Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Chabutra Khas

2026-05-07T02:36:55Z

Svetlqer: starting a stub!

{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chabutra
| official_name = Chabutra Khas
| native_name = Chabutra
| native_name_lang = Dogri
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Chabutrakhas.jpg
| timezone1_DST =
| government_type =
| leader_name1 = Ranjit Singh Rana
| founder = [[Sansar Chand]]
| seat_type = [[Indian National Congress]]
| image_map = Hamirpur in Himachal Pradesh (India).svg
| pushpin_map = India#India Himachal Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh
| subdivision_name = {{Flag |India}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = [[territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
| population_total = 1,152
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 177007
| registration_plate = HP 67, HP 22, HP 84
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|31|45|58|N|76|30|42|E|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Chabutra Khas''' better known as Chabutra is a village located in [[Tira Sujanpur]] tehsil of [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh]], India. It is situated 12.4 km away from district headquarter and 11.6 km away from Tira Sujanpur.In this Village there is a Electricity Department Sub division and Water Supply Department Sub Division.<ref>{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1991: District census handbook. A & B. Village & town directory; Village & townwise primary census abstract: Bilaspur |date=1995 |publisher=Controller of Publications |pages=XII, 36, 295 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7khZHRwTMUC&q=Chabutra+Khas |access-date=1 July 2022 |language=hi}}</ref> The village is located overlooking [[Beas River]] flowing below in the valley. The [[Postal Index Number]] of the village is 177007. Chabutra Khas population in 2011 is between 1,051 and 1,201 and total households residing are 237.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/himachal-pradesh/hamirpur/tira-sujanpur-population.html|title=Tira Sujanpur Tehsil Population Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, List of Villages & Towns in Tira Sujanpur Tehsil }}</ref> The village has [[Secondary School]] called now called PM Shri Government Senior Secondary School, which was founded in 1943.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/himachal-pradesh/hamirpur/tira-sujanpur-population.html |access-date=1 July 2022|title=Tira Sujanpur Tehsil Population Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, List of Villages & Towns in Tira Sujanpur Tehsil }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1981 |date=1984 |publisher=Goel's Press, Shimla |pages=108, 128, 133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AEktAQAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE+-+%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8 |access-date=1 July 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://schools.org.in/hamirpur-(h.p.)/02060217201/gsss-chabutra-khas.html |access-date=1 July 2022|title=GSSS CHABUTRA KHAS - Chabutra Khas, District Hamirpur (H.p.) (Himachal Pradesh) }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord}}

[[Category:Villages in Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Himanshi Shelat

2026-04-29T04:40:11Z

Svetlqer: adding a data!

{{Short description|Indian Gujarati-language author (Born: 1947)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Himanshi Shelat
| image = Himanshi Shelat.jpg
| caption = Shelat in April 2006
| birth_name = Himanshi Indulal Shelat
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1947|1|8}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]]
| occupation = Short story writer
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education = [[Master of Arts|M.A.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]]
| alma_mater =
| genres =
| subjects =
| notableworks = ''Andhari Galima Safed Tapakan'' (1992)
| spouse = Vinod Meghani (1995 - 2009)
| relatives = [[Jhaverchand Meghani]] (father in law)
| awards = [[Sahitya Akadami Award]] (1996)
| signature = Himanshi Shelat autograph.jpg
| years_active =
}}

'''Himanshi Indulal Shelat''' (born 8 January 1947) is a Gujarati author from [[Gujarat]], India. She received [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Gujarati|Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati]] in 1996 for her short stories collection ''Andhari Galima Safed Tapakan'' (1992).

== Life ==
She was born on 8 January 1947 in [[Surat]], Gujarat. She completed [[Bachelor of Arts]] in 1966 and [[Master of Arts]] in 1968. She obtained her Ph.D. on "[[V.S. Naipaul]]'s novel" in 1981–82. She taught English literature at M.T.B. Arts College, Surat from 1968 to her voluntary retirement in October 1994.<ref name=AGSI>{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ (History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era)|first=Prasad|last=Brahmabhatt |publisher=Parshwa Publication|location=Ahmedabad|year=2010|pages=262–265|language=gu|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7}}</ref><ref name= hs>{{cite book|title= હિમાંશી શેલતની વાર્તાકલા (The Art Elements Revealed in the Short Stories of Himanshi Shelat)|first=Varsha|last=Patel |publisher=Flamingo Publications|location=Ahmedabad|year=2015|pages=19–24|language=gu|isbn=978-93-82352-87-7}}</ref> She served as an advisory board member in [[Sahitya Akademi]] for 2013–2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/aboutus/gujarati.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122222442/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/aboutus/gujarati.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-11-22|title=Sahitya Akademi - Members of Advisory Boards (Gujarati)|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2016-09-12}}</ref>

She married Vinod Meghani, son of renowned Gujarati writer [[Jhaverchand Meghani]], on 4 October 1995. Vinod Meghani died on 15 February 2009.<ref name= hs/>

== Works ==
She wrote her first story ''Saat Pagathiya Andhara Koovama'' in 1978 and published in ''Navneet'', a Gujarati magazine. Later the story was published as the best short story in ''Milap'', a magazine published from [[Bhavnagar]]. She is influenced by Indian authors such as [[Mahasweta Devi]], [[Ashapoorna Devi]], [[Phanishwar Nath 'Renu']] and [[Jaywant Dalvi]] as well as English authors such as [[Jane Austen]] and [[George Eliot]].<ref name=AGSI/><ref name= hs/>

''Antaral'', her first anthology of short stories, published in 1987 was followed by, ''Andhari Galima Safed Tapaka'' (1992), ''Ae Loko'' (1997), ''Sanjno Samay'' (2002), ''Panchavayka'' (2002), ''Khandaniyama Mathu'' (2004) and ''Garbhagatha'' (2009). ''Aathamo Rang'' (2001), ''Kyarima Aakash Pushpa ane Kala Patangiya'' (2006) and ''Saptadhara'' (2012) are three of her novels while ''Ekadani Chaklio'' (2004) and ''Dabe Hathe'' (2012) are her collections of essays. Her reminiscent writings are published as ''Platform number 4'' (1998) and ''Victor'' (1999) while her literary criticism is published as ''Paravastavavad'' (Surrealism; 1987) and ''Gujarati Kathasahityama Narichetna'' (Women consciousness in Gujarati prose; 2000).<ref name=AGSI/><ref>{{cite book|title= હિમાંશી શેલતની પ્રકીર્ણ સાહિત્યસૃષ્ટિ (Literary work of Himanshi Shelat)|first=Bharati|last=Rahamana |publisher=Daminee Publications|location=Ahmedabad|year=2014|pages=19–20|language=gu|isbn=978-93-84324-09-4}}</ref>

''Swami Ane Sai'' (1993), ''Antar-Chhabi'' (1998) and ''Pehlo Akshar'' (2005) are edited by her. ''Nokha Mijajno Anokho Chitrakar (Mahendra Desai)'' (2004) is her work of translation.<ref name=AGSI/>

== Awards ==
She received [[Sahitya Akadami Award]] for Gujarati in 1996 for her short story collection ''Andhari Galima Safed Tapakan'' (1992).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#GUJARATI|title=AKADEMI AWARDS (1955-2015)|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=12 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#GUJARATI|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The same book also received prize from [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]].<ref name=AGSI/> She received the 2024 Kuvempu Rashtriya Puraskar (Kuvempu National Award).<ref name="The Hindu 2024">{{cite news |title=Gujarati writer Himanshi Indulal Shelat bags Kuvempu national award|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 December 2024|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/gujarati-writer-himanshi-indulal-shelat-bags-kuvempu-national-award/article69000195.ece|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Himanshi-Shelat.html Himanshi Shelat on Gujarati Sahitya Parishad] (Gujarati)

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Varsha Adalja]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = Recipient of the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Gujarati|Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Gujarati]] | years = 1996}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Ashokpuri Goswami]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shelat, Himanshi}}
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian women literary critics]]
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Sikkim Day

2026-04-28T14:45:48Z

Svetlqer:

{{Short description|Holiday in Sikkim, India}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = Sikkim State Day
|type = State
|image =
|imagesize =
|caption =
|nickname = Sikkim Diwas
|observedby = [[Sikkim]], India
|litcolor =
|longtype =
|significance = Commemorates the formation of Sikkim as the state of [[India]].
|begins =
|ends =
|date =May 16
|duration =1 day
|frequency =Annual
|celebrations =[[Parade]]s
|observances =
|relatedto =
}}

'''Sikkim State Day''' is celebrated on May 16, to commemorate the formation of Sikkim as the 22nd state of [[India]] in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sikkim-statehood-day-2022-how-himalayan-kingdom-merged-with-india-101652667815819.html|title=Sikkim Statehood Day 2022: How Himalayan kingdom merged with India|date=May 16, 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/sikkim-statehood-day-how-the-himalayan-kingdom-became-a-part-of-india-10679621.html|title=Sikkim Statehood Day: How the Himalayan kingdom became a part of India|date=May 16, 2022|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian state foundation days}}

[[Category:Indian state foundation days]]

{{Sikkim-stub}}
[[Category:May observances]]
[[Category:Parades in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Sikkim]]

Sashikumar Subramani

2026-04-27T20:58:35Z

Svetlqer: Creating initial bio first draft

{{short description|Indian Actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sashikumar Subramani
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = 7 September 1984
| birthname =
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor
| othername = Sashikumar
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| parents =
}}

'''Sashikumar Subramani''', better known as '''Sashi''', is an Indian actor who has worked in [[Tamil language]] films, stage and serials.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Kalki|language=ta|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-11-25/page/76/mode/2up|page=77|title=பாடி லாங்குவேஜால் பட வாய்ப்பை இழந்தேன்!|date=25 November 2007|access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref> He made a breakthrough as an actor with his performances in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' (2002) and [[Balu Mahendra]]'s ''[[Thalaimuraigal]]'' (2013), playing one of the lead roles in the later.

==Career==
Sashikumar first appeared as [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]'s brother in [[N. Linguswamy]]'s ''[[Aanandham]]'' (2001), before playing the character of a mentally-retarded youngster in ''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]'' (2001). Balu Mahendra then recommended Sashikumar to director [[Mani Ratnam]] during a chance meeting at [[Vijay Adhiraj]]'s wedding, and the film-maker chose him to portray a [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] separatist in the war drama, ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' (2002). He continued to portray small roles in films including in Balu Mahendra's ''[[Julie Ganapathi]]'' (2003), ''[[Nala Damayanthi (2003 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]'' (2003),''[[Jay Jay]]'' (2003),''[[Thirupachi]]'' (2005),''[[Thalainagaram]]'' (2006) and [[S. J. Surya]]-starrer ''[[Newtonin Moondram Vidhi]]'' (2009).

Sashikumar returned to star in ''[[Sri Ramakrishna Darshanam]]'' (2012) starring as Indian yogi [[Ramakrishna]] for the venture. In 2013, he was cast in one of the lead roles in Balu Mahendra's final film, ''[[Thalaimuraigal]]'', portraying an estranged son of the character portrayed by the director. Produced by director [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]], the film opened to positive reviews in December 2013 but did not garner publicity to perform well at the box office. [[The Hindu]] called the film "good cinema" and added Sashikumar's "appreciable underplay is his asset" and "sadly, cinema has not used him enough".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thalaimuraigal-for-generations-to-come/article5486872.ece|title=Thalaimuraigal: For generations to come|first=Malathi|last=Rangarajan|work=The Hindu |date=21 December 2013|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2001 || ''[[Aanandham]]'' || Renuka's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]'' || Giri ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2002 || ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' || Suicide bomber ||
|-
| ''[[Shree (2002 film)|Shree]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2003 || ''[[Julie Ganapathi]]'' || Ivan ||
|-
| ''[[Nala Damayanthi (2003 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]'' || Kicha ||
|-
| ''[[Jay Jay]]'' || Guna ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2005 || ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' || Ravi's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kalluriyin Kathai]]'' || Chandru ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2006 || ''[[Thambi (2006 film)|Thambi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thalai Nagaram]]'' || Sasi ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''[[Lee (2007 film)|Lee]]'' || Sashi ||
|-
| ''[[Sringaram]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2008 || ''[[Thozha (2008 film)|Thozha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dhanam (2008 film)|Dhanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009 || ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikkadavan]]'' || Kasi's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Newtonin Moondram Vidhi]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2012 || ''[[Sri Ramakrishna Darshanam]]'' || [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2013 || ''Mouna Mazhai'' || Sashi ||
|-
| ''[[Thalaimuraigal]]'' || Sivaraman ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2014 || ''[[Megha (2014 film)|Megha]]'' || Mani ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Yazh'' || Sasi ||
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2020 || ''Kakkai Siraginiley '' || ||
|}
;Television
*''Kadhai Neram''
*''[[Chithi (TV series)|Chithi]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6165705}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramani, Sashikumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Actors from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1974 births]]

Praful Hinge

2026-04-27T07:57:07Z

Svetlqer: Starting initial info needs work - done

{{unreliable sources|date=April 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Praful Hinge
| image =
| caption =
| full_name = Praful Prakash Hinge
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|1|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| height =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[medium-fast]]
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
| domestic_team1 = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| domestic_year1 = 2024–present
| ipl_team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| ipl_year1 = 2026–present
| club_team1 = NECO Master Blaster
| club_year1 = 2025
}}

'''Praful Prakash Hinge''' (born 18 January 2002) is an Indian cricketer who plays as a right-arm medium-fast bowler for [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] in domestic cricket and [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL).<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web |title=Praful Hinge - Player Profile |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/apps/cricket/players/122382-praful-hinge-playerprofile |website=NDTV Sports |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref> He made history in 2026 by becoming the first bowler in IPL history to take three wickets in his very first over on debut.<ref name="LiveMint">{{cite web |title=Who is Praful Hinge? Vidarbha pacer becomes first bowler to pick three wickets in his first-ever IPL over |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/who-is-praful-hinge-vidarbha-pacer-becomes-first-bowler-to-pick-three-wickets-in-his-first-ever-ipl-over-srhvsrr-11776096740963.html |website=LiveMint |date=13 April 2026}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Hinge was born on 18 January 2002 in [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra.<ref name="HollyReview">{{cite web |title=Praful Hinge Biography: Age, Height, Stats |url=https://www.hollyreview.com/2026/04/praful-hinge-biography-age-height.html |website=Holly Review |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref> He rose through the ranks of Vidarbha's age-group cricket, gaining prominence during the 2023–24 [[CK Nayudu Trophy]], where he claimed 26 wickets at an average of 19.03.<ref name="CREX">{{cite web |title=Who Is Praful Hinge? SRH's New Pace Sensation |url=https://crex.com/cricket-stories/who-is-praful-hinge-srhs-new-pace-sensation-debuts-in-ipl-vs-punjab-kings-69da28f2b66f88ec66d44da4 |website=CREX |date=11 April 2026}}</ref>

== Domestic career ==
Hinge made his [[First-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Vidarbha in the 2024–25 [[Ranji Trophy]] against [[Puducherry cricket team|Puducherry]].<ref name="Wisden">{{cite web |title=Who is Praful Hinge, SRH's Ranji Trophy-winning quick? |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2026/cricket-news/who-is-praful-hinge-srh-ranji-trophy-winning-quick-one-t20-appearance-under-his-belt |website=Wisden |date=11 April 2026}}</ref> He was a member of the Vidarbha squad that won the Ranji Trophy in the 2024–25 season and the [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] in 2025–26.<ref name="LiveMint" />

In the 2025 Vidarbha Pro T20 League, he represented the NECO Master Blaster, leading their pace attack to a title victory while taking eight wickets in six matches.<ref name="CREX" /> He made his senior T20 debut for Vidarbha against [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] in the 2025–26 [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], finishing with figures of 1/23.<ref name="Wisden" />

== Indian Premier League ==
Hinge was signed by [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (SRH) for ₹30 lakh during the IPL 2026 auction.<ref name="CREX" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Praful Hinge |url=https://www.iplt20.com/players/praful-hinge/23114 |website=iplt20.com}}</ref> On 13 April 2026, he made his debut against [[Rajasthan Royals]] at the [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]]. In his first over, he dismissed [[Vaibhav Suryavanshi]], [[Dhruv Jurel]], and [[Lhuan-dre Pretorius]], becoming the first player to take three wickets in his opening over on [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] debut.<ref name="ET">{{cite web |title=Who is Praful Hinge? Vidarbha bowler who took 3 wickets in his first IPL over |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/who-is-praful-hinge-vidarbha-bowler-who-took-3-wickets-in-his-first-ipl-over-dismissing-suryavanshi-jurel-and-pretorius/articleshow/130241881.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=13 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="IndExp">{{cite web |title=IPL 2026, SRH vs RR: On debut, Praful Hinge and Sakib Hussain reduce Rajasthan to 9/5 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ipl-2026-srh-vs-rr-live-cricket-score-hyderabad-rajasthan-match-rajiv-gandhi-international-stadium-updates-10633936/ |website=The Indian Express |date=13 April 2026}}</ref> In his second over, he also dismissed Rajasthan Royals captain [[Riyan Parag]]. He finished the match with figures of 4/34.<ref name="NDTVScores">{{cite web |title=SRH vs RR Live Score, IPL 2026 |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2026/srh-vs-rr-live-score-ipl-2026-sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-rajasthan-royals-cricket-scorecard-live-updates-abhishek-sharma-vaibhav-sooryavanshi-11351361 |website=NDTV Sports |date=13 April 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cricinfo|id=1216167}}

{{Sunrisers Hyderabad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinge, Praful}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Vidarbha cricketers]]
[[Category:Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Nagpur]]

Taloje Panchnand railway station

2026-04-26T14:54:28Z

Svetlqer:

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px|up|link=Mumbai Suburban Railway]] '''Taloje Panchnand'''
| style = Mumbai Suburban Railway
| type = [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station
| image = Taloja Panchnand railway station - Station board.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Near Taloja MIDC , Navi Mumbai
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.078666|N|73.088222|E|display=inline}}
| line = [[Central Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central Line]]
| other = [[File:Navi_Mumbai_Metro_Logo.png|link=Navi_Mumbai_Metro|24x24px]] [[Pethali - Taloja metro station|Pethali - Taloja]]
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 2
| depth =
| elevation = {{convert|10.660|m|ft}}
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = No
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = 1966
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = TPND
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Central Railways]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line=Vasai Road-Roha|left=Nilaje|right=Navde Road}}
| map_type = India#Mumbai
| map_dot_label = Taloja
| route_map = {{MSR Vasai Road–Roha line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Taloja Panchanad''' (formerly '''Taloja''') is a railway station in [[Taloja Panchnand]] in [[Raigad district]] on the [[Vasai Road–Roha line|Vasai Road–Diva–Panvel–Roha route]] of the Central Line, of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network.

Taloja Panchanand railway station and Vasai Road–Diva–Panvel route is included in suburban section. Also this section is under the consideration in MUTP 3.

Taloja Panchanand has regular trains for Panvel, Diva and Vasai. Express trains does not halt at this station, only Passenger train halts. [[Navi Mumbai Metro|Pethali-Taloja metro station]] is connected to this railway station. This station is also used for goods train (cement) unloading.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taloja Panchanand |url=https://infosutra.in/taloja-panchanand-navi-mumbai-mumbai-maharashtra/ |website=infosutra.in}}</ref>

[[File:Taloja Panchnand railway station - Platform board.jpg|thumb|Taloja Panchnand railway station – Platform board]]
[[File:WAG 5 at Taloja Panchnand railway station.jpg|thumb|[[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]] at Taloja Panchnand railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Taloja Panchnand railway station}}
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Central}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1966]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Raigad district]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Mumbai CR railway division]]
[[Category:Diva-Panvel rail line]]
[[Category:Transport in Navi Mumbai]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

James Ewing of Strathleven

2026-04-19T17:14:29Z

Svetlqer: adding a post

{{Short description|MP for Glasgow (1775–1853)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ewing, James, of Strathleven
| honorific_suffix =
| image = James_Ewing_b1775.jpg
| alt = James Ewing portrait at the University of Glasgow
| constituency_MP = [[Glasgow (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow]]
| parliament = United Kingdom
| majority =
| predecessor = New constituency
| successor = [[Colin Dunlop (politician)|Colin Dunlop]] [[James Oswald (merchant)|James Oswald]]
| term_start = 1832
| term_end = 1835
| office2 = [[Lord Provost of Glasgow]]
| constituency2 =
| parliament2 =
| majority2 =
| term_start2 = 1832
| term_end2 = 1833
| predecessor2 = [[Robert Dalglish (Lord Provost)|Robert Dalglish]]
| successor2 = [[Robert Grahame]]
| birth_date = 5 or 7 December 1775
| birth_place = Glasgow, Scotland
| death_date = 29 November 1853
| death_place =
| spouse = Jane Tucker Crawford
| party =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[University of Glasgow|Old College]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| rank =
| branch =
}}

[[File:James Ewing of Strathleven by James Fillans.png|thumb|James Ewing of Strathleven by James Fillans]]
'''James Ewing of Strathleven''' MP [[FRSE]] LLD (1775–1853) was [[Lord Provost of Glasgow]] (1832–1833), and MP for [[Glasgow (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow]] (1832–1835), a plantation owner, slave-holder and West Indies merchant.

== Family and early life ==
Ewing was born in Glasgow on 5<ref name=":0">{{Cite ODNB|title=Ewing, James (1775–1853), West India merchant, slave owner, and civic leader|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-53100|access-date=2020-10-07|year=2016|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/53100|last1=Mullen|first1=Stephen}}</ref> or 7<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=James Ewing: Summary of Individual {{!}} Legacies of British Slave-ownership|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/21020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110134840/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/21020|archive-date=2020-11-10|access-date=2020-10-07|website=www.ucl.ac.uk}}</ref> December 1775, son of [[West Indies]] merchant and bankruptcy specialist Walter Ewing and his wife Margaret, née Fisher.<ref name=":0" /> Walter Ewing assumed the additional surname Maclae on inheriting the Cathkin estate from his uncle Walter Maclae in 1790. After Walter Ewing Maclae's death in 1814, James Ewing's older brother, a slave holder and plantation owner in Jamaica, was known as Humphrey Ewing Maclae.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Humphrey Ewing Maclae: Summary of Individual {{!}} Legacies of British Slave-ownership|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/12095|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130053259/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/12095|archive-date=2020-11-30|access-date=2020-10-07|website=www.ucl.ac.uk}}</ref> Ewing's cousin through his mother was prominent abolitionist [[Ralph Wardlaw|Rev. Ralph Wardlaw]].<ref name=":0" />

Ewing was educated at the high school in Glasgow and was apparently an 'exceptional student'. After matriculating at Old College (now the [[University of Glasgow]]) at the age of eleven, he studied Latin, Greek and philosophy.<ref name=":0" />

== West India and East India connections ==
During the 1790s Ewing went into business with his father, but around 1803 established the West India trading firm James Ewing & Co with partner William Mathieson.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Details of Commercial Legacy {{!}} Legacies of British Slave-ownership|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/commercial/view/-1379785946|access-date=2020-10-07|website=www.ucl.ac.uk|archive-date=2015-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722050838/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/commercial/view/-1379785946|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=William Mathieson: Summary of Individual {{!}} Legacies of British Slave-ownership|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/42850|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810170705/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/42850|archive-date=2020-08-10|access-date=2020-10-07|website=www.ucl.ac.uk}}</ref> Ewing was instrumental in the 1807 establishment of the pro-slavery lobbying group the Glasgow West India Association. He served as secretary, chairman and director of the Association at various times.<ref name=":0" /> Ewing was a plantation owner and slave holder in Jamaica, receiving considerable compensation under the [[Slave Compensation Act 1837]] in both his position as slave holder as well as an assignee and creditor of other plantation owners.<ref name=":1" /> He was also a shipping agent to the West Indies during the 1820s.<ref name=":0" />

Ewing was the author of pamphlets criticising the monopoly of the [[East India Company]], and in addition to his West Indian interests became an East India merchant.<ref name=":0" />

== Glasgow life ==
Ewing was involved in the creation of the Glasgow Savings Bank, the Glasgow Bank, and the opening of the [[Glasgow Necropolis]]. He wrote a number of reports about city institutions, including a report in 1818 to the hospital directors on the management of the city's poor. Following this he advocated for the building of a new prison.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Castle House Museum - geograph.org.uk - 838074.jpg|thumb|[[Castle House, Dunoon]], built for Ewing]]
Ewing was twice elected Dean of Guild of the Merchants' House, was Lord Provost of Glasgow (1831–1833), and was elected MP for Glasgow in 1832, which led to his denouncement in the ''Reformer's Gazette'' as an "absolute proprietor of numerous 'gangs' … of Slaves in the Colonies". He lost the seat in 1835.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=James Ewing of Strathleven (1775-1853) — Friends of Glasgow Necropolis|url=https://www.glasgownecropolis.org/profiles/james-ewing-of-strathleven/|access-date=2020-10-08|website=www.glasgownecropolis.org|archive-date=2020-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922201342/https://www.glasgownecropolis.org/profiles/james-ewing-of-strathleven/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Honours ==
Ewing was awarded an honorary LLD by the University of Glasgow in 1826.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=University of Glasgow :: Story :: Biography of James Ewing|url=https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0228&type=P|access-date=2020-10-08|website=www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131548/http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0228&type=P|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 1829, he was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]].<ref name=":2" />

==Artistic recognition==

He was portrayed by [[John Graham Gilbert]] RSA.<ref>Illustrated Catalogue of the Exhibition of Portraits in the New Galleries of Art in Corporation Buildings</ref> The location of the portrait is not known.

== Property ==
Ewing lived in Crawford mansion on Queen Street in Glasgow for many years. The house was famous for its rookery, and Ewing consequently became known as Craw Ewing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TheGlasgowStory: James Ewing|url=https://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSA05220&t=2|access-date=2020-10-08|website=www.theglasgowstory.com|archive-date=2020-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013185025/https://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSA05220&t=2|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1824 Ewing built [[Castle House, Dunoon|Castle House]] in [[Dunoon]], which he subsequently sold.<ref name=":0" /> In 1830 Ewing purchased the Levenside estate in Glasgow for £100,000, renamed it Strathleven, and subsequently built [[Strathleven House]] there.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 1997|title=Strathleven House Conservation Plan|url=http://www.shbt.org.uk/files/1413/3882/8675/strathleven-house-conservation-plan-shbt-april-1997.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107011409/http://www.shbt.org.uk/files/1413/3882/8675/strathleven-house-conservation-plan-shbt-april-1997.pdf|archive-date=7 January 2014|access-date=28 August 2013|publisher=Scottish Historic Buildings Trust}}</ref>
[[File:Strathleven House - geograph.org.uk - 1058768.jpg|thumb|Strathleven House]]

== Marriage ==
In 1836 Ewing married Jane Tucker Crawford (1812/3–1896). Jane was the daughter of James Crawford of Broadfield, Renfrew, who was also a Scottish merchant.<ref name=":0" />

== Death and legacy ==
Ewing died at home in Glasgow on 29 November 1853, and was buried in the Necropolis.<ref name=":0" />

In 1827, Ewing had presented the University of Glasgow with £100 to establish the Ewing Gold Medal which is still awarded annually for historical essays, alternately in Medieval and Modern History.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Glasgow :: Story :: Prizes: Ewing Prizes|url=https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/award/?id=346|access-date=2020-10-08|website=www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk|archive-date=2021-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116061745/https://universitystory.gla.ac.uk/award/?id=346|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ONDB regards Ewing as "among the most financially successful of the city's élite nineteenth-century sugar/slavery aristocracy". His bequests included £17,500 to the [[Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)|Free Church of Scotland]], £10,000 to the [[Glasgow Royal Infirmary|Royal Infirmary]], and £31,000 to the Merchants House to support the dependents of 'decayed Glasgow merchants'. A part of this latter bequest was used to establish a bursary in his name at the University of Glasgow. As Ewing died without issue, his wife inherited a life interest in the estate of Strathleven, after which it passed to his nephew [[Humphrey Crum-Ewing|Humphrey Ewing Crum]] (1802–1887), who assumed the name of Ewing. Ownership of Ewing's properties in Jamaica remained within the family in Scotland.<ref name=":0" />

*

== Not MP for Wareham ==
Ewing is often confused with [[James Ewing (MP)|James Ewing]] (1784–1852), East India Company official and MP for [[Wareham (UK Parliament constituency)|Wareham]].

== Writing ==

* Memoir of James Ewing Esq., of Strathleven, formerly Lord Provost of Glasgow, and M.P. for that city, LL. D. of the University of Glasgow: with a series of letters written while on a tour in Italy, Switzerland, by Macintosh Mackay, Published by James Maclehose, 1866, Glasgow
* View of the history, constitution, & funds of the Guildry, and Merchants House of Glasgow, by James Ewing, published 1817 by an unknown publisher.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
**
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-new|constituency
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Glasgow (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow]]
| years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1832]] – [[1835 United Kingdom general election|1835]]
| with = [[James Oswald (merchant)|James Oswald]]
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Colin Dunlop (politician)|Colin Dunlop]]
| after2 = [[James Oswald (merchant)|James Oswald]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ewing, James}}
[[Category:1775 births]]
[[Category:1853 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Glasgow constituencies]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Scottish slave owners]]
[[Category:Lord provosts of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Whig (British political party) MPs for Scottish constituencies]]

Deva Mai Temple

2026-04-18T23:09:57Z

Svetlqer: starting place

{{Infobox Hindu temple|
name=Deva Mai
|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]], [[Shaktism]]
|deity=[[Vaishno Devi]]
|location=4 kilometers before [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] on the [[Jammu]]-Katra road in the [[Siwalik Hills|Shivalik]] mountain range
|locale=Near Katra
|state=[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|country=[[India]]
|festivals=[[Durga Puja]], [[Navaratri]]
|image= File:Devamai.webp
}}

'''Deva Mai''' (also known as '''Deva Maai''') is a Hindu temple dedicated to the Divine Mother, about 4 kilometres outside [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Situated in the [[Siwalik Hills]], it is reached via a 3.5 km detour from the main Jammu-Katra highway.<ref name="excelsior">{{cite web |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/deva-mai-paying-obeisance-here-makes-pilgrimage-complete/ |title=Deva Mai: Paying obeisance here makes pilgrimage complete |date=22 March 2020 |website=Daily Excelsior |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="maavaishnodevi">{{cite web |url=https://www.maavaishnodevi.live/deva-mai-mandir |title=Deva Mai Mandir, Katra. Second Darshan of Maa Vaishno Devi |website=maavaishnodevi.live |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref>

==History==
=== Role in the Vaishno Devi pilgrimage ===
Deva Mai holds significance as the traditional second "Darshan" (sacred viewing) in the pilgrimage sequence to [[Vaishno Devi Temple]]. The yatra typically begins with the first Darshan at [[Kol Khandoli]] temple in Nagrota, followed by Deva Mai as the second. The sequence continues through sites such as Charan Paduka, Adh Kunwari, the main shrine at Bhawan (with the Holy Cave), and concludes with the sixth Darshan at the [[Bhairav]] temple. These locations, along with natural landmarks like Ban Ganga, are revered as abodes where the Goddess resided during her spiritual journey.<ref name="excelsior" /><ref name="archiveguide">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/wmsZ_yatra-a-guide-to-the-holy-pilgrimage-of-shri-mata-vaishno-devi-shri-mata-vaishno/mode/1up |title=Yatra: A Guide to the Holy Pilgrimage of Shri Mata Vaishno Devi |publisher=Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board |via=Internet Archive |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref>

Historically, pilgrims accessed the temple via a walking path from Nomain village, but modern infrastructure has provided a direct road from the highway, making it more accessible.<ref name="excelsior" />

===Legend ===
According to temple tradition and accounts preserved by its priests, although Vaishno Devi has resided on [[Trikuta]] Mountain since the [[Treta Yuga]], she manifested in the current [[Kali Yuga]] at Deva Mai as a young girl to perform her Tapasya. The legend centers on '''Pandit Shyami Dass''', described as a descendant (fourth generation) of the legendary Pandit Shridhar associated with the main Vaishno Devi shrine. Shyami Dass was a devoted pilgrim who traveled daily to the Holy Cave for prayers and refused to eat until completing his pilgrimage. When his wife gave birth to a daughter, Indian tradition imposed a period of impurity called Sutak, during which religious activities are paused. Shyami Dass vowed to extend his fast through the Sutak until he could resume his visits to the cave. That night, the Divine Mother appeared in his dream, revealing that she had been born as his daughter. Faced with the dilemma of how to address her unable to treat her as an ordinary child yet finding it awkward to call his daughter "Mother", he named her Mai Deva. The name is a double entendre: it means "The Mother Divine" while locally translating to "By the Mother's Blessings." It is believed the Goddess remained at this site for 110 years in the form of a young girl, granting blessings to pilgrims. Upon completing her spiritual discipline, she manifested into the idol worshipped today.<ref name="excelsior" /><ref name="archiveguide" /><ref name="chaudhary">{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/91330323/Chapter_Eight_Poonam_Chaudhary_Pilgrimage_Tourism_and_Culture_A_Study_of_Vaishno_Devi_Shrine_Jammu_and_Kashmir_India |title=Chapter Eight: Pilgrimage Tourism and Culture: A Study of Vaishno Devi Shrine, Jammu and Kashmir (India) |last=Chaudhary |first=Poonam |via=Academia.edu |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref>

Paying obeisance at Deva Mai is considered by many devotees to complete or enhance the overall Vaishno Devi Temple pilgrimage.<ref name="excelsior" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|32.9720|74.8949|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Shaktism]]
[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Durga temples]]
[[Category:Lakshmi temples]]

Samay Raj Thakkar

2026-04-18T18:16:48Z

Svetlqer:

{{short description|Indian voice actor}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Biography|date=September 2021}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2024}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Samay Raj Thakkar
| image =
| native_name =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1966|3|21}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cintaa.net/membership/cintaa_profile/6458 |title=CINTAA Samay V. Thakkar |publisher=CINTAA.net |date= |accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actor, voice actor
| spouse =
| years_active =
}}

'''Samay Raj Thakkar''' (born 21 March 1966) is an Indian actor and voice actor who specialises in [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] foreign media in the [[Hindi language]].

==Filmography==

===Animated films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Character !! Language !! Year release !! Notes
|-
| ''Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whichflicks.com/movie/Veer_Yodha_Prithviraj_Chauhan |title=Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan |publisher=WhichFlicks |accessdate=29 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131401/http://www.whichflicks.com/movie/Veer_Yodha_Prithviraj_Chauhan |archivedate=14 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>''|| Additional Voice || Hindi || 2008 ||
|-
| ''[[Bal Ganesh 2]]'' || [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] || Hindi || 2009 ||
|-
| ''[[Bal Ganesh 3]]'' || [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] || Hindi || 2015 ||
|}

===Animated series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Character !! Language !! Airdate !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Baahubali: The Lost Legends]]'' || Kattappa || Hindi English || 2017–2020 ||
|-
| ''[[Baahubali: Crown of Blood]]'' || Kattappa || Hindi || 2024 ||
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Character !! Language !! Airdate !! Notes
|-
| [[CID (Indian TV series)|''CID'']] || Various characters || Hindi || 1998–2018 || He dubbed for [[Dayanand Shetty]] in some of the episodes as well as played episodic roles in some of the episodes.
|}

==Dubbing career==
He is the Hindi dubbing voice of [[Christian Bale]] and [[Ben Affleck]]'s role as [[Batman|Bruce Wayne / Batman]] in the [[Christopher Nolan]]'s Batman reboot trilogy. He also voiced [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] roles in all of his films as well.<ref name=lm />

==Dubbing roles==

===Live action series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Number of episodes !! Original airdate !! Dubbed airdate !! Notes
|-
| [[Goosebumps (1995 TV series)|''Goosebumps'']] || Unknown actor || Unknown character || Hindi || English || 74 || 10/27/1995-11/16/1998 || 5/15/2006-2009 ||
|-
| [[CID (Indian TV series)|''CID'']] || [[Dayanand Shetty]] || Senior Inspector Daya || colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|Hindi || || colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|1/21/1998-10/27/2018 ||
|-
|[[Luke Cage (TV series)|''Luke Cage'']] || [[Frank Whaley]] || Rafael Scarfe || Hindi || English || 26 || 2016 – present || ||
|-
| ''[[Stranger Things]]'' || [[David Harbour]] || [[Jim Hopper (Stranger Things)|Jim Hopper]] || Hindi || English || 25 || 2016 – present || ||
|-
|''[[Game of Thrones]]'' || [[Sean Bean]] || [[Ned Stark|Eddard "Ned" Stark]] || Hindi || English || 73 || 2011 – 2019 || ||
|-
| [[Titans (2018 TV series)|''Titans'']] || [[Esai Morales]] || [[Deathstroke|Slade Wilson / Deathstroke]] || Hindi || English || 24 || 2018–present || 2019–present ||
|-
|[[The Boys (TV series)|The Boys]] (Season 3)
|[[Karl Urban]]
|[[Billy Butcher]]
|Hindi
|English
|8
|2022
|2022
|
|-
| ''[[FUBAR (TV series)|FUBAR]]''
| [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
| Luke Brunner
| Hindi
| English
| 8
| 2023
| 2023
|
|}

===Animated series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Original voice !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Number of episodes !! Original airdate !! Dubbed airdate !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go!]]'' || [[Jeffrey Combs]] || Gyrus Krinkle || Hindi || English || 52 (dubbed 2) || 18 September 2004 – 16 December 2006 || ||
|-
| ''[[Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends]]'' || [[Dan Gilvezan]] || [[Spider-Man|Peter Parker / Spider-Man]] || Hindi || English || 65 || 09/12/1981-09/10/1983 || ||
|-
| [[Spider-Man (1994 TV series)|''Spider-Man'']] || [[Christopher Daniel Barnes]] ||Peter Parker / Spider-Man || Hindi || English || 65 || 11/19/1994-1/31/1998 || ||
|-
| ''[[Justice League Unlimited]]'' || [[George Newbern]] || [[Superman|Clark Kent/Superman]] || Hindi || English || 39 || 07/31/2004- 5/13/2006 || ||
|-
| ''[[Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)|Ultimate Spider-Man]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090609/ttlife1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – The Tribune Lifestyle |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=7 April 2007 |accessdate=29 September 2012}}</ref>''|| [[Roger Craig Smith]] || [[Captain America|Steve Rogers / Captain America]] || Hindi || English || 2 || 1/04/2012- Present || ||
|-
| ''[[Phineas and Ferb]]'' || [[Richard O'Brien]] || Lawrence Fletcher || Hindi || English || 222 || 2007–2015 || 2008–2015 ||
|-
| ''[[Transformers: Prime]]'' || [[Daran Norris]] || Knock Out || Hindi || English || 65 || 29 November 2010 – 26 July 2013 || ||
|-
| ''[[Love, Death & Robots]]'' || [[Nolan North]] || Ugly Dave || Hindi || English || 18 (dubbed 1) || 15 March 2019 – present || ||
|-
| ''[[Transformers: War for Cybertron Trilogy]]'' || Frank Todaro || [[Starscream]] || Hindi || English || 18 || 30 July 2020 – 29 July 2021 || 30 July 2020 – 29 July 2021 ||
|-
| ''[[Batman: Caped Crusader]]'' || [[Toby Stephens]] || Russell Craddock || Hindi || English || 10 (dubbed 1) || 1 August 2024 || 1 August 2024 ||
|}

===Live action films===
====Indian films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original year release !! Dub year release !! Notes
|-
|''[[Chandramukhi 2]]''
|[[Suresh Chandra Menon]]
|Ranganayaki's elder brother
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2023
|2023
|
|-
|''[[777 Charlie]]''
|[[H. G. Somashekar Rao]] †
|A tea stall owner
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2022
|2022
|
|-
|''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]''
|[[Pramod Shetty]]
|Tukaram, Jayarama's rival
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2019
|2019
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Adventures of Srimannarayana''.
|-
|''[[Mukunda Murari]]''
|[[Sudeep|'Kichcha' Sudeep Sanjeeva]]
|[[Lord Krishna|Krishna]], [[Lord Krishna|Murari]]
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2016
|Unknown
|
|-
|''[[Golimaar (film)|Golimaar]]''
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|D.I.G. Prakash
|Hindustani
|Telugu
|2010
|2021
|
|-
|[[Half Girlfriend (film)|''Half Girlfriend'']]
|Unknown Actor
|Riya's Father
| colspan="2" |Hindi
| colspan="2" |2017
|
|-
|''[[Saaho]]''
|[[Devan (actor)|Devan]]
|IG Devan Varma
|Hindi
|Telugu
| colspan="2" |2019
|
|-
|''[[Murder 2]]''
|Unknown actor
|A minister who orders the commissioner to release Dheeraj
|colspan="2"|Hindi
|colspan="2"|2011
|
|-
|''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]''
|[[Sathyaraj]]
|Padri Elvis Karim Prabhakar
|colspan="2"|Hindi
|colspan="2"|2024
|
|-
|''[[Radhe Shyam]]''
|[[Sathyaraj]]
|Paramahamsa
|Hindi
|Telugu
| colspan="2" |2022
|
|-
| ''[[Anniyan]]''|| [[Vikram (actor)|'Chiyaan' Vikram]] || P. Ramanujam Iyengar "Ambi" / Anniyan (Aparichit in Hindi version) / Remo || Hindi || Tamil || 2005 || 2006 ||
|-
|''[[Balram vs. Tharadas]]''
|[[Mammootty]]
|DYSP Balram / Tharadas (Basha in Hindi version)
|Hindi
|Malayalam
|2006
|2006
|
|-
|''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
|[[Chemban Vinod Jose]]
|Inspector Jose
|Hindi
|Tamil
|colspan="2"|2022
|
|-
|''[[Andhrudu]]''
|[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand Tottempudi]]
|Surendra
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2005
|2006
|
|-
|''[[Manasuku Nachindi]]''
|[[Mahesh Babu|Ghattamaneni Mahesh Babu]]
|Narrator
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2018
|2020
|
|-
|''[[Balu ABCDEFG]]''
|[[Pawan Kalyan|'Pawan' Kalyan Babu Konidela]]
|Ghani/Balu (Balraj)
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2005
|2006
|
|-
|''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]''
|[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh Daggubati]]
|Bodyguard Venky
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2012
|2012
|
|-
|[[Ranam (2006 film)|''Ranam'']]
|[[Biju Menon]]
|Bhagwati
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2006
|2007
|
|-
|''[[Student No. 1]]''
|[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|Jr. N.T.R.]]
|Aditya
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2001
|2007
|
|-
|[[Subash Chandra Bose (film)|''Subash Chandra Bose'']]
|[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh Daggubati]]
|Subash Chandra Bose alias Chandram / Ashok
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2005
|2007
|
|-
|''[[Sainikudu]]''
|[[Mahesh Babu|Ghattamaneni Mahesh Babu]]
|Siddharth
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2006
|2008
|
|-
|''[[Yamadonga]]''|| [[M.S. Narayana]] † || Costume "Boss" || Hindi || Telugu || 2007 || 2008 ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Jagapathi Babu]]
|rowspan="2"|A.C.P. Bose
|rowspan="2"|Hindi
|rowspan="2"|Telugu
|rowspan="2"|2007
|2008
|
|-
|2022
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|''Chatrapathi'']]
|[[Prabhas]]
|Sivaji / Chatrapathi
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
| rowspan="2" |2005
|2009
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Narendra Jha]] †
|Baji Rao
|2021
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Sri Anjaneyam]]''
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|Anji's father
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
| rowspan="2" |2004
| rowspan="2" |2009
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[L.B. Sriram]]
|Padma's father
|-
|[[Drona (2009 film)|''Drona'']]
|[[Nithiin|Nithin Reddy]]
|Drona / Chandu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2009
|2009
|
|-
|[[Jayam (2002 film)|''Jayam'']]
|[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand Tottempudi]]
|Raghu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2002
|2010
|
|-
|[[Pokiri (2006 film)|''Pokiri'']]
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|Ali Bhai
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2006
|2010
|
|-
|[[King (2008 film)|''King'']]
|[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Akkineni Nagarjuna]]
|King / Bottu Seenu (Raghu Rokda in Hindi version) / Sharath
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2008
|2010
|
|-
|''[[Enthiran]]''
|Unknown actor
|Police officer
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2010
|2010
|
|-
|[[Homam (film)|''Homam'']]
|[[Jagapathi Babu]]
|Mallikarjuna alias Malli
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2008
|2010
|
|-
|[[Victory (2008 film)|''Victory'']]
|[[Ashutosh Rana]]
|MLA Devraj
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2008
|2010
|
|-
|''[[Ragada]]''
|[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Akkineni Nagarjuna]]
|Satya Reddy
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2010
|2011
|
|-
|[[Simha (film)|''Simha'']]
|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
|Srimannarayana (Veersimha in Hindi version) / Dr. Narsimha (dual role)
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2010
|2011
|
|-
|''[[Kanthaswamy]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Vikram (actor)|'Chiyaan' Vikram]]
|rowspan="2"|Kanthaswamy IPS
|rowspan="2"|Hindi
|Tamil
|rowspan="2"|2009
|2018
|
|-
|''[[Kanthaswamy|Mallanna]]''
|Telugu
|2011
|
|-
| [[Ji (film)|''Ji'']] || [[Ajith Kumar]] || Vasu || Hindi || Tamil || 2005 || 2012 ||
|-
|''[[Samanyudu]]''
|[[Jagapathi Babu]]
|Chandra
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2006
|2012
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Dookudu]]''
| Unknown actor
| Narrator
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
| rowspan="3" |2011
| rowspan="3" |2012
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Suman Talwar]]
|Police Commissioner Ramprasad D.
|-
|[[Nagendra Babu|Nagendra Babu Konidela]]
|Police Commissioner Surya Prakash
|-
| ''[[Aegan]]''|| [[Ajith Kumar]] || Shiva || Hindi || Tamil || 2008 || 2012 ||
|-
|''[[Aptharakshaka]]''
|[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] †
|Dr. Vijay / Vijay Rajendra Bahadur
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2010
|2012
|
|-
|''[[Oosaravelli]]''
|[[Murali Sharma]]
|Local Don
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2011
|2012
|
|-
|''[[Kuruvi]]''
|[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
|Konda Reddy
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2008
|2012
|
|-
| ''[[Athadu]]''|| [[Rahul Dev]] || Sadhu || Hindi || Telugu || 2005 || 2013 ||
|-
|''[[Dhada]]''
|[[Rahul Dev]]
|R.D.
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2011
|2013
|
|-
|''[[Varadhanayaka]]''
|[[Sudeep|'Kichcha' Sudeepa Sanjeeva]]
|Varadanayaka (Varun Nayak in Hindi version)
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2013
|2013
|
|-
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''
|[[Pawan Kalyan|'Pawan' Kalyan Babu Konidela]]
|Gautham Nanda / Siddartha "Siddhu"
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2013
|2013
|
|-
|''[[Intlo Illalu Vantintlo Priyuralu]]''
|[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh Daggubati]]
|Sriram
|Hindi
|Telugu
|1996
|2013
|
|-
|''[[Kotha Bangaru Lokam]]''
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|Balu's father
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2008
|2013
|
|-
|''[[Ainthu Ainthu Ainthu]]''
|[[Sudesh Berry]]
|Chitranjan
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2013
|2013
|
|-
|''[[Daruvu]]''
|[[Sushant Singh]]
|Harbour Babu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2012
|2013
|
|-
|[[Bhai (2013 film)|''Bhai'']]
|[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Akkineni Nagarjuna]]
|Bhai / Vijay
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2013
|2014
|
|-
|''[[Naayak]]''
|[[Rahul Dev]]
|Babji
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2013
|2014
|
|-
|[[Bachchan (2013 film)|''Bachchan'']]
|[[Jagapathi Babu]]
|Vijayakumar
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2013
|2014
|
|-
|''[[Takkari Donga]]''
|[[Rahul Dev]]
|Shakeel aka Shaka
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2002
|2014
|
|-
|[[Legend (2014 film)|''Legend'']]
|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
|Jaidev (Legend) & Krishna
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2014
|2014
|
|-
|''[[Iddarammayilatho]]''
|[[Shawar Ali]]
|Shawar Ali
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2013
|2014
|
|-
|''[[Bhajarangi]]''
|[[Shiva Rajkumar]]
|Bhajarangi / Jeeva
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2013
|2014
|
|-
|''[[Adhinayakudu]]''
|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
|Harishchandra Prasad / Rama Krishna Prasad / Bobby
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2012
|2014
|
|-
|''[[Greeku Veerudu]]''
|[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Akkineni Nagarjuna]]
|Chandu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2013
|2014
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Billa II]]''
|[[Ajith Kumar]]
|David Billa
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
| rowspan="2" |2012
|2014
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Yog Japee]]
|Ranjith
|2021
|-
|[[Vedam (film)|''Vedam'']]
|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]
|Rahimuddin Qureshi
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2010
|2014
|
|-
|[[Key (film)|''Key'']]
|[[Jagapathi Babu]]
|Invigilator
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2011
|2014
|
|-
|[[Lion (2015 film)|''Lion'']]
|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
|Godse / Bose
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2015
|2015
|
|-
|''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]''
| colspan="2" |Narrator
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2013
|2015
|
|-
| ''[[Yevadu]]''|| [[Rahul Dev]] || Veeru Bhai || Hindi || Telugu || 2014 || 2015 ||
|-
|[[Happy (2006 film)|''Happy'']]
|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]
|DCP Arvind
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2006
|2015
|
|-
|[[I (2015 film)|''I'']]
|[[Suresh Gopi]]
|Dr. Vasudevan
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2015
|2015
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Sathyaraj]]
|rowspan="2"|Kattappa
|rowspan="2"|Hindi
|rowspan="2"|Telugu
|rowspan="2"|2015
|2015
|
|-
|2021
|-
|''[[Srimannarayana]]''
|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
|Srimannarayana
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2012
|2015
|
|-
|''[[Maanikya]]''
|[[Sudeep|'Kichcha' Sudeepa Sanjeeva]]
|Vijay
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2014
|2015
|
|-
|''[[Uu Kodathara? Ulikki Padathara?]]''
|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
|Rudramaneni Narasimha Rayudu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2012
|2015
|
|-
|''[[Loukyam]]''
|[[Rahul Dev]]
|Sathya
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2014
|2015
|
|-
|''[[Okkadu]]''
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|Obul Reddy
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2003
|2015
|
|-
|''[[Chandee]]''
|[[Krishnam Raju]]
|Ashok Gajapati Raju (Ashok Shastri in Hindi version)
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2013
|2015
|
|-
|''[[RajadhiRaja]]''
|[[Mammootty]]
|Shekharan Kutty
|Hindi
|Malayalam
|2014
|2015
|
|-
| ''[[Pataas]]'' || [[Ashutosh Rana]] || Minister G.K. || Hindi || Telugu || 2015 || 2016 ||
|-
| ''[[Saamy]]''|| [[Vikram (actor)|'Chiyaan' Vikram]] || D.C.P. Aarusaamy || Hindi || Tamil || 2003 || 2015 ||
|-
|[[Heart Attack (2014 film)|''Heart Attack'']]
|[[Vikramjeet Virk]]
|Makrand Kamati
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2014
|2016
|
|-
|''[[Son of Satyamurthy]]''
|[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra Rao]]
|Devaraj Naidu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2015
|2016
|
|-
|''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]''
|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Meka Srikanth]]
|Bangari
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2014
|2016
|
|-
|[[Anjaan (2014 film)|''Anjaan'']]
|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]
|Imran Bhai
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2014
|2016
|
|-
|''[[Vajrakaya]]''
|[[Shiva Rajkumar]]
|Viraj
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2015
|2016
|
|-
|''[[Vedalam]]''
|[[Rahul Dev]]
|Rahul
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2015
|2016
|
|-
|[[Puli (2010 film)|''Puli'']]
|[[Manoj Bajpayee]]
|Al Saleem
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2010
|2016
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|''[[Baahubali: The Conclusion]]'' ||rowspan="2"|[[Sathyaraj]] ||rowspan="2"|Kattappa ||rowspan="2"|Hindi ||rowspan="2"|Telugu ||rowspan="2"|2017 || 2017 ||
|-
|2022
|-
| ''[[Sarrainodu]]''|| [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Meka Srikanth]] || Sripathi || Hindi || Telugu || 2016 || 2017 ||
|-
|[[Super (2010 Indian film)|''Super'']]
|[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra Rao]]
|Subhash Chandra Gandhi
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2010
|2017
|
|-
| [[Billa (2009 film)|''Billa'']] || [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] || Dharmendra / Devil || Hindi || Telugu || 2009 || 2017 ||
|-
|[[Kalpana (2012 film)|''Kalpana'']]
|[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra Rao]]
|Raghava
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2012
|2017
|
|-
| ''[[Janatha Garage]]'' || [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] || Suresh || Hindi || Telugu || 2016 || 2017 ||
|-
|''[[Babu Bangaram]]''
|[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh Daggubati]]
|A.C.P. Krishna alias Babu Bangaram
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2016
|2017
|
|-
|''[[Kalpana 2]]''
|[[Upendra (actor)|Upendra Rao]]
|Raghava / Jade Shivu
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2016
|2017
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Theri (film)|''Theri'']]
|[[Sai Dheena]]
|Rogue in a beggar's disguise
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
| rowspan="2" |2016
| rowspan="2" |2017
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|Stun Siva
|Karikalan (Kalicharan in Hindi version)
|-
|''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]''
|[[Samuthirakani]]
|Raghuvaran's father
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2017
|2017
|
|-
| [[Hyper (2016 film)|''Hyper'']] || [[Murali Sharma]] || Gaja Bhai || Hindi || Telugu || 2016 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Bairavaa]]''|| [[Mime Gopi]] || Karuvadu Kumar (Dushyant Kumar in Hindi version) || Hindi || Tamil || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Duvvada Jagannadham]]'' || [[Murali Sharma]] || Purushottam || Hindi || Telugu || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
|''[[Winner (2017 film)|Winner]]''
|[[Jagapathi Babu]]
|Mahendra Reddy
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2017
|2017
|
|-
|''[[Doosukeltha]]''
|[[Rao Ramesh]]
|Sarweshwar
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2013
|2017
|
|-
|''[[Dynamite (2015 film)|Dynamite]]''
|[[Yog Japee]]
|Police Officer Arunraj
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2015
|2017
|
|-
|''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]''
|[[Chiranjeevi|Sivasankara 'Chiranjeevi' Varaprasad Konidela]]
|Professor Tagore, Chief Of A.C.F. (Anti Corruption Force)
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2003
|2017
|
|-
|''[[Santhu Straight Forward]]''
|[[Anant Nag]]arkatte
|Ananya's grandfather and Deva's father
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2016
|2017
|
|-
|''[[Mental Police]]''
|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Meka Srikanth]]
|Unknown
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2016
|2017
|
|-
|''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]''
|[[Ashutosh Rana]]
|Subbarayudu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2017
|2017
|
|-
|''[[Patel S. I. R.]]''
|[[Jagapathi Babu]]
|Subhash Patel & Dr. Vallabh Patel (Dual role)
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2017
|2018
|
|-
|[[Gayatri (2018 film)|''Gayatri'']]
|[[Mohan Babu|Manchu 'Mohan Babu' Bhakthavatsalam]]
|Gayatri Patel (Gayatri Mehta in Hindi version) / Dasari Sivaji
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2018
|2018
|
|-
| ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' || [[Baba Sehgal]] || Kamath || Hindi || Tamil || 2016 || 2018 ||
|-
|''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]''
|[[Murali Sharma]]
|Sharma (Konda in Hindi version)
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2018
|2018
|
|-
| ''[[Hebbuli]]''|| [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] || Sathya Moorthy || Hindi || Kannada || 2017 || 2018 ||
|-
| [[Dora (2017 film)|''Dora'']] || [[Harish Uthaman]] || Police officer || Hindi || Tamil || 2017 || 2018 ||
|-
| [[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|''Gopala Gopala'']] || [[Murali Sharma]] || Akbar Khan || Hindi || Telugu || 2015 || 2018 ||
|-
| [[Chanti (2004 film)|''Chanti'']] || [[Atul Kulkarni]] || MLA Sarvarayudu (Sachidanand Chakravarthy in Hindi version) || Hindi || Telugu || 2004 || 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Thikka]]''|| [[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]] || Manohar || Hindi || Telugu || 2016 || 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Vivegam]]''|| [[Ajith Kumar]] || Ajay Kumar a.k.a. AK || Hindi || Tamil || 2017 || 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]'' || [[Bose Venkat]] || Sathya || Hindi || Tamil || 2017 || 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Bhaagamathie]]''|| [[Murali Sharma]] || ACP Sampath || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]'' || [[Jagapathi Babu]] || Ashwadh Narayana Varma || Hindi || Telugu || 2017 || 2018 ||
|-
| [[Villain (2017 film)|''Villain'']] || [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Meka Srikanth]] || Felix D. Vincent || Hindi || Malayalam || 2017 || 2018 ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:centre" | [[Paisa Vasool (2017 film)|''Paisa Vasool'']] || Mukhtar Khan || Police officer || rowspan="2"|Hindi || rowspan="2"|Telugu || rowspan="2"|2017 || rowspan="2"|2018 ||rowspan="2"|
|-
|| [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] || Theda Singh's friend
|-
| [[Guru (2017 film)|''Guru'']] || [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh Daggubati]]|| Aditya "Aadi" || Hindi || Telugu || 2017 || 2018 ||
|-
| [[Sketch (2018 film)|''Sketch'']]||[[Vikram (actor)|'Chiyaan' Vikram]]|| Jeeva (Sketch) || Hindi || Tamil || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
|[[Tik Tik Tik (2018 film)|''Tik Tik Tik'']]
|[[Vincent Asokan]]
|Colonel D. Raghuram
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2018
|2018
|
|-
|''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]''
|[[Ayyappa P. Sharma]]
|Vanaram
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2018
|2018
|
|-
|''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 2]]''
|[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Akkineni Nagarjuna]]
|Rudra
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2017
|2018
|
|-
|''[[Yuddham Sharanam]]''
|[[Murali Sharma]]
|Jaidev "JD" Shastri
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2017
|2018
|
|-
|[[Manam (film)|''Manam'']]
|[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Akkineni Nagarjuna]]
|Seetharamudu / Nageswara "Bittu" Rao
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2014
|2018
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Touch Chesi Chudu]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Murali Sharma]]
| rowspan="2" |Police Commissioner
|Hindi
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
| rowspan="2" |2018
|2018
|
|-
|Hindustani
|2021
|
|-
|[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|''Lucifer'']]
|[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
|Mahesha Varma
|Hindi
|Malayalam
|2019
|2019
|
|-
|[[Jersey (2019 film)|''Jersey'']]
|[[Sathyaraj]]
|Coach Murthy
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2019
|2019
|
|-
|[[Cobra (2012 film)|''Cobra'']]
|[[Mammootty]]
|Raja (Rajavembala) / Sivadas Naidu
|Hindi
|Malayalam
|2012
|2019
|
|-
|''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]''
|[[Anand (actor)|Anand]]
|Abhi's father
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2017
|2019
|
|-
|''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|''Kurukshetra'']] ''
|[[Darshan Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
|[[Duryodhana]] / Suyodhana
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2019
|2019
|
|-
| ''[[Aatadukundam Raa]]'' || [[Murali Sharma]] || Vijay Ram || Hindi || Telugu || 2016 || 2019 ||
|-
| [[Indrajith (2017 film)|''Indrajith'']] || [[Sachin Khedekar]] || Mayil Vahanam (Mahadevi Varma in Hindi version) || Hindi || Tamil || 2017 || 2019 ||
|-
|[[Kavan (film)|''Kavan'']]
|| [[Akashdeep Saigal]] || Kalyan
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2017
|2019
|
|-
| [[Kavacham (2018 film)|''Kavacham'']] || [[Harish Uthaman]] || Sarath Chandra IPS || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[Nela Ticket]]'' || [[Sampath Raj]] || ACP Sampath Reddy || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2019 ||
|-
| [[Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)|''Amar Akbar Anthony'']] || Rajveer Ankur Singh || Rajveer || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[Jai Simha]]'' || [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] || Narasimha || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[Pailwaan]]''|| [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] || Boxing Coach Vijayendra || Hindi || Kannada || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'' || [[Sathyaraj]] || Sivanaandi || Hindi || Tamil || 2013 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[Ghajinikanth]]''|| [[Sampath Raj]] || Sathyamoorthy || Hindi || Tamil || 2018 || 2019 ||
|-
|[['96 (film)|''<nowiki/>'96'']]
|[[Bagavathi Perumal]]
|Murali
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2018
|2019
|
|-
|''[[iSmart Shankar]]''
|[[Raj Deepak Shetty]]
|Devendra Viswanath
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2019
|2020
|
|-
| [[Vijetha (2018 film)|''Vijetha'']] || [[Murali Sharma]] || K. Sridhar Rao || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2020 ||
|-
| ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' || [[Samuthirakani]] || Guna || Hindi || Tamil || 2018 || 2020 ||
|-
| [[Sita (2019 film)|''Sita'']] || [[Sonu Sood]] || MLA Basavaraju (Bhairav Raj in Hindi version) || Hindi || Telugu || 2019 || 2020 ||
|-
| [[Dwaraka (film)|''Dwaraka'']] || [[Murali Sharma]] || Chaitanya || Hindi || Telugu || 2017 || 2020 ||
|-
| [[Kaithi (2019 film)|''Kaithi'']] || [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] || Inspector Bejoy (Arjun in Hindi version) || Hindi || Tamil || 2019 || 2020 ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|''[[Prati Roju Pandage]]'' || [[Sathyaraj]] || Raghu Ramayya ||rowspan="2"|Hindi ||rowspan="2"|Telugu ||rowspan="2"|2019 || 2020 ||rowspan="2"|
|-
|[[Murali Sharma]] || Dhamodhar (Damodar in Hindi version) || 2022
|-
| ''[[Saakshyam]]''|| [[Jagapathi Babu]] || Munu Swamy || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2020 ||
|-
| ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]'' || [[Jagapathi Babu]] || Basi Reddy || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2020 ||
|-
|''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]''
|[[Murali Sharma]]
|Panduranga Rao (Pradyuman in Hindi version)
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2015
|2020
|
|-
|''[[Marudhamalai]]''
|[[Raghuvaran]] †
|Suryanarayanan IAS
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2007
|2020
|
|-
| [[Thambi (2019 film)|''Thambi'']] || [[Sathyaraj]] || Gnanamoorthy || Hindi || Tamil || 2019 || 2020 ||
|-
| ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]'' || [[Ajith Kumar]] || Lawyer Bharath Subramaniam || Hindi || Tamil || 2019 || 2021 ||
|-
| [[Parole (2018 film)|''Parole'']] || [[Mammootty]] || Alex Mestri / Alex Philippose / Sakhavu Alex || Hindi || Malayalam || 2018 || 2021 ||
|-
| ''[[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]'' || [[Mammootty]] || Derick Abraham || Hindi || Malayalam || 2018 || 2021 ||
|-
| [[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (2017 film)|''Sakka Podu Podu Raja'']] || [[Sampath Raj]] || Bhavani || Hindi || Tamil || 2017 || 2021 ||
|-
| [[Attack (2016 film)|''Attack'']] || [[Jagapathi Babu]] || Kaali || Hindi || Telugu || 2016 || 2021 ||
|-
| ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' || [[Prakash Belawadi]] || Prakash Babu || Hindi || Tamil || 2020 || 2021 ||
|-
| ''[[Pogaru]]'' || [[Sampath Raj]] || JB || Hindi || Kannada || 2021 || 2021 ||
|-
| [[Asuran (2019 film)|''Asuran'']] || [[Subramaniam Siva]] || Murugan || Hindi || Tamil || 2019 || 2021 ||
|-
| ''[[Roberrt]]'' || [[P. Ravi Shankar]] || Sarkar || Hindi || Kannada || 2021 || 2021 ||
|-
| ''[[Annabelle Sethupathi]]'' || [[Jagapathi Babu]] || Kadhiresan || Hindi || Tamil || 2021 || 2021 ||
|-
| ''[[Dhill]]'' || [[Vikram (actor)|'Chiyaan' Vikram]] || Kanagavel (Virender Kumar in Hindi version)|| Hindi || Tamil || 2001 || 2021 ||
|-
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|[[Rao Ramesh]]
|Bhumireddy Siddappa Naidu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2021
|2021
|
|-
|''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''
|[[Murali Sharma]]
|Valmiki
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2020
|2022
|
|-
|[[Bheeshma (2020 film)|''Bheeshma'']]
|[[Sampath Raj]]
|Deva
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2020
|2022
|
|-
|[[Mersal (film)|''Mersal'']]
|[[Sathyaraj]]
|DCP Rathnavel (Ratnakar in Hindi version) "Randy"
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2017
|2022
|
|-
|''[[Thiruttu Payale]]''
|[[Manoj K. Jayan]]
|Sivaraj
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2006
|2022
|
|-
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|[[R. Sarathkumar]]
|Periya [[Paluvettaraiyar|Pazhuvettaraiyar]] (Maharaj Parvateshwar in Hindi Version)
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2022
|2022
|
|-
| ''[[Akhanda]]''
| [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]
| Akhanda Rudra Sikandar Aghora and Murali Krishna
| Hindi
| Telugu
| 2021
| 2022
|
|-
|''[[Daaku Maharaaj]]''
|[[Ravi Kishan]] (Voice in Original dubbed by [[P. Ravi Shankar]])
|Trimurtulu MLA
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2025
|2025
|
|}

====Foreign language films====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original year release !! Dub year release !! Notes
|-
| ''[[You Only Live Twice (film)|You Only Live Twice]]'' || [[Sean Connery]] || [[Portrayal of James Bond in film|James Bond]] || Hindi || English || 1967 || Unknown ||
|-
| ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'' || [[George Lazenby]] || [[Portrayal of James Bond in film|James Bond]] || Hindi || English || 1969 || Unknown ||
|-
| ''[[Jaws 2]]'' || [[Roy Scheider]] || Chief Martin Brody || Hindi || English || 1978 || Unknown ||
|-
| ''[[The Living Daylights]]'' || [[Jeroen Krabbé]] || General Georgi Koskov || Hindi || English || 1987 || Unknown ||
|-
| [[Spawn (1997 film)|''Spawn'']] || [[Michael Jai White]] || [[Spawn (character)|Albert "Al" Simmons / Spawn]] || Hindi || English || 1997 || 1997 ||
|-
| [[Blade (1998 film)|''Blade'']] || [[Wesley Snipes]] || [[Blade (New Line franchise character)|Eric Brooks / Blade]] || Hindi || English || 1998 || 1998 ||
|-
| ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' || [[Ben Affleck]] || Chuckie Sullivan || Hindi || English || 1997 || Unknown ||
|-
| ''[[The Tuxedo]]'' || [[Ritchie Coster]] || Dietrich Banning || Hindi || English [[Cantonese Chinese]] || 2002 || Unknown ||
|-
| [[Ghost Rider (2007 film)|''Ghost Rider'']] || [[Donal Logue]] || Mack || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
| ''[[National Security (2003 film)|National Security]]{{cn|date=August 2024}}''|| [[Eric Roberts]] || Nash || Hindi || English || 2003 || 2003 ||
|-
| ''[[The Time Machine (2002 film)|The Time Machine]]'' || [[Orlando Jones]] || Vox 114 || Hindi || English || 2002 ||2002 ||
|-
| [[The Italian Job (2003 film)|''The Italian Job'']] || [[Mark Wahlberg]] || Charlie Croker || Hindi || English || 2003 || 2003 ||
|-
| ''[[The Core]]'' || [[Richard Jenkins]] || Lieutenant General Thomas Purcell || Hindi || English || 2003 || 2003 ||
|-
| [[National Treasure (film)|''National Treasure'']] || [[Sean Bean]] || Ian || Hindi || English || 2004 || 2004 ||
|-
| [[King Arthur (2004 film)|''King Arthur'']] || [[Clive Owen]] || [[King Arthur]] || Hindi || English || 2004 || 2004 ||
|-
| ''[[Mindhunters]]''|| [[LL Cool J]] || Gabe Jenson || Hindi || English || 2004 || 2004 ||
|-
| ''[[Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle]]'' || [[Christopher Meloni]] || Freakshow || Hindi || English || 2004 || 2004 ||
|-
| ''[[XXX: State of the Union]]'' || [[Ice Cube]] || Darius Stone / XXX || Hindi || English || 2005 || 2005 ||
|-
| ''[[Son of the Mask]]'' || [[Jamie Kennedy]] || [[The Mask (comics)|Tim Avery / The Mask]] || Hindi || English || 2005 || 2005 ||
|-
| ''[[Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer]]'' || [[Ioan Gruffudd]] || [[Mister Fantastic|Dr. Reed Richards / Mr. Fantastic]] || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
| [[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|''Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban'']] || [[Gary Oldman]] || [[Sirius Black]] || Hindi || English || 2004 || 2004 ||
|-
| [[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)|''Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire'']] || [[Gary Oldman]] || [[Sirius Black]] || Hindi || English || 2005 || 2005 ||
|-
| [[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)|''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix'']] || [[Gary Oldman]] || [[Sirius Black]] || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
| ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]'' || [[Gary Oldman]] || [[Sirius Black]] || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| ''[[The Prestige]]'' || [[Christian Bale]] || Alfred Borden || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 ||
|-
| ''[[Scary Movie 4]]'' || [[Craig Bierko]] || Tom Ryan || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 ||
|-
| [[The Golden Compass (film)|''The Golden Compass'']] || [[Daniel Craig]] || Lord Asriel || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
| ''[[Wild Hogs]]'' || [[Ray Liotta]] || Jack Blade || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
| [[Ip Man (film)|''Ip Man'']] || [[Chen Zhihui]] || Master Liu || Hindi || [[Cantonese Chinese]] [[Mandarin Chinese]] Japanese || 2008 || 2009 ||
|-
| [[Outlander (film)|''Outlander'']] || [[Jim Caviezel]] || Kainan || Hindi || English Icelandic French || 2008 || 2008 ||
|-
| [[Inkheart (film)|''Inkheart'']] || [[Brendan Fraser]] || Mortimer "Mo" Folchart || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 ||
|-
| [[The International (2009 film)|''The International'']] || [[Clive Owen]] || Louis Salinger || Hindi || English || 2009 || 2009 ||
|-
| ''[[Inglourious Basterds]]'' || [[Christoph Waltz]] || [[Sicherheitsdienst|SD]] [[Standartenführer|Colonel]] [[Hans Landa]] || Hindi || English German French Italian || 2009 || 2009 ||
|-
| ''[[Universal Soldier: Regeneration]]'' || [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]] || Luc Devereaux || Hindi || English || 2009 || 2009 ||
|-
| ''[[Book of Eli]]'' || [[Denzel Washington]] || Eli || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
| ''[[Scream 4]]'' || [[David Arquette]] || Sheriff Riley || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| [[The Three Musketeers (2011 film)|''The Three Musketeers'']] || [[Matthew Macfadyen]] || [[Athos (character)|Athos]] || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| [[Super 8 (2011 film)|''Super 8'']] || [[Kyle Chandler]] || Deputy Jackson Lamb || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| [[Intruders (2011 film)|''Intruders'']] || [[Clive Owen]] || John Farrow || Hindi || English Spanish || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| ''[[The Adjustment Bureau]]'' || [[John Slattery]] || Richardson || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| [[Priest (2011 film)|''Priest'']] || [[Paul Bettany]] || Priest || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| ''[[Underworld: Awakening]]'' || [[Michael Ealy]] || Detective Sebastian || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
| ''[[Men in Black 3]]'' || [[Josh Brolin]] || Young [[Agent K]] || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
| ''[[Journey 2: The Mysterious Island]]'' || [[Dwayne Johnson]] || Hank Parsons || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
| ''[[Zero Dark Thirty]]'' || [[Jason Clarke]] || Dan || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
| [[Red Dawn (2012 film)|''Red Dawn'']] || [[Jeffrey Dean Morgan]] || Sergeant Major Andrew Tanner || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
| ''[[Homefront (2013 film)|Homefront]]'' || [[Chuck Zito]] || Danny "Danny T" Turrie || Hindi || English || 2013 || 2013 ||
|-
|| [[Transformers (film)|''Transformers'']] || [[Tyrese Gibson]] || Robert Epps || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
| ''[[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen]]'' || [[Tyrese Gibson]] || Robert Epps || Hindi || English || 2009 || 2009 ||
|-
| ''[[Transformers: Dark of the Moon]]'' || [[Tyrese Gibson]] || Robert Epps || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides]]'' || [[Greg Ellis (actor)|Greg Ellis]] || [[Lieutenant Theodore Groves]] || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| [[The Bourne Ultimatum (film)|''The Bourne Ultimatum'']] || [[Matt Damon]] || [[Jason Bourne]] || Hindi || English || 2007 || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:centre" | [[Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)|''Sherlock Holmes'']] || [[Mark Strong]] || Lord Henry Blackwood || rowspan="2" | Hindi || rowspan="2" | English || rowspan="2" | 2009 || rowspan="2" | 2009 ||
|-
|| [[James Fox]] || Sir Thomas Rotheram ||
|-
| [[American Gangster (film)|''American Gangster'']] || [[Roger Guenveur Smith]]<hr>[[Common (rapper)|Common]] || Nate<hr>Turner Lucas || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
| [[Contagion (2011 film)|''Contagion'']] || [[Matt Damon]]<hr>[[Ng Chin Han|Chin Han]] || Mitch Emhoff<hr>Sun Feng || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| [[Unstoppable (2004 film)|''Unstoppable'']] || [[Wesley Snipes]] || Dean Cage || Hindi || English || 2004 || ||
|-
| ''[[A Few Good Men]]'' || [[Kevin Bacon]] || Captain Jack Ross, USMC || Hindi || English || 1992 || ||
|-
| [[Robocop (2014 film)|''Robocop'']] || [[Michael Keaton]] || Raymond Sellars || Hindi || English || 2014 || 2014 ||
|-
| [[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)|''The Amazing Spider-Man'']] || [[Denis Leary]] || [[George Stacy|Captain George Stacy]] || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
| ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man 2]]'' || [[Denis Leary]] || [[George Stacy|Captain George Stacy]] || Hindi || English || 2014 || 2014 ||
|-
| [[The Karate Kid (2010 film)|''The Karate Kid'']] || [[Jackie Chan]] || Mr. Han || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2011 ||
|-
| ''[[Vanilla Sky]]'' || [[Kurt Russell]] || Dr. Curtis McCabe || Hindi || English || 2001 || 2015 ||
|-
| [[Riddick (film)|''Riddick'']] || [[Jordi Mollà]] || Santana || Hindi || English || 2013 || 2013 ||
|-
| [[San Andreas (film)|''San Andreas'']] || [[Dwayne Johnson]] || Chief Raymond "Ray" Gaines || Hindi || English || 2015 || 2015 ||
|-
| ''[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]'' || [[Oscar Isaac]] || [[Poe Dameron]] || Hindi || English || 2015 || 2015 ||
|-
| ''[[Star Wars: The Last Jedi]]'' || [[Oscar Isaac]] || [[Poe Dameron]] || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker]]'' || [[Oscar Isaac]] || [[Poe Dameron]] || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[The Legend of Hercules]]'' || [[Liam Garrigan]] || [[Iphicles]] || Hindi || English || 2014 || 2014 ||
|-
| [[Assassin's Creed (film)|''Assassin's Creed'']] || [[Michael K. Williams]] || Moussa || Hindi || English || 2016 || 2016 ||
|-
| [[Baywatch (film)|''Baywatch'']] || [[Dwayne Johnson]] || [[Mitch Buchannon]] || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| [[Inspector Gadget (film)|''Inspector Gadget'']] || [[Rupert Everett]] || Sanford Scolex / Dr. Claw || Hindi || English || 1999 || 1999 ||
|-
| ''[[Kingsman: The Golden Circle]]'' || [[Jeff Bridges]] || Champagne "Champ" || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| [[Batman (1989 film)|''Batman'']] || [[Michael Keaton]] || [[Bruce Wayne (1989 film series character)|Bruce Wayne / Batman]] || Hindi || English || 1989 || Unknown ||
|-
| ''[[Batman Returns]]'' || [[Michael Keaton]] || [[Bruce Wayne (1989 film series character)|Bruce Wayne / Batman]] || Hindi || English || 1992 || Unknown ||
|-
| ''[[Batman Begins]]'' || [[Christian Bale]] || [[Bruce Wayne (Dark Knight trilogy)|Bruce Wayne / Batman]] || Hindi || English || 2005 || 2005 ||
|-
| ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' || [[Christian Bale]] || [[Bruce Wayne (Dark Knight trilogy)|Bruce Wayne / Batman]] || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 ||
|-
| ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]<ref name="lm">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2012/07/12204542/Tinker-tailor.html |title=Tinker, tailor |work=Livemint |accessdate=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019110833/http://www.livemint.com/2012/07/12204542/Tinker-tailor.html |archivedate=19 October 2013 }}</ref>''|| [[Christian Bale]] || [[Bruce Wayne (Dark Knight trilogy)|Bruce Wayne / Batman]] || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
| ''[[Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice]]'' || [[Ben Affleck]] || [[Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)|Bruce Wayne / Batman]] || Hindi || English || 2016 || 2016 ||
|-
| [[Justice League (film)|''Justice League'']] || [[Ben Affleck]] || [[Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)|Bruce Wayne / Batman]] || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| [[The Avengers (2012 film)|''The Avengers'']] || [[Mark Ruffalo]] || [[Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bruce Banner / Hulk]] || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
| ''[[Iron Man 3]]'' || [[Mark Ruffalo]] || [[Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bruce Banner / Hulk]] (uncredited cameo) || Hindi || English || 2013 || 2013 ||
|-
| ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]'' || [[Mark Ruffalo]] || [[Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bruce Banner / Hulk]] || Hindi || English || 2015 || 2015 ||
|-
| ''[[Thor: Ragnarok]]'' || [[Mark Ruffalo]] || [[Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bruce Banner / Hulk]] || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' || [[Mark Ruffalo]] || [[Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bruce Banner / Hulk]] || Hindi || English || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
| [[Captain Marvel (film)|''Captain Marvel'']] || [[Mark Ruffalo]] || [[Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bruce Banner / Hulk]] (uncredited cameo) || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' || [[Mark Ruffalo]] || [[Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bruce Banner / Hulk]] || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
| [[Venom (2018 film)|''Venom'']] || [[Tom Hardy]] || [[Venom (Sony's Spider-Man Universe)|Venom]] (voice) || Hindi || English || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald]]'' || [[Jude Law]] || [[Albus Dumbledore]] || Hindi || English || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Men in Black: International]]'' || [[Liam Neeson]] || High T || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[The Flash (film)|The Flash]]'' || [[Michael Keaton]] || [[Batman|Bruce Wayne / Batman]] || Hindi || English || 2023 || 2023 ||
|}

===Animated films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Original voice !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original year release !! Dub year Release !! Notes
|-
| ''[[The Wild]]'' || [[Kiefer Sutherland]] || Samson (Samsher) || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 || Samay's name is mentioned in the Hindi dub credits taken from the DVD release of the film. Samson's name was changed to Samsher in the Hindi dub. Also, the younger version of this character was voiced by Malak Shah in the Hindi dub.
|-
| ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxe4FTj29bc |title=Beauty and the Beast – Something There (Hindi) |publisher=YouTube |date= 12 October 2010|accessdate=29 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beautyrobina.com/brazilian-beauty/beauty-the-beast-something-there-beast-part-one-line-multilanguage |title=Beauty & the Beast : Something There / Beast part – One-Line Multilanguage |publisher=Beauty Robina |date=13 July 2012 |accessdate=29 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826144232/http://www.beautyrobina.com/brazilian-beauty/beauty-the-beast-something-there-beast-part-one-line-multilanguage |archive-date=26 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>''|| [[Robby Benson]]
|| [[Beast (Disney character)|Beast]] || Hindi || English || 1991 || 2009 || Aired on Television dubbed in Hindi.
|-
| ''[[Kung Fu Panda (film)|Kung Fu Panda]]'' || [[Ian McShane]] || Tai Lung || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 ||
|-
| ''[[WALL-E]]''|| [[Ben Burtt]] || WALL-E || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 ||
|-
| ''[[Megamind]]''|| [[Brad Pitt]] || Metro Man || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
| ''[[Wreck-It Ralph]]'' || [[John C. Reilly]] || Wreck-It Ralph || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
| ''[[Ralph Breaks the Internet]]'' || [[John C. Reilly]] || Wreck-It Ralph || Hindi || English || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Transformers Prime Beast Hunters: Predacons Rising]]'' || [[Daran Norris]] || Knock Out || Hindi || English || 2013 || 2013 || Television film
|-
| [[Coco (2017 film)|''Coco'']] || [[Benjamin Bratt]] || Ernesto de la Cruz || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse]]'' || [[Brian Tyree Henry]] || [[Jefferson Davis (comics)|Jefferson Davis]] || Hindi || English || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse]]'' || [[Brian Tyree Henry]] || Jefferson Davis || Hindi || English || 2023 || 2023 ||
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Indian dubbing artists]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakkar, Samay Raj}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]

Kollegal Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:28:04Z

Svetlqer: adding a data!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kollegal
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 222
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| map_image = 222-Kollegal constituency.svg
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| district = [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Chamarajanagar]]
| reservation = SC
| established = 1951
| electors = {{formatnum:216643}}<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[A. R. Krishnamurthy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[N. Mahesh]]
}}
'''Kollegal Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Chamarajanagar district]], and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. It encompasses [[Yelandur taluk]], parts of [[Kollegal taluk]] and [[Chamarajanagar taluk]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

As of 2023, its representative is [[A. R. Krishnamurthy]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2028|7}}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#ABDADC" | [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || S. C. Virupakshiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || T. P. Boraiah
|-
| Kempamma
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | B. Basavaiah
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | M. Siddamadaiah
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | B. Basavaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || M. Siddamadaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || S. Jayanna || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || G. N. Nanjunda Swamy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || S. Balaraj || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[R. Dhruvanarayana]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 elections in India#Karnataka|2009 By-election]] || G. N. N. Swamy || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || S. Jayanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[N. Mahesh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[A. R. Krishnamurthy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kollegal <ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kollegal">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10222.htm?ac=222|title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kollegal|date=13 May 2023|access-date=12 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512155234/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10222.htm?ac=222|publisher=Election Commission of India|archivedate=12 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[A. R. Krishnamurthy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 108,363 |percentage = 64.59% |change = {{increase}}33.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Mahesh]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,844 |percentage = 29.11% |change = {{increase}}5.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Puttaswamy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,925 |percentage = 2.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,671 |percentage = 1.00% |change = {{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Rachaiah Kinakahalli |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,519 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Vinay Kumar |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 1,022 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 59,519 |percentage = 35.47% |change = {{increase}}23.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,118 |percentage = 77.60% |change = {{decrease}}2.28 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 167,779}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,643 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.41 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bahujan Samaj Party |swing = {{increase}}22.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kollegal <ref name=election2018>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Mahesh]] |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 71,792 |percentage = 42.51% |change = {{increase}}19.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[A. R. Krishnamurthy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,338 |percentage = 30.99% |change = {{increase}}1.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. Nanjunda Swamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,690 |percentage = 23.50% |change = {{increase}}12.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkasavaka. S |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 1,591 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,524 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,454 |percentage = 11.52% |change = {{increase}}5.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,987 |percentage = 79.88% |change = {{increase}}3.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 168,871}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 211,555 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.42 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bahujan Samaj Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kollegal <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Jayanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,402 |percentage = 29.20% |change = {{decrease}}1.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Mahesh]] |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 37,209 |percentage = 22.92% |change = {{increase}}7.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Balaraj |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 32,929 |percentage = 20.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. Nanjunda Swamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,224 |percentage = 10.61% |change = {{decrease}}26.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Chamaraju |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,392 |percentage = 2.71% |change = {{decrease}}9.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,896 |percentage = 2.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Balaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,000 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,193 |percentage = 6.28% |change = {{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 146,509 |percentage = 76.47% |change = {{increase}}3.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 162,326}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,585 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.66 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 elections in India#Karnataka|2009 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Kollegal <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. N. Swamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,553 |percentage = 37.11% |change = {{increase}}17.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Jayanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,286 |percentage = 30.92% |change = {{increase}}2.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Subash Bharani |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 21,143 |percentage = 15.83% |change = {{decrease}}3.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Balaraj |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 16,572 |percentage = 12.41% |change = {{decrease}}7.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subbaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,552 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,267 |percentage = 6.19% |change = {{decrease}}2.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,524 |percentage = 72.95% |change = {{increase}}0.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 133,524}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,046 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.59 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kollegal <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[R. Dhruvanarayana]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,384 |percentage = 28.72% |change = {{increase}}8.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Mahendar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,586 |percentage = 19.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Mahesh]] |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 25,505 |percentage = 19.59% |change = {{increase}}0.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[A. R. Krishnamurthy]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 25,286 |percentage = 19.43% |change = {{decrease}}4.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Balaraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,805 |percentage = 9.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Basavaraju |party = Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha |votes = 1,850 |percentage = 1.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Nanjaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,166 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kandahalli Narayana |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 860 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,798 |percentage = 9.06% |change = {{increase}}5.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 130,401 |percentage = 72.37% |change = {{increase}}3.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 130,170}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,177 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.47 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}1.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kollegal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Balaraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 27,736 |percentage = 27.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Jayanna |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 24,408 |percentage = 23.82% |change = {{increase}}11.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. Nanjunda Swamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,884 |percentage = 20.38% |change = {{decrease}}14.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Mahesh]] |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 19,075 |percentage = 18.62% |change = {{increase}}12.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sarvesh. K. B |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 2,803 |percentage = 2.74% |change = {{decrease}}9.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Basavaraju |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 2,786 |percentage = 2.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mukunda Varma. T |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,116 |percentage = 2.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govindaraju. R |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 1,444 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjuna |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,215 |percentage = 1.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,328 |percentage = 3.25% |change = {{decrease}}3.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,533 |percentage = 69.13% |change = {{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 102,467}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,327 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.43 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kollegal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. Nanjunda Swamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,671 |percentage = 35.24% |change = {{increase}}23.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Balaraj |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,250 |percentage = 28.80% |change = {{increase}}12.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Jayanna |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 10,636 |percentage = 12.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Siddaraju |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 10,610 |percentage = 12.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Shivamallu |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,229 |percentage = 6.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayana |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,748 |percentage = 2.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Chickka Siddaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,326 |percentage = 1.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijayakumari |party = Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha |votes = 726 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,421 |percentage = 6.44% |change = {{decrease}}23.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,283 |percentage = 68.08% |change = {{increase}}0.69 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,196}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,903 |percentage = 8.56% |change = {{increase}}5.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,550 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}11.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kollegal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Jayanna |party = Janata Dal |votes = 39,568 |percentage = 46.97% |change = {{increase}}16.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. Nanjunda Swamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 13,988 |percentage = 16.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Basavaraju |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 12,637 |percentage = 15.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kempamma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,185 |percentage = 12.09% |change = {{decrease}}51.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Yathiraj |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 6,570 |percentage = 7.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Siddabasavaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 669 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,580 |percentage = 30.37% |change = {{decrease}}2.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,561 |percentage = 67.39% |change = {{decrease}}1.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,241}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,320 |percentage = 2.68% |change = {{decrease}}3.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,451 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.25 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}16.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kollegal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Siddamadaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,998 |percentage = 63.13% |change = {{increase}}18.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basavaiah |party = Janata Dal |votes = 22,810 |percentage = 30.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Lingaraju |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,817 |percentage = 3.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ningaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 881 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muddaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 512 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,188 |percentage = 32.49% |change = {{increase}}30.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,266 |percentage = 69.27% |change = {{increase}}4.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,445}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,821 |percentage = 6.08% |change = {{increase}}3.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,434 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.22 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}16.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kollegal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basavaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,149 |percentage = 46.53% |change = {{decrease}}4.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Siddamadaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,037 |percentage = 44.63% |change = {{increase}}10.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. A. Sureshkumar |party = Lokdal |votes = 2,960 |percentage = 5.07% |change = {{decrease}}1.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkaveeraiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,324 |percentage = 2.27% |change = {{decrease}}1.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Nanjundaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 706 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,112 |percentage = 1.91% |change = {{decrease}}15.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,715 |percentage = 64.30% |change = {{decrease}}0.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,343}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,372 |percentage = 2.30% |change = {{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,867 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kollegal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basavaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 28,485 |percentage = 51.40% |change = {{increase}}5.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Shivasankaraiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,779 |percentage = 33.88% |change = {{increase}}31.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Surendra |party = Lokdal |votes = 3,786 |percentage = 6.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Lingaraju |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,912 |percentage = 3.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Karugaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,512 |percentage = 2.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Nanjaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 573 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Devanna |party = Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes = 373 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,706 |percentage = 17.51% |change = {{increase}}14.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,986 |percentage = 64.83% |change = {{decrease}}10.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,420}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,566 |percentage = 2.75% |change = {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,898 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.77 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}3.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kollegal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Siddamadaiah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,188 |percentage = 48.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basavaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,646 |percentage = 45.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chakkabasavaiah. R |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,313 |percentage = 2.25% |change = {{decrease}}54.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Devanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 960 |percentage = 1.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malleshu |party = Independent politician |votes = 857 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,542 |percentage = 2.65% |change = {{decrease}}17.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,054 |percentage = 75.00% |change = {{increase}}20.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,288}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,766 |percentage = 2.94% |change = {{increase}}2.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,073 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.39 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kollegal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Siddamadaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,455 |percentage = 56.63% |change = {{increase}}5.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Bharanaiah |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 13,667 |percentage = 36.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivashankar. N. Madaiah |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,764 |percentage = 7.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,788 |percentage = 20.56% |change = {{increase}}12.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,325 |percentage = 54.22% |change = {{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,886}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,535 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kollegal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basavaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,893 |percentage = 51.02% |change = {{decrease}}9.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Siddamadaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,097 |percentage = 42.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. Rajarathnam |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,104 |percentage = 3.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Devanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,014 |percentage = 3.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,796 |percentage = 8.45% |change = {{decrease}}29.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,113 |percentage = 54.53% |change = {{increase}}9.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,108}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,232 |ref = |change = {{increase}}33.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kollegal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basavaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,721 |percentage = 60.04% |change = {{increase}}4.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Puttaswamy |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 4,729 |percentage = 22.32% |change = {{decrease}}12.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Ranganathiah |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,554 |percentage = 7.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Balliah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,425 |percentage = 6.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Settiraju |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 514 |percentage = 2.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Subbiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 245 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,992 |percentage = 37.72% |change = {{increase}}24.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 22,588 |percentage = 45.43% |change = {{increase}}1.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,188}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,715 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}49.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}28.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kollegal <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. P. Boraiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,147 |percentage = 31.72% |change = {{decrease}}27.80 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kempamma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,286 |percentage = 23.71% |change = {{decrease}}35.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Shantha Murthy |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 15,577 |percentage = 18.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. R. Puttaraju |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 14,424 |percentage = 16.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Basavaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,138 |percentage = 9.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,570 |percentage = 13.52% |change = {{decrease}}5.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,572 |percentage = 43.73% |change = {{decrease}}8.82 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 85,572}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,848 |ref = |change = {{increase}}55.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}27.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kollegal <ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. C. Virupakshiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,696 |percentage = 59.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. R. Subramani Iyer |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,395 |percentage = 40.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,301 |percentage = 19.04% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,091 |percentage = 52.55% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,091}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,972 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chamarajanagar district]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|12.16|77.11|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Chamarajanagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Graharipu

2026-04-07T11:23:27Z

Svetlqer:

{{short description|Chudasama king from 941 to 996}}
{{Copy edit|for=tone|date=March 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}

{{Infobox royalty
| succession = Param Shaiv Maharajadhiraja Girnaradhipati
| reign = {{circa|941|996 CE}}
| predecessor = [[Vishvavaraha (Chudasama)|Vishvāvaraha]] ([[Chudasama dynasty]])
| successor = [[Kavat (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kavat]]
| dynasty = [[Chudasama dynasty|Chudasama]]
| father =
}}

'''Graharipu''' was a 10th-century [[Chudasama dynasty|Chudasama]]<ref>{{cite book |author=K. V. Soundara Rajan |author-link=K. V. Soundararajan |title=Junagadh |year=1985 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |quote="The Chudasama dynasty, originally of Abhira clan [...] An illustrious ruler of this clan in the 10th cent. was Graharipu or Grahario I" |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eIcAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> Emperor of the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] region of western India, with its capital located at Vamanasthali (now [[Vanthali]]). He was a contemporary of [[Mularaja]], the first [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] ruler of [[Anahilapataka]] (now Patan).<ref name="Majumdar1994">{{cite book|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|title=Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA303|access-date=30 June 2011|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4|pages=303–}}</ref> Graharipu built or repaired Durgapalli (also known as [[Uparkot Fort|Uparkot]]), an ancient fort in [[Junagadh]].<ref name="RajanIndia1985">{{cite book|author1=K. V. Soundara Rajan|author2=Archaeological Survey of India|title=Junagadh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bPNEAAAAIAAJ|access-date=30 June 2011|year=1985|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref><ref name="Parikh" />

[[Hemachandra]], in the Dvyashraya-Kavya describe the prince Graharipu, ruling at [[Vanthali]] near [[Junagadh]], as an [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]] and a [[Yadava]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&pg=PA25|title=The Tribes and Castes of Bombay|last=Enthoven|first=Reginald Edward|date=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0630-2|language=en|quote=Thus a Chudásama prince styled Graharipu and ruling at Vanthali near Junagadh is described in the Dyáshraya-Kávya of Hemachandra as an Abhira and a Yádava. In their bardic traditions as well as in popular stories, the Chudásamas are still called Aheraránás.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ntuAAAAMAAJ&q=Hemachandra+kavya+Yadava|title=Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India|last=Tambs-Lyche|first=Harald|date=1996-12-31|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7304-176-1|language=en|quote=Hemachandra, in the Dyashraya-Kavya, describe the prince Grahasipu, ruling at Vanthali near Junagadh, as an Abhira and a Yadava (Krishna's legendary tribe) (Enthoven 1920, 25).}}</ref>

The [[Abhiras]] of [[Chudasama dynasty|Chudasama]] grew very powerful during the reign of Graharipu in the middle of the [[10th century]] A.D. He had his capital at Vāmanasthali, now represented by [[Abhiras]] the village Vanthali, 9 miles west of [[Junagadh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnZDAAAAYAAJ |title=Ancient India |date=1964 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |language=en}}</ref>.They began to rule in southern and western [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] from the second half of the 10th century A.D. They became very powerful during the reign of Graharipu, defeating the [[Saindhava|Saindhavas]] and the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukyas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnZDAAAAYAAJ |title=Ancient India |date=1964 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=303 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA344 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=344 |language=en}}</ref>

The growing power of the Chudasama dynasty and the acts of harassing the pilgrims of [[Somnath Temple]] resulted in Graharipu's conflict with [[Mularaja]]. After a major and decisive battle, Mularaja is said to have defeated Graharipu. The ruler from [[Kutch]], Laksha, had fought alongside Graharipu in the battle and was killed. After this battle, the domain was repeatedly attacked by subsequent Chaulukya rulers.

==Battle with Mularaja==
According to [[Hemachandra]], who was patronized by the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukyas]], the Chaulukya king [[Mularaja]] defeated Graharipu. No other Chaulukya-era accounts mention this victory.{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=25}}<ref name="Parikh" />

According to Hemachandra, one night, [[Shiva|Mahadeva]] appeared in Mularaja's dream, and ordered him to vanquish Graharipu. In the morning, Mularaja consulted his ministers Jambaka and Jehula, as he was apprehensive of causing troubles to the pilgrims who visited [[Prabhas Patan|Prabhasa]] in Saurashtra. Jambaka was his Mahamantri (chief minister) while Jehula, the Ranaka of Kahiralu (now [[Kheralu]]), was his Mahapradhana (prime minister), according to Abhayatilakagani.<ref name=IAMJV>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.3740|title=Kavyanushasana by Acharya Hemachandra|last=Parikh|first=Rasiklal C.|author-link=Rasiklal Parikh|publisher=Shri Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya|year=1938|volume=II Part I|location=Bombay|pages=CXXIII-CXXVI|chapter=Introduction}}</ref>{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|pp=25-26}} Jehula told Mularaja that Graharipu was a tyrant who tortured pilgrims and indulged in vices such as eating flesh, drinking wine and hunting deer in sacred places. Jambaka described Graharipu as a very strong king, and declared that only Mularaja was capable of defeating him. Both the ministers urged Mularaja to attack Graharipu.{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=25}}

Mularaja launched a campaign against Graharipu on the day of [[Vijayadashami]]. Graharipu attempted a peaceful resolution through a messenger, who informed Mularaja that Graharipu had no enmity with him. However, Mularaja turned the messenger away, and continued his march. Graharipu then started his war preparations. His allies included Medas, his friend's son Laksha, and a king named Sindhuraja. After the war began, he was joined by a [[mleccha]] chief (who according to the Hemachandra's commentator Abhayatilaka Gani, was a [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]]).{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=26}}<ref name="IndologyArchaeology2001">{{cite book|author1=Banaras Hindu University. College of Indology|author2=Banaras Hindu University. Dept. of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology|title=Bhāratī: bulletin of the College of Indology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3e9tAAAAMAAJ|access-date=30 June 2011|year=2001|publisher=The College}}</ref>

Mularaja was supported by the kings Gangamaha of Gangadvara and his younger brother, Mahirata, Revatimitra, and Shailaprastha. The [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king of [[Mount Abu|Abu]] and [[Bhinmal|Srimala]] also joined him. In addition, Mularaja was supported by the Bhillas and the Kauravas. After the battle began, several others including the king of Saptakashi and a number of Gujarati soldiers, joined him.{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=26}}

The battle took place on the river Jambumali (identified as the [[Bhogavo River]] in [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]]). The battle continued for two days indecisively. On the third day, Mularaja entered battle on an elephant and Graharipu mounted his own elephant in rage. Mularaja overpowered Graharipu in [[single combat]], threw him down from his elephant, and had him tied up with ropes.<ref name=IAMJV/>{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=26}}

Laksha, wearing white clothes, rushed in and abused Mularaja calling him Mula.<ref name=IAMJV/> He asked Mularaja to release Graharipu, but Mularaja refused to comply, on the grounds that the captive was a [[cow in Hinduism|beef-eater]]. This led to another single combat, in which Mularaja killed Laksha with a spear. The men of Saurashtra then made a submission before Mularaja, dressed as women. The queen and children of Graharipu requested for Mularaja to release him, which he did, before he visited Prabhasa.{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=27}} According to Abhayatilakagani, Mularaja prayed on the day of [[Shivaratri]]. Within five to six days, Mularaja returned to his capital with 108 elephants.<ref name=IAMJV/>

The fight between Mularaja and Laksha has also been mentioned by the 14th century writer [[Merutunga]] in ''[[Prabandha-Chintamani|Prabandhachintamani]]''. According to this version, Laksha (or Lakha) was the ruler of [[Kutch district|Kaccha]]. He was the son of Phulada and Kamalata, who was a daughter of the [[Paramara dynasty|Parmara]] king Kirtiraja. Laksha had repulsed Mularaja's attacks 11 times. However, in their 12th fight, Mularaja besieged his fort Kapilkot (now [[Kera, Kutch]]), killed him, and trod him on his beard. Enraged by his insulting action, Laksha's mother cursed Mularaja's family to be afflicted with [[leprosy]]. The similar account is also given in ''Kumarapalacharita''.{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=27}} According to K. K. Shastri, this account seems more trustworthy.<ref name="Parikh" />

Laksha appears to be a historical character, as he has been mentioned in several other chronicles as well. The other kings listed by Hemachandra appear to be fictional names. Historian Asoke Majumdar theorizes that Mularaja attacked Graharipu on "some flimsy pretext", as Mahadeva's-order-in-a-dream was a popular device used by Sanskrit authors to justify the otherwise inexcusable actions of their heroes. Mularaja's descendants continued to fight against the kings of Kaccha and Saurashtra, so it appears that he managed to subjugate these territories only partially.{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=27}}

==In bardic literature==
According to bardic tales, he was married to a sister of [[Uga Vala]], the chief of [[Talaja, Bhavnagar|Talaja]].<ref name="Parikh" />

According to bardic literature, Graharipu was the successor of Vishwavarah, and was succeeded by [[Kavat (king)|Kavat]]. He possibly ruled from 945 CE to 982 CE.<ref name="Parikh">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.325016/page/n163|title=ગુજરાતનો રાજકીય અને સાંસ્કૃતિક ઇતિહાસ: સોલંકી કાલ|last=Shastri|first=Keshavram Kashiram|publisher=Bholabhai Jeshingbhai Institute of Learning and Research|year=1977|editor-last=Parikh|editor-first=Rasiklal Chhotalal|editor-link=Rasiklal Parikh|series=Research Series - Book No. 69|volume=IV|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|pages=133–134|language=gu|trans-title=Political and Cultural History of Gujarat: Solanki Era|author-link=Keshavram Kashiram Shastri|editor-last2=Shastri|editor-first2=Hariprasad Gangashankar|editor-link2=Hariprasad Shastri}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |first=Asoke Kumar |last=Majumdar |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 }}
{{ref end}}
{{Chudasama dynasty}}

[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Chudasama kings]]

Rajat Kumar Kar

2026-04-05T16:07:40Z

Svetlqer:

{{Short description|Indian playwright (1933–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajat Kumar Kar [[Padma Shri]]
| image = Rajat Kumar Kar.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| native_name = ରଜତ କୁମାର କର
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=y|1933|09|2}}
| birth_place = Mahanga, [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India
| birth_name =
| death_date = {{Death date and age |df=y|2022|05|8|1933|09|2}}
| death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha
| parents = Kulamani Kar (father) Indumati Devi (mother)
| children = Sagarika Praharaj, Er.Ranjeet Kar,Dr. Rajib Kumar Kar,Sambida Mahapatra
| spouse = Shantilata Kar
| relatives = [[Sarat Kumar Kar]] (brother) Dr. Ansuman Kar (grandson)
| years_active =
| occupation = Director Education,Odia playwright, Jagannath Culture Researcher, Radio & TV commentator
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
| signature = Rajat Kumar Kar Signature (English).png
}}

'''Rajat Kumar Kar''' (2 September 1933 – 8 May 2022) was an Indian playwright, Jagannath culture researcher, and Radio and TV commentator.<ref>{{cite news |title=Noted Culture Specialist Rajat Kumar Kar dies |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/noted-culture-specialist-rajat-kumar-kar-dies/ |accessdate=12 May 2022 |work=KalingaTV |date=8 May 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508133703/https://kalingatv.com/state/noted-culture-specialist-rajat-kumar-kar-dies/ |archivedate=8 May 2022 |location=Bhubaneswar |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref> He had written more than 600 plays for radio. He was the longest and oldest active commentator of the [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)|Ratha Jatra]] of Lord [[Jagannath]] on both TV and radio for more than 62 years. The Government of India honored him with the [[Padma Shri]] award in 2021 for his works in Odia literature.<ref>{{cite news |title=Renowned sculptor Sudarshan Sahoo gets Padma Vibhushan, 5 others get Padma Shri Award from Odisha |url=https://orissadiary.com/renowned-sculptor-sudarshan-sahoo-gets-padma-vibhushan-padma-bhushan-award-to-nripendra-misra/ |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=Odisha Diary |date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2021 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1692337 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125161945/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> He was a prolific writer on [[Upendra Bhanja]] literature and has seven non-fiction to his credit. He has also written a few books on Lord Jagannath.<ref name="Rajat-Kar"/>

== Career ==
An economist, a planner, educational administrator and retired as Director, Teacher Education and SCERT in 1992. Served as Director, Elementary and Adult Education from 1986 to 1989 and from 1989 till 1992 as Director, SCERT Director, and Teacher Education when Government of Orissa created a Directorate for Training College and Training Schools.
Held additional charge of Director, State Institute of Education and Technology from 1989 to 1992. was in-charge of TV production in education.
Experience In Secondary And Primary Education AsInspector of Schools from 1968-1979, Experience In Adult And Primary Education As Deputy Director And Director Trained in N.C.C. and retired as a Captain to take up assignment as Assistant D.P.I. (NCC). Acted as Deputy Director, NCC and Physical Education and was elected as the Joint Secretary of Schools Games Federation of India. Remain in-charge of functional literacy project of adult education and got commendation from Government of India.
He was also the Vice-President of the Board of Secondary Education, Odisha
Former State Chief Commissioner of Bharat Scout & Guides, Odisha <ref>{{cite web | title=State Chief Commissioners | url=https://odishascouts.org/state-chief-commissioners/ }}</ref>
He was also the executive council member of Eastern Zonal Cultural Council (EZCC),Govt.of India from 2002-2008
He was also member of the Advisory committee of SREC,Govt.of Odisha.
He was also a visiting Professor of Odia Literature in Utkal University.

== Literary creation ==
* Jana Jibanare Jagannath - 2006 (Basang Publication, Cuttack)
* Ananya Jagannath Anubhuthire - 2008 (Mahaveer Publication, Bhubaneswar)
* Andhaputuli - 1971 (J. Mohapatra & Co., Cuttack)
* Chandan Hajur - 1967 (Sahitya Mandir, Cuttack)
* Janana Janauchhi Jagannathnku - 1999 (Pravat Kumar Kar)
* Baisi Pabachha - 1999 (Shanti Publication, Bhubaneswar)
* Veer Chakhi Khuntia - 2003 (Ranjit Kar)
* Janamanasre Bhanja - 2007 (Basanti Publication, Cuttack)<ref>{{cite web |title=National Library of India E-Catalogue |website=www.opac.nationallibrary.gov.in/ }}</ref>
*The Light that was India <ref>https://amzn.in/d/2WTGPNM</ref>
*Lord Jagannath the Unique Deity of Odisha <ref>https://amzn.in/d/4P9HbMM</ref>
*Annaya Shri Jagannath Anubhootima <ref>{{cite web | title=Gujarat sahitya academy | url=https://gujaratsahityaacademy.com/user/product/prodetail/ananya-shri-jagannath-anubhootima }}</ref>
TELEVISION SERIES:
a) Bhagabat Tungi- Prarthana Channel
b) Naivedya- Taranga TV
c) Guru Bhagabat- Prarthana Channel
d) BAIDEHISHABILASA of Kavi Samrat Upendra Bhanja telecasted in Prathana TV
e) Badi Pala Mancha- ran successfully for 4years under his stewardship till his death
f) Running Commentator for last 62years of Car Festival of Lord Jagannath
g) Odisha365 series talk in youtube

== Awards & Recognitions ==
(i) Received Best Playwright Award from State Sangeet Natak Academy in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Orissa Sangeet Nataka Akademi - Award winners | url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2009/pdf/page-103-106.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610143745/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2009/pdf/page-103-106.pdf | archive-date=2022-06-10}}</ref>
(ii) Sri Jagannath Award in the Year 1998.
(iii) Chira Sandhan Award 1997.
(iv) Bhakta Charan Trust Award 1995.
(v) Nilachala Pala Gayak Sangh Award in 2000.
(vi) Award of Distinction by Andhra Oriya Teacher’s Association in 1998.
(vii) Sishu Ananta award-2007 from Sishu AnantaAshram,Balianta
(viii) Bhanjashree Sahitya Saman from BhanjaSmruti Sansad,Ganjam
(ix) Niara Natyashilpi o NipumDharabibarinidata,from All India Radio,Cuttack
(x) Adinatyakar Award-2009 from Jagmohan LalSmruti Parishad
(xi) Ramchandra Mishra Natak Award-2009 from Utkal Sahitya Samaj
(xii) Artabalav Samman-2004 from ArtabalavSmruti Parishad,Cuttack
(xiii) Kalinga Sahitya Samaj-2004
(xiv) Rajya Stariya Pitambar Swain Orator Award - 2002 from Pitambar Swain Smruti sansadBhadrak
(xv) Bichchanda Charan Samman - 2009 from Kalinga Sanskrutika Anustan, Bhubaneswar
(xvi) Shri Gundicha Samman-2009 from Shri Gundicha Pratistan,Puri
(xvii) Bhakta Kabi Dinakrushna Samman - 2008 from Dinakrushna Smruti Parishad.Jaleswar
(xviii) Madhu Swabhiman Samman - 2008 from Ravenshaw Collegiate School Old Boys Association
(xix) Balachar Bandhu Award - 2004 from Bharat Scout&Guides
(xx) EminentOratorAward - 2000,OrissaSocietyof Americans,America
(xxi) Jagannath Society of America Award - 2000 from JSA America
(xxii) Utkal Jyoti Award - 2005 from Bharat Scout&Guides
(xxiii) Ruchi Pushpagiri Samman - 2003 from Ruchi Prativa Foundation
(xxiv) Best Professional and Media Excellency Award in Odia Literature - 2009 from All India Journalist Union
(xxv) Gitinatyakar Award - 2006 from GanakabiSmruti Sansad,Cuttack
(xxvi) Bhimsen Pati Natyakar Award - 2002 from Utkal Ashram,Berhampur
(xxvii) Pandit Godabarish Mishra Award - 2011 from Sarala Sahitya Samaj
(xxviii) Odisha Gourab - 2011 from Bibhababanewspaper
(xxix) Chitrakala Nayak Samman - 2011 from Satadru
(xxx) Prativa Samman - 2012 from Berhampur University
(xxxi) ‘Kabi Jayakrushna Mishra Samman - 2013’ from Chiransandhan
(xxxii) ‘Bagdevi Samman’ - 2014 from MahangaSahitya Sanskrutika Samaj
(xxxiii) ‘Bansi Samman’ - 2014 from Cuttack ZilaJadhav Samaj
(xxxiv) “PRATHANA SAMMANA” by Prathana Channel the only Religious Channel of Odisha.
(xxxv) “Adi Kabi Sarala Sammana” by SaralaSansada.
(xxxvi) Odisha Sahitya Akademi- Life time Achievement Ovation in the field of Literature in year 2017 <ref>{{cite web | title=Odisha Sahitya Akademi | url=http://odishasahityaakademi.org/ovation.php }}</ref>
(xxxvii) Received Honorary D.Lit from Utkal University of Culture in 2017
(xxxviii) “Shri Jagannath Samman” Shri Jagannath Pratisthan, Puri in 2018
(xxxvix) Dr Basudev Kar Memorial Award 2019
(xl) Mahanga Sahitya Mahotsab Sammna 2020
(xli) Padmashri in field of Art & Literature in 2021
And many more honours,medals,certificate,titles from various regional, national and international organizations.

== Death ==
Kar died at 88 on 8 May 2022 in a private (Apollo Hospital) hospital in Bhabaneswar due to heart disease.<ref name="Rajat-Kar">{{Cite web|url=https://odishatv.in/news/miscellaneous/noted-author-jagannath-culture-expert-rajat-kar-passes-away-176437|title=Noted author, Jagannath culture expert Rajat Kar passes away|last=Otv|first=News Desk|website=Noted author, Jagannath culture expert Rajat Kar passes away|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508145026/https://odishatv.in/news/miscellaneous/noted-author-jagannath-culture-expert-rajat-kar-passes-away-176437|archive-date=8 May 2022|access-date=8 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|nm13644941}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kar, Rajat Kumar}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Cinema of Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Ram Prasad (cinematographer)

2026-03-31T05:47:55Z

Svetlqer: Starting a article w/ refs - done

{{short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ram Prasad
| image =
| caption = Image taken on the sets of Subramanyam For Sale movie
| birth_name = C. Ram Prasad
| partner =
| birth_date = 21 October 1966{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
| birth_place = India
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| yearsactive = 1986 – present
| relatives =
| parents = Madhav Rao & Subbalakshmi
| website =
}}

'''C. Ram Prasad''' is an [[Indian cinematographers|Indian cinematographer]] who predominantly works in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]].<ref name="The lens man">{{cite news |title=The lens man |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-lens-man/article3847862.ece |access-date=19 November 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=1 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251119132011/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-lens-man/article3847862.ece |archive-date=19 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=4 March 2020 |title=Ram Prasad signs on for Balakrishna |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/040320/ram-prasad-signs-on-for-balakrishna.html |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> He has done cinematography for more than 50 films. His notable works are ''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]'' (2001), ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'' (2002), ''[[Athanokkade]]'' (2005), ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'' (2010), ''[[Mirapakay]]'' (2011), ''[[Yevadu]]'' (2014), ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' (2014), ''[[Akhanda]]'' (2021), and ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'' (2023).

==Early life==
Prasad was born to the couple Madhav Rao and Subbalakshmi in 1965. His father was a makeup man and mother a homemaker. He spent his earlier years in [[Chennai]]. While his father inspired Prasad to make a decision about his career. After completing his SSLC, he joined the Film Institute in Chennai to pursue a Diploma in Cinematography (D.F.T.-Diploma in Film Technology). His passion for photography was so much that he dropped out of the institute to join as an assistant to cinematographer [[V. S. R. Swamy]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} He later moved to [[Hyderabad]] in 1992.<ref name="The lens man"></ref>

==Career==
Prasad worked as an assistant cameraman in Telugu feature films from 1986 to 1988 and finally got his first break in the film ''Pacha Thoranam''.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
:*''All films in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] unless otherwise noted''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1994
|''Pacha Thoranam''
|
|-
|''[[Police Alludu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1997
|''Ayyinda Leda''
|
|-
|''Kaliyugamlo Gandargolam''
|
|-
|''Hello I Love You''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998 || ''[[Hyderabad Blues]]''||English film
|-
|''Swarnakka''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1999 || ''[[Nee Kosam]]''||
|-
|''Prema Kosam''
|
|-
|''[[Rockford (film)|Rockford]]''
|English film
|-
|''[[Mysterious Girl (film)|Mysterious Girl]]''
|English-Hindi film
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2000 || ''[[Chala Bagundi]]''||
|-
|''[[9 Nelalu]]''
|
|-
|''[[Naa Manasistha Raa]]''
|
|-
|''Sanchalanam''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2001 || ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]''||
|-
|''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]''
|
|-
|''[[Naa Manasistha Raa]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2002 || ''[[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadi]]''
|
|-
|''[[Manasutho]]''
|
|-
|''Kanulu Musina Neevaye''
|
|-
|''[[O Chinadana]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2003 || ''[[Pellam Oorelithe]]''||
|-
|''[[Mysterious Girl (film)|Jodi No. 1]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ottesi Cheputunna]]''
|
|-
|''[[Pellamtho Panenti]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[Sri Anjaneyam]]''||
|-
|''[[Nenu (film)|Nenu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Athanokkade]]''||
|-
|''[[Chakram (2005 film)|Chakram]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006 || ''Pothe Poni'' ||
|-
|''[[Veerabhadra (film)|Veerabhadra]]''
|
|-
|''[[Evandoi Srivaru]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Munna (2007 film)|Munna]]''||<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Balakrishna ropes in top cine-technicians for daughter's wedding |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/balakrishna-ropes-top-cine-technicians-2278877 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vijayadasami (film)|Vijayadasami]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Okka Magadu]]''||
|-
|''[[Hare Ram]]''
|
|-
|''[[Hero (2008 film)|Hero]]''
|
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Saleem (film)|Saleem]]''||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]''||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mirapakay]]''||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Rebel (2012 film)|Rebel]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Yevadu]]''||<ref name=":2" />
|-
|''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Malini & Co.]]''||
|-
|''[[Subramanyam For Sale]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Jakkanna]]''||
|-
|''[[Saptagiri Express (film)|Saptagiri Express]]''
|
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Two Countries (2017 film)|2 Countries]]''||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Jai Simha]]''||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2019 || ''[[Prema Katha Chitram 2]]''||
|-
|''[[Burra Katha (film)|Burra Katha]]''
|
|-
|''[[RDX Love]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ruler (film)|Ruler]]''
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Software Sudheer]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[Idhe Maa Katha]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Satya |date=2020-11-19 |title=IMK First Look: A Tale Of Four People’s Road Trip |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/36215/imk-first-look-a-tale-of-four-peoples-road-trip |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Gulte |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Akhanda]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandamuri Balakrishna's Akhanda sets release date |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2021/nov/11/nandamuri-balakrishnas-akhanda-sets-release-date-36951.html |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Maayon (film)|Maayon]]''
|[[Tamil film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maayon Movie Review: A VFX showreel in search of an intriguing film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/jun/24/maayon-movie-review-a-vfx-showreel-in-search-of-an-intriguing-film-32291.html |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gaalodu]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudigali Sudheer’s Gaalodu set to stream on Aha from this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/feb/12/sudigali-sudheers-gaalodu-set-to-stream-on-aha-from-this-date-39905.html |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=NKR 21: Nandamuri Kalyan Ram, Saiee Manjrekar, Vijayashanthi unite for a big-budget saga |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/nkr-21-nandamuri-kalyan-ram-saiee-manjrekar-vijayashanthi-unite-for-a-big-budget-saga/203b173edd584 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
| ''[[Arjun Son Of Vyjayanthi]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Akhanda 2: Thaandavam]]''
|
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" | Year{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" |Work
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" | A.P. Cinegoers Award
| 2005 || Best Cinematographer || ''[[Athanokkade]]''||{{Won}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nandi Awards]]
| [[Nandi Awards of 2007|2007]] || [[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]|| [[Munna (2007 film)|''Munna'']] ||{{Won}}
|
|-
! scope="row" | Sangam Academy Award
| 2004 || Best Cinematographer || ''[[Nenu (film)|Nenu]]''|| {{Won}}
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Santosham Film Awards]]
|2015
| rowspan="2" |[[Santosham Best Cinematographer Award|Best Cinematographer]]
|[[Legend (2014 film)|''Legend'']]
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[22nd Santosham Film Awards|2023]]
|''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
! scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer – Telugu|Best Cinematographer – Telugu]]
|''[[Akhanda]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-11 |title=Winners of SIIMA Awards 2022; Clean sweep by Pushpa: The Rise |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/winners-of-siima-awards-2022-clean-sweep-by-pushpa-the-rise.html |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0997777|Ram Prasad}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Ram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]

Periyalvar

2026-03-28T04:25:35Z

Svetlqer: Starting initial info w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Tamil Vaishnava poet-saint}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Periyalvar
| image = Periazhwar.jpg
| caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = c. 9th century
| birth_place = [[Srivilliputhur]]
| birth_name = Vishnuchitta
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Kallazhagar temple]]
| guru =
| philosophy = [[Vishishtadvaita]]
| honors =
| literary_works = [[Tirupallantu]], [[Periyalvar Tirumoli]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Periyalvar''' ({{circa|9th century}}), also known as '''Vishnuchittar''', was one of the twelve ''[[alvars|Alvar]]'' saints of South [[India]] who are known for their affiliation to the [[Vaishnava]] tradition of [[Hinduism]]. He was the foster father of [[Andal]]. Andal, also called as [[Andal|Kodhai]], is the only female Alvar, and is considered to be the incarnation of [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]] according to [[Sri Vaishnavism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Subrahmanian |first1=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbgBAAAAMAAJ&q=andal+bhudevi |title=Homage to a Historian: A Festschrift |last2=Jeyapragasam |first2=S. |date=1976 |publisher=Dr. N. Subrahmanian 60th Birthday Celebration Committee |language=en}}</ref>

The verses of ''[[Alvars]]'' are compiled as the ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'' and the 108 temples revered are classified as ''[[Divya desam|Divya Desam]]''. According to some accounts, Periyalvar is considered the first in the line of the twelve Alvars, while other accounts place him as the eighth. His original name was Vishnuchittar. Since he blessed [[Vishnu]] as though assuming he were an elder to the deity, he is called Periyalvar.

According to Hindu legend, Periyalvar was the foster father of Andal, the only female Alvar. The works of Periyalvar contributed to the philosophical and theological ideas of Vaishnavism, the proponent behind the [[Bhakti movement]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lalrinawma |first=V. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIQzukwrqXQC&dq=Alvar+bhakti+movement&pg=PA206 |title=Major Faith Traditions of India |date=2007 |publisher=ISPCK |isbn=978-81-7214-961-1 |pages=206 |language=en}}</ref> His contributions are the ''[[Tirupallantu]]'' and ''[[Periyalvar Tirumoli]],'' which are among the 4000 stanzas in the ''Naalayira Divya Prabandam''.

In South Indian Vishnu temples, Periyalvar has images and festivals associated with him. The Garudasevai festival in the Srivilliputhur temple, where five Vishnu temples in the region participate, is an event dedicated to him. The verses of Periyalvar and the other Alvars are recited as a part of daily prayers and during festive occasions in several Sri Vaishnava temples in [[South India]].

== Dating ==

A poem of Periyalvar names the ruling [[Pandya kingdom|Pandya]] king as Netumaran, and states that the king extolled the lord of Thirumalirumsolai
(that is, Vishnu). The Pandyan kings were generally staunch [[Shaivite]]s: the only king described as a ''parama-vaishnava'' ("Great [[Vaishnavite]]") in the Pandyan inscriptions was Jatila Parantaka (r. c. 765-815), who was also known as Netun-jataiyan. His successor Shrimara Shrivallabha (r. c. 815-862) was known as Netumaran, although he is not known to be a Vaishnavite. Either of these kings can be identified as the "Netumaran" mentioned by Periyalvar. Thus, Periyalvar can be placed in the first half of the 9th century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Vidya Dehejia |title=Antal and Her Path of Love |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezUirKZAEQgC&pg=PA2 |year=1990 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-0395-2 |page=2}}</ref>

According to the Vaishnavite tradition, Vishnucitta or Periyalvar incarnated on this earth in the 47th year after the beginning of the Kali Era (3102 BCE).<ref name="Srinivasachariar1974">{{cite book|author=M. Srinivasachariar|title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA278 |year=1974|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0284-1|pages=278–}}</ref>

==Alvars==
[[File:Andal Temple.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Image of [[Srivilliputhur Andal Temple|Rangamannar-Andal temple]] in [[Srivilliputhur]]|alt=Image of Rangamannar-Andal temple in Srivilliputhur showing the pyramidal temple tower]]
The word ''Alvar'' means the 'immersed', referring to the poet-saints's deep devotion to their supreme deity, [[Vishnu]]. The ''[[Alvars]]'' are considered the twelve supreme devotees of [[Vishnu]] in [[Sri Vaishnavism]], who were instrumental in popularising [[Vaishnavism]] during the 5th to 8th centuries CE. The religious works of these saints in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], songs of love and devotion, are compiled as ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]],'' containing 4000 verses, with each of the 108 temples revered in their songs is classified as a ''[[Divya desam|Divya Desam]]''.<ref name="Rao2">{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=P.V.L. Narasimha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTMTQLuCNSMC&q=poigai+azhwar&pg=PA27 |title=Kanchipuram – Land of Legends, Saints & Temples |publisher=Readworthy Publications (P) Ltd. |year=2008 |isbn=978-93-5018-104-1 |location=New Delhi |page=27}}</ref><ref name="Dalal212">[[Poigai Alvar#Dalal|Dalal]] 2011, pp. 20-21</ref> The saints had different origins, and belonged to different classes. According to tradition, the first three ''Alvars'', Poigai, Bhoothath, and Pei, were born miraculously. Thirumalisai was the son of a sage, Thondaradi, Mathurakavi, Periya, and Andal were from [[Brahmin]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]], Kulasekhara from the ''[[Kshatria|Kshatriya]]'' varna, Namm from a cultivator family, Tirupana from the ''[[Tamil Panar]]'' community, and Tirumangai from the ''Kalvar'' community.

''Divya Suri Saritra'' by Garuda-Vahana Pandita (11th century CE), ''Guruparamparaprabavam'' by Pinbaragiya Perumal Jiyar, ''Periya tiru mudi adaivu'' by Anbillai Kandadiappan, ''Yatindra Pranava Prabavam'' by [[Pillai Lokacharya]], commentaries on ''Divya Prabandam'', Guru [[Guru–shishya tradition|Parampara]] (lineage of Gurus) texts, temple records and inscriptions give a detailed account of the ''Alvars'' and their works. According to these texts, the saints were considered incarnations of some form of Vishnu. Poigai is considered an incarnation of ''[[Panchajanya]]'' ([[Krishna]]'s conch), Bhoothath of ''[[Kaumodaki]]'' (Vishnu's mace), Pey of ''[[Nandaka]]'' (Vishnu's sword), Thirumalisai of ''[[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudarshanam]]'' (Vishnu's discus), Namm of ''[[Vishvaksena]]'' (Vishnu's commander), Madhurakavi of ''Vainatheya'' (Vishnu's eagle, [[Garuda]]), Kulasekhara of ''[[Kaustubha]]'' (Vishnu's necklace), Periya of Garuda (Vishnu's eagle), Andal of [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]] (Vishnu's wife, [[Lakshmi]], in her aspect as Bhudevi), Thondaradippodi of ''Vaijayanti/[[Vaijayanti|Vanamalai]]'' (Vishnu's garland), Thiruppaan of ''[[Shrivatsa|Srivatsa]]'' (An auspicious mark on Vishnu's chest) and Thirumangai of ''[[Sharanga (Hindu mythology)|Sharanga]]'' (Rama's bow). The songs of ''Prabandam'' are regularly sung in several the Vishnu temples of South India daily and also during festivals.<ref name="Dalal212" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=poygai&pg=PA14 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780810864450 |page=211}}</ref>

==Early life==
Periyalvar was born into a [[Brahmin]] family in [[Srivilliputhur]], near [[Madurai]] and was named Vishnuchittar meaning "one who has [[Vishnu]] in his mind". Since his childhood, he had very strong devotion to Vishnu. He renounced many aspects of common life of a man i.e., getting educated , getting married and have children, earning money, but instead focus on [[Bhakti]] (devotion), especially on doing simple tasks for god. He would make garlands of flowers for the deity of the Vadapadrasayi temple. Once during random rounds around the city, the [[Pandyan]] king Vallabhadeva thought to take rest in a nearby temple. There, a man who renounced his life was singing a song related to liberation or moksha. The king heard this, turned very emotional and the song had a very strong influence in him. Next morning, he declined his kingship and held a competition between scholars to find out the path to liberation. The prize is 1,00,000 gold coins, tied to a large pillar, which will definitely fall if god is convinced about the answer whoever tells. All tries, but the bag doesn't fall down. On the other side, Vishnuchitta was gardening his Tulasi plants at the moment. According to tradition, Vishnu informed about this event to Vishnuchitta who was unaware what was going on in the city. Vishnuchitta despite repeated convince, declined Lord Vishnu's advise to go and win the competition, stating that he had no education, and how can he win the competition that too which has to be explained according to the vedas. Vishnu, took his conch, and placed it on Vishnuchitta's head and mouth, immediately Vishnuchitta became very fluent in Vedas and all other education, just by simple touch by a powerful Panchajanya on his head. He went to the competition ground. Seeing the participants, he was afraid and nervous. But boldly, he placed his anxiety on Vishnu, automatically, he put forward the necessary points and proofs that Vishnu is the ultimate destiny to all, and the bag fell at Vishnuchitta's feet. The king was very happy, and placed Vishnuchitta on an elephant taking him in procession around the streets of Madurai. Vishnu gave his appearance to all the sky of Madurai and blessed Vishnuchitta. Vishnuchitta didn't have a minute pride, and cried to the lord, why is he taken into precession, even though it is the lord who was actual reason for all that is happening. Immediately, he wrote the famous [[Tirupallantu]] on the elephant.

Vishnuchitta gave away all the money to charity and he started to do his job again. Vishnu was moved by this for a very simple character of his devotee. Vishnu was thinking, that he has given everything to Vishnuchitta. he have education, money, but Vishnuchitta accepts nothing except devotion. The final thing Vishnu could do is, he can't give anything to Vishnuchitta, but he can give himself to him. Immediately, he sees Bhudevi who was massaging his feet. Bhudevi understood, and on Earth, when Vishnuchitta was offering water to the Tulasi plants, he found a baby crying. He takes her on his shoulder and gets a very unusual happiness and feels her like her own daughter. He also enquired about it to everyone, but all says it's not their daughter. So, he plans to take care of her on his own. Vishnuchitta names her Kodhai.

Vishnuchittar composed a couplet called "pallandu" (பல்லாண்டு) (also called ''Tirup-Palandu'' [திருப்பல்லாண்டு] out of respect) translating to "Long live for many years, Long live for many years for Hundreds of thousands of years!" to God. This is a very important prayer in Srivaishnava liturgy today. Vishnuchittar composed some pasurams in the 4000 [[Divya Prabhandham]] called [[Periyalvar Tirumoli]] where he explores a devotee's love for God through the metaphor of [[Yashoda]]'s motherly love for [[Krishna]]. He was the adopted father of Kodhai or [[Andal]], the only woman Alvar.

Periyalvar was fascinated by the childhood exploits of [[Lord Krishna|Krishna]] and developed devotion and love for God, incarnated as Krishna. And he sang of [[Krishna]], the Child Deity, with maternal love. He was more concerned about the welfare of child [[Krishna]] than his own. Because of his love and devotion, he was named Periyalvar, or the great ''[[Alvar]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=101 Mystics of India|last= V.K.|first= Subramanian|publisher= Abhinav Publications|year= 2006|isbn=978-81-7017-471-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zso41H6D9MAC&dq=Azhwar&pg=PA49|ref=V.K.}}</ref> Apart from his native [[Srivilliputhur]], he visited [[Thirukoshtiyur]], [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]], [[Sri Pundarikashan Perumal Temple|Tiruvellarai]] and [[Azhagar Kovil|Alagar Kovil]].

==Significance==
The devotees of the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] sect of Hinduism pay respect to the Alvars in addition to their worship of Vishnu. The verses of Alvars are recited as a part of daily prayers and during festive occasions in most Vishnu temples in South India. There are shrines dedicated to the Alvars in most of the Vishnu temples in South India.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&dq=tirupan+azhwar&pg=PA130|pages=130–131|last=Ul Hassan|first=Syed Siraj|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1920|isbn=9788120604889}}</ref> The Periyalvar Mangalasasanam festival (also called Aani Utsavam) is celebrated every year during the Tamil month of Aadi (July - August) in the Vadapadrasayi temple in Srivilliputhur. The image of Periyalvar receives each of the five Vishnu images for Mangalasasanam. Vadapatrasayee Periya Perumal, festival image of Srivilliputhur Divyadesam, Sundararaja Perumal of Kaatazhagar Temple, Srinivasa Perumal of Tiruvannamalai and Thiru Thangal Appan are received by Periyalvar with different verses from ''Naalayira Divya Prabandam''. In the evening, ''Garuda Sevai'' festival is celebrated where all of the festival deities are carried around the streets of Srivilliputhur.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Garuda accorded special status here|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/garuda-accorded-special-status-here/article3686242.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=S.|first=Prabhu|date=26 July 2012|access-date=2013-07-07}}</ref>

Thousands of people from the state participate in the "Aadi Pooram" festival celebrated in the Andal Temple. After early morning special pujas, the presiding deities, Sri Rengamannar and Goddess Andal are taken in decorated palanquins to the car. The festival marks the adoption of presiding deity, Andal, by Periyalvar after he found her near a Tulsi plant in the garden of Vadabadrasai Temple at Srivilliputhur on the eighth day of the Tamil month of ''Adi''.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/25/stories/2009072550750200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728152641/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/25/stories/2009072550750200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 July 2009 | location=Chennai, India | title=Thousands of devotees likely to throng Srivilliputtur today | date=25 July 2009| work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/30/stories/2006073005320300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825003037/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/30/stories/2006073005320300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2011-08-25 | location=Chennai, India | title=Hundreds participate in Andal Temple car festival | date=2006-07-30| work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-02-19}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|20em}}
* {{cite book|title=History of People and Their Environs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&dq=poygai&pg=PA47|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2011|last1=B. S.|first1=Chandrababu|last2=S.|first2=Ganeshram|last3=C.|first3=Bhavani|isbn=9789380325910|ref=B.S.}}
* {{cite book|title=Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs|first= S. M. Srinivasa|last= Chari|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1997|isbn=9788120813427|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwHhuZrZ-wC&dq=poygai&pg=PA16|ref=Chari}}
* {{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&dq=poigai&pg=PA308|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|ref=Dalal|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2011|isbn=9780143414216}}
* {{cite book | title=A history of Indian literature, 500-1399: from courtly to the popular| last=Das| first=Sisir Kumar|author2=Sāhitya Akādemī| year=2005| publisher=Sāhitya Akādemī|location=chennai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&dq=madhurakavi+azhwar&pg=PA29|isbn = 81-260-2171-3|ref=Das}}
* {{cite book|first=Attipat Krishnaswami |last=Ramanujan|title=Hymns for the Drowning: Poems for Vishnu|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2005|isbn=9780144000104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9pa7-h0jhB0C&q=nammalvar|ref=Ramanujan}}
*{{cite book|title=The Holy Lives of the Azhvârs: Or, the Drâvida Saints|last=Govindāchārya|first=Aḷkoṇḍavilli |url=https://archive.org/details/holylivesazhvrs00govigoog|quote=periyazhvar.|publisher=G. T. A. Press|year=1902|location=Mysore}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Alvars]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu saints]]

Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavindrulu

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Svetlqer: Put Up New Details First Draft

{{short description|Indian poet, scholar, philosopher (1875–1914)}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
|native_name = Bellamkonda Rama Rao or Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavi
|birth_date = {{birth date text|27 December 1875}}
|birth_place = Pamidi Padu, Narasaraopet [[Guntur, Andhra Pradesh]], India
|death_date = {{death date and age|27 October 1914|27 December 1875}}
|education = Home schooling in Sanskrit and Telugu in Pamidipadu
|occupation = Gurukul Teacher at home, taught students Sanskrit & Telugu, Philosopher, Poet, & Writer
|years_active = 1875-1914
|notableworks = Sariraka-catussutri-vicara, Rukminiparinaya, Vedantasangrah, SankarasankaraBhasya Vimarsanam, etc. in Sanskrit
}}

'''Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavindrulu''' (also known as '''Rama Rao''') (1875–1914) was an Indian poet, author, [[yogi]], [[Sanskrit]] scholar and a philosopher.<ref>The ''Rukminiparinaya'' of Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavi. K.S.R.Datta. S.V.University Oriental Journal. 1980. S.V.University Press. Tirupati. A.P. Vol.XXII. pp 15-21</ref>

Ramaraya Kavi wrote nearly 148 classic works in [[Sanskrit]] .<ref>''Vedantasangraha''-Introduction. 1998. A.Ramulu, Sri Ramanama Kshetram, Jagdevpur, Medak, A.P.India.</ref><ref>''Sariraka-catussutri-vicara'' by Ramaraya Kavi. 1. Life history of Ramaraya Kavi. R.Balasubramanian. Adi Sankara Advaita Research Centre. Sankaralayam, Mayor V.R.Ramanathan Salai, Chetpat, Chennai.</ref> All but 45 are missing.<ref>''Vedantasangraha''-Introduction. 1998. A.Ramulu, Sri Ramanama Kshetram, Jagdevpur, Medak, A.P.India.</ref> While some are available in part, the remaining are available full length.

Sanskrit scholars view Ramaraya Kavi as a strong proponent of ''Advaita siddhanta'' (theory) of Adi Shankara. His philosophical interpretations and [[dialectic]]s of logical disputation of ''Advaita'' system of thought earned him the name ''Apara Adi Shankara'' which means—Ramaraya Kavi is another incarnation of Adi Shankara.<ref>''Sariraka-catussutri-vicara'' by Ramaraya Kavi. 1. Life history of Ramaraya Kavi. R.Balasubramanian. Adi Sankara Advaita Research Centre. Sankaralayam, Mayor V.R.Ramanathan Salai, Chetpat, Chennai</ref>

Ramaraya Kavi was a Yogi from a very young age following his inititiation into spirituality by Lord Hayagreeva, as claimed by his first disciple Lanka Sundararama Sastri.<ref>''Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavindrda Jeevitam''. Lanka Sundararama Sastri.1952. Andhra Grandhalaya Mudra Sala. Vijayawada.</ref><ref>. The ''Rukminiparinaya'' of Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavi. K.S.R.Datta. S.V.University Oriental Journal. 1980. S.V.University Press. Tirupati. A.P. Vol.XXII. pp 15-21</ref>

==Early life and education==

Ramaraya Kavi's earlier name was Rama Rao. He was born to Bellamkonda Mohan Rao and Hanumamba on 27 December 1875, in [[Pamidipadu]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Though they were 6000 [[Niyogi Brahmin]]s, they paradoxically embraced the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition headed by [[Ramanuja|Sri Ramanuja Acharya]].. As such, Rama Rao's family was also deeply religious and devoted to [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]] and pursuing ''[[Vishishtadvaita]]''.<ref>''Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavindrda Jeevitam''. Lanka Sundararama Sastri. 1952. Andhra Grandhalaya Mudra Sala. Vijayawada.</ref>

Rama Rao lost his father at the age of 7 years. He had homeschooling and could not pursue higher education due to poor health. Sankaramanchi Lakshminarayana Sastri and Sankaramanchi Seetaramaiah taught him the [[Upanishads]], ''Namaka Chamakam'' or ''Sri Rudra Chamakam'', ''[[Vedas]]'', etc.

Rama Rao later continued his studies in ''[[Mahābhāṣya|Mahabhashyam]]'', ''[[Vyākaraṇa|Vyakaranam]]'' (Grammar), and ''Tarkam'' (logic) under Purighatla Rama Sastri, Bhagavatula Hari Sastri and Purighatla Subrahmanya Sastri. He learnt ''Manorama'', ''Sabdendu Sekharamu'', ''Patanjali Bhashyam'', etc. under Purighatla Rama Sastri. Initially, Rama Rao learnt up to ''[[Siddhanta Kaumudi]]'' to ''Sandhi Panchakam'' under Purighatla Rama Sastri. Based on this simple instruction, he ventured into writing a simplified commentary on ''[[Siddhanta Kaumudi]]'' entitled as ''Saradratri'', and ''Kuvalayanandamu''.<ref>''Vigyana Sarswamu''. 1959. Telugu Samskriti.Vol. 3. p.no.1027. Telugu Bhasha Samiti, Hyderabad.</ref>

His biographer and first disciple Lanka Sundararama Sastri had written that Rama Rao was initiated into spirituality at the age of 14.<ref>Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavindrda Jeevitam. Lanka Sundararama Sastri.1952. Andhra Grandhalaya Mudra Sala. Vijayawada.</ref> As a consequence of his initiation into spiritual realm, Rama Rao has changed his name from 'Rao' to 'Raya'. Subsequently, in praise of the Lord Hayagreeva, he has written ''Srimad Hayavadana Satakam,'' ''Hayagreeva Ashtottara Satanamavali,'' ''Sri Hayagreeva Sahasranamavali'', ''Hayagreeva Navaratnastuti'' which are said to be rare and very difficult compositions in Sanskrit. Perhaps that is the reason, scholars argued, why Ramaraya Kavi himself had given commentaries to these poetic works.<ref>''Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavindrda Jeevitam''. Lanka Sundararama Sastri.1952. Andhra Grandhalaya Mudra Sala. Vijayawada.</ref><ref>Ramaraya Kavi: A Modern Literary Giant. K.S.R.Datta. 1977. ''Bhavan’s Journal''. Bharatiya Vidhya Bhavan, Bombay.</ref>

==Refuting Visishtadvaita==

Ramaraya Kavi's contribution to ''Advaita Siddhanta'', refuting Visishtadvaita, is said to be central to the Indian Vedic literature and spirituality. Though Ramaraya Kavi's family embraced the Vaishnava tradition, his studies of ''Sri Bhashyam'' of [[Ramanuja]] and the commentary of [[Adi Shankara]] on the [[Bhagavad Gita]] led him to believe in the existence of gaping holes in the dialectics of Vishistadviata.

Ever since he turned into a complete [[Smarta tradition|''Smarta'']] by adopting ''Advaita'' of Adi Shankara. He did not stop there. In his commentaries on ''Advaita'', especially in his work ''Sankaraasankara Bhasya Vimarsaha'', he has tried to prove ten most important interpretations of Ramanuja's Sri Bhashyam as false.
Similar efforts of condemning Visishtadvaita continued in his later works such as ''Siddhanta Sindhuhu.'' and ''Vendanta Sangrahaha''.<ref>''The Rukminiparinaya'' of Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavi. K.S.R.Datta. S.V.University Oriental Journal. 1980. S.V.University Press. Tirupati. A.P. Vol.XXII. pp 15-21</ref>

==Uniqueness of Ramaraya Kavi's Literature==
{{original research|section|date=October 2018}}
According to Professor R.Balasubramanian and Revathy, Ramaraya Kavi's ''Vedanta-Sangraha'' is one of the fundamental and important texts on Advaita philosophy. It describes the basic theories and concepts of [[Vedanta]]. The interpretation and explanation of the text give us an insight into concepts like [[Tat Tvam Asi|-''Tat-tvam-Asi-'']] of Advaita. It is also significant to note that Ramaraya Kavi has explained in detail the different technical terminologies of Vedanta used by the philosophers of that period, while establishing his own doctrines.<ref>''Vedanta Sangrahaha'' of Ramaraya Kavi. Essentials of Vedanta. 2012. R.Balasubramanian and S.Revathy. Chinmaya International Foundation Shodhana Sansthan, Adi Sankara Nilayam, Veliyanad, Ernakulam, Kerala.</ref> They further added that Ramaraya Kavi belongs to the group of illustrious commentators on the basic texts and commentaries on Advaita Vedanta.

Professor K.S.R.Datta has written in his article ''Ramaraya Kavi: A Modern Literary Giant'' published in ''Bhavan’s Journal'' in 1977 : <blockquote>He was not only an original writer but also a commentator par excellence. His writings are marked by easy style, clarity of expression and vigour. His contributions to Advaita in particular and Sanskrit in general is immeasurable but this is not recognized by the scholars due to non-availability of his works, many of which were unfortunately lost or unpublished.</blockquote>Mellacheruvu Subrahmanya Saastri who rendered a number of Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavi's works into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] has opined in his introduction to these books that Ramaraya Kavi is a poet whose depth of knowledge appears to be equal to a repository of millions of books. His ability to quickly grasp any given literary nuance of a spiritual text by offering new evidences and interpretations to the earlier texts is beyond anybody's imagination. Subrahmanya Saastri has not only extensively studied the works of Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavi but also has written commentaries on ''Paramatma Sahasranamavali'', ''Dasasloki'', ''SankarasankaraBhasya Vimarsanam'', ''Advaita Vijayamu'', of Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavi.<ref>''Siddhanta Sindhuhu'' by Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavi. 2010. Mellacheruvu Subrahmanya Saastri. Vedanta Vigyana Prachara Samiti, Hyderabad</ref>

Professor C S H N Murthy has published a vivid biography of Sri Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavi in English in the bi-monthly Journal of Indian Literature, Kendriya Sahitya Akademy (Central Sahitya Akademy), New Delhi in Vol.316, (pp. 153–167), 2020.<ref>Murthy, C S H N (2020). A Biographical Sketch of Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavi (1875-1914)--An Unexplored Telugu-Sanskrit Scholar and Yogi, Indian Literature, 316, 153-167</ref>

== Death ==
Ramaraya Kavi died following a brief illness in 1914 at the age of 39.

The Bellamkonda Ramaraya Kavindrulu Trust in [[Narasaraopet|Narsaraopet]] has published a number of Ramaraya Kavi's works in Telugu and Sanskrit and placed them in Google..

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/archives/advaita-l/2010-December/026174.html
* https://archive.org/details/SanskritBooksList-BellamkondaRamaRayaKavi
* http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/164845
* https://www.chinfo.org/index.php/shodha-sansthan/chinmaya-ramarayakavi-series
* https://www.amazon.ca/BELLAMKONDA-RAMA-RAYA-KAVI-Books/s?ie=UTF8&page=1&rh=n%3A916520%2Cp_27%3ABELLAMKONDA%20RAMA%20RAYA%20KAVI
* https://books.google.com/books?id=lrAyj17GDM4C&pg=PA1404&lpg=PA1404&dq=bellamkonda+ramaraya+kavi (Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy)
* http://www.shastradeepika.org/ShastraStudyMaterial.html (Shastra Dipika-Ramaraya Kavi's commentaries on Bhagavadgita Vols. 1,2, and 3 (pdf).
* https://www.academia.edu/43721599/A_Biographical_Sketch_of_Bellamkonda_Ramaraya_Kavi_An_Unexplored_Sanskrit_Scholar_and_Yogi (download pdf)
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kavindrulu, Bellamkonda Ramaraya}}
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Guntur]]
[[Category:Writers from Guntur district]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]

Agastya

2026-03-25T08:16:11Z

Svetlqer: adjusted content to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Short description|Vedic sage}}
{{Redirect|Agustya|the 2016 film|Agastya (film)|the Bangalore education trust|Agastya International Foundation|the moth genus|Agastya (moth)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Agastya
| image = AgasthiyarG.jpg
| alt = Agasthya
| caption = Agastya
| title = [[Siddhar]]
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]]
| spouse = [[Lopamudra]]
| children = Drdhasyu
| father =
| mother =
| parents = [[Mitra (Hindu god)|Mitra]]-[[Varuna]] (father) and [[Urvashi]] (mother) or [[Pulastya]] (father) and Havirbhū (mother)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/agastya#purana | title=Agastya, Āgastya: 32 definitions | date=15 June 2012 }}</ref>
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Hinduism }}
'''Agastya''' was a revered [[India]]n sage of [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Doniger1981p167">{{cite book |author=Wendy Doniger |title=The Rig Veda: An Anthology : One Hundred and Eight Hymns, Selected, Translated and Annotated |url= https://archive.org/details/rigvedapenguincl00anon|url-access=registration | year=1981| publisher=Penguin Books| isbn=978-0-14-044402-5| pages=[https://archive.org/details/rigvedapenguincl00anon/page/167 167]–168}}</ref> In the Indian tradition, he is a noted recluse and an influential scholar in diverse languages of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He is regarded in some traditions to be a [[Chiranjivi]]. He and his wife [[Lopamudra]] are the celebrated authors of hymns 1.165 to 1.191 in the [[Sanskrit]] text ''[[Rigveda]]'' and other [[Vedic literature]].<ref name="Doniger1981p167"/>{{sfn|Weiss|2009|pp=49–51}}{{sfn|Dalal|2010|pp=7–8}}

Agastya is considered to be the father of [[Siddha medicine]]. Agastya appears in numerous [[itihasa]]s and [[Puranas]] including the major ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]''.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|pp=7–8}}{{sfn|Buck|2000|pp=138–139}} He is one of the seven most revered [[rishi]]s (the [[Saptarishi]]) in the Vedic texts,{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|pp=285–286}} and is revered as one of the [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Siddhar]] in the [[Shaivism]] tradition, who invented an early grammar of the [[Dravidian languages|Old Tamil language]], [[Agattiyam]], playing a pioneering role in the development of [[Tamraparni|Tampraparniyan]] medicine and spirituality at Saiva centres in proto-era Sri Lanka and South India. He is also revered in the [[Puranas|Puranic]] literature of [[Shaktism]] and [[Vaishnavism]].{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=166–167, 212–213, 233}} He is one of the Indian sages found in ancient sculpture and reliefs in Hindu temples of South Asia, and Southeast Asia such as in the early medieval era Shaiva temples on [[Java]] Indonesia. He is the principal figure and [[Guru]] in the ancient [[Javanese language]] text ''Agastyaparva'', whose 11th-century version survives.{{sfn|Gonda|1975|pp=12–14}}{{sfn|Rocher|1986|p=78}}

Agastya is traditionally attributed to be the author of many Sanskrit texts such as the ''Agastya Gita'' found in ''[[Varaha Purana]]'', ''[[Agastya Samhita]]'' found embedded in ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', and the ''Dvaidha-Nirnaya Tantra'' text.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|pp=7–8}} He is also referred to as '''Mana''', '''Kalasaja''', '''Kumbhaja''', '''Kumbhayoni''' and '''Maitravaruni''' after his mythical origins.{{sfn|Gonda|1975|pp=12–14}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Michael Witzel |author-link=Michael Witzel |editor=J. C. Heesterman |display-editors=etal |title=Ritual, State, and History in South Asia: Essays in Honour of J.C. Heesterman |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EtwtSZwyWpgC&pg=PA822 |year=1992|publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-09467-9 |pages=822 footnote 105}}</ref>{{sfn|Dalal|2014|pp=187,376}}

==Etymology and nomenclature==
[[File:MET 1993 387 2 357588.jpg|thumb|Sage Agastya in seated posture. This sculpture is from [[Khmer Empire|Angkor period]], Cambodia, {{circa|975 CE}}.]]
Several different etymologies have been suggested for "Agastya". One theory states that the root is ''Aj'' or ''Anj'', which connotes "brighten, effulgent one" and links Agastya to "one who brightens" in darkness, and Agastya is traditionally the Indian name for [[Canopus]], the second most brilliantly shining star found in skies in the Indian sub-continent, next to Sirius.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=407}}
A third theory links it to Indo-European origins, through the Iranian word ''gasta'' which means "sin, foul", and ''a-gasta'' would mean "not sin, not foul".<ref>Edwin Bryant and Laurie Patton (2005), The Indo-Aryan Controversy, Routledge, {{ISBN|0-700-71462-6}}, pages 252–253</ref> The fourth theory, based on folk etymology in verse 2.11 of the ''Ramayana'' states that Agastya is from ''aga'' (unmoving or mountain) and ''gam'' (move), and together these roots connote "one who is mover-of-mountains", or "mover-of-the-unmoving".{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|pp=322–323 with footnotes 5 and 6}} The word is also written as '''Agasti''' and '''Agathiyar'''.{{sfn|Shulman|2016|pp=17,25-30|ps=: "agasti, Tamil, akatti, "West Indian pea-tree", presumably the origin of the name of the Vedic sage Agastya"}}<ref name="Indian History">{{citation |title=Indian History |date=December 2006 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill |page=240 |isbn=9780070635777 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeEmpfmbxKEC&pg=SL1-PA240 }}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:AgathiyarLopamudra.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Maharishi Agastya and [[Lopamudra|Lopāmudrā]]]]
Agastya is the named author of several hymns of the ''[[Rigveda]]''. These hymns do not provide his biography.<ref name="Doniger1981p167"/>{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|pp=1674–1675}} The origins of Agastya - Pulastya, one of the Rig Vedic Saptarishis is his father. His miraculous rebirth follows a [[yajna]] being done by gods [[Varuna]] and [[Mitra]], where the celestial [[apsara]] [[Urvashi]] appears.{{sfn|Buitenen|1981|pp=187–188}} They are overwhelmed by her extraordinary sexuality and ejaculate. Their semen falls into a mud pitcher, which is the womb in which the fetus of Agastya grows. He is born from this jar, along with his twin sage [[Vasishtha|Vasistha]] in some mythologies.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hananya Goodman| title=Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XF_a3cfrcLQC&pg=PA218 |year=2012| publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-0437-0 |pages=218–219}}</ref> This mythology gives him the name ''kumbhayoni'', which literally means "he whose womb was a mud pot".{{sfn|Buitenen|1981|pp=187–188}}{{sfn|Shulman|2014|p=65}}

Agastya is a [[Tamil Brahmin | Tamil Brahmin]] (Maraiyar) who leads an [[asceticism|ascetic]] life, educates himself, becoming a celebrated sage. His unknown origins have led to speculative proposals that the Vedic-era Agastya may have been a migrant whose ideas influenced the south.<ref>K. R. Rajagopalan (1957), "Agastya – his non-Aryan Origin", Tamil Culture, Volume VI, Number 4 (Oct. 1957), pages 286-293</ref><ref name="tamil"/><ref>{{cite book| author=Arvind Sharma |title=Hinduism as a Missionary Religion| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3J7qJA7L4xwC&pg=PA76| year=2011 | publisher=State University of New York Press| isbn=978-1-4384-3211-3| pages=76–77}}</ref>

According to inconsistent legends in the Puranic and the epics, the ascetic sage Agastya proposed to [[Lopamudra]], a princess born in the kingdom of [[Vidarbha]]. Her parents were unwilling to bless the engagement, concerned that she would be unable to live the austere lifestyle of Agastya in the forest. However, the legends state that Lopamudra accepted him as her husband, saying that Agastya has the wealth of ascetic living, her own youth will fade with seasons, and it is his virtue that makes him the right person. Therewith, Lopamudra becomes the wife of Agastya.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03097.htm Lopamudra] [[Mahabharata|The Mahabharata]], translated by [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]] (1883 -1896), Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section XCVII.</ref> In other versions, Lopamudra marries Agastya, but after the wedding, she demands that Agastya provide her with basic comforts before she will consummate the marriage, a demand that ends up forcing Agastya to return to society and earn wealth.<ref name="Dhand2009p110">{{cite book| author=Arti Dhand| title=Woman as Fire, Woman as Sage: Sexual Ideology in the Mahabharata| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kq1JvDXJ5EwC&pg=PA110 |year=2009| publisher=State University of New York Press| isbn=978-0-7914-7140-1| page=110}}</ref>

Agastya and Lopamudra have a son named Drdhasyu, sometimes called Idhmavaha. He is described in the ''Mahabharata'' as a boy who learns the Vedas by listening to his parents while he is in the womb, and is born into the world reciting the hymns.{{sfn|Patton|2014|p=34}}

===Agastya ashram===
Agastya had a hermitage (''[[ashram]]''), but the ancient and medieval era Indian texts provide inconsistent stories and location for this ''ashram''. Two legends place it in Northwest Maharashtra, on the banks of the river [[Godavari]], near [[Nashik]] in small towns named ''Agastyapuri'' and ''Akole''. Other putative sites mentioned in Northern and Eastern Indian sources are near [[Sangli]] in Ainwadi (Agastinagar) (Tal-khanapur) village (Western ghats at Maharashtra), or near [[Kannauj]] (Uttar Pradesh), or in Agastyamuni village near [[Rudraprayag]] (Uttarakhand), or [[Satpura Range]] (Madhya Pradesh). In Southern sources and the North Indian ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]'', his ''ashram'' is based in Tamil Nadu, variously placed in [[Tirunelveli]], the [[Pothigai|Pothigai Hills]], or [[Thanjavur]].{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=294}} Facing east, he penanced upon a rock at [[Kanyakumari]] immediately after the beginning of ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. It is also considered that his final resting place is in [[Agastya Malai|Agastyarkoodam]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].

==Textual sources==

===Vedas===
Agastya is mentioned in all the four Vedas of [[Hinduism]], and is a character in the [[Brahmana]]s, [[Aranyaka]]s, [[Upanishad]]s, epics, and many [[Purana]]s.{{sfn|Dalal|2014|pp=187,376}} He is the author of hymns 1.165 to 1.191 of the ''Rigveda'' (~1200 BCE).<ref name="Doniger1981p167"/>{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|pp=1674–1675}} He ran a Vedic school (''gurukul''), as evidenced by hymn 1.179 of the ''Rigveda'' which credits its author to be his wife Lopamudra and his students.{{sfn|Dalal|2014|pp=187,376}} He was a respected sage in the Vedic era, as many other hymns of the ''Rigveda'' composed by other sages refer to Agastya. The hymns composed by Agastya are known for verbal play and similes, puzzles and puns, and striking imagery embedded within his spiritual message.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|pp=359–360}}

{{Quote box
| quote = '''Agastya vedic verses'''
<poem>
With thee, O Indra, are most bounteous riches
that further every one who lives uprightly.
Now may these Maruts show us loving-kindness,
Gods who of old were ever prompt to help us.
—''1.169.5'',
''Transl: Ralph T.H. Griffith''<ref>Ralph T.H. Griffith, [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_169 Rigveda], Mandala 1, Hymn 169, Wikisource; Sanskrit [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१.१६९ original]: त्वे राय इन्द्र तोशतमाः प्रणेतारः कस्य चिदृतायोः । ते षु णो मरुतो मृळयन्तु ये स्मा पुरा गातूयन्तीव देवाः ॥५॥</ref>

May we know refreshment,
and a community having lively waters.
—''1.165.15'', ''1.166.15'', ''1.167.11'', etc.
''Transl: Stephanie Jamison, Joel Brereton'';{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|pp=359–360}}
</poem>
| source = —''Rigveda''
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}

His Vedic poetry is particularly notable for two themes.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|pp=359–360}} In one set of hymns, Agastya describes a conflict between two armies led by gods Indra and Maruts, which scholars such as [[G. S. Ghurye]] have interpreted as an allegory of a conflict between Arya (Indra) and Dasa (Rudra).<ref name="tamil"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Govind Sadashiv Ghurye|title=Indian Acculturation: Agastya and Skanda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLMtAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Popular Prakashan|pages=19–20}}</ref> Agastya successfully reconciles their conflict, makes an offering wherein he prays for understanding and loving-kindness between the two. Twenty one out of the twenty seven hymns he composed in Mandala 1 of the ''Rigveda'' have his signature ending, wherein he appeals, "may each community know refreshment (food) and lively waters".{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|pp=359–360}} These ideas have led him to be considered as a protector of both the Arya and the Dasa.<ref name=sharma135>{{cite book| author=Arvind Sharma| title=Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gDmUToaeMJ0C&pg=PA135 |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564441-8| page=135}}</ref> However, some scholars interpret the same hymns to be an allegory for any two conflicting ideologies or lifestyles, because Agastya never uses the words Arya or Dasa, and only uses the phrase ''ubhau varnav'' (literally, "both colors").<ref name="tamil"/><ref>{{cite book|author=G.C. Pande|title=Foundations of Indian Culture, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMf-isGALqQC&pg=PA184|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0712-9|pages=184–186}}</ref>{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=239}} The theme and idea of "mutual understanding" as a means for lasting reconciliation, along with Agastya's name, reappears in section 1.2.2 of the ''Aitareya Aranyaka'' of Hinduism.<ref>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/170/mode/2up Aitareya Aranyaka], ''The Upanishads: Part I'', Oxford University Press, page 170</ref>

The second theme, famous in the literature of Hinduism, is a discussion between his wife Lopamudra and him about the human tension between the monastic solitary pursuit of spirituality, versus the responsibility of a householder's life and raising a family. Agastya argues that there are many ways to happiness and liberation, while Lopamudra presents her arguments about the nature of life, time and the possibility of both. She successfully seduces Agastya, in the simile filled Rigvedic hymn 1.179.{{sfn|Jamison|Brereton|2014|pp=359–360}}{{sfn|Patton|2014|pp=27–30}}

Agastya is mentioned in both the oldest and the youngest layers of the ''Rigveda'' ({{circa|1500}}–1200 BCE), such as in hymn 33 of mandala 7, which is older than mandala 1.{{sfn|Patton|1996|p=413}} He is also mentioned in the other three Vedas and the [[Vedanga]] literature such as in verses 5.13–14 of the ''[[Nirukta]]''.{{sfn|Dalal|2014|pp=187,376}}{{sfn|Patton|1996|p=413}} Agastya and his ideas are cited in numerous other Vedic texts, such as section 7.5.5 of ''Taittiriya Samhita'', 10.11 of ''Kathaka Samhita'', 2.1 of ''Maitrayani Samhita'', 5.16 of ''Aitareya Brahmana'', 2.7.11 of ''Taittiriya Brahmana'', and 21.14 of ''Pancavimsati Brahmana''.{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|pp=322–323 with footnotes 5 and 6}}

===Ramayana===
[[File:The Hindu Sage Agastya.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A 12th-century statue of Agastya from [[Bihar]].]]
Sage Agastya is mentioned in the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' in several chapters with his hermitage described to be on the banks of river [[Godavari]].<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/62 62]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

In the ''Ramayana'', Agastya and Lopamudra are described as living in [[Dandaka]] forest, on the southern slopes of Vindhya mountains. Rama praises Agastya as the one who can do what gods find impossible. He is described by Rama as the sage who asked Vindhya mountains to lower themselves so that Sun, Moon and living beings could easily pass over it. He is also described as the sage who used his [[Dharma]] powers to kill demons Vatapi and Ilwala after they had jointly misled and destroyed 9,000 men.{{sfn|Buck|2000|pp=138–139}}

Agastya, according to the ''Ramayana'', is a unique sage, who is short and heavy in build, but by living in the south he balances the powers of [[Shiva]] and the weight of Kailasha and Mount Meru.{{sfn|Buck|2000|pp=139–140}} Agastya and his wife meet Rama, Sita and Lakshmana. He gives them a divine bow and arrow, describes the evil nature of Ravana and, according to William Buck, B. A. van Nooten and Shirley Triest, bids them goodbye with the advice, "Rama, demons do not love men, therefore men must love each other".{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|pp=322–323 with footnotes 5 and 6}}{{sfn|Buck|2000|pp=140–142}}

===Mahabharata===
The story of Agastya is mirrored in the second major Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. However, instead of Rama, the story is told as a conversation between Yudhishthira and Lomasa starting with section 96 of Book 3, the ''[[Vana Parva]]'' (the Book of Forest).{{sfn|Buitenen|1981|pp=409–411}}

He is described in the epic as a sage with enormous powers of ingestion and digestion.{{sfn|Buitenen|1981|pp=187–188}} Agastya, once again, stops the Vindhya mountains from growing and lowers them and he kills the demons Vatapi and Ilvala much the same mythical way as in the ''Ramayana''. The ''Vana Parva'' also describes the story of Lopamudra and Agastya getting engaged and married. It also contains the mythical story of a war between Indra and Vritra, where all the demons hide in the sea, and the gods request Agastya for help; Agastya then drinks up the ocean, revealing the demons to the gods.{{sfn|Buitenen|1981|pp=409–411}}

===Puranas===
The [[Puranas|Puranic]] literature of Hinduism has numerous stories about Agastya, more elaborate, more fantastical and inconsistent than the mythologies found in Vedic and Epics literature of India.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|pp=7–8}} For example, chapter 61 of the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'', chapter 22 of ''[[Padma Purana]]'', and seven other Maha [[Puranas]] tell the entire biography of Agastya.{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|pp=322–323 with footnotes 5 and 6}}{{sfn|Patton|1996|p=413}} Some list him as one of the ''[[Saptarishi]]'' (seven great [[rishi]]), while in others he is one of the eight or twelve extraordinary sages of the Hindu traditions.{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|pp=317–323}} The names and details are not consistent across the different Puranas, nor in different manuscript versions of the same Purana. He is variously listed along with Angiras, Atri, Bhrigu, Bhargava, Bharadvaja, Visvamitra, Vasistha, Kashyapa, Gautama, Jamadagni and others.{{sfn|Patton|1996|pp=408–414}}

Agastya is reverentially mentioned in the Puranas of all major Hindu traditions: Shaivism, Shaktism and Vaishnavism. Many of the Puranas include lengthy and detailed accounts of the descendants of Agastya and other ''Saptarishis''.{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|pp=322–323 with footnotes 5 and 6}}{{sfn|Patton|1996|pp=408–414}}

===Tamil texts===
[[File:Agasthiyar.jpg|thumb|Agathiyar, Tamil Nadu]]
In Tamil traditions, Agastya is considered as the ''father of the Tamil language'' and the compiler of the first [[Tamil language|Tamil]] grammar, called ''[[Agattiyam]]'' or ''Akattiyam''.{{sfn|Weiss|2009|pp=50–51, 81–82}}<ref name="klaus17">Klaus Klostermaier (2003), A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, {{ISBN|1-85168-175-2}}, page 17</ref><ref name="tamil"/> Agastya has been a culture hero in Tamil traditions and appears in numerous Tamil texts.{{sfn|Shulman|2016|pp=30–31, 38–40}} Agastya learnt the Tamil language from god [[Murugan]] when he arrived in the southern Tamil country from north India.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Traditions on Subrahmaṇya-Murugan|author=Kamil Zvelebil|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|year=1991|page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature|author=Kamil Zvelebil|publisher=Brill|year=1992|page=241}}</ref>

There are similarities and differences between the Northern and Southern (Tamil) traditions about Agastya. According to [[Iravatham Mahadevan]],<ref name="tamil">Iravatham Mahadevan (1986) [http://www.ulakaththamizh.org/JOTSpdf/030024037.pdf ''Agastya Legend and the Indus Civilization'' by கட்டுரையாளர் : ஐராவதம் மகாதேவன் கட்டுரையாளர் பணி : Retired I.A.S, his studies pertaining to the Indus Civilization கட்டுரைப் பிரிவு : Indus Valley Signs - சிந்துவெளி குறியீடுகள் ஆய்விதழ் எண் : 030 - December 1986 பக்கங்கள்] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728142006/http://www.ulakaththamizh.org/JOTSpdf/030024037.pdf|date=28 July 2011}} pages 29 (see 24-37 for context), Journal of Tamil studies</ref> both traditions state that Agastya migrated from north to south. The Tamil text ''[[Purananuru]]'', dated to about the start of the common era, or possibly about 2nd century CE, in verse 201 mentions Agastya along with many people migrating south.<ref name="tamil"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Hiltebeitel|title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PA464 |year=2009|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-34055-5|pages=463–464}}</ref>

In the northern legends, Agastya's role in spreading Vedic tradition and Sanskrit is emphasized,{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=294}} while in southern traditions his role in spreading irrigation, agriculture and augmenting the Tamil language is emphasized.<ref name="tamil"/> In the north, his ancestry is unknown with mythical legends limiting themselves to saying that Agastya was born from a mud pitcher. In southern traditions, his descent from a pitcher is a common reference, but two alternate southern legends place him as the Caṅkam (''Sangam'') polity and is said to have led the migration of eighteen [[Vēlir]] tribes from [[Dvārakā]] to the south.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Tamil Studies, Issues 29-32|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|year=1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Romila Thapar|title=Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1978|page=224}}</ref>

The northern traditional stories, states Mahadevan, are "nothing more than a collection of incredible fables and myths", while the southern versions "ring much truer and appear to be a down to earth account of a historical event".<ref name="tamil"/> Others disagree. According to K.N. Sivaraja Pillai, for example, there is nothing in the early [[Sangam literature]] or any Tamil texts prior to about the mid 1st millennium CE that mentions Agastya.<ref>K.N. Sivaraja Pillai, [https://archive.org/stream/agastyaintamilla00sivarich#page/14/mode/2up Agastya in the Tamil Land], University of Madras, pages 15-16</ref>{{sfn|Shulman|2016|pp=26–27}} The earliest mention of the role of Agastya in Tamil language, according to Richard Weiss, can be traced to the ''Iraiyanar Akapporul'' by 8th-century Nakkirar. However, in medieval era stories of the Tamil tradition, Agastya pioneered the first ''sangam'' period that lasted 4,440 years, and took part in the second ''sangam'' period that lasted another 3,700 years.{{sfn|Weiss|2009|pp=81–82}}

The ''Tirumantiram'' describes Agastya as an ascetic sage, who came from the north and settled in the southern [[Pothigai]] mountains because [[Shiva]] asked him to. He is described as the one who perfected and loved both Sanskrit and Tamil languages, amassing knowledge in both, thus becoming a symbol of integration, harmony and learning, instead of being opposed to either.{{sfn|Weiss|2009|p=82}} According to the [[Skanda Purana]], the whole world visited the Himalayas when [[Shiva]] was about to wed [[Parvati]]. This caused the earth to tip to one side. Shiva then requested Agastya to go to the southern region to restore the equilibrium. Thus, Agastya migrated south at Shiva's behest.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas|author=Swami Parmeshwaranand|publisher=Sarup & Sons, 2001 - Puranas - 1432 pages|page=9}}</ref>

====Siddhar====
[[File:Agathiyar.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Reverence at the Agastya shrine atop the peak of [[Agastya Mala|Agastya mala]], with garlands of fruits and flowers.]]
Agastya, in Tamil Hindu traditions, is considered as the first and foremost [[Siddhar]] (Tamil: ''cittar'', Sanskrit: ''siddha''). A ''siddhar'' is derived from the Sanskrit verbal root ''sidh'' which means "to accomplish or succeed". As the first ''Siddhar'', Agastya is deemed as the first master, accomplished, the sage who perfected his knowledge of the natural and spiritual worlds. This Tamil concept has parallels to Tibetan ''mahasiddhas'', Sri Lankan Buddhist, and [[Nath]] Hindu yogi traditions of north India.{{sfn|Weiss|2009|pp=47–48}}
[[File:Sri Lobamudra Sameda Agasthiyar.jpg|thumb|Lobamudra sameda Agasthiyar Temple, A. Vallalapatti, Madurai]]
Agastya, along with Tirumular, is considered a ''siddhar'' in both philosophical and practical domains, unlike most other ''siddhar'' who are revered for their special domain of knowledge. Agastya is also unique for the reverence he has received in historic texts all over the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Weiss|2009|pp=47–48}}

According to Venkatraman, the ''Siddhar''-related literature about Agastya is late medieval to early modern era. In particular, all medicine and health-related Tamil text, that include Agastya as the ''Siddhar'', have been composed in and after the 15th century. According to Hartmut Scharfe, the oldest medicine siddhar Tamil text mentioning Agastya were composed no earlier than the 16th century.{{sfn|Weiss|2009|pp=49–51}}

His name is spelled as ''Agathiyar'' or ''Agasthiyar'' in some Tamil texts,<ref>{{cite book|author=Vē. Irā Mātavan̲|title=Siddha medical manuscripts in Tamil|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fyu4AAAAIAAJ| year=1984|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|page=28}}</ref> and some consider the writer of the medical texts to be a different person.<ref>{{cite book|author=P Karthigayan|title=History of Medical and Spiritual Sciences of Siddhas of Tamil Nadu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4HDDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT438|year=2016|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-93-5206-552-3|page=438}}</ref>

According to [[Kamil Zvelebil]], the sage Agastya, ''Akattiyan'' the [[Siddhar]], and Akatthiyar, the author of ''Akattiyam'', were three or possibly four different persons of different eras, who over time became fused into one single person in the Tamil tradition.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|pp=237-238 with note 2}}

===Buddhist texts===
Several Buddhist texts mention Agastya. Just like early Buddhist texts such as ''Kalapa'', ''Katantra'' and ''Candra-vyakarana'' adapting Panini, and Asvaghosa adopting the more ancient Sanskrit poetic methodology as he praises the [[Buddha]], Agastya appears in 1st millennium CE Buddhist texts. In Tamil texts, for example, Akattiyan is described as the sage who learnt Tamil and Sanskrit grammar and poetics from Avalokitan (another name for Buddha-to-be [[Avalokiteśvara]]).{{sfn|Monius|2001|pp=133–135}}<ref>{{cite book|author=John Clifford Holt|title=Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aT3AMR8g1gEC&pg=PA68| year=1991|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536246-6|pages=68–69}}</ref>

[[File:Agastya.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|The left Indonesian statue shows Agastya with Shiva's trident, as a divine sage of [[Shaivism]]. Agastya iconography is common in southeast Asian temples.<ref name="Klokke2003p21">{{cite book|author1=Ann R. Kinney|author2=Marijke J. Klokke|author3=Lydia Kieven|title=Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfa2FiIERLYC&pg=PA21 |year=2003|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2779-3|pages=21–25}}</ref><ref name="Glover2008p109">{{cite book|author1=Peter Sharrock|author2=Ian C. Glover|author3=Elizabeth A. Bacus| title=Interpreting Southeast Asia's Past: Monument, Image and Text| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiSUl9aN88MC&pg=PA109 |year=2008| publisher=National University of Singapore Press|isbn=978-9971-69-405-0|pages=109–110}}</ref>]]
According to [[Anne E. Monius]], the ''Manimekalai'' and ''Viracoliyam'' are two of many South Indian texts that co-opt Agastya and make him a student of the Buddha-to-be.{{sfn|Monius|2001|pp=133–135}}

Agastya elsewhere appears in other historic Buddhist mythologies, such as the Jataka tales. For example, the Buddhist text ''Jataka-mala'' by Aryasura, about the Buddha's previous lives, includes Agastya as the seventh chapter.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Āryaśūra|translator=Peter Khoroche|title=Once the Buddha Was a Monkey: Arya Sura's "Jatakamala"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TxenuXB6NEC|year=2006|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-78215-7|pages=39–46}}</ref> The ''Agastya-Jataka'' story is carved as a relief in the [[Borobudur]], the world's largest early medieval era [[Mahayana]] Buddhist temple.<ref>{{cite book|author= Helena A. van Bemmel|title=Dvarapalas in Indonesia: Temple Guardians and Acculturation|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kNlt08SXW48C |year=1994| publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-90-5410-155-0|page=35}}</ref>

===Javanese and Indian texts===
Agastya is one of the most important figures in several medieval-era Southeast Asian inscriptions, temple reliefs and arts. He was particularly popular in Java due to his teaching of

Saiva Siddhanta was easily accepted into the Javanese society. He introduced the Vedic science and the Pallavan Grantha script, but his popularity declined when Islam started to spread throughout the islands of Indonesia. He is also found in Cambodia, Vietnam and other regions. The earliest mentions of Agastya are traceable to about the mid 1st millennium CE, but the 11th-century Javanese language text ''Agastya-parva'' is a remarkable combination of philosophy, mythology and genealogy attributed to sage Agastya.{{sfn|Gonda|1975|pp=12–14}}{{sfn|Monius|2001|pp=113–114, 207–208}}

The ''Agastya-parva'' includes Sanskrit verse (''shlokas'') embedded within the Javanese language. The text is structured as a conversation between a ''Guru'' (teacher, Agastya) and a ''Sisya'' (student, Agastya's son Drdhasyu).{{sfn|Gonda|1975|p=14}} The style is a mixture of didactic, philosophical and theological treatise, covering diverse range of topics much like Hindu Puranas. The chapters of the Javanese text include the Indian theory of cyclic existence, rebirth and [[samsara]], creation of the world by the churning of the ocean (''samudra manthan''), theories of the [[Samkhya]] and the [[Vedanta]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]], major sections on god [[Shiva]] and [[Shaivism]], some discussion of [[Tantra]], a manual-like summary of ceremonies associated with the rites of passage and others.{{sfn|Gonda|1975|p=14}}

While the similarities between the ''Agastya-parva'' text and classical Indian ideas are obvious, according to [[Jan Gonda]], the Indian counterpart of this text in Sanskrit or Tamil languages have not been found in Indonesia or in India.{{sfn|Gonda|1975|p=15}} Similarly other Agastya-related Indonesian texts, dated to be from the 10th to 12th centuries, discuss ideas from multiple sub-schools of Shaivism such as theistic Shaivasiddhanta and monistic Agamic Pashupata, and these texts declare these theologies to be of equal merit and value.{{sfn|Gonda|1975|p=15}}

[[File:Agastya statue in southern niche of Sambisari temple.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Agastya on south side of the 9th-century Javanese [[Sambisari]] temple unearthed from volcanic mud.]]
Agastya is common in medieval-era Shiva temples of Southeast Asia, such as the stone temples in Java ([[Candi of Indonesia|candi]]). Along with the iconography of Shiva, Uma, Nandi and Ganesha who face particular cardinal directions, these temples include a sculpture, image or relief of Agastya carved into the southern face.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter Sharrock|author2=Ian C. Glover|author3=Elizabeth A. Bacus|title=Interpreting Southeast Asia's Past: Monument, Image and Text|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiSUl9aN88MC&pg=PA104|year=2008|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|isbn=978-9971-69-405-0|pages=104–109}}</ref> The Shiva shrine in the largest Hindu temple complex in southeast Asia, [[Prambanan]], features four cellae in its interior. This central shrine within Prambanan group of temples dedicates its southern cella to Agastya.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ooi |first=Keat Gin |author-link=Keat Gin Ooi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1101 |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |pages=1101–1102}}</ref>

The Dinoyo inscription, dated to 760 CE, is primarily dedicated to Agastya. The inscription states that his older wooden image was remade in stone, thereby suggesting that the reverence for Agastya iconography in southeast Asia was prevalent in an older period.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nicholas Tarling|title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 1, From Early Times to c. 1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOw8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA313|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-35505-6|page=313}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Veronique Degroot|author2=Marijke J. Klokke|title=Materializing Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 12th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5rGBgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|isbn=978-9971-69-655-9|pages=116 note 1}}</ref> In [[Cambodia]], the 9th-century king Indravarman, who is remembered for sponsoring the building of a large number of historic temples and related artworks, is declared in the texts of this period to be a descendant of sage Agastya.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jean Ph. Vogel|title=India antiqua|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GckUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA45|year=1947|publisher=Brill Archive|pages=45–46}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Lesya Poerbatjaraka|title=Agastya in den archipel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LITAQAAIAAJ|year=1926|publisher=Universiteit te Leiden (Republished by BRILL)|pages=1–5 |oclc= 5841432}}</ref>

===Agastya Samhita===
{{Main|Agastya Samhita}}

''Agastya Saṁhitā'' (literally: "Agastya's Compendium") is the title of several works in Sanskrit, attributed to Agastya.

One of those works is the ''Agastya Samhita'', sometimes called the ''Sankara Samhita'', a section embedded in the ''[[Skanda Purana]]''.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|pp=7–8}} It was probably composed in late medieval era, but before the 12th-century.<ref name="banerji121">{{cite book|author=Sures Chandra Banerji|title=A Companion to Sanskrit Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkOAEdIsdUsC&pg=PA121|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0063-2|page=121}}</ref> It exists in many versions, and is structured as a dialogue between [[Kartikeya|Skanda]] and Agastya. Scholars such as [[Moriz Winternitz]] state that the authenticity of the surviving version of this document is doubtful because Shaiva celebrities such as Skanda and Agastya teach [[Vaishnavism]] ideas and the bhakti (devotional worship) of [[Rama]], mixed in with a tourist guide about Shiva temples in [[Varanasi]] and other parts of India.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Moriz Winternitz|author2=V. Srinivasa Sarma|title=A History of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C |year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0264-3|pages=545–546}}</ref>{{sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=234–237, 228–229}}

===Agastimata===
Agastya is attributed to be the author of ''Agastimata'', a pre–10th-century treatise about gems and diamonds, with chapters on the origins, qualities, testing and making jewellery from them.<ref name=banerji121/><ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Gems and Gemology|year=2009|page=10|author=Mohsen Manutchehr-Danai| publisher=Berlin: Springer| isbn= 978-3-540-72795-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Louis Finot|title=Les lapidaires indiens|url=https://archive.org/details/leslapidairesin00finogoog |year=1896|publisher=Champion|language=sa, fr|pages=[https://archive.org/details/leslapidairesin00finogoog/page/n148 77]–139}}</ref> Several other Sanskrit texts on gems and [[lapidary]] are also credited to Agastya in the Indian traditions.<ref>{{cite book|author=Louis Finot|title=Les lapidaires indiens|url=https://archive.org/details/leslapidairesin00finogoog |year=1896|publisher=Champion|language=sa, fr|pages=xiv–xv with footnotes}}</ref>

===Others===
Other mentions of Agastya include:
*''[[Bṛhaddevatā]]'' in section 5.134.{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|pp=322–323 with footnotes 5 and 6}}
*The [[Lalita sahasranama]] of [[Shaktism]] tradition of Hinduism, which describes the 1000 names of the goddess [[Tripura Sundari|Lalita]] is a part of the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]''. It is presented as a teaching from Hayagriya (an avatar of [[Vishnu|Viṣṇu]]) to Agastya.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=221}}
*Agastya is credited as the creator of the [[Aditya Hridayam|Āditya Hṛdayam]] (literally, "heart of the sun"), a hymn to [[Surya|Sūrya]] he told Rama to recite, so that he may win against Ravana. Scholars such as John Muir questioned this hymn since the need for a such a hymn by Rama implies doubts about his divine nature.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Muir|title=Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India|url=https://archive.org/details/originalsanskri02muirgoog|year=1873|publisher=Trübner|page=[https://archive.org/details/originalsanskri02muirgoog/page/n493 473]}}</ref>
*''Lakshmi Stotram'' and ''Saraswati Stotram''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Theodor Aufrecht|title=Florentine Sanskrit Manuscripts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc27AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA152|year=1892|publisher=G. Kreysing|page=152}}</ref>
*The Tamil text ''Pattuppattu'' states Agastya to be master of ''icai'' (music, song).{{sfn|Zvelebil|1992|p=245}}
* [[Kalidasa]], in his ''[[Raghuvaṃśa]]'' (6.61) states that Agastya officiated the [[Ashvamedha|horse sacrifice]] of a [[Pandya kingdom|Pandya]] king of [[Madurai]].{{sfn|Shulman|2016|p=26}}
*One of the authors of [[Nadi astrology|Nadi Shastra / Nadi astrology]]

==Legacy==

===Temples===
Temples for Agastya are found in Tamil Nadu. In [[Thirunelveli District]],

* A temple for Agastyar on top of [[Agastya Mala]]
* Agastheeswarar temple in [[Ambasamudram]]
* Agastheeswarar temple in [[Kallidaikurichi]]
* Sri Agasthiyar Temple at [[Agasthiyar Falls]] (Kalyana Theertham) in [[Papanasam]]

In [[Madurai District]],

* Sri Lobamudra Samedha Agasthiyar Temple in the Arulmigu Chidambara Vinayagar Thirukoil at [[Vellalapatti]] (7 km from [[Alagarkovil]]).

Agastya statues or reliefs feature in numerous early medieval temples of north India, south India and Southeast Asia. One famous Agastya temple is also located in Uttarakhand in the town of Agastyamuni. The town derived its name from the name of Sage Agastya. The ''Dasavatara temple'' in [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]] (Uttar Pradesh, near Madhya Pradesh border) features a 6th-century [[Gupta Empire]] era Agastya carving.<ref name="Bemmel1994p35">{{cite book|author=Helena A. van Bemmel|title=Dvarapalas in Indonesia: Temple Guardians and Acculturation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNlt08SXW48C&pg=PA35|year=1994|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-90-5410-155-0|pages=35–37, 41–44, 60}}</ref> In [[Karnataka]] similarly, he is reverentially shown in several 7th-century temples such as the Mallikarjuna temple in Mahakuta and the Parvati temple in Sandur. He is a part of many Chalukya era Shaivism temples in the Indian subcontinent peninsula.<ref name="Bemmel1994p35"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Douglas E. Barrett|title=The dancing Siva in early south Indian art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rw83AQAAIAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0856721328|page=15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=Temple Gateways in South India: The Architecture and Iconography of the Cidambaram Gopuras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5NAAAAYAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=978-81-215-0666-3|page=135}}</ref>

The artistic iconography of South Asian and Southeast Asian temples show common themes such as he holding a pitcher, but also differences. For example, Agastya is featured inside or outside of the temple walls and sometimes as a guardian at the entrance (''dvarapala''), with or without a potbelly, with or without a receding hairline, with or without a dagger and sword.<ref name="Bemmel1994p35"/> Rock cut temples and caves, such as the 8th-century Pandya rock temples group, show Agastya.<ref name="Bemmel1994p35"/>

===Literature===
The shrine to Agastya at the Pothigai hill source of the river is mentioned in both [[Ilango Adigal]]'s ''[[Silappatikaram]]'' and [[Chithalai Chathanar]]'s ''[[Manimekhalai]]'' epics.<ref>Ameresh Datta. Sahitya Akademi, 1987 - Indic literature. Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo. pp 115</ref>

Similarly, the Sanskrit plays ''[[Anargharāghava]]'' and [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajasekhara]]'s ''Bālarāmāyaṇa'' of the 9th century refer to a shrine of Agastya on or near [[Adam's Peak]] (Sri Pada), the tallest mountain in Sri Lanka (ancient [[Tamraparni]]), from whence the river Gona Nadi/Kala Oya flows into the Gulf of Mannar's [[Puttalam Lagoon]].<ref name="Mendis 20062">{{cite book|last=Mendis|first=G.C.|title=Early History of Ceylon|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2006|isbn=81-206-0209-9|edition=Reprint|page=386|chapter=The ancient period}}</ref>

===Martial arts===
Maharishi Agastya is regarded as the founder of [[Silambam]], an [[Indian martial arts|Indian martial art]] from [[Tamil Nadu]], and ''[[Varma kalai|varmam]],'' an ancient science of healing using varmam points for varied diseases which is also utilized by practitioners of the southern form of [[Kalaripayattu]], an Indian martial art from [[Kerala]].<ref name="Zarilli1998">{{cite book |last=Zarrilli |first=Phillip B. |title=When the Body Becomes All Eyes: Paradigms, Discourses and Practices of Power in Kalarippayattu, a South Indian Martial Art |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}</ref> [[Murugan]], the son of [[Shiva]], is said to have taught ''varmam'' to Agastya, who then wrote treatises on it and passed it on to other [[siddhar]].<ref>Luijendijk, D.H. (2005) ''Kalarippayat: India's Ancient Martial Art'', Paladin Press</ref><ref name="Zarilli 92">Zarrilli 1992</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}
* [[Siddhar]]s
* [[Tirumular]]
* [[Tamil Thai]]

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book| first=Alf|last=Hiltebeitel| title=Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahābhārata - Essays by Alf Hiltebeitel |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lLfHSOWKB-sC |year=2011 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-18566-1 }}
* {{cite book |first=Alain|last= Daniélou |author-link=Alain Daniélou |title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C&pg=PA322 |year=1991 |publisher=Inner Traditions |isbn=978-0-89281-354-4 }}
* {{cite book |first=Anne E.|last= Monius |author-link=Anne E. Monius|title=Imagining a Place for Buddhism: Literary Culture and Religious Community in Tamil-Speaking South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CvetN2VyrKcC&pg=PA134 |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803206-9 }}
* {{cite book |first=David|last=Shulman |author-link=David Dean Shulman |title=Tamil Temple Myths: Sacrifice and Divine Marriage in the South Indian Saiva Tradition| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=d97_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|year=2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press| isbn=978-1-4008-5692-3}}
* {{cite book |first=David|last=Shulman |title=Tamil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KkzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |year=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-05992-4 |page=25 }}
* {{cite book| first=J. A. B.|last=van Buitenen |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 2: Book 2: The Book of Assembly; Book 3: The Book of the Forest| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2QG_ZgsM13IC |year=1981 |publisher=University of Chicago Press| isbn=978-0-226-84664-4|ref={{sfnref|Buitenen1981}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Jan|last= Gonda |title=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions, Religionen |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13 |year=1975 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=90-04-04330-6 }}
* {{cite book |first=Kamil|last= Zvelebil |title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC&pg=PA239 |year=1992 |publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-09365-6 }}
* {{cite book |first=Laurie|last= Patton |editor=Julia Leslie |title=Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7LKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |year=2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-77888-9 }}
* {{cite book |first=Laurie|last= Patton |title=Myth as Argument: The Br̥haddevatā as Canonical Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10a0lfJypoYC&pg=PA413 |year=1996 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-013805-4 }}
* {{cite book |first=Ludo|last= Rocher |title=The Purāṇas |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC |year=1986 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-02522-5}}
* {{cite book| first=Richard S |last=Weiss |title=Recipes for Immortality: Healing, Religion, and Community in South India| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ges6XgLkffEC | year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-971500-8 }}
* {{cite book|first=Roshen|last= Dalal |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010 |publisher =Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 }}
* {{cite book |first=Roshen|last= Dalal |title=The Vedas: An Introduction to Hinduism's Sacred Texts |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UCEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT376 |year=2014 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-81-8475-763-7 }}
* {{cite book |first1=Stephanie W.|last1= Jamison |author-link=Stephanie W. Jamison |first2=Joel P.|last2=Brereton |title=The Rigveda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-PRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1674 |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-937018-4 }}
* {{cite book |first=William|last= Buck |title=Ramayana |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wzg6wFJ5xwC&pg=PA138 |year=2000 |publisher=University of California Press| isbn=978-0-520-22703-3}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* T. Burrow (1958). "Sanskrit and Pre-Aryan Tribes and Languages,"The Bulletin of the Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture (Reprinted in collected papers on Dravidian Linguistics, Annamalai University,1968.)
*''[[Murray Barnson Emeneau]]. 1954''Linguistic Prehistory of India," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society vol.98 P.282(Reprinted in Collected Papers, Annamalai University,1967.)
*''[[Murray Barnson Emeneau]]'' 1956"India As aLinguistic Area," Language, Vol.32, P. 3(Reprinted in Collected Papers,1967).
* G. S. Ghurye (1977). [http://www.sociologyguide.com/indian-thinkers/g-s-ghurye.php Indian Acculturation : Agastya and Skanda], Popular Prakashan, Bombay.
* A. B. Keith and A. A. MacDonnell (1912). "A Vedic Index of Names and Subjects" (2 Vols., Reprint 1967)
* F. E. Pargiter (1922). Ancient India Historical Tradition(Reprint 1962)
*[[R. Raghava Iyengar|Raghava Iyengar]], M.1913 Velir Varalaru (in Tamil),3rd ed. 1964.
*[[R. Raghava Iyengar]], R.1941 Tamil Varalaru (in Tamil), Annamalai, University (Reprint 1978 )
*''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dhallapiccola
*''Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' ({{ISBN|0-19-864308-X}}) by [[Sir Monier Monier-Williams]]
*''The Sauptikaparvan of the Mahabharata'' A new verse translation by W.J. Johnson
*''The Epic Tale of Mahabharatam''
*''Dharma Bharathi'', 2007, Karnataka, India – Carried a series of articles on Agastya Samhita and its contents.
*Agastya, Amar Chitra Katha

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/dec252005/2174.pdf Folklore and Astronomy: Agastya a sage and a star]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140903112940/http://agastiashram.org/ Agasti Ashram Akole, Maharashtra website]

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Rishis of Hindu mythology}}
{{Ramayana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Tamil mythical figures]]
[[Category:Ancient Tamil grammarians]]
[[Category:Siddha medicine]]
[[Category:Sangam poets]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]
[[Category:Sages in the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Saptarishi]]

Ballari

2026-03-24T20:54:05Z

Svetlqer: improved layout after review and updated info based on references

{{short description|City in Karnataka, India}}
{{About|the city in Karnataka, India|the district|Ballari District}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
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| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{seal|Karnataka}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ballari district|Ballari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = Ballari City Corporation
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = P. Gadeppa
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 167.38
| area_rural_km2 = 1609.68
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 485
| population_total = 410445 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/591/download/2012/DH_2011_2911_PART_B_DCHB_BELLARY.pdf|access-date=24 January 2024|title=Census Data Handbook 2011}}</ref>
| population_rural = 360484
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 95th (India) 
5th (Karnataka)
| population_demonym = Ballarians
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info = [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 583101, 583102, 583103, 583104, 583105, 583152<ref name="indiapost_pin_search">{{cite web |title=Indiapost PIN Search for 'bellary' |url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/pinsearch1.asp |access-date=8 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504052343/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/pinsearch1.asp |archive-date=4 May 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_code = (+91)8392
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| registration_plate = KA-34
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1.04<ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Guntur|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2911_PART_B_DCHB_BELLARY.pdf|website=Census of India|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner|access-date=6 November 2016|page=22}}</ref> [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|ballaricity.mrc.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 = [[Commissioner]]
| leader_name3 = G Khaleel Sab<ref name="bellary_city_staff">{{cite web
| title = Bellary City Staff
| url = http://www.bellarycity.gov.in/city-staff.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060520035858/http://www.bellarycity.gov.in/city-staff.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 20 May 2006
| access-date = 5 February 2015
}}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 79%<ref name="census"/>
}}
'''Ballari''' ({{ipa|kn|bɐɭːaːri|lang}}, formerly '''Bellary'''<ref name="official_name">{{cite news |title=Bangalore becomes 'Bengaluru'; 11 other cities renamed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bangalore-becomes-bengaluru-11-other-cities-renamed/articleshow/45002333.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=1 November 2014 |location=Bangalore |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref>) is a city in the Ballari district in state of [[Karnataka]], India.

Ballari houses many steel plants such as [[JSW Steel|JSW Vijayanagar]], one of the largest in Asia. Ballari district is also known as the 'Steel city of South India'. Ballari is also the headquarters for Karnataka Gramina Bank which almost has more than 1100 + branches in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ballari District Profile |url=https://e-krishiuasb.karnataka.gov.in/ItemDetails.aspx?DepID=14&cropID=0&SubDepID=12 |website=e-krishiuasb.karnataka.gov.in |access-date=18 December 2024 |language=en }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Bellary}}
[[File:Western Chalukya Monuments.svg|thumb|200px|Core area of [[Western Chalukya]] monuments, roughly corresponding to ''Sindavadi-1000''|left]]
[[File:Madras Prov South 1909.jpg|thumb|200px|Madras province (South), 1909 showing Ballari|left]]
Ballari was a part of [[Rayalaseema]] ([[Ceded Districts]]) which was part of [[Madras Presidency]] till 1 November 1956.

The Ballari city municipal council was upgraded to a city corporation in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/29/stories/2004092904670300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221085252/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/29/stories/2004092904670300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 December 2016 |title= Karnataka. Bellary City Municipal Council upgraded to corporation|date= 26 September 2004|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Ministry of Home Affairs]] of the [[Government of India]] approved a proposal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/MHA1/Par2017/pdfs/par2014-pdfs/ls-161214/3797.pdf|title=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs}}</ref> to rename the city in October 2014 and Bellary was renamed to "Ballari" on 1 November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=New City|first1=Names to Karnatka|title=New name for cities|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/from-bangalore-to-bengaluru/article6553314.ece|access-date=1 November 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:BELLARY_FORT_6.jpg|thumb|alt=Bellary Fort|Ballari Fort|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BELLARY_FORT_6.jpg|left]]
Ballari is located at {{Coord|15.15|N|76.93|E|}}. The city stands in the midst of a wide, level plain of [[Vertisol|black cotton soil]].<ref name="imperial-gazetteer">
{{cite book|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_164.gif|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 7|date=1908|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|pages=158–176}}
</ref>[[Granite]] rocks and hills form a prominent feature of Ballari. The city is spread mainly around two hills of granite composition, the ''Ballari Hill'' and the ''Kumbara Gudda''.

''Ballari Hill'' has a circumference of nearly {{convert|2|mi|km}} and a height of {{convert|480|ft|m}}. The length of this rock from north-east to south-west is about {{convert|1150|ft|m|abbr=on}}. To the east and south lies an irregular heap of boulders, to the west there is an unbroken monolith, and the north is walled by bare, rugged ridges.<ref name="imperial-gazetteer"/>

''Kumbara Gudda'' looks like the profile of a human face from the south-east. It is also known as ''Face Hill''.<ref name="imperial-gazetteer"/>

===Climate===

The climate is a hot [[semi arid]] one (BSh), primarily due to the rain shadow effect of the [[Western Ghats]], but [[monsoons]] still influence the weather here, with light rain throughout the year, and a slight increase during the summer and autumn.

{{Weather box
| location = Bellary (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 37.6
| Feb record high C = 40.5
| Mar record high C = 43.0
| Apr record high C = 45.4
| May record high C = 44.6
| Jun record high C = 44.7
| Jul record high C = 39.5
| Aug record high C = 39.0
| Sep record high C = 38.4
| Oct record high C = 39.0
| Nov record high C = 38.4
| Dec record high C = 35.6
| year record high C = 44.7
| Jan high C = 31.4
| Feb high C = 34.4
| Mar high C = 38.1
| Apr high C = 40.4
| May high C = 39.6
| Jun high C = 35.3
| Jul high C = 32.7
| Aug high C = 31.9
| Sep high C = 32.3
| Oct high C = 31.8
| Nov high C = 30.8
| Dec high C = 30.2
| year high C = 34.1
| Jan low C = 15.6
| Feb low C = 18.1
| Mar low C = 21.1
| Apr low C = 23.9
| May low C = 24.4
| Jun low C = 23.3
| Jul low C = 23.0
| Aug low C = 22.7
| Sep low C = 21.9
| Oct low C = 20.9
| Nov low C = 18.3
| Dec low C = 15.6
| year low C = 20.7
| Jan record low C = 7.0
| Feb record low C = 8.5
| Mar record low C = 10.0
| Apr record low C = 13.0
| May record low C = 14.5
| Jun record low C = 14.8
| Jul record low C = 15.5
| Aug record low C = 15.0
| Sep record low C = 15.0
| Oct record low C = 12.5
| Nov record low C = 8.4
| Dec record low C = 8.0
| year record low C = 7.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 2.9
| Feb rain mm = 2.3
| Mar rain mm = 6.0
| Apr rain mm = 17.2
| May rain mm = 54.3
| Jun rain mm = 59.2
| Jul rain mm = 42.6
| Aug rain mm = 70.0
| Sep rain mm = 111.0
| Oct rain mm = 89.0
| Nov rain mm = 39.5
| Dec rain mm = 5.5
| year rain mm = 499.5
| Jan rain days = 0.5
| Feb rain days = 0.2
| Mar rain days = 0.6
| Apr rain days = 1.5
| May rain days = 3.4
| Jun rain days = 3.8
| Jul rain days = 3.8
| Aug rain days = 4.7
| Sep rain days = 5.4
| Oct rain days = 5.8
| Nov rain days = 2.4
| Dec rain days = 0.5
| year rain days = 32.7
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 43
| Feb humidity = 37
| Mar humidity = 30
| Apr humidity = 29
| May humidity = 34
| Jun humidity = 50
| Jul humidity = 56
| Aug humidity = 58
| Sep humidity = 58
| Oct humidity = 62
| Nov humidity = 56
| Dec humidity = 50
|year humidity = 47
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Bellary Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 119–120
| access-date = 18 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M90
| access-date = 18 April 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
[[File:Bellary Fort.JPG|thumb|Ballari Fort|left]]
{{Historical populations
|align = center
|source = <ref>{{cite web |title=Census Tables |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
|1931|47573
|1941 |56148
|1951|70332
|1961|85673
|1971|125183
|1981 |201579
|1991|245391
|2001|316766
|2011|410445
}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Ballari City (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religious Community - Karnataka|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS|publisher=Census of India}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|70.33}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in India|Islam]]|green|26.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Karnataka|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.71}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Karnataka|Jainism]]|pink|0.79}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.65}}
}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the urban population of Ballari was 410,445; of whom 206,149 were male and 204,296 female. 280,610 of the population were literate and 52,413 of the population were under 7 years of age.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=688199|title= Census of India 2011|access-date=8 December 2016|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> The population in 2001 was recorded as 316,766.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/towns/krn_towns.pdf|title= Census of India 2001|access-date=8 December 2016|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Ballari City (2011)<ref name="Census2011Language"/>
|label1 = [[Kannada]] |value1 = 42.06 |color1 = darkslateblue
|label2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value2 = 25.03 |color2 = steelblue
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 24.35 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 3.04 |color4 = orange
|label5 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value5 = 1.75 |color5 = red
|label6 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value6 = 1.69 |color6 = royalblue
|label7 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value7 = 0.85 |color7 = pink
|label8 = [[Lambadi]] |value8 = 0.50|color8 = yellow
|label9 = Others |value10 = 0.73 |color10 = grey
}}

[[Kannada]] is the largest language, spoken by 42.06% of the population. [[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the second-largest, spoken by 25.03%, and [[Urdu]] 24.35%. 3.04% of the population spoke [[Hindi]], 1.75% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 1.69% [[Tamil language|Tamil]], 0.85% [[Marwari language|Marwari]] and 0.50% [[Lambadi]].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="Census2011Language">{{cite web |title=C-16 City: Population by mother tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10255/download/13367/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=Office Of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner India |access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Industries===
====Textiles and garments====
* Cotton processing
:With cotton being one of the major agricultural crops around Ballari historically, the city has had a thriving [[cotton]] processing industry in the form of [[ginning]], [[spinning (textiles)|spinning]] and [[weaving]] plants. The earliest steam cotton-spinning mill was established in 1894, which by 1901 had 17,800 spindles, and employed 520 hands.<ref name="imperial-gazetteer"/>
:The city continues to thrive in this sector with one spinning mill and numerous cotton ginning and pressing mills, [[hand loom]]s and [[power loom]]s.<ref name="kar_handloom">{{cite web
| title = Karnataka Handloom | url = http://www.kar.nic.in/bellary/hand.html | access-date = 23 July 2010| url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927235213/http://www.kar.nic.in/bellary/hand.html | archive-date = 27 September 2011| df = dmy-all}}</ref>
* Garment manufacture
:Ballari has a historic garment industry dating back to the First World War period, when the Marathi speaking "Darji" (tailor) community with its native skills in tailoring migrated from the current Maharashtra region to stitch uniforms for the soldiers of the colonial British Indian Army stationed at Ballari. After the war, the community switched to making uniforms for school children, and gradually the uniforms made here became popular all over the country.<ref name="bellarydotcom">{{cite web | title = Bellary Portal | url = http://www.bellary.com
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020720170555/http://www.bellary.com/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 20 July 2002| access-date = 23 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="tehelka_bellary_jeans">{{cite web | title = Jeans Industry in Bellary | url = http://www.tehelka.com/story_main40.asp?filename=Bu251008the_jeans.asp | access-date = 23 July 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081222164007/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main40.asp?filename=Bu251008the_jeans.asp | archive-date = 22 December 2008| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
:Currently, Ballari is well known for its branded and unbranded denim garments, with brands like ''Point Blank'', ''Walker'', ''Dragonfly'' and ''Podium'' being successfully marketed nationally and internationally.<ref name="tehelka_bellary_jeans"/> There are about 260 denim garment units in Ballari with nearly 3000 families working in these units.<ref name="kar_handloom"/>

==Transport==
[[image:Ballari_railway_station_platform_No.1.jpg|thumb|200px|Ballari railway station platform 1]]

===Roadways===
[[National Highway 67 (India)]], [[National Highway 150A (India)]], State Highway 128 and State Highway 132 pass through the city.

===Rail===
There is [[Ballari Junction railway station]] on the [[Guntakal–Vasco da Gama section]].

===Air===
The closest functional commercial airport is [[Jindal Vijaynagar Airport]].

==Education==
{{see|Education in Ballari}}

==Notable people==
''See {{category|People from Ballari}}''

* [[Kolur Basavanagoud]] – Politician, Educationist, and Industrialist. He served as MP in [[13th Lok Sabha]] from [[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Ballari Lok Sabha constituency]].
* [[Basavarajeshwari]] – Politician and [[Industrialist]]
* [[Ravi Belagere]] – Actor, writer, novelist, journalist, publisher of the ''Hai Bengaluru'' [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]]
* [[Naveen Chandra]] – Actor in Telugu film industry
* [[Manjula Chellur]] −1st Woman Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court
* [[Nagarur Gopinath]] – One of the pioneers of [[cardiothoracic surgery]] in India, credited with the first successful performance of [[open heart surgery]] in India in 1962. Recipient of [[Padma Shri]] (1974) and [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] (1978)
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] – cinema actress, born in Ballari
* [[K. C. Kondaiah]] – Politician and industrialist
* [[A. Ranganatha Mudaliar|Arcot Ranganatha Mudaliar]] – Former Deputy [[District Collector|Collector]] of Ballari, politician and [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|theosophist]]. He served as the Minister of Public Health and Excise for the [[Madras Presidency]] from 1926 to 1928.
* [[A. Sabhapathy Mudaliar]] – Philanthropist; The Women & Children's Hospital or The District Hospital was initially named after him, following his donation of land and building to the hospital.<ref name="imperial-gazetteer"/>
* [[B Nagendra]] - Youth Welfare and Sports Minister of Karnataka
* [[Bellary Raghava]] (1880–1946) – Noted [[dramatist]]. The ''Raghava Kala Mandir'' [[auditorium]] in Ballari is named after him
* [[Suparna Rajaram]] – Distinguished Professor of Psychology at [[Stony Brook University]]
* [[Dharmavaram Ramakrishnamacharyulu]] (1853–1912) – Noted dramatist
* [[Bhargavi Rao]] – a Kannada-Telugu translator, winner of the prestigious [[Sahitya Akademi award|''Kendra Sahitya Academy award'']]
* [[Kolachalam Srinivasa Rao]] (1854–1919) – Noted dramatist
* [[Gali Janardhan Reddy]] – Former minister and district in charge. He is one of the richest politicians in India
* [[B Sriramulu]] - Ex Minister of Health and Family Welfare of Karnataka
* [[Tekur Subramanyam]] – Indian [[Freedom fighter#Freedom fighter|Freedom Fighter]], First post-[[Partition of India|independence]] MP of Ballari, elected thrice in a row since 1952, political secretary to Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<ref name="DH_Jail">{{cite web| title = This jailhouse has a rich past| url =http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66042/this-jailhouse-has-rich-past.html| access-date = 4 June 2010 | date =26 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = A Congress bastion since 1952| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2004/02/28/stories/2004022807090400.htm| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130126074637/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2004/02/28/stories/2004022807090400.htm| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 January 2013| access-date = 4 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Caste will play a vital role in Bellary| url =http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/aug/20bell.htm| access-date = 4 June 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Ibrahim B. Syed]] – Indo-American [[Radiologist]]
* [[Allum Veerabhadrappa]] - former minister, Government of Karnataka

==References==
===Maps===
{{Reflist|group="map"}}

===General===
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Bellary}}
{{Commons category|Bellary}}
* [https://ballari.nic.in/en/public-utility/city-corporation-ballari/ Official website of Ballari City Corporation]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ballari| ]]
[[Category:1808 establishments in British India]]
[[Category: Municipal corporations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Cities in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Taluks in Ballari district]]

Adya Rangacharya

2026-03-24T06:29:02Z

Svetlqer: minor fix page based on references further

{{Short description|Indian writer (1904–1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Adya Rangacharya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name= R. V. Jagirdar
| pseudonym = Sriranga or Shriranga
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1904|09|26}}
| birth_place = [[Agarkhed]], [[Bijapur district, Karnataka]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1984|10|17|1904|12|29}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Poet, novelist, playwright, translator, actor, critic, scholar
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| spouse = Sharada Adya<ref name="timesofindia_1708448074">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Sharada-Adya-Rangacharya-dead/articleshow/1708448074.cms|title=Sharada Adya Rangacharya dead|publisher=Times of India|access-date=7 January 2002}}</ref>
| children = Usha Desai<ref name="timesofindia_1708448074"/> [[Shashi Deshpande]]<ref name="timesofindia_1708448074"/>
| awards =[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1967) [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1971) [[Padma Bhushan]] (1972)
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Adya Rangacharya''' (26 September 1904 – 17 October 1984), known as '''R.V. Jagirdar''' till 1948,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTXougCB-NMC&pg=PA272|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose|page=272|author=K. M. George|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1992|isbn=9788172017835}}</ref> later popularly known by his [[pen name]] '''Sriranga''', was an Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]] writer, actor and scholar, and a member of the ''Adya Jahagirdar family''.<ref name=karnataka>{{cite web | url=http://www.karnataka.com/personalities/adya-rangacharya/ | title=Adya Rangacharya – An Eminent Theatre Personality | date=4 November 2011 | access-date=9 July 2013 | author=Mudde, Raggi}}</ref> He was awarded the [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] in 1967 and the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for literature in 1971 for ''Kalidasa'', a literary criticism in Kannada.

Rangacharya has been honoured with the [[Padma Bhushan]] third highest Indian civilian award for his contributions to the literature and education in 1972 by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Life==
Adya Rangacharya birth name was R. V. Jagirdar <ref name=Oxford /> and was born in [[Agarkhed]], [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]]. He has his education at [[Bombay University|Bombay]] and [[London University|London]] Universities. His writings made him a trend-setter among Kannada and Indian writers. His works include twelve novels and a number of scholarly books on the theatre, on Sanskrit drama and the Bhagavadgita; but it was as a dramatist that he made his mark (47 full-length and 68 one-act plays).<ref name=wcau>[http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Adya+Rangacharya&qt=results_page WorldCat author listing]</ref> He is known for his English translation of the classic work on Indian classical theatre, the [[Natyasastra]] <ref name=Oxford>Rangacharya, Adya (1904-84), in ''The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre'' [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5111918854 Oxford Reference Online]</ref>

==Works==
Rangacharya's works include twelve novels and a number of scholarly books on the Theatre, on [[Sanskrit]] drama and the [[Bhagavadgita]]. He also wrote 71 plays and acted in 47.<ref name=karnataka/> Besides a translation of [[Natyasastra]],<ref>{{cite book | title=The NATYASASTRA (English Translation with Critical Notes) | publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers | author=Rangacharya, Adya}}</ref> his other works in English include Drama in [[Sanskrit Literature]], Indian Theatre, Introduction to Bharata's Natyasastra, and Introduction to the Comparative Philosophy and [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan Languages]]. He use the pseudonym Sriranga when writing most of his plays and literary work.<ref name=karnataka/>

His works in English are:
*Bharata, Muni, and Śrīraṅga. '' The Nāṭyaśāstra: English Translation with Critical Notes.'' New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1996.
*Drama in Sanskrit Literature, and Introduction to the Comparative Philosophy and Indo-Aryan Languages.
*Rangacharya, Adya. ''Introduction to Bharata's Nātya-Śāstra.'' Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1966.<ref name=wcIn>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65370817 WorldCat]</ref>
*Rangacharya, Adya. ''The Indian Theatre.'' New Delhi: National Book Trust, India, 1971.
*Śrīraṅga, . Drama in Sanskrit Literature. Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1967 (2nd ed.)
*Śrīraṅga, .'' The Quest for Wisdom, Thoughts on the Bhagawadgita.'' Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1993. (translation of two Kannada works ''Gītagāmbhīrya'' and ''Gītādarpaṇa''

Among his works translated into English are
*Rangacharya, Adya, (transl. by G S. Amur).''Listen Janamejaya and Other Plays.'' New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2005.
*Śrīraṅga, (transl. by Shashi Deshpande) ''Opening Scene: Early Memoirs of a Dramatist and a Play.'' New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2006.
*Rangacharya, Adya, (transl. by Usha Desai). ''Shadows in the Dark: Four Plays.'' Bangalore, India: Unisun Publications, 2007.
*Sriranga, .'' These Tombs Alone Remain: A Novel'' Bangalore: Shriranga Saraswat Prakashana, 1959.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography|India|Literature|Theatre}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rangacharya, Adya}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada]]
[[Category:Kannada dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada theatre]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Novelists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:People from Bijapur district, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Neelkanth Ganjoo

2026-03-24T04:45:16Z

Svetlqer: made basic article w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian high court judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = The [[Honourable]] Mr [[Justice (title)|Justice]]
| name = Neelkanth Ganjoo
| honorific_suffix =
| image = File:Neelkanth Ganjoo.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Last known photo
| office = [[Judge]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]
| term_start =
| term_end =
| nominator =
| appointer =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| nominator1 =
| appointer1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date = 16 February 1922 {{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 4 November 1989 (aged 67)
| death_place = [[Srinagar]], India
}}

'''Neelkanth Ganjoo''' (died 4 November 1989) was an Indian [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court|high court]] judge based in [[Srinagar]] who was assassinated by Kashmiri-separatist militants.

== About ==
In the late 1960s, as a sessions court judge, he had presided over the trial of [[JKLF]] founder [[Maqbool Bhat]] in the murder of police inspector Amar Chand in 1966. In August 1968,<ref>{{cite news
|title=Social Background and Political Ideology of Maqbool Bhat
|author=Gh. Rasool Bhat
|journal=Research Directions
|year = 2015
|url=http://researchdirection.org/UploadArticle/323.pdf}}</ref> he sentenced Bhat and one other to death.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kashmirreader.com/1976-maqbool-bhat-arrested-in-langate/ |title=1976: Maqbool Bhat Arrested in Langate | Kashmir Reader |access-date=19 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619132415/http://www.kashmirreader.com/1976-maqbool-bhat-arrested-in-langate/ |archive-date=19 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This sentence was upheld by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 1982. In 1984, after JKLF cadres in Britain murdered diplomat [[Ravindra Mhatre]],<ref>{{Cite news|title = BRITISH FIND THE BODY OF INDIAN DIPLOMAT WHO WAS ABDUCTED|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/06/world/british-find-the-body-of-indian-diplomat-who-was-abducted.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 1984-02-06|access-date = 2015-12-09|issn = 0362-4331}}</ref> Bhat's execution was carried out in [[Tihar jail]]. The same year, some militants bombed Ganjoo's house.<ref>{{cite book
|author=Praveen Swami
|title=India, Pakistan and the secret jihad in Kashmir
|publisher=Routledge
|year=2006 |page=157}}</ref>

On 4 November 1989,<ref>{{Cite news|title = Speculation over judge's killing| date=7 December 2001 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/speculation-over-judges-killing/article27990139.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|accessdate = 7 February 2020}}</ref> three militants shot Ganjoo dead the Hari Singh Street market,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Media on a Fai ride {{!}} The Asian Age|url = http://archive.asianage.com/columnists/media-fai-ride-933|website = The Asian Age|accessdate = 2015-12-09|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121252/http://archive.asianage.com/columnists/media-fai-ride-933|url-status = dead}}</ref> near the High Court in Srinagar.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Show is Over|url = http://www.kashmirlife.net/show-is-over-issue-48-vol-06-73252/|website = kashmirlife.net|date = 16 February 2015|accessdate = 2015-12-09}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganjoo, Neelkanth}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Assassinations in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:1989 murders in Asia]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]

Senthil

2026-03-21T23:50:35Z

Svetlqer:

{{Short description|Indian actor and comedian }}
{{other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Senthil
| image = Senthil at Producer AL Alagappan & Valliammai 60th Wedding Day Function.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Senthil at a function in 2014
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1951|03|23}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-actor-senthil-on-death-rumours-im-perfectly-fine/article8569509.ece|title=I'm perfectly fine, says actor Senthil after death rumours|last=Ians|newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 May 2016|access-date=21 March 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625022214/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-actor-senthil-on-death-rumours-im-perfectly-fine/article8569509.ece|archive-date=25 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/pokkisham/61129-actor-senthil-birthday-special-article.html|title=எதிர்ப்புகளை எதிர்கொள் – நடிகர் செந்தில் சொல்லாமல் சொல்லும் பாடம் #HBDSenthil|date=23 March 2016|website=vikatan.com|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516163939/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/pokkisham/61129-actor-senthil-birthday-special-article.html|archive-date=16 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kadaladi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Comedian]], [[actor]]
| years active = 1979{{endash}}2010 2015{{Endash}}present
| works = [[Senthil filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Kalaiselvi|1984}}
| children = 2
| parents =
| othername =
}}

'''Senthil''' (born 23 March 1951) is an Indian comedy actor who works in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/08/stories/0908022a.htm|title=The Hindu : From scratch to success|website=www.hinduonnet.com|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606102453/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/08/stories/0908022a.htm|archive-date=6 June 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jan/15/my-journey-as-a-comedian-has-been-long-and-lovely-1754845.html|title=My journey as a comedian has been long and lovely|website=The Indian Express|date=16 January 2018 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921142812/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jan/15/my-journey-as-a-comedian-has-been-long-and-lovely-1754845.html|archive-date=21 September 2019}}</ref> He is famous for his comedian roles along with fellow actor [[Goundamani]]. The pair dominated the Tamil industry as comedians in the 1980s and 90s. They were described as "Tamil cinema's [[Laurel and Hardy]]." <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jan/24/goundamani-will-always-be-my-favourite-comedian-1929205.html|title=Goundamani will always be my favourite comedian: Senthil|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621041043/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jan/24/goundamani-will-always-be-my-favourite-comedian-1929205.html|archive-date=21 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/actor-senthil-joins-aiadmk/article3172663.ece|title=Actor Senthil joins AIADMK|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 February 2006|access-date=21 March 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Senthil-to-play-lead-role/article14887594.ece|title=Senthil to play lead role|newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 December 2007|access-date=21 March 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/andipatti-witnesses-star-wars/article3128919.ece|title=Andipatti witnesses 'star wars'|newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 May 2006|access-date=21 March 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203154/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/andipatti-witnesses-star-wars/article3128919.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2009/aug/19/shot-in-the-old-world-charm-78480.html|title=Shot in the old world charm|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|accessdate=19 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=":1">[http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2008/goundamani-senthil-manikanda-010208.html Goundamani presides Senthil's son marriage!] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120707224922/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2008/goundamani-senthil-manikanda-010208.html |date=7 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/40057.html|title=Tamil Cinema News – Tamil Movie Reviews – Tamil Movie Trailers – IndiaGlitz Tamil|website=indiaglitz.com|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323233144/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/40057.html|archive-date=23 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Senthil was born on 23 March 1951 in a small village Ilanjambor in Paramakudi, [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news|work=Anna|language=ta|access-date=9 July 2025|title=இந்த வார நட்சத்திரம் |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-10-157|date=6 April 1986|page=3|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> He married Kalaiselvi on 14 May 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=Namma Veetu Kalyanam 10/25/14| date=25 October 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lfls3RfZzmE|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720022418/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lfls3RfZzmE|archive-date=20 July 2015|access-date=30 October 2014|publisher=Vijay TV|at=sec. 467}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== As actor ===
He ran away from his village at the age of 13 due to his father's scoldings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/interview/73841-comedy-actor-senthil-interview.html|title=''அண்ண்ணே.... கவுண்டமணி அண்ண்ணே...!'' – உருகும் செந்தில்|date=30 November 2016|website=vikatan.com|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630215622/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/interview/73841-comedy-actor-senthil-interview.html|archive-date=30 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He first worked in an oil mart, then in a private wine shop as a waiter and then ended up in drama where he started developing his skills.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/senthil-on-his-association-with-goundamani-and-his-comedy-tracks/article26077055.ece|title=Comedy is God's gift to me: Senthil|website=The Hindu|date=24 January 2019 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018063810/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/senthil-on-his-association-with-goundamani-and-his-comedy-tracks/article26077055.ece|archive-date=18 October 2019|last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinivasa }}</ref>

He made his debut with ''Oru Koyil Iru Dheepangal'' (1979) though officially his first film was ''Ithikkara Pakki'', which was released in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/08/stories/0908022a.htm|title=From scratch to success|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203156/https://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2001/06/08/|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2001-06-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/2016-whos-still-watching-senthil-goundamani-comedy-youtube-most-tamil-nadu-51635|title=In 2016, who's still watching Senthil, Goundamani comedy on Youtube most|website=The News Minute|date=19 October 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921142820/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/2016-whos-still-watching-senthil-goundamani-comedy-youtube-most-tamil-nadu-51635|archive-date=21 September 2019}}</ref> In an interview, Senthil said that he has acted in several films when he was younger in uncredited roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2019 |title=Goundamani will always be my favourite comedian: Senthil |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jan/23/goundamani-will-always-be-my-favourite-comedian-senthil-9751.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801063306/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jan/23/goundamani-will-always-be-my-favourite-comedian-senthil-9751.html |archive-date=1 August 2022 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> He slowly entered the Tamil film industry in small characters and finally landed a good role in the film ''[[Malaiyoor Mambattiyan]]''. He has acted in many popular films with several of the leading actors and comedians in the south Indian cine industry. He usually appears in films with [[Goundamani]] in a [[slapstick]] [[double act]]. They formed a [[Goundamani and Senthil|comic pair]] in many [[Tamil films]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Koundamani-and-I-may-pair-up-again/articleshow/3832517.cms|title='Koundamani and I may pair up again'|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520003419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Koundamani-and-I-may-pair-up-again/articleshow/3832517.cms|archive-date=20 May 2018|url-status=live|last1=Sangeetha |first1=P. }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 2019, Senthil has started acting in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] tele-serials making his debut with Sun TV's ''[[Rasaathi]]''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sun-tv-s-new-serial-titles-as-rasathi-pavani-reddy/|title=Sun TV's new serial titled as Rasathi|website=The Indian Express|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921132157/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sun-tv-s-new-serial-titles-as-rasathi-pavani-reddy/|archive-date=21 September 2019|access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
Initially campaigning for [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]], Senthil is currently campaigning for [[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|AMMK]] party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/former-tamil-actor-to-campaign-for-aiadmk-15364.html|title=Former Tamil actor to campaign for AIADMK|website=India TV|date=31 March 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703225838/https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/former-tamil-actor-to-campaign-for-aiadmk-15364.html|archive-date=3 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/news/actor-senthil-campaign-for-ammk-candidate-david-annadurai-in-madurai/articleshow/68856718.cms|title=மக்கள் விரோத ஆட்சி நடத்தும் ஓபிஎஸ், ஈபிஎஸ்க்கு வாக்களிக்காதீர்கள் – நடிகர் செந்தில்!|website=Times of India Samayam|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203158/https://tamil.samayam.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/news/actor-senthil-campaign-for-ammk-candidate-david-annadurai-in-madurai/articleshow/68856718.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Former minister Gokula Indira was replaced in the post of organising secretary by Senthil, appointed by [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]] in [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/270817/comedian-senthil-is-ttv-dhinakaran-partys-organising-secretary.html|title=Comedian Senthil is TTV Dhinakaran party's organising secretary|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=27 August 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916134242/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/270817/comedian-senthil-is-ttv-dhinakaran-partys-organising-secretary.html|archive-date=16 September 2017}}</ref> Later, he joined TTV Dinakaran's [[Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]] political party. In September 2019, Senthil, Kathirkamu, Raja Manickam, Devadas and Henry Thomas were announced as the five organisation secretaries of AMMK party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/comedian-senthils-new-role-in-political-party-tamil-news-244164|title=ACTOR SENTHIL GETS A NEW POLITICAL ROLE!|website=India Glitz|date=13 September 2019 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921142809/https://www.indiaglitz.com/comedian-senthils-new-role-in-political-party-tamil-news-244164|archive-date=21 September 2019}}</ref> He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], just before the 2021 Tamil Nadu Assembly elections.<ref name="Tamil comedian Senthil joins BJP">{{cite news |date=11 March 2021 |title=Tamil comedian Senthil joins BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/tamil-comedian-senthil-joins-bjp/articleshow/81450467.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928161510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/tamil-comedian-senthil-joins-bjp/articleshow/81450467.cms |archivedate=28 September 2025 |accessdate=28 September 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Actor Senthil joins BJP ahead of Tamil Nadu Assembly polls">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=11 March 2021 |title=Actor Senthil joins BJP ahead of Tamil Nadu Assembly polls |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/actor-senthil-joins-bjp-ahead-tamil-nadu-assembly-polls-145035 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928161522/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/actor-senthil-joins-bjp-ahead-tamil-nadu-assembly-polls-145035 |archivedate=28 September 2025 |accessdate=28 September 2025 |publisher=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Senthil filmography}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0784521}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

Saagasam

2026-03-21T17:26:02Z

Svetlqer: Starting the pg w/ sources

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Arun Raj Varma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saagasam
| image = Saahasam poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Arun Raj Varma
| screenplay = [[Thiagarajan]]
| story = [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Julayi]]''|Trivikram Srinivas}}
| producer = Haresh Vikram Vijayakumar Thiagarajan Shanthi Thiagarajan [[Prashanth]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Prashanth
*[[Amanda Rosario]]
*[[Sonu Sood]]
}}
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
*[[Shaji Kumar]]
*[[Soundararajan (cinematographer)|Soundarrajan]]
*[[Sakthi Saravanan]]
}}
| editing = K. Sasi Kumar
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| studio = [[Thiagarajan|Staar Movies]] [[Thiagarajan|Lakshmi Shanthi Movies]]
| distributor = [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|02|05}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Saagasam''''' ({{translation|Adventure}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by Arun Raj Varma and written and presented by [[Thiagarajan]]. The film stars [[Prashanth]] and [[Amanda Rosario]], while an ensemble cast including [[Sonu Sood]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], Abeetha and [[M. S. Bhaskar]] portray supporting roles. The music was composed by [[S. Thaman]].

The film is a remake the 2012 Telugu film ''[[Julai|Julayi]]'' and was released on 5 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-02 |title=Prashanth to make a comeback? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Prashanth-to-make-a-comeback/articleshow/28284448.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207073138/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Prashanth-to-make-a-comeback/articleshow/28284448.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=7 December 2015 |access-date=2014-03-16 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Few scenes involving Telugu actors were reused from the original.

==Plot==
A master robber and thug named Bittu and a local [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] named Varatharajan plan to rob {{INRConvert|15|b}} ({{INR|1500}} crores) from a bank. Ravi Narayan believes in earning quick money rather than toiling like his father Narayana Murthy. During a chance meeting with Bittu, Ravi reveals his intention of making quick money by betting on an [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] match and discloses the location of the betting ring. However, the police raid the location, and Ravi is apprehended. During interrogation, Ravi deduces that Bittu has tipped off the cops to commit a crime and convinces [[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] Rajamanickam. Bittu successfully robs the bank, and his brother Lala takes the money to the city's dumping yard.

However, the police catch Lala, who resists them, only to be killed by Ravi. Meanwhile, Bittu goes to the dumping yard to collect the money but is shocked as the dumping yard is burnt to ashes. Having his brother dead and the money burnt, Bittu decides to kill Ravi. Manickam sends Ravi to [[Coimbatore]] from [[Chennai]] under the [[Witness Protection Program]] and makes him stay at his friend [[Deputy Inspector General of Police|DIG]] Sitaram's house. One day, Ravi happens to see Madhu, a middle-class girl who works with travel agent Murthy, an associate of Bittu. He prepares fake passports for Bittu's gang to help them escape from India. Ravi befriends Madhu, both fall in love with each other and the two find out about Bittu.

Bittu kills Rajamanickam by planting a bomb in his car and also attacks Ravi's family where his father gets hospitalised but recovers, which makes him realise his mistakes and also asks him to retrieve the money for the people, who toiled day and night for their family. Ravi finds that his sister Raji is kidnapped and also framed for Rajamanickam's murder when he unknowingly picked up a call which is a phone bomb activated in the car but is released with the help of DIG Sitaram. Ravi finds that Rajamanickam had faked his death as Bittu learned of Rajamanickam and Varatharajan's plan when he learns that they exchanged the money in the dumping yard into fake [[currency|currencies]] which were burnt by them to let Bittu think that Ravi burnt the money.

Bittu kills Rajamanickam and Varatharajan and plans to escape from the country by having the money stored in a [[ship container|container]] and transporting it to a goods ship. Ravi, having deduced Bittu's plan fools the henchman and makes them return the money to the bank. The henchman gets killed by the mob, who were protesting at the bank. A showdown occurs between Ravi and Bittu where Ravi kills Bittu with Sitaram's help, exposes the stolen money and also saves Raji. The movie concludes with Ravi realizing the importance of hard work over any apparent short-term routes to success. In the end, Ravi attends an interview and gets selected for the job, in which he earns {{INRConvert|25000|r}}.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
*[[Prashanth]] as Ravindra "Ravi" Narayana
*[[Amanda Rosario]] as Madhu
*[[Sonu Sood]] as Bittu (all scenes reused from ''[[Julayi]]'')
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Narayana Murthy, Ravi's father
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]] as ACP Seetharaman
*[[Bose Venkat]] as SP Santhanapandian
*Abeetha as Kavitha, Seetharaman's daughter
*[[Abi Saravanan]] as Kothandapani
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Sadanandam
*[[Rao Ramesh]] as Commissioner Rajamanickam
*[[Brahmaji]] as "Travels" Murthy
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Kameshwari, Ravi's mother
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Madhu's father
*[[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Madhu's stepmother
*[[Devadarshini]] as Lalitha, Seetharaman's wife
*[[John Vijay]] as "Chain" Jaipal
*[[Riyaz Khan]] as Bar Owner
*[[Leema Babu]] as Raji, Ravi's sister
*[[Swaminathan]] as Iyer
*'Hello FM' Suresh as RJ Suresh
*[[Sai Prashanth]] as Ravindra's friend
*[[Robo Shankar]] in a cameo appearance
*[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Neighbor
*[[Besant Ravi]] as Rowdy Shankar
*Selvi Subbaraj
*Indhu
*Sai Ram
*[[Nargis Fakhri]] as item girl in "Desi Girl"
*[[Zareen Khan]] in Special appearance "Desi Girl"
*Sandy
;Scenes dubbed from ''[[Julayi]]''
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Varatharajan
*[[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] as Lala, Bittu's brother
*[[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] as Dhanushkodi
*[[Vamsi Krishna]] as Bittu's henchman
*[[Amit Tiwari]] as Bittu's henchman
*[[Sheetal Menon]] as Sheetal, Bittu's deaf-mute girlfriend
*Shravan as Sattar
{{div col end}}

==Production==
Prashanth and his father, [[Thiagarajan]] scouted locations to make the film while on business trips to [[Kuwait]] and [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian filmmaker Thiagarajan looks to shoot movie in Kuwait |url=http://news.kuwaittimes.net/indian-filmmaker-thiagarajan-looks-shoot-movie-kuwait/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301211701/http://news.kuwaittimes.net/indian-filmmaker-thiagarajan-looks-shoot-movie-kuwait/ |archive-date=2014-03-01 |access-date=2014-03-16 |publisher=Kuwait Times}}</ref> The team soon requested fans to name the film through a poll on [[Facebook]], with the titles considered including ''Asthiram'' and ''Modhi Paar'', before ''Saahasam'' was finalised. The film progressed through the end of 2013 with little media coverage, and the technical crew and cast remained unannounced. In early February 2014, it was announced that Arun Raj Varma was making his debut as a director while [[Sakthi Saravanan]] and [[Devi Sri Prasad]] would be cinematographer and music composer respectively. In a turn of events, [[Thaman]] replaced Devi Sri Prasad as composer, working on an original soundtrack.

The team re-began work after a break in late May 2014 and it was announced that [[Nargis Fakhri]] had signed on to appear in an [[item number]].<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news |title=Nargis Fakhri to shake a leg in Prashanth's comeback film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Nargis-Fakhri-to-shake-a-leg-in-Prashanths-comeback-film/articleshow/35633149.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916212202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Nargis-Fakhri-to-shake-a-leg-in-Prashanths-comeback-film/articleshow/35633149.cms |archive-date=16 September 2018 |access-date=2014-06-01 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="deccanchronicle">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal V. |date=28 May 2014 |title=Actor Prashanth convinced Nargis Fakhri to make south debut |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140527/entertainment-kollywood/article/actor-prashanth-convinced-nargis-fakhri-make-south-debut |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331115715/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140527/entertainment-kollywood/article/actor-prashanth-convinced-nargis-fakhri-make-south-debut |archive-date=31 March 2019 |access-date=2014-06-01 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The song, composed by [[Thaman]] and written by [[Madhan Karky]], was filmed in late July 2014 at Binny Mills, Chennai. Nargis Fakhri had flown from Hungary to be a part of the shoot, with [[Raju Sundaram]] choreographing the song also featuring hundred extras.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nargis Fakhri shoots item song for 'Saahasam' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nargis-fakhri-shoots-item-song-for-saahasam-news-bollywood-oh5luiddjgigj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813144338/http://www.sify.com/movies/nargis-fakhri-shoots-item-song-for-saahasam-news-bollywood-oh5luiddjgigj.html |archive-date=2014-08-13 |website=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nargis Fakhri doesn't mind to debut with item song |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Nargis-Fakhri-doesnt-mind-to-debut-with-item-song/articleshow/39357802.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805152014/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Nargis-Fakhri-doesnt-mind-to-debut-with-item-song/articleshow/39357802.cms |archive-date=5 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Tamannaah]] was briefly linked as the female lead, before Australian model [[Amanda Rosario]] was chosen as the lead actress in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian girl for Prashanth's 'Saahasam' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/australian-girl-for-prashanths-saahasam-news-tamil-pekuqLihiidfi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151952/http://www.sify.com/movies/australian-girl-for-prashanths-saahasam-news-tamil-pekuqLihiidfi.html |archive-date=2015-09-24 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The team subsequently shot for the film in late 2014 and early 2015 in locations including Coimbatore, Chennai, Malaysia and Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2016 |title=Actor Prashanth talks about his film Saagasam |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/actor-prashanth-talks-about-his-film-saagasam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206135546/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/actor-prashanth-talks-about-his-film-saagasam.html |archive-date=6 February 2016 |access-date=4 February 2016 |publisher=Behind Woods}}</ref> A week prior to the film's release in February 2016, the film was retitled from ''Saahasam'' to ''Saagasam'', with the tagline ''Enra Veerachayal'', in order to recoup tax benefits.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Saahasam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 18 September 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:03
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = Prashanth Music Divo Junglee Music
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Bruce Lee - The Fighter]]
| next_year = 2015
}}

In July 2014, the film's first song, described as a "bar number" featuring actress [[Nargis Fakhri]] in an [[item number]], was recorded. Written by [[Madhan Karky]], the song's original version was sung by actress [[Remya Nambeesan]]. In late October, a [[gaana]] song titled "Pudikkum Pudikkum" written by Kabilan was recorded with [[Shreya Ghoshal]], who remarked that it was her first tryst with the "kuthu" genre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |title=Shreya's tryst with a 'kutthu' song |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141101/entertainment-tvmusic/article/shreya%E2%80%99s-tryst-%E2%80%98kutthu%E2%80%99-song |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104015953/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141101/entertainment-tvmusic/article/shreya%E2%80%99s-tryst-%E2%80%98kutthu%E2%80%99-song |archive-date=4 November 2014 |access-date=6 December 2014 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Impressed with his work in the album, producer Thiagarajan and Prashanth gifted Thaman, a Toyota Fortuner car on his birthday in November 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaman gets a car as birthday gift |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thaman-gets-a-car-as-birthday-gift-imagegallery-kollywood-olvqmKajbdigg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121231334/http://www.sify.com/movies/thaman-gets-a-car-as-birthday-gift-imagegallery-kollywood-olvqmKajbdigg.html |archive-date=2014-11-21 |website=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-13 |title=Prashanth gifts Thaman a Fortuner car |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Prashanth-gifts-Thaman-a-Fortuner-car/articleshow/45203411.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122015840/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Prashanth-gifts-Thaman-a-Fortuner-car/articleshow/45203411.cms |archive-date=22 November 2014 |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In early December 2014, the song written by Madhan Karky was recorded with the voice of actress [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]], replacing Remya Nambeesan's voice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakshmi Menon croons for Thaman in 'Saahasam' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lakshmi-menon-croons-for-thaman-in-saahasam-news-tamil-omcpm6jbfccgj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207193627/http://www.sify.com/movies/lakshmi-menon-croons-for-thaman-in-saahasam-news-tamil-omcpm6jbfccgj.html |archive-date=2015-02-07 |website=Sify}}</ref> The team initially approached [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] to sing the male portions for the song, but his unavailability meant that [[Anirudh Ravichander]] instead recorded "Madhoo" for the album.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-13 |title=Anirudh sings for Thaman |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Anirudh-sings-for-Thaman/articleshow/45393823.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621200847/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Anirudh-sings-for-Thaman/articleshow/45393823.cms |archive-date=21 June 2023 |access-date=6 December 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Mohit Chauhan]] recorded a song titled "Penne Kutty Penne" in Mumbai in mid-December, while [[Shankar Mahadevan]] lent his vocals in the duet with Shreya Ghoshal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2014 |title=Mohit Chauhan for Prashanth |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Mohit-Chauhan-For-Prashanth-tamil-news-120910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620134732/https://www.indiaglitz.com/Mohit-Chauhan-For-Prashanth-tamil-news-120910 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=India Glitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shankar does it for Prashanth |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Shankar-Does-It-For-Prashanth-tamil-news-121332 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223185510/https://www.indiaglitz.com/Shankar-Does-It-For-Prashanth-tamil-news-121332 |archive-date=2014-12-23 |website=India Glitz}}</ref> The team also announced that [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Andrea Jeremiah]] would work on the soundtrack which did not made it to the album, while a further track was recorded with [[Silambarasan]] in the final week of 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2014 |title=Simbu sings for Prashanth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/simbu-sings-for-prashanth/articleshow/45659325.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207184718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/simbu-sings-for-prashanth/articleshow/45659325.cms |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQPVL3Xc5zA.cms |title=Saahasam Movie Press Meet Video |date=2015-08-04 |type=video |language=Ta |access-date=18 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620134820/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=VQPVL3Xc5zA.cms |archive-date=20 June 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:03
| title1 = Angry Bird Penne
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra1 = [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| length1 = 4:39
| title2 = Desi Girl
| lyrics2 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra2 = [[Silambarasan]], [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]]
| length2 = 4:34
| title3 = Madhu
| lyrics3 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra3 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| length3 = 4:52
| title4 = O Madhu
| lyrics4 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra4 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| note4 = reprise
| length4 = 4:48
| title5 = Pudikkum
| lyrics5 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length5 = 4:11
| title6 = Sayang Ku
| lyrics6 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra6 = [[M. M. Manasi]], [[S. Thaman]]
| length6 = 3:59
}}

==Critical reception==
M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and wrote "Prashanth, making a return to the screen after quite a while, gives his best, but we can't help but feel that this required an even younger hero. But what lets the film down the most is that it is directed without any feel for the material, so we are unsure if we need to take the film seriously or as a spoof".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2016 |title=Saagasam Enra Veeracheyal Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Saagasam-Enra-Veeracheyal/movie-review/50875282.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214023353/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Saagasam-Enra-Veeracheyal/movie-review/50875282.cms |archive-date=14 February 2016 |access-date=7 February 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Overall, Saagasam might attract audiences who love Telugu commercial entertainers but for others, it’s just another average entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saagasam review: An average entertainer |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/saagasam-review-an-average-entertainer-review-tamil-qcfshvacdbhah.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206014907/http://www.sify.com/movies/saagasam-review-an-average-entertainer-review-tamil-qcfshvacdbhah.html |archive-date=6 February 2016 |access-date=7 February 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5438276}}

[[Category:2016 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Indian films about gambling]]
[[Category:Films about witness protection]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:2016 masala films]]
[[Category:2010s heist films]]
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2016 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Japan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kuala Lumpur]]

Mhow

2026-03-13T17:13:34Z

Svetlqer:

{{redirect| Dr. Ambedkar Nagar|other places|List of things named after B. R. Ambedkar#Places}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mhow
| official_name = Dr. Ambedkar Nagar
| named_for = [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
| other_name = Mahu
| settlement_type = Cantonment Town
| image_skyline = Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Memorial Mhow.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Bhim Janmabhoomi]], [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]] Memorial Mhow
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Mhow in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.55|N|75.76|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Indore District|Indore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Indore Metropolitan Region
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 556
| population_total = 85023
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=21 July 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 453441
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07324
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mhow''', officially '''Dr. Ambedkar Nagar''', is a town in the [[Indore district]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state of India. It is located {{convert|23|km|mi|0}} south-west of [[Indore]] city, towards [[Mumbai]] on the old [[National Highway 3 (India)|-Agra Mumbai Road]]. It is the birthplace of the social and political reformer and the chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee [[B. R. Ambedkar]] who was also independent India's first law minister. In 2003, the Government of Madhya Pradesh renamed the town ''Dr. Ambedkar Nagar'' in honour of Dr B R Ambedkar <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mhow-city-renamed-as-Dr-Ambedkar-Nagar/articleshow/48434.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023043527/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-06-28/india/27179994_1_bhopal-notification-madhya-pradesh-government|url-status=live|archive-date=23 October 2012|location=[[Bhopal]]|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Mhow town renamed as Dr Ambedkar Nagar|date=28 June 2003|access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Some articles in popular literature state that 'MHOW' stands for '''M'''ilitary '''H'''eadquarters '''O'''f '''W'''arfare. However, this is a [[backronym]], and there is no proof to support the theory that the name of the cantonment town comes from the acronym.

==History==
This cantonment town was founded in 1818 by [[John Malcolm]] as a result of the [[Treaty of Mandsaur]] between the English and the [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]s who were the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[Maharaja]]s of Indore. John Malcolm's forces had defeated the Holkars of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]] at the [[Battle of Mahidpur]] on 21 December 1817. It was after this battle that the capital of the Holkars moved from the town of [[Maheshwar]] on the banks of the [[Narmada]] to Indore.

Mhow used to be the headquarters of the [[5th (Mhow) Division]] of the [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] during the [[British Raj]]. Today this small town is associated with the [[Indian Army]] and with [[B. R. Ambedkar]] who was born there.

Mhow was a meter gauge railway district headquarters during the British Raj and after 1947.<ref>Bombay Baroda and Central India Railway (B.B.& C.I. Railway) which later got incorporated in Western Railway.</ref> Mhow now has a broad gauge connection with Indore, regular train services to Khandwa. are yet to commence. The metre gauge rail traffic in the Dr Ambedkar Nagar (Mhow) Railway Station is now history.

According to [[Hinduism|Hindu]] religious texts, [[Janapav]] Kuti near Mhow is said to be the birthplace{{citation needed|date= March 2015}} of Lord [[Parashurama]], an avatar of Lord [[Vishnu]].

== Climate ==
Temperatures may go as high as 43 degrees Celsius during summers and as low as 4 degrees Celsius during winter. {{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India census,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802275-mhow-cantt-madhya-pradesh.html|title = Mhow Cantt Cantonment Board City Population Census 2011-2021 | Madhya Pradesh}}</ref> Mhow had a population of 85,023. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Mhow has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 65%. The Mhow Cantt Cantonment Board has population of 81,702 of which 43,888 are males while 37,814 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.

The population of children aged 0-6 is 9308 which is 11.39% of total population of Mhow Cantt (CB). In Mhow Cantt Cantonment Board, the female sex ratio is 862 against state average of 931. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Mhow Cantt is around 908 compared to Madhya Pradesh state average of 918. The literacy rate of Mhow Cantt city is 85.78%; higher than the state average of 69.32%. In Mhow Cantt, male literacy is around 90.42% while the female literacy rate is 80.37%.

== Cantonment ==
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2019}}
As early as 1818, the Bengal Presidency Army has had a presence in Mhow. Up until World War II, Mhow was the headquarters of the [[5th (Mhow) Division|5th Division]] of the Southern Army. According to local legend, [[Winston Churchill]] also spent a few months in Mhow when he was a [[Subaltern (military)|subaltern]] serving with his regiment in India. The house on the mall where he is supposed to have lived, gradually crumbled due to neglect and age. It was pulled down and a jogger's park has been built on its grounds by the Infantry School.

Mhow houses three premier training institutions of the Indian Army; The Infantry School, The [[Military College of Telecommunication Engineering]] (MCTE) and The [[Army War College, Mhow|Army War College]].

In addition to these institutes, Mhow is where Army Training Command or ARTRAC was born. ARTRAC was based in Mhow from 1991 to 1994, before it shifted to Shimla ([[Himachal Pradesh]]). At that time its General Officer Commanding in Chief (GOC-in-C) was Lt. General [[Shankar Roy Chowdhary]] who went on to become the Chief of Army Staff (COAS). Its first GOC-in-C was Lt. General A.S. Kalkat who had earlier commanded the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in Sri Lanka. ARTRAC functioned from the old 19th century building of the present day Army Public School Mhow. This was used as All Arms Wing of MCTE for many decades. It was originally built and used as the British Military Hospital (BMH). The building is no longer in use and is being preserved as a heritage building.

===The Infantry School===
The Infantry School is a training establishment of the [[Indian Army]]. It is responsible for the training of officers and infantry. The Commando Wing of this school is in [[Belgaum]], [[Karnataka]]. The Army Marksmanship Unit (AMU) is a part of the Infantry School and has produced many medal winning shooters. Field Marshal [[Sam Manekshaw]] was the first Indian Commandant of this school from 1955 to 1956 when he was a Brigadier. The present Commandant is Lt Gen Gajendra Joshi.

===Military College of Telecommunication Engineering (MCTE)===
The first training institution in Mhow, MCTE was known as the School of Signals till 1967. It is the alma mater of the Corps of Signals. MCTE conducts telecommunications and information technology courses for officers, JCOS, NCOs and soldiers of the Indian Army. Officers and men from other countries also attend courses there. It also trains gentlemen cadets for a bachelor's degree in engineering at the Cadets Training Wing (CTW). On completion of their training, most of the cadets get commissioned into the Indian Army's Corps of Signals, however, some are also commissioned into other branches. Indian Army has also set up a Quantum Computing and an Artificial Intelligence centre at MCTE.{{fact|date=March 2022}}
The present Commandant is Lt Gen Praveen Bakshi.

===The Army War College===
{{main|Army War College, Mhow}}
Army War College, Mhow (AWC) is a tactical training and research institution of the Indian Army. It develops and evaluates concepts and doctrines for tactics and logistics. The college trains about 1,200 officers, as well as paramilitary forces each year.

The college was originally established as the College of Combat at Mhow on 1 April 1971. It was spun out of the Infantry School, Mhow. It continued to operate from the campus of the Infantry School until 1988, when the college moved to its new campus. In 2003, the college was renamed as the Army War College, Mhow.

The college mainly conducts three courses—the Junior Command (JC) course, the Senior Command (SC) course and the Higher Command (HC) course. The former [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chiefs of Army Staff (COAS)]] General K. Sundarji and General V. N. Sharma have served as the Commandant of the college. The present commandant is Lt Gen H S Sahi.

==Government and politics==
Mhow has one seat in the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|State Legislative Assembly]] (the Vidhan Sabha). The first elected MLA (Member of Legislative Assembly) was [[R.C. Jall]] ([[Indian National Congress]]) who belonged to the [[Parsi]] community.

Since 2018, the MLA from Mhow is Ms [[Usha Thakur]] of the [[BJP]]. Previous MLAs: [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]] of the [[BJP]] and [[Antar Singh Darbar]] of the Indian National Congress who joined the [[BJP]] after the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023 Vidhan Sabha elections]].

Until 2009, Mhow Tehsil was part of the Indore Lok Sabha constituency. Under the delimitation exercise carried out all over the nation, Mhow is now in the [[Dhar]] Parliamentary constituency though it continues to be in Indore district for administrative purposes.

The current Lok Sabha MP for the Dhar constituency (which is reserved for Scheduled Tribes) is [[Savitri Thakur]] of the [[BJP]].
She was elected in the 2024 general election to the 18th Lok Sabha. Thakur is also currently the Union Minister of State for Women and Child Development.

Mhow (and the rest of MP) went to the polls on Monday 25 November 2013. Mhow recorded what could well be its highest ever turnout in a Vidhan Sabha election - 78.11%. Total number of voters 220,553. As per Mhow Control Room: Men constitute 79.34% and Women 76.76% with Overall - 78.11%.

On 8 December 2013 [[Kailash Vijayvargiya]] of the BJP was declared the winner from Mhow Vidhan Sabha constituency. He defeated Antar Singh Darbar of the Indian National Congress.

On 11 December 2018 [[Usha Thakur]] of the BJP was declared the winner from Mhow Vidhan Sabha constituency. She defeated Antar Singh Darbar of the Indian National Congress.

[[Rajendra Harshwal]] was the first vice chairman of MHOW cantonment for [[Bharatiya Janata Party]],BJP. In 1999, he became the first leader from Mhow to be elected as district president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]],[[Indore]]. He has served three terms as a state minister in the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Forest Development Corporation Vice Chairman injured |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/07/29/forest-development-corporation-vice-chairman-injured-1154174792.html |access-date=18 April 2021 |work=One India |date=29 July 2006 |language=en}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
[[File:jamgate.jpg|thumb|[[Jamgate ]]|alt=|320x320px]]

Tourist spots in and around Mhow include:
* [[Bhim Janmabhoomi]], a memorial
* [[Patalpani waterfall]]
* [[Janapav]] hill Temple
*[[Christ Church, Mhow]]
*[[Jam Gate|JamGate]]

=== Janapav===
{{main|Janapav}}
The river [[Chambal River|Chambal]] which flows through the dacoit infested areas of northern India is said to begin at the hill of Janapav which is in a village named Kuti, around 15 km from Mhow town. On top of the hill of Janapav is a temple and ashram. According to local legend this used to be the ashram of [[Jamadagni]], the father of [[Parashurama]] (an [[Avatar]] or reincarnation of [[Vishnu]], the Hindu God of sustenance). A mela, or religious fair, is held at Kuti every year on the auspicious day of [[Kartika Purnima|Kartik Purnima]] - the first full moon after [[Diwali]], which is also celebrated as [[Guru Nanak]]'s birthday by the [[Sikh]] community - and people from villages far and near come to pray and pay their obeisance. The next day the same mela shifts to the Balaji temple in Badgonda village.
[[File:Christ_Church_Mhow_Service_2021.jpg|thumb|A Sunday Service at the historical [[Christ Church, Mhow]]]]
The river Gambhir which eventually joins the Kshipra - the river on whose banks the ancient, holy city of [[Ujjain]] is built - also begins at the hill of Janapav. From there it flows north towards Mhow.

=== Infantry Research Center & Museum - Mhow===
[[File:Infantry_Research_Center_%26_Museum_-_Mhow.png|thumb|[[Infantry Research Center & Museum - Mhow ]]|alt=|150x150px|left]]

A world-class and one of its kind Indian Army Museum showcasing the history, courage, valour, and sacrifices of the Infantry as the ultimate cutting-edge combat arm, has been established at Mhow.

== Transport ==
[[File:MHOW based YDM-4 loco with 52957 (Ratlam-Mhow) Passenger.jpg|thumb|MHOW YDM-4 diesel loco with 52957 RTM MHOW Passenger]]
{{See also|Mhow railway station}}

The railway station, a meter gauge line, was founded in the 1870s as part of the Holkar State Railway. Mhow was connected to [[Indore]] and Khandwa by metre gauge railway lines. On 18 January 2008, the work of broad gauge track between Mhow-Indore was completed in 2016 and the services are currently active. On the other side the work is in progress for the gauge conversion to Khandwa.
The cost of the gauge conversion would be about Rs.1421.25 crore and Mhow has [[YDM-4]] Metre Gauge(M.G) locomotives in [[Ratlam]] diesel loco shed.{{Clarify|date=May 2017}}
The Patalpani Kalakund Ghat Section will function as a heritage railway from 25 December 2018.

The nearest airport is [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport]] of Indore.

== In popular culture ==
Some books about Mhow include:

* ''Diaries and letters from India, 1895-1900'' by [[Violet Jacob]]; Non fiction
* ''Last Post At Mhow'' by Arthur Hawkey; London: Jarrolds, 1969; Non fiction
* ''Chinnery's Hotel'' by Jaysinh Birjepatil; Ravi Dayal Publishers (India); 2005; fiction
* ''The compound microscope'' by Dr. Ratna Gosain; 2020 non-fiction book

There are references to Mhow in the works of [[Rudyard Kipling]]:

* His poem "The Ladies"
* A reference to the train from Ajmer to Mhow in Chapter 1 of ''[[The Man Who Would Be King]]'' (1888)
* A reference to Mhow in chapter 11 of ''[[Kim (novel)|Kim]]'' (1901)

== Notable people ==
* [[B.R. Ambedkar]], Indian politician and architect of India's constitution, was born in Mhow. His father Ramji Maloji Sakpal was posted here as a Subedar Major in a battalion of the British [[Indian Army]]'s [[Mahar Regiment]]. A memorial to Dr. Ambedkar in the shape of a Buddhist [[stupa]] has been built at a spot where his father's quarters used to be. It is located by the Mhow-Mandleshwar Highway (State Highway 1) and is in the Kali Paltan area of Mhow. It is known as Bhim Janmsthali.
* Dr. [[Catherine Arnott]], a female British medical doctor and suffragette born in Mhow. She worked in the Mure Memorial Hospital, [[Lady Dufferin Hospital]] in [[Karachi]] and Jaswant Hospital for Women in Jodhpur
* [[Shankar Lakshman]], Indian hockey goalkeeper from Mhow ([[Indore]])
* Subedar Major [[Vijay Kumar (sport shooter)]], AVSM, SM (Retd) of the 16th Battalion Dogra Regiment, Indian Army won a silver medal at the London Olympics 2012 in the 25 m rapid-fire pistol event. He had been posted at the Army Marksmanship Unit (AMU) Mhow from 2003 till 2017.
*[[Kishan Lal]], captain of Indian Hockey Team which won gold at the 1948 London Olympics belonged to Mhow. In the domestic circuit he played for the Indian Railways.
* In August 2004 Col (then Major) [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]] of the Grenadier Regiment won a silver medal in the shooting event of the Athens Olympics. At that time Major (now Col) Rathore was posted to the Army Marksmanship Unit (AMU) Mhow.
* [[Mukesh Kumar (golfer)|Mukesh Kumar]], eminent golfer belongs to Mhow.
* The English cricketer and footballer [[Denis Compton]] was stationed in Mhow during World War II and he had played cricket for the Holkar (Indore) team in the [[Ranji Trophy]] (India's National Cricket Championship).
* [[Adela Florence Nicolson]], pen name Laurence Hope (1865-1904) a leading poet of the late 19th century and early 20th century lived in Mhow from 1895 to 1900 with her husband Major General Malcolm Hassels Nicolson of the Bombay Presidency Army.
* [[Violet Jacob]] Scottish writer and illustrator was in Mhow from 1895 to 1900 when her husband Major Arthur Otway Jacob was posted here. Her book Diaries and letters from India 1895–1900 is about her years in Mhow. She visited Mhow again in the 1920s.
* [[Qamar Qureshi]], a wildlife scientist and a former faculty member at the [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII), Dehradun, is from Mhow. He has led and collaborated on major national wildlife projects, including the All India Tiger Monitoring Project, utilising GIS and remote sensing to assess tiger distribution and habitat use. He is known for his work in landscape ecology, tiger ecology, and the conservation of the Ganges and Brahmaputra river dolphin, among other areas. His work extends to understanding human-wildlife interaction and contributing to conservation policies and status assessments for many endangered species.
* [[Dorothy Gill]], opera singer and actress was born in Mhow
* [[J. G. Greig]], Cricketer, born in Mhow
* [[Rajeev John George]] (1970–2005): A housing rights activist
* [[Cyrus Sahukar]], actor, ex vj for [[MTV India]] born in Mhow

== Universities and colleges in the Tehsil==
* [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University of Social Sciences]]
* [[Army War College, Mhow]]
* [[Military College of Telecommunication Engineering]]
* [[College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Mhow]]
*[[IIT Indore]]
*[[IIM Indore]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Mhow|Dr. Ambedkar Nagar}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Mhow}}
* [http://www.dgde.gov.in/cantonments/web/626 Mhow cantonment]
* [https://bloggerdevkumar.blogspot.in/ Mhow Ki Khabrein - A blog dedicated to Mhow]

{{Indore Division}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mhow| ]]
[[Category:B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Cities in Malwa]]
[[Category:Cantonments of India]]
[[Category:Cantonments of British India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Indore district]]

K. V. B. Puram mandal

2026-03-09T13:04:14Z

Svetlqer:

{{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kumara Venkata Bhupala Puram mandal
|other_name = K. V. B. Puram mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Srikalahasti revenue division|Srikalahasti]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Kumara Venkata Bhupala Puram mandal''', commonly known as '''K. V. B. Puram mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandal]]s in [[Tirupati district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Srikalahasti revenue division]].
==History==
The mandal used to be a part of [[Chittoor district]] and was made part of the newly formed [[Tirupati district]] on 4 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-26 |title=Nivar impact: Water touches precarious levels in Chittoor reservoirs |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nivar-impact-water-touches-precarious-levels-in-chittoor-reservoirs/article33187819.ece |access-date=2022-04-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Priyadaranjan Ray

2026-03-08T05:19:16Z

Svetlqer: Starting new stub more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}

{{Short description|Indian inorganic chemist and historian of chemistry}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Priyadaranjan Ray
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1888|1|16}}
| birth_place = Noāpāra, [[Chittagong District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj]] (now Chattogram District, [[Bangladesh]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1982|12|11|1888|1|16}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Inorganic chemistry]] | [[History of chemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[University of Calcutta]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] | [[University of Calcutta]] }}
| known_for = [[Ray–Dutt twist]]
| awards =
}}

'''Priyadaranjan Ray''' [[Indian National Science Academy|FNA]], [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|FIAS]] (16 January 1888 – 11 December 1982) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Inorganic chemistry|inorganic chemist]] and [[History of chemistry|historian of chemistry]] noted for proposing the [[Ray-Dutt twist]] mechanism.<ref name="bio_INSA">{{Cite journal | last1 = Chatterjee | first1 = S. D. | last2 = Banerjea | first2 = D.| url = https://www.insaindia.res.in/BM/BM11_8601.pdf | title =Priyadaranjan Rây (1888–1982) | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy | volume = 11 | pages = 1–20 | year = 1982}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Ray was born in [[Chittagong District]], [[Bengal Presidency]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]) to a ''[[zamindar]]'' family originally from [[Hooghly district]] (now in [[West Bengal]]), which had first migrated to the princely state of [[Tripura]] in the late 17th century, and had subsequently entered the service of the [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Nawabs of Bengal]]. The family were granted the estate of Noapara in the early 18th century by Nawab [[Murshid Quli Khan]], the first Nawab of Bengal.<ref name="bio_INSA"/> After matriculating with distinction from the [[Chittagong Collegiate School and College|Chittagong Collegiate School]] in 1904, Ray secured a scholarship to the [[Chittagong College|Chittagong Government College]] and in 1906 joined the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College Calcutta]] as an undergraduate.<ref name="bio_INSA"/> He secured an honours degree in chemistry and physics in 1908, and then studied under [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] for his [[master's degree]], which he secured with the highest honours in 1911.<ref name="bio_INSA"/>

In 1911, Ray began work under P. C. Ray as a senior research scholar in inorganic chemistry. He began a research project on the formation of chemical complexes between [[Copper(I) thiocyanate]] and [[potassium thiocyanate]], but on 12 August 1912, he was severely injured in an explosion when potassium thiocyanate reacted with hot [[sulfuric acid]]; the accident left him completely blind in his left eye and deprived him of most of the sight in his right.<ref name="bio_INSA"/> After two years of recuperation, he joined the [[City College, Kolkata]] as a chemistry professor. In 1919, he was appointed assistant professor of inorganic chemistry in the University Science College (now the [[Rajabazar Science College]]) of the [[University of Calcutta|University of Kolkata]], where he remained until his retirement in 1952, being appointed Khaira Professor of Chemistry in 1937 and Palit Research Professor of Chemistry in 1946. Apart from a trip to Europe in 1929–1930, where he worked with Fritz Ephraim and Frederic Emich and underwent surgery to improve his remaining vision, he never left India.<ref name="bio_INSA"/>

Ray was a founding fellow of the [[Indian Chemical Society]] in 1924, serving as its president in 1947–1948.<ref name="bio_INSA"/> From 1945 to 1953,<ref>{{cite book|pages=15|title=The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1945 |year=1945}}</ref><ref name="IACS_admin_52">{{cite web|title=The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for 1952-53|url=http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10821/462/1/ANNUAL%20REPORT-1952-53.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703041428/http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10821/462/1/ANNUAL%20REPORT-1952-53.pdf |website=Archive - IACS|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-date=3 July 2017}}</ref> he served as the Honorary Director (Honorary Secretary until 1947) of the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS), and again as its officiating Director from 1956 until 1958, when he largely retired from scientific research, having supervised a number of doctorates.<ref name="bio_INSA"/> In 1951, in recognition of his accomplishments in [[Microscale chemistry|microchemistry]] and [[Colorimetry (chemical method)|colorimetry]], he was appointed a member of a [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|IUPAC]] Commission of New Reactions and served for eight years, during which time he contributed towards a comprehensive review of [[colorimetric analysis]]. In 1979, he was appointed President of the 20th International Conference on Coordination Chemistry.<ref name="bio_INSA"/>

A bachelor, Ray lived simply and remained indifferent towards academic honours and distinctions throughout his life, never aspiring to a doctorate despite a record of accomplishments which would have qualified him for one.<ref name="resonance"/> In 1935, he was appointed a Foundation Fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India (FNI, now the [[Indian National Science Academy]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol01_1935_1_Art10.pdf |title=National Institute of Sciences of India: List of Foundation Fellows |date=1935 |website=[[Indian National Science Academy]] |publisher= |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>{{refn|Prior to 1970, the [[Indian National Science Academy]] was named the "National Institute of Sciences of India", and its fellows bore the post-nominal "FNI". The post-nominal became "FNA" in 1970 when the association adopted its present name.|group= n}} In 1944, he was further appointed a Fellow of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (FIAS).<ref>{{cite book|pages=2|title=The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1943 |year=1943}}</ref> Completely blind and deaf in his final years, he died on 11 December 1982 after a period of failing health, aged 94.<ref name="bio_INSA"/>

==Scientific and historical studies==
During his career, Ray conducted research in [[Coordination complex|coordination chemistry]] and [[magnetochemistry]].<ref name="resonance">{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Rajarshi |date=January 2021 |title=Priyadaranjan Rây: Contributions to Chemical Science |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/026/01/0073-0087 |journal=Resonance |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=73–87 |doi=10.1007/s12045-020-1106-8 |s2cid=231792356 |access-date=4 March 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He designed several organic
reagents including [[Dithiooxamide|rubeanic acid]], bismuthiol-I and [[biguanide]] for detecting and estimating metal ions with volumetric, [[Gravimetric analysis|gravimetric]] and [[Spectrophotometry|spectrophotometric]] methods. A great deal of his work concerned the chemistry of the biguanide [[ligand]], in connection with which he discovered its third- and fourth-order inner metallic complexes and proposed the rhombic-tetragonal [[Ray-Dutt twist]] mechanism with his colleague Nihar Kumar Dutt; the mechanism was intended to explain the [[racemization]] of tris(BigH)cobalt(III) ion, [Co(BigH)3]3+. Ray also conducted research into the higher [[Oxidation state|oxidation states]] of metals and the [[Polyhalogenated compound|polyhalogen]] compounds of hydrogen.<ref name="resonance"/> Also a noted historian of Indian science, Ray published and edited a number of works on popular science and the history of Indian chemistry in both English and Bengali; after his retirement from the IACS in 1958, he continued to conduct and direct historical research as a supervisor of the History of Science Section of the Indian National Science Academy.

== Global policy ==
He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a [[world constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961 |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref> As a result, for the first time in human history, a [[World Constituent Assembly]] convened to draft and adopt the [[Constitution for the Federation of Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparing earth constitution {{!}} Global Strategies & Solutions {{!}} The Encyclopedia of World Problems |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Encyclopedia of World Problems {{!}} Union of International Associations (UIA)}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{World Constitutional Convention call signatories}}

[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Indian inorganic chemists]]
[[Category:People from Chittagong District]]
[[Category:Chittagong College alumni]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:World Constitutional Convention call signatories]]

Aaram Vetrumai

2026-03-03T03:21:24Z

Svetlqer: Put Up A Info From Scratch...

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Hari Krishna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aaram Vetrumai
| image = Aaram Vetrumai.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Hari Krishna
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = R. Balachander
| starring = Ajay Gopika
| narrator =
| cinematography = Arivazhagan
| editing =
| music = [[Ganesh Raghavendra]]
| studio = Srimuthamil Lakshmi Moviemakers
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|9|8}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aaram Vetrumai''''' ({{Translation|Sixth [[Grammatical case|case]]}}) is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language historical adventure film directed by Hari Krishna and produced by R. Balachander. The film stars Ajay and Gopika, while Umashree, [[Yogi Babu]], and Azhagu play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Ganesh Raghavendra]] with cinematography by Arivazhagan.

The film was released on 8 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=4 September 2017 |title=Kollywood gets a bumper September, 26 movies set to release this month |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kollywood-gets-a-bumper-september-26-movies-set-to-release-this-month4826877/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909174834/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kollywood-gets-a-bumper-september-26-movies-set-to-release-this-month4826877/ |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> It has a similar premise to ''[[Apocalypto]]'' (2006).<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2017 |title=A Tamil film inspired by Apocalypto |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/Jul/26/a-tamil-film-inspired-by-apocalypto-1318.html |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2017 |title=ఆదిమానవులు ఇతివృత్తంగా అరమ్‌వేట్రుమై |trans-title=Aaram Vetrumai picture of a human being that makes the human being alive |url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/movies/aaram-vetrumai-picture-of-a-human-being-that-makes-the-human-being-alive-495255 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909174833/https://m.sakshi.com/news/movies/aaram-vetrumai-picture-of-a-human-being-that-makes-the-human-being-alive-495255 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Ajay
*Gopika
*Umashree
*[[Yogi Babu]]
* Azhagu as village chieftain
*[[Suryakanth]]
* Cheran Raj
*[[Nellai Siva]]
*[[Bonda Mani]]

== Production ==
Ajay had been planning to produce the film since 2014. He went through rigorous training for six months to get his body fit to portray a tribal. The film was shot in the forests of [[Athirappilly]], [[Sathyamangalam]] and [[Talakona]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=4 August 2014 |title=Taking a Walk Along the Wild Side of History |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/aug/04/taking-a-walk-along-the-wild-side-of-history-643706.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909174834/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/aug/04/Taking-a-Walk-Along-the-Wild-Side-of-History-643706.html |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2014 |title=ஆறாம் வேற்றுமை |trans-title=Aaram Vetrumai |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1438/Aaram-Vettrumai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909174834/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1438/Aaram-Vettrumai/ |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film is about aboriginals who lived nine hundred years ago.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2017 |title=ஆறாம் வேற்றுமை |trans-title=Aaram Vetrumai preview |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2017/08/09133932/1101336/Aaram-Vetrumai-Movie-Preview.vpf?infinitescroll=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909174835/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2017/08/09133932/1101336/Aaram-Vetrumai-Movie-Preview.vpf?infinitescroll=1 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=[[Maalai Malar]]  |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Chennai Vision'' praised Ajay's dialogue-less performance and added that Gopika's performance was "decent" while the music was "average". The critic concluded that "On the whole, ''Aaram Vetrumai'' is a different attempt by Hari Krishna and team".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2017  |title=Aaram Vetrumai Tamil Movie Review |url=https://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/aaram-vetrumai-tamil-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909174833/https://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/aaram-vetrumai-tamil-movie-review/ |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=Chennai Vision}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' called the film "beautiful".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2017 |title=ஆறாம் வேற்றுமை விமர்சனம் |trans-title=Aaram Vetrumai review |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/cinema/review/2017/09/11184748/1107518/Aaram-Vettrumai-movie-review.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909174833/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/cinema/review/2017/09/11184748/1107518/Aaram-Vettrumai-movie-review.vpf |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt7919770}}

[[Category:Indian historical adventure films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]

Singapura inscriptions and hero stones

2026-02-28T09:28:48Z

Svetlqer: Creating some details w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Coord|13.078667|N|77.537222|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
[[File:Frontal View of the Varadarajaswamy Temple in Singapura.jpg|thumb|375x375px|Varadaraja Swamy temple at Singapura.]]
Singapura is a historic locality in northwestern [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], with evidence indicating human habitation dating back to 2,500 to 3,000 years. Singapura is renowned for the [[Vishnu|Varadarajaswamy]] Temple. Historically, it was referred to as the [[Vishnu|Tiruvengalanatha]] Temple. This revered temple has a history spanning over 500 years, documented in inscriptions found in neighboring villages of Chikkabettahalli and Harohalli, dating to the 16th century.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=The Mythic Society |url=http://archive.org/details/singapura-itihaasa-vaibhava-nov-2021-english |title=Singapura Itihaasa Vaibhava Nov 2021 Singapura English |date=November 2021}}</ref> These inscriptions, along with others from Singapura itself, record grants made to the Ramanujakoota, a prominent [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnavite]] religious organization established in honor of [[Ramanuja]]charya. Notably, the name Singapura is mentioned in an inscription dated to 1528 CE.
[[File:Digital Image of the Word Singapura (siṃgāpura) Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Singapura 1528CE Nalapanayaka's Donation Inscription.jpg|thumb|326x326px|Digital image of a place name '''Siṃgāpura''' obtained by 3D scanning of the Singapura 1528CE Nalapanayaka's Donation Inscription.]]
[[File:Digital Image Highlighting the Place Name 'Siṃgāpura' in the Singapura 1528CE Nalapanayaka's Donation Inscription.png|thumb|679x679px|Digital Image Highlighting the Place Name ''''Siṃgāpura'''<nowiki/>' in the Singapura 1528CE Nalapanayaka's Donation Inscription.]]
The 1915 map shows Singapura as a vast revenue village, encompassing two lakes, a pond, eight wells, three water holes, and five hillocks. Covering seven kilometers in perimeter and 3.3 square kilometers(815 acres), the village was substantial. The 1871 Mysore state Census recorded 34 homes and 133 residents in Singapura. Today, this historic area is home to over 40,000 people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saju |first=M T |title=Bengaluru makes an attempt to explain letters used in its Singapura |url=https://thefederal.com/the-eighth-column/bengaluru-makes-an-attempt-to-explain-letters-used-in-its-singapura/ |work=The Federal}}</ref>

== Significance ==

=== Early history ===
The early historic evidence of Singapura points to earlier settlements, with discoveries in nearby areas providing deeper insights. A [[microlith]]ic tool factory in [[Jalahalli]] indicates human presence dating back 2,500 to 3,000 years, and the discovery of [[Roman coins]] in [[Yeswanthpur]] suggests ancient trade connections in the area thousands of years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=K R U |first=Todd |title=A Microlithic Industry in Eastern Mysore |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/16907 |journal=Monthly Record of Anthropological Science |volume=157}}</ref>

The [[Vishnu|Varadaraja Swamy]] Temple in Singapura, despite numerous modifications over the years, retains several architectural elements from the period of the 1500s. The [[garbhagriha]] (sanctum sanctorum), [[Sukanasa|sukhanasi]], and bhitti (walls) exhibit original styles, while the [[Adhiṣṭhāna|adhishtana]] (plinth) is mostly buried underground. Originally, the temple housed the deity [[Vishnu|Tiruvengalanatha]], as indicated by the inscriptions. Additionally, the presence of a sculpted figure resembling Singappanayaka near the sukhanasi suggests his role in the temple's construction. The temple also features a striking 40-foot monolithic [[deepastambha]] (pillar for oil lamps), adorned with intricate carvings and [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnavite]] symbols, adding to its historical significance and aesthetic appeal. The prominence of this temple is evident from significant donations, including two entire villages. The 1528CE inscription at Singapura refers to the temple hill as "[[Tirumala]]", marking it as a sacred site and the oldest known "Chikka-Tirupati" in the Bengaluru region. 'Chikka Tirupati', which translates to "mini-Tirupati," is a term used for temples dedicated to [[Venkateswara|Lord Venkateswara]] that are smaller replicas of the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]].<ref name=":1" />

The Singapura lake is believed to be at least 500 years old, as suggested by references to wetlands in a 1528 CE inscription found in Singapura. This indicates that the lake has been an essential part of the region’s landscape, serving as a vital resource for generations. Additionally, longtime residents recall a fort once existing in Singapura, though there is currently no visible evidence to support this claim.

=== Religious Practices ===
The most detailed information about Singapura’s religious significance comes from three inscriptions, the earliest dating to 1528CE located at Singapura. These inscriptions depict Singapura as a thriving [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnavite]] center during the [[Vijayanagar period|Vijayanagara period]]. The [[Vishnu|Tiruvengalanatha]] temple, likely the present-day [[Vishnu|Varadaraja Swamy]] temple, served as a central religious institution and housed a ''Ramanujakoota'', a religious organization that provided food and lodging for devotees.<ref name=":1" />[[File:View of the Varadaraja Swamy Temple in Singapura.jpg|thumb|329x329px|A View of the Varadaraja Swamy Temple.]]Additionally, the strict food practices observed by [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnavites]], likely facilitated by the Ramanujakoota, play a key role in accommodating dietary restrictions. Beyond religious practices, a village festival, or ''Jathre'', is still held every three years, involving the worship of deities from Singapura and neighboring villages. This enduring tradition underscores the cultural connections that link modern-day Singapura with its historical roots.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=The Mythic Society |url=http://archive.org/details/singapura-itihaasa-vaibhava-nov-2021-english |title=Singapura Itihaasa Vaibhava Nov 2021 Singapura English |date=November 2021}}</ref>

=== Linguistic Landscape ===
[[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] has historically been a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] city, and it is reasonable to assume that this linguistic diversity extended to Singapura as well. Although the 16th-century inscriptions are predominantly in [[Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thakur |first=Aksheev |title=Unsung Heroes: An accidental historian in Bengaluru strives to acquaint locals with their rich heritage |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/unsung-heroes-an-accidental-historian-in-bengaluru-strives-to-acquaint-locals-with-their-rich-heritage-8004793/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=The Myhtic Society |title=Bengaluru Itihasa Vaibhava- Jakkur, Allalasandra, Agrahara, Dasarahalli Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/bengaluruitihaasavaibhava-2021-vol2_jakkuru/page/40/mode/1up |journal=Bengaluru Itihasa Vaibhava |date=December 2021 |pages=40}}</ref>

==== Colloquial Kannada ====
The inscriptions, particularly those from the 16th century, utilize a form of [[Colloquialism|colloquial]] [[Kannada]], characterized by simplified grammar, phonetic variations, and the use of everyday language. Examples include:

* The term '''"śaṃvatsara"''' is used in place of the more formal '''"[[Samvatsara|saṃvatsara]]"''' (meaning year).<ref name=":1" />
* '''"āṣaḍa"''' is written instead of the standard '''"āṣāḍa"''' (referring to the [[Ashadha]] month).
* Names like '''"nallappanāyka"''' appear as simplified versions of '''"nalapanāyka"'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=The Mythic Society |title=Bengaluru Itihaasa Vaibhava - Singapura Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/singapura-itihaasa-vaibhava-nov-2021-english/page/19/mode/1up |journal=Bengaluru Itihaasa Vaibhava |date=November 2021 |pages=19}}</ref>

These examples suggest that while formal [[Kannada]] existed, a more informal and accessible form of the language was commonly used in daily life and even in official records, such as inscriptions.

'''''Three inscriptions pertain to the Singapura Varadarajaswamy temple, which are detailed below.'''''

== Singapura 1528CE Nalapanayaka's Donation Inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Singapura 1528CE Nalapanayaka's Donation Inscription
| image = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Singapura 1528CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription.png
| image_size = 150
| image_caption = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Singapura 1528CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription.
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|157|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|38|cm|abbr=on}}
| writing = Kannada
| created = 1528CE
| discovered_by = Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project Team
| location = {{coord|13.078667|77.537222}}
| language = Kannada
| box_width = 10
}}

=== Characteristics of the Inscription ===
The inscription, dating to 1530 CE, is carved on a 157 cm high, 38 cm wide granite stone, a material commonly used for erecting [[Inscription stones of Bengaluru|Bengaluru inscriptions]]. Granite was favored for its durability and ability to withstand weathering. The inscription-bearing face is smooth and prepared, while the other faces remain rough and unfinished. The upper portion of the inscription-bearing face features simple carvings of the Sun and Moon, symbolizing the cosmic order and the eternal nature of the inscription.<ref name=":1" />

=== Discovery of the Inscription ===
Aditya Hanumareddy initially discovered the inscription on his family's farm. His grandfather, S.C. Venkatesh, had moved the stone there in the 1970s after it was dislodged during road construction near Singapura lake.Recognizing its historical value, Venkatesh and his wife, Lakshmi Venkatesh, even worshipped the inscription on special occasions.[[File:Conservation of the Singapura 1528CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription.jpg|thumb|296x296px|Shifting of the Singapura 1528CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription.]]In 2017, inspired by Udaya Kumar's Facebook live stream, Mohan Nayak visited the farm to examine the stone. With the landowner's permission, they documented the inscription through chalk-tracing and photography.

A collaborative effort between Udaya Kumar, Singapura residents, and local authorities led to the relocation of the inscription stone from the private farm to the Varadaraja Swamy temple on 13 September 2020. Residents like Mohan Nayak, S.M. Nagaraju, S.V. Srinivas, T. Ajay Kumar, S.G. Shekar, S.S. Manjunath, S.K. Venkatesh, and S. Srinivas played crucial roles in this successful move. The inscription now stands at the temple, where plans are underway to construct a pedestal and display board to further highlight its significance.<ref name=":1" />

=== Summary of the Inscription ===
The inscription documents the donation of wetlands, likely for the benefit of the Singapura [[Vishnu|Tiruvengalanatha]] temple, now known as the Varadaraja Swamy temple. The donor was Nalapanayaka, a likely local official, who made the donation for the religious merit of Singapura Beteraya and Singapanayaka, also believed to be local officials. The inscription is written in colloquial Kannada and references ''patrabhoga'', a religious service featuring cultural performances dedicated to a deity. While parts of the inscription are damaged, it reveals that a person named Thippayya received the donation. The Singapura Nalapanayaka inscription is significant because it suggests that Singapura is at least 500 years old and may have been named after Singappanayaka.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Sculpture of the Singappanayaka at the Varadaraja Swamy Temple in Singapura.jpg|center|thumb|Sculpture of the Singappanayaka at the Varadaraja Swamy Temple in Singapura.]]

=== Transliteration of the Inscription ===
The inscription consists of 11 lines. Below is a transliteration of the text in both [[Kannada]] and [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]], as recorded by the Mythic Society-Bengaluru Inscription 3D Digital Conservation Project Team in their Bengaluru Itihasa Vaibhava- Singapura Edition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=The Mythic Society |title=Bengaluru Itihasa Vaibhava -Singapura Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/singapura-itihaasa-vaibhava-nov-2021-english/page/n17/mode/1up |journal=Bengaluru Itihasa Vaibhava |date=November 2021 |pages=18}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|
!'''[[Kannada script|Kannada]]'''
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|ಮ . (ಘ) ಸಿ .
|ma . (gha) si .
|-
|2
|ಸರ್ವದಾರಿ ಶಂವತ್ಸ[ರ]
|sarvadāri śaṃvatsa[ra]
|-
|3
|ದ ಆಷಡ ಶು ೧
|da āṣaḍa śu 1
|-
|4
|ಲು ನಲಪನಾಯ್ಕ
|lu nalapanāyka
|-
|5
|ಸಿಂಗಾಪುರದ ಭೆ
|siṃgāpurada bhĕ
|-
|6
|ಟೆಯರಾಯಗೆ ಸಿ೦
|ṭĕyarāyagĕ si0
|-
|7
|ಗಪ್ಪನಾಯ್ಕರಿಗೆ
|gappanāykarigĕ
|-
|8
|ದರ್ಮವಾಗ ಭೆಕೆಂ
|darmavāga bhĕkĕṃ
|-
|9
|ದು ಪಾತ್ರಬೊಗಕೆ
|du pātrabŏgakĕ
|-
|10
|ತಿಪಯಗೆ ಕೊ . .
|tipayagĕ kŏ . .
|-
|11
|ವ ಗದೆ(ದ್ದೆ)ಗೆ . . ಅ(ಆ)
|va gadĕ(ddĕ)gĕ . . a(ā)
|-
|12
|ವನಾದರು . . .
|vanādaru . . .
|}

== Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription ==

{{Infobox artifact
| name = Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription
| image = Digital_Image_Obtained_by_3D_Scanning_of_The_Harohalli_1530CE_Krishnappanayaka's_Ramanujakoota_Inscription.png
| image_caption = 3D Scanned image of the Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|163|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| created = {{start date and age|1530|p=yes|br=yes}}
| discovered_date = 1905
| discovered_place = Varadaraja Swamy Temple, Singapura
| location = {{coord|13.0786225|77.537269}}
| symbols = [[Shankha]], [[Sudarshana Chakra]]
| image_size = 300px
| language = Kannada
}}

=== Characteristics of the Inscription ===
The inscription is dated to 1530 CE and is carved on a locally sourced [[granite]] stone that measures 163 cm tall and 89 cm wide. The name Haruvahalli appears in this inscription dated to 1530 CE. The terms "Haruva," meaning Brahmins, and "halli," meaning village, provide conclusive evidence that the locality is over 495 years old. The inscription is located within the [[Hanuman|Anjaneya Swamy]] Temple complex in Harohalli.
[[File:Digital Image of the Word Harohalli (hāruhal̤i) Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription.jpg|thumb|306x306px|Digital Image of the '''Hāruhal̤i''' Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription.]]
[[File:Digital Image Highlighting the Place Name 'Hāruhal̤i' in the Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription.png|thumb|521x521px|Digital Image Highlighting the Place Name 'Hāruhal̤i' in the Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription.]]
This inscription is written in prominent characters in colloquial [[Kannada]]. However, considering its purpose as a record of a temple donation, the sculptor likely chose words and phrases that could be easily grasped by the local people. The text is likely intended to be easily understood by the local population. Its similarity to another Singapura-related inscription at nearby Chikkabettahalli suggests a potential shared origin, possibly from the same quarry and perhaps even the same sculptor. Interestingly, the Harohalli inscription, despite being inscribed six years later, lacks certain errors present in the Chikkabettahalli inscription, hinting at the sculptor's growing skill over time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Shyam |title=Singapura's hidden treasure: Daily wagers join hands, pool i |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/social-media-major-cause-of-concern-for-iaf/articleshow/65804964.cms |work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

The inscription prominently features Sri Vaishnava holy marks, including the [[Panchajanya|Shankha]] (conch shell), [[Sudarshana Chakra|Chakra]] (discus), and the Naama, a vertical marking on the forehead that symbolizes [[Vaishnavism]]. These symbols are commonly found on 14th to 16th-century inscriptions, boundary stones, and Vishnu temples in the region. However, the [[Sudarshana Chakra|Chakra]] depicted on the Harohalli inscription lacks spokes, suggesting the sculptor may have been a local stone worker unfamiliar with the [[Shilpa Shastras]], the ancient texts that prescribe the rules for temple [[architecture]] and [[iconography]]. According to these texts, a chakra should be represented with 4, 8, 16, or another multiple of four spokes.

Other inscriptions in the [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] region bearing [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] marks include those from Chikkabettahalli, Thindlu, [[Allalasandra (Bengaluru) Inscriptions and Herostones|Allalasandra]], [[Domlur]], Kothnur, [[Bannerghatta National Park|Bannerughatta]], Bommandahalli, Kadanur, Gantiganahalli, Kadiganahalli, Jodidasarahalli, [[Chikkajala]], and Maranagere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inscription Stones of Bengaluru |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscription_Stones_of_Bengaluru}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=February 2025}}

=== Discovery of the Inscription ===
The inscription is located within the [[Hanuman|Anjaneya]] Swamy Temple complex in Harohalli, approximately 7 kilometers northeast of Singapura. It was first documented by [[B. Lewis Rice|B.L. Rice]] in 1905 as Bengaluru inscription number 28 in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]'', Volume 9.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=http://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref>

In 2017, the inscription was rediscovered, led by P.L. Udaya Kumar, an history enthusiast and the Hon. Director of The [[Daly Memorial Hall|Mythic Society]] Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project Team. Intrigued by its reference to the Tiruvengalanatha temple in Singapura, Udaya Kumar, along with several scholars and local residents, namely Mohan Nayak and S.V. Srinivas from Singapura visited the Harohalli inscription site to delve deeper into the history of Singapura and its surrounding areas.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |editor-first1=K.C. Shashi Kumara |editor-last1=Naik |editor-first2=M.N. |editor-last2=Madhusudhana |editor-first3=M.G. |editor-last3=Byrappa |editor-first4=P.L. Udaya |editor-last4=Kumar |editor-first5=R. |editor-last5=Yuvaraju |date=November 2021 |publisher=The Mythic Society |title=Bengaluru Itihasa Vaibhava - Singapura Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/singapura-itihaasa-vaibhava-nov-2021-english/mode/1up |series=Bengaluru Itihasa Vaibhava - Issue 1 |isbn=978-81-954980-2-4 }}</ref>

Subsequently, The [[Daly Memorial Hall|Mythic Society]] Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project Team re-examined and 3D scanned the inscription, and their findings were published in the journal ''Bengaluru Itihaasa Vaibhava - Singapura Edition'' in November 2021.<ref name=":4" />

Mohan Nayak and S.V. Srinivas have played a pivotal role in raising awareness about the inscription's content and historical significance within the community.<ref name=":4" />

=== Summary of the Inscription ===

The inscription records a land grant made to the Singapura [[Vishnu|Tiruvengalanatha]] temple, now known as the Varadaraja Swamy temple, on 2 November 1530 CE. The date provided in the inscription, '''''śaka varuṣa 1452 ne vikṛti ṣaṃvadarada khārtika śudha 12 puṇyakāladali''''', corresponds to 2 November 1530 CE. This was an auspicious day for [[Sri Vaishnavism|Vaishnavites]], as it was Uthana Dwadashi, the day of the [[Tulasi in Hinduism|Tulsi]] festival.

Krishnappanayaka, the chief of Sivanasamudra (another name for [[Hesaraghatta Lake|Hessaraghatta]]), donated the entire village of Harohalli to the [[Vishnu|Tiruvengalanatha]] Temple. This generous gift was intended to fund various temple activities, including:

* '''Anga-ranga-vaibhoga:''' Decoration of the temple deity and cultural performances like dance, music, and drama.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=The Mythic Society |title=Bengaluru Itihasa Vaibhava-Singapura Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/singapura-itihaasa-vaibhava-nov-2021-english/page/26/mode/1up |journal=Bengaluru Itihasa Vaibhava |date=November 2021 |pages=26}}</ref>
* '''Amrutapadi-naivedya:''' Special food offerings prepared for the deity.<ref name=":5" />
* '''Ramanujakoota:''' A religious gathering and discourse.<ref name=":5" />
The inscription indicates that the religious merit from this donation was meant to benefit both [[Achyuta Deva Raya|Achyutaraya]], the reigning [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] emperor, and Krishnappanayaka's father, Solur Basavappanayaka, a prominent official from Solur, a town near [[Magadi]].

The donation of an entire village to support the Ramanujakoota at the Singapura [[Vishnu|Tiruvengalanatha]] Temple highlights the significance of both the temple and the village of Singapura as religious centers during the period.<ref name=":4" />

=== Transliteration of the inscription ===
The inscription consists of 11 lines. Below is a transliteration of the text in both [[Kannada]] and [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]], as recorded in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]'', Volume 9<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
!'''[[Kannada script|Kannada]]'''
|-
|0 svasti śrī jĕyabhyudaya śālivāhana śaka
|೦ ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಜೆಯಭ್ಯುದಯ ಶಾಲಿವಾಹನ ಶಕ
|-
|0 varuṣa 1452 ne vikṛti ṣaṃvadara
|೦ ವರುಷ ೧೪೫೨ ನೇ ವಿಕೃತಿ ಷಂವದರ
|-
|0 da khārtika śudha 12 puṇyakāladali ā
|೦ ದ ಖಾರ್ತಿಕ ಶುಧ ೧೨ ಪುಣ್ಯಕಾಲದಲಿ ಆ
|-
|cutarāya mahārāyarigĕ naṃma taṃdĕ ba
|ಚುತರಾಯ ಮಹಾರಾಯರಿಗೆ ನಂಮ ತಂದೆ ಬ
|-
|savappanāyakarigĕ puṃṇyavāgi ācutarā
|ಸವಪ್ಪನಾಯಕರಿಗೆ ಪುಂಣ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಆಚುತರಾ
|-
|yaru solūra basavappanāyakara maṃkal̤u kri
|ಯರು ಸೋಲೂರ ಬಸವಪ್ಪನಾಯಕರ ಮಂಕಳು ಕ್ರಿ
|-
|ṣtpṇappa nāyakarigĕ nāyakatanakĕ pālisida sivana
|ಷ್ತ್ಪ್ಣಪ್ಪ ನಾಯಕರಿಗೆ ನಾಯಕತನಕೆ ಪಾಲಿಸಿದ ಸಿವನ
|-
|samudrada stalakĕ saluva hāruhal̤i gramava
|ಸಮುದ್ರದ ಸ್ತಲಕೆ ಸಲುವ ಹಾರುಹಳಿ ಗ್ರಮವ
|-
|nu siṃgāpurada tiruvĕṃgal̤anāta āṃgaraṃga
|ನು ಸಿಂಗಾಪುರದ ತಿರುವೆಂಗಳನಾತ ಆಂಗರಂಗ
|-
|vaibhoga āmṛtapaḍi naivedyakĕ rāmānujakū
|ವೈಭೋಗ ಆಮೃತಪಡಿ ನೈವೇದ್ಯಕೆ ರಾಮಾನುಜಕೂ
|-
|ṭakĕ salabekĕṃdu kŏṭṭa sila śadana
|ಟಕೆ ಸಲಬೇಕೆಂದು ಕೊಟ್ಟ ಸಿಲ ಶದನ
|}

== Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription
| image = Digital_Image_Obtained_by_3D_Scanning_of_The_Chikkabettahalli_1524CE_Singappanayaka's_Ramanujakoota_Inscription.png
| image_caption = 3D Scanned image of the Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|170|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| created = {{start date and age|1524|p=yes|br=yes}}
| discovered_date = 1905
| discovered_place = Anjaneya Swamy Temple, Chikkabettahalli, Bengaluru, India
| location = {{coord|13.08967|77.55332}}
| symbols = [[Sudarshana Chakra]], [[Shankha]]
| language = Kannada
| image_size = 300
}}

=== Characteristics of the Inscription ===
The name "Chikkabettahalli" is derived from "chikka betta" (small hill) and "halli" (village). In this inscription, it is mentioned in its colloquial form, "Chigabetahali," reflecting regional linguistic variations.
[[File:Digital Image of the Word Chikkabettahalli (cigabĕṭhahal̤i) Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription.jpg|left|thumb|278x278px|Digital Image of the Word Chikkabettahalli (cigabĕṭhahal̤i) Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription.]]
[[File:Digital Image Highlighting the Place Name 'Cigabĕṭhahal̤i' in the Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription.png|left|thumb|579x579px|Digital Image Highlighting the Place Name 'Cigabĕṭhahal̤i' in the Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription.]]
The inscription is currently housed in the Anjaneya Swamy Temple at Chikkabettahalli. According to local accounts, it was originally found in a ditch behind the temple and relocated to its present position approximately 20 years ago.<ref name=":2" />

The inscription is carved on a granite slab measuring 170 cm in height and 74 cm in width. The front face, bearing the inscription, is smooth, while the sides and back remain rough and unfinished.

The top portion of the inscription stone features carvings of the sun and the moon, symbolizing the inscription's enduring nature. Alongside these celestial symbols are the Sri Vaishnava holy marks: the [[Panchajani|Shankha]] (conch shell), [[Sudarshana Chakra|Chakra]] (discus), and Naama (vertical forehead marking). Notably, the Chakra in this inscription, like the one in the Harohalli inscription, lacks spokes.<ref name=":2" />

=== Discovery of the Inscription ===
The inscription was first documented by [[B. Lewis Rice|B.L. Rice]] in 1905 as Bengaluru Inscription No. 19 in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]'', Volume 9.<ref name=":0" /> However, despite its historical significance, the inscription remained largely forgotten and neglected for over a century.[[File:Cleaning of the Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription.jpg|thumb|302x302px|Cleaning of the Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription.]]In December 2017, P.L. Udaya Kumar and Deccan Chronicle reporter Darshana Ramdev visited the inscription site to raise awareness about Bengaluru's inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramdev |first=Darshana |title=Bengaluru buzzed even in 750 AD! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230917/bengaluru-buzzed-even-in-750-ad.html}}</ref> They found the inscription in a deteriorated state behind the Anjaneya Swamy Temple in Chikkabettahalli, obscured by a large pile of refuse. Observing the inscription's condition, Udaya Kumar decided to take action. He approached a nearby group of young people and started a conversation, explaining the inscription's historical significance and emphasizing its connection to their village, Chikkabettahalli.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

Initially, the group expressed indifference, stating that they wouldn't be able to understand the inscription's content. Undeterred, Udaya Kumar challenged their apathy by reading aloud from a copy of ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]'' Volume 9, tracing the words on the stone as he read. His actions had a profound impact. Hearing their village's name and witnessing Udaya Kumar's enthusiasm sparked a change in the group's attitude. They became engaged and enthusiastic, recognizing the inscription's value to their community. Spontaneously, one of them obtained a vehicle, along with wheelbarrows, pickaxes, and shovels. Together, they cleaned the area around the inscription, removing the refuse for proper disposal[[File:Conservaion of the Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription.jpg|thumb|367x367px|P L Udaya Kumar reading out the Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription to the Local Residents.]]The rediscovery and cleaning of the Chikkabettahalli inscription exemplify the power of community involvement in [[heritage preservation]]. Once neglected, the inscription is now protected by the residents of Chikkabettahalli, thanks to the efforts of individuals who recognized its value and inspired others to care.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=The Mythic Society |title=Bengaluru Itihasa Vaibhava -Singapura Edition |url=https://archive.org/details/singapura-itihaasa-vaibhava-nov-2021-english/page/30/mode/1up |journal=Bengaluru Itihasa Vaibhava |date=November 2021 |pages=30}}</ref>

=== Summary of the Inscription ===
The inscription records Singapanayaka's donation of the entire village of Chikkabettahalli to the deity [[Vishnu|Tiruvengalanatha]] at Tirumala in Singapura. This generous gift was intended to fund the ''amrutapadi-naivedya'' (special food offerings) and support the activities of the ''Ramanujakoota'' (a religious gathering and discourse) at the temple.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

Hiriya Varadarajaiah, son of Pattana Thimanayya, was the grantee of the donation and was responsible for managing the Ramanujakoota at the [[Vishnu|Tiruvengalanatha]] temple.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

The inscription was created during the reign of [[Krishnadevaraya]], the king of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], and is considered unique for recording the donation of an entire village, a privilege typically reserved for royalty or high-ranking officials.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

Additionally, the inscription includes two curse phrases intended to protect the donation and the inscription itself. One curse equates stealing the donation to the sin of killing a holy cow on the banks of the [[Ganges]], while the other compares it to the sin of killing one’s parents.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Garuda Purana |date=2024-10-28 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda_Purana |access-date=2024-11-05 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Transliteration of the Inscription ===
[[File:3D Scanning of the Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription.jpg|thumb|412x412px|3D Scanning of the Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription.]]The inscription consists of 15 lines. Below is a transliteration of the text in both [[Kannada]] and [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]], as recorded in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica]]'', Volume 9<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
!'''[[Kannada script|Kannada]]'''
!'''[[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]'''
|-
|ಶುಭಮಸ್ತು
|śubhamastu
|-
|ತಾರಣ ಸ೦ವತ್ಸರದ ಮಾರ್ಗಷಿ
|tāraṇa samvatsarada mārgaṣi
|-
|ರ ಶು ೧ ಲು ಕ್ರಿಷ್ಣರಾಯರ ಕಾಲದಲಿ
|ra śu 1 lu kriṣṇarāyara kāladali
|-
|ಸಿಂಗಪನಾಯಕರು ಸಿಂಗಾಪುರದ ತಿರು
|siṃgapanāyakaru siṃgāpurada tiru
|-
|ಮಲೆದೇವರ ಅಮ್ರುತಪಡಿಯ ನೈವೇದ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ
|malĕdevara amrutapaḍiya naivedyakkĕ
|-
|ರಾಮಾನುಜಕೂಟ್ಟಕ್ಕೆ ಪಟ್ಟಣ ತಿಂಮ್ಮಣಯ್ಯ
|rāmānujakūṭṭakkĕ paṭṭaṇa tiṃmmaṇayya
|-
|ನವರ ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಹಿರಿಆಯ ವರದರಾಜ
|navara makkal̤u hiriāya varadarāja
|-
|ಯನವರಿಗೆ ಚಿಗಬೆಠಹಳಿಯನು ಬಿ
|yanavarigĕ cigabĕṭhahal̤iyanu bi
|-
|ಟೆವಗಿ ಯಿ ಧರ್ಮಕ್ಕೆ ಆರು ಆಳಿ
|ṭĕvagi yi dharmakkĕ āru āl̤i
|-
|ಪಿದವರು ಗಂಗೆಯ ತಡಿ
|pidavaru gaṃgĕya taḍi
|-
|ಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕಪಿಲೆಯ ವದಿಸಿದ ಪಪ
|yalli kapilĕya vadisida papa
|-
|ಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಹರು ಯಿ ತಿರುವೆಂಗಳನಾ
|kkĕ hoharu yi tiruvĕṃgal̤anā
|-
|ತ ದಾನದ ಯಿ ಧರ್ಮಕ್ಕೆ ತಪಿದೋರು
|ta dānada yi dharmakkĕ tapidoru
|-
|ತಂಮ ತಂದೆ ತಾಯ ಕಾಶಿಯ
|taṃma taṃdĕ tāya kāśiya
|-
|ಲಿ ಕೊಂದವರು
|li kŏṃdavaru
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="300" heights="300">
File:View of the Garudakamba at the Varadaraja Swamy Temple in Singapura.jpg|View of the Garudakamba at the Varadaraja Swamy Temple in Singapura
File:Inside View of the Varadaraja Swamy temple at Singapura.jpg|Inside View of the Varadaraja Swamy temple in Singapura
File:Wide Angle View Photograph of the Varadaraja Swamy Temple in Singapura.jpg|Wide Angle View Photograph of the Varadaraja Swamy Temple in Singapura
File:Local Residents with the Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription.jpg|Local Residents with the Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription
File:Local Residents with the Local Residents with the Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription.jpg|Local Residents with the Local Residents with the Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription
File:Chikkabettahalli wide angle.jpg|Wide Angle View of the Chikkabettahalli 1524CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription
File:Veeramasti Memorial Stone at Harohalli 02.jpg|Veeramasti Memorial Stone dating to c.15-16th Century at Harohalli
File:Veeramasti Memorial Stone at Harohalli 01.jpg|Veeramasti Memorial Stone dating to c.15-16th Century at Harohalli
File:A Memorial Stone at Harohalli 02.jpg|A Memorial Stone at Harohalli dating to c.15-16th Century
File:3D Scanning of the Singapura 1528CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription.jpg|3D Scanning of the Singapura 1528CE Singappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription
File:Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription.jpg|Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription
File:3D scanning of the Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription.jpg|3D scanning of the Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota Inscription
File:Local Residents with the Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription.jpg|Local Residents with the Harohalli 1530CE Krishnappanayaka's Ramanujakoota inscription
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Inscription stones of Bengaluru|Inscription Stones of Bengaluru]]
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
* [[Kannada inscriptions]]
* [[History of Bangalore]]
* [[Indian inscriptions]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://archive.org/details/singapura-itihaasa-vaibhava-nov-2021-english/page/34/mode/1up

[[Category:Inscription stones of Bengaluru]]

Online youth radicalization

2026-02-18T15:53:46Z

Svetlqer: added info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|{{tone|date=July 2018}}
{{recentism|date=March 2018}}
{{POV|date=June 2022}}}}
{{Terrorism}}
'''Online youth radicalization''' is the action in which a young individual or a group of people come to adopt increasingly [[Extremism|extreme]] political, social, or religious ideals and aspirations that reject, or undermine the status quo or undermine contemporary ideas and expressions of a state, which they may or may not reside in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Wilner |last2 = Dubouloz |name-list-style = amp |title = Homegrown terrorism and transformative learning: an interdisciplinary approach to understanding radicalization |journal = Global Change, Peace and Security |volume = 22 |issue = 1 |pages = 33–51|year = 2010 |doi = 10.1080/14781150903487956|s2cid = 55876637 |doi-access = free }}</ref> Online youth radicalization can be both violent or non-violent.

The phenomenon, often referred to as "incitement to [[radicalization]] towards [[violent extremism]]" (or "violent radicalization") has grown in recent years, due to the Internet and [[social media]] in particular. In response to the increased attention on [[Online and offline|online]] "incitement to extremism and violence", attempts to prevent this phenomenon have created challenges for freedom of expression. These range from indiscriminate [[Block (Internet)|blocking]], censorship over-reach (affecting both journalists and bloggers), and [[privacy]] intrusions—right through to the suppression or instrumentalization of media at the expense of independent credibility.{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

The article also explores how online radicalization can involve misogynistic and gender-based ideologies, particularly targeting young men through social media algorithms and influencers who promote harmful views under the guise of self-improvement.<ref name=":3" /> After [[Terrorism|terrorist attacks]], political pressure is often put on social media companies to do more to prevent online radicalization of young people leading to violent extremism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social-Media Sites Face Pressure to Monitor Terrorist Content |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/social-media-sites-face-pressure-to-monitor-terrorist-content-1449448238 |website=Wall Street Journal|date=7 December 2015 |last1=Seetharaman |first1=Deepa |last2=Barr |first2=Alistair |last3=Koh |first3=Yoree }}</ref> [[UNESCO]] calls for "a policy that is constructed on the basis of facts and evidence, and not founded on hunches—or driven by panic and fearmongering."<ref>{{cite web |url = https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-releases-new-research-youth-and-violent-extremism-social-media |title = UNESCO releases new research on youth and violent extremism on social media |date = 30 November 2017 |publisher = UNESCO }}</ref>

[[Cyberspace]] is used to denote the Internet, as a network of networks, and social media as a social network that may combine various Internet platforms and applications to exchange and publish online: the online production of radical (political, social, religious) resources or content, the presence of terrorist or radicalized groups within the social networks, and the participation of young people in radical conversations.{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

== Definitions and approaches ==
Radicalization refers to the processes by which individuals or groups come to adopt beliefs that challenge or reject established political, social, or religious norms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neumann |first=Peter R. |date=2013 |title=The trouble with radicalization |url=https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/1468-2346.12049 |journal=International Affairs |language=en |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=873–893 |doi=10.1111/1468-2346.12049|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In some cases, these beliefs may be used to justify participation in or support for acts of violence, often framed as necessary or morally justified actions in pursuit of ideological or political goals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Third Generation of Online Radicalization {{!}} Program on Extremism {{!}} The George Washington University |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/third-generation-online-radicalization |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Program on Extremism |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bąkowski |first=Piotr |title=Preventing radicalisation in the European Union: how EU policy has evolved |date=2022 |publisher=EPRS, European Parliamentary Research Service |others=Europäisches Parlament, Europäisches Parlament |isbn=978-92-846-9968-1 |series=In-depth analysis / EPRS, European Parliamentary Research Service |location=Bruxelles}}</ref> Definitions of radicalization vary across academic, governmental, and policy contexts; however, most characterize it as a gradual or staged progression.<ref name=":0" />

In the context of online radicalization, the term youth typically refers to individuals in adolescence or early adulthood.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Emmelkamp |first1=Julie |last2=Asscher |first2=Jessica J. |last3=Wissink |first3=Inge B. |last4=Stams |first4=Geert Jan J.M. |date=2020 |title=Risk factors for (violent) radicalization in juveniles: A multilevel meta-analysis |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1359178920301932 |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |language=en |volume=55 |article-number=101489 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2020.101489}}</ref> The exact age range for youth in this context varies depending on the source. The United Nations refers to youth as individuals between the ages of 15-24 years old, primarily for statistical purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=Youth |url=https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/youth |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> Other sources, including academic research and governmental policies, may extend this age range up to 29 years old to account for ongoing social, cognitive and emotional developmental milestones.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Borum |first1=Randy |last2=Patterson |first2=Terri D. |date=2019 |title=Juvenile Radicalization Into Violent Extremism: Investigative and Research Perspectives |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890856719313978 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry |language=en |volume=58 |issue=12 |pages=1142–1148 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2019.07.932|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Youth radicalization is often considered a distinct category due to these developmental factors that may increase young people's vulnerability to radical ideologies and recruitment strategies, especially in the online environment.<ref name=":2" />

== Algorithmic radicalization ==
{{excerpt|Algorithmic radicalization}}

== Youth and violent extremism ==

=== Specificities of social media ===
The Internet has remained a medium for the spread of narratives. It has often been mistaken as a driver of violent extremism rather than the medium that it is. Unfortunately, social media has not only been used to bring people closer, to share thoughts and opinions, but also to spread false information. Additionally, the application of privacy rules has made it easier for closing the niche and advancing the targeting of vulnerable individuals. These privacy rules though welcomed, have made the process of analysis for prevention; challenging.<ref name="scofieldassociates.co.ke">{{cite web |last1=Muliru |first1=Scofield |last2=Wario |first2=Halkano |last3=Azmiya |first3=Fathima |last4=Odote |first4=Peterlinus |title=Vulnerable Offline/Online: Narrative Formation and Contextualization for Violent Extremism and Terrorism |url=https://scofieldassociates.co.ke/blog/the-vulnerable-offline-online-study/ |website=Scofield Associates |date=12 April 2022 |access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref>

==== Chatrooms ====
[[Chat room|Chatrooms]] can be embedded within most Internet-based media. Reports that have looked into the use of chatrooms by violent extremist groups describe these as the space where at-risk youth without previous exposure would be likely to come across radicalizing religious narratives.<ref name=Quilliam2014/><ref name=Shah2012>{{cite book |doi=10.1109/THS.2012.6459912 |chapter=Online social networks: The overt and covert communication channels for terrorists and beyond |title=2012 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST) |year=2012 |last1=Mahmood |first1=Shah |pages=574–579 |isbn=978-1-4673-2708-4 |s2cid=14587021 }}</ref> This falls in line with Sageman's emphasis on the role of chatrooms and [[Internet forum|forums]], based on his distinction between websites as passive sources of news and chat rooms as active sources of interaction.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sageman |first1=Marc |title=Understanding Terror Networks |date=2004 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-3808-2 }}{{page needed|date=August 2020}}</ref> According to [[Marc Sageman|Sageman]], "networking is facilitated by discussion forums because they develop communication among followers of the same ideas (experiences, ideas, values), reinforce interpersonal relationships and provide information about actions (tactics, objectives, tutorials)". Chatrooms can also include spaces where extremist people share information such as photos, videos, guides, and manuals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sageman |first1=Marc |title=A Strategy for Fighting International Islamist Terrorists |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |date=2008 |volume=618 |pages=223–231 |doi=10.1177/0002716208317051 |jstor=40375787 |s2cid=145482523 }}</ref>{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}} Discussion forums such as [[Reddit]], [[4chan]], and [[8chan]] have become focal points on [[internet meme]]-based and other forms of [[radicalization]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Manavis |first1=Sarah |title=The Christchurch shooting shows how a far-right web culture is driving radicalisation |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/science-tech/internet/2019/03/christchurch-new-zealand-shooter-pewdiepie-youtube-facebook-video-shows-we-need-take-online-radicalisation |access-date=26 March 2019 |work=New Statesman |date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Todd |first1=Andrew |last2=Morton |first2=Frances |title=NZ Authorities Have Been Ignoring Online Right-Wing Radicalisation For Years |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/nz-authorities-have-been-ignoring-online-right-wing-radicalisation-for-years/ |access-date=26 March 2019 |work=Vice |date=21 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Justin |title=Day of the trope: White nationalist memes thrive on Reddit's r/The_Donald |journal=Hatewatch |date=April 19, 2018 |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/04/19/day-trope-white-nationalist-memes-thrive-reddits-rthedonald |access-date=24 March 2019 |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref>

==== Facebook ====
Many extremist groups are ideologically and strategically anti-Facebook, but a strong presence still exists on this platform either directly or through supporters.<ref name=Quilliam2014>{{cite book |last1=Hussain |first1=Ghaffar |last2=Saltman |first2=Erin Marie |title=Jihad Trending: A Comprehensive Analysis of Online Extremism and how to Counter it |date=2014 |publisher=Quilliam |isbn=978-1-906603-99-1 |url=http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/jihad-trending-quilliam-report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722170132/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/jihad-trending-quilliam-report.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2014 }}{{page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref> Facebook does not seem to be used for direct recruitment or planning, possibly because it has mechanisms of tracking and can link users with real places and specific times. Facebook appears to have been more often used by extremists as a decentralized center for the distribution of information and videos or a way to find like-minded supporters and show support rather than direct recruitment.<ref name=Quilliam2014/><ref name=Shah2012/> This may be on the possibility that young sympathizers can share information and images and create Facebook groups in a decentralized way.{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

The terrorist perpetrator of the [[Christchurch mosque shootings]] live-streamed, on Facebook, a video of the attacks which resulted in the deaths of 51 people; this was then extensively shared on social media. In the wake of this tragedy, [[Facebook]] and [[Twitter]] became more active in banning extremists from their platforms. Facebook pages associated with Future Now Australia have been removed from the platform, including their main page, "Stop the Mosques and Save Australia."<ref>{{cite web|first=Tim|last=Wilms|date=22 March 2019 |title=Future Now Facebook pages deleted|url=https://www.theunshackled.net/rundown/future-now-facebook-pages-deleted/|website=unshackled.net|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> On March 28, Facebook announced that they have banned white nationalist and white separatist content along with white supremacy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Joseph |last2=Koebler |first2=Jason |title=Facebook Bans White Nationalism and White Separatism |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/facebook-bans-white-nationalism-and-white-separatism/ |access-date=27 March 2019 |work=Motherboard |date=27 March 2019}}</ref>

==== Twitter ====
[[Microblogging|Micro-blogging]] sites like Twitter present more advantages for extremist groups because [[traceability]] of the identity and the source of the tweets are harder to achieve, thus increasing the communication potential for recruiters.<ref name=Quilliam2014/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crettiez |first1=Xavier |title=" High risk activism " : essai sur le processus de radicalisation violente (première partie) |trans-title='High risk activism': essay on the process of violent radicalization (first part) |language=fr |journal=Pôle Sud |date=2011 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=45–60 |doi=10.3917/psud.034.0045 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Menkhaus |first1=Ken |title=Al-Shabaab and Social Media: A Double-Edged Sword |journal=The Brown Journal of World Affairs |date=2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=309–327 |jstor=24590990 }}</ref> Analyses of Twitter feeds generated by Islamist violent extremist groups show that they are mostly used for engaging with the opposition and the authorities, in what appear to be tweetclashes that mobilize the two sides, and also used for provocation.<ref name=Quilliam2014/> Through Twitter, extremists can easily comment publicly on international events or personalities in several languages, enabling the activists to be vocal and timely when mounting campaigns.<ref name=Quilliam2014/>{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

==== YouTube and other video platforms ====
[[YouTube]] has the advantage of being difficult to trace the identity of people posting content, while offering the possibility for users to generate comments and share contents.<ref name=Quilliam2014/> Several researchers have conducted content analyses of YouTube and Facebook extremist discourses and video contents to identify the production features most used, including their [[modus operandi]] and intended effects.<ref name="Salem et al 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Salem |first1=Arab |last2=Reid |first2=Edna |last3=Chen |first3=Hsinchun |title=Multimedia Content Coding and Analysis: Unraveling the Content of Jihadi Extremist Groups' Videos |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |date=24 June 2008 |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=605–626 |doi=10.1080/10576100802144072 |s2cid=53631656 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yamaguchi |first1=T. |title=Xenophobia in Action: Ultranationalism, Hate Speech, and the Internet in Japan |journal=Radical History Review |date=1 October 2013 |volume=2013 |issue=117 |pages=98–118 |doi=10.1215/01636545-2210617 }}</ref> Studies that have focused on the [[rhetoric]]al strategy of extremist groups show the multifaceted use of online resources by extremist {{nowrap|groups{{px2}}{{mdash}}{{px2}}}}that is, they produce "[[hypermedia]] seduction" via the use of visual motifs that are familiar to young people online,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ganor |first1=Boaz |last2=Knop |first2=Katharina von |last3=Duarte |first3=Carlos A. M. |title=Hypermedia Seduction for Terrorist Recruiting |date=2007 |publisher=IOS Press |isbn=978-1-58603-761-1 }}{{page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fighel |first1=Jonathan |chapter=Radical Islamic internet propaganda: Concepts, idioms and visual motifs |pages=34–38 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybQkSwzkTY4C&pg=PA34 |editor1-last=Ganor |editor1-first=Boaz |editor2-last=Knop |editor2-first=Katharina von |editor3-last=Duarte |editor3-first=Carlos A. M. |title=Hypermedia Seduction for Terrorist Recruiting |date=2007 |publisher=IOS Press |isbn=978-1-58603-761-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pantucci |first1=Raffaello |title=A typology of lone wolves: preliminary analysis of lone Islamist terrorists |date=2011 |publisher=International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence |url=https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/1302002992ICSRPaper_ATypologyofLoneWolves_Pantucci.pdf |oclc=712783565 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vergani |first1=Matteo |title=Rethinking grassroots campaigners in the digital media: The 'grassroots orchestra' in Italy |journal=Australian Journal of Political Science |date=3 April 2014 |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=237–251 |doi=10.1080/10361146.2014.898129 |s2cid=153527802 }}</ref> and they provide content in several languages, mostly Arabic, English and French using subtitles or audio dubbing, to increase the [[recruitment]] capacity of youth across nations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weimann |first1=Gabriel |title=Terror on Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube |journal=The Brown Journal of World Affairs |date=2010 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=45–54 |jstor=24590908 }}</ref> These videos provide rich media messaging that combines nonverbal cues and vivid images of events that can evoke [[Psychology|psychological]] and [[Emotion|emotional responses]] as well as violent reactions.<ref name="Salem et al 2008"/> Terrorists capture their attacks on video and disseminate them though the Internet, communicating an image of effectiveness and success. Such videos in turn are used to mobilize and recruit members and sympathizers. Videos also serve as authentication and archive, as they preserve live footage of actual damage and they validate terrorist performance acts.{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p=16}} In 2018, researchers from the Data & Society thinktank identified the YouTube [[recommendation system]] as promoting a range of political positions from mainstream libertarianism and conservatism to overt [[white nationalism]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Rebecca|date=September 2018 |title=Alternative Influence: Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube |url=https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/DS_Alternative_Influence.pdf |website=datasociety.net |publisher=Data and Society |access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ingram |first1=Matthew |title=YouTube's secret life as an engine for right-wing radicalization |url=https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/youtube-conspiracy-radicalization.php|access-date=26 March 2019|work=Columbia Journalism Review|date=September 19, 2018}}</ref>

==== Video games ====
Video games can be placed in a similar category as social media because they increasingly have their own forums, chatrooms and microblogging tools. Video games, widely used by young people, are under-researched in relation to extremism and violent radicalization. There is mostly anecdotal evidence that ISIS supporters have proposed the [[Video game modding|modification]] of some games to spread propaganda (e.g. ''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]''), mods that allow players to act as terrorists attacking Westerners (''[[Arma 3]]''), and provide for hijacking of images and titles to allude to a notion of jihad (e.g. ''[[Call of Duty]]'').{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

Selepak<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last=Selepak |first=Andrew |date=2010 |title=Skinhead Super Mario Brothers: An Examination of Racist and Violent Games on White Supremacist Web Sites |journal=Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–47 |citeseerx=10.1.1.454.4951 }}</ref> used qualitative textual analysis of hate-based video games found on right-wing religious supremacist groups’ websites to explore the extent to which they advocate violence. The results show that most hate groups were portrayed positively, and that video games promoted extreme violence towards people represented as Black or Jewish people. The games were often modified versions of classic video games in which the original enemies were replaced with religious, racial and/or ethnic minorities. Their main purpose is to indoctrinate players with white supremacist ideology and allow those who already hold racist ideologies to practice aggressive scripts toward minorities online, which may later be acted upon offline.<ref name=":1" /> Some experimental social psychologists show that cumulative violent video games can increase hostile expectations and aggressive behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hasan |first1=Youssef |last2=Bègue |first2=Laurent |last3=Scharkow |first3=Michael |last4=Bushman |first4=Brad J. |title=The more you play, the more aggressive you become: A long-term experimental study of cumulative violent video game effects on hostile expectations and aggressive behavior |journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology |date=March 2013 |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=224–227 |doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2012.10.016 }}</ref>

=== Uses of Internet and social media by extremist groups ===
The Internet and social media have numerous advantages for extremist groups using religion as part of a radicalization strategy. The advantages stem from the very nature of Internet and social media channels and the way they are used by extremist groups. These include [[communication channel]]s that are not bound to national [[jurisdiction]]s and are informal, large, cheap, decentralized, and anonymous.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chris Hale |first1=W. |title=Extremism on the World Wide Web: a research review |journal=Criminal Justice Studies |date=December 2012 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=343–356 |doi=10.1080/1478601X.2012.704723 |s2cid=218545798 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Neumann |first1=Peter R. |title=Options and Strategies for Countering Online Radicalization in the United States |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |date=June 2013 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=431–459 |doi=10.1080/1057610X.2013.784568 |s2cid=110830723 }}</ref> This allows terrorists to network across borders and to bypass time and space.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weimann |first1=Gabriel |title=Terrorist Migration to Social Media |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |date=2015 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=180–187 |jstor=43773679 }}</ref> Specifically, these channels provide networks of recruiters, working horizontally in all the countries they target due to the transborder nature of the Internet.{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

Weinmann describes extremist groups’ use of Internet and social media in eight process strategies: "psychological warfare, publicity and propaganda, [[data mining]], [[fundraising]], recruitment and mobilization, networking, information sharing and planning and coordination".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weimann |first1=Gabriel |title=Www.terror.net: how modern terrorism uses the Internet |date=March 2004 |publisher=U.S. Institute of Peace |oclc=54699291 |url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr116.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405170701/http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr116.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=Conway2005>{{cite book |doi=10.1057/9781403980335_9 |chapter=Terrorist Web Sites |title=Media and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century |year=2005 |last1=Conway |first1=Maura |pages=185–215 |isbn=978-1-349-53059-5 }}</ref> Conway identifies five-core terrorist uses of the Internet and social media: "information provision, financing, networking, recruitment and information gathering".<ref name=Conway2005/> The ones most relevant to social media and radicalization of young people are information provision, such as profiles of [[Leadership|leaders]], [[manifestos]], publicity and propaganda, and recruitment.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Conway |first1=Maura |title=Reality bytes : cyberterrorism and terrorist use of the Internet |date=2006 |id={{ProQuest|301660701}} |hdl=2262/86269 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Some studies show that social media enables people to isolate themselves in an ideological niche by seeking and consuming only information consistent with their views ([[confirmation bias]]),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohamed |first1=Feisal G. |title=The Globe of Villages: Digital Media and the Rise of Homegrown Terrorism |journal=Dissent |date=2007 |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=61–64 |doi=10.1353/dss.2007.0033 |s2cid=143279574 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Warner |first1=Benjamin R. |title=Segmenting the Electorate: The Effects of Exposure to Political Extremism Online |journal=Communication Studies |date=17 August 2010 |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=430–444 |doi=10.1080/10510974.2010.497069 |s2cid=145273650 }}</ref> as well as simultaneously self-identifying with geographically distant international groups, which creates a sense of community that transcends geographic borders. This ability to communicate can promote membership and identity quests faster and in more efficient ways than in the "real" [[Social reality|social world]].{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

While recruitment is not an instantaneous process, it is seen in the literature as a phase of radicalization, taking the process to a new level of identification and possible action. Indoctrination is easier post-recruitment and often occurs in specific virtual spaces where the extremist rhetoric is characterized by a clear distinction between "them" (described negatively) and "us" (described positively), and where violent actions are legitimized according to the principle of "no other option available".<ref name="Meddaugh & Kay 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Meddaugh |first1=Priscilla Marie |last2=Kay |first2=Jack |title=Hate Speech or 'Reasonable Racism?' The Other in Stormfront |journal=Journal of Mass Media Ethics |date=30 October 2009 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=251–268 |doi=10.1080/08900520903320936 |s2cid=144527647 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vergani |first1=Matteo |title=Neo- Jihadist Prosumers and Al Qaeda Single Narrative: The Case Study of Giuliano Delnevo |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |date=3 July 2014 |volume=37 |issue=7 |pages=604–617 |doi=10.1080/1057610X.2014.913122 |s2cid=144615965 }}</ref> These advantages of the Internet and social media open up prospects for extremist groups, by facilitating what used to be referred previously as block recruitment<ref>{{cite book |last1=Oberschall |first1=Anthony |title=Social Conflict and Social Movements |date=1973 |publisher=Prentice-Hall |isbn=978-0-13-815761-6 }}{{page needed|date=August 2020}}</ref> and by substituting group decision to individual decision-making.<ref>Busher, 2015{{full citation needed|date=February 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

=== Reception and influence on youth ===
[[Dounia Bouzar|Bouzar]], Caupenne and Sulayman (2014) present the results of interviews with 160 French families with radicalized (though not violent) children aged mainly between 15 and 21. The vast majority of the youth interviewed claimed to have been radicalized through the Internet. This held true regardless of their family characteristics and dynamics. The vast majority of the families (80%) did not follow any specific religious beliefs or practices and only 16% belonged to the working class.<ref>Bouzar, Caupenne & Sulayman, 2014. ‘La Métamorphose de la jeune opérée par les nouveaux discours terroristes’. Rennes : Centre de Prévention contre les dérives sectaires liées à l’islam. Retrieved from http://www.bouzar-expertises.fr/metamorphose {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008102430/http://www.bouzar-expertises.fr/metamorphose |date=2018-10-08 }}</ref>

Wojcieszak<ref name=Wojcieszak2010>{{cite journal |last1=Wojcieszak |first1=Magdalena |title='Don't talk to me': effects of ideologically homogeneous online groups and politically dissimilar offline ties on extremism |journal=New Media & Society |date=June 2010 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=637–655 |doi=10.1177/1461444809342775 |s2cid=28424552 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/55m2w3g4 }}</ref> analysed [[Cross-sectional study|cross-sectional]] and [[Text corpus|textual data]] obtained from respondents in [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] online discussion forums. The author found that "extremism increases with increased [[online participation]], probably as a result of the informational and [[normative]] influences within the online groups". In addition, exposure to different parties/views offline that are dissimilar to the extremist group's values has in some instances reinforced radical beliefs online.<ref name=Wojcieszak2010/>

Many authors hypothesize potential causation by associating online radicalization with external factors such as: search for [[Identity (social science)|identity]] and meaning, the growing [[Economic inequality|inequalities]] in [[European Union|European]] and other societies, unemployment and fewer opportunities for development especially for [[Minority group|minority youth]], exclusion, discrimination and inequality that are massively used in extremist discourses.<ref>e.g., ATHENA report, 2015{{full citation needed|date=February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Pauwels |first1=Lieven |last2=Brion |first2=Fabienne |last3=De Ruyver |first3=Brice |title=Comprendre et expliquer le rôle des nouveaux médias sociaux dans la formation de l'extrémisme violent. Une recherche qualitative et quantitative |trans-title=Understand and explain the role of new social media in the formation of violent extremism. Qualitative and quantitative research |language=fr |date=2014 |url=https://orfeo.kbr.be/handle/internal/4195 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding the complex causes and processes of radicalisation |url=https://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/sites/www.odid.ox.ac.uk/files/onsa-pb01.pdf |publisher=Office of the National Security Adviser |year=2015 |access-date=2021-08-03 |archive-date=2021-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803231907/https://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/sites/www.odid.ox.ac.uk/files/onsa-pb01.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

=== Misogyny ===
Youth can come into contact with online content and individuals who radicalize them to adopt extremist views regarding women, masculinity, and gender roles. Research shows that [[Misogyny|misogynistic]] content online targets mostly young men (ages 13-25) who report feelings of social isolation or rejection.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Botto |first1=Matteo |last2=Gottzén |first2=Lucas |date=2024-07-03 |title=Swallowing and spitting out the red pill: young men, vulnerability, and radicalization pathways in the manosphere |journal=Journal of Gender Studies |language=en |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=596–608 |doi=10.1080/09589236.2023.2260318 |issn=0958-9236|doi-access=free }}</ref> This content is often appears as inspirational and aspirational self-improvement content containing both covert and overt misogynistic views.<ref name=":3" /> This content might promote harmful gender ideologies, including the stigmatization of female sexuality, commonly referred to as "slut shaming" and the unrealistic masculine body ideals, such as the “gym bro” aesthetic, and targets the vulnerability or social rejection that attract young men towards this content in the first place.<ref name=":3" />

This content is partially pushed by algorithms used on social media platforms that present users with content depending on what content the user has interacted with previously.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Steven |last2=Jones |first2=Callum |last3=Nicholas |first3=Lucy |last4=Wescott |first4=Stephanie |last5=Maloney |first5=Marcus |date=2025-01-14 |title=Beyond the Clickbait: Analysing the Masculinist Ideology in Andrew Tate's Online Written Discourses |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17499755241307414 |journal=Cultural Sociology |article-number=17499755241307414 |language=en |doi=10.1177/17499755241307414 |issn=1749-9755|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> Research on algorithms and online misogynistic content has found that young users, regardless of whether or not they actively engage with such content, are often exposed to it after spending some time on the platform.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-30 |title=Who is Andrew Tate? The self-proclaimed misogynist influencer |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-64125045 |access-date=2025-04-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Research has investigated how younger users encounter and engage with misogynistic content promoted by influencers associated with the [[manosphere]], such as [[Andrew Tate]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Botto |first1=Matteo |last2=Gottzén |first2=Lucas |date=2024-07-03 |title=Swallowing and spitting out the red pill: young men, vulnerability, and radicalization pathways in the manosphere |journal=Journal of Gender Studies |language=en |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=596–608 |doi=10.1080/09589236.2023.2260318 |issn=0958-9236|doi-access=free }}</ref> Tate’s content has been criticised for portraying violence and dominance as essential elements of masculinity, and for suggesting that men who do not conform to this model are weak.<ref name=":4" /> In his commentary on women, Tate describes women as subordinate to men and has made comments that objectify women.<ref name=":4" /> Much of Tate's content is framed within the context of self-improvement or aspirational content, which critics argue serves to obscure the underlying misogynistic ideology.<ref name=":5" />

== Social media and violent radicalization ==

=== In the Arab World ===
The analysis of the profiles of researchers and publications on violent radicalization from the [[Arab world]] reveals the prominence of specialists on [[Islamism|Islamist movements]]. They are, most often, [[humanities]] and [[social science]] researchers and some are specialists in media and public opinion, [[international relations]], or even security. Another specificity of research on violent radicalization in the Arabic-speaking region is the involvement of religious researchers in this field. The main objective of this contribution is part of a state strategy to counter faith advocated by violent [[Political radicalism|radical groups]]. In this logic, radicalization or [[jihadism]] are replaced by the term terrorist in referral to these groups. In other regions, experts use terms such as jihadist [[Salafi movement|Salafism]] or jihadism or violent radicalization. There is a clear tendency among most Arabic-speaking researchers to avoid the use of the word [[Islam]] and its semantic field to denote violent radical groups. This is also why researchers from the region prefer to use the Arabic acronym Daesh or the State Organization instead of the ‘Islamic State.’ Most research published from the Arab world does not focus on the relation between violent radicalization and Internet or social media, nor does it evaluate the effect of prevention or intervention cyberinitiatives.{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

Arab youth are major consumers of social media networks and especially Facebook, which is one of the top ten most used sites by Arab Internet users, a tendency that quickly found its translation into the Arab political realm.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gonzalez-Quijano |first1=Yves |title=Internet en Égypte: une redéfinition du champ politique? |trans-title=Internet in Egypt: a redefinition of the political field? |language=fr |journal=Chroniques Egyptiennes/Egyptian Chronicles |date=May 2012 |pages=99–116 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01275206/document }}</ref> According to a study by Mohamed Ibn Rachid Faculty for [[governance]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]], the number of Facebook users in 22 Arab countries increased from 54.5 million in 2013 to 81.3 million in 2014 with a majority being young people.{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}} The study of literature in the region reveals the role played by [[social network]]s, especially Facebook and Twitter, as platforms for collective expression for Arab youth on current issues, conflicts and wars (e.g., Gaza situation in particular).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mourtada |first1=Racha |last2=Salem |first2=Fadi |last3=Alshaer |first3=Sarah |date=June 2014 |title=Citizen Engagement and Public Services in the Arab World: The Potential of Social Media |series=Arab Social Media Report |edition=6th |ssrn=2578993 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2578993 |s2cid=155418472 }}</ref> In [[Iraq]], for example, young Internet users and [[blog]]gers launched several campaigns on Facebook and Twitter at the beginning of military operations to free the major cities occupied by ISIS (Fallujah and Mosul). In [[Morocco]], other initiatives with the same objective were launched such as the one by Hamzah al-Zabadi on Facebook ( مغاربة_ضد_داعش#; Moroccans against Daesh), which consisted of sharing all kinds of content (images, texts, etc.) to contradict and challenge [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]]'s narratives. The involvement of [[civil society]] actors on the web in the fight against terrorism and violent radicalization in the Arab region remains modest for many reasons including the lack of media [[Policy|policies]] dedicated to this struggle.{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

=== In Asia ===
Researchers in Asia have developed a complex understanding of radicalization as being deeply connected to [[psychosocial]] and economic grievances such as poverty and unemployment,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khalid |first1=Iram |last2=Leghari |first2=Mina Ehsan |title=Radicalization of Youth in Southern Punjab |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=29 |issue=2 |year=2014 |pages=537–551 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/13._Mina_Leghari_v29_no2_2014.pdf }}</ref><ref name=Tadjbakhsh2015/> [[Social exclusion|marginalization]] through [[Literacy|illiteracy]] and lack of education,<ref name=Tadjbakhsh2015>{{cite web |last1=Tadjbakhsh |first1=Shahrbanou |last2=Iskandarov |first2=Kosimsho |last3=Mohammadi |first3=Abdul Ahad |title=Strangers Across the Amu River: Community Perceptions Along the Tajik–Afghan Borders |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=October 2015 |url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/2015/sipri-policy-briefs/strangers-across-amu-river-community-perceptions-along-tajik-afghan-borders }}</ref> admiration for [[Charismatic authority|charismatic leaders]], pursuit of social acceptability, and [[psychological trauma]]. These factors are considered by authors to facilitate online radicalization-oriented recruitment, especially among young people, who are more vulnerable and spend more time online.{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

A 2016 report by "We Are Social" revealed that East Asia, Southeast Asia, and North America were the first, second, and third largest social media markets worldwide respectively. According to the same report, Facebook and [[Facebook Messenger]] are the predominant social and communications tools, followed by Twitter, [[Line (software)|Line]] and [[Skype]]. China is the notable exception as Facebook Messenger is outpaced by far by Chinese social media tools. China presents a very different profile from most countries in its mainstream social media and networks. American platforms such as Google, [[Yahoo!]], Facebook, Twitter and YouTube have very little market penetration due to state restrictions and the strong monopoly of homegrown search engines and Internet platforms in Chinese language.{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

There is rising interest among Chinese researchers in examining the relationship between social media and violent radicalization.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Lijun |title=The politics of flies: mocking news in Chinese cyberspace |journal=Chinese Journal of Communication |date=December 2013 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=482–496 |doi=10.1080/17544750.2013.844190 |s2cid=144913665 }}</ref>

[[Indonesia]] has an estimated 76 million Indonesians who connect regularly on Facebook, establishing the nation as the fourth largest user of the world, after [[India]], the United States and [[Brazil]]. Indonesia is also the fifth largest user of Twitter, after the United States, Brazil, Japan and the United Kingdom. The Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict (IPAC) examines how Indonesian extremists use Facebook, Twitter and various mobile phone applications such as [[WhatsApp]] and [[Telegram (app)|Telegram]]. Social media use by extremists in Indonesia is increasing. They use social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, to communicate with young people, to train and to fundraise online. Recruitment is done through [[online game]]s, propaganda videos on YouTube and calls to purchase weapons. The proliferation of ISIS propaganda via individual Twitter accounts has raised concerns about the possibility of "[[Lone wolf (terrorism)|lone actor]]" attacks. That being said, the report points out that such attacks are extremely rare in Indonesia.{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

=== In Africa ===
There is little contemporary research on online radicalization in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]. However, at its heart, Africa carries a powerful extremist group: "[[Boko Haram]]", whose real name is Jama’atu Ahlu-Sunna wal Jihad Adda’wa Li («Group of the People of Sunnah for Preaching and Jihad») since 2002 and has pledged allegiance to the Daesh. The network is less resourceful and financed compared to Daesh, but it seems to have entered in a new era of communication by the use of social media networks, more so since its allegiance to Daesh.<ref>{{cite document |last1=Al-Amir Ould Sidi |first1=A. |date=March 2015 |title=Bokoharam et la juxtaposition des contextes |trans-title=Bokoharam and the juxtaposition of contexts |language=fr |publisher=Doha, AlJazeera Center for Studies }}{{verify source|date=August 2021}}</ref> To spread their principles this terrorist group uses the Internet and adapts Daesh communication strategies to the sub-Saharan African context to spread its propaganda (also in French and English) with more sophisticated videos. By its presence on the most used digital networks (Twitter, [[Instagram]]),<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-70443-2_18 |chapter=Terrorists and Social Media Messages: A Critical Analysis of Boko Haram's Messages and Messaging Techniques |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Media and Communication Research in Africa |year=2018 |last1=Ogbondah |first1=Chris Wolumati |last2=Agbese |first2=Pita Ogaba |pages=313–345 |isbn=978-3-319-70442-5 |s2cid=158309183 |pmc=7121539 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA311 }}</ref> Boko Haram breaks with traditional forms of communication in the region such as propaganda videos sent to agencies on flash drives or CD-ROM.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Faure |first1=Guy Olivier |title=Negotiating Hostages with Terrorists: Paradoxes and Dilemmas |journal=International Negotiation |date=17 March 2015 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=129–145 |doi=10.1163/15718069-12341301 }}{{failed verification|date=August 2021}}</ref> Video content analyses has also shown a major shift from long monologues from the leader [[Abubakar Shekau]], that had poor editing and translation, to messages and videos that have increased its attractiveness among sub-Saharan youth. Today, Boko-Haram owns a real communications agency called «al-Urwa Wuqta» (literally «the most trustworthy», «the most reliable way»). Moreover, the group multiplies its activities on Twitter especially via their [[smartphone]]s, as well as through YouTube news channels. Most tweets and comments of the group's supporters denounce the Nigerian government and call for support for Boko Haram movement. The tweets are written in Arabic at first and then translated and passed on into English and French, which reflect the group's desire to place itself in the context of what it sees as global jihad. In a recent study conducted in 2015, researchers have shown how Boko Haram-related tweets include rejection of the movement by non-members of the organisation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Varin |first1=Caroline |title=Boko Haram and the War on Terror |date=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-4411-9 }}{{page needed|date=August 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

In Kenya, and by extension the Horn of Africa, online radicalization and recruitment processes are dependent on narrative formations and dissemination. However, other than one documented case of purely online radicalization and recruitment,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Badurdeen, Azmiya |first1=Fathima |title=Online Radicalisation and Recruitment: Al-Shabaab Luring Strategies with New Technology |journal=Confronting Violent Extremism in Kenya |date=2018 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=93–113 |url=https://chrips.or.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Confronting-Violent-Extremism-in-Kenya.pdf#page=101 |access-date=22 November 2022}}</ref> evidence shows that the process is cyclic involving both an online-offline-online, process that advances depending on the level of socialization and resonance factors shared with the vulnerable populations. A recent study from [https://scofieldassociates.co.ke/ Scofield Associates] shows that narrative formation depends on three major attributes; having a believable story, actionable plans for those who encounter it, and the need for a religious cover. The third characteristic provides support to the persuasion process and adds to the global whole. The persuasion process plays out very well with an Online platform or audience.<ref name="scofieldassociates.co.ke"/>

=== In the United States ===
The Pew Research Center reports that 96% of U.S. teenagers (ages 13-17) use the Internet daily, and 46% say that they are online almost constantly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gottfried |first=Monica Anderson, Michelle Faverio and Jeffrey |date=2023-12-11 |title=Teens, Social Media and Technology 2023 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2023/12/11/teens-social-media-and-technology-2023/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> This high level on online engagement increases the likelihood of exposure to a wide range of online content, including ideological or extremist material.

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security has noted that extremist groups are increasingly using social media and networking platforms to disseminate ideological content and to recruit new members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DHS Issues a National Terrorism Advisory System (NTAS) Bulletin, May 14, 2021 {{!}} Homeland Security |url=https://www.dhs.gov/archive/news/2021/05/14/dhs-issues-national-terrorism-advisory-system-ntas-bulletin-may-14-2021#:~:text=Mayorkas%20issued%20a%20National%20Terrorism,become%20increasingly%20complex%20and%20volatile. |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=www.dhs.gov |language=en}}</ref> In the United States, far-right groups such as the [[Proud Boys]] have used mainstream platforms for both propaganda and recruitment purposes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhong |first1=Wei |last2=Bailard |first2=Catie |last3=Broniatowski |first3=David |last4=Tromble |first4=Rebekah |date=2024-01-08 |title=Proud Boys on Telegram |url=https://journalqd.org/article/view/4187 |journal=Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media |volume=4 |pages=1–47 |doi=10.51685/jqd.2024.003 |issn=2673-8813|doi-access=free }}</ref> These groups often evade content moderation policies by using encoded language, euphemisms and symbolism to obscure their messaging. In recent years, some of these communities have migrated to platforms with less stringent content moderation policies, such as [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter) and [[Gab (social network)|Gab.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=How Elon Musk uses his X social media platform to amplify right-wing views |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/how-elon-musk-uses-his-x-social-media-platform-to-amplify-right-wing-views |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref>

Social media platforms act as a medium through which extremist groups may target and radicalize younger users, usually through the use of memes and short-form videos that are easily shareable and culturally relevant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=White supremacists are riling up thousands on social media |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/white-supremacists-are-riling-up-thousands-on-social-media |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> Some researchers have noted that extremist content is often packaged in ironic and humorous ways to appeal to younger audiences.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Young guns: Understanding a new generation of extremist radicalization in the US |url=https://www.isdglobal.org/isd-publications/young-guns-understandings-a-new-generation-of-extremist-radicalization-in-the-us/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=ISD |language=en-GB}}</ref> In several mass shootings, such as the ones in Poway, Christchurch, El Paso, and Buffalo, investigations revealed that the perpetrators had been exposed to or engaged with online extremist content prior to committing acts of violence.<ref name=":6" />

The [[United States Department of Homeland Security|U.S. Department of Homeland Security]]'s Center for Prevention Programs and Partnerships (CP3) works with local organizations and agencies to prevent radicalization before it escalates into real-world violence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Center for Prevention Programs and Partnerships {{!}} Homeland Security |url=https://www.dhs.gov/CP3 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=www.dhs.gov |language=en}}</ref> CP3 facilitates the Targeted Violence and Terrorism Prevention (TVTP) Grant Program and provides funding to governments, nonprofit organizations, and educational institutions to establish or enhance initiatives to prevent targeted violence and terrorism.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=What We Do {{!}} Homeland Security |url=https://www.dhs.gov/cp3-what-we-do |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=www.dhs.gov |language=en}}</ref> CP3 also works with faith-based organizations to improve the safety of their facilities.<ref name=":7" /> However, federal layoffs by the [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] and the [[Department of Government Efficiency|Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)]] in March 2025, has led to a 20% reduction in CP3 staff.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allam |first=Hannah |date=2025-03-20 |title=Killing Grants That Have Saved Lives: Trump's Cuts Signal End to Government Work on Terrorism Prevention |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-doge-budget-cuts-terrorism-prevention#:~:text=These%20days,%20CP3%20is%20imploding,from%20the%20left%20and%20right. |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=ProPublica |language=en}}</ref>

== Online prevention initiatives ==

=== Alternative narratives ===
Van Eerten, Doosje, Konijn, De Graaf, and De Goede suggest that counter or alternative narratives could be a promising prevention strategy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=van Eerten |first1=Jan-Jaap |last2=Doosje |first2=Bertjan |last3=Konijn |first3=Elly |last4=de Graaf |first4=Beatrice |chapter=Summary, Conclusions, Limitations, and Future Directions |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUmjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT198 |doi=10.4324/9780429287145-7 |title=Challenging Extremist Views on Social Media: Developing a Counter-Messaging Response |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-06361-5 |s2cid=208456684 }}</ref> Some researchers argue that a strong alternative narrative to violent jihadist groups is to convey the message that they mostly harm Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Archetti |first1=Cristina |title=Understanding Terrorism in the Age of Global Media: A Communication Approach |date=2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-36049-5 }}{{page needed|date=August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cornish |first1=Paul |last2=Lindley-French |first2=Julian |last3=Yorke |first3=Claire |date=September 2011 |title=Strategic Communications and National Strategy |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/r0911es%E2%80%93stratcomms.pdf |publisher=Chatham House |isbn=978-1-86203-255-2 }}{{page needed|date=August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Corman |first1=Steven R. |date=September 2011 |chapter=Understanding the Role of Narratives in Extremist Strategic Communications |pages=36–43 |editor1-last=Fenstermacher |editor1-first=Laurie |editor2-last=Leventhal |editor2-first=Todd |title=Countering Violent Extremism: Scientific Methods and Strategies |id={{DTIC|AD1092274}} |oclc=793599766 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=Tim |last2=Neumann |first2=Peter R. |year=2009 |title=Countering Online Radicalization: A Strategy for Action |page=10 |url=https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/ICSR-Report-The-Challenge-of-Online-Radicalisation-A-Strategy-for-Action.pdf }}</ref> During the last decade, the [[Federal government of the United States|United States government]] has set up two online programs against radicalization designed to counter anti-American propaganda and [[misinformation]] from [[al-Qaeda]] or the Islamic state. These programs seek to win the "[[war of ideas]]" by countering self-styled jihadist rhetoric.{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

[[Private sector]] counter-initiatives involve the YouTube [[Creators for Change]] with young "ambassadors" mandated to "drive greater awareness and foster productive dialogue around social issues through content creation and speaking engagements";<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/yt/creators-for-change/|title=Creators for Change |website = YouTube}}{{primary source inline|date=August 2020}}</ref> the "redirectmethod.org" pilot initiative to use search queries in order to direct vulnerable young people to online videos of citizen [[Testimony|testimonies]], on-the-ground reports, and religious debates that debunk narratives used for violent recruitment. The initiative avoids "government-produced content and newly or custom created material, using only existing and compelling YouTube content".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://redirectmethod.org/|title=The Redirect Method|website=redirectmethod.org}}{{primary source inline|date=August 2020}}</ref>

Several governments are opting to invest in primary prevention through education of the public at large, and of young public in particular, via various "inoculatory" tactics that can be grouped under the broad label of Media and Information Literacy (MIL). Based on knowledge about the use of [[Media literacy|MIL]] in other domains, this initiative can be seen, interalia, as a long term comprehensive preventive strategy for reducing the appeal of violent radicalization.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Earnhardt |first1=Rebecca |title=Al-Qaeda's Media Strategy: Internet self-radicalization and counter-radicalization policies |journal=Digital America |date=1 January 2014 |volume=4 |issue=3 |url=https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/wilder_pubs/2/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frau-Meigs |first1=Divina |author-link1=Divina Frau-Meigs |title=Socialisation des jeunes et éducation aux médias du bon usage des contenus et comportements à risque |trans-title=Socialization of young people and media education on the proper use of risky content and behavior |language=fr |date=2011 |publisher=Erès |doi=10.3917/eres.fraum.2011.01 |isbn=978-2-7492-1482-5 |oclc=880667820 |url=https://www.cairn.info/socialisation-des-jeunes-et-education-aux-medias--9782749214825.htm }}{{page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}

=== Media and information literacy ===
MIL has a long tradition of dealing with harmful content and violent representations, including propaganda.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gerbner |first1=George |title=Violence and terror in the mass media |date=1988 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000082684 }}{{page needed|date=August 2020}}</ref> In its early history, MIL was mostly put in place to fight misinformation (particularly in advertising) by developing critical skills about the media. By the 1980s, MIL also introduced cultural and creative skills to use the media in an empowering way, with active pedagogies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hobbs |first1=Renee |last2=Jensen |first2=Amy |title=The Past, Present, and Future of Media Literacy Education |journal=Journal of Media Literacy Education |date=10 September 2013 |volume=1 |issue=1 |url=https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/jmle/vol1/iss1/1/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Potter |first1=W. James |title=Review of Literature on Media Literacy: Media literacy |journal=Sociology Compass |date=June 2013 |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=417–435 |doi=10.1111/soc4.12041 }}</ref> Since the year 2000, MIL has enlarged the media definition to incorporate the Internet and social media, adding issues related to [[Ethics|ethical]] uses of online media to the traditional debates over harmful content and harmful behavior and aligning them more with the perspectives that consider issues of gratifications of media users.{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Media and Social Media
!Politics and Law
!Academia and Think Tanks
|-
|News and entertainment media give disproportionate attention to social media as an explanation of violent radicalization, to the detriment of other explanations (religious strife, alienation, geopolitics of terror, racism and segregation, youth unemployment etc.).
|States and social media platforms operate a series of counter-measures ranging from censorship to counter-narratives and education strategies.
|Lack of capacity for researchers to engage with theory and empirical research
|-
|An alarmist representation of violent radicalization can lead to politics of fear and of fear-mongering by various interested parties, and create a chilling effect on dissent and critical expression.
|There are questions about strategies like blocking of access and filtering content, because there is no clear evidence about the effectiveness of these steps. The impact of online surveillance on radicalization is complicated to research, and is barely covered in the literature.
|Lack of interdisciplinary collaboration
|-
|The spread of stereotypes transforms the "other" into a potential enemy and can affect the way minorities are viewed and view themselves.{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}
|There seems to be a developing trend for online counter-speech that challenges extremist representations and hate speech. There is less evidence of alternative narratives that acknowledge feelings of powerlessness and alienation, and which propose non-violent ways to address perceived or real grievances. It is also rare to find references to the value of preserving the independence of civil society and media in regard to multi-stakeholder engagement in countering violent narratives.
|Lack of research on the impact of censorship, surveillance, counter-speech and Media and Information Literacy
|-
|
|Education-centered solutions show few initiatives that have been documented and assessed for their efficacy. Many Media and Information Literacy (MIL) resources designed to be used by teachers in a classroom setting are focused on critical thinking, on debunking plot theory, "fake news" and rumors, and on extolling fact-checking. Their impact in terms of reducing risks of online violent radicalization is still not clear.{{sfn|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017|p={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}
|
|}

== International human rights standards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Key international human rights standards to serve as a benchmark for approaching violent extremism'''
|'''The [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights]] (ICCPR)'''
|Foregrounds the protection of freedom of expression in Article 19. The Covenant also recognizes that certain exceptional speech falls outside of free expression. Article 20 calls for prohibitions on "propaganda for war", and on "any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence". In Article 19 of the ICCPR, certain expression may be limited by law—if necessary—for the purpose of protection of personal reputation, national security, public order, public health or public morals. All these provisions have a bearing on expression in relation to violent radicalization. General Comment No. 34 of the UN Human Rights Committee emphasizes that Article 20, on compulsory restrictions, has to be interpreted in the context of Article 19. Overall, it underlines that the norm is freedom, and that any restrictions should be exceptional and subject to necessity and proportionality.
|-
|'''The Rabat Plan of Action on the prohibition of advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, [[hostility]] or violence'''<ref>{{UN doc |docid=A-HRC-22-17-Add.4 |body=A |session=22nd |type=A |document_number=2 |title=Rabat Plan of Action on the prohibition of advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence |page=6 |date=11 January 2013 }}</ref>
|The Rabat Plan was developed in 2012 by the UN's Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. It cautions us against illegitimate restrictions of speech based on purported implementation of ICCPR standards. The Rabat Plan proposes a nuanced approach to assessing expressions of hatred in terms of whether they really incite harm. This approach suggests that restriction should only be considered in terms of an assessment of (a) context of effect (the intent and likelihood), (b) the status of the speaker, (c) the specific content, (d) the reach of the expression, and (e) the actual imminent likelihood of resulting harm. This calls on us to use our heads, not our hearts, in reacting to the relationship of expression to the issue of violent radicalization.
|-
|'''The United Nations principles'''
|There is recognition by regional and UN rapporteurs that speech can be "offensive, shocking and disturbing", without necessarily constituting a threat to national security, or hatred that incites harms, or propaganda for war.

In October 2015, [[UNESCO]]'s Executive Board adopted a decision on UNESCO's role in promoting education as a tool to prevent violent extremism.<ref>{{cite book |title=Decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its 197th session |date=2015 |publisher=UNESCO |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000235180 }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Sources ==
{{Free-content attribution
|1={{harvnb|Alava|Frau-Meigs|Hassan|2017}}
| license statement URL = http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=260532&set=005A82B905_1_194&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1
| license = CC BY SA 3.0 IGO
}}
* {{cite book |last1=Alava |first1=Séraphin |last2=Frau-Meigs |first2=Divina |last3=Hassan |first3=Ghayda |title=Youth and violent extremism on social media: mapping the research |date=2017 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=978-92-3-100245-8 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000260382 }}

{{Media and human factors}}

[[Category:Information and communications technology]]
[[Category:Social media]]
[[Category:Youth]]
[[Category:Radicalization]]

Dattatreya Hosabale

2026-02-16T05:22:31Z

Svetlqer: starting a post

{{Short description|General Secretary of Rashtriya Swayamsevaka Sangha (RSS)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dattatreya Hosabale
| image = Dattatreya Hosabale.jpg
| birth_name =
| caption = Dattatreya Hosabale in 2025
| office = [[Sarkaryavah]] of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
| occupation = Sarakaryavaha, RSS
| successor =
| term_start = 20 March 2021
| death_date =
| death_place =
| signature =
| birth_place = [[Shimoga]], [[Mysuru State]] (present{{endash}}day Karnataka), [[India]]
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1954|12|1|df=y}}
| predecessor = [[Suresh Joshi (RSS)|Suresh Joshi]]
}}

'''Dattatreya Hosabale''' (born 1 December 1954) is the current ''[[Sarkaryavah]]'' (General Secretary) of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Hindutva]] [[paramilitary]] organisation, since 2021. He had previously served as the ''Sangathan Mantri'' (General Secretary) of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP), a student wing of the RSS.

== Early life and student politics ==
Dattatreya Hosabale was born on 1 December 1954, in [[Shimoga]], [[Mysore State]]. His family was deeply affiliated with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hebbar |first=Nistula |date=20 March 2021 |title=Analysis {{!}} Who is Dattatreya Hosabale? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/analysis-who-is-dattatreya-hosabale/article61924403.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212003325/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/analysis-who-is-dattatreya-hosabale/article61924403.ece |archive-date=12 December 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Hosabale joined the RSS in 1968, before joining the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP) in 1972. During [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]], he protested against [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]]. He was subsequently detained for over a year under the [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act]]. In 1978, he became ''Pracharak'' of the ABVP. He pursued his undergraduate education from the [[National College, Bengaluru]] and his postgraduate education from the [[University of Mysore]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Shyamlal |date=20 March 2021 |title=Explained: Who is Dattatreya Hosabale, the new RSS sarkaryawah? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-is-dattatreya-hosabale-the-new-rss-sarkaryawah-7237234/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320104811/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-is-dattatreya-hosabale-the-new-rss-sarkaryawah-7237234/ |archive-date=20 March 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Neelam |date=18 March 2024 |title=Ex-editor, jailed during Emergency — who is RSS No. 2 Dattatreya Hosabale, re-elected gen secy |url=https://theprint.in/politics/ex-editor-jailed-during-emergency-who-is-rss-no-2-dattatreya-hosabale-re-elected-gen-secy/2005389/ |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref>

== Rise within the Sangh ==
In 1992, Hosabale was made the ''Sangathan Mantri'' (General Secretary) of the ABVP.<ref name=":2" /> In 2009, Hosabale was made one of the four ''Sah-Sarkaryavahs'' (Joint General Secretary) of the RSS, under the leadership of ''[[Sarkaryavah]]'' (General Secretary) [[Suresh Joshi (RSS)|Suresh Joshi]], as the latter had succeeded [[Mohan Bhagwat]] in the post.<ref name=":1" />

Hosabale became the ''Sarkaryavah'' of the RSS on 20 March 2021, largely due to his close relations with prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] and [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|home minister]] [[Amit Shah]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> A major reason for his elevation was because of his willingness to use the RSS machinery for electoral purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. Jha |first=Dhirendra |date=26 April 2021 |title=Heads of the Family: Dattatreya Hosabale’s elevation as the RSS’s executive head is a triumph for Modi |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/dattatreya-hosabale-elevation-rss-executive-head-modi-triumph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250702075257/https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/dattatreya-hosabale-elevation-rss-executive-head-modi-triumph |archive-date=2 July 2025 |website=[[The Caravan]]}}</ref> He was re-elected to the post in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/electoral-bonds-scheme-is-an-experiment-concept-of-minority-needs-reconsideration-rss/article67962096.ece |title=Electoral bonds scheme is an ‘experiment’, concept of minority needs reconsideration: RSS |first=Ishita |last=Mishra |date=18 March 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Ideology and views ==
Hosabale has claimed that [[Religious conversion|religious conversions]] and immigration by "infiltrators from Bangladesh and other countries" are reducing the population of Hindus and causing an "imbalance." He has called for strict [[Anti-conversion law|anti-conversion laws]] and [[population control]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2022 |title=Infiltrators from neighbouring countries, religious conversion causing population imbalance: RSS |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1035465/infiltrators-from-neighbouring-countries-religious-conversion-causing-population-imbalance-rss |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Abhishek |date=20 October 2022 |title=Outrage as RSS leader says population balance disturbed by one community |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/outrage-as-rss-leader-dattatreya-hosabale-says-population-balance-disturbed-by-one-community-2287825-2022-10-20 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Shortly after he became the ''Sarkaryavah'' of the RSS, Hosabale expressed his belief in [[Love jihad conspiracy theory|love jihad]], an [[Islamophobic trope|Islamophobic conspiracy theory]] which purports that Muslim men target Hindu women, through means such as seduction, deception, kidnapping, and marriage, in an attempt to convert them to Islam, as part of a "demographic war" and an international conspiracy. Hosabale supported the enactment on laws against love jihad, stating, "The use of fraudulent methods to lure girls into marriage and conversion is condemnable and must be opposed. Suitable laws and regulations have to be brought and RSS will support such laws."<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2021 |title=New RSS general secretary backs law on 'love jihad' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/new-rss-general-secretary-backs-law-on-love-jihad/article34121901.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321071356/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/new-rss-general-secretary-backs-law-on-love-jihad/article34121901.ece |archive-date=21 March 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Bharath |title=RSS will support laws against Love Jihad: Sarkaryavah Dattatreya Hosabale |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/rss-will-support-laws-against-love-jihad-sarkaryavah-dattatreya-hosabale-964357.html |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

In June 2025, Hosabale advocated for the removal of the words "socialist" and "secular" from the [[Preamble to the Constitution of India|preamble]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RSS leader Dattatreya Hosabale questions 'socialist', 'secular' in Preamble: Why the words were inserted in 1976 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/rss-dattatreya-hosabale-socialist-secular-constitution-emergency-preamble-10092116/}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{Twitter|id=dattahosabale}}
{{Sangh Parivar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hosabale, Dattatreya}}
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks]]
[[Category:Sarkaryavahs]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Shimoga]]

Nainpur

2026-02-11T04:38:56Z

Svetlqer: minor refine intro as per guidelines

{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nainpur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline = Nainpur Junction Railway Station.png
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Railway Station Nainpur
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.43|N|80.12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mandla district|Mandla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = Nainpur Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10.5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 447
| population_total = 24,914
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 481776
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07646
| registration_plate = MP51 ([[Mandla|MANDLA]])
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 961 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Nainpur''' is a town and [[Municipality|Municipal City]] in the [[Mandla district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

== Geography ==
Nainpur is a [[Tehsil]]. It is located to the north of the Nainpur Forest Range, and borders the Bamhni Forest Range.<ref>[https://mpforest.gov.in/hrd/trainingmodule/JFM/Development%20of%20Forest%20Villages.pdf Development of Forest Villages through Forest Development Agencies Madhya Pradesh]</ref> Nainpur is bordered by the Chakor and the Thanwar rivers.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The town has a hot and dry climate. In the summer, temperatures can reach 44°C, while the winters offer temperatures of around 15°C. Between July and September, there is a heavy rainfall, brought on by the onset of the Southwestern [[monsoon]].

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Indian [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Nainpur has a population of approximately 25,000 people. Males constitute 51% of the population. Nainpur has an average literacy rate of 75%, which is higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy is 81% and female literacy is 68%. In Nainpur, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The town is divided into 15 wards; each ward is represented by a ward member.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

== Transport ==

Nainpur is on the route to Seoni-Mandla Highway. The nearest airport is [[Jabalpur]]. It is also a railway junction connected to Jabalpur and [[Nagpur]]. The town has a narrow gauge rail museum.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Nearby picnic spots include Maaldhar, Siddhaghat, Ghoghra, Bhima Nala, Shikara, Thanwar Dam, and [[Kanha National Park]].[[File:Narrow Gauge Railways.png|thumb|Railway Museum Nainpur]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Mandla district]]
[[Category:Mandla]]

Holocene

2026-02-10T21:29:12Z

Svetlqer: fix content

{{Short description|Current geological epoch}}
{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Recent Era|the human sense|Human history#Modern era}}
{{Infobox geologic timespan
| name = Holocene
| color = Holocene
| time_start = 0.0117
| time_end = 0
| image_map = File:Mollweide.jpg
| caption_map = Map of Earth as it appears during the current Holocene Epoch, Meghalayan Age
| image_outcrop =
| caption_outcrop =
| image_art =
| caption_art =

| timeline = Holocene
| former_subdivisions =
| formerly_part_of =
| partially_contained_in =
| partially_contains =

| name_formality = Formal
| name_accept_date =
| alternate_spellings =
| synonym1 =
| synonym1_coined =
| synonym2 =
| synonym2_coined =
| synonym3 =
| synonym3_coined =
| nicknames =
| former_names =
| proposed_names =

| celestial_body = earth
| usage = Global ([[International Commission on Stratigraphy|ICS]])
| timescales_used = ICS Time Scale
| formerly_used_by =
| not_used_by =

| chrono_unit = Epoch
| strat_unit = Series
| proposed_by =
| timespan_formality = Formal
| lower_boundary_def = End of the [[Younger Dryas]] [[stadial]].
| lower_gssp_location = [[North Greenland Ice Core Project|NGRIP2]] ice core, [[Greenland]]
| lower_gssp_coords = {{Coord|75.1000|N|42.3200|W|display=inline}}
| lower_gssp_accept_date = 2008<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Mike |last2=Johnse |first2=Sigfus |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Sune |last4=Steffensen |first4=Jørgen-Peder |last5=Popp |first5=Trevor |last6=Gibbard |first6=Phillip |last7=Hoek |first7=Wilm |last8=Lowe |first8=John |last9=Andrews |first9=John |last10=Björck |first10=Svante |last11=Cwynar |first11=Les |last12=Hughen |first12=Konrad |last13=Kershaw |first13=Peter |last14=Kromer |first14=Bernd |last15=Litt |first15=Thomas |last16=Lowe |first16=David |last17=Nakagawa |first17=Takeshi |last18=Newnham |first18=Rewi |last19=Schwande |first19=Jakob |title=The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) in the NGRIP ice core |journal=[[Episodes (journal)|Episodes]] |date=June 2008 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=264–267 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i2/016 |bibcode=2008Episo..31..264W |doi-access=free |hdl=10289/920 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| upper_boundary_def = [[Present day]]
| upper_gssp_location = N/A
| upper_gssp_coords = N/A
| upper_gssp_accept_date = N/A

| o2 =
| co2 =
| temp =
| sea_level =
}}

The '''Holocene''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɒ|l|.|ə|s|iː|n|,_|-|oʊ|-|,_|ˈ|h|oʊ|.|l|ə|-|,_|-|l|oʊ|-}})<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Holocene |access-date=2018-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite Dictionary.com |Holocene |access-date=2018-02-11}}</ref> is the current [[geologic time scale|geological epoch]], beginning approximately 11,700 years ago.<ref name="Walker, M. 2009. pp. 3"/> It follows the [[Last Glacial Period]], which concluded with the [[Holocene glacial retreat]].<ref name="Walker, M. 2009. pp. 3">{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Mike |first2=Sigfus |last2=Johnsen |first3=Sune Olander |last3=Rasmussen |first4=Trevor |last4=Popp |first5=Jorgen-Peder |last5=Steffensen |first6=Phil |last6=Gibrard |first7=Wim |last7=Hoek |first8=John |last8=Lowe |first9=John |last9=Andrews |first10=Svante |last10=Bjo Rck |first11=Les C. |last11=Cwynar |first12=Konrad |last12=Hughen |first13=Peter |last13=Kersahw |first14=Bernd |last14=Kromer |first15=Thomas |last15=Litt |first16=David J. |last16=Lowe |first17=Takeshi |last17=Nakagawa |first18=Rewi |last18=Newnham |first19=Jakob |last19=Schwander |year=2009 |title=Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records |url=https://stratigraphy.org/GSSP/Holocene.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Quaternary Science]] |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=3–17 |doi=10.1002/jqs.1227 |bibcode=2009JQS....24....3W |doi-access=free |access-date=2013-09-03 |archive-date=2013-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104131948/http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/Holocene.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Holocene and the preceding [[Pleistocene]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale |title=International Chronostratigraphic Chart |last1=Fan |first1=Junxuan |last2=Hou |first2=Xudong |work=[[International Commission on Stratigraphy]] |access-date=June 18, 2016 |archive-date=January 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113013553/http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale |url-status=live}}</ref> together form the [[Quaternary]] period. The Holocene is an [[interglacial]] period within the ongoing [[Ice age|glacial cycles]] of the Quaternary, and is equivalent to [[Marine isotope stages|Marine Isotope Stage 1]].

The Holocene correlates with the last maximum [[axial tilt]] towards the Sun of the [[Earth#Axial tilt and seasons|Earth's obliquity]]. The Holocene corresponds with the rapid proliferation, growth, and impacts of the [[human species]] worldwide, hence the Holocene is often commonly referred to as the '''Age of Humans''', including [[Recorded history|all of its written history]], [[technological revolution]]s, development of major [[civilization]]s, and overall significant transition towards [[urban culture|urban living]] in the present. The human impact on modern-era [[Earth]] and its [[ecosystem]]s may be considered of global significance for the future evolution of living species, including approximately synchronous [[lithosphere|lithospheric]] evidence, or more recently [[Hydrosphere|hydrospheric]] and [[Atmosphere|atmospheric]] evidence of the human impact.

Following [[Late Pleistocene extinctions|the extinction of most large terrestrial mammals outside of Africa]] during the preceding [[Late Pleistocene]], the ecosystems of the Holocene continued to be impacted by extinctions (the ongoing [[Holocene extinction]]), largely of human causation.

In July 2018, the [[International Union of Geological Sciences]] split the Holocene Epoch into three distinct [[Age (geology)|ages]] based on the climate, [[Greenlandian]] (11,700 years ago to 8,200 years ago), [[Northgrippian]] (8,200 years ago to 4,200 years ago) and [[Meghalayan]] (4,200 years ago to the present), as proposed by the [[International Commission on Stratigraphy]].<ref name="Amos-2018">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44868527 |title=Welcome to the Meghalayan Age a new phase in history |work=BBC News |date=2018-07-18 |last1=Amos |first1=Jonathan |access-date=2018-07-18 |archive-date=2018-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718211344/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44868527 |url-status=live}}</ref> The oldest age, the Greenlandian, was characterized by a warming following the preceding ice age. The Northgrippian Age is known for vast cooling due to a disruption in ocean circulations that was caused by the melting of glaciers. The most recent age of the Holocene is the present Meghalayan, which began with extreme drought that lasted around 200 years.<ref name="Amos-2018" />

==Etymology==
The word "Holocene" comes from [[Ancient Greek]] [[wikt:ὅλος|ὅλος]] (''hólos''), {{lit|whole}}, and [[wikt:καινός|καινός]] (''kainós''), {{lit|new|recent}}, referring that this epoch is "entirely new".<ref>The name "Holocene" was proposed in 1850 by the French palaeontologist and entomologist [[Paul Gervais]] (1816–1879): {{cite journal |last1=Gervais |first1=Paul |title=Sur la répartition des mammifères fossiles entre les différents étages tertiaires qui concourent à former le sol de la France |journal=Académie des Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier. Section des Sciences |year=1850 |volume=1 |pages=399–413 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012332287;view=1up;seq=438 |trans-title=On the distribution of mammalian fossils among the different tertiary stages which help to form the ground of France |language=fr |access-date=2018-07-15 |archive-date=2020-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522050041/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012332287;view=1up;seq=438 |url-status=live }} [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012332287;view=1up;seq=453 From p. 413:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522050040/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012332287;view=1up;seq=453 |date=2020-05-22 }} ''"On pourrait aussi appeler ''Holocènes'', ceux de l'époque historique, ou dont le dépôt n'est pas antérieur à la présence de l'homme; … "'' (One could also call "Holocene" those [deposits] of the historic era, or the deposit of which is not prior to the presence of man; … )</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Origin and meaning of Holocene |website=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/holocene |access-date=2019-08-08 |archive-date=2019-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808161149/https://www.etymonline.com/word/holocene |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/-cene |title=Origin and meaning of suffix -cene |website=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |access-date=2019-08-08 |archive-date=2019-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808161147/https://www.etymonline.com/word/-cene |url-status=live}}</ref> The suffix '-cene' is used for all the seven epochs of the [[Cenozoic]] Era.

==Overview==
The [[International Commission on Stratigraphy]] has defined the Holocene as starting approximately 11,700 years before 2000 [[Common Era|CE]] (11,650 [[Radiocarbon calibration|cal]] years [[Before present|BP]], or 9,700 BCE).<ref name="Walker, M. 2009. pp. 3"/> The Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) regards the term 'recent' as an incorrect way of referring to the Holocene, preferring the term 'modern' instead to describe current processes. It also observes that the term 'Flandrian' may be used as a synonym for Holocene, although it is becoming outdated.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Gibbard |first1=P. L. |title=Chapter 30 – The Quaternary Period |date=2020-01-01 |work=Geologic Time Scale 2020 |pages=1217–1255 |editor-last=Gradstein |editor-first=Felix M. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128243602000309 |access-date=2022-04-21 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |isbn=978-0-12-824360-2 |last2=Head |first2=M. J. |editor2-last=Ogg |editor2-first=James G. |editor3-last=Schmitz |editor3-first=Mark D. |editor4-last=Ogg |editor4-first=Gabi M.}}.</ref> The International Commission on Stratigraphy, however, considers the Holocene to be an epoch following the [[Pleistocene]] and specifically following the [[last glacial period]]. Local names for the [[Late Pleistocene|last glacial period]] include the [[Wisconsin glaciation|Wisconsinan]] in [[North America]],<ref name=Clayton1982>{{cite journal |last1=Clayton |first1=Lee |last2=Moran |first2=Stephen R. |title=Chronology of late wisconsinan glaciation in middle North America |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |year=1982 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=55–82 |doi=10.1016/0277-3791(82)90019-1 |bibcode=1982QSRv....1...55C }}</ref> the [[Weichselian glaciation|Weichselian]] in Europe,<ref name=Svendsen1999>{{cite journal |last1=Svendsen |first1=John Inge |last2=Astakhov |first2=Valery I. |last3=Bolshiyanov |first3=Dimitri Yu. |last4=Demidov |first4=Igor |last5=Dowdeswell |first5=Julian A. |last6=Gataullin |first6=Valery |last7=Hjort |first7=Christian |last8=Hubberten |first8=Hans W. |last9=Larsen |first9=Eiliv |last10=Mangerud |first10=Jan |last11=Melles |first11=Martin |last12=Moller |first12=Per |last13=Saarnisto |first13=Matti |last14=Siegert |first14=Martin J. |title=Maximum extent of the Eurasian ice sheets in the Barents and Kara Sea region during the Weichselian |url=http://www.folk.uib.no/ngljm/PDF_files/SVENDSEN99.PDF |journal=[[Boreas (journal)|Boreas]] |date=March 1999 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=234–242 |doi=10.1111/j.1502-3885.1999.tb00217.x |bibcode=1999Borea..28..234S |s2cid=34659675 |access-date=2018-02-11 |archive-date=2018-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083433/http://www.folk.uib.no/ngljm/PDF_files/SVENDSEN99.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> the Devensian in Britain,<ref name=Eyles1989>{{cite journal |last1=Eyles |first1=Nicholas |last2=McCabe |first2=A. Marshall |title=The Late Devensian (<22,000 BP) Irish Sea Basin: The sedimentary record of a collapsed ice sheet margin |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |year=1989 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=307–351 |doi=10.1016/0277-3791(89)90034-6 |bibcode=1989QSRv....8..307E }}</ref> the [[Llanquihue glaciation|Llanquihue]] in Chile<ref name="Denton1999">{{cite journal |last1=Denton |first1=G. H. |last2=Lowell |first2=T. V. |last3=Heusser |first3=C. J. |last4=Schluchter |first4=C. |last5=Andersern |first5=B. G. |last6=Heusser |first6=Linda E. |last7=Moreno |first7=P. I. |last8=Marchant |first8=D. R. |year=1999 |title=Geomorphology, stratigraphy, and radiocarbon chronology of LlanquihueDrift in the area of the Southern Lake District, Seno Reloncavi, and Isla Grande de Chiloe, Chile |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6b41/4b24c6c33c9e713f114ae1692ada693e2517.pdf |journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography |volume=81A |issue=2 |pages=167–229 |bibcode=1999GeAnA..81..167D |doi=10.1111/1468-0459.00057 |s2cid=7626031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084400/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6b41/4b24c6c33c9e713f114ae1692ada693e2517.pdf |archive-date=2018-02-12}}</ref> and the Otiran in New Zealand.<ref name="Newnham2007">{{cite journal |last1=Newnham |first1=R. M. |last2=Vandergoes |first2=M. J. |last3=Hendy |first3=C. H. |last4=Lowe |first4=D. J. |last5=Preusser |first5=F. |date=February 2007 |title=A terrestrial palynological record for the last two glacial cycles from southwestern New Zealand |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=26 |issue=3–4 |pages=517–535 |bibcode=2007QSRv...26..517N |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.05.005}}</ref>

The Holocene can be subdivided into five time intervals, or [[chronozone]]s, based on climatic fluctuations:<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Quaternary stratigraphy of Norden: a proposal for terminology and classification |date=October 1, 1974 |url=http://folk.uib.no/ngljm/PDF_files/Mangerud%20et%20al%201974,%20Quat%20stratigraphy%20Norden.PDF |journal=[[Boreas (journal)|Boreas]] |last1= Mangerud |first1= Jan |last2= Anderson |first2= Svend T. |last3= Berglund |first3= Bjorn E. |last4=Donner |first4=Joakim J. |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=109–128 |doi=10.1111/j.1502-3885.1974.tb00669.x |bibcode=1974Borea...3..109M |access-date=September 15, 2013 |archive-date=February 16, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200216182249/https://folk.uib.no/ngljm/PDF_files/Mangerud%20et%20al%201974,%20Quat%20stratigraphy%20Norden.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=April 2023|?=yes|reason=Does this still hold after so many years? Holocene start date was redefined 35 years after these climatic chronzone dates}}
* [[Preboreal]] (10 ka–9 ka BP),
* [[Boreal (age)|Boreal]] (9 ka–8 ka BP),
* [[Atlantic (period)|Atlantic]] (8 ka–5 ka BP),
* [[Subboreal]] (5 ka–2.5 ka BP) and
* [[Subatlantic]] (2.5 ka BP–present).
: ''Note: "[[year|ka]] BP" means "kilo-annum [[Before Present]]", i.e. 1,000 years before 1950 (non-calibrated [[Radiocarbon dating|C14 dates]])''

Geologists working in different regions are studying sea levels, peat bogs, and [[ice core|ice-core]] samples, using a variety of methods, with a view toward further verifying and refining the [[Blytt-Sernander sequence|Blytt–Sernander sequence]]. This is a classification of climatic periods initially defined by plant remains in [[peat moss]]es.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Viau |first1= André E. |last2= Gajewski |first2= Konrad |last3= Fines |first3= Philippe |last4= Atkinson |first4= David E. |last5= Sawada |first5= Michael C. |title= Widespread evidence of 1500 yr climate variability in North America during the past 14 000 yr |journal=Geology |date=1 May 2002 |volume=30 |issue= 5 |pages= 455–458 |doi= 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0455:WEOYCV>2.0.CO;2|bibcode= 2002Geo....30..455V }}</ref> Though the method was once thought to be of little interest, based on 14C dating of peats that was inconsistent with the claimed chronozones,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Blackford |first1=J. |title=Peat bogs as sources of proxy climatic data: Past approaches and future research |year=1993 |encyclopedia=Climate change and human impact on the landscape |pages= 47–56 |publisher= Springer |location= Dordrecht |doi= 10.1007/978-94-010-9176-3_5 |isbn= 978-0-412-61860-4 |url= https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-94-010-9176-3_5.pdf |access-date= 20 November 2020}}</ref> investigators have found a general correspondence across [[Eurasia]] and [[North America]]. The scheme was defined for [[Northern Europe]], but the [[Climate variability and change|climate changes]] were claimed to occur more widely. The periods of the scheme include a few of the final pre-Holocene oscillations of the last glacial period and then classify climates of more recent [[prehistory]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schrøder |first1=N. |last2=Højlund Pedersen |first2=L. |last3=Juel Bitsch |first3= R. |year= 2004 |title= 10,000 years of climate change and human impact on the environment in the area surrounding Lejre |journal=The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies |volume=3 |number=1 |pages= 1–27}}</ref>

[[Paleontologists]] have not defined any [[faunal stage]]s for the Holocene. If subdivision is necessary, periods of human technological development, such as the [[Mesolithic]], [[Neolithic]], and [[Bronze Age]], are usually used. However, the time periods referenced by these terms vary with the emergence of those technologies in different parts of the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Middle Ages {{!}} Definition, Dates, Characteristics, & Facts |url= https://www.britannica.com/event/Middle-Ages|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language= en|archive-date=2021-06-11|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210611203625/https://www.britannica.com/event/Middle-Ages|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some scholars have argued that a third epoch of the Quaternary, the [[Anthropocene]], has now begun.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pearce |first=Fred |author-link=Fred Pearce |year= 2007 |title=With Speed and Violence |url= https://archive.org/details/withspeedviolenc00pear |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/withspeedviolenc00pear/page/21 21] |publisher= [[Beacon Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8070-8576-9}}</ref> This term has been used to denote the present time-interval in which many geologically significant conditions and processes have been profoundly altered by human activities. The 'Anthropocene' (a term coined by [[Paul J. Crutzen]] and [[Eugene F. Stoermer|Eugene Stoermer]] in 2000) was never a formally defined geological unit. The Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) of the [[International Commission on Stratigraphy]] (ICS) had a working group to determine whether it should be. In May 2019, members of the working group voted in favour of recognizing the Anthropocene as formal chrono-stratigraphic unit, with stratigraphic signals around the mid-twentieth century CE as its base. The exact criteria were still to be determined, after which the recommendation also had to be approved by the working group's parent bodies (ultimately the [[International Union of Geological Sciences]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/workinggroups/anthropocene/|title=Working Group on the "Anthropocene"|date= January 4, 2016|work=Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy|publisher=[[International Commission on Stratigraphy]] |access-date=June 18, 2017|archive-date=February 17, 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160217014924/http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/workinggroups/anthropocene/|url-status=live}}
</ref> In March 2024, after 15 years of deliberation, the Anthropocene Epoch proposal of the working group was voted down by a wide margin by the SQS, owing largely to its shallow sedimentary record and extremely recent proposed start date.<ref name="Zhong-2024a">{{Cite news |last=Zhong |first=Raymond |date=2024-03-05 |title=Are We in the 'Anthropocene,' the Human Age? Nope, Scientists Say. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/05/climate/anthropocene-epoch-vote-rejected.html |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Zhong-2024b">{{Cite news |last=Zhong |first=Raymond |date=2024-03-20 |title=Geologists Make It Official: We're Not in an 'Anthropocene' Epoch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/20/climate/anthropocene-vote-upheld.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The ICS and the International Union of Geological Sciences later formally confirmed, by a near unanimous vote, the rejection of the working group's Anthropocene Epoch proposal for inclusion in the Geologic Time Scale.<ref name="International Chronostratigraphic Chart">{{cite web |title=International Chronostratigraphic Chart |url=https://stratigraphy.org/chart |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[International Commission on Stratigraphy]]}}</ref><ref name="quaternary.stratigraphy.org">{{cite web |title=What is the Anthropocene? – current definition and status |url=http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/working-groups/anthropocene/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=quaternary.stratigraphy.org |publisher=Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Working Group on the 'Anthropocene'}}</ref><ref name="The Anthropocene">The Anthropocene: IUGS-ICS Statement. March 20, 2024. https://www.iugs.org/_files/ugd/f1fc07_ebe2e2b94c35491c8efe570cd2c5a1bf.pdf</ref>

==Geology==
The Holocene is a geologic epoch that follows directly after the Pleistocene. Continental motions due to [[plate tectonics]] are less than a kilometre over a span of only 10,000 years. However, ice melt caused world [[Marine transgression|sea levels to rise]] about {{convert|35|m|abbr=on}} in the early part of the Holocene and another 30 m in the later part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about [[40th parallel north|40 degrees north]] latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as {{convert|180|m|ft|abbr=on}} due to [[post-glacial rebound]] over the late Pleistocene and Holocene, and are still rising today.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/earthnews/6226537/England-is-sinking-while-Scotland-rises-above-sea-levels-according-to-new-study.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/earthnews/6226537/England-is-sinking-while-Scotland-rises-above-sea-levels-according-to-new-study.html |archive-date=2022-01-11 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=England is sinking while Scotland rises above sea levels, according to new study |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=October 7, 2009 |access-date=June 10, 2014 |last=Gray |first=Louise}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The sea-level rise and temporary [[land depression]] allowed temporary marine incursions into areas that are now far from the sea. For example, marine fossils from the Holocene epoch have been found in locations such as [[Vermont]] and [[Michigan]]. Other than higher-latitude temporary marine incursions associated with glacial depression, Holocene fossils are found primarily in lakebed, [[floodplain]], and [[cave]] deposits. Holocene marine deposits along low-latitude coastlines are rare because the rise in sea levels during the period exceeds any likely [[tectonic uplift]] of non-glacial origin.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

Post-glacial rebound in the [[Scandinavia]] region resulted in a shrinking [[Baltic Sea]]. The region continues to rise, still causing weak [[earthquake]]s across Northern Europe. An equivalent event in North America was the rebound of [[Hudson Bay]], as it shrank from its larger, immediate post-glacial [[Tyrrell Sea]] phase, to its present boundaries.<ref name=Lajeuness>{{cite journal |url=http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/rp/rppdf/e02-085.pdf |last1=Lajeuness |first1=Patrick |first2=Michael |last2=Allard |title=The Nastapoka drift belt, eastern Hudson Bay: implications of a stillstand of the Quebec-Labrador ice margin in the Tyrrell Sea at 8 ka BP |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=40 |year=2003 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |doi=10.1139/e02-085 |bibcode=2003CaJES..40...65L |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040322102239/http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/rp/rppdf/e02-085.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-22 }}</ref>

==Climate==
[[File:Journal.pone.0076514.g004.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Vegetation and water bodies in northern and central Africa in the [[Eemian]] (bottom) and Holocene (top)]]
The climate throughout the Holocene has shown significant variability despite ice core records from Greenland suggesting a more stable climate following the preceding ice age. Marine chemical fluxes during the Holocene were lower than during the Younger Dryas, but were still considerable enough to imply notable changes in the climate.

The temporal and spatial extent of climate change during the Holocene is an area of considerable uncertainty, with [[radiative forcing]] recently proposed to be the origin of cycles identified in the North Atlantic region. Climate cyclicity through the Holocene ([[Bond events]]) has been observed in or near marine settings and is strongly controlled by glacial input to the North Atlantic.<ref name="Bond1997">{{cite journal |author=Bond, G. |display-authors=etal |year=1997 |title=A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates |url=http://rivernet.ncsu.edu/courselocker/PaleoClimate/Bond%20et%20al.,%201997%20Millenial%20Scale%20Holocene%20Change.pdf |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=278 |issue=5341 |pages=1257–1266 |bibcode=1997Sci...278.1257B |doi=10.1126/science.278.5341.1257 |s2cid=28963043 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227192411/http://rivernet.ncsu.edu/courselocker/PaleoClimate/Bond%20et%20al.%2C%201997%20Millenial%20Scale%20Holocene%20Change.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bond |first=G. |display-authors=etal |year=2001 |title=Persistent Solar Influence on North Atlantic Climate During the Holocene |journal=Science |volume=294 |issue=5549 |pages=2130–2136 |bibcode=2001Sci...294.2130B |doi=10.1126/science.1065680 |pmid=11739949 |s2cid=38179371 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Periodicities of ≈2500, ≈1500, and ≈1000 years are generally observed in the North Atlantic.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bianchi |first1=G. G. |last2=McCave |first2=I. N. |year=1999 |title=Holocene periodicity in North Atlantic climate and deep-ocean flow south of Iceland |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=397 |issue=6719 |pages=515–517 |bibcode=1999Natur.397..515B |doi=10.1038/17362 |s2cid=4304638}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Viau |first1=A. E. |last2=Gajewski |first2=K. |last3=Sawada |first3=M. C. |last4=Fines |first4=P. |year=2006 |title=Millennial-scale temperature variations in North America during the Holocene |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=111 |issue=D9 |page=D09102 |bibcode=2006JGRD..111.9102V |doi=10.1029/2005JD006031 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Debret |first1=M. |last2=Sebag |first2=D. |last3=Crosta |first3=X. |last4=Massei |first4=N. |last5=Petit |first5=J.-R. |last6=Chapron |first6=E. |last7=Bout-Roumazeilles |first7=V. |year=2009 |title=Evidence from wavelet analysis for a mid-Holocene transition in global climate forcing |url=https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00442817/file/Debret-QuaternaryScienceReviews-2009.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=28 |issue=25 |pages=2675–2688 |bibcode=2009QSRv...28.2675D |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.06.005 |s2cid=117917422 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228082822/https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00442817/file/Debret-QuaternaryScienceReviews-2009.pdf |archive-date=2018-12-28 |access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref> At the same time spectral analyses of the continental record, which is remote from oceanic influence, reveal persistent periodicities of 1,000 and 500 years that may correspond to solar activity variations during the Holocene Epoch.<ref name="Krav">{{cite journal |last1=Kravchinsky |first1=V.A. |last2=Langereis |first2=C.G. |last3=Walker |first3=S.D. |last4=Dlusskiy |first4=K.G. |last5=White |first5=D. |year=2013 |title=Discovery of Holocene millennial climate cycles in the Asian continental interior: Has the sun been governing the continental climate?. |journal=Global and Planetary Change |volume=110 |pages=386–396 |bibcode=2013GPC...110..386K |doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.02.011}}</ref> A 1,500-year cycle corresponding to the North Atlantic oceanic circulation may have had widespread global distribution in the Late Holocene.<ref name="Krav" /> From 8,500 BP to 6,700 BP, North Atlantic climate oscillations were highly irregular and erratic because of perturbations from substantial ice discharge into the ocean from the collapsing Laurentide Ice Sheet.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martin-Puertas |first1=Celia |last2=Hernandez |first2=Armand |last3=Pardo-Igúzquiza |first3=Eulogio |last4=Boyall |first4=Laura |last5=Brierley |first5=Chris |last6=Jiang |first6=Zhiyi |last7=Tjallingii |first7=Rik |last8=Blockley |first8=Simon P. E. |last9=Rodríguez-Tovar |first9=Francisco Javier |date=23 March 2023 |title=Dampened predictable decadal North Atlantic climate fluctuations due to ice melting |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-023-01145-y |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=357–362 |doi=10.1038/s41561-023-01145-y |bibcode=2023NatGe..16..357M |s2cid=257735721 |issn=1752-0908 |access-date=22 September 2023|hdl=10261/349251 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The Greenland ice core records indicate that climate changes became more regional and had a larger effect on the mid-to-low latitudes and mid-to-high latitudes after ~5600 B.P.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Brien |first1=S. R. |last2=Mayewski |first2=P. A. |last3=Meeker |first3=L. D. |last4=Meese |first4=D. A. |last5=Twickler |first5=M. S. |last6=Whitlow |first6=S. I. |date=1995-12-22 |title=Complexity of Holocene Climate as Reconstructed from a Greenland Ice Core |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.270.5244.1962 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |language=en |volume=270 |issue=5244 |pages=1962–1964 |doi=10.1126/science.270.5244.1962 |bibcode=1995Sci...270.1962O |s2cid=129199142 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>

Human activity through land use changes already by the Mesolithic had major ecological impacts;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nikulina |first1=Anastasia |last2=MacDonald |first2=Katharine |last3=Zapolska |first3=Anhelina |last4=Serge |first4=Maria Antonia |last5=Roche |first5=Didier M. |last6=Mazier |first6=Florence |last7=Davoli |first7=Marco |last8=Svenning |first8=Jens-Christian |last9=van Wees |first9=Dave |last10=Pearce |first10=Elena A. |last11=Fyfe |first11=Ralph |last12=Roebroeks |first12=Wil |last13=Scherjon |first13=Fulco |date=15 January 2024 |title=Hunter-gatherer impact on European interglacial vegetation: A modelling approach |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379123004870 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |language=en |volume=324 |article-number=108439 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108439 |bibcode=2024QSRv..32408439N |access-date=11 October 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> it was an important influence on Holocene climatic changes, and is believed to be why the Holocene is an atypical interglacial that has not experienced significant cooling over its course.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ruddiman |first1=W. F. |last2=Fuller |first2=D. Q. |last3=Kutzbach |first3=J. E. |last4=Tzedakis |first4=P. C. |last5=Kaplan |first5=J. O. |last6=Ellis |first6=E. C. |last7=Vavrus |first7=S. J. |last8=Roberts |first8=C. N. |last9=Fyfe |first9=R. |last10=He |first10=F. |last11=Lemmen |first11=C. |last12=Woodbridge |first12=J. |date=15 February 2016 |title=Late Holocene climate: Natural or anthropogenic? |journal=[[Reviews of Geophysics]] |language=en |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=93–118 |doi=10.1002/2015RG000503 |bibcode=2016RvGeo..54...93R |s2cid=46451944 |issn=8755-1209 |doi-access=free |hdl=10026.1/8204 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> From the start of the [[Industrial Revolution]] onwards, large-scale anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions caused the Earth to warm.<ref name="Seip-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Seip |first1=Knut Lehre |last2=Wang |first2=Hui |date=3 March 2023 |title=Maximum Northern Hemisphere warming rates before and after 1880 during the Common Era |journal=[[Theoretical and Applied Climatology]] |language=en |volume=152 |issue=1–2 |pages=307–319 |doi=10.1007/s00704-023-04398-0 |bibcode=2023ThApC.152..307S |s2cid=257338719 |issn=0177-798X |doi-access=free |hdl=11250/3071271 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Likewise, climatic changes have induced substantial changes in human civilisation over the course of the Holocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Degroot |first1=Dagomar |last2=Anchukaitis |first2=Kevin J |last3=Tierney |first3=Jessica E |last4=Riede |first4=Felix |last5=Manica |first5=Andrea |last6=Moesswilde |first6=Emma |last7=Gauthier |first7=Nicolas |date=1 October 2022 |title=The history of climate and society: a review of the influence of climate change on the human past |journal=[[Environmental Research Letters]] |volume=17 |issue=10 |page=103001 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac8faa |bibcode=2022ERL....17j3001D |s2cid=252130680 |issn=1748-9326 |doi-access=free |hdl=10852/100641 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=David D. |last2=Brecke |first2=Peter |last3=Lee |first3=Harry F. |last4=He |first4=Yuan-Qing |last5=Zhang |first5=Jane |date=4 December 2007 |title=Global climate change, war, and population decline in recent human history |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |language=en |volume=104 |issue=49 |pages=19214–19219 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0703073104 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=2148270 |pmid=18048343 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10419214Z |doi-access=free }}</ref>

During the transition from the last glacial to the Holocene, the [[Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal]] in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] began before the Younger Dryas, and the maximum warmth flowed south to north from 11,000 to 7,000 years ago. It appears that this was influenced by the residual glacial ice remaining in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] until the later date.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} The first major phase of Holocene climate was the [[Preboreal]].<ref name="Wanner-2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Wanner |first1=Heinz |last2=Beer |first2=Jürg |last3=Bütikofer |first3=Jonathan |last4=Crowley |first4=Thomas J. |last5=Cubasch |first5=Ulrich |last6=Flückiger |first6=Jacqueline |last7=Goosse |first7=Hugues |last8=Grosjean |first8=Martin |last9=Joos |first9=Fortunat |last10=Kaplan |first10=Jed O. |last11=Küttel |first11=Marcel |last12=Müller |first12=Simon A. |last13=Prentice |first13=I. Colin |last14=Solomina |first14=Olga |last15=Stocker |first15=Thomas F. |date=October 2008 |title=Mid- to Late Holocene climate change: an overview |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379108001479 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=27 |issue=19 |pages=1791–1828 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.06.013 |bibcode=2008QSRv...27.1791W |issn=0277-3791 |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref> At the start of the Preboreal occurred the [[Preboreal oscillation|Preboreal Oscillation]] (PBO).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hoek |first1=Wim Z. |last2=Bos |first2=Johanna A. A. |date=August 2007 |title=Early Holocene climate oscillations—causes and consequences |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379107001679 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |series=Early Holocene climate oscillations – causes and consequences |volume=26 |issue=15 |pages=1901–1906 |bibcode=2007QSRv...26.1901H |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.06.008 |issn=0277-3791 |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref> The [[Holocene climatic optimum|Holocene Climatic Optimum]] (HCO) was a period of warming throughout the globe but was not globally synchronous and uniform.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gao |first1=Fuyuan |last2=Jia |first2=Jia |last3=Xia |first3=Dunsheng |last4=Lu |first4=Caichen |last5=Lu |first5=Hao |last6=Wang |first6=Youjun |last7=Liu |first7=Hao |last8=Ma |first8=Yapeng |last9=Li |first9=Kaiming |date=15 March 2019 |title=Asynchronous Holocene Climate Optimum across mid-latitude Asia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018218301688 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |language=en |volume=518 |pages=206–214 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.01.012 |bibcode=2019PPP...518..206G |s2cid=135199089 |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> Following the HCO, the global climate entered a broad trend of very gradual cooling known as [[Neoglaciation]], which lasted from the end of the HCO to before the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name="Wanner-2008" /> From the 10th-14th century, the climate was similar to that of modern times during a period known as the [[Medieval Warm Period|Mediaeval Warm Period]] (MWP), also known as the Mediaeval Climatic Optimum (MCO). It was found that the warming that is taking place in current years is both more frequent and more spatially homogeneous than what was experienced during the MWP. A warming of +1 degree Celsius occurs 5–40 times more frequently in modern years than during the MWP. The major forcing during the MWP was due to greater solar activity, which led to heterogeneity compared to the greenhouse gas forcing of modern years that leads to more homogeneous warming. This was followed by the [[Little Ice Age]] (LIA) from the 13th or 14th century to the mid-19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guiot |first=Joël |date=March 2012 |title=A robust spatial reconstruction of April to September temperature in Europe: Comparisons between the medieval period and the recent warming with a focus on extreme values |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921818111001196 |journal=[[Global and Planetary Change]] |volume=84–85 |pages=14–22 |bibcode=2012GPC....84...14G |doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.07.007}}</ref> The LIA was the coldest interval of time of the past two millennia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wanner |first1=H. |last2=Mercolli |first2=L. |last3=Grosjean |first3=M. |last4=Ritz |first4=S. P. |date=17 October 2014 |title=Holocene climate variability and change; a data-based review |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/jgs2013-101 |journal=[[Journal of the Geological Society]] |language=en |volume=172 |issue=2 |pages=254–263 |doi=10.1144/jgs2013-101 |s2cid=73548216 |issn=0016-7649 |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref> Following the Industrial Revolution, warm decadal intervals became more common relative to before as a consequence of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, resulting in progressive global warming.<ref name="Seip-2023" /> In the late 20th century, anthropogenic forcing superseded variations in solar activity as the dominant driver of climate change,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Duan |first1=Jianping |last2=Zhang |first2=Qi-Bin |date=27 October 2014 |title=A 449 year warm season temperature reconstruction in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau and its relation to solar activity: Temperature reconstruction in the Tibet |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres]] |language=en |volume=119 |issue=20 |pages=11,578–11,592 |doi=10.1002/2014JD022422 |s2cid=128906290 |doi-access=free }}</ref> though solar activity has continued to play a role.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Benestad |first1=R. E. |last2=Schmidt |first2=G. A. |date=27 July 2009 |title=Solar trends and global warming |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres]] |language=en |volume=114 |issue=D14 |article-number=2008JD011639 |doi=10.1029/2008JD011639 |issn=0148-0227 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009JGRD..11414101B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Perry |first1=Charles A. |last2=Hsu |first2=Kenneth J. |date=7 November 2000 |title=Geophysical, archaeological, and historical evidence support a solar-output model for climate change |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |language=en |volume=97 |issue=23 |pages=12433–12438 |doi=10.1073/pnas.230423297 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=18780 |pmid=11050181 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2000PNAS...9712433P }}</ref>

=== Europe ===
[[File:Doggerland3er en.png|thumb|European coastline: modern (left), during the early Holocene (center) and during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] (right)]]
[[Drangajökull]], Iceland's northernmost glacier, melted shortly after 9,200 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harning |first1=David J. |last2=Geirsdóttir |first2=Áslaug |last3=Miller |first3=Gifford H. |last4=Zalzal |first4=Kate |date=1 December 2016 |title=Early Holocene deglaciation of Drangajökull, Vestfirðir, Iceland |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379116303924 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |language=en |volume=153 |pages=192–198 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.09.030 |bibcode=2016QSRv..153..192H |access-date=9 June 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> In [[Northern Germany]], the Middle Holocene saw a drastic increase in the amount of raised bogs, most likely related to sea level rise. Although human activity affected geomorphology and landscape evolution in Northern Germany throughout the Holocene, it only became a dominant influence in the last four centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gerdes |first1=G |last2=Petzelberger |first2=B. E. M |last3=Scholz-Böttcher |first3=B. M |last4=Streif |first4=H |date=1 January 2003 |title=The record of climatic change in the geological archives of shallow marine, coastal, and adjacent lowland areas of Northern Germany |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223226453 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |series=Environmental response to climate and human impact in central Europe during the last 15000 years – a German contribution to PAGES-PEPIII |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=101–124 |bibcode=2003QSRv...22..101G |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00183-X |issn=0277-3791 |access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref> In the [[French Alps]], geochemistry and lithium isotope signatures in lake sediments have suggested gradual soil formation from the [[Last Glacial Period]] to the [[Holocene climatic optimum]], and this soil development was altered by the settlement of human societies. Early anthropogenic activities such as deforestation and agriculture reinforced soil erosion, which peaked in the [[Middle Ages]] at an unprecedented level, marking human forcing as the most powerful factor affecting surface processes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Xu (Yvon) |last2=Bajard |first2=Manon |last3=Bouchez |first3=Julien |last4=Sabatier |first4=Pierre |last5=Poulenard |first5=Jérôme |last6=Arnaud |first6=Fabien |last7=Crouzet |first7=Christian |last8=Kuessner |first8=Marie |last9=Dellinger |first9=Mathieu |last10=Gaillardet |first10=Jérôme |date=2023-12-15 |title=Evolution of the alpine Critical Zone since the Last Glacial Period using Li isotopes from lake sediments |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X23004764 |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=624 |article-number=118463 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118463 |bibcode=2023E&PSL.62418463Z |issn=0012-821X|hdl=10852/110062 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The sedimentary record from [[Aitoliko Lagoon]] indicates that wet winters locally predominated from 210 to 160 BP, followed by dry winter dominance from 160 to 20 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Koutsodendris |first1=Andreas |last2=Brauer |first2=Achim |last3=Reed |first3=Jane M. |last4=Plessen |first4=Birgit |last5=Friedrich |first5=Oliver |last6=Hennrich |first6=Barbara |last7=Zacharias |first7=Ierotheos |last8=Pross |first8=Jörg |date=1 March 2017 |title=Climate variability in SE Europe since 1450 AD based on a varved sediment record from Etoliko Lagoon (Western Greece) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379117300471 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |language=en |volume=159 |pages=63–76 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.01.010 |bibcode=2017QSRv..159...63K |access-date=19 July 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

=== Africa ===
North Africa, dominated by the [[Sahara Desert]] in the present, was instead a savanna dotted with large lakes during the Early and Middle Holocene,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Armitage |first1=Simon J. |last2=Bristow |first2=Charlie S. |last3=Drake |first3=Nick A. |date=14 July 2015 |title=West African monsoon dynamics inferred from abrupt fluctuations of Lake Mega-Chad |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |language=en |volume=112 |issue=28 |pages=8543–8548 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1417655112 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4507243 |pmid=26124133 |bibcode=2015PNAS..112.8543A |doi-access=free }}</ref> regionally known as the [[African humid period|African Humid Period]] (AHP).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Depreux |first1=Bruno |last2=Lefèvre |first2=David |last3=Berger |first3=Jean-François |last4=Segaoui |first4=Fatima |last5=Boudad |first5=Larbi |last6=El Harradji |first6=Abderrahmane |last7=Degeai |first7=Jean-Philippe |last8=Limondin-Lozouet |first8=Nicole |date=1 March 2021 |title=Alluvial records of the African Humid Period from the NW African highlands (Moulouya basin, NE Morocco) |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=255 |article-number=106807 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106807 |bibcode=2021QSRv..25506807D |s2cid=233792780 |issn=0277-3791 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The northward migration of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] (ITCZ) produced increased monsoon rainfall over North Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sha |first1=Lijuan |last2=Ait Brahim |first2=Yassine |last3=Wassenburg |first3=Jasper A. |last4=Yin |first4=Jianjun |last5=Peros |first5=Matthew |last6=Cruz |first6=Francisco W. |last7=Cai |first7=Yanjun |last8=Li |first8=Hanying |last9=Du |first9=Wenjing |last10=Zhang |first10=Haiwei |last11=Edwards |first11=R. Lawrence |last12=Cheng |first12=Hai |date=16 December 2019 |title=How Far North Did the African Monsoon Fringe Expand During the African Humid Period? Insights From Southwest Moroccan Speleothems |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |language=en |volume=46 |issue=23 |pages=14093–14102 |doi=10.1029/2019GL084879 |bibcode=2019GeoRL..4614093S |s2cid=213015081 |issn=0094-8276 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The lush vegetation of the Sahara brought an increase in [[pastoralism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Manning |first1=Katie |last2=Timpson |first2=Adrian |date=October 2014 |title=The demographic response to Holocene climate change in the Sahara |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |language=en |volume=101 |pages=28–35 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.003 |bibcode=2014QSRv..101...28M |s2cid=54923700 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The AHP ended around 5,500 BP, after which the Sahara began to dry and become the desert it is today.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adkins |first1=Jess |last2=deMenocal |first2=Peter |last3=Eshel |first3=Gidon |date=20 October 2006 |title=The "African humid period" and the record of marine upwelling from excess 230 Th in Ocean Drilling Program Hole 658C: Th NORMALIZED FLUXES OFF NORTH AFRICA |journal=[[Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology]] |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |doi=10.1029/2005PA001200|doi-access=free |bibcode=2006PalOc..21.4203A }}</ref>

A stronger East African Monsoon during the Middle Holocene increased precipitation in East Africa and raised lake levels.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Forman |first1=Steven L. |last2=Wright |first2=David K. |last3=Bloszies |first3=Christopher |date=1 August 2014 |title=Variations in water level for Lake Turkana in the past 8500 years near Mt. Porr, Kenya and the transition from the African Humid Period to Holocene aridity |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379114001747 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=97 |pages=84–101 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.05.005 |bibcode=2014QSRv...97...84F |issn=0277-3791 |access-date=22 September 2023}}</ref> Around 800 AD, or 1,150 BP, a marine transgression occurred in southeastern Africa; in the Lake Lungué basin, this sea level highstand occurred from 740 to 910 AD, or from 1,210 to 1,040 BP, as evidenced by the lake's connection to the Indian Ocean at this time. This transgression was followed by a period of transition that lasted until 590 BP, when the region experienced significant aridification and began to be extensively used by humans for livestock herding.<ref name="LateHoloceneLakeLungué">{{Cite journal |last1=Sitoe |first1=Sandra Raúl |last2=Risberg |first2=Jan |last3=Norström |first3=Elin |last4=Westerberg |first4=Lars-Ove |date=1 November 2017 |title=Late Holocene sea-level changes and paleoclimate recorded in Lake Lungué, southern Mozambique |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018217302092 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=485 |pages=305–315 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.06.022 |bibcode=2017PPP...485..305S |issn=0031-0182 |access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref>

In the [[Kalahari Desert]], Holocene climate was overall very stable and environmental change was of low amplitude. Relatively cool conditions have prevailed since 4,000 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lancaster |first=N. |date=1 May 1989 |title=Late Quaternary paleoenvironments in the southwestern Kalahari |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=367–376 |doi=10.1016/0031-0182(89)90114-4 |bibcode=1989PPP....70..367L |issn=0031-0182 }}</ref>

=== Middle East ===
[[File:MUFT - Catal Höyük Modell.jpg|thumb|A model of [[Çatalhöyük]], a commonly cited example of a [[proto-city]], 7300 BC]]
In the [[Middle East]], the Holocene brought a warmer and wetter climate, in contrast to the preceding cold, dry [[Younger Dryas]]. The Early Holocene saw the advent and spread of agriculture in the [[Fertile Crescent]]—[[sheep]], [[goat]], [[cattle]], and later [[pig]] were domesticated, as well as cereals, like [[wheat]] and [[barley]], and [[legume]]s—which would later [[Spread of agriculture|disperse]] into much of the world. This '[[Neolithic Revolution]]', likely influenced by Holocene climatic changes, included an increase in [[sedentism]] and population, eventually resulting in the world's first large-scale state societies in [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hole |first=F. |date=2007-05-11 |title=Agricultural sustainability in the semi-arid Near East |url=https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/3/193/2007/ |journal=Climate of the Past |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=193–203 |doi=10.5194/cp-3-193-2007 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2007CliPa...3..193H |issn=1814-9332}}</ref>

During the Middle Holocene, the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]], which governs the incursion of monsoon precipitation through the [[Arabian Peninsula]], shifted southwards, resulting in increased aridity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Enzel |first1=Yehouda |last2=Kushnir |first2=Yochanan |last3=Quade |first3=Jay |date=2015 |title=The middle Holocene climatic records from Arabia: Reassessing lacustrine environments, shift of ITCZ in Arabian Sea, and impacts of the southwest Indian and African monsoons |volume=129 |pages=69–91 |url=https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8WD3ZTQ |doi=10.7916/D8WD3ZTQ |issn=0921-8181}}</ref> In the Middle to Late Holocene, the coastline of the [[Levant]] and [[Persian Gulf]] receded, prompting a shift in human settlement patterns following this marine regression.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Giaime |first1=Matthieu |last2=Artzy |first2=Michal |last3=Jol |first3=Harry M. |last4=Salmon |first4=Yossi |last5=López |first5=Gloria I. |last6=Abu Hamid |first6=Amani |date=1 May 2022 |title=Refining Late-Holocene environmental changes of the Akko coastal plain and its impacts on the settlement and anchorage patterns of Tel Akko (Israel) |journal=[[Marine Geology (journal)|Marine Geology]] |volume=447 |article-number=106778 |doi=10.1016/j.margeo.2022.106778 |s2cid=247636727 |issn=0025-3227|doi-access=free |bibcode=2022MGeol.44706778G }}</ref>

=== Central Asia ===
Central Asia experienced glacial-like temperatures until about 8,000 BP, when the Laurentide Ice Sheet collapsed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Jiaju |last2=An |first2=Chen-Bang |last3=Huang |first3=Yongsong |last4=Morrill |first4=Carrie |last5=Chen |first5=Fa-Hu |date=15 December 2017 |title=Contrasting early Holocene temperature variations between monsoonal East Asia and westerly dominated Central Asia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379117300458 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |language=en |volume=178 |pages=14–23 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.10.036 |bibcode=2017QSRv..178...14Z |access-date=19 July 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> In [[Xinjiang]], long-term Holocene warming increased meltwater supply during summers, creating large lakes and oases at low altitudes and inducing enhanced moisture recycling.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=Zhiguo |last2=Wu |first2=Dandan |last3=Shi |first3=Fuxi |last4=Guo |first4=Haichun |last5=Cao |first5=Jiantao |last6=Chen |first6=Fahu |date=1 April 2019 |title=Reconciling the 'westerlies' and 'monsoon' models: A new hypothesis for the Holocene moisture evolution of the Xinjiang region, NW China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825218306780 |journal=[[Earth-Science Reviews]] |volume=191 |pages=263–272 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.03.002 |bibcode=2019ESRv..191..263R |s2cid=134712945 |issn=0012-8252 |access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref> In the [[Tian Shan|Tien Shan]], sedimentological evidence from Swan Lake suggests the period between 8,500 and 6,900 BP was relatively warm, with steppe meadow vegetation being predominant. An increase in [[Cyperaceae]] from 6,900 to 2,600 BP indicates cooling and humidification of the Tian Shan climate that was interrupted by a warm period between 5,500 and 4,500 BP. After 2,600 BP, an alpine steppe climate prevailed across the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Xiao-zhong |last2=Chen |first2=Chun-zhu |last3=Jia |first3=Wan-na |last4=An |first4=Cheng-bang |last5=Zhou |first5=Ai-feng |last6=Zhang |first6=Jia-wu |last7=Jin |first7=Ming |last8=Xia |first8=Dun-sheng |last9=Chen |first9=Fa-hu |last10=Grimm |first10=Eric C. |date=15 August 2015 |title=Vegetation and climate history reconstructed from an alpine lake in central Tienshan Mountains since 8.5ka BP |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018215002370 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=432 |pages=36–48 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.04.027 |bibcode=2015PPP...432...36H |issn=0031-0182 |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> Sand dune evolution in the Bayanbulak Basin shows that the region was very dry from the Holocene's beginning until around 6,500 BP, when a wet interval began.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Long |first1=Hao |last2=Shen |first2=Ji |last3=Chen |first3=Jianhui |last4=Tsukamoto |first4=Sumiko |last5=Yang |first5=Linhai |last6=Cheng |first6=Hongyi |last7=Frechen |first7=Manfred |date=15 October 2017 |title=Holocene moisture variations over the arid central Asia revealed by a comprehensive sand-dune record from the central Tian Shan, NW China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379117302883 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=174 |pages=13–32 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.08.024 |bibcode=2017QSRv..174...13L |issn=0277-3791 |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> In the [[Tibetan Plateau]], the moisture optimum spanned from around 7,500 to 5,500 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wünnemann |first1=Bernd |last2=Yan |first2=Dada |last3=Andersen |first3=Nils |last4=Riedel |first4=Frank |last5=Zhang |first5=Yongzhan |last6=Sun |first6=Qianli |last7=Hoelzmann |first7=Philipp |date=15 November 2018 |title=A 14 ka high-resolution δ18O lake record reveals a paradigm shift for the process-based reconstruction of hydroclimate on the northern Tibetan Plateau |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379118303548 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=200 |pages=65–84 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.09.040 |bibcode=2018QSRv..200...65W |s2cid=134520306 |issn=0277-3791 |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> The [[Tarim Basin]] records the onset of significant aridification around 3,000-2,000 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cai |first1=Yanjun |last2=Chiang |first2=John C.H. |last3=Breitenbach |first3=Sebastian F.M. |last4=Tan |first4=Liangcheng |last5=Cheng |first5=Hai |last6=Edwards |first6=R. Lawrence |last7=An |first7=Zhisheng |date=15 February 2017 |title=Holocene moisture changes in western China, Central Asia, inferred from stalagmites |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379116307089 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |language=en |volume=158 |pages=15–28 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.12.014 |bibcode=2017QSRv..158...15C |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

=== South Asia ===
After 11,800 BP, and especially between 10,800 and 9,200 BP, [[Ladakh]] experienced tremendous moisture increase most likely related to the strengthening of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM). From 9,200 to 6,900 BP, relative aridity persisted in Ladakh. A second major humid phase occurred in Ladakh from 6,900 to 4,800 BP, after which the region was again arid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Demske |first1=Dieter |last2=Tarasov |first2=Pavel E. |last3=Wünnemann |first3=Bernd |last4=Riedel |first4=Frank |date=15 August 2009 |title=Late glacial and Holocene vegetation, Indian monsoon and westerly circulation in the Trans-Himalaya recorded in the lacustrine pollen sequence from Tso Kar, Ladakh, NW India |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018209001928 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |language=en |volume=279 |issue=3–4 |pages=172–185 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.05.008 |bibcode=2009PPP...279..172D |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>

From 900 to 1,200 AD, during the MWP, the ISM was again strong as evidenced by low δ18O values from the Ganga Plain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Dhruv Sen |last2=Gupta |first2=Anil K. |last3=Sangode |first3=S. J. |last4=Clemens |first4=Steven C. |last5=Prakasam |first5=M. |last6=Srivastava |first6=Priyeshu |last7=Prajapati |first7=Shailendra K. |date=12 June 2015 |title=Multiproxy record of monsoon variability from the Ganga Plain during 400–1200 A.D. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618215001470 |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |series=Updated Quaternary Climatic Research in parts of the Third Pole Selected papers from the HOPE-2013 conference, Nainital, India |volume=371 |pages=157–163 |bibcode=2015QuInt.371..157S |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.02.040 |issn=1040-6182 |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref>

The sediments of [[Lonar Lake]] in [[Maharashtra]] record dry conditions around 11,400 BP that transitioned into a much wetter climate from 11,400 to 11,100 BP due to intensification of the ISM. Over the Early Holocene, the region was very wet, but during the Middle Holocene from 6,200 to 3,900 BP, aridification occurred, with the subsequent Late Holocene being relatively arid as a whole.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Menzel |first1=Philip |last2=Gaye |first2=Birgit |last3=Mishra |first3=Praveen K. |last4=Anoop |first4=Ambili |last5=Basavaiah |first5=Nathani |last6=Marwan |first6=Norbert |last7=Plessen |first7=Birgit |last8=Prasad |first8=Sushma |last9=Riedel |first9=Nils |last10=Stebich |first10=Martina |last11=Wiesner |first11=Martin G. |date=15 September 2014 |title=Linking Holocene drying trends from Lonar Lake in monsoonal central India to North Atlantic cooling events |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018214003009 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=410 |pages=164–178 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.05.044 |bibcode=2014PPP...410..164M |issn=0031-0182 |access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>

Coastal southwestern India experienced a stronger ISM from 9,690 to 7,560 BP, during the HCO. From 3,510 to 2,550 BP, during the Late Holocene, the ISM became weaker, although this weakening was interrupted by an interval of unusually high ISM strength from 3,400 to 3,200 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shaji |first1=Jithu |last2=Banerji |first2=Upasana S. |last3=Maya |first3=K. |last4=Joshi |first4=Kumar Batuk |last5=Dabhi |first5=Ankur J. |last6=Bharti |first6=Nisha |last7=Bhushan |first7=Ravi |last8=Padmalal |first8=D. |date=30 December 2022 |title=Holocene monsoon and sea-level variability from coastal lowlands of Kerala, SW India |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S104061822200074X |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |language=en |volume=642 |pages=48–62 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2022.03.005 |bibcode=2022QuInt.642...48S |s2cid=247553867 |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref>

=== East Asia ===
Southwestern China experienced long-term warming during the Early Holocene up until ~7,000 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Weiwei |last2=Zhang |first2=Enlou |last3=Jiang |first3=Qingfeng |last4=Ning |first4=Dongliang |last5=Luo |first5=Wenlei |date=October 2023 |title=Temperature changes during the last deglaciation and early Holocene in southwest China |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921818123002114 |journal=[[Global and Planetary Change]] |language=en |volume=229 |article-number=104238 |doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104238 |bibcode=2023GPC...22904238S |access-date=9 June 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> Northern China experienced an abrupt aridification event approximately 4,000 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Zhengtang |last2=Petit-Maire |first2=Nicole |last3=Kröpelin |first3=Stefan |date=November 2000 |title=Holocene non-orbital climatic events in present-day arid areas of northern Africa and China |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921818100000370 |journal=[[Global and Planetary Change]] |volume=26 |issue=1–3 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00037-0 |bibcode=2000GPC....26...97G |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> From around 3,500 to 3,000 BP, northeastern China underwent a prolonged cooling, manifesting itself with the disruption of Bronze Age civilisations in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zheng |first1=Yanhong |last2=Yu |first2=Shi-Yong |last3=Fan |first3=Tongyu |last4=Oppenheimer |first4=Clive |last5=Yu |first5=Xuefeng |last6=Liu |first6=Zhao |last7=Xian |first7=Feng |last8=Liu |first8=Zhen |last9=Li |first9=Jianyong |last10=Li |first10=Jiahao |date=15 July 2021 |title=Prolonged cooling interrupted the Bronze Age cultures in northeastern China 3500 years ago |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018221002467 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=574 |article-number=110461 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110461 |bibcode=2021PPP...57410461Z |s2cid=236229299 |issn=0031-0182 |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> Eastern and southern China, the monsoonal regions of China, were wetter than present in the Early and Middle Holocene.<ref name="VegetationResponseMonsoonChina">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Yan |last2=Yu |first2=Zicheng |last3=Chen |first3=Fahu |last4=Zhang |first4=Jiawu |last5=Yang |first5=Bao |date=1 December 2009 |title=Vegetation response to Holocene climate change in monsoon-influenced region of China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825209001627 |journal=[[Earth-Science Reviews]] |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=242–256 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.10.007 |bibcode=2009ESRv...97..242Z |issn=0012-8252 |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> Lake Huguangyan's TOC, δ13Cwax, δ13Corg, δ15N values suggest the period of peak moisture lasted from 9,200 to 1,800 BP and was attributable to a strong East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jia |first1=Guodong |last2=Bai |first2=Yang |last3=Yang |first3=Xiaoqiang |last4=Xie |first4=Luhua |last5=Wei |first5=Gangjian |last6=Ouyang |first6=Tingping |last7=Chu |first7=Guoqiang |last8=Liu |first8=Zhonghui |last9=Peng |first9=Ping'an |date=1 March 2015 |title=Biogeochemical evidence of Holocene East Asian summer and winter monsoon variability from a tropical maar lake in southern China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379115000098 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=111 |pages=51–61 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.01.002 |issn=0277-3791 |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> Late Holocene cooling events in the region were dominantly influenced by solar forcing, with many individual cold snaps linked to solar minima such as the Oort, [[Wolf minimum|Wolf]], [[Spörer Minimum|Spörer]], and [[Maunder Minimum|Maunder Minima]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Park |first=Jungjae |date=1 March 2017 |title=Solar and tropical ocean forcing of late-Holocene climate change in coastal East Asia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018217300044 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=469 |pages=74–83 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.01.005 |bibcode=2017PPP...469...74P |issn=0031-0182 |access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref> A notable cooling event in southeastern China occurred 3,200 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Mengyuan |last2=Zheng |first2=Zhuo |last3=Man |first3=Meiling |last4=Hu |first4=Jianfang |last5=Gao |first5=Quanzhou |date=5 July 2017 |title=Branched GDGT-based paleotemperature reconstruction of the last 30,000 years in humid monsoon region of Southeast China |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0009254117303017 |journal=[[Chemical Geology]] |language=en |volume=463 |pages=94–102 |doi=10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.05.014 |bibcode=2017ChGeo.463...94W |access-date=19 July 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> Strengthening of the winter monsoon occurred around 5,500, 4,000, and 2,500 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Zhen |last2=Pospelova |first2=Vera |last3=Liu |first3=Lejun |last4=Zhou |first4=Rui |last5=Song |first5=Bing |date=1 October 2017 |title=High-resolution palynological record of Holocene climatic and oceanographic changes in the northern South China Sea |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018217302626 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |language=en |volume=483 |pages=94–124 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.03.009 |bibcode=2017PPP...483...94L |access-date=19 July 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> Monsoonal regions of China became more arid in the Late Holocene.<ref name="VegetationResponseMonsoonChina" />

In the Sea of Japan, the Middle Holocene was notable for its warmth, with rhythmic temperature fluctuations every 400–500 and 1,000 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koizumi |first=Itaru |date=December 2008 |title=Diatom-derived SSTs (Td′ ratio) indicate warm seas off Japan during the middle Holocene (8.2–3.3 kyr BP) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037783980800100X |journal=Marine Micropaleontology |language=en |volume=69 |issue=3–4 |pages=263–281 |doi=10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.08.004 |bibcode=2008MarMP..69..263K |access-date=11 October 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>

=== Southeast Asia ===
Before 7,500 BP, the [[Gulf of Thailand]] was exposed above sea level and was very arid. A marine transgression occurred from 7,500 to 6,200 BP amidst global warming.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Hui |last2=Liu |first2=Shengfa |last3=Wu |first3=Kaikai |last4=Cao |first4=Peng |last5=Pan |first5=Hui-Juan |last6=Wang |first6=Hongmin |last7=Cui |first7=Jingjing |last8=Li |first8=Jingrui |last9=Khokiattiwong |first9=Somkiat |last10=Kornkanitnan |first10=Narumol |last11=Shi |first11=Xuefa |date=20 August 2022 |title=Evolution of sedimentary environment in the Gulf of Thailand since the last deglaciation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104061822100077X |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |series=Understanding the Late Quaternary Paleomonsoon and Paleoenvironmental Shifts of Asia |volume=629 |pages=36–43 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2021.02.018 |bibcode=2022QuInt.629...36Z |s2cid=233897984 |issn=1040-6182 |access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>

=== North America ===
During the Middle Holocene, western North America was drier than present, with wetter winters and drier summers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Steinman |first1=Byron A. |last2=Pompeani |first2=David P. |last3=Abbott |first3=Mark B. |last4=Ortiz |first4=Joseph D. |last5=Stansell |first5=Nathan D. |last6=Finkenbinder |first6=Matthew S. |last7=Mihindukulasooriya |first7=Lorita N. |last8=Hillman |first8=Aubrey L. |date=15 June 2016 |title=Oxygen isotope records of Holocene climate variability in the Pacific Northwest |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=142 |pages=40–60 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.04.012 |bibcode=2016QSRv..142...40S |issn=0277-3791 |doi-access=free }}</ref> After the end of the thermal maximum of the HCO around 4,500 BP, the [[East Greenland Current]] underwent strengthening.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Perner |first1=Kerstin |last2=Moros |first2=Matthias |last3=Lloyd |first3=Jeremy M. |last4=Jansen |first4=Eystein |last5=Stein |first5=Rüdiger |date=1 December 2015 |title=Mid to late Holocene strengthening of the East Greenland Current linked to warm subsurface Atlantic water |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379115301311 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=129 |pages=296–307 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.007 |bibcode=2015QSRv..129..296P |s2cid=129732336 |issn=0277-3791 |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref> A massive megadrought occurred from 2,800 to 1,850 BP in the [[Great Basin]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mensing |first1=Scott A. |last2=Sharpe |first2=Saxon E. |last3=Tunno |first3=Irene |last4=Sada |first4=Don W. |last5=Thomas |first5=Jim M. |last6=Starratt |first6=Scott |last7=Smith |first7=Jeremy |date=15 October 2013 |title=The Late Holocene Dry Period: multiproxy evidence for an extended drought between 2800 and 1850 cal yr BP across the central Great Basin, USA |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379113003156 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=78 |pages=266–282 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.08.010 |bibcode=2013QSRv...78..266M |issn=0277-3791 |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref>

Eastern North America underwent abrupt warming and humidification around 10,500 BP and then declined from 9,300 to 9,100 BP. The region has undergone a long term wettening since 5,500 BP occasionally interrupted by intervals of high aridity. A major cool event lasting from 5,500 to 4,700 BP was coeval with a major humidification before being terminated by a major drought and warming at the end of that interval.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shuman |first1=Bryan N. |last2=Marsicek |first2=Jeremiah |date=1 June 2016 |title=The structure of Holocene climate change in mid-latitude North America |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=141 |pages=38–51 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.03.009 |bibcode=2016QSRv..141...38S |issn=0277-3791 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== South America ===
During the Early Holocene, relative sea level rose in the [[Bahia]] region, causing a landward expansion of mangroves. During the Late Holocene, the mangroves declined as sea level dropped and freshwater supply increased.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fontes |first1=Neuza Araújo |last2=Moraes |first2=Caio A. |last3=Cohen |first3=Marcelo C L |last4=Alves |first4=Igor Charles C. |last5=França |first5=Marlon Carlos |last6=Pessenda |first6=Luiz C R |last7=Francisquini |first7=Mariah Izar |last8=Bendassolli |first8=José Albertino |last9=Macario |first9=Kita |last10=Mayle |first10=Francis |date=February 2017 |title=The Impacts of the Middle Holocene High Sea-Level Stand and Climatic Changes on Mangroves of the Jucuruçu River, Southern Bahia – Northeastern Brazil |journal=[[Radiocarbon (journal)|Radiocarbon]] |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=215–230 |doi=10.1017/RDC.2017.6 |bibcode=2017Radcb..59..215F |s2cid=133047191 |issn=0033-8222 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] region, the maximum sea level highstand was around 2.1 metres above present and occurred about 5,800 to 5,000 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Angulo |first1=Rodolfo J. |last2=Lessa |first2=Guilherme C. |last3=Souza |first3=Maria Cristina de |date=1 March 2006 |title=A critical review of mid- to late-Holocene sea-level fluctuations on the eastern Brazilian coastline |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379105000843 |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=486–506 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.03.008 |bibcode=2006QSRv...25..486A |issn=0277-3791 |access-date=17 September 2023}}</ref> Sea levels at [[Rocas Atoll]] were likewise higher than present for much of the Late Holocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Angulo |first1=Rodolfo José |last2=de Souza |first2=Maria Cristina |last3=da Camara Rosa |first3=Maria Luiza Correa |last4=Caron |first4=Felipe |last5=Barboza |first5=Eduardo G. |last6=Costa |first6=Mirella Borba Santos Ferreira |last7=Macedo |first7=Eduardo |last8=Vital |first8=Helenice |last9=Gomes |first9=Moab Praxedes |last10=Garcia |first10=Khalil Bow Ltaif |date=1 May 2022 |title=Paleo-sea levels, Late-Holocene evolution, and a new interpretation of the boulders at the Rocas Atoll, southwestern Equatorial Atlantic |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322722000512 |journal=[[Marine Geology (journal)|Marine Geology]] |volume=447 |article-number=106780 |doi=10.1016/j.margeo.2022.106780 |bibcode=2022MGeol.44706780A |s2cid=247822701 |issn=0025-3227 |access-date=17 September 2023}}</ref>

=== Australia ===
The Northwest Australian Summer Monsoon was in a strong phase from 8,500 to 6,400 BP, from 5,000 to 4,000 BP (possibly until 3,000 BP), and from 1,300 to 900 BP, with weak phases in between and the current weak phase beginning around 900 BP after the end of the last strong phase.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eroglu |first1=Deniz |last2=McRobie |first2=Fiona H. |last3=Ozken |first3=Ibrahim |last4=Stemler |first4=Thomas |last5=Wyrwoll |first5=Karl-Heinz |last6=Breitenbach |first6=Sebastian F. M. |last7=Marwan |first7=Norbert |last8=Kurths |first8=Jürgen |date=26 September 2016 |title=See–saw relationship of the Holocene East Asian–Australian summer monsoon |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=12929 |doi=10.1038/ncomms12929 |issn=2041-1723 |doi-access=free |pmid=27666662 |pmc=5052686 |bibcode=2016NatCo...712929E }}</ref>

=== New Zealand ===
Ice core measurements imply that the [[sea surface temperature]] (SST) gradient east of New Zealand, across the subtropical front (STF), was around 2 degrees Celsius during the HCO. This temperature gradient is significantly less than modern times, which is around 6 degrees Celsius. A study utilizing five SST proxies from 37°S to 60°S latitude confirmed that the strong temperature gradient was confined to the area immediately south of the STF, and is correlated with reduced westerly winds near New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prebble |first1=J. G. |last2=Bostock |first2=H. C. |last3=Cortese |first3=G. |last4=Lorrey |first4=A. M. |last5=Hayward |first5=B. W. |last6=Calvo |first6=E. |last7=Northcote |first7=L. C. |last8=Scott |first8=G. H. |last9=Neil |first9=H. L. |date=August 2017 |title=Evidence for a Holocene Climatic Optimum in the southwest Pacific: A multiproxy study: Holocene Optimum in SW Pacific |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2016PA003065 |journal=Paleoceanography |language=en |volume=32 |issue=8 |pages=763–779 |doi=10.1002/2016PA003065 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10261/155815}}</ref> Since 7,100 BP, New Zealand experienced 53 cyclones similar in magnitude to [[Cyclone Bola]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Orpin |first1=A. R. |last2=Carter |first2=L. |last3=Page |first3=M. J. |last4=Cochran |first4=U. A. |last5=Trustrum |first5=N. A. |last6=Gomez |first6=B. |last7=Palmer |first7=A. S. |last8=Mildenhall |first8=D. C. |last9=Rogers |first9=K. M. |last10=Brackley |first10=H. L. |last11=Northcote |first11=L. |date=15 April 2010 |title=Holocene sedimentary record from Lake Tutira: A template for upland watershed erosion proximal to the Waipaoa Sedimentary System, northeastern New Zealand |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002532270900293X |journal=[[Marine Geology (journal)|Marine Geology]] |series=From mountain source to ocean sink – the passage of sediment across an active margin, Waipaoa Sedimentary System, New Zealand |volume=270 |issue=1 |pages=11–29 |doi=10.1016/j.margeo.2009.10.022 |bibcode=2010MGeol.270...11O |issn=0025-3227 |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref>

=== Pacific ===
Evidence from the [[Galápagos Islands]] shows that the [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation#Southern Oscillation|El Niño–Southern Oscillation]] (ENSO) was significantly weaker during the Middle Holocene, but that the strength of ENSO became moderate to high over the Late Holocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Zhaohui |last2=Leduc |first2=Guillaume |last3=Sachs |first3=Julian P. |date=15 October 2014 |title=El Niño evolution during the Holocene revealed by a biomarker rain gauge in the Galápagos Islands |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X14004634 |journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]] |volume=404 |pages=420–434 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.013 |bibcode=2014E&PSL.404..420Z |issn=0012-821X}}</ref>

==Ecological developments==
The decimation of terrestrial [[megafauna]] species outside of Africa during the preceding 40,000 years (the [[Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions]]), likely as a result of climate change, human hunting, or a combination of both, including in the extinction of over half of all megafauna species, left Holocene ecosystems highly altered and depauperate at their highest trophic levels compared to those in the preceding Pleistocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Svenning |first1=Jens-Christian |last2=Lemoine |first2=Rhys T. |last3=Bergman |first3=Juraj |last4=Buitenwerf |first4=Robert |last5=Le Roux |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Lundgren |first6=Erick |last7=Mungi |first7=Ninad |last8=Pedersen |first8=Rasmus Ø. |date=2024 |title=The late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions: Patterns, causes, ecological consequences and implications for ecosystem management in the Anthropocene |journal=Cambridge Prisms: Extinction |language=en |volume=2 |article-number=e5 |doi=10.1017/ext.2024.4 |issn=2755-0958 |pmc=11895740 |pmid=40078803}}</ref> Megafauna losses continued during the early-mid Holocene, with the [[Irish elk]] (''Megaloceros giganteus'', also known as the giant deer) surviving until around 7,700 years ago in western Russia,<ref name="Lister Stuart 2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Lister |first1=Adrian M. |last2=Stuart |first2=Anthony J. |date=January 2019 |title=The extinction of the giant deer ''Megaloceros giganteus'' (Blumenbach): New radiocarbon evidence |journal=Quaternary International |volume=500 |pages=185–203 |bibcode=2019QuInt.500..185L |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2019.03.025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> with [[woolly mammoths]] (''Mammuthus primigenius'') surviving in mainland Siberia until around 10,000 years ago,<ref name="TheLatestWoollyMammoths">{{Cite journal |last1=Stuart |first1=A. J. |last2=Sulerzhitsky |first2=L. D. |last3=Orlova |first3=L. A. |last4=Kuzmin |first4=Y. V. |last5=Lister |first5=A. M. |year=2002 |title=The latest woolly mammoths (''Mammuthus primigenius'' Blumenbach) in Europe and Asia: A review of the current evidence |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13491/files/PAL_E271.pdf |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=21 |issue=14–15 |pages=1559–1569 |bibcode=2002QSRv...21.1559S |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00026-4}}</ref> with a small population on [[Wrangel Island]] surviving until around 4,000 years ago.<ref name="Dehasque-2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Dehasque |first1=Marianne |last2=Morales |first2=Hernán E. |last3=Díez-del-Molino |first3=David |last4=Pečnerová |first4=Patrícia |last5=Chacón-Duque |first5=J. Camilo |last6=Kanellidou |first6=Foteini |last7=Muller |first7=Héloïse |last8=Plotnikov |first8=Valerii |last9=Protopopov |first9=Albert |last10=Tikhonov |first10=Alexei |last11=Nikolskiy |first11=Pavel |last12=Danilov |first12=Gleb K. |last13=Giannì |first13=Maddalena |last14=van der Sluis |first14=Laura |last15=Higham |first15=Tom |date=June 2024 |title=Temporal dynamics of woolly mammoth genome erosion prior to extinction |journal=Cell |language=en |volume=187 |issue=14 |pages=3531–3540.e13 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.033 |pmid=38942016 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Throughout the world, ecosystems in cooler climates that were previously regional have been isolated in higher altitude ecological "islands".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXAnHwHd0XgC&pg=PA2 |title=One Planet, Many People: Atlas of Our Changing Environment |last=Singh |first=Ashbindu |publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] |year=2005 |page=4 |isbn=978-92-807-2571-1 |access-date=2017-06-28 |archive-date=2020-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102141345/https://books.google.com/books?id=TXAnHwHd0XgC&pg=PA2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Surviving animal species like the red deer (''Cervus elaphus'') showed different behaviours: In the Adriatic region, they have been shown to migrate less than in the Pleistocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pilaar Birch |first1=Suzanne E. |last2=Miracle |first2=Preston T. |last3=Stevens |first3=Rhiannon E. |last4=O'Connell |first4=Tamsin C. |date=2016-06-08 |editor-last=Mihlbachler |editor-first=Matthew C. |title=Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Migratory Behavior of Ungulates Using Isotopic Analysis of Tooth Enamel and Its Effects on Forager Mobility |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=11 |issue=6 |article-number=e0155714 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0155714 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4898698 |pmid=27275784 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1155714P }}</ref>[[File:Glacial lakes.jpg|thumb|right|Stages of [[proglacial lake]] development in the region of the current North American [[Great Lakes]]]]
The ''[[8.2-kiloyear event|8.2-ka event]]'', an abrupt cold spell recorded as a negative excursion in the {{delta|18|O|link}} record lasting 400 years, is the most prominent climatic event occurring in the Holocene Epoch, and may have marked a resurgence of ice cover. It has been suggested that this event was caused by the final drainage of [[Lake Agassiz]], which had been confined by the glaciers, disrupting the [[thermohaline]] circulation of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barber |first1=D.C |last2=Dyke |first2=A. |last3=Hillaire-Marcel |first3=C. |last4=Jennings |first4=A.E. |last5=Andrews |first5=J.T. |last6=Kerwin |first6=M.W. |last7=Bilodeau |first7=G. |last8=McNeely |first8=R. |last9=Southon |first9=J. |last10=Morehead |first10=M.D. |last11=Gagnon |first11=J.-M. |date=July 22, 1999 |title=Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200032651 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=400 |issue=6742 |pages=344–348 |bibcode=1999Natur.400..344B |doi=10.1038/22504 |s2cid=4426918 |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref> This disruption was the result of an ice dam over [[Hudson Bay]] collapsing sending cold [[lake Agassiz]] water into the [[North Atlantic ocean]].<ref name="Li-2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Yong-Xiang |last2=Törnqvist |first2=Torbjörn E. |last3=Nevitt |first3=Johanna M. |last4=Kohl |first4=Barry |date=15 January 2012 |title=Synchronizing a sea-level jump, final Lake Agassiz drainage, and abrupt cooling 8200years ago |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X11003177 |journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]] |series=Sea Level and Ice Sheet Evolution: A PALSEA Special Edition |language=en |volume=315-316 |pages=41–50 |bibcode=2012E&PSL.315...41L |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.034 |issn=0012-821X |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> Furthermore, studies show that the melting of [[Lake Agassiz]] led to sea-level rise which flooded the North American coastal landscape. The basal peat plant was then used to determine the resulting local sea-level rise of 0.20-0.56m in the [[Mississippi Delta]].<ref name="Li-2012" /> Subsequent research, however, suggested that the discharge was probably superimposed upon a longer episode of cooler climate lasting up to 600 years and observed that the extent of the area affected was unclear.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rohling |first1=Eelco J. |last2=Pälike |first2=Heiko |date=21 April 2005 |title=Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago. |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03421 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=434 |issue=7036 |pages=975–979 |bibcode=2005Natur.434..975R |doi=10.1038/nature03421 |pmid=15846336 |s2cid=4394638 |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref>

==Human developments==
{{further|Timeline of prehistory|Human history}}
[[File:World in 1000 BCE.png|thumb|upright=1.8|Overview map of the world at the end of the [[2nd millennium BC]], color-coded by cultural stage:
{{legend|#FFFF00|hunter-gatherers ([[Palaeolithic]] or [[Mesolithic]])}}
{{legend|#800080|nomadic pastoralists}}
{{legend|#00FF00|simple farming societies}}
{{legend|#FF8040|complex farming societies ([[Bronze Age]] [[Old World]], [[Olmecs]], [[Andean civilizations|Andes]])}}
{{legend|#8080FF|state societies ([[Early Iron Age|Fertile Crescent]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Zhou China|China]])}}]]
{{Human history|Holocene}}
The beginning of the Holocene corresponds with the beginning of the [[Mesolithic]] age in most of [[Europe]]. In regions such as the [[Middle East]] and [[Anatolia]], the term [[Epipaleolithic]] is preferred in place of Mesolithic, as they refer to approximately the same time period. Cultures in this period include [[Hamburg culture|Hamburgian]], [[Federmesser culture|Federmesser]], and the [[Natufian culture]], during which [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities|the oldest inhabited places still existing on Earth]] were first settled, such as [[Tell es-Sultan]] (Jericho) in the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Jericho}}</ref> There is also evolving archeological evidence of [[origin of religion|proto-religion]] at locations such as [[Göbekli Tepe]], as long ago as the [[9th millennium BC]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/30706129.html |title=Göbekli Tepe: The World's First Temple? |last=Curry |first=Andrew |date=November 2008 |journal=[[Smithsonian Magazine]] |access-date=March 14, 2009 |archive-date=March 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317075937/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/30706129.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The preceding period of the Late Pleistocene had already brought advancements such as the [[bow and arrow]], creating more efficient forms of hunting and replacing [[Spear-thrower|spear throwers]]. In the Holocene, however, the [[domestication]] of plants and animals allowed humans to develop villages and towns in centralized locations. Archaeological data shows that between 10,000 and 7,000 [[Before Present|BP]] rapid domestication of plants and animals took place in tropical and subtropical parts of [[Asia]], [[Africa]], and [[Central America]].<ref name="Gupta-2004">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Anil K. |date=10 July 2004 |title=Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=54–59 |issn=0011-3891 |jstor=24107979 }}</ref> The development of farming allowed humans to transition away from [[hunter-gatherer]] nomadic cultures, which did not establish permanent settlements, to a more sustainable [[Sedentism|sedentary lifestyle]]. This form of lifestyle change allowed humans to develop towns and villages in centralized locations, which gave rise to the world known today. It is believed that the domestication of plants and animals began in the early part of the Holocene in the tropical areas of the planet.<ref name="Gupta-2004" /> Because these areas had warm, moist temperatures, the climate was perfect for effective farming. Culture development and human population change, specifically in South America, has also been linked to spikes in hydroclimate resulting in climate variability in the mid-Holocene (8.2–4.2 k cal BP).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Riris |first1=Philip |last2=Arroyo-Kalin |first2=Manuel |date=9 May 2019 |title=Widespread population decline in South America correlates with mid-Holocene climate change |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332968264 |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=6850 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.6850R |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-43086-w |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6509208 |pmid=31073131 |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> Climate change on seasonality and available moisture also allowed for favorable agricultural conditions which promoted human development for Maya and Tiwanaku regions.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Brenner |first1=Mark |title=Chapter 6 – Abrupt Climate Change and Pre-Columbian Cultural Collapse |date=2001-01-01 |work=Interhemispheric Climate Linkages |pages=87–103 |editor-last=Markgraf |editor-first=Vera |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124726703500094 |access-date=2022-04-23 |place=San Diego, California |publisher=Academic Press |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-012472670-3/50009-4 |isbn=978-0-12-472670-3 |last2=Hodell |first2=David A. |last3=Rosenmeier |first3=Michael F. |last4=Curtis |first4=Jason H. |last5=Binford |first5=Michael W. |last6=Abbott |first6=Mark B.}}.</ref> In the [[Korea|Korean Peninsula]], climatic changes fostered a population boom during the [[Chulmun|Middle Chulmun]] period from 5,500 to 5,000 BP, but contributed to a subsequent bust during the Late and Final Chulmun periods, from 5,000 to 4,000 BP and from 4,000 to 3,500 BP respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Habeom |last2=Lee |first2=Gyoung-Ah |last3=Crema |first3=Enrico R. |date=10 December 2021 |title=Bayesian analyses question the role of climate in Chulmun demography |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=23797 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-03180-4 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=8664936 |pmid=34893660 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1123797K }}</ref>

==Extinction event==
{{Main|Holocene extinction}}

The [[Holocene extinction]], otherwise referred to as the ''sixth mass extinction'' or ''Anthropocene extinction'',<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wagler|first1=Ron|year=2011|title=The Anthropocene Mass Extinction: An Emerging Curriculum Theme for Science Educators|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article/73/2/78/18301/The-Anthropocene-Mass-Extinction-An-Emerging|journal=The American Biology Teacher|volume=73|issue=2|pages= 78–83|doi=10.1525/abt.2011.73.2.5|s2cid=86352610}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Walsh|first=Alistair|date=January 11, 2022|title=What to expect from the world's sixth mass extinction|url=https://www.dw.com/en/what-to-expect-from-the-worlds-sixth-mass-extinction/a-60360245|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|access-date=February 5, 2022}}</ref> is an ongoing [[extinction event]] of [[species]] during the present Holocene [[epoch (geology)|epoch]] (with the more recent time sometimes called Anthropocene) as a result of [[Human impact on the environment|human activity]].<ref name="WorldScientists">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF|title=World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice|journal=[[BioScience]]|volume=67|issue=12|pages=1026–1028|date=13 November 2017|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix125|url=http://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Warning_article_with_supp_11-13-17.pdf|quote=Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.|access-date=4 October 2022|archive-date=15 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215010626/https://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Warning_article_with_supp_11-13-17.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Ceballos-Ehrlich-2018-06>{{cite journal|last1=Ceballos|first1=Gerardo|last2=Ehrlich|first2=Paul R.|author-link2=Paul R. Ehrlich|title=The misunderstood sixth mass extinction|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=8 June 2018|volume=360|issue=6393|pages=1080–1081|doi=10.1126/science.aau0191|pmid=29880679|oclc=7673137938|bibcode=2018Sci...360.1080C|s2cid=46984172|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau0191}}</ref><ref name=dirzo>{{cite journal|last= Dirzo|first= Rodolfo|author-link1=Rodolfo Dirzo|author2= Young, Hillary S.|author3= Galetti, Mauro|author4= Ceballos, Gerardo|author5= Isaac, Nick J. B.|author6= Collen, Ben|title= Defaunation in the Anthropocene|journal=Science|year= 2014|doi= 10.1126/science.1251817|pmid= 25061202|volume= 345|issue=6195|pages= 401–406|url=http://www.uv.mx/personal/tcarmona/files/2010/08/Science-2014-Dirzo-401-6-2.pdf|quote=In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction, threat, and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth's history.|bibcode= 2014Sci...345..401D|s2cid= 206555761}}</ref><ref name="Cowie">{{cite journal |last1= Cowie |first1=Robert H. |last2=Bouchet |first2=Philippe |last3=Fontaine |first3=Benoît |year=2022|title=The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation? |journal=Biological Reviews |volume= 97|issue= 2|pages= 640–663|doi=10.1111/brv.12816|pmid=35014169 |pmc=9786292 |s2cid=245889833 }}</ref> The included [[extinctions]] span numerous families of [[fungi]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Guy|first=Jack|date=September 30, 2020|title=Around 40% of the world's plant species are threatened with extinction|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/30/world/kew-gardens-plants-report-scli-intl-gbr-scn/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=September 1, 2021}}</ref> [[plant]]s,<ref>{{cite news |last=Hollingsworth |first=Julia |date=June 11, 2019 |title=Almost 600 plant species have become extinct in the last 250 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/11/asia/plant-extinctions-science-intl-hnk/ |access-date=January 14, 2020 |publisher=CNN |quote="The research – published Monday in Nature, Ecology & Evolution journal – found that 571 plant species have disappeared from the wild worldwide, and that plant extinction is occurring up to 500 times faster than the rate it would without human intervention."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=August 31, 2021|title=Up to half of world's wild tree species could be at risk of extinction|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/01/up-to-half-worlds-wild-tree-species-could-risk-extinction|work=The Guardian|access-date=September 1, 2021}}</ref> and [[animal]]s, including [[mammal]]s, [[bird]]s, [[reptile]]s, [[amphibian]]s, [[fish]] and [[invertebrates]]. With widespread degradation of [[Biodiversity hotspot|highly biodiverse]] habitats such as [[coral reef]]s and [[rainforest]]s, as well as other areas, the vast majority of these extinctions are thought to be undocumented, as the species are undiscovered at the time of their extinction, or no one has yet discovered their extinction. The current rate of extinction of species is estimated at 100 to 1,000 times higher than [[Background extinction rate|natural background extinction rates]].<ref name=Ceballos-Ehrlich-2018-06/><ref name="Li-2012"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=De Vos|first1=Jurriaan M.|last2=Joppa|first2=Lucas N.|last3=Gittleman|first3=John L.|last4=Stephens|first4=Patrick R.|last5=Pimm|first5=Stuart L.|date=2014-08-26|title=Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=29|issue=2|pages=452–462|doi=10.1111/cobi.12380|pmid=25159086|bibcode=2015ConBi..29..452D |s2cid=19121609 |issn=0888-8892|language=es|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/98443/1/Conservation_Biology_2014_early-view.pdf}}</ref><ref name="PimmJenkins">{{cite journal |last1=Pimm |first1=S. L. |last2=Jenkins |first2=C. N. |last3=Abell |first3=R. |last4=Brooks |first4=T. M. |last5=Gittleman |first5=J. L. |last6=Joppa |first6=L. N. |last7=Raven |first7=P. H. |last8=Roberts |first8=C. M. |last9=Sexton |first9=J. O. |date=30 May 2014 |title=The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection |url=http://static.squarespace.com/static/51b078a6e4b0e8d244dd9620/t/538797c3e4b07a163543ea0f/1401395139381/Pimm+et+al.+2014.pdf |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=344 |issue=6187 |article-number=1246752 |doi=10.1126/science.1246752 |pmid=24876501 |s2cid=206552746 |quote=The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
|align=center
|File:North-western_European_Holocene_Climate_Proxies_and_Culture_Stages,_by_Hans_J.J.G._Holm.png|alt1=|Combination of temperature indicators ("proxies") for north-western Europe from Greenland icecores and Alpine glacier extensions, with subdivisions from three disciplines
|File:VeyoVolcano.jpg|alt2=|Holocene [[cinder cone]] volcano on [[Utah State Route 18]] near [[Veyo, Utah|Veyo]]
|File:Doggerland.svg|alt3=|Paleogeographic reconstruction of the [[North Sea]] approximately 9,000 years ago during the early Holocene and after the end of the [[Last Glacial Period]]
|File:Collier_de_Penne.jpg|alt4=|Bronze bead necklace, [[Muséum de Toulouse]]
}}

==See also==
{{portal |Earth sciences |Geology}}
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[4.2-kiloyear event]]
* [[8.2-kiloyear event]]
* [[10th millennium BC]]
* [[Blytt–Sernander system]]
* [[Holocene calendar]]
* [[African humid period]]
* [[Older Peron]]
* [[Outburst flood]]
* [[Piora Oscillation]]
* [[Late Pleistocene extinctions]]
* [[Ostrich eggshell beads]]{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |title=Holocene landscape intervention and plant food production strategies in island and mainland Southeast Asia |first1=C. O. |last1=Hunt |first2=R. J. |last2=Rabett |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |year=2014 |volume=51 |pages=22–33 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.12.011 |bibcode=2014JArSc..51...22H |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last = Mackay |editor1-first = A. W. |editor-link1=Anson W. Mackay |editor2-last = Battarbee |editor2-first = R.W. |editor3-last = Birks |editor3-first = H.J.B. |display-editors = 3 |editor4-last = Oldfield |editor4-first = F. |title = Global change in the Holocene |year = 2003 |publisher = Arnold |location = London |isbn = 978-0-340-76223-3 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Neil |title=The Holocene: an environmental history |year=2014 |edition=3rd |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Malden, Massachusetts |isbn=978-1-4051-5521-2}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|Holocene}}
{{Commons category|Holocene}}
{{Wikisource portal|Cenozoic#Quaternary}}
{{EB1911 poster|Holocene}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180118215702/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/history_of_the_earth/Holocene The Holocene epoch explained by the BBC]
* [https://ghkclass.com/ghkC.html?Holocene ghK Classification]
* [https://www.dandebat.dk/eng-klima7.htm History of Earth's Climate 7 – Cenozoic IV – Holocene]

{{Holocene footer}}
{{Quaternary footer}}
{{Geological history|p|c}}
{{Prehistoric technology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Holocene| ]]
[[Category:Geological epochs]]
[[Category:Quaternary geochronology]]
[[Category:Interglacials]]
[[Category:Historical eras]]

List of Navi Mumbai Metro Stations

2026-01-28T17:24:18Z

Svetlqer:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Navi Mumbai Metro Map.png|thumb|417x417px|Navi Mumbai Metro map]]
This is a list of all the stations of the [[Navi Mumbai Metro]], a [[rapid transit]] system serving the city of [[Navi Mumbai]], a part of the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]]. It is the [[Urban rail transit in India|16th]] metro system in India.

The metro is implemented by [[City and Industrial Development Corporation|CIDCO]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-17 |title=Navi Mumbai gets its first Metro line {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/navi-mumbai-gets-its-first-metro-line-watch-18353171.htm |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=cnbctv18}}</ref> and opened to the public on 17 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-18 |title=Navi Mumbai Metro starts operations, other infra projects await inauguration |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/navi-mumbai-metro-starts-operations-other-infra-projects-await-inauguration-101700248360973.html |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Metro stations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" style=font-size:95%; width="30%"
|-
|style="background-color:#AFEEEE"|†
|Terminal station
|-
|style="background-color:#FFFF99"|*
|Transfer station
|-
|style="background-color:#FFB6C1"|†*
|Terminal and transfer station to [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
|-
|style="background-color:#F5DEB3"|††
|Transfer station to [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" style=font-size:95%; width="100%"
! rowspan="2" width="5%" |Sr. No.
! colspan="2" width="28%" |Metro Station
! rowspan="2" width="13%" |Layout
! rowspan="2" width="13%" |Opened
! rowspan="2" width="28%" |Notes
! rowspan="2" width="5%" |Ref.
|-
![[English language|English]]
![[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|1
|style="background-color:#FFB6C1"|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|CBD Belapur}}†*
|सी.बी.डी. बेलापूर
|Elevated
|17 November 2023
|Interchange with [[CBD Belapur railway station]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-17 |title=नवी मुंबईत पहिली मेट्रो धावली, स्थानकं, तिकिट दर ते वैशिष्ट्ये सर्व माहिती एका क्लिकवर |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/navi-mumbai/navi-mumbai-metro-start-from-today-metro-line-one-belapur-to-pendhar-kharghar-taloja-detail-marathi-news-1229236 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2
|R.B.I. Colony
|आर.बी.आय. कॉलनी
|Elevated
|17 November 2023
|
|
|-
|3
|style="background-color:#F5DEB3"|Belpada††
|बेलपाडा
|Elevated
|17 November 2023
|Interchange with [[Kharghar railway station]]
|
|-
|4
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Utsav Chowk (Kharghar)}}
|उत्सव चौक (खारघर)
|Elevated
|17 November 2023
|
|
|-
|5
|Kendriya Vihar
|केंद्रीय विहार
|Elevated
|17 November 2023
|
|
|-
|6
|Kharghar Village
|खारघर गाव
|Elevated
|17 November 2023
|
|
|-
|7
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Central Park (Kharghar)}}
|सेंट्रल पार्क (खारघर)
|Elevated
|17 November 2023
|
|
|-
|8
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Pethpada (Kharghar)}}
|पेठपाडा (खारघर)
|Elevated
|17 November 2023
|
|
|-
|9
|Amandoot
|अमनदूत
|Elevated
|17 November 2023
|
|
|-
|10
|style="background-color:#F5DEB3"|Pethali - Taloja††
|पेठाली - तळोजा
|Elevated
|17 November 2023
|Connection to [[Taloje Panchnand railway station]]
|
|-
|11
|style="background-color:#AFEEEE"|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Pendhar}}†
|पेणधर
|Elevated
|17 November 2023
|
|
|}

== Statistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
|Total number of metro stations
|'''11'''
|-
|Number of interchange stations
|'''-'''
|-
|Number of elevated stations
|'''11'''
|-
|Number of underground stations
|'''0'''
|-
|Number of stations at-grade
|'''0'''
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Chennai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Coimbatore Metro stations]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Hyderabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Jaipur Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kochi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]
*[[List of Lucknow Metro stations]]
*[[List of Madurai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Noida Metro stations]]
*[[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[List of Pune Metro stations]]
*[[List of Surat Metro stations]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of metro stations in India|Navi Mumbai Metro]]
[[Category:Navi Mumbai Metro stations|*]]

Alpha Bravo Charlie

2026-01-25T08:16:36Z

Svetlqer:

{{Short description|1998 Pakistani military drama TV series}}
{{About|the Pakistani drama series|the alphabet|NATO phonetic alphabet}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Alpha Bravo Charlie title.jpg
| caption = The opening [[title screen]] for ''Alpha Bravo Charlie''
| genre = [[action film|Action]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Comedy drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| runtime = approx 40 min.
| creator = [[Inter Services Public Relations|ISPR]] [[Shoaib Mansoor]]
| starring = Faraz Inam Capt. Abdullah Mehmood Capt. Qasim Khan Shahnaz Khawaja
| narrator = Zia-ur Rehman (subtitles)
| country = [[Pakistan]]
| language = Urdu English Pashto
| network =
| first_aired = {{start date|1998|5}}
| last_aired = {{end date|1998|7}}
| num_episodes = 14
| related = ''[[Sunehray Din]]'' ''[[Ehd-e-Wafa]]''
}}

'''''Alpha Bravo Charlie''''' ([[Urdu]]: '''الفا براوو چارلی''') is an [[action film|action]] and thriller [[Pakistani dramas|Pakistani drama]], produced by [[Inter Services Public Relations|ISPR]] and directed by Pakistani drama and [[film director]] [[Shoaib Mansoor]].<ref name=Dawn>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1169324|title=Old but not forgotten: Top 10 Pakistani dramas to re-watch now|last=Ahmad|first=Bisma|date=2015-03-13|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|access-date=20 December 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=samaa/>

It is a sequel to the 1991 TV series ''[[Sunehray Din]]'' ''(Golden Days)'' with a somewhat different cast. The series ran on [[Pakistan Television Corporation|PTV]] from May till July 1998. The last shooting was completed at [[Pakistan Military Academy]], [[Kakul]], on 4 December 1997. The drama was produced by PTV Lahore center and [[Shoman Productions]].<ref name=samaa/>

The events in the drama involve romance and comedy, while reflecting the [[Pakistan Army|Pakistan Army's]] operational involvement in the [[Bosnian War]] and [[Siachen conflict]].<ref name=TV>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepakistani.tv/i/12/pakistani-tv-dramas/alpha-bravo-charlie.htm |title=Alpha Bravo Charlie – Pakistani Television TV Show |website=Thepakistani.tv website|date=2008-03-19 |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322090912/http://www.thepakistani.tv/i/12/pakistani-tv-dramas/alpha-bravo-charlie.htm |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=samaa>{{cite web|url=https://www.samaa.tv/lifeandstyle/2019/10/col-qasim-khan-hints-at-an-alpha-bravo-charlie-remake/ |title=Col Qasim Khan hints at an Alpha Bravo Charlie remake |date=3 October 2019|website=Samaa TV News website |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025142519/https://www.samaa.tv/lifeandstyle/2019/10/col-qasim-khan-hints-at-an-alpha-bravo-charlie-remake/ |archive-date=25 October 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Story ==
The drama is centered on the lives of three characters: Faraz, Kashif, and Gulsher, also known as Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, and Echo. It begins with the three friends graduating from the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] (PMA) and entering the [[Pakistan Army|army]] as officers. Faraz arrives first, driving a brand-new [[Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W202)|Mercedes]] gifted to him by his wealthy [[landlord]] father for achieving the [[Sword of Honour (Pakistan)|Sword of Honour]]. He faces ridicule for this and is even fooled by the batman, who happens to be the Major. The next day, Kashif joins and similarly gets fooled, though he is already aware of the dynamics, as his father is a [[General (Pakistan)|general]] in the army. A couple of days later, Gulsher joins as well, and gradually, the three settle into army life.

In the second episode, after Gulsher takes the adjutant's seat, he receives two calls from the same girl, who claims she has dialed the wrong number while attempting to reach someone else. Gulsher tries to flirt with her, saying, "If you want to talk to me, just be honest." The girl is not impressed and reveals that she is the daughter of a general in the army, warning him that he will have to face consequences. Gulsher becomes frightened upon learning that the general wishes to meet him at 8 p.m. in the park. He waits there for four hours but ultimately returns without meeting the general, and this pattern continues for six days.

Meanwhile, during the first few holidays, Faraz goes for a jog in a park and spots a girl. He stops jogging and turns around. She tells him she noticed what he did, and Faraz is taken aback by her boldness. He finds her impressive and starts to like her. The girl introduces herself as Shahnaz. A few days later, Faraz and Kashif are sent to Mona Depot for a horse riding course. At a nearby mansion, Faraz sees the same girl again, and Kashif is seen talking to the man accompanying her (her uncle). Faraz asks Kashif how he knows them, to which Kashif replies they are family friends.

Back at the camp, Shahnaz calls for Gulsher once more, but he insists on seeing her to apologize. When they meet, it is revealed that the girl Gulsher had been speaking with on the phone is the same Shahnaz Faraz has fallen for. Shahnaz takes Gulsher to a restaurant, realizing he is a decent guy who didn't intend to flirt with her. However, Gulsher can't afford the meal and fears losing his pride if he allows a girl to pay for him, so he flees the restaurant. The following morning, Shahnaz calls Gulsher again, but he is too afraid to speak with her and asks the adjutant to make an excuse on his behalf. That same night, Gulsher receives a letter instructing him to be at a specific location at a certain time. When he arrives, a furious Shahnaz confronts him, upset that he made an excuse and concerned about what the adjutant might think of her. She urges Gulsher to be more confident and not to shy away. After a few days, Faraz, Kashif, and Gulsher are sent to a different exercise. Before leaving, Faraz instructs his father to visit Shahnaz's house and propose marriage. During the exercise, Kashif plays around with the tank and is subsequently punished. Ultimately, he tells the Major that he wants to leave the army, believing he does not belong there and was compelled to join. However, the Major has other plans. Upon returning from the exercise, Faraz learns from his father that Shahnaz has rejected his proposal. When confronting Shahnaz, she explains that she refused him because he embodies "Mr. Perfect." She feels that he will accomplish whatever he desires, leaving little room for her impact in his life. Instead, she seeks someone with flaws whom she can help improve. Jokingly, Faraz suggests someone for her, referring to Gulsher as "our Mr. Charlie." Although he intended it as a joke, Shahnaz views it as a good idea and insists that he speak to Gulsher. Eventually, Gulsher and Shahnaz marry and begin their new life together.

While Kashif is sent to [[Siachen conflict|Siachin]], he desperately tries to prevent this deployment. He takes the wives of high-ranking officers on shopping trips and implores his father, a general, for assistance. He cries, “I cannot survive in any way. The enemy will kill me, or I will die from the cold.” However, his efforts are in vain, and he ultimately goes to Siachin. Shortly after, Gulsher is dispatched to [[Bosnian war|Bosnia]]. Both Kashif and Gulsher face numerous adventures during their deployments. When the situation becomes tense in Siachin, the officers devise a plan to reach the peak in order to gain control over the area at high altitude and stay ahead of the enemy. Kashif comes up with an outstanding plan and also volunteers for the mission. He and one other man are sent to the peak, but they still have to climb. While ascending the mountain, Kashif's partner is shot. Although he doesn't die, he is significantly weakened. Kashif returns fire at the enemies, and they both continue moving forward to reach the summit. Kashif's partner reaches the top first and is almost unconscious by the time Kashif arrives. Kashif wants to help him, but time is running short, so his partner urges him to proceed and to leave him behind.

Kashif moves on, but soon encounters a group of enemies. He manages to shoot them all and then returns to check on his partner. He also tries to contact headquarters, but to no avail. The next scene takes place in a hospital, where Kashif's parents are informed that their son has survived, which is considered a miracle, but he has suffered severe [[frostbite]] and both his arms and legs had to be amputated. In the same scene, news breaks about Gulsher and Shahnaz's son being born; they name him Sher Jaan.

Meanwhile, in Bosnia, a significant conflict erupts. Gulsher goes out with tanks and a few other men. He moves away from the tanks and finds himself surrounded by Serbs. When the tanks explode, the army is notified that Gulsher has been martyred. Shahnaz receives the same news. In reality, however, Gulsher is captured by Serbs who want him to spread falsehoods to provide them with proof against the Muslims. Gulsher refuses to comply.

In Pakistan, Shahnaz gradually begins to overcome Gulsher's death as her son grows up. Kashif receives [[Prosthesis|artificial limbs]] and continues to serve in the army, eventually being promoted from Captain to Major. Faraz and Shahnaz grow closer and open a hostel for special children. Faraz's father encourages him to marry Shahnaz, and even Shahnaz's uncle and aunt believe she has feelings for Faraz.

In the final episode, Shahnaz confides in Faraz, expressing her desire to marry Kashif. However, Kashif refuses. While Shahnaz attempts to convince Kashif, her uncle receives a phone call informing them that Gulsher is alive, bringing joy to them all. In Bosnia, Gulsher finally escapes from the camp where he has been held captive but is chased by a few men and killed in the process.

Fast forward 20 years: Faraz is now a Brigadier and lives with his wife and two daughters. Kashif has become a Colonel and lives with his wife and two children. After the war in Bosnia, Shahnaz travels to Bosnia in search of Gulsher, but she is unable to find him.

==Cast and characters==
===Main===

* Faraz as '''Captain / Brigadier General Faraz Ahmed''': A captain in the army and son of a rich landlord in Punjab. Faraz was a confident, ambitious man — Mr Perfect who was well-built, good- looking and wealthy to go along with his excellent academic record. He owned a Mercedes, a Black C180. Ahmad, unlike his friends, was not assigned any of the combat action.
* '''Captain Abdullah Mehmood''' as '''Captain / Colonel Kashif Kirmani''':<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=TV/> A third generation army officer who initially did not like being in the army but later proved himself. Kirmani was the main character responsible for providing humor through mischief. He played the first cousin to Shahnaz.
* '''Colonel Qasim Khan''' as '''Captain Gulsher Khan''':<ref name=samaa/><ref name=TV/> Mild-mannered, modest, and humble, he married Shahnaz Sher and settled in a luxurious apartment. A few days after his marriage, Khan was sent to [[Bosnia]] on a [[UN]] peacekeeping mission. While a commanding officer of his company, Khan harbored and launched a number of rescue operations to protect Bosnian Muslims held by the Serbian forces.
* '''Shahnaz Khawaja''' as '''Shahnaz Sher''':<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=TV/> A Cambridge-educated elementary school teacher of special children who had a straightforward personality with her own philosophy of life. Captain Gulsher Khan's wife, a good friend of Faraz and first cousin of Kashif.

===Supporting characters===
* [[Malik Ata Muhammad Khan]] as Faraz's father<ref name=TV/>
* Brig. Tahir
* Waqar Ahmed
* Farhat Pasha
* Asmat Sufi
* Maj. Kamran
* Cadet Shujaat
* L Naik Samiullah
* Naveed Saifullah

==Production==
===Casting===
In June 2021, over 20 years after the show ended, [[Hadiqa Kiani]] revealed in an interview that she was offered the female lead in the serial but she declined due to other commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/05-Jun-2021/here-s-why-hadiqa-kiani-refused-to-work-in-drama-serial-alpha-bravo-charlie?version=|title=Here's why Hadiqa Kiani refused to work in drama serial Alpha Bravo Charlie |date=5 June 2021|website=Daily Pakistan}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[ISPR Media Productions]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2298792}}

{{PTV Programs}}
{{Shoaib Mansoor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alpha Bravo Charlie}}
[[Category:1990s Pakistani television series]]
[[Category:1998 Pakistani television series debuts]]
[[Category:1998 Pakistani television series endings]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan in fiction]]
[[Category:Pakistani military television series]]
[[Category:Pakistan Television Corporation original programming]]
[[Category:Pakistani drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series based on actual events]]
[[Category:Urdu-language television shows]]
[[Category:War television series]]
[[Category:Bosnian War in fiction]]
[[Category:Inter-Services Public Relations media productions]]
[[Category:Inter-Services Public Relations films]]
[[Category:Indian Armed Forces in fiction]]
[[Category:Inter-Services Public Relations dramas]]

Surat Alley

2026-01-17T04:15:07Z

Svetlqer: Creating a article w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}

{{Short description|Indian trade unionist and political activist}}

'''Surat Alley''' (1905–1988), was an Indian trade unionist and political activist in Britain who campaigned for civil rights of Indians.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Surat Alley {{!}} Making Britain |url=https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/surat-alley |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=www.open.ac.uk}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Early life ==
Born on 18 May 1905 in the village of Khandasahi, [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara District]], [[Odisha|Odisha State]] to a Hindu Brahmin jamindar family, he originally had the name '''Banshidhar Mishra''' before he later changed it.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Arup K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sY4EAAAQBAJ |title=Indians in London: From the Birth of the East India Company to Independent India |date=2021-07-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-89449-19-8 |language=en}}</ref> He was influenced by [[Gopabandhu Das]], a participant in the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation movement]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Surat Alley |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?6819 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English |last1=Mahotsav |first1=Amrit }}</ref>

He and Rajakrishna Bose assumed leadership during the youth movement in Odisha in the late 1920s. In order to raise awareness among them, he established "Youth Committees" in several locations. He also published many provocative articles in the newspaper ''Yubak'', which aroused the ire of the British authorities. A warrant for his arrest had been issued, but he managed to get away by travelling to Burma in disguise, where he joined the [[Saya San Rebellion|Burmese uprising]]. From that point on, he changed his name to "Surat Alley," and from 1932 to 1952, he went by that name.<ref name=":2" />

== Life in the United Kingdom ==
He travelled to [[London]], where he started campaigning for the rights of Indians, particularly [[lascar]]s, whilst living in London’s East End.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Sherwood |first=Marika |date=January 2004 |title=LASCAR STRUGGLES AGAINST DISCRIMINATION IN BRITAIN 1923–45: THE WORK OF N.J. UPADHYAYA AND SURAT ALLEY |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00253359.2004.10656918 |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |language=en |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=438–455 |doi=10.1080/00253359.2004.10656918 |s2cid=161246291 |issn=0025-3359|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The total number of colonial seamen on British Merchant vessels in the 1930s amounted to nearly 235,000, of which 10% were Indian.<ref>{{Citation |last=Weiss |first=Holger |title=Establishing a Global Network |date=2021-06-07 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004463288/BP000005.xml |work=A Global Radical Waterfront |pages=57–134 |access-date=2023-05-17 |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=978-90-04-46328-8}}</ref> He took up the responsibility of lascar politics after [[Sophia Duleep Singh]] and [[Shapurji Saklatvala]] had led the way.<ref name=":6" />

He co-founded and was Secretary of the Colonial Seamen’s Association,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ansari |first=Humayun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2FmDwAAQBAJ |title="The Infidel Within": Muslims in Britain since 1800 |date=2018-08-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-093502-3 |language=en}}</ref> whilst [[Chris Braithwaite]] was President, which formed in 1935 in reaction to the [[British Shipping (Assistance) Act 1935|British Shipping (Assistance) Act]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Høgsbjerg |first=Christian |date=October 2011 |title=Mariner, renegade and castaway: Chris Braithwaite, seamen's organiser and Pan-Africanist |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0306396811414114 |journal=Race & Class |language=en |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=36–57 |doi=10.1177/0306396811414114 |s2cid=144137649 |issn=0306-3968|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Featherstone |first=David |date=October 2019 |title=Maritime labour, transnational political trajectories and decolonization from below: the opposition to the 1935 British Shipping Assistance Act |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/glob.12228 |journal=Global Networks |language=en |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=539–562 |doi=10.1111/glob.12228 |s2cid=150266009 |issn=1470-2266|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Alley recalled the CSA "started at the time when [[Italian fascism]] threat [to] attack [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]]. The Association was the expression of the discontent existing among the colonial seamen and its aim was to redress their grievances".<ref name=":5" />

He was also the London representative of [[Aftab Ali]]’s All-India Seamen's Federation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lahiri |first=Shompa |date=2013-05-29 |title=South Asian Resistances in Britain 1858–1947 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02619288.2013.782164 |journal=Immigrants & Minorities |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=129–132 |doi=10.1080/02619288.2013.782164 |s2cid=146822461 |issn=0261-9288|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Glynn |first=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWa5DwAAQBAJ |title=Class, ethnicity and religion in the Bengali East End: A political history |date=2016-05-16 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-84779-958-6 |language=en}}</ref> In this role, he aided lobbied on behalf of striking lascars. When After the strike was called off, Alley continued to lobby the [[Home Secretary]] and calling on the [[Trades Union Congress]] to get the workers released from prison and restore them to their jobs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Featherstone |first=David |date=2021-11-03 |title=Maritime Labour, Circulations of Struggle, and Constructions of Transnational Subaltern Agency: The Spatial Politics of the 1939 Indian Seafarers' Strikes |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anti.12790 |journal=Antipode |volume=55 |issue=5 |language=en |pages=1411–1432 |doi=10.1111/anti.12790 |s2cid=243768859 |issn=0066-4812|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Before his arrest in 1940, he may have been an associate of [[Udham Singh]],<ref name=":2" /> who was a member of the [[Indian Workers' Association]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=More than an Assassin: Revisiting Shaheed Udham Singh on His 80th Martyrdom Day |url=https://www.jamhoor.org/read/2020/7/29/more-than-an-assassin-revisiting-shaheed-udham-singh-on-his-80th-martyrdom-day |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Jamhoor |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1939, he organised the Indian Workers Conference in London.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Trades Union Congress |url=https://wdc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/tav/id/4645/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=wdc.contentdm.oclc.org |language=en}}</ref>

During his time in the United Kingdom he was in contact with [[N. G. Ranga]], [[Feroze Gandhi]], [[V. K. Krishna Menon|Krishna Menon]], and [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]].<ref name=":2" />

In 1945, representing the FIAGB, he attended the [[Pan-African Congress#Attendees|Fifth Pan-African Congress]] in [[Manchester]] drawing comparisons between Indian and his fellow African seamen. The event was attended by many notable attendees including [[Kwame Nkrumah]], [[Tikiri Banda Subasinghe]] and [[W. E. B. Du Bois]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Adi |first1=Hakim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7mfAAAAMAAJ |title=The 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress Revisited |last2=Sherwood |first2=Marika |date=1995 |publisher=New Beacon Books |isbn=978-1-873201-12-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering the Fifth Pan-African Congress : Centre for African Studies (LUCAS) |url=https://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/remembering-the-fifth-pan-african-congress-christian-hogsbjerg/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=lucas.leeds.ac.uk}}</ref> He sought to directly link anti-colonialism and maritime labour.<ref name=":3" /> His message to congress was "as long as there is one man oppressed the whole of the Indian nation feels oppressed: so long as there is one man who is not emancipated, I do not feel that I am emancipated".<ref name=":7" />

== Returning to India and personal life ==
He was married to Sarah (Sally) Reder.<ref name=":1" /> He returned to India in 1952. Despite being offered a role by the [[Indian National Congress]], he became a teacher, founding a primary school in his village Khandasahi. His younger brother Srinibas Mishra was Member of Parliament from Cuttack Lok Sabha Constituency in 1967. He died in August 1988.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

== Notes ==
He is documented as Soorat and as Ali/Ally within some of the literature.

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alley, Surat}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from London]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from British India]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Communist Party of Great Britain members]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:20th-century British trade unionists]]

Anishi

2025-12-01T06:02:24Z

Svetlqer: Put Up A Info and Citations...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
'''Anishi''' (also known as Nüoshi<ref>
{{Cite web |title=A Deep Dive into the Culinary Heritage of Nagaland |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/NQWR4gmR_LgUDQ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=artsandculture.google.com}}</ref>) is a [[Naga people|Naga]] delicacy made of fermented leaves of the [[Colocasia]] genus.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Anishi - Arca del Gusto |url=https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/anishi-dried-fermented-taro-leaves/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Slow Food Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

To make anishi, taro leaves are wrapped in gunny bags or banana leaves for about 3-4 days before being ground into a paste<ref name=foodchem>
{{Cite journal |last1=Deb |first1=CR |last2=Bendangnaro |first2=J |title=Ethnic Fermented Food Products of Nagaland, India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339874495 |journal=Journal of Food Chemistry and Nanotechnology |date=2020 |volume=06 |doi=10.17756/jfcn.2020-079|doi-access=free }}
</ref>, typically with salt and other spices<ref>
{{Cite journal |last1=Tamang |first1=Buddhiman |last2=Tamang |first2=Jyoti Prakash |title=Traditional knowledge of biopreservation of perishable vegetable and bamboo shoots in Northeast India as food resources |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262006859 |journal=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=89–95}}
</ref>, then pressed into cakes and smoked over a fire or dried by the sun<ref name="foodchem" />, forming black discs.

It is used with pork both as a condiment and a preservative<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sangtam |first1=H. M. |last2=Laskar |first2=S. K. |last3=Thomas |first3=R. |last4=Das |first4=A. |year=2022 |title=Physico-chemical and Sensory Attributes of Traditional Pork Products Incorporated with ''Anishi'' at Refrigerated Storage (4±1°C) Under Vacuum Packaging |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367176955 |journal=Journal of Animal Research |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=667–673 |doi=10.30954/2277-940X.05.2022.8 |doi-access=free }}</ref> by the [[Ao Naga]] tribe of the Indian state of [[Nagaland]].<ref>
{{Cite journal |last=Bhardwaj |first=Sushma |title=Exotic Cuisine of Nagaland: Methods of Cooking and the Medicinal Value of Their Edible Flora and Fauna |url=http://journals.du.ac.in/ugresearch/pdf/J22.pdf |journal=DU Journal of Undergraduate Research and Innovation |publisher=[[Delhi University]]}}
</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.foodforward.in/posts/anishi Anishi]
* [https://www.slurrp.com/article/all-about-anishi-the-naga-delicacy-that-resembles-coal-1651513513240 All About Anishi, The Naga Delicacy That Resembles Coal]
* [https://morungexpress.com/anishi-naga-culinary-delight Anishi: A Naga culinary delight]
* [https://nagabusiness.com/the-process-of-making-anishi/ The process of Making ‘Anishi’]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Naga cuisine]]

Koratty railway station

2025-11-20T17:35:08Z

Svetlqer: brief reworked structure for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Railway station in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Koratty
| native_name =
| native_name_lang=
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Koratty]], [[Kerala]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|10.2605|76.3565|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Kerala
| line = Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| opened = {{Start date and age|1902|06|2|df=y}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = KRAN
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Southern Railway zone|left=Chalakudi|right=Koratty|type=Shoranur–Cochin Harbour}}
| map_locator =
| route_map = {{Shoranur–Ernakulam line}}
}}

'''Koratty railway station''' (station code: KRAN), which also known as 'Koratti Angadi' falls between [[Divine Nagar railway station]] and [[Karukutty railway station]] in the busy [[Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section]] in [[Thrissur district]].Koratty railway station is an "HG-1" railway station that comes under the [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division|Thiruvananthapuram division]] of [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]].<ref>[https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1641895515486-ANNUAL%20EARNINGS.pdf Southern Railways Categorisation]</ref> All passenger trains stop here.

== Trains stoppage in Koratty ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#ffffff;"
|-
! style="background-color:#FFD700" | No.
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train no.
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Origin
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Destination
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train name
|-
|1.
|56361/56364
|[[Shoranur Junction railway station|SRR]]
|[[Ernakulam Junction railway station|ERS]]
|Shornur ↔ Ernakulam South Passenger
|-
|2.
|56365/56366
|[[Guruvayur railway station|GUV]]
|[[Edamann railway station|EDN]]
| Guruvayur ↔ Edumun Fast Passenger
|-
|3.
|66611/66612
|[[Palakkad Junction railway station|PGT]]
|[[Ernakulam Junction railway station|ERS]]
|Palakkad ↔ Ernakulam South MEMU
|-
|4.
|56375/56376
|[[Guruvayur railway station|GUV]]
|[[Ernakulam Junction railway station|ERS]]
|Guruvayoor ↔ Ernakulam South Passenger
|-
|5.
|56363/56362
|[[Nilambur Road railway station|NIL]]
|[[Ernakulam Junction railway station|ERS]]
|Nilambur ↔ Ernakulam South Passenger
|-
|6.
|56371/56370
|[[Ernakulam Junction railway station|ERS]]
|[[Guruvayur railway station|GUV]]
|Guruvayoor ↔ Ernakulam South Passenger
|-

|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Thiruvananthapuram railway division}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1902]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram railway division]]

{{Kerala-railstation-stub}}

Murtaza Nizam Shah I

2025-11-12T21:48:46Z

Svetlqer:

{{Short description|Sultan of Ahmadnagar from 1565 to 1588}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Murtaza Nizam Shah I
| title =
| succession = 4th [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Sultan of Ahmadnagar]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| reign = 15 July 1565 – 13 June 1588
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]
| coronation = 26 January 1566<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Radhey |first=Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC |title=The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1966 |edition=1 |page=151|isbn=978-81-208-2651-9 |language=}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]]
| successor = [[Hussain Nizam Shah II]]
| spouse = Hadiya Sultana (daughter of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]]) Doordana Begum (dancer)
| issue = [[Hussain Nizam Shah II]]
| royal house = Nizam Shahi Dynasty
| father = [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]]
| mother = [[Khunza Humayun]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 13 June 1588<ref name="w860">{{cite web | title=History of Medieval Deccan | first=H. K. | last=Sherwani | url=https://ia801501.us.archive.org/33/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.127053/2015.127053.History-Of-Medieval-Deccan-Vol-i-1295-1724_text.pdf | access-date=12 November 2025 | page=254}}</ref>
| death_place =
}}

'''Murtaza Nizam Shah I''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|مرتضی نظام شاه}}}}; died 13 June 1588) was the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Sultan of Ahmadnagar]] from 1565 until his execution in 1588. The eldest son of [[Hussain Nizam Shah I]], Murtaza succeeded him in 1565 after his death.

== Reign ==
During the first six years of his rule, his mother [[Khunza Humayun]] controlled the affairs of kingdom. Her repeated military failures against her neighbours, including when the kingdom was invaded by [[Ali Adil Shah I|Ali Adil Shah]] in 1569, led the Nizam Shahi nobility to eventually help Murtaza take the reins of administration in his own hands. He retrieved the situation and recovered [[Udgir]] from [[Bijapur]]. In 1574 he annexed [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] to [[Ahmednagar]]; in 1588 he was killed and succeeded by his son Hussain Nizam Shah II.<ref>[http://blogs.rediff.com/araj/2009/05/08/nizamshahi-dynasty-of-ahmednagar-a-chronology/ Chronology] rediff.com 8 May 2009 {{dead link|date=February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ahmednagar.gov.in/html_docs/history_of_ahmedngar_district.htm |title=The History of Ahmednagar |access-date=2016-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527074249/http://ahmednagar.gov.in/html_docs/history_of_ahmedngar_district.htm |archive-date=2014-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hussain Nizam Shah II was also murdered after some time.

==See also==
*[[Hussain Nizam Shah II]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sultans of Ahmadnagar]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:1588 deaths]]

Left Democratic Front (Kerala)

2025-11-05T18:31:53Z

Svetlqer: improve formatting and improved wording per standard format

#REDIRECT [[Left Democratic Front]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from long name}}
{{R from related word}}
{{R from alternative name}}
}}

Leimatak River

2025-10-30T23:46:38Z

Svetlqer: made a place w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Leimatak
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other = Leimata
| name_etymology =

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length = {{convert|74.6|km|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = Mamun Lhang peak
| source1_location = [[Churachandpur district]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|24.385|93.546|name=Mamun Lhang}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|1699|m}}
| source2 = Nungsai hills
| source2_location = [[Churachandpur district]]
| source2_coordinates= {{coord|24.558|93.535|name=Nungsai}}
| source2_elevation = {{convert|1692|m}}
| mouth = Irang
| mouth_location = near Tamlok, [[Tamenglong district]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24.8223|93.5062 |type:river_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|250|m}}
| progression = [[Irang River|Irang]], [[Barak River|Barak]]
| river_system = [[Brahmaputra]]
| basin_size = {{convert|627|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left = Thingbong
| tributaries_right = Talai, Iring
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Leimatak River''' (or '''Leimata River''')<ref name="KuRF">
[https://ukhrultimes.com/kuki-research-forum-kurf-on-objective-historical-position-of-the-kukis-in-manipur/ Kuki Research Forum on objective historical position of the Kukis in Manipur], Ukhrul Times, 25 May 2022.
</ref>
is an upstream [[tributary]] of the [[Barak River]] in [[Manipur]], India. It originates in the [[Churachandpur district]] near the '''Mamun Lhang''' peak (or Khaorang peak), and flows north for {{convert|34|km|abbr=on}} before entering the [[Noney district]]. After flowing an equal amount of distance in the Noney district, it enters the [[Tamenglong district]], where it drains into the [[Irang River]], a major tributary of the [[Barak River]].{{sfnp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011|p=25}}

== Course ==
The Mamun Lhang peak (1,699 m) is on a mountain range to the west of the [[Thangjing Hills]] range, running roughly parallel to it. The main head stream of Leimatak River, called '''Tuibin river,''' comes down from the peak on its west, flowing north. A second head stream, called '''Thingbong,''' flows south fom the hills around the '''Nungsai''' peak (1,692 m). The two streams meet near the Thangsi village and form the Leimatak River, flowing due northeast.

A tributary called '''Talai''' flows parallel to Tuibin/Leimatak, east of the Mamun Lhang range and west of the Thangjing Hills range collecting drainage from both.

The combined river flows northeast till the base of the Thangjing Hills range, and turns northwest, near the village of L. Phaikholum. The '''Leimatak Power Station''' is located here. Also called the '''Loktak Power Station''', it is powered by water from Loktak Lake, via a pipeline that is tunnelled through the Thangjing Hills. The Loktak Lake is at an elevation of 768 m above sea level, and the power station on Leimatak is at an elevation of 454 m. The resulting head is used to generate 105 MW of power. <ref>
[https://www.globecountries.com/power/loktak.html LOKTAK power station - India], globecountries.com, retrieved 10 March 2024.
</ref><ref>
{{citation |last1=Ghosh Roy |first1=M. |last2=Virmani |first2=R. G. |title=Monitoring long term movement of hillslope and stability measures adopted in penstock area of Loktak power station |journal=Journal of Engineering Geology |volume=1 |number=1 |pages=255–271 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mainak-Ghosh-Roy/publication/306018742}}
</ref>

Near the Pinjang village in the [[Noney district]], the Cachar–Bishnupur Road (or "Old Cachar Road") crosses the Leimatak River. The bridge is known as the Leimatak Bridge, and the locality itself is called "Leimatak" in historical documents.

Near Awangkhal, a tributary called '''Iring''' joins the Leimatak River, which flows down from [[Noney]] in the northeast. The combined river flows west in the channel of Iring to join the [[Irang River]] near Tamlok. The Cachar-Imphal Road (or "New Cachar Road", part of [[National Highway 37 (India)|National Highway 37]]) runs in the valley of Iring, crossing the Irang River close to the confluence with Leimatak.

The overall length of the river is {{convert|74.6|km|abbr=on}} and the basin area is {{convert|627|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>
{{citation |first1=E. |last1=Girija Devi |first2=Ch. |last2=Debojit Singh |first3=R.A.S. |last3=Kushwaha |chapter=Geomorphic Sub-Division of Leimatak Basin, Manipur |title=The North Eastern Geographer, Volume 28 |publisher=North East India Geographical Society |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YNKAQAAIAAJ |page=26}}
</ref>

== History ==
The Old Cachar Road was the primary travel route between Manipur and the Indian plains. It was traversed often by traders, travellers, troops, as well as the rulers when they fled Burmese occupation. In one of the first such events, the ruler [[Ching-Thang Khomba]] (also called Bhagyachandra or Jai Singh, {{reign|1759|1798}}) fled Manipur during a Burmese occupation and used Cachar as his base. He is said to have made four attempts to oust the Burmese between 1775 and 1782, but beaten back each time. After 1782, the Burmese withdrew and left the kingdom to the ruler.{{sfnp|Harvey, History of Burma|1925|pp=261–262}}

Even 1786, the Ching-Thang Khomba mobilised his forces to attack the [[Kuki people|Kuki tribes]] to the west of the Leimatak River valley, based at a village called "Khongchai" in the [[Tuipui River]] valley.{{efn|Tuipui river is another tributary of the Irang River that flows north, parallel to the Leimatak River.}} The forces travelled up the Leimatak River valley up to a location called the '''Kuchu valley''' in the Tuibin headstream (at coordinates {{coord|24|26|57|N|93|32|36|E|name=Kuchu valley}} estimated by the Kuki Research Forum scholars), where they made their base. They also constructed a temporary royal residence there. From this base, they attacked the Khongjai villages (Kuki villages) in the Tuipui river valley across the hill range to the west.<ref name="KuRF"/>{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 2|2009|pp=25–26}} The name "Kuchu" was apparently reused to name the king's court in the Kangla Complex, probably in remembrance of the victory over the Khongjais.{{sfnp|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 2|2009|p=134}}

After Manipur became a British [[protectorate]], {{circa|1830}}, a frontier military post of Manipur was located at "Leimatak", possibly at the crossing of the Old Cachar Road. Other posts in the west were at the Khoupum valley and "Moirung Hills" (Thangjing Hills).<ref>
{{citation |last=Pau |first=Pum Khan |title=Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills: Empire and Resistance |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2019 |isbn=9781000507454 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVmnDwAAQBAJ |at=p. 67, Table 3.1}}
</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |title=Churachandpur District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/846/download/36252/DH_2011_1403_PART_A_DCHB_CHURACHANDPUR.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Harvey |first=G. E.| title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |year=1925 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9463 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Harvey, History of Burma|1925}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini Arambam |title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa, Volume 2 |date=2009 |publisher=Foundation Books / Cambridge University Press India |isbn=978-81-7596-854-7 |ref={{sfnref|Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 2|2009}}}}

==External links==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/16008904#map=11/24.5793/93.6591&layers=C Leimatak River basin], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 10 March 2024

{{Hydrography of Manipur}}

[[Category:Rivers of Manipur]]

Mukti

2025-10-10T17:01:58Z

Svetlqer: made a article first draft

{{wiktionary|mukti|मुक्ति}}
'''Mukti''' ({{Lang-Deva|मुक्ति|link=no}}) is the concept of spiritual liberation ([[Moksha]] or [[Nirvana]]) in Indian religions, including [[Jivanmukta|jivan mukti]], [[Wiktionary:paramukta|para mukti]].

'''Mukti''' may also refer to:

{{TOC right}}

==Film==
* [[Mukti (1937 film)|''Mukti'' (1937 film)]], a Hindi- and Bengali-language Indian film
* [[Mukti (1960 film)|''Mukti'' (1960 film)]], an Indian film starring [[Nalini Jaywant]]
* ''[[Mukti Asm]]'', a 1973 Assamese-language film, to which the Indian classical singer [[Parveen Sultana]] contributed a song
* [[Mukti (1977 film)|''Mukti'' (1977 film)]], a Hindi-language Indian film
* [[Mukti (Oriya film)|''Mukti'' (Oriya film)]], a 1977 Odia-language Indian film that won the [[Odisha State Film Awards#Odisha State Film Award for Best Actress|Odisha State Film Award for Best Actress]]
* ''[[Mukthi]]'', a 1988 Indian film
* [[Mukti (TV series)|''Mukti'' (TV series)]], a 2022 Indian Bengali-language web series

==Music==
* [[Mukti (album)|''Mukti'' (album)]], and 1997 studio-duo album by [[Zubeen Garg]] and Jonkie Borthakur

==People==
* [[Mukti Ali]] (1923–2004), Indonesian government minister
* [[Mukti Mohan]] (born 1987), Indian dancer and actress
* [[Mukti (actress)]], actress in the 2002 Bengali-language Bangladeshi film ''[[Hason Raja (2002 film)|Hason Raja]]''
* [[Mukti Ali Raja]], Indonesian footballer in the [[2012 Liga Indonesia Premier Division Final]]
* [[Mukti Bahadur Khadka]], Nepalese runner in the [[Athletics at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's 800 metres#Heat 3|2014 Asian Games]]
* [[Mukti Lal]], Indian member of the 1967 Rajasthan legislative assembly from [[Neem Ka Thana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Neem Ka Thana]]
* [[Mukti Nath Bhatta]], Nepalese [[List of ambassadors to Denmark|ambassador to Denmark]]
* [[Mukti Pathak]], Nepalese marathon runner in the [[Athletics at the 1995 Summer Universiade – Men's marathon|1995 Summer Universiade]]
* [[Mukti Prasad Sharma]], Nepalese politician in [[Winners and runners-up in the legislative elections of Nepal 1994 and 1999#Pyuthan District|the legislative elections of Nepal 1994 and 1999]]
* [[Mukti Roy]], Indian runner in the [[2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Women's short race#Individual|2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships]]
* [[Mukti Saha]], Indian runner in the [[2002 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 200 metres#Heats|2002 Asian Athletics Championships]]

==Other==
* [[Mukti (magazine)|''Mukti'' (magazine)]], British feminist magazine
* [[Mukti (newspaper)|''Mukti'' (newspaper)]], a weekly newspaper in Purulia, West Bengal, India

==See also==
* [[Moksha (disambiguation)]]
* [[Mukta (disambiguation)]]
* {{intitle|Mukti}}

{{disambiguation}}

Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)

2025-10-08T09:29:14Z

Svetlqer: made some article initial version

{{Short description|Indian crime television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar Serial.jpg
| caption = Season 2
| genre = [[Family drama]] [[Action film|Action]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| screenplay = Sathriyan Ra Praveen Sahadevan (Dialogue) E. Chandrasekar K. Jayaprakash
| director = Thai Selvam
| starring = [[Mirchi Senthil]] [[Raksha Holla]] [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]] [[Rashmi Jayraj]] [[Monisha Arshak]] [[Bavithra]] [[Sabitha Anand]] [[Gayathri Yuvraaj]] [[Raju Jeyamohan]] [[Janani Ashok Kumar]] [[Vaishnavi Arulmozhi]]
| theme_music_composer = Ilayavan
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 1055
| list_episodes =
| producer = Sai Ganesh Babu Jagathilan
| cinematography = Sa. Jayakumar
| editor = P.M. Achuthan
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Fiction Team
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2018|03|26}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2022|06|10}}
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}

'''''Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar''''' (''We Two, For Us Two'') is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] television series which premiered on [[Star Vijay]] and streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The first season followed the story of twin brothers Mayan and Aravind, both played by [[Mirchi Senthil]]. Then, the second season followed a different pair of twins: Mayan and Maaran, again played by Senthil.

The first season starred [[Senthil Kumar]], [[Raksha Holla]] and Rashmi Jayraj. The second season stars Senthil Kumar, [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]], [[Monisha Arshak]] and [[Bavithra]].<ref name=Times>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/naam-iruvar-namakku-iruvar-to-be-launched-on-march-26/articleshow/63380945.cms|title=Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar to be launched on March 26|newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 March 2018 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=20 March 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/naam-iruvar-namakku-iruvar/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550444818/channelid-10000000000820000/starttime-201803291830|title=Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar Time slot|newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=20 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{{series overview

| color1 = #FEA530 
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 579
| start1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|3|26}}
| end1 = {{End date|df=yes|2020|3|27}}

| color2 = #30B39F 
| link2 = #Season 2
| episodes2 = 476
| start2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|6|27}}
| end2 = {{end date|df=yes|2022|6|10}}
}}

==Plot==
===Season 1===
Identical twin brothers Aravind and Mayan are separated soon after birth; Aravind is given to a childless couple and raised in the city, and Mayan remains with his family in the village. Aravind learns that he was adopted, and sets out to meet his real parents and twin brother thirty years later. Sandhanapandi has been married twice. He has three children (Devi, Karthik and Vidhya) with his first wife, Valli, and a daughter (Thamarai) with Parvathy, his second wife.

A marriage is arranged between Aravind and Devi, but Aravind is kidnapped a few days before the wedding by Machakkalai, Parvathy's brother. He and Parvathy want to take revenge on Sandhanapandi by having Aravind marry Thamarai instead. Mayan assumes Aravind's identity and marries Devi, and Aravind is forced to marry Thamarai. Thamarai is not accepted by her mother-in-law, Gowri, and Mayan is not accepted by Devi's family. However, both make their respective spouses love them. Due to the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television#India|COVID-19 pandemic]], the season's production was forced to shut down on 26 March 2020.

===Season 2===
Twin brothers Mayan and Maaran are separated at birth; their parents separate, and his mother leaves with Maaran. Mayan is angry with his father, Raja Rathinam, because he marries Naachiyar. He leaves the house and is raised by his uncle, Rathinavel, for over 25 years. Mayan falls in love with his cousin Mahalakshmi (Maha), a straightforward teacher who is Rathinavel's daughter. She dislikes him, despite Rathinavel's support.

Maha becomes engaged to Surya. Mayan tries to stop the wedding, succeeding when Surya's father incurs a large gambling debt. Rathinavel has a second heart attack, and refuses surgery. His doctor asks Maha and Mayan to keep him calm for a year, and Mayan convinces Maha to be happy with her.

==Cast==
===Main===
====Season 1 (2018-2020)====
* [[Senthil Kumar]] as:
**Mayan - Devi's husband and Aravind's twin brother
**Dr. Aravind - Thamarai's husband, Devi's former fiancé and Mayan's twin brother
* [[Raksha Holla]] as Devi
* Rashmi Jayraj as Thamarai Aravind

====Season 2 (2020-2022)====
* Senthil Kumar as:
**Mayan{{snd}}Rajarathnam and Saradha's elder son, Nachiyar's elder stepson, Maran's twin brother and Maha's husband
**Maran{{snd}}Rajarathnam and Saradha's younger son, Nachiyar's younger stepson and Mayan's twin brother
* [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]] (2020{{snd}}November 2021) as Mahalakshmi Mayan ("Maha"){{snd}}Mayan's wife and cousin, a teacher
** [[Monisha Arshak]] (November 2021{{snd}}June 2022) as Maha (Replacement of Mahalakshmi)
* [[Bavithra]] (2022) as Thamarai Maran {{snd}}Maran's wife

===Supporting===
====Season 1====
* [[Sabitha Anand]] as Gowri Viswanathan{{snd}}Aravind's foster mother
* [[Azhagu]] as Rathinavel{{snd}}Mayan, Aravind, Malar, Sakthi and Anandhi's father
* Padmini as Selvi Rathinavel{{snd}}Mayan, Aravind, Malar, Sakthi and Anandhi's mother
* Raviraj as Viswanathan{{snd}}Aravind's foster father, and Rathinavel's best friend
* Madhu Mohan as Sandanapandi{{snd}}Devi, Thamarai, Karthick and Vidhya's father
* Deepa Nethran as Valli Sandanapandi{{snd}}Devi, Karthick and Vidhya's mother and Sandanapandi's first wife
* Premi Venkat as Parvathi Sandanapandi{{snd}}Thamarai's mother and Sandanapandi's second wife
* Sasindhar Pushpalingam as Karthick{{snd}}Sandanapandi and Valli's son, Devi's younger brother and Anandhi's husband
* Vanitha Hariharan as Anandhi Karthick{{snd}}Rathinavel's younger daughter, Mayan's younger sister and Karthick's wife
* Ashritha Sreedas as Vidhya Sandanapandi{{snd}}Sandanapandi and Valli's younger daughter, Devi's younger sister and Sakthi's love interest
* Kalpana Sri as Malar{{snd}}Rathinavel's elder daughter and Mayan's elder sister
* Madhan as Sakthivel{{snd}}Rathinavel's younger son and Mayan's younger brother
* RJ Shivakanth as Right{{snd}}Mayan's best friend
* Parthiban as Lingam{{snd}}Valli's brother and Devi, Karthick and Vidhya's uncle
* Rekha Nair as Thenu Lingam{{snd}}Lingam's wife and Devi, Karthick and Vidhya's aunt
* Deepa Shree as Swarnam{{snd}}Gowri's sister's daughter and Aravind's foster cousin
* Maanas Chavali as Thirukumaran {{Aka}} Red Kumar{{snd}}Thamarai's former fiancé
* T. V. V. Ramanujam as Devi, Thamarai, Karthick and Vidhya's grandfather

====Season 2====
* Sabitha Anand as Nachiyar Rajarathnam{{snd}}Rajarathnam's second wife, Mayan and Maaran’s stepmother, Gayathri, Sharanya and Aishwarya's mother, Maha's and Thamarai's stepmother-in-law, Kathiresan, Pandi and Karthik's mother-in-law
* [[Gayathri Yuvraaj]] as Gayathri Kathiresan{{snd}}Kathiresan's wife, Rajarathnam and Nachiyar's eldest daughter, Mayan and Maran's half-sister and Maha and Thamarai's half-sister-in-law; previously engaged to Muthuraj and Aadhavan
* [[Janani Ashok Kumar]] as Sharanya Pandi{{snd}}Pandi's wife, Rajarathnam and Nachiyar's second daughter, Mayan and Maran's half-sister and Maha and Thamarai's half-sister-in-law
* Vaishnavi Arulmozhi as Aishwarya karthik {{snd}}karthik wife, Muthurasu's ex-wife, Rajarathnam and Nachiyar's youngest daughter, Mayan and Maran's half-sister and Maha and Thamarai's half-sister-in-law
* Prabhakaran Chandran as Rathnavel{{snd}}Maha and Kasthuri's father, Parvathy's husband, Sharadha's elder brother, Mayan and Maran's maternal uncle and Mayan's father-in-law
* Deepa Nethran as Parvathy Rathnavel{{snd}}Maha and Kasthuri's mother, Rathnavel's wife, Mayan and Maran's maternal aunt and Mayan's mother-in-law
* Premi Venkat as Sharadha{{snd}}Rajarathnam's ex-wife, Mayan and Maran's mother, Rathnavel's sister and Maha's and Thamarai's mother-in-law
* [[Raju Jeyamohan]] as Kathiresan (a.k.a. Kathi){{snd}}Mayan's best friend and Gayathri's husband
* Sasindhar Pushpalingam as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]] Karthik IPS {{snd}} Aishwarya's husband
* [[Praveen Devasagayam]] as Pandi 2{{snd}}Sharanya's husband, Thamarai's brother
* Ashritha Sreedas as Kasthuri Rathnavel{{snd}}Maha's younger sister and Rathnavel's younger daughter
* David Solomon Raja as Chidambaram{{snd}}Nachiyar's brother, Gayathri, Sharanya and Aishwarya's uncle and Muthuraj's father
* Deepa Shree as Vadivukkarasi (vadivu) Chidambaram{{snd}}Chidambaram's wife, Gayathri, Sharanya and Aishwarya's aunt and Muthuraj's mother
* Parthiban as Maasaani{{snd}}Vadivu's brother, Muthuraj's uncle and Pandi's father
* Sathya Raaja as Muthuraj Chidhambaram{{snd}}Aishwarya's ex-husband, Vadivu and Chidhambaram's son and Gayathri's former fiancé
* Singapore Deepan as Murugesh{{snd}}Mayan's friend
* Karthik as Pandi 1{{snd}}Maasaani's son
* [[R. Aravindraj]] as Vishwanathan{{snd}}Rajarathnam's friend
* Sivan Srinivasan as Rajarathnam{{snd}}Mayan, Maran, Gayathri, Sharanya and Aishwarya's father, Saradha's ex-husband and Nachiyar's husband
* Navin Vetri as Surya{{snd}}Maha's former fiancé
* R. J. Sivakanth as Dancing Drouser (a.k.a. DD){{snd}}Maran's friend and manager

==Development==
===Casting===
====Season 1: (2018-2020)====

The season featured [[Senthil Kumar]] in his first dual role as Mayan and Aravind. Raksha Holla starred as Devi.<ref name="Times" />

====Season 2: (2020–2022)====

Because of the suspension of shooting due to the COVID-19 outbreak, season one ended on 27 March 2020. The series resumed as season 2 on 27 July 2020, four months later, with a different storyline and cast.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 July 2020|title=Tamil TV serials are back with new content: Here's what you need to know|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-tv-serials-are-back-new-content-here-s-what-you-need-know-129290|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.vijaytv.in Website] at [[Hotstar]]
*{{IMDb title|10196152}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Television series about siblings]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

Patkai green tree frog

2025-10-04T12:52:24Z

Svetlqer: Starting initial entry basic info - done

{{Short description|Small tree frog native to Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Gracixalus patkaiensis.jpg
| genus = Gracixalus
| species = patkaiensis
| authority = Boruah, Deepak, Patel, Jithin, Yomcha & Das, 2023
}}

The '''Patkai green tree frog''' ('''''Gracixalus patkaiensis''''') is a small tree [[frog]] native to [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]].

== Description ==
In the [https://vertebrate-zoology.arphahub.com/article/98444/list/8/ Vertebrate Zoology] paper that was written on the frog, it is stated that it was around {{convert|23.6|–|26.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length. It also has a green [[Anatomical terms of location|dorsum]] with irregular brown spots. Other features of the frog include a dark streak along the back, and white marks on the sides of its body. It was noted that it had a slender physique with a long head.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narang |first=Gaurvi |date=29 May 2023 |title=How a mating call led Indian & German scientists to new green tree frog species in Arunachal |url=https://theprint.in/science/how-a-mating-call-led-indian-german-scientists-to-new-green-tree-frog-species-in-arunachal/1600768/ |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605143811/https://theprint.in/science/how-a-mating-call-led-indian-german-scientists-to-new-green-tree-frog-species-in-arunachal/1600768/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Behavior ==

=== Mating ===
Though there is little information on the mating season of the Patkai green tree frog, it is known that its mating call supposedly sounds like that of insects.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ritter |first=Moira |date=30 May 2023 |title=Whistles and clicks lead to tiny creature in Himalayan forest. Photos show new species |work=[[The Miami Herald]] |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/article275914231.html |access-date=31 May 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027143305/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/article275914231.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Discovery ==
The frog was discovered by Indian and German researchers (B. Boruah, V. Deepak, N.G. Patel, V. Jithin, T. Yomcha, and A. Das, respectively), while they were on a [[herpetological]] expedition in [[Namdapha Tiger Reserve]] in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. The frog is the first of the [[genus]] ''[[Gracixalus]]'' to be found in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boruah |first1=Bitupan |last2=Deepak |first2=V. |last3=Patel |first3=Naitik G. |last4=Jithin |first4=Vijayan |last5=Yomcha |first5=Tajum |last6=Das |first6=Abhijit |date=26 May 2023 |title=A new species of green tree frog of the genus Gracixalus (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the evergreen forest of Northeast India |url=https://vertebrate-zoology.arphahub.com/article/98444/ |journal=Vertebrate Zoology |language=en |volume=73 |pages=557–574 |doi=10.3897/vz.73.e98444 |issn=2625-8498 |doi-access=free |access-date=23 June 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603035547/https://vertebrate-zoology.arphahub.com/article/98444/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
The frog was named after the [[Patkai]] hills that run along the [[Indo-Myanmar border]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
# {{Cite web |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/article275914231.html |access-date=31 May 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027143305/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/article275914231.html |url-status=live |title=Whistles, clicks lead to new frog species in India: Photos | Miami Herald |website=[[Miami Herald]] }}
# {{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/science/how-a-mating-call-led-indian-german-scientists-to-new-green-tree-frog-species-in-arunachal/1600768/ | title=How a mating call led Indian & German scientists to new green tree frog species in Arunachal | date=29 May 2023 }}
# {{cite journal |url=https://vertebrate-zoology.arphahub.com/article/98444/list/8/ | doi=10.3897/vz.73.e98444 | doi-access=free | title=A new species of green tree frog of the genus Gracixalus (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the evergreen forest of Northeast India | date=2023 | last1=Boruah | first1=Bitupan | last2=Deepak | first2=V. | last3=Patel | first3=Naitik G. | last4=Jithin | first4=Vijayan | last5=Yomcha | first5=Tajum | last6=Das | first6=Abhijit | journal=Vertebrate Zoology | volume=73 | pages=557–574 }}

{{Taxonbar|from= Q119932196}}

[[Category:Gracixalus]]
[[Category:Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh]]

Ranmal Singh Dorwal

2025-09-13T22:16:54Z

Svetlqer: Starting the bio added tags - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (1923–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| name = Ranmal Singh Dorwal
| constituency = [[Sikar Assembly constituency|Sikar]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1923|11|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Katrathal]], [[Kingdom of Amber|Kingdom of Jaipur]], [[Rajputana Agency]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|12|11|1923|11|19|df=y}}
| death_place = Katrathal, [[Sikar district]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1977
| predecessor = Gordhan Singh
| alma_mater =
| image =
| education =
| term_end = 1980
| successor = [[Ghanshyam Tiwari (politician, born 1947)|Ghanshyam Tiwari]]
| spouse = Smt. Kasturi Devi
}}

'''Ranmal Singh Dorwal''' (19 November 1923 – 11 December 2024) was an Indian politician and Independence activist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2024-12-11 |title=Freedom fighter and Raj centenarian MLA dead |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/freedom-fighter-and-raj-centenarian-mla-dead-1503374787.html |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> He was elected to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sikar Assembly constituency|Sikar]]. Dorwal was a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Rajasthan 1977 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1977/rajasthan/3/14 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Shatabdi Purush - Ranbanka Ranmal Singh |publisher=Kalpana Publications |isbn=978-81-89681-74-0 |edition=2nd}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Dorwal was born on 19 November 1923.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former MLA Ranmal Singh will be felicitated on November 19 |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-SIK-MAT-latest-sikar-news-050504-447469-NOR.html?_branch_match_id=1329449193848990827&utm_campaign=10607050&utm_medium=sharing&_branch_referrer=H4sIAAAAAAAAA8soKSkottLXT0nMzMvM1k3Sy8zTz8lJ9spNDvb3tQAAT71sTh4AAAA%3D |date=2015 |access-date=12 June 2023 |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> He was actively involved in the Shekhawati farmers movement, advocating for the rights of farmers against the exploitation by [[Jagirdar system|Jagirdars]] and Zamindars. His commitment to public service extended to various leadership positions, including serving as [[Sarpanch]], [[Pradhan]], and Chairman of multiple cooperative societies in Sikar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MLA Ranmal Singh (MLA) |url=https://rajasthanlink.com/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Rajasthan Link |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-18 |title=1977 में कांग्रेस विरोधी लहर के बावजूद इस नेता ने जीता विधायक का चुनाव, 19 नवंबर को हो जांएगे 100 साल के {{!}} Rajasthan News : Congress leader to turn 100 years on 19 November |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/rajasthan-news-congress-leader-to-turn-100-years-on-19-november-8595497 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

Dorwal died on 11 December 2024, at the age of 101.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranmal singh: पूर्व विधायक रणमल सिंह का निधन, कल होगा अंतिम संस्कार, जानें 102 साल के सफर की कहानी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/sikar/rajasthan-former-mla-ranmal-singh-passed-away-in-sikar-katrathal-know-cremation-updates/articleshow/116207049.cms |access-date=12 December 2024 |publisher=NBT |date=11 December 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dorwal, Ranmal Singh}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Sikar district]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]

Eranadan language

2025-09-08T14:57:17Z

Svetlqer:

{{Short description|Dravidian language}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Eranadan
|nativename=ഏറനാടൻ ഭാഷ ا٘يرَناڊَن
|states=India
|region=[[Malappuram District]]
|ethnicity=[[Aranadan people|Aranadan]]
|speakers=200 in more accessible areas
|date=2001 census
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Dravidian
| fam2 = Southern
| fam3 = [[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]
| fam4 = Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]
| fam5 = Tamil–[[Kota language (India)|Kota]]
| fam6 = Tamil–[[Toda language|Toda]]
| fam7 = Tamil–Irula
| fam8 = Tamil–[[Kodava language|Kodava]]–[[Urali language|Urali]]
| fam9 = [[Tamiloid languages|Tamil]]–[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalam]]
| fam10 = [[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalamoid]]
| ancestor = [[Old Tamil language|Old Tamil]]
| ancestor2 = [[Middle Tamil language|Middle Tamil]]
|script= [[Ponnani script]], [[Malayalam script]]
|iso3 = aaf
|glotto=aran1261
|glottorefname=Eranadan
}}

'''Eranadan''' <ref name="SinghIndia2002">{{cite book|author1=Kumar Suresh Singh|author2=Anthropological Survey of India|title=People of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRQwAQAAIAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-81-85938-99-8|page=195}}</ref> ({{ipa|aaf|eːrɐnaːɖɐn|ipa}}, [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{Transliteration|aaf|ISO|ēṟanāṭan}}; {{langx|ml|ഏറനാടൻ}}; {{langx|ar|ا٘يرَناڊَن}}) is a [[Dravidian language]] spoken by several hundred people, predominantly in the region of [[Eranad]], [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=aaf Ethnologue report for language code: aaf]</ref> It is classified under the [[Malayalamoid languages]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kakkoth|first=Seetha|title=Demographic profile of an autochthonous tribe: the Aranadan of Kerala|journal=Anthropologist|year=2004|volume=6|issue=3|pages=163–167|doi=10.1080/09720073.2004.11890848 |s2cid=76518009 |url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-06-0-000-000-2004-Web/Anth-06-3-159-233-2004-Abst-PDF/Anth-06-3-163-167-2004-Kakkoth-S/Anth-06-3-163-167-2004-Kakkoth-S.pdf|accessdate=5 April 2011}}</ref> It is also known as '''Malappuram Bhasha''' or '''Mapla Bhasha'''.

==References==
<references/>
{{Incubator|code=aaf}}
{{Languages spoken in Kerala}}
{{Dravidian languages}}

[[Category:Arabi Malayalam]]
[[Category:Languages of Kerala]]

{{Dr-lang-stub}}

People's Consultative Group

2025-06-26T12:15:54Z

Svetlqer:

{{Short description|Citizen's group in Assam, India}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = People’s Consultative Group

|abbreviation = PCG

|formation = September 8, 2005;dissolved in February 2011

|type = Citizens’ Group

|purpose = Initiating peace talk-process between [[ULFA]] and the [[Government of India|Centre]]

|location = [[Assam]], {{IND}}
|region_served = [[Assam, India]]
|membership = Selected by [[ULFA]]
|language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Indian English|English]]
|leader_title = Chief Interlocutor
|leader_name =[[Mamoni Raisom Goswami]]

|parent_organization = [[ULFA]]

|num_staff = 11



}}

The '''People's Consultative Group''' (PCG) was a citizen's group in [[Assam]], India, comprising 11 members and established by the [[United Liberation Front of Assam]] (ULFA) on September 8, 2005. Its objective was to initiate the peace talks process as mediator between the [[Government of India|central government]] and ULFA. The PCG was dissolved by ULFA chairman [[Arabinda Rajkhowa]] in February 2011. ULFA continued the peace talks without the PCG on 10 February 2011 in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="ab">{{cite web|url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers16%5Cpaper1578.html|title=Assam: Preparing for the "Peace Talks"|last=Kumar|first=Anand|date=2005-10-14|publisher=South Asia Analysis Group (SAAG)|accessdate=2009-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613042343/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers16/paper1578.html|archive-date=2010-06-13|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/fresh-moves-to-revive-deadlocked-ulfa-peace-process_10031707.html|title=Fresh moves to revive deadlocked ULFA peace process|last=Hussain|first=Syed Zarir |date=2008-03-27|publisher=Thaindian News|accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb0911/at013|title=First round of ULFA peace talks begins Thursday
|date=Feb 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dy365.in/news/news.php?aID=8855|title=Arabinda Rajkhowa has insulted us, his sudden change of stance suspicious: PCG|date=Feb 9, 2011|access-date=February 9, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721154526/http://www.dy365.in/news/news.php?aID=8855|archive-date=July 21, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Members==
{{
multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| header = PCG members
| image = PCG (22).jpg
}}

The following is a list of PCG members released by ULFA chairman [[Arabinda Rajkhowa]]. [[Mamoni Raisom Goswami]] was appointed as the chief [[Interlocutor (politics)|interlocutor]] between the ULFA and the government. Some of its members are believed to be ULFA sympathizers or ex-ULFA cadres.<ref name="ab" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1093528891.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102054202/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1093528891.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-02|title=Ulfa Announces Consultative Group|date=2005-09-08|publisher=Highbeam Research|accessdate=2009-10-02}}</ref>

#[[Mamoni Raisom Goswami]] ([[Jnanpith Award]]ee writer)
#[[Reboti Phukan]] (Former footballer and childhood friend of [[Paresh Baruah]])
#[[Arup Borborah]] (Lawyer)
#[[Lachit Bordoloi]] ([[Manab Adhikar Sangram Samiti|MASS]] leader)
#[[Mukul Mahanta]] (Engineer)
#[[Ajit Bhuyan]] (Editor, ''[[Aji Assamese Daily|Aji]]'')
#[[Haider Hussain (editor)|Haider Hussain]] (Editor, ''[[Asomiya Pratidin]]'')
#[[Diganta Konwar]] (Ex Auditor, Advocate)
#[[Brajen Gogoi]] (Doctor)
#[[Dilip Patgiri]] (Adviser to the Asom Jatiyatabadi Yuba Chatra Parishad)
#[[Hiranya Saikia]] (Sports organiser)

==Reactions==
P. V. Sumant, the Director-General of Police in Assam, welcomed the move but made it clear that police operations would continue since no ceasefire agreement existed. Though he considered it a laudable step, he expressed concern that terror organizations are known to make similar overtures to buy time. The [[Government of Assam|state government]] also agreed to facilitate the peace talk process but denied any unilateral ceasefire with the outfit.<ref name="ab" />

==Activities==
On September 11, 2005, three days after its formation, the PCG launched a statewide opinion-sharing campaign through letters, SMS, fax and email. It adopted two further resolutions during its first sitting. It appealed to the [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|Chief Minister]], [[Tarun Gogoi]] to expedite the peace process. It also expressed concern over Director-General Sumant's remarks that police operations would continue with regard to [[ULFA]].<ref name="ab" /> On November 5, 2005, at a rally in [[Nalbari]], the group launched a campaign seeking an immediate end to army counter-insurgency operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saag.org/common/uploaded_files/paper1680.html|title=Peace talks with ULFA in a limbo|last=Kumar|first=Anand|date=2006-01-17|publisher=South Asia Ananlysis Group (SAAG)|accessdate=2009-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614083442/http://www.saag.org/common/uploaded_files/paper1680.html|archive-date=2011-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==The talk process==
The future of the talk process became uncertain when state security forces killed 12 ULFA cadres on September 14, 2005, in upper Assam, using mortars and other explosives. [[Paresh Baruah]], the commander-in-chief of the armed wing of ULFA, reportedly said, ‘‘We will be compelled to call off the peace initiative because of the state’s attitude. While we took a major step by forming a PCG to work out the modalities of the talks with the government, what the state has done is nothing but sheer betrayal’’. The PCG held an emergency meeting in [[Guwahati]] taking note of the security force's operation and also threatened to call off the peace process if such operations were not stopped.<ref name="ab" />

==Present status==
Declared unconstitutional by ULFA leadership, the PCG was dissolved in the first week of February 2011 by ULFA leaders, led by Arabinda Rajkhowa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/assam-braces-for-peace-as-centreulfa-talks/142886-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211041159/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/assam-braces-for-peace-as-centreulfa-talks/142886-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 11, 2011|title=Assam braces for peace as Centre, ULFA talk|last=Chakrabarti|first=Sumon K|date=Feb 9, 2011|publisher=ibnlive.in.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Asom Sena]]
*[[Sanjukta Mukti Fouj]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Assam]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Sareen Sports Industries

2025-05-20T05:28:16Z

Svetlqer: Creating new entry more to come

{{Short description|Indian sports-equipment manufacturer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Sareen Sports Industries
| logo = Sareen Sports Industries Logos, 2022.png
| logo_size = 250
| type =
| fate =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1969}}
| founder = NK Sareen
| location_city = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| location_country = India
| area_served = Worldwide
| industry = [[Sports equipment]]
| products = [[Cricket clothing and equipment]], accessories
| key_people =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| subsid =
| brands =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.sstoncricket.com/|sstoncricket.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sareen Sports Industries''' ('''SS''') is an Indian [[sports equipment]] manufacturing company specialising in [[cricket]], with its headquarters located in [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=wire>{{cite web |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160408005018/en/Technavio-Announces-Top-Vendors-Global-Cricket-Equipment |title=Technavio Announces Top Five Vendors in the Global Cricket Equipment Market Until 2020 |website=Business Wire |date=8 April 2016 |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref><ref name=ganguly>{{cite web |first=Sakyasen |last=Mittra |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/88702.html |title=Ganguly bats launched on his birthday |website=ESPN Cricinfo |date=8 July 2000 |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> The firm was founded in 1969 by NK Sareen and became one of the world's leading cricket equipment manufacturers.<ref name=wire/><ref name=keeda>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/top-5-cricket-bat-manufacturers-in-the-world |title=Top 5 cricket bat manufacturers in the world |website=Sportskeeda |first=Aditya |last=Kukalyekar |date=24 April 2020 |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref><ref name=batwars>{{cite web |first=Niyantha |last=Shekar |url=http://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/931747/the-bat-wars |title=The Bat Wars |website=The Cricket Monthly |publisher=ESPN Sports Media Ltd. |date=November 2015 |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref>

Sareen produces [[cricket clothing and equipment]] including [[Cricket bat|bats]], [[cricket ball|balls]], [[cricket helmet|helmet]], [[batting gloves]], [[protective gear in sports|protective gear]], [[cleat (shoe)|athletic shoes]], [[bag]]s, and clothing. The company is best known for its SS Sunridges line of bats, which debuted in 1976.<ref name=keeda/> SS bats are exported around the world,<ref name=wire/> and have been used by several of the world's best batsmen, including [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]], [[Ajinkya Rahane]], [[Kumar Sangakkara]], [[Yuvraj Singh]], [[Shikhar Dhawan]], [[Nicholas Pooran]], [[Jonny Bairstow]], [[Quinton de Kock|Quinton De Kock]], [[Kieron Pollard]], [[Tim David]] and [[Shai Hope]]. <ref name=keeda/> SS bats carrying other manufacturers names have also been used by leading players, including [[MS Dhoni]], whose bat displayed [[Reebok]] branding.<ref name=batwars/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Sports equipment brands}}

[[Category:Cricket equipment manufacturers]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:Companies based in Meerut]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Sporting goods manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1969]]
[[Category:Sportswear brands]]

Matiur Rahman (military pilot)

2025-02-21T20:47:01Z

Svetlqer: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[Matiur Rahman (Bir Sreshtho)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Hindu sants

2025-01-15T05:41:21Z

Svetlqer: adding stub!

There is no formal [[canonization]] process in [[Hinduism]], but over time many men and women have reached the status of [[saints]] among their followers and among Hindus in general. '''Hindu saints''' have often renounced the world, and are variously called [[guru]]s, [[sadhu]]s, [[rishi]]s, [[swami]]s, [[Muni (saint)|muni]], [[yogi]]s, [[yogini]]s and other names.<ref name="Rinehart2004">{{cite book|author=Robin Rinehart|title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA88|accessdate=3 June 2013|date=1 January 2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-905-8|pages=87–90}}</ref>

Many people conflate the terms "saint" and "''[[Sant (religion)|sant]]''", because of their similar meanings. The term ''sant'' is a [[Sanskrit]] word "which differs significantly from the [[false cognate]], 'saint'..." Traditionally, "sant" referred to devotional [[Bhakti]] poet-saints of two groups: [[Vaishnava]] and a group that is referred to as "[[Saguna brahman|Saguna]] Bhakti".<ref name="SchomerMcLeod1987">{{cite book|author1=Karine Schomer|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkKhOivXrhgC&pg=PA3|accessdate=3 June 2013|date=1 January 1987|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0277-3|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref name="Jones2009">{{cite book|author=Jacqueline Jones|title=Performing the Sacred: Song, Genre, and Aesthetics in Bhakti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=38HzAM6jfSQC&pg=PA7|accessdate=3 June 2013|year=2009|isbn=978-1-109-06430-8|page=7}}</ref>

Some Hindu saints are given god-like status, being seen as [[Avatar|incarnations]] of [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], and other [[Trimurti|aspects of God]], sometimes many years after their deaths. This explains another common name for Hindu saints, "[[Godman (India)|godmen]]".<ref name="Woodward2001">{{cite book|author=[[Kenneth L. Woodward]]|title=The Book of Miracles: The Meaning of the Miracle Stories in Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e951hHwu3X0C&pg=PA267|accessdate=3 June 2013|date=10 July 2001|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-0029-5|page=267}}</ref>

Hindu saints have come from many walks of life including the blind ([[Bhima Bhoi]], [[Surdas]], and [[Tulsidas]]<ref>P. 126 ''A history of Hindu civilisation during British rule'' By Pramatha Nath Bose {{OL|67794W}}</ref>), orphaned ([[Andal]],<ref>P. 48 ''A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular'' By Śiśira Kumāra Dāsa. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi (2005) {{OL|17012582M}}</ref> [[Kabir]]<ref>P. 355 ''Awakening Indians to India'' By All India Chinmaya Yuva Kendra. (Paperback) {{OCLC|296288988}}</ref>), former criminals ([[Kaladutaka]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103825/http://www.hindubooks.org/temples/tamilnadu/srivaikuntam/page3.htm], [[Valmiki]]) and former [[concubine]]s ([[Kanhopatra]] and [[Shatakopa]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vp_AAAACAAJ&q=hindu+saints|title=Handbook Of Hindu Gods, Goddesses And Saints|last=Narasimhachari|first=H. Daniel Smith & M.|date=1997|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7574-164-5|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Hindu gurus and sants]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu saints| ]]
[[Category:Sainthood]]
[[Category:Hindus]]

Richard Mansfield (cricketer)

2024-07-13T06:19:45Z

Svetlqer: improved article

{{short description|Indian-born English cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name =
| image =
| country = England
| fullname = Richard James Mansfield
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|1|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off break]]
| role =
| family =
| club1 = [[Surrey Cricket Board]]
| year1 = 2001-2002
| clubnumber1 =
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[List-A cricket|LA]]
| matches1 = 3
| runs1 = 46
| bat avg1 = 15.33
| 100s/50s1 = –/–
| top score1 = 40
| deliveries1 = 66
| wickets1 = –
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = –/–
| date = 28 October
| year = 2010
| source = http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/17809.html Cricinfo
}}

'''Richard James Mansfield''' (born 21 January 1975) is a former [[Indian people|Indian]] born English [[cricket]]er. Mansfield was a right-handed [[Batsman (cricket)|batsman]] who bowled right-arm [[off break]]. He was born in [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]].

Mansfield represented the [[Surrey Cricket Board]] in 3 [[List A cricket|List A]] matches, the first of which came against [[Lincolnshire County Cricket Club|Lincolnshire]] in the 2nd round of the [[2002 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy]] which was played in 2001. His final 2 List A matches came against the [[Gloucestershire Cricket Board]] and the [[Essex Cricket Board]] in the 1st and 2nd rounds of the [[2003 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy]] which were held in 2002.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/35/35878/List_A_Matches.html List A Matches played by Richard Mansfield]</ref> In his 3 List A matches, he scored 46 runs at a [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] of 15.33, with a high score of 40.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/35/35878/a_Batting_by_Team.html List A Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Richard Mansfield]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/17809.html Richard Mansfield] at [[Cricinfo]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mansfield, Richard}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu cricketers]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Surrey Cricket Board cricketers]]

Yadgar-i-Bahaduri

2024-05-28T05:41:51Z

Svetlqer:

{{Infobox book
| name = Yadgar-i-Bahaduri
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| editor = Bahadur Singh
| orig_lang_code = fa
| translator =
| country = [[Mughal Empire]]
| language = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| subject = geography, history, science, art
| genre = non-fiction
| published = 1834
| publisher =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
}}
'''''Yadgar-i-Bahaduri''''' ({{lit|The Memorial of Bahadur}}) is an Indian [[Persian language]] [[encyclopaedia]] of history, geography, science and art. Edited by Bahadur Singh, it was completed in 1834 CE in [[Lucknow]].

== Authorship and date ==

Bahadur Singh was originally a resident of Gondiwal [[pargana]] in [[Shahjahanabad]] (otherwise known as [[Old Delhi]]). He was the son of Hazari Mal, who belonged to [[Bhatnagar]] clan of the [[Kayastha]] [[Caste system in India|caste]]. He mentions that he was forced to leave Shahjahanbad due to circumstances, and arrived in [[Lucknow]] in 1817, under "great distress". At that time, Lucknow was ruled by [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah|Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar]]. At Lucknow, Bahadur Singh read several [[Hindustani language|Hindi]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] language works on history. He was inspired to write a connected history based on all these works. He finished the work on the first day of [[Ramadan|Ramazan]] in 1249 [[Hijri year|A.H.]] (12 January 1834 CE).<ref>{{cite book |editor=Arvind Krishna Mehrotra |title=The Last Bungalow: Writings on Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DRuAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-310118-5 |page=48 }}</ref>

Bahadur Singh states that he has only copied content from other books, and organized it into an encyclopedia. But according to [[Charles Pierre Henri Rieu|Charles Rieu]] he evidently added original content, especially on the later history of [[Awadh]] and [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]].<ref name="CR_1879">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/gri_33125008986370#page/n51/mode/2up/search/Lachhmi |title=Catalogue of the Persian manuscripts in the British museum |volume=3 |author=Charles Rieu |author-link=Charles Pierre Henri Rieu |publisher=British Museum |location=London |year=1879 |pages=897–899 }}</ref> The detailed account of the [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawabs of Awadh]], their families and their ministers is unique to this encyclopedia among other contemporary works.<ref name="HME_1877"/>

For some reason, Bahadur Singh strongly resented [[Kashmiri people]]. In his book, Singh describes rape and murder of [[Kashmiri Hindu]]s by Muslims over the centuries. He states that under [[Aurangzeb]]'s rule, the total weight of [[upanayana|sacred threads]] collected from Hindus forcibly converted to Islam was 10 ''[[seer (unit)|seer]]''s. He further states that many of these later converted back to Hinduism. Singh's account does not aim to present Muslims as savages, rather to present Kashmiris as a group more degraded than [[mleccha]]s because of their illegitimacy. He urges other people to not only avoid Kashmiris, but destroy them. According to [[Christopher Bayly]], as a lowly clerk, he was envious of the success of his Kashmiri rivals. [[Henry Miers Elliot]] suggests that he might have lost a job to a Kashmiri.<ref name="HME_1877">{{cite book |author=Henry Miers Elliot |editor=John Dowson |title=The History of India, as told by its own historians: The Muhammadan Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNQ6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA417 |year=1877 |publisher=Trübner and Company |pages=417–425}}</ref><ref name="BaylyBayly1996">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Alan Bayly |author2=C. A. Bayly |title=Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bqEzPPp8xIC&pg=PA27 |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66360-1 |page=28 }}</ref>

== Contents ==

The encyclopedia is divided into 4 books (''Sanihah''), which are further sub-divided into chapters (''dastan'').<ref name="CR_1879"/><ref name="HME_1877"/>

=== Book I ===

Information on [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophets]] from [[Adam]] to [[Muhammad]].

=== Book II ===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# The early [[Caliph|Khalifas]]
# [[The Twelve Imams]]
# The [[Umayyad Caliphate|Ummayads]]
# The [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]]
# The [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ilis]] of [[Egypt]] and [[Quhistan|Kuhistan]], and [[Qarmatians]]
# The [[Sayyid dynasty|royal Sayyids]]
# The [[Sharif of Mecca|Sharifs of Mecca]] and Medina
}}

=== Book III ===

# Philosophers of the world
#* Greece and Europe (including [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] and [[Copernicus]])
#* Persia and India
#* Others (early Muslims and modern physicians)
# [[List of Sahabah|Companions of Muhammad]]
# Their successors ([[Tabi‘un]] and Tubba')
# [[Sheikh|Shaikh]]s of four types
## [[Sunni]]s
## [[Shia]]s
## Sufis of Iran (mainly copied from ''Nafahat-ul-Uns'')
## Hindu theosophists, devotees and their [[Hindu denominations|sects]]
# [[Ulama]]
# Poets and miscellaneous{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
#* Arab poets
#* Persian poets
#* [[Persian calligraphy|Different kinds of handwriting]]
#* [[Rekhta]] poets of India
#* Rules of versification (metre, rhyme, and poetical figures)
#* [[Physiognomy]]
#* [[Dream interpretation|Interpretation of dreams]]
#* [[Pranayama|Breath regulation]] as practised by Hindus
#* Astrology and astrologers
#* Music of Hindustan
#* Agriculture ("the best of all the arts")
#* Architecture / Masonry
#* [[Ironmongery]]
#* Carpentry
#* Commerce
#* Painting
#* [[Talisman]]s
#* Magic
#* Handicrafts of various descriptions, including cookery
#* Wise sayings, witticisms and anecdotes}}
# Celebrated Muslims not included in earlier sections

=== Book IV ===

This book begins with an introduction (''mukaddimah'') of the [[Old World]] and the [[New World]].

* The seven [[clime]]s
* Countries and cities of the world:
** Muslim world
** Europe
** India, including separate accounts of the Mughal [[subah (country subdivision)|subahs]] (provinces){{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*** [[Agra]]
*** [[Awadh]]
*** [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daultabad]]
*** [[Khandesh]]
*** [[Berar Subah|Berar]]
*** [[Malwa Subah|Malwa]]
*** [[Ajmer]]
*** [[Gujarat]]
*** [[Thatta]]
*** [[Multan]]
*** [[Kabul]]
*** [[Kandahar]]
*** [[Kashmir]]
*** [[Allahabad]]
*** [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
*** [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]}}
* Islands of the world (including [[England]])
* [[Americas]]

The introduction is followed by 8 chapters (''fasl''s):

# Kings of Iran{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
#* Early kings
#* Kings of [[Indo-Parthian Kingdom|Sistan]]
#* [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffaris]]
#* Kings of Tabistan
#* [[Tahirid dynasty|Tahiris]]
#* Dailamis
#* [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavis]]
#* [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuq]]s of Iran and [[Kerman Province|Kirman]]
#* [[Atabeg|Atabaks]] of Azarbaijan, Pars, and Luristan
#* [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghuris]]
#* [[Qara Khitai]]s of Kirman
#* [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanis]]
#* [[Kurt dynasty|Kurts]]
#* [[Sarbadars]]
#* [[Injuids|Injus]]
#* [[Muzaffarids (Iran)|Muzaffaris]]
#* [[Timur]] and his successors
#* Rulers of [[Shirvanshah|Shirvan]] and [[Dagestan]]
#* Zulkadr
#* [[Kara Koyunlu]]s and [[Ag Qoyunlu]]s
#* [[Safavid dynasty|Safavis]]
#* [[Ghilzai]]s
#* [[Afshar people|Afshars]] ([[Nader Shah]] to [[Karim Khan]])
#* [[Durrani dynasty|Abdalis]] (till [[Shahzada Kamran Durrani|Kamran Shah]])
#* [[Zand dynasty|Zands]] and [[Qajar dynasty|Kajars]] (till [[Fath-Ali Shah Qajar|Fath-Ali Shah]])}}
# Kings of the Arabs{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
#* [[Adites]]
#* Kings of [[List of kings of Babylon|Babylon]] and [[List of Assyrian kings|Assyria]]
#* [[Himyarite Kingdom|Himyaris]] and [[Ghassanids|Ghassanis]]
#* [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinians]]
#* [[Qarmatians|Karmatites]]
#* [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubis]] of Yemen
#* [[Hamdanid dynasty|Hamdanis]]}}
# Greek and Romans {{sic}}
#* [[Sultanate of Rum|Seljuks of Rum]]
#* [[Ottoman dynasty|Osmanlis]]
# Rulers of Egypt and Sham (Syria)
#* [[Pharaoh]]s and [[Kings of Israel and Judah family tree|kings of Israel]]
#* [[Ikhshidid dynasty|Ikhshidis]]
#* [[List of Seljuk rulers in Syria (1076–1117)|Seljuks]] and [[Atabeg|Atabaks]] of Syria
#* [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubis]] and [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]]
# [[Maghreb]]
#* Seventeen dynasties, from the [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Umayyads]] of Spain to the Sharifs of Pez
# Sultans of Turkistan{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
#* Early kings
#* [[Chingiz Khan]]
#* Descendants of [[Jochi|Juji]]
#* Descendants of [[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]]
#* [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanis]], and [[Chobanids|Chupanis]]
#* Tughatimuris
#* [[Samanid Empire|Samanis]]
#* [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Khans]] of Turkistan, [[Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan|Bughra Khan]] and others
#* [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmian]]s
#* [[Timur]] and his successors
#* [[Uzbek people|Uzbeks]] in [[Turan]], [[Khwarezm]], and [[Badakhshan]]}}
# Kings of Europe
#* Creeds, manners, and institutions of the Europeans
#* including the [[Company rule in India|British in India]], their army, administration of justice, revenue, learning
# Rulers of Hindustan: its different provinces and inhabitants{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
#* [[Hindu caste system|Hindu castes]], [[Hindu law|laws]], ceremonies, manners, and mythology ([[dashavatara|avatars]])
#* Early [[Raja]]s
#* [[Rajputs]]
#* [[Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquest]]
#* [[Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)|Slaves of the Ghuris]]
#* [[Khalji dynasty|Khaljis]]
#* [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlukshahis]]
#* [[Sayyid dynasty|Khizirkhanis]]
#* [[Lodi dynasty|Lodis]]
#* [[Sur Empire|Surs]]
#* [[Timurid dynasty|Timurids]], from Babar to the accession of Akbar II
#* [[Malwa Subah|Malwa]]
#* [[Deccan]]
#* [[Khandesh]]
#* Samaris of Malivar ([[Malabar region|Malabar]])
#* [[Ormus|Hurmuz]]
#* [[Mysore State|Mysore]]
#* [[Vijayanagar Empire|Bijanagar]]
#* [[Maratha empire|Marathas]]
#* [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]]
#* [[Gujarat]]
#* [[Ajmer State|Ajmer]], [[Rajput]]s, and [[Bharatpur State|Jats]]
#* [[Thatta]]
#* [[Lahore]]
#* [[Kashmir]]
#* [[Tibet]]
#* [[Kabul]]
#* [[Bengal]]
#* [[Benares]]
#* [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]]
#* Early rulers of [[Awadh]], including [[Rama]]
#* [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawabs of Awadh]] from [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Ali Khan]] to the time of composition
#* Rules of conduct and useful advice to kings and [[vizier|vazirs]]}}

== Translations ==

[[Munshi Sadasukh Lal]] partially translated ''Yadgar-i-Bahaduri'' into English. This translation appears in [[Henry Miers Elliot]]'s ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians|History of India]]''.<ref name="CR_1879"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1834 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Persian encyclopedias]]
[[Category:19th-century encyclopedias]]

Rajput Kashyap

2023-03-04T20:38:34Z

Svetlqer: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Kahar]]