |date=2019-11-09 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-981-329-026-6 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=45 |language=en |access-date=2022-10-18 |archive-date=2023-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703040424/https://books.google.com/books?id=rVS9DwAAQBAJ&dq=Bahadur+Shah+Gujarat+Koli&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early years and origin==
Bahadur Shah was born in the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid dynasty]], which ruled over Gujarat. The origins of the dynasty lied in south [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |author-link=Sanjay Subrahmanyam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5nsEAAAQBAJ&dq=gujarat+Sultanate+punjabi&pg=PT60 |title=Across the Green Sea: Histories from the Western Indian Ocean, 1440-1640 |date=2024 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-1-4773-2879-8 |language=en |quote=The latter sultanate was founded by a former Tughluq governor, perhaps from a family of Punjabi Khatri converts, who took the title Muzaffar Shah in the early fifteenth century but reigned for only a short time.}} {{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&q=gujarat+sultanate+tank+khatri&pg=PA143 |title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries |date=2003 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-13561-1 |pages=143 |language=en |quote=Similarly, Zaffar Khan Muzaffar, the first independent ruler of Gujarat was not a foreign Muslim, but a Khatri convert, of a low subdivision called the Tank, originally from southern Pànjab}}</ref>

Bahadur Shah's father was [[Muzaffar Shah II|Shams-ud-Din Muzaffar Shah II]], who had ascended to the throne of the Gujarat Sultanate in 1511.<ref name="ref85cahal"/> Muzaffar Shah II nominated [[Sikandar Shah of Gujarat|Sikandar Shah]] (Bahadur Shah's elder brother) as the [[heir apparent]] to the throne. Bahadur Khan's relationship with his brother and father became tense as Sikandar Shah began to assume greater administrative control.<ref name="ref85cahal"/> Fearing for his life, Bahadur Khan fled [[Gujarat]], first seeking refuge with [[Chittor]], and then with [[Ibrahim Lodi]].<ref name="GBP">{{citation-attribution|1={{cite book |editor=James Macnabb Campbell |editor-link=James Macnabb Campbell |title=History of Gujarát |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm |series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |volume=I(II) |year=1896 |publisher=The Government Central Press |pages=254–257 |chapter=II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.) |access-date=2017-06-29 |archive-date=2018-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919123131/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm |url-status=live }}}}</ref> He was present at the [[Battle of Panipat (1526)|Battle of Panipat]], though he did not take part in fighting.

After death of Muzaffar Shah II in 1526, Sikandar Sháh succeeded. After few weeks in power, he was murdered on the instructions of his slave Imád-ul-Mulk Khush Kadam, who seated an infant brother of Sikandar's, named Násir Khán, on the throne with the title of [[Mahmud Shah II of Gujarat|Mahmud Shah II]] and governed on his behalf. Three other princes were poisoned. The only event of Sikandar's reign was the destruction of an army sent against his brother Latíf Khán who was helped by Rána Bhím of Munga (now Chhota Udaipur). When Bahadur Khan received the news of the death of his father, he returned to Gujarat. The nobles deserted Imád-ul-Mulk's cause, and prince Báhádur Khán, was joined by many supporters prominent among whom was Táj Khán, proprietor of [[Dhandhuka]]. Bahádur marched at once on Chámpáner, captured and executed Imád-ul-Mulk and poisoning Násir Khán ascended the throne in 1527 with the title of Bahádur Sháh.<ref name="GBP"/><ref name=majumdar>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.391-8</ref>

His brother Latíf Khán, aided by Rája Bhím of the Kohistan or hill land of Pál (Pal-Dadhvav, near Bhuloda, Gujarat), now asserted his claim to the throne. He was defeated, and fell wounded into the hands of the Gujarát army and died of his wounds and was buried at [[Halol]]. Rája Bhím was slain. As Bhím's successor Ráisingh plundered [[Dahod]], a large force was sent against him, commanded by Táj Khán, who laid waste Ráisingh's country and dismantled his forts.<ref name="GBP"/> Only one of his brother, Chand Khan survived, as he had refuge at the [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] court and the Sultan [[Mahmud Shah II of Malwa|Mahmud Shah II]] of Malwa refused to surrender him.<ref name=majumdar/>

==Reign==

During his reign, Gujarat was under pressure from the expanding [[Mughal Empire]] under emperors [[Babur]] (died 1530) and [[Humayun]] (1530–1540), and from the [[Portugal|Portuguese]], who were establishing fortified settlements on the Gujarat coast to expand their power in India from their base in [[Goa]].

===Expansion of Sultanate===
{{Main article|Siege of Chittorgarh (1535)}}
[[File:Coin of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Copper coin of Bahadur Shah]]
Bahádur Sháh visited Cambay, and found that Malik Is-hák (the governor of Sorath and son of [[Malik Ayyaz]]), had, in the interests of the Portuguese, attempted to seize [[Diu Island|Diu]] but had been repulsed by the Gujarát admiral Mahmúd Áka. The Sultán entrusted Diu to Kiwám-ul-Mulk and Junágaḍh to Mujáhid Khán Bhíkan and returned to Áhmedábád. In 1527 he enforced tribute from Ídar and the neighbouring country. During one of his numerous expeditions he went to hunt in Nándod and received the homage of the Rája.<ref name="GBP"/>

As the Portuguese were endeavouring to establish themselves on the coast of Sorath, and, if possible, to obtain Diu, the king was constantly at [[Cambay]] (now [[Khambhat]]), Diu and [[Ghogha]] to frustrate their attempts, and he now directed the construction of the fortress of [[Bharuch]]. At this time Muhammad Khán, ruler of Asír and Burhánpur (both of [[Khandesh Sultanate|Khandesh]]), requested Bahádur's aid on behalf of [[Aladdin Imad Shah|Imád-ul-Mulk]], ruler of [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]]. Bahádur Sháh started at once and at Nandurbár was joined by Muhammad Khán Asíri, and thence proceeded to Burhánpur, where he was met by Imád Sháh from Gávalgad. After certain successes he made peace between [[Burhan Nizam Shah I]] and Imád Sháh Gávali, and returned to Gujarát.<ref name="GBP"/>

Jám Fírúz the ruler of [[Thatta]] in [[Sindh]] now sought refuge with Bahádur Sháh from the oppression either of the Ghoris or of the Mughals and was hospitably received. In 1528 Bahádur made an expedition into the Deccan which ended in a battle at [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]]. Later he was forced to retire because of the stiff resistance put up by the Ahmadnagar army. Next year (1529) at the request of Jaâfar or Khizr Khán, son of Imád Sháh Gávali, who was sent to Gujarát to solicit Bahádur's help, he again marched for the Deccan. As he passed through Muler Biharji the Rája of Báglán gave him his daughter in marriage and in return received the title of Bahr Khán. From [[Baglan Kingdom|Báglán]] Bahr Khán was told off to ravage [[Chaul]] which by this time had fallen into the hands of the Portuguese. Bahádur himself advanced to [[Ahmednagar]], took the fort and destroyed many of the buildings. [[Purandar fort|Purandhar]] also was sacked of its stores of gold. From Ahmednagar, Bahádur Sháh passed to Burhánpur, and there his general Kaisar Khán gained a victory over the united forces of Nizám Sháh, Malik Beríd, and Ain-ul-Mulk. Finally, both the rulers of the [[Ahmednagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]] and [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] were forced to sign a humiliating treaty. Bahádur returned to Gujarát and for some time refrained from interfering in the affairs of the Deccan.<ref name="GBP"/><ref name=majumdar/>

Between 1526 and 1530, certain Turks under one Mústafa came to Gujarát, traders according to one account according to another part of a Turkish fleet expected to act against the Portuguese. Diu was assigned them as a place of residence and the command of the island was granted to Malik Túghán, son of Malik Ayyáz, the former governor.<ref name="GBP"/>

Bahadur Shah had sent a delegation headed by ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Asaf Khan to [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1530s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Alam|first1=Muzaffar|last2=Subrahmanyam|first2=Sanjay|title=A View from Mecca: Notes on Gujarat, the Red Sea, and the Ottomans, 1517–39/923–946 H.*|journal=Modern Asian Studies|date=March 2017|volume=51|issue=2|pages=268–318|doi=10.1017/s0026749x16000172|s2cid=152069507 |issn=0026-749X}}</ref>

In 1530 the king marched to [[Nagaur|Nágor]], and gave an audience both to Prithviraj of [[Dungarpur]] and to the ambassadors from Rána [[Ratan Singh II|Ratansi]] of [[Chittor]]. The Rána's ambassadors complained of encroachments on Chittor by Mahmúd Shah II of [[Malwa Sultanate]]. Mahmúd promised to appear before Bahádur to explain the alleged encroachments. Bahádur waited. At last, as Mahmúd failed to attend, Bahádur said he would go and meet Mahmúd. He invested Mándu and received with favour certain deserters from Mahmúd's army. The fortress at [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] fell and Sultán Mahmúd and his seven sons were captured without any resistance on 28 March 1531. Malwa was annexed into Bahadur's kingdom.<ref name="GBP"/><ref name=majumdar/>

After passing the rainy season at Mándu, Bahádur Sháh went to Burhánpur to visit his nephew Mirán Muhammad Sháh. At Burhánpur, Bahádur under the influence of the great priest-statesman Sháh Táhir, was reconciled with Burhán Nizám Shah I gave him the royal canopy he had taken from Málwa. Bahádur offered Sháh Táhir the post of minister. Sháh Táhir declined saying he must make a pilgrimage to [[Mecca]]. He retired to Ahmednagar and there converted Burhán Nizám Sháh to the [[Shia Islam]].<ref name="GBP"/>

In the same year, hearing that Mánsingji, Rája of [[Halvad]], had killed the commandant of [[Dasada (constituency)|Dasada]], Bahádur despatched Khán Khánán against him. [[Viramgam]] and [[Mandal, Gujarat|Mándal]] were taken over from the Jhála chieftains, and ever after formed part of the crown dominions.<ref name="GBP"/>

When Malwa's Sultán Mahmúd II and his sons were being conveyed to the fortress of [[Champaner]], Ráisingh, Rája of Pál, endeavoured to rescue them. The attempt failed, and the prisoners were put to death by their guards. In 1531, on Bahádur's return from Burhánpur to Dhár, hearing that [[Silhadi]], the chief of Raisen in east Málwa kept in captivity certain women who had belonged to the [[harem]] of Sultán Násir-ud-dín of Málwa, Bahádur marched against him and forced him to surrender and embrace Islám. The chief secretly sent to the Rána of Chitor for aid and delayed handing over Raisen. On learning this Bahádur dispatched a force to keep Chitor in check and pressed the siege. At his own request, Silhadi was sent to persuade the garrison to surrender. But their reproaches stung him so sharply, that, joining with them, they sallied forth sword in hand and were all slain. Raisen fell into Bahádur's hands, and this district together with those of [[Bhilsa]] and [[Chanderi]] were entrusted to the government of Sultán Alam Lodhi. The king now went to [[Gondwana (India)|Gondwana]] to hunt elephants, and, after capturing many, employed his army in reducing Gagraon and other minor fortresses. In 1532, he advanced against Chittor, but raised the siege on receiving an enormous ransom. Shortly afterwards his troops took the strong fort of [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambhore]].<ref name="GBP"/>

About this time on receipt of news that the Portuguese were usurping authority, the Sultán repaired to Diu. Before he arrived the Portuguese had taken to flight, leaving behind them an enormous gun which the Sultán ordered to be dragged to Chámpáner.<ref name="GBP"/>

===Humayun's Conquest of Gujarat===
[[File:Flight of Sultan Bahadur During Humayun's Campaign in Gujarat 1535.jpg|200px|thumb|The [[Mughal Emperor]] Humayun, fights Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, in the year 1535.]]
Before 1532 was over, Bahádur Sháh quarrelled with [[Humayun]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] of Delhi. The original grounds for the quarrel was that Bahádur Sháh had sheltered Sultán Muhammad Zamán Mírza, the grandson of a daughter of the emperor [[Babur|Babar]] (1482–1530). Humáyún's anger was increased by an insolent answer from Bahadur Shah. Without considering that he had provoked a powerful enemy, Bahádur Sháh again laid siege to Chittor, and though he heard that Humáyún had arrived at [[Gwalior]], he would not desist from the siege. In March 1535 Chittor fell into the hands of the Gujarát king but near [[Mandsaur|Mandasúr]] (now [[Mandsaur district|mandsaur]]) his army was shortly afterwards routed by Humáyún. According to one account, the failure of the Gujarát army was due to Bahádur and his nobles being spell-bound by looking at a heap of salt and some cloth soaked in indigo which were mysteriously left before Bahádur's tent by an unknown elephant. The usual and probably true explanation is that Rúmi Khán the Turk, head of the Gujarát artillery, betrayed Bahádur's interest. Still though Rúmi Khán's treachery may have had a share in Bahádur's defeat it seems probable that in valour, discipline, and tactics the Gujarát army was inferior to the Mughals. Bahádur Sháh, unaccustomed to defeat, lost heart and fled to Mandu, which fortress was speedily taken by Humáyún. From Mándu the king fled to Chámpáner, and finally took refuge in Diu. [[:Commons:Category:Siege of Champaner (1535)|Chámpáner fell to Humáyún]], and the whole of Gujarát, except Sorath, came under his rule.<ref name="GBP"/>

At this time [[Sher Shah Suri]] revolted, in [[Bihar]] and [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], and Humáyún returned to [[Agra]] to oppose him leaving his brother Hindál Mírza in Áhmedábád, Kásam Beg in Bharuch, and Yádgár Násir Mírza in [[Patan, Gujarat|Pátan]]. As soon as Humáyún departed, the country rose against the Mughals, and his old nobles requested the king to join them. Bahádur joined them, and, defeating the Mughals at Kaníj village near Mahmúdábád (now [[Mahemdavad]]), expelled them from Gujarát.<ref name="GBP"/>

===Engagement with the Portuguese and death===
[[File:Death of Sultan Bahadur in front of Diu against the Portuguese 1537 Akbar Nama end of 16th century.jpg|200px|thumb|upright=1.5|Death of Bahadur Shah in front of Diu during negotiations with the Portuguese, in 1537. ''Akbar Nama'', end of 16th century.]]
{{see also|Gujarati-Portuguese conflicts}}
While Bahadur was engaged in the siege of Mandu against the Mughals, a strong [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] fleet sailed from Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), led by [[Nuno da Cunha]]. On 7 February 1531 the fleet neared Shiyal Bet island, which they captured in spite of strong resistance. On 16 February 1531 they started bombarding [[Diu, India|Diu]] but could not succeed to inflict any appreciable damage to its fortification. On 1 March 1531 Nuno da Cunha left for [[Goa]], leaving a subordinate officer, who systematically destroyed [[Mahuva, Surat|Mahuva]], [[Ghogha]], [[Valsad]], [[Mahim]], Kelva, Agashi and [[Surat]].<ref name=majumdar/>

As Gujarat fell to the Mughal Empire, Bahadur Shah was forced to court the Portuguese. On 23 December 1534 while on board the galleon ''St. Mattheus'' he signed the [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Bassein]]. Based on the terms of the agreement, the [[Portuguese Empire]] gained control of the city of [[Vasai|Bassein]] (Vasai), as well as its territories, islands, and seas which included [[Daman, Daman and Diu|Daman]] and Bombay islands too. He had granted them leave to erect a factory in Diu. Instead of a factory the Portuguese built the [[Diu Fort]].{{fact|date=June 2024}}

When he recovered his kingdom, Bahadur, repenting his alliance with the Portuguese, went to Sorath to persuade an army of the Portuguese, whom he had asked to come to his assistance, to return to [[Goa]]. In February 1537, when the Portuguese arrived at Diu, five or six thousand strong, the sultan hoping to get rid of them by stratagem, went to Diu and endeavored to get the viceroy into his power. The viceroy excused himself, and in return invited the king to visit his ship anchored off the coast of Gujarat. Bahadur agreed, and on his way back{{vague|date=July 2022}} was attacked and killed by the Portuguese; his body was dumped into the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="GBP"/><ref name="Percival 14">{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA14 |title=''The Cambridge history of the British Empire, Volume 2'' by Arthur Percival Newton p.14 |access-date=2016-10-10 |archive-date=2023-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817154536/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA14 |url-status=live |last1=Benians |first1=Ernest Alfred |last2=Newton |first2=Arthur Percival |last3=Rose |first3=John Holland |date=1940 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=India |author= Sarina Singh|year= 2003|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=1-74059-421-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari_2|url-access=registration |quote=Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. |page=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari_2/page/726 726]}}</ref> He was then thirty-one years old and in the eleventh year of his reign. According to the author of the ''Mirăt-i-Sikandari'' the reason for Bahádur's murder was that a message from him to the Deccan sultans, inviting them to join him in an alliance against the Portuguese, had fallen into the hands of the viceroy. Whatever may have been the provocation or the intention, both sides had treacherous designs; neither party was able to carry out its original plan. The end was unpremeditated, hurried on by mutual suspicions.<ref name="GBP"/> These events were followed by the 1538 [[Siege of Diu (1538)|Siege of Diu]] which resulted in the permanent occupation of Diu by Portuguese which lasted till 1961.{{fact|date=June 2024}}

===His Sultanate===
Up to the defeat of Sultán Bahádur by Humáyún, the power of Gujarát was at its height. Cadets of noble Rájput houses, Prithiráj, the nephew of Rána Sánga of Chitor, and Narsingh Deva the cousin of the Rája of Gwálior, were proud to enroll themselves as the Sultán's vassals. The Rája of Baglán readily gave Bahádur Sháh his daughter. Jám Fírúz of Thatta in Sindh and the sons of Bahlúl Lodhi were suppliants at his court. Málwa was a dependency of Gujarát and the Nizám Sháhis of Ahmednagar and Nasírkhan of Burhánpur acknowledged him as overlord, while the Fárúkis of Khándesh were dependent on Bahádur's constant help.<ref name="GBP"/>

He built the [[tomb of Sikandar Shah|mausoleum]] at [[Halol]] in honour of his brothers and predecessors, Sikandar Shah and Mahmud Shah II.
[[File:Tomb of Sikander Shah 02.jpg|thumb|300px|Tomb of Sikandar Shah of Gujarat]]

He was a great patron of the [[Hindustani Classical]] music and its artists, including [[Baiju Bawra]].

==Succession==
Bahadur had no son, hence there was some uncertainty regarding succession after his death. [[Muhammad Zaman Mirza]], the fugitive Mughal prince made his claim on the ground that Bahadur's mother adopted him as her son. The nobles selected Bahadur's nephew [[Faruqi dynasty#Miran Muhammad Shah I|Miran Muhammad Shah]] of Khandesh as his successor, but he died on his way to Gujarat. Finally, the nobles selected Mahmud Khan, the son of Bahadur's brother Latif Khan as his successor and he ascended to the throne as [[Mahmud Shah III of Gujarat|Mahmud Shah III]] on 10 May 1538.<ref name=majumdar/><ref name=GBP/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1537 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Gujarat sultans]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]

Pracheen Chauhan

2026-03-16T17:18:42Z

Svetlsgx:

{{short description|Indian television actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pracheen Chauhan
| image =
| alt =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 2001–2021
| relatives = ''Pradyumna Chauhan'' (brother)
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=10}}
| partner = {{ubl|''[[Archana Taide]]'' (2009–2011)|''[[Chhavi Pandey]]'' (2013–2018)}}
}}

'''Pracheen Chauhan''' is an Indian [[television]] [[actor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/pracheen-chauhan-talks-about-work-his-new-abode-and-break-archana-taide-freewheeling-chat|title=Pracheen Chauhan talks about work, his new abode and break-up with Archana Taide in a freewheeling chat with Tellychakkar.com|first=Tellychakkar|last=Team}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news/Splitsvilla-for-Pracheen-Chauhan-Archana-Taide/movie-review/11486551.cms|title=Splitsvilla for Pracheen Chauhan, Archana Taide – Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 January 2012 }}</ref>

==Career==
'''Pracheen''' made his television debut with the [[Star Plus]] popular show ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as Subroto Basu. After that, he did ''[[Kuchh Jhuki Palkain]]'', ''[[Sinndoor Tere Naam Ka]]'' ''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar|Saat Phere]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Im-closer-to-my-parents-now-Pracheen/articleshow/4789613.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929003155/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-18/tv/28179230_1_positive-role-pracheen-chauhan-positive-person|url-status=live|archive-date=2011-09-29|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=I'm closer to my parents now: Pracheen|date=18 July 2009 }}</ref> and ''[[Maat Pitaah Ke Charnon Mein Swarg]]'' on [[Colors TV]].

He is currently gaining a lot of popularity playing Abhimanyu on YouTube Channel ''Shitty ideas Trending's (SIT) ''web series "Pyar Ka Punch" (aka SIT | PKP) SIT Pyar Ka Punch

He has been nominated for Best Actor both across Television and Digital Awards.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Pracheen-Chauhan-is-back/articleshow/10555259.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203051813/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-31/tv/30341782_1_pracheen-chauhan-role-small-screen|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-12-03|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Pracheen Chauhan is back!|date=31 October 2011 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He converted to buddhism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Im-closer-to-my-parents-now-Pracheen/articleshow/4789613.cms |title=I'm closer to my parents now: Pracheen – Times of India |website=The Times of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918160858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Im-closer-to-my-parents-now-Pracheen/articleshow/4789613.cms |archive-date=2019-09-18}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
! Co–Star
|-
| 2001–2002
| ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]''
| Tushar Mittal
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Love Marriage (TV series)|Love Marriage]]''
|
| [[Zee TV]]
|
|-
| 2002–2003
| ''[[Kuchh Jhuki Palkain]]''
| Vansh Khanna
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| {{ubl|''[[Sheetal Shah]]''|[[Ritu Chaudhary]]}}
|-
| 2002–2005
| ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''
| Subroto Basu
| rowspan = "3" | [[Star Plus]]
| {{ubl|''Kusumit Sana''|[[Urvashi Dholakia]]}}
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' – ''Vikraal Aur Alkatzar: The Lost City''
|
| [[Ritu Chaudhary]]
|-
| 2003–2004
| ''Kyun Hota Hai Pyarrr''
| Abhi
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]'' – ''Kutumb''
|
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|
|-
| 2005–2007
| ''[[Sinndoor Tere Naam Ka]]''
| Antariksh Raizada
| [[Zee TV]]
| {{ubl|[[Keerti Gaekwad Kelkar]]|[[Gunn Kansara]]}}
|-
| 2006
| ''Twinkle Beauty Parlour Lajpat Nagar''
|
| [[Sony SAB]]
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar]]''
| Kshitij Singh
| [[Zee TV]]
| [[Aashka Goradia]]
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[Maat Pitaah Ke Charnon Mein Swarg]]''
| Shubh Tripathi
| [[Colors TV]]
| {{ubl|[[Archana Taide]]|[[Megha Gupta]]}}
|-
| 2011
| ''Babosa Mere Bhagwan''
| Changi's Husband
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| [[Supriya Kumari]]
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Havan (TV series)|Havan]]''
| Keerat
| [[Colors TV]]
| [[Shrenu Parikh]]
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Chotti Bahu|Chhoti Bahu – Sawar Ke Rang Rachi]]''
| [[Krishna]]
| [[Zee TV]]
| [[Srishty Rode]]
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[The Adventures of Hatim]]''
| Hassan
| [[Life OK]]
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
|
| [[Bindass]]
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]'' – ''Maid''
| Chandar (Episode 29)
| [[&TV]]
| [[Supriya Kumari]]
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Shaadi Mubarak]]''
| Vishal Agarwal
| [[Star Plus]]
| [[Shweta Gulati]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism]]
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]

Hridaya Shanker Singh

2026-03-14T16:31:37Z

Svetlsgx: Starting new bio w/ sources!

{{Short description|Vice chancellor of Maa Shakumbhari University}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hridaya Shanker Singh
| image = H S Singh.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1958|06|01}}
| birth_place = [[Bridgmanganj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| education = Bachelor of Science [[Zoology]],
Master of Science [[Zoology]],
PhD [[Zoology]], [[Lucknow University]]
| occupation = [[Professor]], [[Vice Chancellor]]
| notable_works = [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[Maa Shakumbhari University]]
}}

'''Hridaya Shanker Singh''' is the first [[Vice Chancellor]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hridaya-Shanker-Singh|title=Hridaya Shanker SINGH | Vice Chancllor | Ph.D | Vice Chancellor | Research profile}}</ref> of [[Maa Shakumbhari University]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] where he is serving from 31 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Shakambhari University, Saharanpur |url=https://msuniversity.ac.in/vice-chancellor.php |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=msuniversity.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Government of Uttar Pradesh - e-Stamp | url=https://msuniversity.ac.in/pdf/unive-doc/Ann-A-for-domain.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818220922/https://msuniversity.ac.in/pdf/unive-doc/Ann-A-for-domain.pdf | archive-date=2024-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रोफेसर एचएस सिंह ने सहारनपुर विवि के कुलपति का पदभार संभाला - Professor HS Singh takes over as Vice Chancellor of Saharanpur University |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut-city-professor-hs-singh-takes-over-as-vice-chancellor-of-saharanpur-university-22342977.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

Before this Prof. H S Singh retired as a [[Professor]] from the [[Zoology]] Department of [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] where he served from 1983 till 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=आत्मा को परमात्मा से जोड़ने की क्रिया ही योगः कुलपति प्रो. हृदय शंकर सिंह |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/story-yoga-is-the-act-of-connecting-the-soul-with-the-divine-vice-chancellor-prof-hriday-shankar-singh-8338023.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सहारनपुर और आजमगढ़ के लिए महत्वपूर्ण : प्रो. एचएस सिंह सहारनपुर विवि के पहले कुलपति |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/story-important-for-saharanpur-and-azamgarh-prof-hs-singh-first-vice-chancellor-of-saharanpur-university-5455377.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> He has been Pro-Vice-Chancellor,<ref>{{Cite web |title=कुलपति प्रो. एचएस सिंह ने किया छात्राओं को सम्मानित |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/muzaffar-nagar/story-vice-chancellor-prof-hs-singh-honored-girl-students-7553097.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> Controller of Examinations at Chaudhary Charan Singh University and former Director at [[Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology|Sir Chhotu Ram Engineering College]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=मां शाकंभरी देवी विश्वविद्यालय के कुलपति बने डॉ. हृदय शंकर सिंह, संभाला कार्यभार |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttar-pradesh/state/saharanpur/maa-shakambhari-devi-university-vice-chancellor-hriday-shankar-singh/up20220108102540358 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=8 January 2022 |language=hi}}</ref> He is from small town, [[Bridgmanganj]] of district [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]] in Uttar Pradesh.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Hridaya Shanker}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Chaudhary Charan Singh University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:1958 births]]

{{academic-administrator-stub}}
{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Anindita Dutta

2026-03-11T09:07:15Z

Svetlsgx:

{{Short description|Indian-born, US-based artist (born 1973)}}
{{Use mdy dates |date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anindita Dutta
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|04|20}}
| birth_place = [[Purnia]], [[Bihar]], Indua
| citizenship = India
| alma_mater = [[Ranchi University]] (Bachelor of Arts, 1994) [[Visva-Bharati University]] (Bachelor of Arts, 1999) [[Purdue University]] (Master of Arts, 2003) [[University of Iowa]] (Master of Fine Arts, 2005) [[Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture]]
| known_for = Performance art, sculptures, installations
| website = {{url|aninditadutta.com}}
}}

'''Anindita Dutta''' (born April 20, 1973) is an Indian sculptor, installation, and performance artist, based in [[New Haven, Connecticut]], United States. She primarily works with wet clay, incorporating repurposed materials such as clothing and textiles, to explore themes of gender, fragility, mortality, and impermanence.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-28 |title=Interview // Anindita Dutta: Sculpting Performance |url=https://www.berlinartlink.com/2015/04/28/interview-anindita-dutta-sculpting-performance/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Berlin Art Link |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education==
Anindita Dutta was born on April 20, 1973, in [[Purnia]], [[Bihar]], in northern India near the [[India–Nepal border]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purnia {{!}} Bihar, Ganges River, Fertile Plains {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Purnia |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Growing up in a region where clay was a ubiquitous part of the environment, she developed an early affinity for the material, which later became a central element of her artistic practice.

Dutta pursued her initial education in India, earning a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree in history in 1994 from [[Ranchi University]], located in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]. She then completed a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in sculpture and art history in 1999 at [[Visva-Bharati University]], located in [[Shantiniketan]], [[West Bengal]], an institution known for its emphasis on holistic and culturally rooted artistic training.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anindita Dutta – NXTHVN |url=https://www.nxthvn.com/residents/anindita-dutta/ |access-date=2025-07-22 |language=en}}</ref>

Dutta’s academic journey continued in the United States, where she earned a Master of Arts degree in sculpture and ceramics in 2003 from [[Purdue University]], located in [[West Lafayette, Indiana]]. This was followed by a Master of Fine Arts degree in sculpture in 2005 from the [[University of Iowa]], located in [[Iowa City, Iowa]]. That same year, she attended the [[Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture]], located in [[Madison, Maine]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-23 |title=Skowhegan Journal 2010 |url=https://issuu.com/skowhegan/docs/pdf_final_nl2010_skowhegan_nl_09141 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Issuu |page=26 |language=en}}</ref> further honing her interdisciplinary approach.

==Career==
Dutta’s career is marked by her innovative use of wet clay, a medium she describes as "direct" and "universal", allowing her to express emotions and ideas with immediacy. Her performances, often involving her own body or collaborators covered in clay, blur the boundaries between human and material, exploring life, death, and transformation.

She has participated in numerous artist residencies, including the [[Fukuoka Asian Art Museum]] (Japan, 2010),<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=福岡アジア美術館 |url=https://faam.city.fukuoka.lg.jp/en/residence/8817/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=福岡アジア美術館 |language=en}}</ref> [[NXTHVN]] ([[New Haven, Connecticut]], U.S.),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anindita Dutta – NXTHVN |url=https://www.nxthvn.com/residents/anindita-dutta/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |language=en}}</ref> KHOJ Kolkata International Workshop (India, 2006),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=International Workshop Kolkata 2006 |url=https://khojstudios.org/programme/international-workshop/edition-kolkata-2006/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Khoj |language=en-US}}</ref> Art Omi International Art Center (2006),<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Alumni Directory |url=https://artomi.org/alumni-directory/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Art Omi |language=en-US}}</ref> and Sackler Foundation, Brazil (2006),<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ANINDITA DUTTA: MAYA 阿南迪塔•达塔: 幻 – Arthur M. Sackler |url=https://www.sackler.org/anindita-dutta-maya/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |language=en}}</ref> which have shaped her global perspective.

Her work is held in collections including the [[Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Art and Archaeology]] at [[Peking University]] ([[Beijing]], China) and the [[Fukuoka Asian Art Museum]] ([[Fukuoka]], Japan).<ref>{{Cite web |title=［ID:5560］ Wrest in Peace ： Detail {{!}} COLLECTION SEARCH {{!}} FUKUOKA ASIAN ART MUSEUM |url=https://jmapps.ne.jp/faam_en/det.html?data_id=5560 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=FUKUOKA ASIAN ART MUSEUM - COLLECTION SEARCH |language=en}}</ref>

Dutta's exhibitions span continents, with notable solo and group shows in New York, Beijing, New Delhi, and Fukuoka. Her 2014 exhibition ''MAYA'' at the [[Arthur M. Sackler Museum]] and her performance ''Everything Ends and Everything Matters'' at the [[India Art Fair]] (2014)<ref>{{Cite web |last=VARMA |first=PRASHAST GAUTAM KACHRU and AMRITA |title=Earthy Transitions: India Art Fair 2014 |url=https://www.studiointernational.com/earthy-transitions-india-art-fair-2014 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.studiointernational.com |language=en}}</ref> earned critical acclaim for their emotional depth and monumental scale.

== Selected works ==
Dutta's work includes sculptures, installations, and performances, with wet clay as a recurring medium. Her notable works include:

* The Shadows of Duality (2025) – a solo exhibition at the [[Sylvia Wald]] and [[Po Kim]] Gallery, [[New York City|New York]], featuring sculptures made from repurposed materials such as shoes, handbags, and fabric. The exhibition explored memory, femininity, and contradiction <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Wei |first=Lilly |title=Anindita Dutta: The Shadows of Duality |url=https://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/anindita-dutta-the-shadows-of-duality-review-sylvia-wald-po-kim-gallery-new-york |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=www.studiointernational.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Anindita Dutta: The Shadows of Duality |url=https://whitehotmagazine.com/articles/anindita-dutta-shadows-duality/7459 |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Whitehot Magazine of Contemporary Art |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Limitation'' (2015) – a performance and digital print series, capturing Dutta's meditative engagement with clay, exhibited at Latitude 28, New Delhi<ref name="auto" />
* ''Hourglass'' (2014) – a massive clay installation, acquired by the [[Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Art and Archaeology]] at [[Peking University]];<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Benavides |first=Miguel |title=Anindita Dutta: MAYA |url=https://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/anindita-dutta-maya |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.studiointernational.com |language=en}}</ref> measuring 84 feet in length, it explores themes of life and death and was featured in the 6th [[Beijing International Art Biennale]] (2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appreciationof works |url=http://www.bjbiennale.com.cn/en/PreviousBiennale/Appreciationofworks_1/201803/t20180302_398451.html |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.bjbiennale.com.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patranobis |first=Sutirtho |date=14 October 2015|title=I Talk About Body, Life and Death through Art: Anindita Dutta |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/i-talk-about-body-life-and-death-through-art-anindita-dutta/story-664zPFhDAnJ8z0PsXnTnGP.html | work = [[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* ''MAYA (Illusion)'' (2014) – an exhibition featuring two large-scale clay sculptures, one permanent (''Hourglass'') and one temporary, performed live at the Arthur M. Sackler Museum; the temporary work, involving clay-covered clothes and a bicycle, embodied the transient nature of life<ref name=":3" />
* ''Knitting Memories'' (2013) – a performance documented in Indiana, U.S., using clay and textiles to explore memory and loss
* ''The Exit'' (2009) – a fiberglass and hand-stitched fabric sculpture, reflecting Dutta’s use of repurposed materials to address human experiences<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Exit – Recent Works by Anindita Dutta |publisher = [[Sakshi Gallery]] |url=https://sakshigallery.com/exhibition/the-exit-recent-works-by-anindita-dutta/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Exhibitions ==
=== Selected solo exhibitions ===
* ''Shadows of Duality, solo show'' ''(2025) at The Sylvia Wald and Po Kim Gallery, New York'' <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
* ''Everything Ends and Everything Matters'' (2015), Latitude 28, [[New Delhi]], India<ref name="auto" />

=== Selected group exhibitions ===
* ''The Now: Materiality'' (2025), Pen + Brush Gallery, [[New York City, New York]], U.S.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=The NOW: Materiality and In the House 4 Opening Reception – Pen and Brush |url=https://www.penandbrush.org/event/the-now-materiality-and-in-the-house-4-opening-reception/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2024 Art + Politics, AICON Gallery, New York<ref>{{Cite web |title=Politically Charged - Politics in South Asian and Diasporic Art - Exhibitions – Aicon Art 2024 |url=https://www.aicon.art/exhibitions/politically-charged |access-date=2025-04-18 | publisher = Aicon Gallery |language=en}}</ref>
* 2023 RECLAMATION, [[NXTHVN]] culmination at [[Sean Kelly Gallery]], New York<ref>{{Cite web |title=NXTHVN – RECLAMATION – Exhibitions - Sean Kelly Gallery |url=https://www.skny.com/exhibitions/nxthvn3 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.skny.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''MAYA'' (2014), [[Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Art and Archaeology]], [[Beijing]], China<ref name=":3"/>
* ''Dhaka Art Summit 2014'', Latitude 28, [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anindita Dutta. Dhaka Art Summit 2014 |url=https://universes.art/en/nafas/articles/2014/dhaka-art-summit/img/12 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=universes.art |language=en}}</ref>
* ''All About Fukuoka'' (2010), [[Fukuoka Asian Art Museum]], [[Fukuoka]], Japan<ref name="auto1"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{url|aninditadutta.com}}, Dutta's official website
* Creative Indians Documentary

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Anindita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women sculptors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:20th-century people from Connecticut]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:21st-century people from Connecticut]]
[[Category:Artists from New Haven, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Ceramists from Connecticut]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian installation artists]]
[[Category:Indian performance artists]]
[[Category:Indian women ceramists]]
[[Category:People from Purnia]]
[[Category:Purdue University alumni]]
[[Category:Ranchi University alumni]]
[[Category:Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture alumni]]
[[Category:University of Iowa alumni]]
[[Category:Sculptors from Connecticut]]
[[Category:Visva-Bharati University alumni]]
[[Category:Women artists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Women installation artists]]
[[Category:Women performance artists]]

Mumbai Maglev

2026-03-07T04:03:59Z

Svetlsgx: brief expanded section per sources additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Proposed maglev train in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

The '''Mumbai Maglev''' is a 2007 proposal for a [[Maglev (transport)|Maglev]] line serving [[Mumbai]]. A total of six routes were proposed in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]], with distances ranging from 20 to 50 km.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1140245 Maglev plan starts chugging, at last]</ref>

In February 2020, the '''Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation''' (MRVC) wrote to the [[Maharashtra]] state government and the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Indian Railway Board]] seeking an in-principle approval for the project as a [[public private partnership]]. The plan is for a {{convert|55|km|mi|abbr=on}} elevated line connecting [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] (CSTM) and [[Panvel]] with a branch line to [[Navi Mumbai International Airport]]. The request was made after Swiss company SwissRapide AG, in a joint venture with Lasane Infra Private Limited (India), sent an [[expression of interest]] to develop and run the corridor at an estimated cost of Rs 13,347 crore.<ref>{{cite news |title=CSTM-Panvel elevated corridor: MRVC wants to run Maglev trains with help of pvt bidder |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/cstm-panvel-elevated-corridor-mrvc-wants-to-run-maglev-trains-with-help-of-pvt-bidder-6253227/ |access-date=21 July 2021 |publisher=Indian Express |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>

{{As of|July 2021}}, there is no indication the proposal has proceeded further.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai topics|collapse=y}}
{{Indian Railways}}

[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Maglev]]
[[Category:Proposed public transport in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Maharashtra]]

{{India-transport-stub}}

Gentlewoman (film)

2026-03-05T11:48:43Z

Svetlsgx: creating data

{{Short description|2025 Tamil film by Joshua Sethuraman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Other uses|Gentlewoman (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Gentlewoman poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Joshua Sethuraman
| writer = Joshua Sethuraman [[Yugabharathi]] (Dialogues)
| producer = {{ubl
|Komala Hari
|Hari Bhaskaran
|PN Narenthra Kumar
|Leo Logame Nethaji
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Lijomol Jose]]
*[[Losliya Mariyanesan]]
*[[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]]
}}
| cinematography = Sa Kathavarayan
| editing = Elayaraja Sekar
| music = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| studio = {{ubl
|Komala Hari Pictures
|One Drop Ocean Pictures
}}
| distributor = Uthraa Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|3|7}}
| runtime = 113 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Gentlewoman''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by Joshua Sethuraman in his directoral debut . The film stars [[Lijomol Jose]], [[Losliya Mariyanesan]], [[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]] in the lead roles alongside Rajiv Gandhi, Dharani, Vairabalan, Nanditha Sreekumar, Sudesh and others in supporting roles.

''Gentlewoman'' released in theatres on 7 March 2025.

== Plot ==
A married woman's husband mysteriously disappears, leading to revelations of his affair with a client. As authorities investigate, tensions rise between the two women amid growing suspicions. Poorni lives as an ideal wife to Aravind. One day, in Poorni's absence from home, Aravind attempts to get closer to Poorni's sister, but he slips and falls unconscious. Upon returning home, Poorni discovers Aravind in an unconscious state and uncovers his illicit relations through his phone. In a fit of rage, she stabs him to death and places his body in the refrigerator.

Anna, Aravind's lover, comes searching for him, having filed a complaint with the police about his disappearance. One day, the police ASI sexually assaults her, but Anna manages to kill him and hides his body in her refrigerator, which happens to open while Poorni is visiting Anna's house.

Eventually, several years later, a policeman visits Poorni with Anna, who is now pregnant, and reveals that the circumstances surrounding the ASI's death remain a mystery. As the police officer leaves, he sees a dog eating a bone and, still hungry, the dog bites him to death. The scene concludes with Poorni walking away, carrying a pressure cooker filled with food, which she pours onto a plate to feed the street dogs.

== Cast ==
*[[Lijomol Jose]] as Poorni
*[[Losliya Mariyanesan]] as Anna<ref name=":0" />
*[[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]] as Aravind<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gentlewoman trailer out: Losliya and Lijomol's lives entwine because of one man's disappearance |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/gentlewoman-trailer-out-losliya-and-lijomols-lives-entwine-because-of-one-mans-disappearance/0a4f969e24481 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
*R. Rajiv Gandhi
*Dharani
*Vairabalan
*Nandithaa Sreekumar
*Sudesh

== Production ==
On 25 January 2025, the first-look poster of the film ''Gentlewoman'' was released starring [[Lijomol Jose]] in the lead role, who was last seen in [[Jai Bhim (film)|''Jai Bhim'']] (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-01-25 |title=Lijomol to star in and as Gentlewoman |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/25/lijomol-to-star-in-and-as-gentlewoman |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film is written and directed by debutant Joshua Sethuraman and produced by Komala Hari and Hari Bhaskaran under Komala Hari Pictures alongwith PN Narenthra Kumar and Leo Logame Nethaji under their One Drop Ocean Pictures banner.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-19 |title="ஜென்டில்வுமன்" திரைப்பட இசை மற்றும் டிரெய்லர் வெளியீடு!! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/lijomol-jose-losliya-starring-gentlewoman-2025-movie-trailer-and-music-launch-event-563075 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> Apart from Lijomol, the film also stars [[Losliya Mariyanesan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=DIN |date=2025-02-10 |title=லாஸ்லியாவின் ஜென்டில்வுமன் பட வெளியீட்டுத் தேதி! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/latest-news/sub-latest-news/2025/Feb/10/losliyas-gentlewoman-movie-release-date |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref> and [[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-30 |title='ஜென்டில்வுமன்' பெண்ணிய படமா? |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1348928-is-gentlewoman-a-feminist-film.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> in important roles alongside Rajiv Gandhi, Dharani, Vairabalan, Nanditha Sreekumar, Sudesh and others in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-12 |title=Gentlewoman Teaser: This film speaks of a man's exploitative nature in intimate relationships |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/12/gentlewoman-teaser-this-film-speaks-of-a-mans-exploitative-nature-in-intimate-relationships |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The technical team consists of [[Govind Vasantha]] as the music composer, [[Yugabharathi]] as the lyricist and dialogue writer, Sa Kathavarayan as the cinematographer, Elayaraja Sekar as the editor, A Amaran as the production designer, Azar as the dance choreographer and Sudesh as the stunt choreographer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-21 |title=Lijomol's Gentlewoman trailer to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/21/lijomols-gentlewoman-trailer-to-be-out-on-this-date |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gentlewoman
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Divo (record label)|Divo music]]
| producer = Govind Vasantha
| prev_title = [[Bromance (2025 film)|Bromance]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
|name = Gentlewoman
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Sulunthee
|single1date = 20 February 2025
|single2 = Aasai Nayagi
|single2date = 26 February 2025
}}
}}
The soundtrack and background is composed by [[Govind Vasantha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=DIN |date=2025-02-22 |title='எந்த சாதியிலும் பெண்கள் ஆண்களுக்குக் கீழ்தான்' ஜென்டில்வுமன் டிரைலர்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Feb/22/gentlewoman-trailer |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref> The pre-release audio launch event was conducted on 19 February 2025 in Chennai.<ref name=":1" /> The first single "Sulunthee" released on 20 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-20 |title='Sulunthee' from Lijomol's Gentlewoman out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/20/sulunthee-from-lijomols-gentlewoman-out |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The second single "Aasai Nayagi" released on 26 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-27 |title='Aasai Nayagi' song from Gentlewoman out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/27/aasai-nayagi-song-from-gentlewoman-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306123150/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/27/aasai-nayagi-song-from-gentlewoman-out |archive-date=6 March 2025 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sulunthee
| length1 = 3:19
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra1 = [[Resmi Sateesh]]
| title2 = Aasai Nayagi
| length2 = 4:06
| lyrics2 = Yugabharathi
| extra2 = [[Govind Vasantha]]
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Gentlewoman'' released in theatres on 7 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-06 |title=Lijomol Jose's Gentlewoman gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/06/lijomol-joses-gentlewoman-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Uthraa Productions had acquired the distribution rights in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=2025-02-22 |title=Gentlewoman Trailer: Lijomol Jose and Losliya's film highlights roles of women in a male-dominated society |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/22/gentlewoman-trailer-lijomol-jose-and-losliyas-film-highlights-roles-of-women-in-a-male-dominated-society |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film was certified UA16+ by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-24 |title=Gentlewoman clears censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/24/gentlewoman-clears-censorship-formalities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224170230/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/24/gentlewoman-clears-censorship-formalities |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Gentlewoman, much like its title, goes calm on its execution and writing choices, but makes a strong and powerful commentary on patriarchy, moralities, and choices that women make to be on in this society."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gentlewoman Review: Lijomol, Losliya drive a superb slow-burn drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/gentlewoman-movie-review-lijomol-and-losliya-drive-a-superb-slow-burn-drama-rich-in-social-commentary-and-moral-ethics/c40b8b73b6960 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306081731/https://www.ottplay.com/review/gentlewoman-movie-review-lijomol-and-losliya-drive-a-superb-slow-burn-drama-rich-in-social-commentary-and-moral-ethics/c40b8b73b6960 |archive-date=6 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "The film takes its sweet time finding its rhythm, with a first half that feels like watching paint dry in artfully lit rooms. [...] Gentlewoman serves up a satisfying meditation on the consequences of treating women as disposable. In this household, justice is a dish best served cold."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gentlewoman Movie Review : Uneven but satisfying revenge tale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/gentlewoman/movie-review/118754158.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306115552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/gentlewoman/movie-review/118754158.cms |archive-date=6 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Jayabhuvaneshwari B of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Gentlewoman'' pushes the audience into ethical ambiguity, much like the film’s characters. While the first half is dedicated to setting the stage and conflict, ''Gentlewoman'' truly finds its rhythm in the second half. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-03-07 |title=Gentlewoman Movie Review: A riveting take on gender, power, and perception |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Mar/07/gentlewoman-movie-review-a-riveting-take-on-gender-power-and-perception |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307055116/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Mar/07/gentlewoman-movie-review-a-riveting-take-on-gender-power-and-perception |archive-date=7 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' critic wrote that "The screenplay travels along with excitement and tears"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Vikatan Digital |title=Gentlewoman Review: 'மென்மையான' பெண்கள் எழுப்பும் கேள்விகளும், அத்தியாவசியமான உரையாடல்களும் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/gentlewoman-movie-digital-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307103726/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/gentlewoman-movie-digital-review |archive-date=7 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=www.vikatan.com}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[News18]]'' rated 3.5/5 and stated that "Nevertheless, Gentlewoman is a rare specimen in Tamil cinema just for the simple fact that it bets a lot on the poetic idea than on the logistics and the rationality".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gentlewoman Review: Lijomol Jose's Crime Thriller Is Nearly Brilliant |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/gentlewoman-review-lijomol-joses-crime-thriller-is-nearly-brilliant-9253709.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416000126/https://www.news18.com/movies/gentlewoman-review-lijomol-joses-crime-thriller-is-nearly-brilliant-9253709.html |archive-date=16 April 2025 |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|35674559}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Tomake Chai (film)

2026-03-04T00:34:12Z

Svetlsgx: put up first article added tags!

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{infobox film
| name = Tomake Chai
| image = Tomake Chai - Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
| producer = [[Shrikant Mohta]] [[Mahendra Soni]]
| writer = Abhimanyu Mukherjee
| screenplay = Iswar Barik
| story = [[Nagasekhar]]
| starring = {{plain list|*[[Bonny Sengupta]]
*[[Koushani Mukherjee (Actress)|Koushani Mukherjee]]}}
| music = [[Indradeep Dasgupta]]
| cinematography = [[Gopi Bhagat]]
| editing = Md.Kalam
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] [[Surinder Films]]
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] [[Surinder Films]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2017|2|1|ref1=<ref name=123ab7>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodmozo.com/tomake-chai-bengali-film-release-date-and-first-look-poster-out.html|title=Tomake Chai Bengali Film's First Look Poster And Release Date Out|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 123 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/varanasi/movies/tomake-chai/ET00052036 |title=Tomake Chai - 2017 |publisher=Book My Show}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = 
| gross = {{INR|1}} crore{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
| native_name =
}}

'''''Tomake Chai''''' is a 2017<ref>{{cite web|title=Tomake Chai Official Trailer|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsQqZbUknAs|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[romance film]] directed by [[Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajib Kumar Biswas: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Rajib-Kumar-Biswas|access-date=2021-04-13|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> and produced by [[Shrikant Mohta]] and [[Mahendra Soni]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tomake Chai (2017) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/tomake-chai-36133/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413075653/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/tomake-chai-36133/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=13 April 2021|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and [[Surinder Films]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=India-West Staff|title=Singer Arijit Singh Croons for Bengali Film 'Tomake Chai'|url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/singer-arijit-singh-croons-for-bengali-film-tomake-chai/article_d132abe4-e84a-11e6-96fd-d3f29393cc0c.html|access-date=2021-04-13|website=India West|language=en}}</ref> The film features [[Bonny Sengupta]] and [[Koushani Mukherjee (Actress)|Koushani Mukherjee]] in lead roles. It is a remake of award-winning 2011 [[Kannada language|Kannada]] movie ''[[Sanju Weds Geetha]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tomake Chai 2017 Film Ranaghat Theatres List Show Timings, Bonny Sengupta, Rajib Biswas|url=https://www.denews.in/2017/01/rajib-biswas-tomake-chai-ranaghat-theatres-list-show-timings-bonny-sengupta.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207130643/http://www.denews.in/2017/01/rajib-biswas-tomake-chai-ranaghat-theatres-list-show-timings-bonny-sengupta.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 February 2017|access-date=2021-04-13}}</ref>

==Story==

The movie is centered around a young couple, Joy ([[Bonny Sengupta]]) and Diya ([[Koushani Mukherjee]]) who fall in love in college. Diya and Joy are madly in love with each other, but Diya, who has been molested by her cousin from her childhood, reveals it to Joy and asks him to marry her. On the day of their marriage she is again molested by her cousin and Joy kills him to save Diya and goes to jail. In the course of time, Diya loses her memory and becomes pregnant and escapes from her home. Eventually she reaches the jail, where Joy was once kept. Diya dies in that jail, while Joy gets killed while escaping from the jail.

==Cast==

* [[Bonny Sengupta]] as Joy Ghosh
* [[Koushani Mukherjee]] as Diya Sen
* [[Supriyo Dutta]] as Layer Ajay Sen & Diya's uncle
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Diya's father
* [[Biswanath Basu]] as Joy's uncle
* Raja Dutta
* Anindo Banerjee as
* Asim Ray Chowdhury
* Aniban Chakraborty
* Abonti Dutta
* Tonuka Chatterjee
* Sandy as Bhanu

==Soundtrack==

Tomake Chai contains 4 songs composed by [[Indradeep Dasgupta]] and lyrics written by Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee). The songs are sung by Arijit Dev, [[Arijit Singh]], [[Anwesha Datta Gupta]] and, Madhura.

{{Infobox album
| name = Tomake Chai
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Indradeep Dasgupta]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|11|16}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/tomake-chai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1316215854 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507154913/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/tomake-chai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1316215854 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2018 |title=Tomake Chai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
| recorded = 2016–2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| producer = [[Shrikant Mohta]]
| prev_title = [[Haripada Bandwala]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Ami Je Ke Tomar]]
| next_year = 2017
| misc =
}}

{{track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Artist (s)
| title1 = Rongeen
| length1 = 04:06
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 = Arijit Dev
| title2 = Tomake Chai (Title Track)
| length2 = 04:45
| lyrics2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| title3 =Bhalolaage Tomake
| length3 =04:05
| lyrics3 =
| music3 =
| extra3 =Arijit Singh & [[Anwesha Dutta]] Gupta
| title4 = Din Eka Eka
| length4 = 05:05
| lyrics4 =
| music4 =
| extra4 = Madhura
| title5 = Tomake Chai (Tropical Mix)
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| music5 =
| extra5 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| total_length =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajiv Kumar Biswas]]
[[Category:Films scored by Indradeep Dasgupta]]
[[Category:Surinder Films films]]
[[Category:SVF Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic drama films]]

Krishnarjuna

2026-03-03T18:07:20Z

Svetlsgx: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|2008 film directed by P. Vasu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Krishnarjuna
| image = krishnarjuna_poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Marudhuri Raja {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = P. Vasu
| screenplay = P. Vasu
| producer = [[Mohan Babu]]
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| starring = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]] [[Manchu Vishnu]] [[Mamta Mohandas]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[Om Prakash (cinematographer)|Om Prakash]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|02|01}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Krishnarjuna''''' is a 2008 Indian [[fantasy comedy film]] produced by M.Mohan Babu on his Sri Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures banner and directed by [[P. Vasu]], starring [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]], [[Manchu Vishnu]], and [[Mamta Mohandas]]. The music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref name=":R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/01ssk.htm|title=''Krishnarjuna'' disappoints|author=Aditya Vardhan|date=1 February 2008|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> In the film, when Baba, an [[astrologer]], claims that Satya's first husband will be killed, her brother, Pedababu, plans to get her married to the ill-treated orphan, Arjun. However, [[Lord Krishna]] comes to Arjun's rescue. The film is based on ''[[Bruce Almighty]]''.

The film was a [[box office failure|box-office failure]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.totaltollywood.com/news/ttnews1874.html |title=Krishnarjuna releasing with 275 prints - Telugu Cinema News |access-date=1 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206093723/http://www.totaltollywood.com/news/ttnews1874.html |archive-date=6 February 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==
A mentally unstable pregnant woman runs inside a temple and closes the door. She gives birth to a boy at the feet of Lord Krishna's idol and breathes her last. The doors of the temple are closed, as people believe that the birth of such a woman's child in 'Gharbhagudi' is a bad omen. The boy, named Arjun, grows up under the guardianship of his grandmother. He goes to work as a bodyguard to Satya, the sister of landlord Pedababu. Arjun and his grandmother live in the outhouse of Pedababu's bungalow. Arjun is ill-treated by everyone. When an [[astrologer]] says that Satya's first husband will be killed and she will live happily with her second husband, Pedababu plans to get Satya married to Arjun first. Then, he conspires to kill him and get Satya married to a rich man. However, Lord Krishna comes to Arjun's assistance. Arjun gains some powers from his companionship with the Lord and overcomes the evils that threaten his peace and family life. He also succeeds in reopening the doors of the temple. Arjun then dies by jumping off a tall building because of his faith in Lord Krishna who revives him a minute after his death. The film ends on a happy note.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]] as [[Lord Krishna]] / Bangaram
* [[Manchu Vishnu]] as Arjun
* [[Mamta Mohandas]] as Sathya
* [[Mohan Babu]] as Baba
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Pedababu
* [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Nallama Nayakkar
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Jyotish Brahmanandam Parmanandgaru
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Arjun's sidekick
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Arjun's grandmother
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Businessman
* [[Dev Gill]]
* [[P. Vasu]]
* [[Vamsi Krishna]]
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
* [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]]
* [[Bhuvaneswari (actress)|Bhuvaneswari]]
* Surekha Vani
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]]
* [[Giri Babu]]
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* [[Satyam Rajesh]]
* [[Uttej]]
* [[Suthi Velu]]
* [[Chittajalu Lakshmipati|Lakshmipati]]
* [[Ananth Babu|Ananth]]
* Kadambari Kiran
* Apoorva
* Poornima
* Srilalita
* Gayatri
* Master Akshay
* Baby Greeshma
}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Krishnarjuna
| type = film
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2007
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 34:01
| label = 24 Frames Music
| producer = M. M. Keeravani
| prev_title = [[Pandurangadu]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = Gunde Jhallumandi
| next_year = 2008
}}
The music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] and was released by 24 Frames Music Company.
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 34:01
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = A A Aa E Ee
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 4:23

| title2 = Aaja Mehabooba
| lyrics2 = Sahithi
| extra2 = [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]], [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| length2 = 4:10

| title3 = Buggalerrabada
| lyrics3 = Sahithi
| extra3 = [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[Mamta Mohandas]]
| length3 = 4:45

| title4 = Yamaranjumeedha
| lyrics4 = [[Gurukiran]]
| extra4 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
| length4 = 4:12

| title5 = Thruvata Baba
| lyrics5 = [[Jonnavithhula Ramalingeswara Rao]]
| extra5 = Tippu
| length5 = 4:18

| title6 = Pedda Marrikemo
| lyrics6 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra6 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| length6 = 4:32

| title7 = Yedi Manchi
| lyrics7 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra7 = Madhu Balakrishnan
| length7 = 4:30

| title8 = We R Coming
| lyrics8 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra8 = Pranavi, Bhargavi Pillai, Noel
| length8 = 3:11
}}

==Release==
In 2016, the producers dubbed and released the film into the Tamil language as ''Rowdy Maappillai'' and dubbed into Hindi language as "Rowdy Krishna" by Wide Angel Media(WAM).

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "In a nutshell, ''Krishnarjuna'' is neither serious nor entertaining."<ref name=":R" /> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "''Krishnarjuna'' steers clear of anything deep - and it looks incapability rather than design."<ref>{{cite web |title=Krishnarjuna Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/krishnarjuna/telugu/krishnarjuna-movie-reviews-1122-2.html |website=fullhyd.com |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1150946|Krishnarjuna}}

{{P. Vasu}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Indian films with live action and animation]]
[[Category:2008 fantasy films]]

Don Chera

2026-03-03T04:20:00Z

Svetlsgx: creating info

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption =
| director = K. S. Saravanan
| producer = N. T. Sakthi Pandiyan
| screenplay = K. S. Saravanan
| story = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| starring = [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] [[Sujibala]]
| music = Prince G.
| cinematography = Sivamanoharan
| editing = R. T. Annadurai
| distributor =
| studio = Sivasankaralaya
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|06|02}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Don Chera''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[action crime]] film directed by K. S. Saravanan. The film stars [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] and [[Sujibala]], with [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Meera Krishnan]], [[S. Rajasekar]], [[R. N. R. Manohar]], [[Ilavarasu]], and Velmurugan playing supporting roles. The film, produced by N. T. Sakthi Pandiyan, was released on 2 June 2006. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]'' (1999).

==Plot==
The jobless and carefree young man Cheran ([[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]]) lives with his parents Sundaram ([[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]) and Dhanalakshmi ([[Meera Krishnan]]) and his elder brother Ravi (Ramesh Maali). His father wants Cheran to find a job, and Cheran sets up a roadside street food business along with his friends. One day, an exchange with a customer escalates, and Cheran has to kill him to save his friend Kutty (Velmurugan). The killed customer turns out to be the brother of the rowdy gangster Ezhumalai (V. K. R. Ragu).

Cheran and Kutty have no choice but to hide from the police, and they then meet Ezhumalai's archenemy "Royapuram" Bava ([[R. N. R. Manohar]]), who promises to offer them protection. Kamal Bhai ([[S. Rajasekar]]), a pious man who solves underworld crime issue, arranges a meeting between Cheran and Ezhumalai. During the meeting, Ezhumalai, who is full of rage, tries to kill Cheran, but Cheran takes a gun and shoots him dead. Bava then hires Cheran and Kutty as his henchmen. Cheran starts drinking alcohol, gets addicted to drugs, and spends his nights in a brothel, where he meets the young prostitute Geetha ([[Sujibala]]). Cheran slowly begins to rise in Bava's ranks. When Bava gets killed by his enemies, a vengeful Cheran kills them all. Cheran becomes the most dangerous don of [[Chennai]], and he is now called Don Chera by his henchmen. In the meantime, Cheran and Geetha fall in love with each other, and they get married with the blessings of their parents.

Cheran then starts working for Home Minister Perumal ([[Ilavarasu]]), who orders him to kill innocent people. Thereafter, Geetha gives birth to a baby boy. Cheran's family advises him to leave the criminal underworld and surrender to the police, but he refuses. Perumal is soon under serious pressure from the public and government. They suspect him of employing Cheran. He orders the police to [[encounter killings by police|encounter]] Cheran. Perumal's henchmen and Kutty get killed in an encounter. Cheran, who is now on the run, must protect his family as they too are in danger. Kamal Bhai arranges a meeting between Cheran and Perumal; Cheran kills Perumal as he would spoil others' lives like his in the future. In the process, Kamal Bhai is killed by the police, and Cheran escapes from the place. Cheran returns to his home and asks his family to save him. Cheran, who could not sleep peacefully since he entered the criminal underworld, begs his mother to make him sleep, and Dhanalakshmi shoots him dead.

The film ends with the family fulfilling the annual rites of Cheran on the Chennai beach and with Dhanalakshmi explaining all that happened to her young grandson.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] as Cheran (Don Chera)
*[[Sujibala]] as Geetha
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Sundaram, Cheran's father
*[[Meera Krishnan]] as Dhanalakshmi, Cheran's mother
*[[S. Rajasekar]] as Kamal Bhai
*[[R. N. R. Manohar]] as "Royapuram" Bava
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Perumal
*Velmurugan as Kutty
*Ramesh Maali as Ravi
*V. K. R. Ragu as Ezhumalai
*[[Vasu Vikram]]
*[[Pasi Sathya]] as Kutty's mother
*Tirupur Ramasamy as Kutty's father
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Murugesan
*P. Soundara Rajan as Kunji Chetta
*Jayashree as Sindhu
*Sathya as Sathya
*Shanthi Ganesh
*Seetha Ravishankar
*Nisha
*Balendran
}}

==Production==

K. S. Saravanan, who had worked with various directors, including [[Keyaar]] and [[Vikraman]], made his directorial debut with ''Don Chera'' under the banner of Sivasankaralaya. [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]] was selected to play the title role, while Sujibala was chosen to play his love interest. Sivamanoharan took in charge of cinematography while newcomer Prince G. who worked with [[Harris Jayaraj]] as his keyboard player, had taken care of the music and editing was done by R. T. Annadurai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/story-of-a-don/article3217716.ece|title=Story of a Don|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=S. R. Ashok Kumar|date=7 April 2006|access-date=2 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410150725/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/04/07/stories/2006040700090200.htm|archive-date=10 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/previews/new/donsera.shtml|title=Don Chera Preview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719091259/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/previews/new/donsera.shtml|archive-date=19 July 2006|access-date=5 September 2019|url-status=dead|website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/don-sera-review-tamil-pclvVAeaejbji.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905111211/https://www.sify.com/movies/don-sera-review-tamil-pclvVAeaejbji.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2019|title= Don Sera|access-date=5 September 2019|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was launched at AVM Studios.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/11112005-4.shtml|date=11 November 2005|access-date=16 April 2025|title=Ranjith acts in 'Chera' - pooja pics|website=Cinesouth|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203061653/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/11112005-4.shtml|archive-date=3 February 2007}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Don Chera
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = Prince G.
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2006
| recorded = 2006
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:45
| label =
| producer = Prince G.
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by Prince G.. The soundtrack features 5 tracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mio.to/album/Prince/Don+Cera+(2006)|title=Don Cera (2006) - Prince|access-date=5 September 2019|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905111211/https://mio.to/album/Prince/Don%2BCera%2B(2006)|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/don-chera-mw0002000263|title=Don Chera - Original Soundtrack|access-date=5 September 2019|publisher=allmusic.com}}</ref>

{{track listing|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline = Tracklist
|all_lyrics=[[Snehan]]
|total_length=22:45
|title1=Appadi Paar Ippadi|extra1=[[Anuradha Sriram]]|length1=4:32
|title2=Vennila Vennila (duet)|extra2=Prasanna Rao, Kanchana|length2=5:09
|title3=Vennila Vennila (solo)|extra3=Prasanna Rao|length3=5:09
|title4=Aathuichodi Paadikittu|extra4=Kanchana|length4=4:05
|title5=Chinnapaya Naa Chinnaponnu|extra5=Kanchana|length5=3:50
}}

==Release==

Initially, the film had its release date fixed on 26 May 2006, but it was postponed to 2 June 2006 to avoid a clash with [[Selvaraghavan]]'s gangster film ''[[Pudhupettai]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/don-sera-postponed-news-tamil-kkfvkLcfbcjsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905112608/https://www.sify.com/movies/don-sera-postponed-news-tamil-kkfvkLcfbcjsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2019|title='Don Sera' postponed!|access-date=5 September 2019|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

A reviewer praised Ranjith's acting and gave the film a mixed review.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koodal.com/tamil/movies/reviews/225/donsera|title=DONSERA Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202184532/http://koodal.com/tamil/movies/reviews/225/donsera|archive-date=2 February 2010|access-date=5 September 2019|language=Tamil|publisher=koodal.com}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "It's yet again a predictable scenario of a simple youth turning into a gangster by force of circumstances. With nothing new or exciting in the script or style of presentation, and with the cast too turning in lacklustre performances, it's sheer monotony sitting through the film. The attempt to weave in sentiment only creates more lagging moments, the hero's monologues making it more wearisome".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/06donchera.asp|date=14 June 2006|website=Chennai Online|access-date=9 January 2026|title=Don Chera|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015211814/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/06donchera.asp|archive-date=15 October 2006}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2000s crime action films]]
[[Category:2006 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]

Byri

2026-03-03T02:28:02Z

Svetlsgx: creating a article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = File:Byri.png
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = John Glady
| writer = John Glady
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''Byri''|John Glady}}
| producer = V. Durai Raj
| starring = Syed Majeed Meghana Ellen Viji Sekar John Glady
| narrator =
| cinematography = A. V. Vasantha Kumar
| editing = R. S. Sathish Kumar
| music = Arun Raj
| studio = DK Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|2|23}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Byri''''' is a 2024 Indian Tamil-language action drama film directed by John Glady and starring himself, Syed Majeed, Meghana Ellen and, Viji Sekar with the music by Arun Raj. The film is about [[pigeon racing]] in [[Nagercoil]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/byri-part-1-revolves-around-pigeon-racing-in-nagercoil/articleshow/106605252.cms|title=Byri Part-1 revolves around pigeon racing in Nagercoil|date=7 January 2024|work=The Times of India}}</ref> and it was released on 23 February 2024 to mixed-to-positive reviews from critics but couldn't perform well at the box office.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Syed Majeed as Rajalingam
*Meghana Ellen as Sharon
*Viji Sekar as Saraswathi Ammal
*John Glady as Amal
*Saranya Ravichandran
* Ramesh Arumugam as Ramesh Pannaiyar
* Vinu Lawrence as Suyambu
* Anand
* Karthick Prasanna
*Francis Kiruba
* Rajan
}}

== Production ==
The film is based on John Glady's short film of the same name that he made for ''Naalaya Iyakkunar''. Locals from [[Nagercoil]] played supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/short-on-pigeon-racing-is-now-a-feature-film/articleshow/69097246.cms|title=Short on pigeon racing is now a feature film|date=30 April 2019|work= The Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "It is this world building that is the biggest strength of Byri, which has the rootedness of Vetri Maaran's ''[[Aadukalam]]'' and ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' (AV Vasantha Kumar's realistic visuals help here), a bunch of raw actors like in ''[[Angamaly Diaries]]'', and the energy of ''[[City of God (2002 film)|City Of God]]''".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/byri/movie-review/107932342.cms|title=Byri Movie Review : Raw, rooted and chaotic, but crude performances are a let down|newspaper=The Times of India|first=M|last=Suganth|date=23 February 2024|accessdate=22 June 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote that "might get off to a slow start but it certainly does end with a flourish".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/byri-review-an-impressive-but-violent-tale-on-the-sport-of-pigeon-racing-review-107918730|title=Byri Review: An Impressive But Violent Tale On The Sport Of Pigeon Racing|date=22 February 2024|website=TimesNow}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]'' rated the film {{fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 stars and wrote that "While the majority of the film is fairly engaging, it also unfortunately has some problematic elements that turn out to be major roadblocks. The film, despite revolving around pigeon racing, lacks a genuine love between the men and their birds".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Feb/23/byri-review-a-violent-almost-effective-drama-on-pigeon-racing-and-gang-wars-52306.html|title=Byri Review: A violent, almost effective drama on pigeon racing and gang wars|first=Sreejith|last=Mullappilly|date=23 February 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|30488824}}, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/byri/movie-review/107932342.cms Times of India]

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]

Latur district

2026-03-02T13:03:24Z

Svetlsgx: rework layout for clarity

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Latur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Latur district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District of Maharashtra]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_map = Latur in Maharashtra (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.4|N|76.58|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Udgir
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{seal|Maharashtra}}
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 16 August 1982 (29th [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District of Maharashtra]])
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Latur]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts = {{hlist|[[Latur]]|[[Udgir]]|[[Ausa (town)|Ausa]]|[[Nilanga]]|[[Ahmedpur, Latur|Ahmedpur]]|[[Renapur]]|[[Shirur Anantpal]]|[[Jalkot]]|[[Deoni]]|[[Chakur]]}}
| area_total_km2 = 7157
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2454196
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 25.47%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 79.03%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 924
| governing_body = '''Latur Zilla Parishad'''
| leader_title = Guardian Minister
| leader_name = '''[[Shivendra Raje Bhosale]]''' {{small|([[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]])}}
| leader_title1 = President Zilla Parishad
| leader_name1 = *President Rahul Govindrao kendre (BJP)
*Vice President Vacant
| leader_title2 = District Collector
| leader_name2 = *'''Varsha Thakur-Ghuge (IAS)'''
| leader_title3 = CEO Zilla Parishad
| leader_name3 = *'''Rahul Kumar Meena (IAS)'''
| leader_title4 = [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha|MPs]]
| leader_name4 = *'''[[Shivaji Bandappa Kalge]]''' {{small|([[Latur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Latur]])}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = MH24, MH55
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=29 March 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = NH 361
| website = {{URL|https://latur.gov.in/en/}}
| official_name =
| government_type = District council
| leader_party =
| area_urban_km2 = 117.78
| elevation_m = 515
| elevation_max_m = 636
| elevation_min_m =
}}

'''Latur district''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[laːt̪uːɾ]]]) is a [[Districts of Maharashtra|district]] in [[Maharashtra]] state of India. [[Latur]] city is the district headquarters and is the 16th largest city in the state of Maharashtra.<ref>In the 2011 census, Latur City had a population of 382,754.There is a proposal to carve out a new district Udgir district from Latur district.Udgir city is the largest city and tehsil after Latur in Latur district{{Cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011: Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above|page=6|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402233834/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The district is primarily agricultural. Urban population comprises 25.47% of the total population.<ref name="districtcensus2011" />

==Officers and Public Representatives==

===Members of Parliament===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Member of Parliament
! Political Party
! Lok Sabha Constituency
|-
| '''[[Shivaji Bandappa Kalge]]'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Latur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Latur]]
|}

===Guardian Minister===
{{Infobox Political post
| post = Guardian Minister Latur
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India
| image =
| incumbent = [[Shivendra Raje Bhosale]]
| incumbentsince = 18 January 2025
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| imagesize =
| termlength = 5 years / No time limit
| appointer = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| residence =
| formation =
| succession =
| website = {{URL|http://latur.gov.in/en/}}
}}

====List of Guardian Minister ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Term of office
|-
| '''[[Pankaja Munde]]'''
| 31 October 2014 - 8 November 2019
|-
| '''[[Amit Deshmukh]]'''
|9 January 2020 - 29 June 2022
|-
| '''[[Girish Mahajan]]'''
|24 September 2022 - 26 November 2024
|-
| '''[[Shivendra Raje Bhosale]]'''
|18 January 2025 - Incumbent
|}

===District Magistrate/Collector===

{{Infobox Political post
| post = District Magistrate / Collector Latur
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India
| image =
| incumbent = Varsha Thakur-Ghuge (IAS)
| incumbentsince = 2023
| imagesize =
| termlength = No time limit
| appointer = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| residence = At Latur district
| formation =
| succession =
| website =
{{URL|http://latur.gov.in/en/}}
}}

{{Infobox Political post
| post = Chief Executive Officer, Zilla Parishad, Latur
| insignia = Emblem_of_India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India
| image =
| incumbent = Rahul Kumar Meena (IAS)
| incumbentsince = 2025
| imagesize =
|
| formation =
| succession =
| website =
{{URL|http://latur.gov.in/en/}}
}}

==History==

Latur has an ancient history, which probably dates to the [[Rashtrakuta]] period. It was home to a branch of Rashtrakutas which ruled the Deccan 753-973 AD. The first [[Rashtrakuta]] king Dantidurga was from Lattalur, probably the ancient name for Latur. Anecdotally, Ratnapur is mentioned as a name for Latur.

The King [[Amoghavarsha]] of [[Rashtrakuta]] developed Latur city, originally the native place of the Rashtrakutas. The Rashtrakutas who succeeded the [[Chalukyas]] of [[Badami]] in 753 AD called themselves the residents of Lattalur.

It was, over the centuries, ruled by the [[Satavahanas]], the [[Sakas]], the [[Chalukyas]], the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadavas]] of [[Daulatabad Fort|Devgiri]], the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultans]], the [[Bahamani]] rulers of South India, [[Adilshahi]], and the [[Mughals]].

In the 17th century, it became part of the independent princely state of Hyderabad. Under the [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad of Nizams]], the tax system was reformed and many of the exploitative taxing practices were ended.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vision 2032: Chapter 25 Revenue Administration, Land Record and Implementation of Land Laws: Latur District|publisher=Latur District|url=http://latur.nic.in/html/visiondocument/chapter-25.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429055039/http://latur.nic.in/html/visiondocument/chapter-25.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> In 1905 it was merged with surrounding areas, renamed Latur tehsil, and became part of [[Osmanabad district]], which until 17 September 1948 was a part of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad Kingdom]] under the [[Nizam]]s. The chief of Nizam's Razakar army [[Qasim Rizwi]] was from Latur.

After independence and the merger of Hyderabad with the Indian Union, Osmanabad became part of Bombay Province. On 1 May 1960, with the creation of Maharashtra, Osmanabad was one of its districts. Because of the concerted efforts of Former Cooperation minister [[Keshavrao Sonawane]] and then newly elected member of assembly Vilasrao Deshmukh on 16 August 1982, a separate Latur district was carved out of [[Osmanabad]] district.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Deshmukh|first=Pranav|date=20 August 2020|title=Latur chya itihasacha paiilu 86 varshanantar ujedat.|work=Sakal paper -today latur}}</ref>

In Latur's Papvinashak Temple a 12th-century [[Kannada]] inscription of [[Western Chalukya]] emperor [[Someshvara III]] was found. According to that inscription, 500 scholars were living in Lattlaur (Latur) at that time and that Latur was the city of King Someshwar.

== Geography ==
Latur district is in the Marathwada region in Maharashtra in India, located between 17°52' North to 18°50' North and 76°18' East to 79°12' East in the Deccan plateau. It has an average elevation of {{convert|631|m|ft}} above mean sea level. The entire district of Latur is on the [[Balaghat]] plateau, 540 to 638 metres from the mean sea level.

Latur District is bound by [[Udgir district]] to the northeast, [[Osmanabad district]] to the south-west, and [[Beed district|Beed]].

On 30 September 1993 an [[1993 Latur earthquake|earthquake]] struck Latur. It is the 16 largest city in Maharashtra.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

=== Climate ===
Average rainfall in the district is 600 to 800 mm. This is usually during the monsoon months from July to October. Moderate temperatures are mainly observed. The rainfall is unpredictable in tune with the Indian monsoon. Summers begin from early March to July. Summers are dry and hot. The temperature ranges from 25 °C to 39.6 °C, though at the peak they may reach 45 °C. November to January is the winter season. Temperatures at the peak drop to single digits but usually they hover around 12 °C to 21.8 °C sometimes lowers up to 11 °C. January to March are the months with moderate temperatures.

=== Rivers, lakes and dams ===
The district lies in the [[Godavari River|Godavari river basin]]. Much of the water used in the district comes from the [[Manjara River]], which suffered from [[environmental degradation]] and silting in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.<ref>{{Cite news|title=In dry Latur, villagers revive a dead river|date=10 May 2016|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/In-dry-Latur-villagers-revive-a-dead-river/articleshow/52197331.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512051740/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/In-dry-Latur-villagers-revive-a-dead-river/articleshow/52197331.cms|archive-date=12 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Latur Drinking Water Crisis highlights absence of Water Allocation Policy and Management|publisher=South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People|date=20 April 2016|url=https://sandrp.wordpress.com/2016/04/20/latur-drinking-water-crisis-highlights-absence-of-water-allocation-policy-and-management/}}</ref> Other major rivers of the district are the Terna (Tirna), Rena, Manar, Tawarja (Tawarjo), Tiru and Gharni.<ref name="MofI">{{Cite web|title=Latur District Map: Rivers and Tributaries in Latur|publisher=Maps of India|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/maharashtra/districts/latur.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517015534/http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/maharashtra/districts/latur.htm|archive-date=17 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> These rivers and a number of smaller ones are dammed to provide both irrigation and drinking water.<ref name="Godavari-Dams">{{Cite web|title=Dams in Godavari Basin|publisher=Water Resources Information System|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Dams_in_Godavari_Basin|access-date=10 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818195631/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Dams_in_Godavari_Basin|archive-date=18 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Large dams include the [[Devargan Dam]], [[Gharni Dam]], [[Masalga Dam]], [[Sakol Dam]] on the Sol River, [[Tawarja Dam]], and [[Tiru Dam]].<ref name="Godavari-Dams" /> On the northern plains of the district there are three main rivers, the Manyad, the Lendi (a tributary of the Teru), and the Teru (Tiru).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latur District: District Profile: Rivers and tributaries|publisher=District Administration Latur|url=http://latur.nic.in/html/distprofile.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608094557/http://latur.nic.in/html/distprofile.htm|archive-date=8 June 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=10 May 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=4,23,609|13=1911|14=5,06,549|15=1921|16=4,79,723|17=1931|18=5,40,019|19=1941|20=6,00,373|21=1951|22=6,60,823|23=1961|24=8,18,160|25=1971|26=10,48,618|27=1981|28=12,92,882|29=1991|30=16,76,641|31=2001|32=20,80,285|33=2011|34=24,54,196|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Latur district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Maharashtra|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|81.78}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|14.98}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|yellow |2.71}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.53}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Latur district had a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 2,454,196,<ref name="districtcensus2011">{{cite web|title=District Census Hand Book – Latur|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/802/download/2858/DH_2011_2728_PART_A_DCHB_LATUR.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Kuwait]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web|author=US Directorate of Intelligence|title=Country Comparison:Population|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2007|access-date=1 October 2011|quote=Kuwait 2,595,62}}</ref> or the US state of [[Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=30 September 2011|quote=Nevada 2,700,551|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 181st among the [[districts of India]] (out of a total of 640).<ref name="districtcensus2011" /> The district had a population density of {{convert|343|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name="districtcensus2011" /> Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 18.04%.<ref name="districtcensus2011" /> Latur had a [[sex ratio]] of 924 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name="districtcensus2011" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 79.03%. 25.46% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 19.60% and 2.34% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus2011" />

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Latur district (2011)<ref name="Language"/>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 81.75 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 8.08 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 6.37 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Lambadi]] |value4 = 1.82 |color4 = khaki
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.98 |color5 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 81.75% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 8.08% [[Hindi]], 6.37% [[Urdu]] and 1.82% [[Lambadi]] as their first language.<ref name="Language">{{cite web|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Culture and Religion ==
Shri Siddeshwar fair at Latur is held every year. Thousands of people attend the Gangaram Maharaj Samadhi every Ekadashi at Hattibet in Udgir tehsil.

In January 2011, the first ever 'Latur Festival' was organised on 10, 11 and 12 January under the guidance of Mr. Amit Deshmukh.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} The grand success of this event has now ensured a permanent spot on the cultural calendar. Now this is an annual fixture. The event is organised by the Latur Club.

==Education==
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Latur}}

=== Latur pattern ===
The '''Latur Pattern''' of study was developed by former principals [[Janardan Waghmare]] and Aniruddha Jadhav of [[Rajarshi Shahu College, Latur|Rajarshi Shahu College]] in [[Latur]], India.<ref name=TOI>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-24/open-space/27940053_1_latur-board-exams-study|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202152656/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-24/open-space/27940053_1_latur-board-exams-study|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=What is the Latur Pattern of Study?}}</ref>

The 'Latur pattern' is a combination of special training and intensive coaching. Students solve a series of probable question papers and attend coaching sessions to prepare them for the exams.<ref name=Mirror>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/Why-are-toppers-only-from-Latur/articleshow/15818353.cms|title=WHY ARE TOPPERS ONLY FROM LATUR?|publisher=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>

Latur pattern is a mechanical methodology of continuous study designed to help students in providing point-to-point answers to questions which could be expected in the examination.<ref name=TOI /> It became the standard for secondary, higher secondary, and university education in the [[Maharashtra]] state of India.<ref name=Front>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2015/stories/20030801002510000.htm|title=Latur's Great Leap|publisher=Frontline, India's National Magazine}}</ref> This educational technique has become widely adopted in other parts of the state due to the success of student's in Maharashtra on the standardized Common Entrance Examinations (CET).<ref name=Front />

This methodology, has been criticized by many educators in India, who consider it a tool to gain temporary advantage, that does not prepare them for advanced learning.<ref name=TOI /><ref name=Front /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19980107/00750564.html|title=Latur Pattern Looks to Repeat Success in City|publisher=Financialexpress.com}}</ref>

===Higher education===
In past few years, Latur has emerged as an educational hub for higher education. There are many institutions which offer bachelor's degree, and master's degree. There are many institutions which offer Engineering degrees, one leading engineering college among them is [[STMEI'S Sandipani Technical Campus - Faculty of Engineering and Polytechnic, Latur.]] Most of the well established professional degree colleges are located in Latur city, many have recently been erected in sub-urban area. Being renowned for its glorious results, Latur city attracts many students from different parts of state.

===Primary and secondary education===
There are as many as 1284 primary schools run by and 487 private schools affiliated to the Education department of Latur District Council. The primary medium of teaching in most of these schools is Marathi. However; many schools observe English, Semi-English, Urdu medium of teaching. Latur is known for its [[Latur Pattern]] which has given toppers to the state for many years in HSC and SSC exams conducted by [[MSBSHSE]].

==Divisions==
Administratively the district is divided into one subdivisions namely Latur and further divided into one [[taluka]]s & one Panchayat Samitis. These are [[Latur Taluka|Latur]], Latur city is the administrative headquarters of the district. There are around 124 villages & 101Gram Panchayats in the district.

There are two Vidhan Sabha constituencies in Latur District. These are [[Latur City (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Latur City]], [[Latur Rural (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Latur Rural]] .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assembly Constituencies-Post delimitation: Maharashtra: Latur District|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India|url=http://gisserver1.nic.in/ecimaps/ECIPDF/Mah_Maps/Latur.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429055319/http://gisserver1.nic.in/ecimaps/ECIPDF/Mah_Maps/Latur.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2013}}</ref> The district votes in one Lok Sabha constituency [[Latur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Latur]] for the other three Latur city, Latur Rural.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission website|url=http://164.100.9.199/ecimaps/ecipdf/state_pc_Map/Maharashtra.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306045236/http://164.100.9.199/ecimaps/ecipdf/state_pc_Map/Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=6 March 2009}}</ref>

==Cities and towns==
{{See also|List of villages and towns in Latur District}}
[[Latur]] city is only a municipal corporation and Udgir city Municipal corporation in the district [[Ausa (town)|Ausa]], [[Nilanga]] are the major urban centers in the district and all have [[Municipal Council]]s. The following are the 14 largest villages, administered by [[gram panchayat]]s, followed by their 2011 population:
* [[Murud, Latur|Murud]] 25,978
* [[Chakur]] 16,122
* Killari 15,259
* [[Nalegaon]] 14,983
* [[Aurad Shahajani]] 12,894
* [[Renapur]] 11,596
* [[Deoni]] 11,276
* Pangaon 10,521
* Kingaon 9,665
* Shirur Tajband 9,191
* [[Shirur Anantpal]] 8,682
* Kasarshirshi 8,139
* Wadhawana 8,132
* [[Jalkot]] 7,912
* Wadwal Nagnath 7,289
* [[Sakol]] 7,018
* Hadolti 7,013
* Ujani 6,434
* Matola 6,393
* Kharola 6,260
* [[Babhalgaon]] 7,353
* [[Bhada]] 5,938<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/560603-bhada-maharashtra.html|title=Bhada Village Population - Ausa - Latur, Maharashtra}}</ref>
* [[Halgara]] 5,844
* Handarguli 5,801
* Chapoli 5,778
* Nitoor 5,751
* [[Lohara, Latur|Lohara]] 5,682
*Chincholi Ballalnath 5,053

== Places of interest ==
{{Main|Tourism in Marathwada}}

* '''[[Ausa (town)|Ausa]] Fort''': This fort is situated in a depression surrounded by high ground on all the sides, so that from its highest point one can have a view of approaching armies, even at a great distance, while the main parts of the fort remain hidden. Almost square in shape, the fort is surrounded by a moat or ''khandak'' (ditch), nearly {{convert|36.58|m|ft}} in width, now nearly dry.
* '''[[Kharosa Caves]]''': Is a small village situated at {{convert|45|km|m}} from Latur city. The sculptures in the cave include Buddha, Narsimha, Shiv Parvati, Kartikeya, and Ravan among many others. According to the historians these caves were built in the sixth century during the Gupta period. The temple "Renuka Devi Mandir", and mosque "Pirpasha Darga" are also situated around the caves.
* '''Sai Nandanwan''': Another tourist spot near Chakur. Spread into nearly {{convert|400|acre|km2}}, it has mango plantations, water park and amusement park. A temple of Satya Sai Baba is situated in the middle of the park.
* '''Dongraj''': A village in Chakur tehsil known for Malleppa temple of lord Shiva situated at border of five villages. The pilgrimage at Dongraj is organised at Malleppa Temple during shravani months and temple of sant Ambadas Maharaj. Various sports tournaments are organised during pilgrimage.
* '''[[Shri Keshav Balaji Devasthan Ausa]]''' : A Hindu Mandir near Ausa city placed on Yakatpur Road. It is created on the basis of Balaji Mandir Tirupati. This Temple & some Surrounding area is a private property but every devotee can go there for Darshan or Tourisms. It is the second most attractive place in Ausa City after 'The Ausa Fort'. Accommodation Facility is available near the temple.

==Economy==
[[Latur]] became one of the important trading hub during the time of [[Nizam]]s of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. It is an industrial center as well as agriculture-based economy. Latur has become the rising Industrial Hub Of [[Marathwada]].

Latur is known all over India for the quality and quantity of pulses that it produces especially [[Pigeon pea]]. Latur is also a major trading center for Urad, Moong and Channa along with Toor. Also it is known for trading in Oil Seeds mainly Sun-flower and Soya Bean, kardi (safflower), nutcrackers, locks, brassware, milk powder, ginning and pressing. It is also home to several sugar mills like Manjra, Rena, Vikas, Jagruti etc.

GDVA Per Capita (At Current Price) of Latur district was ₹1,34,634 in 2019–2020. This records an increase from the previous number of ₹1,23,044.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2021|title=Economic Survey of Maharashtra|url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/Pdf/ESM_2021_eng_book.pdf|access-date=31 March 2021|website=Maharashtra Government}}</ref>

==Transport==

===Air===
[[Latur Airport]] is located between Akharwai and Harangul Bk., northwest of Latur city. The Airport was constructed in 1991 by Public Works Department (PWD) and then handed over to MIDC. It was upgraded at a cost of nearly Rs.140 million and is being operated on a 99-year lease by [[Reliance Infrastructure#Reliance Airport Project|Reliance Airport Developers (RADPL)]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Reliance Airport gets five projects on lease|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Reliance-Airport-gets-five-projects-on-lease/articleshow/4861274.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927183635/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-06/india-business/28178331_1_greenfield-airport-reliance-airport-developers-midc|url-status=live|archive-date=27 September 2012|date=6 August 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref> There is no scheduled air service currently from latur airport although the airport sees 14 to 16 aircraft movements a month.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vilasrao Deshmukh's demise: VVIP flow congests airports|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_vvip-flow-congests-airports_1728554|publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|date=15 August 2012|access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref>

=== Highways ===
Several National & State Highways cross Latur district. They include:
* Tuljapur-Ausa- Latur-Ahmadpur- Nanded-Yavatmal-Wardha-Nagpur [[National Highway 361 (India)|NH 361]]
* Mantha, Deogoan Fata, Selu, Pathari, Sonpeth, Parali Vaijnath, Ambajogai, Renapurphata, Latur(NH361), Ausa, Omarga, Yenegur, Murum, Alur, Akkalkot, Nagasur, NH52 near Bijapur (Vijapur) [[National Highway 548B (India)|548B]]
* Talegaon Dabhade, Chakan, Shikrapur, Nhavare, Srigonda, Jalgaon, Jamkhed, Patoda, Manjarsumba, Kaij, Ambajogai, Kingaon, NH361 near Chakur [[National Highway 548D (India)|548D]]
* Jintur, Bori, Zari, Parbhani, Gangakhed, Isad, Kingaon, Dhanora, Wadval, Nagnath, Gharani, Nalegoan, Nitur, Nilanga, Sirshi, Aurad Shajani, NH50 near Bhalki [[National Highway 752K (India)|752K]]
* Barshi, Yedshi, Dhoki, Murud, Latur, Renapur, Nalegaon, Dighoi, Udgir, Deglur, Adampur, Khatgoan, Sagroli, bodhan Nizamabad, Metpalli, Mancheral,
Chinnur, Sironcha, Bijapur, Jagdalpur, Kotapad, NH26 near Boriguma [[National Highway 63 (India)|NH 63]]
* Parali Vaijnath, Dharmapuri, Pangaon, Renapur Phata [[National Highway 361H (India)|NH 361H]]
* Nanded- Osmannagar-Kandhar- Jalkot- Udgir- Bidar
* Latur- Nitur- Nilanga- Aurad Shahajani- Zaheerabad
* Daund—Barsi—Osmanabad—Bantal—Ausa State Highway (SH 77)
* Manjarsumba—Kaij—Lokhandi—Savargaon State Highway.

=== Buses ===

Bus routes to the district headquarters connect 96% of the villages.

The municipal bus system operates buses that serve the region and connect places in Latur City. The State Transport buses of [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] (MSRTC) serves all villages in the district.

=== Railway Lines ===
All railway lines through Latur are broad gauge. They belong to [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]]

Latur railway station was built again when the Barshi railway line was converted from narrow gauge to [[broad gauge]]. The railway gauge was converted in September 2007 from Latur to Osmanabad and in October 2008 from Osmanabad to [[Kurduvadi]]. Latur is now connected to [[Mumbai]] by a direct train via Kurduvadi (train number 1006 from Latur and 1005 from Mumbai). It is connected to [[Hyderabad]] by train number 7013 that originates at Osmanabad.<ref>[http://www.mylaturpattern.com/train-timetable Train Timetable Latur] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009132050/http://www.mylaturpattern.com/train-timetable |date=9 October 2010 }}</ref>
With the introduction of train number 1005 via Kurduvadi in October 2008, the earlier train connecting Latur to Latur Road, Parbhani and Aurangabad was discontinued.

The important railway stations are Latur, Latur Road and Udgir. The district has 148 km of broad gauge railway line.

The railway line from Latur to Kurduwadi to Miraj was narrow gauge. The Kurduwadi-Pandharpur section towards Miraj was converted to broad gauge in 2002. The Latur to Osmanabad section was converted to broad gauge in September 2007. (Osmanabad did not lie on the narrow gauge railway line and the alignment was changed for the new broad gauge track to pass through Osmanabad.) The Osmanabad-Kurduwadi section of broad gauge track became operational in October 2008. The Pandharpur-Miraj section was also narrow gauge earlier and the conversion to broad gauge is done on priority. This is very important route to Goa. Trains will help them achieve Konkan and Goan markets and hence the poor economy of these people will improve.

==Sports==

The Maharashtra Cricket Association is planning to construct their home ground near Latur City.
Also a Divisional sports complex have been sanctioned for Latur region, which would cater to the needs of players in Latur, Osmanabad and Nanded districts.

National Level Kabaddi and Basket Ball were held in Latur district. Latur Region is still awaiting to get a Krida Prabodhini.

== Medical Facilities ==
Latur District is served by 12 government hospitals, 46 Primary Health Centers, 19 dispensaries and 234 primary health support groups. A Super Specialty Hospital is taking place in Latur which would benefit to the patients in 11 adjoining districts. In addition to these there are a large number of private hospitals as well.

Along with that, Latur has two medical colleges namely "Government Medical College and Hospital", and "MIMSR Medical College & Hospital", the latter of which is privately owned.

==Media and Communication==
Post office: According to 1991 census, only 250 villages of total 914 had post offices, serving 52.27% of the rural population.

==Latur Earthquake of 1993==
{{Main|1993 Latur earthquake}}
Latur had a devastating, though only low magnitude, earthquake on 30 September 1993 resulting in a huge loss of life. The earthquake measured only 6.3 on the Richter scale but more than 30,000 people were estimated to have died mainly due to poor construction of houses and village huts made of stones which just collapsed on people who were fast asleep in early morning hours. It struck southern [[Marathwada]] region of Maharashtra state in central-western part of India and affected Latur, Beed, Osmanabad and adjoining districts about 400 km south-east of [[Mumbai]] (Bombay). It was an intra-plate earthquake. Latur was almost completely destroyed and life came to a standstill. The earthquake's focus was around 12 km deep - relatively shallow causing shock waves to cause more damage. The number of lives lost was high as the earthquake occurred at 3.56 a.m. local time when people were fast asleep.

After the earthquake, seismic zones were reclassified and building codes and standards were revised all over India.
[[File:Latur District political map.jpg|thumb|Latur District political map]]

==See also==

*[[Make in Maharashtra]]
*[[Marathwada]]
*[[List of people from Latur, Maharashtra|List of people from Latur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://latur.gov.in/ Official website of District, Latur.]
* [http://www.zplatur.gov.in Official website of District Council, Latur]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Latur district
|North = [[Parbhani district]]
|Northeast = [[Nanded district]]
|East =
|Southeast = [[Bidar district]], [[Karnataka]]
|South =
|Southwest = [[Osmanabad district]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Beed district]]
}}
{{Latur}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Latur district}}
[[Category:Latur district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathwada]]
[[Category:Aurangabad division]]

Bengal Invasion of Nepal (1349)

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Shamlee

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Svetlsgx: put up the details and citations!

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shamlee
| image =
| caption = Shamlee
| other_names = Baby Shamlee
| birth_name = Shamlee
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|07|10}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruvalla]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| height =
| years_active = 1989—2000 (child artist), 2009, 2016-2018 (Actress)
| parents =
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]] (sister)|[[Richard Rishi]] (brother)|[[Ajith Kumar]] (brother-in-law)}}
| awards = [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]] [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]] [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Child Artist]] [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Female)|Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Artist]]
}}
'''Shamlee''' (born 10 July 1987<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2021/07/21/shamili-s-birthday-celebration-with-shalini-and-richard.html |work=Manorama Online |language=ml |title=ശ്യാമിലിയുടെ പിറന്നാൾ ആഘോഷിച്ച് ശാലിനിയും സഹോദരനും}}</ref>) is an Indian former actress who has worked in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. Her roles include the [[Mental retardation|mentally challenged]] child Anjali in the 1990 Tamil-language film ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'', for which she won the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]], and a child trapped inside a bore-well in the Malayalam-language film ''[[Malootty]]'', which won her a [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]]. She has also won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Female)|Karnataka State Film Award for Best Female Child Actor]] for her performance in her Kannada debut ''[[Mathe Haditu Kogile]]''.

==Early life==
Shamlee is from a family of actors, being the younger sister to actor [[Richard Rishi]] and actress [[Shalini Kumar|Shalini]]. She was born to Babu and Alice. Her father migrated to [[Madras]] with an ambition of becoming an actor and the family settled there. Later he fulfilled his ambition through his children.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/143728?page=0,1 |title=ശാലിനിയുടെ കഥ, ശ്യാംലിയുടേയും...! |access-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307153750/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/143728?page=0,1 |archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
Shamlee started acting at the age of two in [[Tamil Cinema]] with the Vijaykanth starrer ''[[Rajanadai]]''. In 1990, she acted in [[Bharathan]]'s ''[[Malootty]]'', a film based on [[Jessica McClure]]. Her performance won her critical appreciation and the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]].<ref>[http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm "Kerala State Film Awards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119014326/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm |date=19 November 2009 }}</ref> Her breakthrough came with [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'', in which she portrayed a [[mentally challenged]] child, which earned her widespread critical acclaim across South India and the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 1992 |title=Chinnathambi bags six awards |page=3 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921030&printsec=frontpage&hl=en}}</ref><ref name="38thaward">{{Cite web |year=1991 |title=38th National Film Festival |url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/79_38thNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114060316/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/79_38thNfacatalogue.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |access-date=2 September 2020 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> At that time, Shamlee was regarded as one of the youngest income tax assessees ever.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 1991|title=Four-year-old child star Shamili is the youngest income tax assessee ever |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19910831-four-year-old-child-star-shamili-is-the-youngest-income-tax-assessee-ever-814743-1991-08-31 |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> After ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]],'' Shamlee became inarguably the most sought out child artist in South Indian cinema and, thus in subsequent years, acted in many roles in all four South Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shalini's Sister Shamili Reminsces Her Anjali Days; Says She Was 'Too Young'! – JFW Just for women |url=https://jfwonline.com/article/shalinis-sister-shamili-reminsces-her-anjali-days-says-she-was-too-young/ |access-date=7 May 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2009, she played her first female lead role in Anand Ranga's directorial debut ''[[Oy! (film)|Oy!]]'' (2009) alongside [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddarth]] with her performance receiving a mixed response.<ref>{{cite news |title=Baby Shamili debuts opposite Siddharth |url=http://www.indiablitz.com/channels/telugu/article/41391.html |work=IndiaGlitz |date=10 September 2018 |access-date=11 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/47994.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703185813/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/47994.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2009 |title=Shamili debuts as heroine |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=4 July 2009}}</ref> Between 2010 and 2015, Shamili studied and worked in [[Singapore]] and later returned to Chennai to work on the production of ''[[Veera Sivaji|Veera Shivaji]]'' alongside [[Vikram Prabhu]] in 2016, which was panned by critics. Her performance also received negative reviews with indiaglitz claiming “Shamlee gets a forgettable debut as a heroine in Tamil. Her lip sync is poor and the scenes involving her do no help her either”.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veera Sivaji review. Veera Sivaji Tamil movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/veera-sivaji-review-tamil_amp-movie-20357 |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=IndiaGlitz |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429052431/https://www.indiaglitz.com/veera-sivaji-review-tamil_amp-movie-20357 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and sify also stating she is “as stiff as a wax statue with barely any emotion”.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veera Sivaji review:Tedious watch |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/veera-sivaji-reviewtedious-watch-review-tamil-qmqraqjjiaaei.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216175037/http://www.sify.com/movies/veera-sivaji-reviewtedious-watch-review-tamil-qmqraqjjiaaei.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2016 |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Shamili also acted in the Malayalam film ''[[Valleem Thetti Pulleem Thetti]]'' the same year, which was also panned and received negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flop Malayalam movies of 2016 that totally deserved it |url=https://topmovierankings.com/blogs/flop-malayalam-movies-of-2016-that-totally-deserved-it |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=topmovierankings.com |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629043502/https://topmovierankings.com/blogs/flop-malayalam-movies-of-2016-that-totally-deserved-it |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As child artist===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Movie !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Rajanadai]]'' || Shamili "Shamu" || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1990
| ''[[Magadu]]'' || Baby ||Telugu ||Tamil dubbed as ''Meesaikaran''
|-
| ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' || Anjali || Tamil || {{won}} - [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]] [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Child Artist]]
|-
| ''[[Malootty]]'' || Malootty || Malayalam || {{won}} - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist]]
|-
| ''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari]]'' || Bujji || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Mathe Haditu Kogile]]'' || Pallavi|| [[Kannada]] || {{won}} - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Female)|Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Artist]]
|-
| ''[[Durga (1990 film)|Durga]]''|| Durga,Mallika || rowspan="3" |Tamil
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1991 || ''Thai Poosam'' || Velayutham ||
|-
| ''[[Sendhoora Devi]]'' || Sindhu, Nandu ||
|-
| ''[[Pookkalam Varavayi]]'' || Geethu || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Anbu Sangili]]'' || Geethu || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Keechu Raallu'' || Jyoti || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Bhairavi'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Kilukkampetti]]'' || Chikkumol || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''Shwetaagni'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Vaasalile Oru Vennila]]'' ||Ammu || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1992 || ''[[Police Lockup]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Killer (1991 film)|Killer]]'' || Sneha || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Sivasankari]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''Devar Veettu Ponnu'' || Sangari, Savithri ||
|-
| ''Naga Bala'' || || rowspan="5" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''Nani'' || ||
|-
| ''Parvathalu Panakalu''|| Mahalakshmi||
|-
| ''Sukravaram Mahalakshmi''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1993 || ''[[Joker (1993 film)|Joker]]'' || Apple ||
|-
| ''Kadambari'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Kannamma]]'' || Saranya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Sambhavi'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Nippu Ravva]]'' ||Engineer's daughter ||Telugu||Hindi dubbed as ''Mawali Raj''
|-
| ''[[Thanga Pappa]]'' || Abhirami || Tamil ||{{won}} - [[14th Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Child Artist]]
|-
| ''Dakshayini'' || || rowspan="2" | Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Hoovu Hannu]]'' || Triveni ||
|-
| ''Sivarathiri'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1994 || ''Makkala Sakshi'' || || rowspan="3" | Kannada ||
|-
| ''Chinna Nee Naguthiru'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhuvaneshwari (1994 film)|Bhuvaneshwari]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Anga Rakshakudu]]''|| || rowspan="2" |Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Doragariki Donga Pellam]]''|| Baby Vani ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995 || ''[[Nirnayam (1995 film)|Nirnayam]]'' || Parukkutty || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Karulina Kudi]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
|1996
| ''[[Lalanam]]'' || Ammu || rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1998 || ''[[Harikrishnans]]'' || Ammalu ||
|-
| ''[[Jagadeeshwari]]'' || Jagadeeshwari || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Thayin Manikodi]]'' || Rosie || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' || Kamala ||
|-
|}

===As lead actress===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Oy! (film)|Oy!]]'' || Sandhya Jagarlamudi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/47994.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703185813/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/47994.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2009 |title=Shamili debuts as heroine |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=4 July 2009}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Valleem Thetti Pulleem Thetti]]'' ||Sreedevi || [[Malayalam]] || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/kunchacko-shamili-romances-through-vibrant-visuals/articleshow/51939790.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Kunchacko, Shamili romances through vibrant visuals}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Veera Sivaji]]'' || Anjali || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/child-star-shamlee-from-anjali-takes-the-plunge/article7615844.ece |title=Child star Shamlee from Anjali takes the plunge |work=The Hindu |date=4 September 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Ammammagarillu]]''||Sita|| Telugu || ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hindi-version-of-naga-shaurya-and-shamilis-ammammagarillu-trends-at-2/articleshow/68181108.cms |title=Hindi version of Naga Shaurya and Shamili's 'Ammammagarillu' trends at #2 |website=The Times of India|date=27 February 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0045138}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]]
|-
{{s-bef|before=Mrin Moyee Chandrakar for ''Kalat Nakalat''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]] for ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' (shared with [[Tarun (actor)|Tarun]] and Shruthi) |years=1990}}
{{s-aft|after=Santhosh Reddy for Bhadram Koduko }}
|-
{{end}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Best Child Artist National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Devi Mahatmya

2026-02-19T20:13:46Z

Svetlsgx: creating biography.

{{italic title}}
{{short description|Major Hindu philosophical text}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox religious text
|subheader= देवी महात्म्य
|image = Devimahatmya (Glory of the Goddess) manuscript LACMA M.88.134.7.jpg
|caption=A 17th-century Devimahatmya manuscript written in [[Newar script]] from [[Nepal]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| verses = 700
| author = [[Vyasa]]
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
| chapters =13
}}

The '''''Devi Mahatmya''''' or '''''Devi Mahatmyam''''' ({{langx|sa|देवीमाहात्म्यम्|devīmāhātmyam|Glory of the [[Devi|Goddess]]}}) is a [[Hindu]] philosophical text describing the Goddess, known as [[Mahadevi|Adi Parashakti]] or [[Durga]], as the supreme divine [[parabrahma|ultimate reality]] and creator of the universe.{{Sfn|June McDaniel|2004|pp=215-216}}{{Sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=101-102}} It is part of the [[Markandeya Purana|Mārkanḍeya Purāna]] (chapters 81 to 93).{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|p=77 note 28}}{{Sfn|Coburn|1991|pp=13}}{{Sfn|Coburn|2002|p=1}}
{{Saktism}}
The ''Devi Mahatmyam'' is also known as the '''''Durgā Saptashatī''''' ({{lang|sa|दुर्गासप्तशती}}), '''Śata Chandī''' (शत् चंडी){{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2014|p=86}} and '''''Chandi Path''''' ({{lang|sa|चंडी पाठ}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-17 |title=Chandi Path |url=https://archive.org/details/chandipath_202002/page/n11/mode/1up |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Archive.org}}</ref> The text contains 700 verses that are arranged into 13 chapters.{{Sfn|Coburn|1991|pp=27-31}}{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2014|p=86}} It is one of the most important texts in [[Shaktism]], along with ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]'' and [[Devi Upanishad]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=|year=2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0816054589|page=399}}</ref> The text is also one of the earliest extant complete manuscripts from the Hindu traditions which describes reverence and worship of the feminine aspect of God.{{Sfn|Coburn|2002|p=1}}

The ''Devi Mahatmyam'' describes a storied battle between good and evil in which Devi, manifesting as goddess Durga, leads the forces of good against the demon [[Mahishasura]]—the goddess is very angry and ruthless, and the forces of good win.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=191-192}}{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2014|p=20}}{{Sfn|June McDaniel|2004|pp=215-216, 219-220}} The verses of this story also outline a philosophical foundation wherein the ultimate reality, [[Brahman]] in Hinduism, is the Divine Mother.{{Sfn|Coburn|2002|p=1, 53-56, 280}}{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=426}}{{Sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=101-105}}

The ''Devi Mahatmyam'' is recited during [[Navratri|Navaratri]] celebrations, the [[Durga Puja]] festival,{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=118}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Gavin Flood|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo|url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/181 181]}}</ref> and in Durga temples across India.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=118}}{{Sfn|Kinsley|1997|pp=30-35}}

==Etymology==
[[Image:Devimahatmya Sanskrit MS Nepal 11c.jpg|thumb|upright 1.4|The oldest surviving manuscript of the Devi Māhātmyam, on palm-leaf, in an early [[Bhujimol]] or [[Prachalit script|Newari]] script, [[Nepal]], 11th century]]
''Devi Mahatmyam'' means 'Glorification of the Goddess'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Library |url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/devi-mahatmya-or-13733 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=www.bl.uk |archive-date=2023-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719223333/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/devi-mahatmya-or-13733 |url-status=live }}</ref> The text is also called ''Durga Saptaśati'' (literally a collection of seven hundred" or something that contains seven hundreds in number), as it contains 700 [[shloka]]s (verses).{{Sfn|Coburn|1991|pp=27-31}}

It is also known as ''Candi Patha.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devi Mahatmya |url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/devimahatmya |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=www.bl.uk |archive-date=2023-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720001703/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/devimahatmya |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Caṇḍī|{{IAST|Caṇḍī}}]]'' or ''{{IAST|Caṇḍika}}'' is the name by which the Supreme Goddess is referred to in ''Devī Māhātmyam''. According to Hindu Scriptures, ''{{IAST|Caṇḍikā}}'' is "the Goddess of Truth and Justice who came to Earth for the establishment of Dharma", from the adjective ''{{IAST|caṇḍa}}'', "fierce, violent, cruel for evil forces not for good forces". The epithet has no precedent in Vedic literature and is first found in a late insertion to the [[Mahabharata]], where ''{{IAST|Chaṇḍa}}'' and ''{{IAST|Chaṇḍī}}'' appear as epithets."<ref>Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya. p 95</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Aihole.jpg|thumb|upright 1.2|Durga temple depicting scenes from ''Devi Mahatmyam'', in [[Durga temple, Aihole|Aihole temple]], is part of a UNESCO world heritage site candidate.<ref name=unescobct2004>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5972/|title=Evolution of Temple Architecture – Aihole-Badami- Pattadakal|year=2004|access-date=21 October 2015|publisher=UNESCO|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516231411/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5972/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
''Devi Mahatmyam'' is a text extracted from ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'', and constitutes the latter's chapters 81 through 93.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=191}} The Purana is dated to the ~3rd century CE,{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=191-192}} and the ''Devi Mahatmyam'' was added to the ''Markandeya Purana'' either in the 5th or 6th century.{{Sfn|Cheever Mackenzie Brown|1998|p=77 note 28}}{{Sfn|Coburn|1991|pp=13}}{{Sfn|Coburn|2002|p=1}}

The [[Dadhimati Mata Temple|Dadhimati Mata]] inscription (608 CE) quotes a portion from the ''Devi Mahatmyam''. Thus, it can be concluded that the text was composed before the 7th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pandit Ram Karna Asopa |title=Epigraphia Indica |publisher=Government of India |year=1911 |editor=E. Hultzsch |editor-link=E. Hultzsch |volume=XI |page=302 |chapter=Dadhimati-Mata Inscription of Dhruhlana |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/epigraphiaindica014772mbp#page/n355/mode/2up}}</ref> It is generally dated between 400–600 CE.<ref name="HarperBrown2012">{{cite book |author=Katherine Anne Harper |title=The Roots of Tantra |date=1 February 2012 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8890-4 |page=117 |chapter=The Warring Śaktis: A Paradigm for Gupta Conquests |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtKrbKIOL5wC&pg=PA117}}</ref> [[Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty]] dates the ''Devi Mahatmya'' to {{Circa|550 CE}}, and the rest of the ''Markandeya Purana'' to {{Circa|250 CE}}.<ref name="CDC_1988">{{cite book |author=Charles Dillard Collins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&pg=PA36 |title=The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-88706-773-0 |pages=36}}</ref>

Hymns to goddesses are in the ancient Hindu epic ''Mahabharata'', particularly in the later (100 to 300 CE) added ''Harivamsa'' section.<ref name="FulkersonBriggs139">{{cite book |author=NB Saxena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_aBxZRMUHw0C |title=The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theology (Editors: Mary McClintock Fulkerson, Sheila Briggs) |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-927388-1 |page=139}}</ref> Thomas Coburn states that the archaeological and textual evidence implies that the Goddess had become as much a part of the Hindu tradition as God by about the third or fourth century.{{Sfn|Coburn|2002|p=7}}

C. Mackenzie Brown states that the ''Devi Mahatmyam'' is both a culmination of centuries of Indian ideas about the divine feminine, as well as a foundation for the literature and spirituality focused on the feminine transcendence in centuries that followed.<ref name="FulkersonBriggs139" />

==Philosophy==
The ''Devi Mahatmya'' is a devotional text, and Thomas Coburn states that its aim is not to analyze divine forms or abstract ideas, but to praise.<ref name="HarperBrown2002p79"/> It accomplishes this with a philosophical foundation, wherein the female is the primordial being; she is also the [[Tridevi]] as the creator, the sustainer, and destroyer.<ref name="HarperBrown2002p79"/> She is described in the text as the one who dwells in all creatures, as the soul, as the power to know, will and act.<ref name="HarperBrown2002p79"/> She is further described as the consciousness of all living beings, intelligence, matter, and all that is form or emotion.<ref name="HarperBrown2002p79">{{cite book|author=Thomas Coburn|editor=Katherine Anne Harper, Robert L. Brown|title=The Roots of Tantra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7Fbj5hrmQoC|year=2002|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-5305-6|pages=79–81}}</ref>

The text includes hymns to ''saguna'' (manifest, incarnated) form of the Goddess, as well as ''nirguna'' (unmanifest, abstract) form of her.<ref name="HarperBrown2002p81"/> The ''saguna'' hymns appear in chapters 1, 4 and 11 of the ''Devi Mahatmya'', while chapter 5 praises the ''nirguna'' concept of Goddess. The ''saguna'' forms of her, asserts the text, are [[Mahakali]] (destroyer, desire principle of mother, ''Tamasika''), [[Mahalakshmi]] (sustainer, evolution principle of mother, ''Trigunatmika'' and then ''Rajasika'') and [[Mahasaraswati]] (creator, action principle of mother, ''Sattvika''),<ref name="HarperBrown2002p81"/> which as a collective are called ''[[Tridevi]]''. The ''Nirguna'' concept (''Avyakta'', transcendent) is also referred to as Mahalakshmi.<ref name="HarperBrown2002p81">{{cite book|author=Thomas Coburn|editor=Katherine Anne Harper, Robert L. Brown|title=The Roots of Tantra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7Fbj5hrmQoC|year=2002|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-5305-6|pages=80–83}}</ref> This structure is not accidental, but embeds the [[Samkhya]] philosophy idea of three [[Gunas]] that is central in Hindu scriptures such as the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.<ref name="HarperBrown2002p81"/>

The Samkhya philosophical premise asserts that all life and matter has all three co-existent innate tendencies or attributes ([[Guṇa]]), whose equilibrium or disequilibrium drives the nature of a living being or thing.<ref>James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|9780823931798}}, page 265</ref><ref>Alban Widgery (1930), The principles of Hindu Ethics, International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pages 234-237</ref> Tamasic is darkness and destructiveness, Sattvic is light and creative pursuit, and Rajasic is dynamic energy qua energy without any intent of being creative or destructive.<ref name="HarperBrown2002p81"/> The unmanifest, in this philosophy, has all these three innate attributes and qualities, as potent principle within, as unrealized power, and this unrealized Goddess dwells in every individual, according to ''Devi Mahatmya''.<ref name="HarperBrown2002p79"/> This acknowledgment of Samkhya dualistic foundation is then integrated into a monistic (non-dualistic, [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]]) spirituality in ''Devi Mahatmya'', just like the Upanishads, the ''Bhagavad Gita'', the ''Bhagavata Purana'' and other important texts of Hinduism.{{Sfn|Tracy Pintchman|2015|pp=131-132}}{{Sfn|Coburn|1991|pp=157-158}}

==Contents==
{{Quote box
|quote = '''The Goddess in Indian traditions'''
<poem>
The ''Devi-Mahatmya'' is not the earliest literary fragment attesting to the existence of devotion to a goddess figure, but it is surely the earliest in which the object of worship is conceptualized as Goddess, with a capital G.
</poem>
|source = —''Thomas Coburn''{{Sfn|Coburn|1991|p=16}}
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|width=28%
|align = right
}}
The ''Devi Mahatmya'' consists of chapters 81–93 of the [[Mārkandeya Purana]], one of the early Sanskrit Puranas, where the sage [[Markandeya]] is narrating a story about [[Savarni Manu]], or the eighth Manu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=The Hindu world |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-415-77227-3 |editor-last=Mittal |editor-first=Sushil |edition=1 |series=Routledge worlds |location=New York |pages=148–151 |editor-last2=Thursby |editor-first2=Gene}}</ref> The thirteen chapters of ''Devi Mahatmya'' are divided into three unequal parts.<ref>Coburn, Thomas B., Encountering the Goddess. p 100</ref>

The framing narrative of ''Devi Mahatmya'' presents a dispossessed king Suratha, who has lost his kingdom and a merchant named Samadhi, who is betrayed by his family. Disturbed by these events, both men decide to renounce the world and escape to the forested ashram of sage Medhas to find peace. Medhas' teachings lead them both beyond existential suffering.{{Sfn|Brown|1990|p=157}} The sage tells them about ''Mahamaya'', an epithet of the goddess, who is the cause of world's delusion and creation and who manifests in different ways.<ref name=":1" /> Most famous is the story of ''Mahishasura Mardini'' – Devi as "Slayer of the Buffalo Demon" – one of the most ubiquitous images in Hindu art and sculpture, and a tale known almost universally in India. Among the important goddess forms the ''Devi Mahatmyam'' introduced into the Sanskritic mainstream are ''[[Kali]]'' and the ''[[Matrikas|Sapta-Matrika]]'' ("Seven Mothers").<ref>Kali, Davadatta, p. xvii</ref>

===First episode===
[[File:Vishnu_Vanquishing_the_Demons_Madhu_and_Kaitabha_(recto),_Text_(verso),_Folio_from_a_Devimahatmya_(Glory_of_the_Goddess)_LACMA_M.84.229.5.jpg|thumb|Vishnu vanquishes Madhu-Kaitabha, with Devi in the background.]]

The first episode (chapter 1) of the Devi Mahatmyam depicts Devi in her form as Maha-Maya.{{Sfn|Brown|1990|p=157}} Here, Devi is central and key to the creation as Maha-Maya, or, the great illusion/power that induces Vishnu's deep slumber on the waters of the cosmic ocean prior to the manifestation of the Universe which is a continuous cycle of manifestation, destruction and re-manifestation.<ref name=":0" /> Two demons, [[Madhu-Kaitabh|Madhu-Kaitabha]], arise from Vishnu's earwax.{{Sfn|Brown|1990|p=84}} The demons endeavour to vanquish [[Brahma]] who is preparing to create the next cycle of the Universe. Brahma sings to the Great Goddess, asking her to withdraw from Vishnu so he may awaken and slay the demons.<ref name=":0" /> Devi agrees to withdraw and Vishnu awakens, fights the demons for five thousand years and vanquishes them.{{Sfn|Brown|1990|p=84}} Here Devi is praised as the agent who allows both the cosmic order to be upset and restored.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.asia.si.edu/devi/creation.htm|title=Devi|access-date=2007-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031052413/http://www.asia.si.edu/devi/creation.htm|archive-date=2007-10-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Middle episode===
The middle episode (chapters 2–4) presents the goddess in her avatar as [[Durga]]. The episode stages a world under attack by the shape-shifting [[Mahishasura]], an evil demon who uses deception to disarm his opponents, ultimately taking the form of a buffalo demon. Mahishasura is able to use his powers to defeat the male gods because he had been granted a boon that he could only be defeated by a woman. Feeling angered and helpless, the gods release energy which combines into a singular mass of light and strength which takes the form of a goddess, Durga.{{Sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=96}} The gods then bestow her with various weapons. [[Vishnu]] gives her his discus, [[Vayu]] gives her his bow and arrows and [[Himavat|Himalaya]] provides her with a lion for a vehicle.{{Sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=97}} Durga rides the lion into battle and captures and slays the buffalo demon by cutting off its head. She then destroys the inner essence of the demon when it emerges from the buffalo's severed neck, thereby establishing order in the world.<ref name="asia.si.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.asia.si.edu/devi/text2.htm|title=Devi|access-date=2007-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223133500/http://www.asia.si.edu/devi/text2.htm|archive-date=2007-12-23|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Laura Amazzone|title=Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC&pg=PA5|year=2012|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-5314-5|pages=5–10}}</ref><ref name="Coburn">{{cite book|author=Thomas B. Coburn|title=Encountering the Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaTtIQguKYIC |publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-9931-3|pages=29–86 (Complete translation)|chapter=3. The Text in Translation|date=23 April 1991 }}</ref>

[[File:Ashta-Matrika.jpg|thumb|upright 1.3|left|The Goddess Ambika leading the Eight Matrikas in battle (top row, from the left) Narasinhmi, [[Vaishnavi (deity)|Vaishnavi]], [[Kaumari]], [[Maheshvari]], [[Brahmani (Matrika)|Brahmani]]. (bottom row, from left) [[Varahi]], [[Indrani|Indrayani]] and [[Chamunda]] or [[Kali]] against the demon [[Raktabīja]]. A Folio from the ''Devi Mahatmya'']]

===Final episode===
In the final episode (chapters 5–13) the demons [[Shumbha and Nishumbha]] conquer heaven and the gods go to the Himalayas to pray to Devi. Soon, Parvati arrives and asks them to whom they are praying. She then reveals to them that it is her.<ref name=":1" /> Thereafter, [[Ambika (goddess)|Ambika]], or Kaushiki, appears from the sheath (''kosha'') of [[Parvati]]’s body.{{Sfn|Brown|1990|p=114}}

Devi engages in a fierce battle with [[Chanda and Munda]], servants of Sumbha and Nisumbha. Chanda and Munda are eventually killed by [[Kali]] who emerges from Devi's forehead. The battle continues and the seven mothers, or the ''[[Matrikas|saptamatrika]]'', are produced from the seven male gods.<ref name=":1" />

The demon [[Raktabīja]] also appears and is killed by Kali. Nisumbha and his army is defeated by the goddess with the help of the seven mothers.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Kali Attacking Nisumbha, c. 1740.jpg|thumb|upright 1.3|A [[Pahari painting|Pahari]] depiction of [[Kali]] (sometimes described as a form of [[Parvati]]) attacking Nisumbha with her trident: ''Kali Attacking Nisumbha''; {{circa|1740}}, colour on paper, 22 × 33 cm. [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]]]
In the final battle against Shumbha, Devi absorbs Kali and the seven mothers and stands alone for the final battle.<ref name="asia.si.edu"/>

After the battle, the gods praise Devi. The hymn is known as ''Narayani Stuti'' which affirms her role as the creator, preserver and destroyer of the universe.<ref name=":1" /> Devi, pleased with the devas, grants them a boon that she will always destroy the demons and bring peace to earth. She mentions her future incarnations and their respective acts (Chapter 11). Then Devi mentions the benefits, accrual of peace, bliss of worshipping her and disappears (Chapter 12).<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/the-devi-mahatmya/ Swami Sivananda, Devi Māhātmya (with a lucid running translation)]'', The Divine Life Society, p.122-130</ref>

The sage finishes the tale. He tells the king and the merchant to take refuge in Devi to rid themselves of their delusion. Both the king and the merchant undertake penance and Devi grants them her vision. The king asks Devi for his lost kingdom and Devi grants it to him. The merchants asks Devi for wisdom and she grants it to him (Chapter 13).<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/the-devi-mahatmya/ Swami Sivananda, Devi Māhātmya (with a lucid running translation)]'', The Divine Life Society, p.134-135</ref>

===Symbolism of the three episodes===
{{Quote box
|quote = '''Who is this Goddess?'''
<poem>
I resemble in form [[Brahman]],
from me emanates the world,
which has the Spirit of [[Prakriti]] and [[Purusha]],
I am empty and not empty,
I am delight and non-delight,
I am knowledge and ignorance,
I am Brahman and not Brahman.
</poem>
|source = —''Devi Mahatmya''<ref name="FulkersonBriggs139"/>
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = left
}}
Devadatta Kali states that the three tales are "allegories of outer and inner experience".{{Sfn|Kali|2003|p=xvii}} Kali states that the evil adversaries of the Goddess symbolize the all-too-human impulses, such as pursuit of power, or possessions, or delusions such as arrogance.{{Sfn|Kali|2003|p=xvii}} The Goddess wages war against this.{{Sfn|Kali|2003|p=xvii}} Like the philosophical and symbolic battlefield of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', the ''Devi Mahatmya'' symbolic killing grounds target human frailties, according to Kali, and the Goddess targets the demons of ego and dispels our mistaken idea of who we are.{{Sfn|Kali|2003|p=xvii}}

Thomas Coburn states that most hymns present the Goddess's martial exploits, but these are "surpassed by verses of another genre, viz., the hymns to the Goddess".{{Sfn|Coburn|2002|p=72}} The hymnic portion of the text balances the verses that present the spiritual liberation power of the Goddess.<ref>Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya. p 72</ref> These hymns describe the nature and character of the Goddess in spiritual terms:

# ''Brahma-stuti '' (part 1 start),{{sfn|Coburn|2002|p=290}}
# ''Sakradi-stuti'' (part 2 end),{{sfn|Coburn|2002|p=291}}
# ''[[Devīsūktam (Chandipatha)|The "Ya Devi" Hymn]]'' (part 3 start),{{sfn|Coburn|2002|p=295}}
# ''Narayani-stuti'' (part 3 end).{{sfn|Coburn|2002|p=298}}

==Angas (appendages)==
[[File:Durga slaying buffalo composite, 2nd-century to 13th-century Devi Mahatmya.png|thumb|upright 1.15|Artwork depicting the "Goddess Durga Slaying the Buffalo demon Mahishasura" scene of ''Devi Mahatmya'', is found all over India, Nepal and southeast Asia. Clockwise from top: 9th-century [[Kashmir]], 13th-century [[Karnataka]], 9th century [[Prambanan]] Indonesia, 2nd-century [[Uttar Pradesh]]]]
As an independent text, Devī Māhātmya has acquired a number of "limbs" or "subsidiary texts" or "appendages" (angas) over the years "fore and aft". According to Coburn "artistic evidence suggests that the angas have been associated with the text since the fourteenth century." The angas are chiefly concerned with the ritual use of Devī Māhātmya and based on the assumption that the text will be recited aloud in the presence of images.<ref>Coburn, Thomas B., Encountering the Goddess.p 100–101</ref>

===Preceding subsidiary texts===

*''Durga Saptasloki'' also known as "Amba Stuti" – They are introduced as one-verse query from [[Shiva|Siva]] who asks about the means of achieving what is desired, and a one verse response from the Goddess who says she will proclaim the relevant discipline ([[sadhana]]) by revealing Amba Stuti which consists of the seven verses indicated.<ref>Coburn, Thomas B., Encountering the Goddess.p 223</ref>
*''Devi-kavacham'' – The Devi Kavacham consisting of 61 Slokas is in Markandeya Purana. This ''Kavacham'' (armour) protects the reader in all parts of his body, in all places and in all difficulties.<ref name="Sivananda 3">Swami Sivananda, p 3</ref>
*''Argala-stotram'' – Here Rishi Markandeya is telling his disciples in 27 inspiring couplets on the greatness of Devi. She has been described in all aspects and names and at the end of each Sloka, prayer is offered to Devi for material prosperity, physical fitness, fame and victory.<ref name="Sivananda 3" />
*''Keelakam'' – Here also Rishi Markandeya tells his disciples in 16 Slokas, the ways and means of removing obstacles faced by devotees, while reading Devi Mahatmya.<ref name="Sivananda 3" />
*''Ratri Suktam'' (Vedic) – Ratri Suktam (8 Slokas) has been taken from Rig Veda, 10th Mandala, 10th Anuvaka, 127th Sukta, which shows that Devi was worshipped from time immemorial. Devi is described as the all-pervading Supreme Lord of the Universe appearing in Omkara. Here Ratri is the Goddess who fulfills our prayers.<ref name="Sivananda 3" />
*''Kunjika Stotram'' is also a beautiful hymn written in the saptashati which is said to be the mixture of the three hymns i.e., Kavacham, Argala stotram, Keelakam and also Rahasya parvam (Murthy Rahasyam and Vaikrutika Rahasyam).It is said that Lord Shiva had recited this shloka to Parvathi at her attainment of BramhaGyaan. This shloka plays an important role in Devi Saptashati. It is at the ending of the book.
*''Ratri Suktam'' (Tantrik) – The hymn in the first chapter is the Tantrik Ratri Sukta.<ref name="ReferenceA">Swami Satyananda Saraswati, {{IAST|Chaṇḍī Pāṭh}}</ref>

===Succeeding subsidiary texts===
*''Pradhana Rahasyam'' – "Deals with the process of creation. It is the secret about mula [[Prakrti]] who is the cause of creation."<ref name="Sankaranarayanan 271-273">Sankaranarayanan. S., p 271–273</ref>
*''Vaikritika Rahasyam'' – "Describes how the Godhead beyond change subjected itself to change, how the mula [[prakrti]] (productive), became vikriti (produced); hence the name Vaikritika Rahasyam."<ref name="Sankaranarayanan 271-273" />
*''Murti Rahasyam'' – "The incarnations, the [[Avatar]] [[murti]]s of the Goddess are mentioned."<ref name="Sankaranarayanan 271-273" />
*''Devi Suktam'' (Rig Vedoktam) – (According to Rig Veda): "The 8 Slokas composed by Vak, the daughter of Maharshi Ambharin, are from the [[Rig Veda]], [[Mandala 10|10th Mandala]], 10th Anuvaka, 125th Sukta. These Slokas express the truth realised by Vak, who identifies herself as Brahma Sakti, and expresses herself as 11 [[Rudras]], 8 [[Vasu]]s, 12 [[Ādityas|Aditya]]s and all the Devas,— [[Indra]], [[Agni]] and [[Ashvins|Asvini Kumara]]s—who are sustained by Her and She is the source, substratum and support of the whole world. She is verily Brahmasvarupini (embodiment of [[Brahman]])."<ref name="Sivananda 3" />
*''Devi Suktam'' (Tantrik) – The hymn in chapter 5 is Tantrik Devi Suktam.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The number and order of these depend on the [[Sampradaya]] (tradition).<ref>Sarma, Sarayu Prasad, Saptashatī Sarvasvam</ref><ref>Sri Durga Saptashatī, Gita Press</ref>

==Significance==

The Devi Mahatmya was considered significant among the Puranas by [[Indologist]]s. This is indicated by the early dates when it was translated into European languages. It was translated into English in 1823, followed by an analysis with excerpts in French in 1824. It was translated into Latin in 1831 and Greek in 1853.<ref>Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya. p 52</ref>

===Place in the Hindu canon===
[[Image:Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG|thumb|Devi portrayed as ''[[Durga|Mahishasura Mardini]]'', Slayer of the Buffalo Demon—a central episode of the ''Devi Mahatmya'']]
''Devi Māhātmyam'' has been called the Testament of [[Shakta]] philosophy.<ref>Manna, Sibendu, p 92</ref> It is the base and root of Shakta doctrine.<ref>Swami Sivananda p 5</ref> It appears as the centre of the great [[Shakti]] tradition of Hinduism.{{Sfn|Coburn|2002|p=55}}

It is in ''Devi Mahatmya'', states C Mackenzie Brown, that "the various mythic, cultic and theological elements relating to diverse female divinities were brought together in what has been called the 'crystallization of the Goddess tradition."{{Sfn|Brown|1990|p=ix}}

The unique feature of ''Devi Māhātmyam'' is the oral tradition. Though it is part of the devotional tradition, it is in the rites of the Hindus that it plays an important role. The entire text is considered as one single [[Mantra]] and a collection of 700 Mantras.

The ''Devi Māhātmyam'' is treated in the cultic context as if it were a Vedic hymn or verse with sage ({{IAST|ṛṣi}}), meter, pradhnadevata, and [[viniyoga]] (for [[japa]]). It has been approached, by Hindus and Western scholars, as scripture in and by itself, where its significance is intrinsic, not derived from its Puranic context.<ref>Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya. p 51–55</ref>

According to Damara Tantra "Like Aswamedha in Yagnas, Hari in Devas, Sapthsati is in hymns." "Like the Vedas; Saptasati is eternal" says Bhuvaneshwari Samhita.<ref>Anna, p vii</ref>

There are many commentaries on ''Devi Māhātmya''.
* Sadhan Samar by Brahmarshi Satyadeva
* Guptavati by [[Bhaskararaya]]
* Nagesi by Nagoji Bhat
* Santhanavi
* Puspanjali
* Ramashrami
* Dhamsoddharam
* Tattva Prakashika
* Chaturdhari
* Jagachandrachandrika
* Durgapradeepam are some of them.<ref name="Anna, p v">Anna, p v</ref>

The significance of Devi Māhātmya has been explained in many Tantric and Puranic texts like Katyayani Tantra, Gataka Tantra, Krodha Tantra, Meru Tantram, Marisa Kalpam, Rudra Yamala, and Chidambara Rahasya.<ref name="Anna, p v"/>

Devi Mahatmya continues to inspire people. In 2025, US based music composer [[Rajan Somasundaram| Raleigh Rajan]] created a musical form for Ya Devi hymn by incorporating percussion instruments from various Indian states to highlight the presence of [[Shakta]] philosophy and [[Shakti]] worshipping across the breadth and width of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/for-this-us-based-music-composer-sangam-poetry-brings-a-full-circle-moment/article69234187.ece|title = Ancient Literature Gets Musical forms!| date=19 February 2025 }}</ref>

==In worship==
[[File:5438g sreebhumi-bhavanipur pratima.jpg|right|thumb|upright 1.3|Recitation of Durga Mahatmya on [[Mahalaya]] marks the formal beginning of the [[Durga Puja]] festival.]]
The recitation of Devi Mahatmya is done during the Sharad [[Navaratri]] (October – November) in [[India]]. It is recited during Navaratri celebrations, the [[Durga Puja]] festival and in Durga temples of India.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=118}}

In the theological practices of the goddess tradition of Hinduism, the middle episode is the most important. If a community or individual cannot recite the entire ''Devi Mahatmyam'' composition, the middle episode alone is recited at a puja or festival.<ref name="Coburn116">{{cite book |author=Thomas B. Coburn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaTtIQguKYIC&pg=PA116 |title=Encountering the Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation | date=23 April 1991 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-9931-3 |pages=114–116}}</ref> Further, when the recital begins, the tradition is to complete the reading of the middle episode completely as a partial reading is considered to create a spiritual ''chidra'' or "chink in the armor".<ref name="Coburn116" />

==See also==
* [[Chandi di Var]]
* [[Devi Upanishad]]
* [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]
* [[Devi Gita]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*Anna, Sri. ''Devi Māhātmyam with commentary in Tamil'', Sri Ramakrishna Matam, Chennai, India, 1973. ({{ISBN|81-7120-128-8}})
*{{cite book| first=C Mackenzie |last = Brown|title=The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6KumJp_wNgC| year=1990| publisher=State University of New York Press| isbn=978-0-7914-0364-8}}
*{{cite book|author=Cheever Mackenzie Brown|title=The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28CIEnZCcqMC| year=1998| publisher=State University of New York Press| isbn=978-0-7914-3939-5}}
*{{cite book|last= Coburn|first= Thomas B.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7vIzNrC-coC |title= Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation| publisher= State University of New York Press | year= 1991 | isbn = 0791404463}}
*{{cite book|last= Coburn| first= Thomas B.| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hy9kf7_TOHgC| title= Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition| publisher= South Asia Books| year= 2002|isbn = 81-208-0557-7 }}
*{{cite book|first = Rosen|last= Dalal|year= 2014|title= Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide| publisher= Penguin|isbn= 978-8184752779| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC }}
* {{cite book|first = MN| last=Dutt| year=1896| title=Markandeya Puranam| publisher= Elysium Press| url= https://archive.org/stream/markandeyapurana021288mbp#page/n0/mode/2up }}
*{{cite book |author1=Lynn Foulston |author2=Stuart Abbott| title=Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices| url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesbe0000foul|url-access=registration | year=2009| publisher=Sussex Academic Press| isbn=978-1-902210-43-8}}
*{{cite book| author1=John Stratton Hawley|author2=Donna Marie Wulff |title=Devi: Goddesses of India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZrV3kOpMt0C |year=1998| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1491-2}}
*{{cite book| author1=Alf Hiltebeitel |author2=Kathleen M. Erndl |title=Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQJzTr4c-g4C |year = 2000|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-0-8147-3619-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Kali |first= Davadatta| title=In Praise of the Goddess: The Devimahatmya and Its Meaning|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|year= 2003|isbn= 8120829530}}
*{{cite book|first=David |last=Kinsley| title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins|url-access=registration| year=1988| publisher=University of California Press| isbn=978-0-520-90883-3}}
*{{cite book|first=David |last=Kinsley| title=Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iob2JIzY9fIC| year=1997| publisher=University of California Press| isbn=978-0-520-91772-9}}
*{{cite book|first= James|last= Lochtefeld|year= 2002|title= The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2|publisher= Rosen Publishing|isbn= 978-0823931798|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch}}
*Manna, Sibendu, Mother Goddess, {{IAST|Chaṇḍī}}, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta, India, 1993. ({{ISBN|81-85094-60-8}})
*{{cite book|author= June McDaniel |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC | year =2004| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-534713-5}}
* Jyotir Maya Nanda. ''Mysticism of the Devi Mahatmya Worship of the Divine Mother''. South Miami, Fla: Yoga Research Foundation, 1994. {{ISBN|0-934664-58-7}}
*{{cite book| author=Tracy Pintchman| title=Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3KcEotmV2MAC| year=2005|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6595-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Tracy Pintchman| title=Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC |year=2014| publisher=State University of New York Press| isbn=978-0-7914-9049-5}}
*{{cite book| author=Tracy Pintchman|title=The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsDpBwAAQBAJ| year=2015| publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-1618-2 }}
*{{Cite book|first=Ludo |last=Rocher| year= 1986| author-link= Ludo Rocher| title= The Puranas| publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn= 978-3447025225}}
*Sankaranarayanan, S., Glory of the Divine Mother (Devī Māhātmyam), Nesma Books, India, 2001. ({{ISBN|81-87936-00-2}})
*Sarma, Sarayu Prasad, Saptashatī Sarvasvam, in Sanskrit, - A cyclopaedic work on Devī Māhātmya. Rashtriya Sanskrita Samsthan, New Delhi, India, 2006.
*Sri Durga Saptashatī, - Original text and ritual manual with Hindi translation, Gita Press, Gorakpur, India.
*Swami Jagadiswarananda, Devi Māhātmyam English translation, Sri Ramkrishna Math, Madras, 1953. ({{ISBN|978-8171201396}})
*Swami Satyananda Saraswati, {{IAST|Chaṇḍī Pāṭh}}, Devi Mandir Publications, USA and Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, India, 1995. ({{ISBN|81-208-1307-3}})
*Swami Sivananda, Devi Māhātmya (with a lucid running translation), The Divine Life Society, Shivanandanagar, India, 1994. ({{ISBN|81-7052-103-3}})

==External links==
{{commons category|Devi Mahatmya}}
*[http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_devii/durga700.html?lang=sa Devi Mahatmya], Devanagari text
*[https://templeknowledge.com/durga-kavach-free-pdf-download/ Devi Raksha Kavach]
*[https://archive.org/details/DeviMahatmyamEnglishTransiteration Devi Mahatmya], English Transliteration and commentary
*[https://archive.org/details/DeviMahatmyam-AyyarmalaiPranavanundhaSwamigal Devi Mahatmyam recitation] by Pranavanundha Saraswati Avadhootha Swamigal

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]
[[Category:Durga Puja]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
[[Category:Puranas]]

Sardar Akhtar

2026-02-11T07:11:18Z

Svetlsgx: put up the stub and citations

{{Short description|Indian actress (1915–1986)}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sardar Akhtar
| image = Sardar_Akhtar_(Asra).jpg
| caption = Still shot from the film ''Asra'' (1941)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1915
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1986|1915}}
| death_place = [[New York City]], U.S.<ref name=DNA />
| resting_place = [[Badakabarastan]], [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1933–1945; 1971–1973
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mehboob Khan]]|1942|1964}}
| children =
}}
'''Sardar Akhtar''' (1915–1986) was an Indian actress who worked in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi and Urdu films]]. She started her acting career on the [[Urdu]] stage. Her early films were with Saroj Movietone, where she did a majority of stunt (action) roles. She came into prominence as the washer-woman in the role of Rami Dhoban in [[Sohrab Modi]]'s ''[[Pukar (1939 film)|Pukar]]'' (1939). As a woman seeking justice for the death of her husband, it was a breakthrough role for her. A popular song she sang in the film was "Kaheko Mohe Chhede".<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book |author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA361 |accessdate=21 July 2015 |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |pages=1994–}}</ref> Her career defining role was as a "peasant woman" deserted by her husband, in [[Mehboob Khan]]'s ''[[Aurat (1940 film)|Aurat]]'' (1940), a role later made famous by [[Nargis]] in Mehboob's remake ''[[Mother India]]''.<ref name="GulazāraNihalani2003">{{cite book |author1=Gulazāra |author2=Govind Nihalani |author3=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT79 |accessdate=19 July 2015 |year=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |page=55 |chapter=The Emergence of Talkies}}</ref>

She acted in over 50 films in a career span of 1933–45. Akhtar married Mehboob Khan in 1942, whom she had met when he cast her in ''[[Ali Baba (1940 film)|Ali Baba]]'' (1940). She stopped after completing films like ''Fashion'' (1943) and ''Rahat''. She resumed as a character actress in the 1970s, when she acted in [[O. P. Ralhan]]'s ''[[Hulchul (1971 film)|Hulchul]]'' (1971).<ref name=Cineplot>{{cite web |last1=Mahmood |first1=Hameeddudin |title=Sardar Akhtar-Profile |url=http://cineplot.com/sardar-akhtar-profile/ |website=cineplot.com |publisher=Cineplot |accessdate=19 July 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Akhtar was born in 1915, in [[Lahore]], [[British India]]. She started as a supporting "dancer-artiste"<ref name="Reuben1994">{{cite book |author=Bunny Reuben |title=Mehboob, India's DeMille: The First Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExhlAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=19 July 2015 |year=1994 |publisher=Indus |isbn=978-81-7223-153-8 |page=67}}</ref> and commenced her film career by acting in stage plays produced by [[Madan Theatres Ltd]].{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

==Career==
Akhtar started her career at Saroj Movietone doing what were then termed as "stunt" films. She acted in films directed by A. P. Kapoor (Anand Prasad Kapoor) like ''Roop Basant'', ''Id Ka Chand'', ''Malti Madhav'', all in 1933. Some of the action films she did at Saroj were directed by J. P. Advani (Jagatrai Pesumal Advani), including ''Gafil Musafir'', ''Johare-Shamsheer'', ''Shah Behram'' and ''Tilasimi Talwar''.<ref name="Rajadhyaksha">{{cite book |author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA237 |accessdate=19 July 2015 |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |pages=1994– |chapter=Advani, Jagatrai Pesumal}}</ref> In 1934, she acted in ''Hothal Padmini'' directed by Kanjibhai Rathod.

In 1935, Akhtar acted in ''Delhi Express'', directed by Madanrai Vakil. In 1936, she starred with [[K. L. Saigal]] in the farcical-comedy ''[[Karodpati]]''. The comedy was a rare departure from Saigal's normally serious films.<ref name=Raj>{{cite book |last1=Raj |first1=Ashok |title=Hero Vol.1, Volume 1 Bollywood series |date=2009 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=9789381398029 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&q=Millionaire+Crorepati+1936+Songs&pg=PT75 |accessdate=19 July 2015}}</ref> Akhtar played a masked avenger in [[Vijay Bhatt]]-directed ''[[State Express]]'' (1938). It was stated to be a "successful film," doing well at the box office. The main draw was a "performing gorilla" and Sardar Akhtar's songs and performance. It was cited by Rajadhyaksha and Willemen as one of the "best stunt films" from Bhatt, who normally made mythologicals.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014 p. 279">RajadhyakshaWillemen2014, p. 279</ref>

In 1939, Sardar Akhtar was cast because of her natural earthy looks in Sohrab Modi's ''Pukar'' as the washer-woman Rami Dhoban. Her husband has been accidentally killed by an arrow shot by Empress Nur Jahan. Rami demands justice of Emperor Jehangir, evoking his tenet "A life for a life". Akhtar's role was appreciated by the public and the critics; it was a turning point in her career — from doing stunt roles to big production socials.

1940 had Akhtar working in ''[[Ali Baba (1940 film)|Ali Baba]]''. The film was directed by Mehboob Khan, someone Akhtar had been trying to meet for some time.<ref name=Reuben1994 /> It co-starred Surendra and Waheedan Bai and turned out to be a commercial success. A relationship started between Mehboob and Akhtar during the making of ''Ali Baba'', with the two marrying in 1942.

''[[Aurat (1940 film)|Aurat]]'' (1940), directed by Mehboob Khan for National Studios, is referred to as "one of the best classics of Hindi cinema".{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} Described as a "powerful predecessor of Mother India",<ref name="Raj2009">{{cite book |author=Ashok Raj |title=Hero Vol.1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT126 |accessdate=19 July 2015 |date=1 November 2009 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-02-9 |pages=126– |chapter=Mehboob Khan}}</ref> The role displayed Akhtar's acting potential fully, and her "interpretation of the mother figure" was lauded.<ref name="Mishra2013">{{cite book |author=Vijay Mishra |title=Bollywood Cinema: Temples of Desire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1zcvGwVckgC&pg=PA72 |accessdate=21 July 2015 |date=21 August 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-31092-9 |page=69}}</ref> Akhtar described it as her favourite film performance.<ref name=Interview>{{cite journal |title=Sardar Akhtar's Snow-White Simplicity |journal=Filmindia |date=September 1941 |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=42 |url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194107film_1#page/n583/mode/2up/search/Akhtar |accessdate=19 July 2015 |ref=Sardar Akhtar interview by Hyacinth}}</ref>

''[[Pooja (1940 film)|Pooja]]'' in 1940 was termed as a "thundering success" by [[Baburao Patel]] in his review. Produced by National studios and directed by A. R. Kardar, the review title described it as "Kardar Produces The Best Picture Of The Year". The story, inspired by ''[[The Old Maid (1939 film)|The Old Maid]]'' (1939) by Warner Pictures, was about sisters played by Akhtar and [[Sitara Devi]]. Akhtar was commended for performing her role with sincerity.<ref name=Patel>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Baburao |title=Review-Puja |journal=Filmindia |date=January 1941 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=33 |ref=Review-Kardar Produces The Best Picture Of The Year}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:SardarBahar_Akhtar.jpg|thumb|right|Sardar Akhtar, Bahar (Mrs. [[A. R. Kardar]]), Rita Carlyle, [[Naseem Banu]], and Flo Gubby]]
Sardar Akhtar was the older sister of Bahar Akhtar, also an aspiring actress.<ref name=Reuben1994 /> During their debut together opposite [[A. R. Kardar]] in his film ''Qatil Katar'', Bahar and Kardar eloped. Production was halted and, ultimately, Bahar stopped working in films.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Akhtar met Mehboob Khan during the making of ''Alibaba'' and the two entered into a relationship, which culminated in their marriage in 1942. This was Mehboob's second marriage.<ref name="Ahmed2008">{{cite book |author=Rauf Ahmed |title=Mehboob Khan: The Romance of History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2juLPQAACAAJ |accessdate=21 July 2015 |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=Wisdom Tree |isbn=978-81-8328-106-5 |page=34}}</ref>

Though Akhtar stopped working after 1945, she was, as stated by Mehboob, his inspiration for making films like ''[[Aan]]'' (1952), ''Andaz'', and the remake of ''Aurat'': ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957).<ref name="Kohli1983">{{cite book |author=Yash Kohli |title=The Women of Punjab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_wpAAAAYAAJ |accessdate=19 July 2015 |year=1983 |publisher=Chic Publications |page=54}}</ref> Fond of watching films, her favourite actors were [[Bette Davis]], [[Norma Shearer]], [[Vivien Leigh]], and [[Charles Boyer]].<ref name=Interview />

==Death==
Sardar Akhtar died on 2 October 1986,<ref name=DNA /> following a heart attack in New York City, [[US]]. Mehboob and Akhtar had no children.

After Mehboob's death in 1964, she became his legal heir, with shares in Mehboob Studios and three flats. The property went into litigation once Akhtar's nephew made forgery claims regarding Akhtar's will. The two-decade old dispute is still pending.<ref name=TOI>{{cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Swati |title=Two accused of forging sign of filmmaker Mehboob Khan's widow withdraw plea |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Two-accused-of-forging-sign-of-filmmaker-Mehboob-Khans-widow-withdraw-plea/articleshow/21813630.cms |accessdate=21 July 2015 |work=The Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |date=14 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=DNA>{{cite news |last1=Mahajani |first1=Urvi |title=Two charged with forging will to take over Mehboob Studio |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-two-charged-with-forging-will-to-take-over-mehboob-studio-1961319 |accessdate=21 July 2015 |agency=dna |publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd. |date=12 February 2014}}</ref>

==Filmography==
List:<ref name=Indiancinema>{{cite web |title=Sardar Akhtar |url=https://wiki.indiancine.ma/wiki/Sardar%20Akhtar |website=wiki.indiancine.ma |publisher=Indiancine.ma |accessdate=21 July 2015 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027011934/https://wiki.indiancine.ma/wiki/Sardar%20Akhtar |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Sardar>{{cite web |title=Sardar Akhtar |url=http://www.citwf.com/detailPerson.asp?personID=68899&sortOn=YEAR&sortBy=UP |website=citwf.com |publisher=Alan Goble |accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Director !! Co-stars !! Studio
|-
|1933 || ''Id Ka Chand'' || A. P. Kapoor (Anand Prasad Kapoor) ||Ashraf Khan, Zebunisa || Saroj Movietone
|-
|1933 ||''Malati Madhav'' ||A. P. Kapoor ||Ashraf Khan, Gulab, Zebunisa ||Saroj Movietone
|-
|1933 ||Roop Basant ||A. P. Kapoor ||Ashraf Khan, Gulab, Zebunisa ||Saroj Movietone
|-
|1933 ||''Naqsh-e-Sulemani'' a.k.a. ''Tilasmi Taveez'' ||A. P. Kapoor ||Jani Babu, Zebunisa ||Saroj Movietone
|-
|1933 ||''Husn Ka Gulam'' ||J. P. Advani (Jagatrai Pesumal Advani) ||Ashraf Khan, Gulab, Zebunisa ||Paramount
|-
|1934 ||''Johar-e-Shamsheer'' a.k.a. ''The Feats Of The Sword'' ||J. P. Advani ||Nissar, Jani Babu Zebunisa ||Saroj Movietone
|-
|1934 ||''Gafil Musafir'' a.k.a. ''Careless Traveller'' ||J. P. Advani ||Ashraf Khan, Ghulam Mohammed, Prabhashankar ||Saroj Movietone
|-
|1934 ||''Tilasmi Talwar'' a.k.a. ''Magic Sword'' a.k.a. ''Shaif-e-Sulemani'' ||Nanubhai Desai ||Ashraf Khan, Zebunisa, Gulab ||Saroj Movietone
|-
|1934 ||''Hothal Padmini'' ||[[Kanjibhai Rathod]] ||Ashraf Khan, Zebunisa || Saroj Movietone
|-
|1934 ||''Ajamil'' ||A. R. Kabuli ||Ashraf Khan, Zebunisa || Saroj Movietone
|-
|1934 ||''Dilara'' ||J. P. Advani ||Ashraf khan Zebunisa, Ebrahim ||Hindustan Cine
|-
|1934 ||''Jaan Nissar'' ||Kanjibhai Rathod ||Sultana, Jani Babu, Zebunisa ||Sarla Cinetone
|-
|1935 ||''Shah Behram'' ||J. P. Advani ||Zebunisa, Master Nissar, Dulari, Jani Babu ||Saroj Movietone
|-
|1935 ||''Farebi Duniya'' ||J. P. Advani ||Zebunisa, Navin Yagnik ||Golden Eagle
|-
|1935 ||''Misar Ka Khazana'' ||Rajhans ||Zebunisa, Master Nissar, Ganpat Bakre, Jani Babu ||Saroj Movietone
|-
|1935 ||''Dharma Ki Devi'' a.k.a. ''Religious Woman'' ||Hiren Bose ||Kumar, feroze Dastur, Hari Shivdasani, Rafiq Ghaznavi ||Eastern Arts
|-
|1935 ||''Delhi Express'' ||Madanrai Vakil || Zohra, Ghulam Farid, Master Mohan, Roshan Ara ||Roshanare
|-
|1936 ||''Piya Ki Jogan'' a.k.a. ''Purchased Bride'' ||Hiren Bose ||Pramod Chandra, Asha Lata, Krishna Kumari ||Golden Eagle
|-
|1936 ||''Pratima'' ||Ram Daryani ||[[Nazir Ahmed Khan|Nazir]], Gope, Indu Kumari ||Daryani Productions
|-
|1936 ||''Prem Bandhan'' ||C. N. Lala ||[[Sitara Devi]], Benjamin, Putli ||Golden Eagle
|-
|1936 ||''Sangdil Samaj'' ||Ram Daryani ||Nazir, Gope, Padma Devi, Omkar Devaskar, [[Hari Shivdasani]] ||Daryani Productions
|-
|1936 ||''Sher Ka Panja'' ||Dwarka Khosla ||Nazir, Gope, Yasmin, Omkar Devaskar, [[Hari Shivdasani]], Asha Lata, Gope ||Eastern Arts
|-
|1936 ||''Fida-E-Watan'' a.k.a. ''The Patriot'' ||G. R. Sethi ||Indu Rani, Gope ||Daryani Productions
|-
|1936 ||''[[Karodpati]]'' a.k.a. ''Millionaire'' ||Hemchandra Chunder ||[[K. L. Saigal]], [[Pahari Sanyal]], Trilok Kapoor, Molina ||[[New Theatres Ltd]]
|-
|1937 ||''Bismil Ki Arzoo'' ||B. S. Higle ||Ramola, Noor Jehan, Mirza, Tara ||U. P. Cinetone
|-
|1937 ||''Khwab Ki Duniya'' ||[[Vijay Bhatt]] ||[[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], Shirin Banu, Umakant, Madhav Marathe ||Prakash Pictures
|-
|1937 ||''His Highness'' ||Balwant Bhatt ||Jayant, Gulab, Shirin ||Prakash Pictures
|-
|1938 ||''[[State Express]]'' ||[[Vijay Bhatt]] ||[[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], Shirin Banu, Umakant ||Prakash Pictures
|-
|1938 ||''Poornima'' ||Balwant Bhatt ||Ranjit, Gulab, Badriprasad, Noor Jehan, Umakant ||Prakash Pictures
|-
|1939 ||''[[Pukar (1939 film)|Pukar]]'' ||[[Sohrab Modi]] ||Chandra Mohan, [[Naseem Banu]], Sohrab Modi ||[[Minerva Movietone]]
|-
|1940 ||''[[Ali Baba (1940 film)|Ali Baba]]'' || [[Mehboob Khan]] ||[[Surendra (actor)|Surendra]], Wahidan, Ghulam Mohammed ||Sagar Movietone
|-
|1940 ||''[[Aurat (1940 film)|Aurat]]'' a.k.a. ''Woman'' ||[[Mehboob Khan]] ||Surendra, [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], Jyoti ||National Studios
|-
|1940 ||''[[Bharosa (1940 film)|Bharosa]]'' ||[[Mehboob Khan]] ||Chandra Mohan, Naval, Sheela ||Minerva Movietone
|-
|1940 ||''[[Pooja (1940 film)|Pooja]]'' a.k.a. ''Worship'' ||[[A. R. Kardar]] ||Sitara Devi, Zahur Raja, Jyoti ||National Studios
|-
|1941 ||''Aasra'' ||Lalit Mehta ||Husn Banu, Amar, Veena ||National Studios
|-
|1941 ||''[[Nai Roshni (1941 film)|Nai Roshni]]'' ||Chimankant Gandhi ||Husn Banu, [[Meena Kumari]], [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]] ||National Studios
|-
|1942 ||''[[Ghar Sansar (1942 film)|Ghar Sansar]]'' ||Vishnu Vyas || Jehanara Kajjan, Mazhar Khan, Nazir ||Sunrise Pictures
|-
|1942 ||''Uljhan'' a.k.a. ''The Dilemma'' ||N. R. Acharya ||Mazhar Khan, Anjali Devi ||Acharya Art
|-
|1942 ||''[[Phir Milenge (1942 film)|Phir Milenge]]'' ||Sohrab Modi ||[[Meena Shorey]], [[K. N. Singh]], Sohrab Modi ||Minerva Movietone
|-
|1942 ||''[[Duniya Ek Tamasha]]'' a.k.a. ''The World's A Show'' ||Dwarka Khosla ||Urmila, Gope, W. M. Khan ||Saubhagya Pictures
|-
|1943 ||''Masterji'' ||Krishna Gopal ||Harish, Veena Kumari, Pande ||Raja Movies
|-
|1943 ||''Fashion'' ||S. F. Hasnain ||Chandra Mohan, Sabita Devi, [[Bhudo Advani]] ||Fazil Bros.
|-
|1945 ||''Rahat'' ||Ramnik Desai ||[[P. Jairaj|Jairaj]], Indira, Kanhaiyalal ||Kirti Pictures
|-
|1971 ||''[[Hulchul (1971 film)|Hulchul]]'' ||[[O. P. Ralhan]] ||Kabir Bedi, Sonia Sahni, Helen ||O. P. Ralhan
|-
|1973 ||''[[Bandhe Haath]]'' ||O. P. Goyal ||[[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], Kumud Chhugani ||O. P. Ralhan
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0015293}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akhtar, Sardar}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Urdu cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Lahore]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]

Kamal Swaroop

2026-02-07T23:20:31Z

Svetlsgx: expanded references to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{tone|date=May 2010}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2010}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kamal Swaroop
| image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = The Director of the Film PUSHKAR PURAN, Shri Kamal Swaroop, the Director of the Film PIHU, Shri Vinod Kapri and Child Artist, Myra Vishwakarma, at a press conference.jpg
|bSize = 1000
|cWidth = 220
|cHeight = 220
|oTop = 350
|oLeft = 800
|Location=center}}
| caption = Kamal Swaroop, [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[48th International Film Festival of India|2017]])
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Kashmir]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Film, television and radio director, screenwriter
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = [[Om-Dar-Ba-Dar|''Om-Dar-Ba-Dar'' (1988)]], ''Rangbhoomi''
}}

'''Kamal Swaroop''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[screenwriter]] and [[Film director|director]] of [[film]], [[television]], and [[radio]]. He is best known for his work in [[Om-Dar-Ba-Dar|''Om-Dar-Ba-Dar'' (1988)]] and ''[[Rangbhoomi (2013 film)|Rangbhoomi]]'', for which he has received several awards.

==Filmography==
===Directing===
Swaroop is best known for directing [[Om-Dar-Ba-Dar|''Om-Dar-Ba-Dar'' (1988)]] and ''Rangbhoomi'', for which he has received several awards. The restored version of ''Om-Dar-Ba-Dar'' was released on 17 January 2014.

==Early life==
Swaroop was born in [[Kashmir]], [[India]]. His father was a teacher and [[palmist]], and his mother was a homemaker. The family moved to [[Ajmer]] in the [[Rajasthan state]]. There he studied biology before moving to [[Pune]] in the [[Maharashtra state]], where he studied film directing. He had a brief stint at the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]], where he used [[Russia]]n [[Fairy tale|fairytales]] to teach science to children. Following this, he attended filmmaking classes in a remote village in Maharashtra.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-17/news-interviews/46300840_1_film-direction-kamal-swaroop-nfdc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118092104/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-17/news-interviews/46300840_1_film-direction-kamal-swaroop-nfdc|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Richard Attenborough: 'I never wanted to make an Amitabh Bachchan-starrer'|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref>

In 1974, Swaroop graduated from the [[Film and Television Institute of India]]. His student work met with unusual international acclaim. He continued with postgraduate studies at the institute.

Swaroop assisted the director [[Richard Attenborough]] in the filming of ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982).

==Career==
===Rangbhoomi===

On a grant from the [[India Foundation for the Arts]] (IFA), Swaroop began tracing the life of [[Dadasaheb Phalke]] through workshops all over India. One such workshop in [[Benaras]] was the foundation for his documentary film ''Rangbhoomi'', produced by [[Films Division of India|Films Division]], a re-telling of the story of Phalke's life in Benaras.

''Rangbhoomi'' premiered at the 2013 [[Rome Film Festival]] in the official competition section. It later won the [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film|National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film (Golden Lotus)]], the second national award won by Swaroop.

===Om-Dar-Ba-Dar===
The idea for ''Om Dar-Ba-Dar'' occurred to Swaroop on the set of ''Gandhi''. Commenting, he said, "I managed the crowds and told stories to keep them entertained. One of them was about a boy who skipped school and ran away from home when the results were due. He then discovers that he can make a living by holding his breath for a really long time, just like the frogs".<ref name="indiatimes"/>

''Om Dar-Ba-Dar'' is set in a [[myth]]ical small town in [[Rajasthan]] and tells the tale of the boy, Om, growing into [[adolescence]]. Son of a [[fortune teller]], Om's major problem is that, riddled with guilt about his [[voyeurism]], he believes himself to be responsible for everything that happens around him. Meanwhile, his elder sister, Gayatri, who is being courted by Jagdish, dreams of a future in which she can ride a bicycle or sit in the men's section of a movie theatre.

Many of Om's fantasies about [[sexuality]] and death are graphically realized in remarkable song sequences: the science teacher [[Dissection|dissecting]] a frog expands into a [[Federico Fellini]]-inspired "Rana Tigrina" number, or the [[Moonwalk (dance)|moonwalk]] on a terrace on the night that [[Neil Armstrong]] lands on the moon. This double-edged [[satire]] acquires a further dimension with the entry of Phoolkumari, whose sexuality sends out a beguiling yet horrifying message. War is declared as [[Diwali]] firecrackers become real explosions. His father's diamonds, hoarded for the [[black market]], are swallowed by frogs. In the end, Om atones by enacting the traditional legend of [[Brahma]]'s descent to Earth.

Made in 1988 with the help of the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]], ''Om Dar-Ba-Dar'' made it to the [[Film festival|festival]] circuit and then shuffled out into obscurity.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/rushes-pink-wink/article5586391.ece|work=The Hindu|title=Rushes: Pink wink|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref> This film was a major attraction in the festival circuit and premiered at the [[Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin Film Festival]], but it never got a theatrical release in the country.<ref name="dearcinema">{{cite web|url=http://dearcinema.com/news/pvr-release-om-dar-ba-dar/3004|publisher=dearcinema.com|title=dearcinema.com/news/pvr-release-om-dar-ba-dar/3004|accessdate=24 February 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116154158/http://dearcinema.com/news/pvr-release-om-dar-ba-dar/3004|archivedate=16 January 2014}}</ref>

'''<big>As director</big>'''
* ''Pushkar Puran'' (2017)
* ''Battle For Benaras'' (2014)
* ''[[Rangbhoomi (2013 film)|Rangbhoomi]]'' (2013)
* ''Bandish'' (2007)
* ''When the Image Meets the Shadow'' (2004)
* ''[[Om-Dar-B-Dar]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Ghashiram Kotwal (film)|Ghashiram Kotwal]]'' (1976)
* ''Dorothy'' (1974)

=== As writer ===
* ''Tracing Phalke'' (2013) [http://filmsdivision.org/the-fd-zone/tracing-phalke.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906183041/http://filmsdivision.org/the-fd-zone/tracing-phalke.html |date=6 September 2013 }}
* ''Private Detective: Two Plus Two Plus One'' (1997) (dialogues)
* ''[[Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro]]'' (1989) (researcher, script consultant)
* ''[[Salaam Bombay!|Salaam Bombay]]'' (dialogues)

===As production designer===
* ''Siddeshwari'' (1989)

===As assistant director===
* ''Gandhi'' (1982)

==References==
{{Reflist|
<ref name="imdb">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0841919/|publisher=imdb.com|title=Kamal Swaroop - IMDb |accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/16/stories/2004111601050300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041123051720/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/16/stories/2004111601050300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2004|author=bgsug|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Metro Plus Bangalore / Entertainment : Subversion on the screen – Kamal Swaroop interview |date=2004-11-16|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="indianauteur">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianauteur.com/?p=965/|publisher=indianauteur.com|title= Kamal Swaroop interview |accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref>
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swaroop, Kamal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ilyas Babar

2026-02-07T22:54:11Z

Svetlsgx: brief expanded details as per guidelines and added references

{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Ilyas Babar
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Mohammed Ilyas Babar
| birth_date ={{Birth date text|1926}}
| birth_place =[[Kalaburagi]]
| death_date ={{Death date and age|2002|07|30|1926|df=y}}
| death_place =[[Hyderabad]], India
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
|awards =[[Dronacharya Award]] (1994)}}
'''Mohammed Ilyas Babar''' (1926 – 30 July 2002) was an Indian athletic coach.
Babar was born in [[Gulbarga]] in [[Karnataka]]. He became an outstanding university athlete in Hyderabad and was the state champion in 110m hurdles between 1950 and 1957, and in long jump. He graduated in commerce from the [[Osmania University]].

He obtained a diploma in coaching from the National Institute of Sports in [[Patiala]] in 1961. He coached for a while in [[Secunderabad]] before moving to [[Delhi]]. There he joined the [[Rajputana Rifles]] and served until 1999.

His trainees included [[Jagmal Singh (athlete)|Jagmal Singh]], [[B. V. Satyanarayan]], [[Bhogeswar Baruah|BS Barua]], [[Sriram Singh]], [[Tarlok Singh (athlete)|Tarlok Singh]], [[Charles Borromeo (athlete)|Charles Borromeo]], Bagicha Singh, Harlal Singh, Ram Narayan Singh and [[Geeta Zutshi]].<ref>[http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15102002/1510200231.htm Milli Gazette, ''Remembering Ilyas Babar'']</ref> Between them, they won 17 gold medals in [[Asian Games]] and [[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Track and Field]] meets, three [[Padma Shri]] and five [[Arjuna award]]s. Sriram Singh finished seventh in the 800m in the [[1976 Summer Olympics|Montreal Olympics]] and set an Indian record that stood for 42 years. Babar went to the Montreal Olympics on his own expense, having to sell his scooter and various household goods and borrow from his friends to reach Montreal.

Babar was given the [[Dronacharya Award]] in 1994. In the [[1978 Asian Games]] in [[Bangkok]] he was voted as the ''Best coach in Asia'' by a panel of international experts and presented with the ''Adidas Golden Shoe''. He died at age 76, three days after undergoing a surgery for stomach ulcer in [[Hyderabad]], India.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716165640/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2002080100640400.htm&date=2002/08/01/&prd=mp& The Hindu, ''The committed coach'']}}
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/archive_full_story.php?content_id=7270 Indian Express, ''The coach who ran the extra distance'']
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020810/spr-trib.htm#2 Tribune India, ''An ‘institution’ passes into history'']
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050115102011/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/07/31/stories/2002073106281800.htm Hindu obituary]}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babar, Ilyas}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Dronacharya Award]]
[[Category:Indian athletics coaches]]
[[Category:People from Kalaburagi]]
[[Category:Athletes from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]

Esplanade, Kolkata

2026-01-29T13:55:07Z

Svetlsgx: cleanup

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement


| name = Esplanade 
| official_name =
| other_name =
| native_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata 
| total_type = 
| motto = 
| image_skyline = {{multiple image|
| border = infobox
| total_width = 250
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/1
|image1 =Esplanade-Mansion-side-view-Kolkata.jpg
|caption1 = Esplanade mansion at the terminal of Esplanade row
|image2 =Songrokkhon.JPG
|caption2 = Tram museum at Esplanade terminus
|image3 =OberoiGrandHotelKolkata gobeirne.jpg
|caption3 = Oberoi Grand Hotel
|image4 =Beauty Restored Off Esplanade (14652775548).jpg
|caption4 = Metropolitan building}}
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| image_map = Kolkata Esplanade Map.jpg
| mapsize = 220px
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| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards
| parts_style = 
| parts = [[Ward No. 45, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|45]], [[Ward No. 46, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|46]]
| p1 =
| p2 = 
| government_footnotes =
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| elevation_ft = 36
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| population_note =
| population_total = For population see linked KMC ward pages
| population_density_km2 = 
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| timezone = IST
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| coor_type = 
| coordinates = {{coord|22.564955|N|88.346346|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[West Bengal]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 700069
| area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chowranghee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chowranghee]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Kolkata Metro]] station
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Trams in Kolkata|Tram]] stop
| blank2_info_sec2 = Esplanade terminus
| blank3_name_sec2 = Bus stand
| blank3_info_sec2 = Dharmatala bus stand
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Esplanade''' is a neighbourhood of [[Kolkata|Central Kolkata]], located at the [[City centre|heart of city]] with being the city's [[Central business district]] and major transport junction. This is a conventional [[esplanade]] because the [[Hooghly River]], the western distributary of [[Ganges]], flows nearby and it is adjacent to the large fields of [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]] extending up to [[Fort William, India|Fort William]].

==History==
The Esplanade was the name given to the northern portion of jungle, which later formed the [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]]. In olden days, it stretched from [[Dharmatala]] (now Lenin Sarani) to Chandpal Ghat on the [[Hooghly river]]. In the days of [[Warren Hastings]], it formed a favourite promenade for 'elegant walking parties'.

The first pictures of the area is at the end of eighteenth century by Daniell and [[William Baillie (18th century artist)|William Baillie]]. The old Government House and the Council House were conspicuous objects in each drawing. He also presented an addition view in the shape of two elephants with a crowd of attendants.<ref name="Cotton">Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', 1909/1980, pp. 254–261, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd. {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The strengthening of British power, subsequent to their victory in the [[Battle of Plassey]] was followed by the construction of the new [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], in 1758. The European inhabitants of [[Kalikata]] gradually forsook the narrow limits of the old palisades and moved to around the [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]].<ref>Cotton, H.E.A., p. 72.</ref>

The first recorded football match in Kolkata was played on the Esplanade in the second week of April 1858 between the Calcutta Club of Civilians and the 'Gentlemen of Barrakpur'. There had been matches earlier but those were not documented.<ref>Nandy, Moti, ''Calcutta Soccer'', p. 316, in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol II, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, 1990/2005, p. 2, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}.</ref>

== Road Network and Landmarks of the Esplanade ==
A number of roads and streets form part of or have been linked integrally with the Esplanade for many years.

===Esplanade Row===
The street named Esplanade Row, finds a mention in the map of 1784, running from Dhurmotollah right on to the banks of the river at Chandpal Ghat, passing on its way [[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|Government House]] and Council House, both facing south. Subsequently, it was divided by the gardens of Government House into two parts, Esplanade Row (East) and Esplanade Row (West).<ref name = "Cotton"/> Esplanade Row (West) now runs between Government Place (West) and [[Strand Road, Kolkata|Strand Road]], through the [[Kolkata High Court]]. Esplanade Row (East) has been renamed Sidhu Kanu Dahar and occupies the northern end of the Maidan.<ref>Map nos. 28, 29, Detail Maps of 141 Wards of Kolkata, D.R.Publication and Sales Concern, 66 College Street, Kolkata – 700073</ref>

[[File:Kolkata Esplanade.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Esplanade Row (East) in the 19th century – a painting by Allom, T.]]
As a result of the movement of Europeans from the old palisades in the eighteenth century, Esplanade Row took on a new look. The most important public buildings and imposing private houses lined the northern side of the Esplanade, facing the Maidan on the south. "Esplanade Row", wrote Mrs. Fay, "seems to be composed of palaces".<ref name = "Lahiri">Lahiri Choudhury, Dhriti Kanta, ''Trends in Calcutta Architecture'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol I, pp. 156–160, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-563696-1}}.</ref>

The [[Tipu Sultan Mosque]] is at the junction of Esplanade Row (East) and Dhurmotollah Street (Lenin Sarani). A number of statues adorn the area.

===Old Court House Street===
Old Court House Street connects Esplanade Row (East) (or presently Sidhu Kanu Dahar) with [[B.B.D. Bagh]], earlier known as Dalhousie Square. It acquired its name from the Old Court house, that was located where St. Andrew's Church now stands. It served originally as the Supreme Court, until it was demolished in 1792. The northern part of the stretch is known as B.B.D. Bagh (East). It was constructed around 1781, when the finishing touches were put to the new Fort William. It is linked with the name of Col. Henry Watson, who brought about many improvements in Calcutta, including the laying out of surrounding Esplanade. The Red Road is an extension of this street.<ref name = "Cotton"/> The stretch of Old Court House Street from the crossing with Ganesh Avenue or the south-eastern corner of B.B.D. Bagh to the crossing with Waterloo Street has been renamed Hemanta Basu Sarani. The stretch from the crossing with Waterloo Street to the crossing with Rani Rashmoni Avenue has been renamed Marx Engels Beethi Road.<ref>Map no. 29, Detail Maps of 141 Wards of Kolkata.</ref>

===Council House Street===
Council House Street connects the western part of B.B.D. Bagh with Esplanade Row. It acquires its name from the old council house, which stood on the western portion of Government House. It was pulled down in 1800. The southern part of the street was subsequently called Government Place West.<ref name = "Cotton"/> [[Fort William College]] was located at the corner of Council House Street.<ref>Cotton, H.E.A., p. 271.</ref>

== Transport and Connectivity ==
Esplanade has always been a major traffic hub. In 1902, the first electric tram car (route no. 36) ran from Esplanade to [[Kidderpore]]. In 1984, the first underground metro railway ([[Kolkata Metro Blue Line]]) in India, started from [[Tollygunge]] to Esplanade and in a similar way East–West metro ([[Kolkata Metro Green Line 2]]) was opened on a truncated section from Esplanade to [[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.calcuttaweb.com/history.shtml| title =Kolkata (Calcutta) History| access-date =2007-07-25| publisher =calcuttaweb.com| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070510193408/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/history.shtml| archive-date =10 May 2007}}</ref> Today, Esplanade is the busiest bus terminus and largest metro interchange of [[West Bengal]]. [[Trams in Kolkata|Kolkata trams]] route no. 5, 25 and 36 also start their journey from Esplanade. [[Kolkata Metro Purple Line]], which is under construction, will also pass through Esplanade.

In 2002, it was estimated that during rush hours some 200,000 to 300,000 vehicles passed through Esplanade.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=6&id=29113&usrsess=1
|title=Better Kolkata Campaign.
|access-date=2007-07-25
|publisher=The Statesman, 17 June 2002
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103131/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=6&id=29113&usrsess=1
|archive-date=29 September 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

According to transport department officials, over 2,000 long-distance buses operate from the city. Most of the state and private buses originate from the Esplanade and [[Babughat]], nearby.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030818/asp/calcutta/story_2272211.asp
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130204101000/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030818/asp/calcutta/story_2272211.asp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 February 2013
|title = Bypass, Setu sites for twin central bus terminals | access-date = 2007-07-25 | last = Mukherjee | first = Shankar | publisher = The Telegraph, 18 August 2003 | location=Calcutta, India | date=18 August 2003
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/breather-for-choking-esplanade/articleshow/35302852.cms | title = Breather for choking esplanade? | access-date = 2007-07-25 | last = Konar | first = Debashis | publisher = Times of India, 24 January 2003 | date=24 January 2003}}</ref>

[[Eden Gardens railway station]] on [[Kolkata Circular Railway]] line is the nearest railway station. [[Sealdah Station]], one of the five major railway-terminals of [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]], is also located nearby.

== Political Protests and Mass Mobilization ==
The growing influence of the left-wing, particularly the [[Communist Party of India]] in organising urban protest was strongly felt from around 1957. The old institutions of mass mobilisation were strengthened to suit the agitation-oriented strategy of various political parties. A particularly significant expression of this agitation-oriented form of opposition to government policies was the way in which massive demonstrations of tens of thousands of people were organised in the heart of the city. Esplanade East, and [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Brigade Parade ground]], lying just outside the citadels of power, were the new rallying points of mass protest.<ref>Chaterjee, Partha, ''The Political Culture of Calcutta'', p. 30, in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol II</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Esplanade-Mansion-side-view-Kolkata.jpg|[[Esplanade Mansions, Kolkata|Esplanade Mansions]]
File:Esplanade Bus Station.jpg|Esplanade Bus Station with [[Shaheed Minar, Kolkata|Shaheed Minar]] in the background
File:Songrokkhon.JPG|Tram Museum (Smaranika) in Esplanade Tram Terminus
File:Kolkata Military Secretariat.jpg|[[Ordnance Factory Board]]'s Office<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dgaeroqa.gov.in/rd-kolkata.htm |title = Office of the Regional Director, AQA, DGAQA, KOLKATA}}</ref>
File:Victoria House - Esplanade - Kolkata 2011-09-11 00541.jpg|Victoria House
File:Metropolitan Building - Esplanade - Kolkata 2012-09-19 0013.jpg|[[Metropolitan Building (Kolkata)|Metropolitan Building]]
File:Metro Cinema - Esplanade - Kolkata 2011-12-18 0024.JPG|[[Metro Cinema (Kolkata)|Metro Cinema]]
File:Tipu Sultan Mosque Dharmatala at Night.jpg|[[Tipu Sultan Mosque]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Metropolitan Building (Kolkata)|Metropolitan Building]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/Esplanade}}

{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Dhirubhai Ambani Knowledge City

2026-01-28T23:19:26Z

Svetlsgx: adjust page

{{Short description|Technology park in Navi Mumbai, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=April 2013}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=April 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
'''Dhirubhai Ambani Knowledge CITY''', often abbreviated as '''DAKC''', is a technology park located at [[Kopar Khairane]] in [[Navi Mumbai]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kishore D. Pradhan : Architecture + Landscape |url=https://www.kishorepradhan.com/component/phocagallery/category/57-dhirubhai-ambani-knowledge-city?layout=projectdetail&catid=category |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=www.kishorepradhan.com}}</ref> Spread over 56 hectares, it was completed in 2002. The city is named after the famous Indian industrialist [[Dhirajlal Hirachand Ambani|Dhirubhai Ambani]] and is owned by the [[Reliance ADA Group]] and houses a 24-hour National Network Operations Centre (NNOC) along with more than 25,000 employees working primarily for the [[Reliance Communications]] division.<ref>[http://www.emt-india.net/eca2006/05ShoppingMalls/03-AnnexureB%2520OFF.pdf DHIRUBHAI AMBANI KNOWLEDGE CITy]</ref>

==History==
This site was earlier owned by ICI and housed the first polyester staple fiber plant in India. Upon acquisition by Reliance, the site was renamed Terene Fibres India Pvt. Ltd (TFIPL). Production facilities at the plant had been moved out of this location

==Facilities==
The Campus is partially Wi-Fi enabled (I Block is a complete [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|hot spot]]) with two [[HDFC Bank]] [[Automated teller machine|ATMs]] and one [[ICICI|ICICI Bank]] ATM located therein. There is also an HDFC Bank branch located within the campus.

Other than this, the campus has a huge artificial lake where migratory birds can be found at times. There are temples, fountains, medical facilities, a parking lot for over 500 cars, and a helipad within the campus.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|19.1078|73.0137|type:landmark_scale:1000|display=title}}

{{Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group}}
[[Category:Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:Reliance Group]]
[[Category:Software technology parks in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Rajanna Sircilla district

2026-01-23T12:55:20Z

Svetlsgx: refined layout additionally and cleaned formatting

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Sircilla}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajanna Sircilla
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Telangana|District]] of [[Telangana]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Sri Rajarajeshwara Temple in Akkannapet.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Raja Rajeshwara temple|Sri Raja Rajeswara Temple]] in Akkannapet
| image_map = Rajanna Sircilla in Telangana (India).svg
| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Rajanna Sircilla district'''
|type=shape |id=Q28172781
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Rajanna Sircilla district of Telangana
|type2=line|id2=Q677037|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Telangana
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Sircilla
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| named_for = [[Raja Rajeswara Temple, Vemulawada|Rajanna]] (Lord [[Shiva]])
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Sircilla]]
| parts_type = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandalas]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 13
| area_total_km2 = 2019
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_total = 552037
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = Sircilla and Vemulawada
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 62.71%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 1014
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Devarakonda Krishna Bhaskar
| leader_title1 = [[India Parliament|Parliament]] constituencies
| leader_name1 = Karimnagar
| leader_title2 = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] constituencies
| leader_name2 = Sircilla, Vemulawada, Choppadandi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = TG–23<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana New Districts Names 2016 Pdf TS 31 Districts List|url=https://timesalert.com/telangana-new-districts-list/21462/|access-date=11 October 2016|work=Timesalert.com|date=11 October 2016}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = Karimnagar-Sircilla-Kamareddy; Sircilla-Siddipet-Suryapet
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://rajannasircilla.telangana.gov.in/}}
}}
'''Rajanna Sircilla district''' is a [[district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Names of 6 new districts changed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/names-of-6-new-districts-changed/article9253888.ece|access-date=4 November 2016|work=The Hindu|date=22 October 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref> [[Sircilla]] is the district headquarters.<ref name="district">{{cite web|title=Rajanna district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130141822228.Rajanna.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215234245/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130141822228.Rajanna.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The district shares boundaries with [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]], [[Siddipet district|Siddipet]], [[Jagtial district|Jagtial]], [[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy]], and [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]] districts.

M. Haritha assumed charge Collector of Rajanna-Sircilla district succeeding Sandeep Kumar Jha on 29 September 2025.<ref name="2013 batch IAS officer M Haritha assumes charge as Sircilla Collector">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=2013 batch IAS officer M Haritha assumes charge as Sircilla Collector |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/2013-batch-ias-officer-m-haritha-assumes-charge-as-sircilla-collector/article70109961.ece |access-date=30 September 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930064810/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/2013-batch-ias-officer-m-haritha-assumes-charge-as-sircilla-collector/article70109961.ece |archive-date=30 September 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
== Geography ==
The district is spread over an area of {{convert|2030.89|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="newdist">{{cite news|title=New districts|url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=320397|access-date=8 October 2016|work=Andhra Jyothy.com|date=8 October 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225064351/http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=320397|url-status=dead}}</ref> This district is bounded by [[Jagitial district|Jagtial District]] in the North, [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar District]] in the North East, [[Siddipet district|Siddipet District]] in the South, [[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy District]] in the West and [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad District]] in the North West.

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Rajanna-Sircilla district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#fcd116
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Telangana|Hinduism]]|darkorange|94.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|4.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.87}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.33}}
}}

{{As of|2011}} [[2011 census of India|Census of India]], the district has a population of 552,037. Rajanna-Sircilla district has a sex ratio of 1014 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 62.71%. 48,751 (8.83%) were under 6 years of age. 116,892 (21.17%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 102,110 (18.50%) and 22,990 (4.16%) of the population respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know your district Plan your district - Rajanna-Sircilla |url=http://www.trac.telangana.gov.in/trac/New_Districts/districts/22-Rajanna-Siricilla.pdf |website=trac.telangana.gov.in |publisher=Telangana State Remote Sensing Applications Centre}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Rajanna-Sircilla district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 93.15 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 3.50 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Lambadi]] |value3 = 2.50 |color3 = khaki
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.85 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 93.15% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 3.50% [[Urdu]] and 2.50% [[Lambadi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:Sircilla District Revenue division.png|thumb|280px|Sircilla District Revenue division|left]]
The district will have two [[List of revenue divisions in Telangana|revenue division]] of [[Sircilla]] and [[Vemulawada, Rajanna Sircilla district|Vemulawada]] It is sub-divided into 13 [[mandal]]s.<ref name="mandals">{{cite web|title=Clipping of Andhra Jyothy Telugu Daily – Hyderabad|url=http://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/c/13774805|website=Andhra Jyothy|access-date=8 October 2016|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009185052/http://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/c/13774805|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anuraag Jayanti IAS is the present collector of the district.<ref>{{cite news|title=K Chandrasekhar Rao appoints collectors for new districts|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/111016/k-chandrasekhar-rao-appoints-collectors-for-new-districts.html|access-date=13 October 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=11 October 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S No.
!Sircilla Revenue Division
!Vemulawada Revenue Division
|-
|1.
|[[Sircilla]]
|[[Vemulawada, Rajanna Sircilla district|Vemulawada]]
|-
|2.
|[[Thangallapally|Thangallapalli]]
|Vemulawada Rural
|-
|3.
|[[Gambhiraopet]]
|[[Chandurthi]]
|-
|4.
|[[Yellareddipet]]
|[[Konaraopeta]]
|-
|5.
|Veernapalli
|[[Boinpalle|Boinpalli]]
|-
|6.
|[[Mustabad]]
|Rudrangi
|-
|7.
|[[Ellanthakunta mandal|Ellanthakunta]]
|
|}

== Villages ==


*[[Pothugal]]

== See also ==
* [[List of districts in Telangana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Telangana|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Districts of Telangana]]
[[Category:Rajanna Sircilla district| ]]

Mohammadpur Deomal

2026-01-23T12:24:43Z

Svetlsgx: created new entry!

{{short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{notability|1=Places|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mohammadpur deomal
| settlement_type = village
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1900}}
| founder = hafiz abdul salam
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_ha = 8500.13
| population_total = 4504
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|UP 20]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]] [[Pradhan]]
| leader_title = [[Pradhan]]
| leader_name =
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| footnotes = deomal humara seva savera
| demographics1_title1 = Officials
}}
'''Mohammadpur Deomal''' is a block and village in under Block 108 village [[Bijnor district]] and [[Tehsil]] [[Bijnor]], with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] code 246721.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammadpur Deomal Village Population - Bijnor - Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/112148-mohammadpur-deomal-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MOHAMMADPUR DEOMAL ORIENTAL BANK OF COMMERCE IFSC Code: Check ORIENTAL BANK OF COMMERCE MOHAMMADPUR DEOMAL IFSC, MICR Code and Branch address |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ifsc-bank-codes/params/ifsccode/bank-oriental-bank-of-commerce/state-uttar-pradesh/district-mohammadpur-deomal/branch-mohammadpur-deomal |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Members Employees ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Gram Panchayat - MOHDPURDEVMAL Employees
!#
!Name
!Designation
!Department
|-
|1
|'''Deepak Raj'''
|Headmaster
|Department Of Education
|-
|2
|'''Degendra Singh'''
|Gva
|Department Of Rural Development
|-
|3
|'''Devendra Kumar'''
|Headmaster
|Department Of Education
|-
|4
|'''Imrana'''
|Asst Teacher
|Department Of Education
|-
|5
|'''Manju Vishoni'''
|Anganwadi
|Department Of Women & Child Development
|-
|6
|'''Meenakshi Devi'''
|Asst Teacher
|Department Of Education
|-
|7
|'''Neeraj Rani'''
|Headmaster
|Department Of Education
|-
|8
|'''Rajni Vishoni'''
|Anganwadi
|Department Of Women & Child Development
|-
|9
|'''Rajpal Singh'''
|Headmaster
|Department Of Education
|-
|10
|'''Sanjeev Kumar'''
|Gpa
|Department Of Panchayati Raj
|-
|11
|'''Smt. Sonika'''
|Headmaster
|Department Of Education
|-
|12
|'''Sunita Devi'''
|Anm
|Department Of Health
|-
|13
|'''Vipendra Kumar'''
|Headmaster
|Department Of Education
|}

== Members ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Gram Panchayat - MOHDPURDEVMAL Members
!#
!Name
!Designation
|-
|1
|'''Ajay Veer'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|2
|'''Anita'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|3
|'''Anita'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|4
|'''Dhara'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|5
|'''Famita'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|6
|'''Fhool'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|7
|'''Himanshu'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|8
|'''Kuvarpal Vishnoyai'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|9
|'''Maya'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|10
|'''Rampal'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|11
|'''Satayparkash'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|-
|12
|'''Vidya Devi'''
|Gram Panchayat Member
|}

== Wards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Gram Panchayat - MOHDPURDEVMAL Wards
!No.
!Ward Name
!Ward No
!LGD Code
|-
|1
|'''Ward No 1'''
|1
|2768246
|-
|2
|'''Ward No 2'''
|2
|2768247
|-
|3
|'''Ward No 3'''
|3
|2768248
|-
|4
|'''Ward No 4'''
|4
|2768249
|-
|5
|'''Ward No 5'''
|5
|2768250
|-
|6
|'''Ward No 6'''
|6
|2768251
|-
|7
|'''Ward No 7'''
|7
|2768252
|-
|8
|'''Ward No 8'''
|8
|2768253
|-
|9
|'''Ward No 9'''
|9
|2768254
|-
|10
|'''Ward No 10'''
|10
|2768255
|-
|11
|'''Ward No 11'''
|11
|2768256
|-
|12
|'''Ward No 12'''
|12
|2768257
|-
|13
|'''Ward No 13'''
|13
|2768258
|-
|14
|'''Ward No 14'''
|14
|2768259
|-
|15
|'''Ward No 15'''
|15
|2768260
|}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Bijnor district]]

{{Bijnor-geo-stub}}

Dibi, Siwan

2026-01-21T13:24:36Z

Svetlsgx: creating data.

{{Short description|Village in Siwan district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{for|other uses of a similar name|Dibi (disambiguation){{!}}Dibi}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dibi
| native_name = डीबी
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of villages in Siwan district|Village]]
| image_skyline = High School Dibi, Siwan.jpg
| image_alt = High School, Dibi, Pakari, Siwan, Bihar, India.
| image_caption = B D P Y High School, Dibi, [[Pakari, Siwan|Pakari]].
| image_map = Map of Hasanpura.pdf
| map_caption = Dibi (#583) in [[Hasanpura]] block map
| map_alt = to
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|26.0620718|N|84.4046211|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flagicon image|Seal_of_Bihar.svg|size=23px}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Siwan district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hasanpura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Local Government
| governing_body = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| leader_title = [[Gram Panchayat|Panchayat]]
| leader_name = [[Pakari Bihar|Pakari]]<ref name="Pakari Panchayat">{{Cite web |title= Pakari Panchayat|url=https://siwan.nic.in/village-panchayats|access-date=2025-05-01 |website=siwan.nic.in}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Mukhi]]ya
| leader_name1 = Late Prabhunath Yadav
| leader_title2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name2 = [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name3 = [[Daraunda Assembly constituency|Daraunda]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =<ref name="Dibi Area">{{Cite web |title=Area of Dibi Village|url=https://civicatlas.in/village-Dibi-232698 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=vill.co.in}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 69
| elevation_footnotes =<ref name="Merahi Elevation">{{Cite web |title=Sea Level of Dibi Village|url=https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=freemaptools.com}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 61.9
| population_total = 2164
| population_as_of = 2,011 Census
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =<ref name="about" />
|demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] & English
|demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| demographics_type2 =
| demographics2_title2 =
| demographics2_info2 =
| demographics2_title3 =
| demographics2_info3 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 841240
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#BR—Bihar|BR29]]
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|https://siwan.nic.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dibi''' is a village located in the [[Hasanpura]] block of [[Siwan district]] in [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://siwan.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |title= Dibi - Village & Panchayats |date= |website= www.siwan.nic.in |publisher= |access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref> It is under the administrative control of [[Pakari, Siwan|Pakari]] [[gram panchayat]] and neighbor of [[Merahi]] village.<ref>{{cite web |title=Area, pincode and population of Dibi village in Hasanpura tehsil of Siwan, Bihar, India based on census of India 2011 |url=https://villageinindia.com/india/bihar/siwan/hasanpura/hasanpura-dibi/ |website=Village in India |access-date=2 August 2025 |date=16 July 2022}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Dibi covers a total area of approximately 147.35 hectares. [[Agriculture]] is the primary occupation due to rich [[alluvial soil]].<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=About Dibi village |url=https://villagedatabase.com/village-info/india/bihar/siwan/hasanpura/dibi#gsc.tab=0 |website=villagedatabase.com |access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Dibi functions under the [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati raj]] system. The village is governed by a [[gram panchayat]] and administrated by an elected Mukhiya.<ref name="about" />

[[File:Pakari Siwan Bihar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pakari, Bihar|Pakari Panchayat]] Bhavan, Siwan, Bihar.]]

== Demographics ==
[[File:Shiv Mandir Dibi, Pakari, Siwan.jpg|thumb|right|Baba Dibeswarnath Shiv Mandir, Dibi, [[Siwan, Bihar]].]]
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Dibi has a total population of 2,164 living in 156 households. There are 998 males and 1166 females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dibi Village (Pincode: 841240), Daraundha, Siwan {{!}} Bihar {{!}} – Population, Area, Nearby Villages, Assembly & Parliament Constituency |url=https://villageinfo.org/village/232698 |website=villageinfo.org |access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Merahi]]
* [[Pakari Bihar|Pakari Gram Panchayat]]
* [[List of villages in Siwan district]]
* [[Siwan subdivision]]
* [[Administration in Bihar]]
* [[Daraunda Assembly constituency]]
* [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|siwan.nic.in}}

{{Siwan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Siwan district|Siwan|Siwan, Bihar]]

{{Siwan-geo-stub}}

2010 elections in India

2026-01-15T14:44:34Z

Svetlsgx: general improved page based on references and corrected details after review

{{short description|none}}
{{Original research|date=April 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 2009 elections in India
| previous_year = 2009
| election_date = 2010
| next_election = 2011 elections in India
| next_year = 2011
}}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Date(s)
!State
! colspan="2" |Government before election
!Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after election
!Chief Minister after election
!Maps
|-
| rowspan="2" |21 October 2010 – 20 November 2010
| rowspan="2" |[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar]]
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
| align="left"|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nitish Kumar]]
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
| align="left"|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nitish Kumar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:IN-BR.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Parliamentary By-election ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!State
!MP before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MP
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|27
|1 November 2010
|[[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]
|Bihar
|[[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|[[Putul Kumari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|}

== Assembly By-elections ==
=== [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!1
|Rowspan=12|27 July 2010
|[[Sirpur Assembly constituency|Sirpur]]
|Kaveti Sammaiah
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|Kaveti Sammaiah
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
! 2
| [[Chennur Assembly constituency|Chennur]]
|[[Nallala Odelu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Nallala Odelu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
! 4
| [[Mancherial Assembly constituency|Mancherial]]
|Gaddam Aravinda Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|Gaddam Aravinda Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
! 15
| [[Yellareddy Assembly constituency|Yellareddy]]
|Eanugu Ravinder Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|Eanugu Ravinder Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
! 17
| [[Nizamabad Urban Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Urban]]
|[[Endela Lakshminarayana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Endela Lakshminarayana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! 20
| [[Koratla Assembly constituency|Koratla]]
| Kalvakuntla Vidya Sagar Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
| Kalvakuntla Vidya Sagar Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
! 22
| [[Dharmapuri, Telangana Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|[[Koppula Eshwar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Koppula Eshwar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
! 28
| [[Vemulawada Assembly constituency|Vemulawada]]
| [[Chennamaneni Ramesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Chennamaneni Ramesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
! 29
| [[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla]]
|[[K. T. Rama Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[K. T. Rama Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
! 31
| [[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]]
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
! 33
| [[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]]
|[[T. Harish Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[T. Harish Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
!105
|[[Warangal West Assembly constituency|Warangal West]]
|[[Dasyam Vinay Bhasker]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Dasyam Vinay Bhasker]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|}
=== [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!05
|01 October 2010
|[[Bhatgaon Assembly constituency|Bhatgaon]]
|Ravi Shankar Tripathi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajni Ravishankar Tripathi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!19
|18 October 2010
|[[Valpoi Assembly constituency|Valpoi]]
|[[Vishwajit Rane]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|[[Vishwajit Rane]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!10
|20 January 2010
|[[Chotila Assembly constituency|Chotila]]
|Popatbhai Jinjariya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bharat Khorani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!128
|13 September 2010
|Kathlal
|Gautambhai Jhala
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kanubhai Dabhi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!46
|20 January 2010
|[[Ellenabad Assembly constituency|Ellenabad]]
|[[Om Prakash Chautala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|[[Abhay Singh Chautala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|}
=== [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!44
|Rowspan=2|13 September 2010
|[[Gulbarga Dakshin Assembly constituency|Gulbarga Dakshin]]
|Chandrashekhar Patil Revoor
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Aruna C. Patil Revoor
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
!127
|[[Kadur Assembly constituency|Kadur]]
|[[K. M. Krishnamurthy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Y. C. Vishwanath
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

=== [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!137
|20 January 2010
|[[Bhiwandi East Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi East]]
|[[Abu Azmi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Rupesh Laxman Mhatre|Rupesh Mhatre]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|}

=== [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!83
|27 March 2010
|[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
|[[P. N. Periannan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[P. N. P. Inbasekharan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}
=== [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!154
|03 June 2010
|[[Domariyaganj Assembly constituency|Domariyaganj]]
|Taufique Ahmad
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Khatoon Taufique
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
!54
|Rowspan=2|20 November 2011
|[[Lakhimpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]
|Kaushal Kishore
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Utkarsh Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
!333
|Nidhauli Kalan
|Anil Kumar Singh Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|Amit Gaurav
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|}

=== [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!S.No
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
!264
|05 July 2010
|[[Durgapur Paschim Assembly constituency|Durgapur I]]
|[[Mrinal Banerjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Archana Bhattacharyya
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|}

==See also==
*[[S. Y. Quraishi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]

{{Indian elections}}
{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:2010 elections in India]]
[[Category:2010 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2010 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

Ajooni

2026-01-07T02:50:15Z

Svetlsgx: made a data w/ refs

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ajooni.jpg
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* Drama
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
}}
| creator = Trivendra Singh
| developer =
| director = Yogesh Bijendra Bhati
| cinematography = Prateek Singh Rajput
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Hemant Ruparel
* Ranjeet Thakur
}}
| writer = Vandana Tiwari
| story = Vishal Watwani Renu Watwani
| screenplay = Lalsa Verma Sumeet Vishnoi
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|Ayushi Khurana| [[Shoaib Ibrahim]]}}
| editor = {{Plainlist|
* Dharmesh Patel
* Shakti Mahanti
}}
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 316
| runtime = 20-24 minutes
| company = Frames Production Company Private Limited
| network = {{Plainlist|
* [[Star Bharat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-bharat-unveils-new-look-with-brand-refresh/|title=Star Bharat unveils new look with brand refresh|date=26 July 2022|website=bizasialive.com}}</ref>
* [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|07|26|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|08|23|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Ajooni''''' ([[transl.]] Infinite) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language drama television series that starred Ayushi Khurana and [[Shoaib Ibrahim]]. It aired from 26 July 2022 to 23 August 2023 on [[Star Bharat]].

==Plot==

It is the story of a woman named Ajooni Vohra who will go to any lengths to fight for her rights. Rajveer Singh Bagga belongs to the Bagga family, known for their power in [[Punjab]]. The Baggas, headed by Rajveer's father, Ravindra Singh Bagga, are rooted deep in tradition and superstition. The Vohra family, however, are traditional but believe in progressive thinking and educating their daughters Ajooni and Meher. Rajveer Singh Bagga and Ajooni Vohra eventually fall in love despite seeming incompatible in the beginning.

The story is set in Haryalipur, where Ajooni and Avinash are to be engaged but then Ajooni accidentally meets Rajveer in the market and he falls for Ajooni - love at first sight, He starts stalking her and breaks her engagement with Avinash. After no option left, Ajooni agrees to marry Rajveer. After the marriage there are many dramas. Rajveer's younger sister, Dolly plots against Ajooni as she does not like her. Ajooni supports Amanpreet, her sister-in-law. Harman and Dolly plots together. Avinash returns to Ajooni's life. Ajooni is not initially satisfied with her marriage, but over time she realizes Rajveer's genuine love for her. After time and difficulties for Ajooni she faces more difficulties including the time when Harvendra Singh Bagga does not become a father After a lot of tries, he decides to marry Shikha, a girl who he has secretly meet but in real Shikha just wants all the money, respect and property of the Baggas. After plotting tons of times Ajooni finds her secret and poses as Kamali, a new maid. Slowly she got closer and closer until Shikha and her boyfriend fall into a trap. Their secret is out but the money that the Baggas had for loan was stolen by Ravindra's younger stepbrother Tejendra Singh Bagga and his son Shankar "[[Shanky]]" Singh Bagga. But all this was plotted by Tejendra's evil and vicious mother, Amrit Jarnail Singh Bagga. Ravindra, after knowing this called Tejendar to the Bagga house only to humiliate and build anger in Tejendra. But he knows a secret that nobody else knows that is he had switched Rajveer and Shanky at birth but his good and naive wife Kaveri Tejendra Singh Bagga told Tejendra that when she saw him switching Rajveer and Shanky she switched them back after Tejendra went away. After scoldings by both Tejendra and Amrit they thought to themselves that they don't know about this so Tejendra breaks the news and the Baggas are shattered and Rajveer goes to Tejendra's house and Shanky goes to the Bagga house. After having trouble and punishment at the Bagga house Shanky is building his anger while at Tejendra's house they are inside out torturing Ajooni and Rajveer. One night while the lights go out Ajooni is attacked and the goon says that it's an old lady and a couple days earlier Manjyot, Ravindra's mother, came to Tejendra's house for threatening Ajooni. Though it was Amrit who did this but Rajveer suspected Manjyot and broke all ties with the Bagga house and they rift apart. After they had too much hate for each other Ajooni and Harman scheme to get them together but the opposite happens. The night Rajveer and Ravindra were meeting, Ravindra got shot by Shanky. When Rajveer saw him shot he rushed Ravindra to the hospital. But Amrit blamed him and got the cops on him and he nearly escaped. After Rajveer made a run, he went to the Bagga house to meet Ravindra. In the Bagga House Tejendra's family show their true colors and get the property papers and they shoot Rajveer and throw him in the river. When Ajooni hears this she swore to kill Shanky but Rajveer was alive because his younger sister Dolly switched the real bullets with the fake. When Ajooni goes up to try and kill Shanky so Rajveer aka Pathan can save him and gain their trust. After torturing the Baggas too much they finally found out about Rajveer and put him and tie him on a chair that spins so they can shoot arrows at him. Then when the last arrow goes straight to his head Ravindra stands up and beats up the goons and punishes each and everyone that tortured him and his family. Then Shanky finds a gun and attempts to shoot Ravindra but Rajveer pulls him out just in time and the bullet hits Tejendra. The Baggas celebrate that the truth has won and have a party and pray to God for prosperity at all times.

Then Rajveer and Ajooni go to honeymoon. Shanky, escaped from jail decides that he will kill each man of the Bagga house. Shikha, who completed her imprisonment, saves them from Shanky and when Shanky tries to shoot Rajveer, his mother Kaveri kills him and surrenders herself to police. Shikha was injured and admitted to hospital by Ajooni and Rajveer. Shikha said that her parents thrown out from their house. Rajveer gives her a room in a working women's hostel. Shikha plans to takeover the property of Baggas.
Ravinder gives the throne of Baggas to Rajveer and responsibility of Bagga Factories to Harvendra.

She meets Harvendra for her plan to take over the property and the throne. Arvinder joins her due to the greed of Throne. Shikha approaches to Gyaneshwar Singh, a poor Hindi professor and lookalike of Ravindra to convince him for acting as Ravindra for taking away the property of Baggas because he was a man of principles, they bribed him and kidnapped Chikoo (adopted daughter of Gyaneshwar) with the help of Garewal, a goon. Then, Garewal kidnapped Ravindra and forcibly signed his all property to Shikha. Fortunately, Ajooni and Rajveer save Ravindra and Chikoo. Ravindra, in front of Harvendra acts as Gyaneshwar in Bagga House. Shikha goes to Bagga house for taking her property. Then Ravindra, Rajveer and Ajooni revealed about Ravindra's lookalike, Gyaneshwar. Ravindra guarantees him that from school till Chikoo's marriage, he will carry the expenses. Gyaneshwar thanks him and says that if Ravindra will be in problem, he will pray to God that the problem will come on Gyaneshwar.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Ayushi Khurana as Ajooni Bagga (nee Vohra): Neeru and Subhash's daughter; Ravindra and Harman's daughter-in law; Rajveer's wife; Avinash's ex-fiancee; Meher and Bharat's sister; Harvendra and Dolly's sister-in law; Mrs. Vohra's granddaughter; Manjyot and Jarnail's granddaughter-in-law (2022–2023)
* [[Shoaib Ibrahim]] as Rajveer Singh Bagga: Ravindra and Harman's son; Neeru and Subhash's son-in law; Harvendra and Dolly's brother; Manjyot and Jarnail's grandson; Ajooni's husband (2022–2023)

===Recurring===
* Drisha Kalyani as Meher Vohra: Ajooni and Bharat's younger sister (2022–2023)
* [[Pankaj Dheer]] as
** Ravindra Singh Bagga: Rajveer, Harvendra and Dolly's father; Harman's husband; Ajooni's father-in law; Manjyot and Jarnail's son; Tejendra's elder stepbrother; Amrit's stepson; Gyaneshwar's look alike (2022–2023)
** Gyaneshwar Singh: A professor; Ravindra's look alike (2023)
* Shraddha Singh as Harman Ravindra Singh Bagga: Rajveer, Harvendra and Dolly's mother; Ravindra's wife; Ajooni's mother-in law; Manjyot and Jarnail's daughter-in-law (2022–2023)
* Praveen Sirohi as Harvendra Singh Bagga (2022–2023)
* Simran Khanna as Amanpreet Harvendra Singh Bagga (2022–2023)
* Sonia Keswani as Dolly Singh Bagga (2022–2023)
* Veena Kapoor as Manjyot Jarnail Singh Bagga: Jarnail's first wife; Ravindra's mother; Rajveer, Harvendra and Dolly's grandmother; Tejendra's stepmother (2022–2023)
* Jairoop Jeevan as Subhash Vohra (2022–2023)
* Charul Bhavsar as Neeru Subhash Vohra (2022–2023)
* Vedprakash Singh as Bharat Vohra (2022–2023)
* Seema Sharma as Mrs. Vohra: Subhash and Bindu's mother; Ajooni, Meher and Bharat's grandmother (2022–2023)
* Namrata Kapoor as Bindu Vohra (2022)
* Kamal Malik as Kamal: Bindu's husband (2022)
* [[Simarjeet Singh]] Nagra as Inspector Manjeet Singh Cheema (2022)
* Pallavi Sapra as Shikha Narula: Harvendra's second wife (2022–2023)
* Gaurav Bajpai as Dr. Avinash Khanna: Ajooni's former fiancé (2022)
* Ashok Pandey as Mr. Khanna: Dr. Avinash's father (2022)
* Ajay Trehan / Manoj Jaiswal as Mr. Narula: Shikha's father (2022–2023) / (2023)
* Tasneem Ali as Karuna Sharma: A social worker (2022–2023)
* [[Arun Bakshi]] as Tejendra Singh Bagga: Amrit and Jarnail's son; Kaveri's husband; Shankar's father; Ravindra's younger stepbrother; Manjyot's stepson (2023) (Dead)
* [[Shweta Gautam]] as Kaveri Tejendra Singh Bagga: Tejendra's wife; Shankar's mother (2023)
* Robin Sohi as Shankar "Shanky" Singh Bagga: Tejendra and Kaveri's son; Amrit and Jarnail's grandson (2023) (Dead)
* [[Nimisha Vakharia]] as Amrit Jarnail Singh Bagga: Jarnail's second wife; Tejendra's mother; Shankar's grandmother; Ravindra's stepmother (2023)
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] Gill as Akshay: An NRI; Meher's love interest (2023)
* Sunil Nagar as Akshay's father (2023)

==Filming==
On 10 March 2023 around 4:30pm a massive fire broke out on the neighboring set of ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]'' turning the set into ashes and it was reported that the fire even reached the ''Ajooni'' set and another neighboring set of ''[[Teri Meri Doriyaann]]'' too.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GHKKPM: मशहूर सीरियल 'गुम है किसी के प्यार में' के सेट पर भीषण आग, मुंबई फिल्म सिटी में बड़ा हादसा|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/television/ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiin-major-fire-broke-out-on-the-set-ayesha-singh-neil-bhatt-serial-mumbai-film-city-2023-03-10|access-date=2023-03-10|website=Amar Ujala|language=hindi}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of programs broadcast by Star Bharat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/ajooni/1260108191 Ajooni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831091306/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/ajooni/1260108191 |date=31 August 2022 }} on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|id=21289566}}

{{Star Bharat Programmes}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Star Bharat original programming]]

Subhash Nagar metro station (Nagpur)

2025-12-19T18:04:07Z

Svetlsgx: put up basic details initial version!

{{short description|Nagpur Metro's Aqua Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Subhash Nagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Nagpur Metro Infobox station line|line=Aqua}}
| style = Nagpur Metro
| image = Subhash Nagar metro station (Nagpur).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Parsodi, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440022
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.12330|79.04194|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Aqua|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]] Platform-2 → [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2020|01|28}}
| closed = 
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Nagpur Metro|line=Aqua|left=Dharampeth College|right=Rachana Ring Road Junction}}
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| route_map = {{Nagpur Metro East-West Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Subhash Nagar''' is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Nagpur Metro]] in [[Nagpur]], India. It was opened on 28 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bisen |first=Sudhanshu|title=After 144-day delay, Metro's Aqua Line makes a splash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/after-144-day-delay-metros-aqua-line-makes-a-splash/articleshow/73709587.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=26 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nagpur Metro's Aqua Line inaugurated today. Check new routes, timings |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/nagpur-metro-s-aqua-line-inaugurated-today-check-new-routes-timings-11580199039676.html |website=mint |access-date=26 November 2021 |language=en |date=28 January 2020}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Subhash Nagar track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Rachana Ring Road Junction metro station|Rachana Ring Road Jn.]]
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Dharampeth College metro station|Dharampeth College]]
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]] '''Next Station:''' [[Dharampeth College metro station|Dharampeth College]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Lokmanya Nagar metro station|Lokmanya Nagar]] '''Next Station:''' [[Rachana Ring Road Junction metro station|Rachana Ring Road Jn.]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Nagpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2020]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Chennai

2025-11-30T02:22:01Z

Svetlsgx: put up some info w/ refs!

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Some [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]s have formed a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] to better organise information in articles related to '''[[Chennai]]'''. This page and its subpages contain their suggestions; it is hoped that this project will help to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians. If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]].

Also visit the [[Wikipedia:Noticeboard for India-related topics|Noticeboard for India-related topics]] for collaboration on Indian articles in general.

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{{Chennai tasks}}
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===Places===

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| style="vertical-align:top;" |'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chennai/Suburbs|Suburbs]]''' Main article: [[List of Chennai suburbs]] Category: [[:Category:Suburbs of Chennai|Suburbs of Chennai]]
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|width=40%|'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Chennai/Parks and gardens|Parks and gardens]]''' 
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Main article: [[List of Chennai railway stations]]
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===Roads===

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|'''This subpage does not yet exist. Please feel free to create it.'''
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===Landmarks===

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===Government===

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==Useful templates==
*<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:WP India|WP India]]<nowiki>|chennai=yes}}</nowiki> - talk-page notice for Project related articles
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==Useful categories==
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2018 Nizam's Museum heist

2025-11-10T04:54:00Z

Svetlsgx: made some details needs work!

{{Short description|Museum heist in Hyderabad, India}}

{{Infobox event
| image = Nizam museum.jpg
| caption = [[The Nizam's Museum]]
| map_caption = Site of the heist
| mapframe-coordinates = {{Coord|17.366501|N|78.482887|E}}
| date = {{start and end dates|df=yes|2018|09|2|2018|09|3}}
| time =
| timezone =
| venue = [[The Nizam's Museum]], [[Purani Haveli]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]], India
| also known as = The Hyderabad Heist
| type = Museum heist
| motive = Theft of antique gold artefacts worth up to ₹500 crore (US${{To USD|5000|IND|year=2018}} million)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2018-09-11 |title=The Nizam Museum heist: The tale of two thieves who breached heavy security apparatus to steal gold tiffin box - India News , Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/the-nizam-museum-heist-the-tale-of-two-thieves-who-breached-heavy-security-apparatus-to-steal-gold-tiffin-box-5161371.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121042213/https://www.firstpost.com/india/the-nizam-museum-heist-the-tale-of-two-thieves-who-breached-heavy-security-apparatus-to-steal-gold-tiffin-box-5161371.html |archive-date=2020-11-21 |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=Firstpost |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Target =
| perpetrator = Mohammad Ghouse Pasha (alias Khooni Ghouse), Mohammed Mubeen
| outcome = Both culprits caught and convicted, All stolen artefacts recovered
| sentence = Two years of imprisonment
}}

The '''2018 Nizam's Museum heist''' was a high-profile theft that occurred on the night of 2 September 2018 at the [[The Nizam's Museum|Nizam's Museum]] in [[Purani Haveli]], [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]. Two burglars, Mohammad Ghouse Pasha (alias Khooni Ghouse) and Mohammed Mubeen, broke into the [[museum]] and stole priceless artefacts belonging to the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|seventh Nizam of Hyderabad]], included a [[gold]] [[Tiffin carrier|tiffin box]], a [[cup]], [[saucer]], and [[spoon]] all made of solid gold and inlaid with [[Diamond|diamonds]], [[Ruby|rubies]], and [[Emerald|emeralds]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-04 |title=Nizam's gold tiffin box, teacup stolen from museum in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-burglars-break-into-nizams-museum-steal-valuable-items/articleshow/65659617.cms |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The collection of stolen items was estimated to be worth up to ₹500 crore (US${{To USD|5000|IND|year=2018}} million) in the [[Black market|antique black market]], with the tiffin box alone being worth over ₹100 crore (${{To USD|1000|IND|year=2018}} million).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2018-09-11 |title=The Nizam Museum heist: The tale of two thieves who breached heavy security apparatus to steal gold tiffin box - India News , Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/the-nizam-museum-heist-the-tale-of-two-thieves-who-breached-heavy-security-apparatus-to-steal-gold-tiffin-box-5161371.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121042213/https://www.firstpost.com/india/the-nizam-museum-heist-the-tale-of-two-thieves-who-breached-heavy-security-apparatus-to-steal-gold-tiffin-box-5161371.html |archive-date=2020-11-21 |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=Firstpost |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> The incident remains one of India's most audacious museum thefts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shenoy |first=Sharmishtha |date=2023-04-02 |title=How two petty thieves pulled off a multi-million dollar heist at Hyderabad's Nizam Museum |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-two-petty-thieves-pulled-off-a-multi-million-dollar-heist-at-hyderabads-nizam-museum/1490666/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Nizam's Museum in Hyderabad is located in the historic [[Purani Haveli|Purani Haveli palace]] of the former [[Hyderabad State|princely state of Hyderabad]], and is administered by the Nizam's Jubilee Pavilion Trust. Its collection comprises personal belongings of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]], including gifts presented to [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] to commemorate his silver jubilee in 1936. Its collection includes gold and silver artefacts, diamond-studded antiques, rare books, and a manually operated elevator over 150 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-08-20 |title=Hyderabad: The Nizam's Museum is looking for curator to join its team |url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-the-nizams-museum-is-looking-for-curator-to-join-its-team-3082277/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref> The museum's collection is considered culturally and historically significant, representing both the wealth of the Nizam's era and the heritage of the Hyderabad region.
On the night of 2–3 September 2018, thieves broke into the museum's third gallery, entered via a ventilator vent on the first floor, removed the [[iron]] grill of the vent, and used a rope to drop into the room below where [[Gemstone|jewels]] and other antiques were on display. The theft was discovered the following morning when guards found a broken showcase lock and several items missing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishna |first=S. Rama |date=8 September 2018 |title=Nizam Museum is a sitting duck |url=https://latest.sundayguardianlive.com/news/nizam-museum-sitting-duck |access-date=21 October 2025 |work=Sunday Guardian}}</ref>

According to police statements, the stolen items included:<ref name=":0" />

* a gold [[Tiffin carrier|tiffin box]] (three-tier) weighing 1,950g studded with [[Diamond|diamonds]], [[Ruby|rubies]], and [[Emerald|emeralds]]
* a gold cup and saucer weighing 172g set studded with [[Gemstone|gemstones]]
* a gold [[teaspoon]]

Beyond their monetary value in the antique market, the items were a testimony to the wealth of the richest man in the world at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TIME Magazine Cover: The Nizam of Hyderabad - Feb. 22, 1937 |url=https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19370222,00.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=TIME.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

== The heist ==

=== Execution of the Heist ===
Over a month prior to the [[burglary]], the perpetrators Ghouse Pasha and Mubeen scouted the museum multiple times, observing the positions of [[Closed-circuit television camera|CCTV cameras]] and guards. They also managed to obtain information that the CCTV camera recordings are retained for only thirty days. To ensure that the camera footage of their [[reconnaissance]] visits to the museum were unavailable for the subsequent police investigation, they waited 45 days for the actual burglary.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Naveen |date=2018-09-12 |title=Burglary at Nizam's Museum: Duo buried booty near a dairy farm {{!}} Burglary at Nizam's Museum: Duo buried booty near a dairy farm |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120918/burglary-at-nizams-museum-duo-buried-booty-near-a-dairy-farm.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> On their final visit prior to the burglary, the culprits–both skilled in [[masonry]] and [[welding]]–had secretly marked the exact ventilator through which they planned to enter by painting a small directional arrow on the inner wall. The ventilator, located on the first floor, was small–about two feet wide–and covered with an iron grill. The arrow marking later helped them identify which one of the 28 identical ventilators to break-in through at night.<ref name=":0" />

On the day of the burglary, they dismantled the iron grill using [[Hacksaw|hacksaws]], [[Screwdriver|screwdrivers]], and [[pliers]].<ref name=":1" /> To ensure no one suspected tampering, Ghouse Pasha later used his masonry skills to re-plaster the damaged section of the ventilator, giving the appearance that it was intact and untouched. During the operation, Mubeen used a rope with several knots for grip and descended through the shaft while Ghouse Pasha secured the rope from above. Inside, Mubeen disabled the CCTV camera situated below the opening, pried open a glass showcase, and extracted the 2kg gold tiffin box, the gold cup and saucer, and the gold spoon studded with diamonds, rubies, and emeralds.

After hastily packing the loot into a cloth bag, the thieves left through the same route, locked the ventilator grill back into place and covered the damaged edges with skimmed [[Plasterwork|plaster]]. The museum guards, who were on duty outside, did not register any disturbance.<ref name=":0" />

=== Attempts to Mislead Police ===
After the theft, the burglars escaped on a [[motorcycle]], deliberately choosing by-lanes and narrow alleys to avoid CCTV tracking. Despite their efforts to evade cameras, they were eventually spotted on the CCTV footage of a local [[mosque]]. Mubeen, seated as pillion, was observed speaking on his [[mobile phone]] in [[Closed-circuit television|surveillance footage]], prompting police to deploy 22 teams to scan over 300 [[Cell site|cell towers]] to trace the calls.<ref name=":0" /> However, the calls were fake–a deliberate ruse to mislead investigators into believing that the culprits were contacting either a third accomplice or a pre-arranged buyer. In reality, Mubeen's phone was inactive and without a [[SIM card]], and he merely held it to his ear to confuse the police. Holding the mobile phone against his head also allowed Mubeen to hide his face from cameras in an inconspicuous manner while driving through the by-lanes of the city.

=== Burying the Loot ===
The duo initially considered fleeing to [[Nepal]] but later decided to head to [[Mumbai]] with the hope of finding an overseas buyer in Mumbai. While en route to Mumbai, they stopped and changed routes near Muthangi on the outskirts of Hyderabad. Fearing getting caught with the artefacts in their possession, they decided not to carry all the items with them. They turned back toward Hyderabad and decided to bury the tiffin box, and the cup and saucer set inside a pit near a [[Dairy farming|dairy farm]] in [[Rajendranagar mandal|Rajendranagar]], a [[Suburb|suburban]] area with sparse habitation.<ref name=":1" /> They kept the gold spoon with them with the intent to use it as evidence to show potential buyers that they were indeed in possession of the artefacts.

=== Escape to Mumbai and return to Hyderabad ===
After burying the stolen items in Hyderabad, Ghouse Pasha and Mubeen started driving towards Mumbai. When their bike broke down near [[Zaheerabad]], they abandoned it in some bushes near the [[highway]] and used public transport to travel to Mumbai.<ref name=":0" /> They checked into a [[Hotel|luxury hotel]] in [[South Mumbai]] to lay low for a few days and avoid detection by the [[Hyderabad City Police|Hyderabad Police]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Thieves eat from Nizamâ€™s tiffin box; caught in 5-star hotel |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/pioneer-exclusive/thieves-eat-from-nizam---s-tiffin-box--caught-in-5-star-hotel.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> Mubeen, who had previously worked in [[Saudi Arabia]], attempted to find an oversees buyer for the stolen items but was unsuccessful.<ref name=":1" /> Upon realising that their high-profile theft had made national news, the duo abandoned their plan to sell the artefacts in Mumbai and returned to Hyderabad. Over the next few days, they focused their efforts on evading the Police Task Force by moving across several locations within [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Hyderabad's Old City area]] but were subsequently identified and [[Arrest|arrested]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-12 |title=Hyderabad police crack Nizam Museum heist, arrest two and seize stolen golden tiffin box and other items |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hyderabad-police-crack-nizam-museum-heist-arrest-two-and-seize-stolen-golden-tiffin-box-and-other-items/story-ikbovOPDdYi9GKNjxgXQSJ.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Investigation and Recovery ==

=== Early leads and CCTV footage ===
The [[Hyderabad City Police]] formed twenty special teams under the East Zone Task Force and the Mir Chowk Police jurisdiction to track down the culprits. [[Anjani Kumar]], who was [[Commissioner of the Hyderabad City Police|Commissioner of Police, Hyderabad]] at the time, personally led the investigation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Ashish |date=2018-09-11 |title=Thieves who stole gold tiffin box, cup worth over Rs 100 crore from Nizam Museum arrested |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/thieves-who-stole-gold-tiffin-box-cup-worth-over-rs-100-crores-from-nizam-museum-arrested-1337823-2018-09-11 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> CCTV footage from the Masjid-e-Asna-e-Ashri [[mosque]] near the Nizam's Museum captured two masked men wearing [[Glove|gloves]] leaving on a [[Bajaj Pulsar|Bajaj Pulsar motorcycle]], which became a crucial lead.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2018-09-09 |title=Nizam Museum theft: With no other leads, cops try to trace Pulsar bike used by thieves |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/Sep/09/nizam-museum-theft-with-no-other-leads-cops-try-to-trace-pulsar-bike-used-by-thieves-1869568.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Since the [[Vehicle registration plate|registration plate]] of the motorcycle had been removed, the police had to set up additional teams to parse through hours of CCTV footage from over a hundred other cameras in the vicinity. Eventually, the same Pulsar motorcycle was spotted in footage from other cameras. The police used [[Facial recognition system|facial recognition]] from the camera footage to identify Mohammad Ghouse Pasha (alias Khooni Ghouse), who had a prior [[criminal record]] for his alleged involvement in a [[murder]] case. The police, who were aware of Ghouse's prior employment history as a [[Masonry|mason]], were able to further corroborate his involvement in the crime due to the discovery of skilled masonry work on the ventilator grill at the [[crime scene]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-12 |title=Hyderabad: Two held in museum theft case, police say they wanted to get taste of Nizam luxury |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hyderabad-nizams-museum-theft-artefacts-recovered-two-arrested-5350633/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> All the [[Police station|police stations]] in Hyderabad were issued a look-out notice for Ghouse, along with information being passed on to the respective police departments of other major cities like [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], and [[Bengaluru]]. However, the second suspect's identity was still unknown due to Mubeen being a first-time offender and not having a prior criminal record, and also due to his face being partially covered by his mobile phone in most of the CCTV footage.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-09-05 |title=Nizam Museum theft: Cops to rely heavily on CC footage {{!}} Nizam Museum theft: Cops to rely heavily on CC footage |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/050918/nizam-museum-theft-cops-to-rely-heavily-on-cc-footage.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

The police used CCTV footage from other locations in the city to retrace the suspects' movements towards Muthangi and found the Pulsar motorcycle broken-down and abandoned in [[Zaheerabad]] along the [[National Highway 65 (India)|Hyderabad-Mumbai Highway NH 65]]. The motorcycle was an old model bought without proper documentation.<ref name=":3" />

=== Forensic and physical clues ===
Forensic teams found fresh [[cement]] dust and gloved [[Fingerprint|finger impressions]] near the ventilator, consistent with the suspects' prior experience in masonry work. The rope left behind was traced to a hardware shop in the Mir Chowk area, where CCTV footage identified one of the buyers as Ghouse Pasha. This evidence was used to link the suspects directly to the break-in.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2018-09-04 |title=Burglary at Nizam's Museum in Hyd: Gold tiffin box and artefacts stolen |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/burglary-nizams-museum-hyd-gold-tiffin-box-and-artefacts-stolen-87747 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

=== Arrest and recovery of items ===
Through local intelligence, police learned that two men from the [[Rajendranagar mandal|Rajendranagar]] area had suddenly left Hyderabad after the incident. These individuals were traced to a hotel in Mumbai, where they allegedly used the hotel phones to contact potential buyers for the artefacts.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-02-12 |title=Nizam Museum thieves get 2 yrs jail {{!}} Nizam Museum thieves get 2 yrs jail |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/120220/nizam-museum-thieves-get-2-yrs-jail.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Safi |first=Michael |date=2018-09-12 |title=Indian men accused of stealing gold tiffin box 'ate their lunch out of it' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/12/india-men-accused-stealing-gold-tiffin-box-lunch-hyderabad |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Using call-detail analysis from hotel staff and CCTV footage near the [[hotel]], police were able to identify both Ghouse Pasha and Mubeen. However, both the suspects had already left the hotel before the police could nab them in Mumbai. In anticipation of their return to Hyderabad, the Hyderabad Police set up surveillance teams comprising officers in civilian clothes in the vicinity of Ghouse Pasha's house in Rajendranagar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-11 |title=Hyderabad Police nabs 2 for theft at Nizam Museum; stolen valuable recovered |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-police-nabs-2-for-theft-at-nizam-museum-stolen-valuable-recovered/articleshow/65767002.cms |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 11 September 2018, eight days after the heist, the police surveillance team identified and arrested Ghouse Pasha and Mubeen at the Aramghar Cross Road.<ref name=":2" /> During [[interrogation]], the accused confessed to stealing the artefacts and revealed the location of the pit where the stolen items were buried. Police dug up the spot and recovered all items wrapped in plastic covers. The buried artefacts were confirmed as genuine by the Nizam's Jubilee Pavilion Trust. The police handed over the recovered items to the local [[court]] which subsequently returned them to the Nizam's Museum.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=2018-09-11 |title=Hyderabad Nizam Museum theft case: police recover antique items, arrest two |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/nizam-museum-theft-case-hyderabad-police-recover-antique-items-arrest-two/article24924154.ece |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Trial and Conviction ==
Following their arrest, the two men were taken to the Mir Chowk Police Station where they were charged under multiple sections of the [[Indian Penal Code]], including house-breaking and theft of property from a museum. On 11 February 2020, a Hyderabad court found both guilty and sentenced them to two years of [[imprisonment]] with fines imposed for the museum break-in and theft.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2020-02-12 |title=Burglars who stole Hyderabad Nizam's gold tiffin box sentenced to two years in prison |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/burglars-who-stole-hyderabad-nizams-gold-tiffin-box-sentenced-two-years-prison-118024 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

Khooni Ghouse was released from prison in August 2020 upon completion of his prison sentence. However, he was arrested once again on 22 March 2021 after committing multiple acts of theft and burglary. During his March 2021 arrest, the police recovered stolen property worth ₹25 lakh ($36,500) and a [[knife]] from Khooni Ghouse.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2021-03-22 |title=Hyderabad: Nizam's Museum thief held again for burglary |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-nizams-museum-thief-held-again-for-burglary |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilal |first=S. M. |date=2021-03-22 |title=Nizam Museum tiffin box thief arrested by Cyberabad police |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/nizam-museum-tiffin-box-thief-arrested-by-cyberabad-police-2114311/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The Siasat Daily – Archive |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

=== News coverage and calls for improving museum security ===
The heist was one of the most notable museum thefts in modern Indian history, involving priceless [[Heirloom|royal heirlooms]] of the Nizam of Hyderabad. The combination of meticulous planning, masonry skills, and unusual behaviour–such as the thief using the stolen gold tiffin box to eat meals and burying the treasure near a dairy farm–made it a widely discussed case in both national and international media.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Delhi |first=Saptarshi Ray |date=2018-09-11 |title=Museum raiders used looted royal tiffin box for their lunch |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/article/thieves-ate-lunch-from-gold-tiffin-box-made-for-indian-royalty-drvdjnxks |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref> The case also raised concerns about the security of cultural artefacts in [[List of museums in India|Indian museums]]. The [[Telangana Police]] recommended improved surveillance systems, motion sensors, and upgraded alarm systems for museums.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=2018-09-04 |title=A museum begging to be burgled |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/a-museum-begging-to-be-burgled/article24866748.ece |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Nizam's Museum temporarily closed to the public for a security audit after the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sur |first=Aihik |date=2018-09-13 |title=Keep Nizam's museum shut till security intensified, says expert |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/Sep/09/keep-nizams-museum-shut-till-security-intensified-says-expert-1869563.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sur |first=Aihik |date=2018-09-13 |title=Hyderabad: Security to be beefed up in Nizam's Museum |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/Sep/13/hyderabad-security-to-be-beefed-up-in-nizams-museum-1871399.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Appreciation for the police investigation ===
The [[Hyderabad City Police]] were widely commended for their swift and meticulous investigation. Acting through multiple task-force units, they quickly analyzed hours of CCTV footage in a distributed manner, traced physical and [[Forensic science|forensic clues]], and coordinated across state lines to track the suspects' movements.<ref>{{Cite news |title=15 Special Teams Formed To Trace Missing Items From Nizam's Museum |url=https://www.ndtv.com/hyderabad-news/15-special-teams-formed-to-trace-missing-items-from-hyderabads-nizam-museum-1911318 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529133437/https://www.ndtv.com/hyderabad-news/15-special-teams-formed-to-trace-missing-items-from-hyderabads-nizam-museum-1911318 |archive-date=2025-05-29 |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Remarkably, the police cracked the complex case and recovered the stolen artefacts within just eight days of the theft–a rare outcome given that most jewellery or art heists from museums across the world remain unsolved for years. During a press briefing after the recovery of the stolen artefacts, Hyderabad Police Commissioner [[Anjani Kumar]] described the case as being about "more than just the recovery of gold". He said it represented an effort to restore a part of Hyderabad's history and legacy, as the stolen objects were priceless symbols of the city's royal past. Kumar noted that the successful investigation reaffirmed the police department's commitment to protecting the cultural heritage of Hyderabad and preserving a legacy of the Nizams for future generations.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-09-11 |title=Theft in Hyderabad's Nizam Museum: Artefacts including golden tiffin box recovered, two arrested |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/Sep/11/theft-in-hyderabads-nizam-museum-artefacts-including-golden-tiffin-box-recovered-two-arrested-1870516.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 28 December 2018, the artefacts were returned to the Nizam's Museum in the presence of [[Muffakham Jah|Prince Muffakham Jah]], who serves as the President of the Nizam's Jubilee Pavilion Trust and is the grandson of the seventh Nizam [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan]]. During the ceremony, Prince Muffakham Jah praised the efficiency of the Hyderabad City Police and stated that "such a quick positive outcome would not have been possible in many countries".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sameer |date=2018-12-29 |title=Nizam's gold tiffin box theft case: Prince Muffakham Jah praises Hyderabad City Police |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/nizams-gold-tiffin-box-theft-case-prince-muffakham-jah-praises-hyderabad-city-police-1451130/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The Siasat Daily – Archive |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Documentary Film and Literature based on the heist ===
A book titled ''The Hyderabad Heist: The Untold Story of India's Buggest Museum Theft'' by Sharmishtha Shenoy provides a detailed narrative of the incident, chornicling both the audacious break-in and the fast-paced investigation that followed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-15 |title=Review: The Hyderabad Heist by Sharmishtha Shenoy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-hyderabad-heist-by-sharmishtha-shenoy-101678856912028.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhabria |first=Rachna |date=2023-02-19 |title=Book Review {{!}} A captivating account of India's biggest museum heist {{!}} Book Review {{!}} A captivating account of India's biggest museum heist |url=https://www.asianage.com/books/180223/book-review-a-captivating-account-of-indias-biggest-museum-heist.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref> A [[Documentary film|documentary]] titled ''Heist of Hyderabad'' (2025), which was released on platforms such as [[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]] and [[Apple TV (streaming service)|Apple TV]], revisits the case through [[Stock footage|archival footage]], [[Interview|interviews]] with key investigators including Police Commissioner [[Anjani Kumar]], and dramatized re-enactments, highlighting how cultural heritage almost vanished and was then swiftly recovered.<ref>{{Citation |title=Heist of Hyderabad |date=2025-02-13 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt35713942/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |publisher=Banijay Asia}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[The Nizam's Museum]]
* [[Hyderabad City Police]]
* [[Jewels of the Nizams of Hyderabad]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Museum robberies]]
[[Category:Robberies in Asia]]
[[Category:Robberies in India]]