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Sainthia Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T10:23:32Z

Svetlltn: creating pg

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sainthia
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Sainthia.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sainthia Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Birbhum]]
| constituency_no = 289
| established = 2011
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Krishna Kanta Saha]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 190,038
}}
'''Sainthia''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Birbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 289, Sainthia Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: [[Sainthia]] municipality, Banagram, Deriapur, Fulur, Horisara, Hatora and Mathpalsa [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Sainthia (community development block)|Sainthia]] [[Community Development Block in India|CD Block]], [[Angar Garia]], Bhutura, Charicha, [[Mohammad Bazar, Birbhum|Mohammad Bazar]], [[Deucha]] and Puranagram gram panchayats of [[Mohammad Bazar (community development block)|Mohammad Bazar]] CD Block, and [[Suri II]] CD Block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-09-26 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Sainthia Assembly constituency (SC) is part of No. 42 [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sainthia}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Krishna Kanta Saha
|votes = 115,054
|percentage = 47.71
|change = +4.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nilabati Saha
|votes = 104,748
|percentage = 43.43
|change = -6.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Debu Chunari
|votes = 9,478
|percentage = 3.93
|change = -0.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Archana Mondal
|votes = 4,174
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Biswanath Bhalla
|votes = 1,601
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondvana Gantantra Party
|candidate = Koushik Saha
|votes = 1,578
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = 1,551
|percentage = 0.64
|change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjay Mete
|votes = 1,180
|percentage = 0.49
|change = -0.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Janata Unnayan Party
|candidate = Astam Mal
|votes = 1,129
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Naba Kumar Das
|votes = 682
|percentage = 0.28
|change = -0.51
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 10,306
|percentage = 4.27
|change = -2.60
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 241,175
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the 2021 elections, Nilabati Saha of Trinamool Congress defeated her nearest rival, Piya Saha of BJP.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sainthia}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nilabati Saha
|votes = 110,572
|percentage = 49.84
|change = -2.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Piya Saha
|votes = 95,329
|percentage = 42.97
|change = +30.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Mausumi Konai
|votes = 10,369
|percentage = 4.67
|change = -28.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Tarapada Badyakar
|votes = 2,098
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Naba Kumar Das
|votes = 1,756
|percentage = 0.79
|change = +0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,742
|percentage = 0.79
|change = -0.52
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 221,866
|percentage = 90.02
|change = +3.11
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 elections, Nilabati Saha of Trinamool Congress defeated her nearest rival, Dhiren Bagdi of CPI (M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Sainthia}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nilabati Saha
|votes = 103,376
|percentage = 52.17
|change = +7.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dhiren Bagdi
|votes = 64,765
|percentage = 32.68
|change = -14.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Piya Saha
|votes = 24,029
|percentage = 12.13
|change = +6.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,599
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Paban Kumar Bagdi
|votes = 1,860
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Naba Kumar Das
|votes = 1,534
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 198,163
|percentage = 86.91
|change = -0.05
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, Dhiren Bagdi of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival, Parikshit Bala of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Sainthia<ref>{{cite web|url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25289.htm|title = Sainthia|work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-05-28|archive-date = 16 May 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516060816/http://www.eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25289.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=289| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526072842/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=289| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Sainthia| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-04-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_2nd_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Sainthia |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-04-20 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030419/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_2nd_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Dhiren Bagdi
|votes = 77,512
|percentage = 46.91
|change = -6.83#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Parikhit Bala
|votes = 73,194
|percentage = 44.29
|change = +1.13#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shibnath Saha
|votes = 8,786
|percentage = 5.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Madan Chandra Dhuli
|votes = 5,761
|percentage = 3.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 165,253
|percentage = 86.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -7.46#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together, as well as the CPI(M) vote percentage that year, for the now-defunct [[Mahammad Bazar Assembly constituency|Mahammad Bazar]] constituency in 2006.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Birbhum topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Birbhum district]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2011]]

Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T09:48:13Z

Svetlltn: Started Basic Article From Scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Kallakurichi
| map_image = kallakurichi lok sabha constituency.png
|map_caption = Kallakurichi constituency, post-2008 delimitation
|established = 2009
|mp = [[Malaiyarasan D]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu |2024]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|assembly_cons = [[Rishivandiyam (State Assembly Constituency)|Rishivandiyam]] [[Sankarapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Sankarapuram]] [[Kallakurichi (State Assembly Constituency)|Kallakurichi]] [[Gangavalli (State Assembly Constituency)|Gangavalli]] [[Attur (State Assembly Constituency)|Attur]] [[Yercaud (State Assembly Constituency)|Yercaud]]
|electors = 15,28,539<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |date=2014-08-11 }}</ref>
}}
'''Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 39 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Tamil Nadu]] state in southern [[India]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 14. This constituency came into existence following the implementation of delimitation of parliamentary constituencies in 2008.

==Assembly segments==
Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six Legislative Assembly segments:<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/01/stories/2009050159980800.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125051733/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/01/stories/2009050159980800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|title=Beset with agrarian issues and poor development|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T.|date=1 May 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=14 May 2010}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|78.
|[[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiyam]]
|None
| rowspan="3" |[[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}
|-
|79.
|[[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]
|None
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|80.
|[[Kallakurichi Assembly constituency|Kallakurichi]]
|SC
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|-
|81.
|[[Gangavalli Assembly constituency|Gangavalli]]
|SC
| rowspan="3" |[[Salem District|Salem]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
|82.
| [[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]]
|SC
|-
|83.
| [[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud]]
|ST
|-
|}

==Members of the Parliament==
{{bar box
|float=left
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.94}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.79}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.81}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white; " colspan="2"|Party
|----
|1967
|rowspan=2|M. Deiveekan
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|----
|1975
|----
|2009
|[[Adhi Sankar]]
|----
|2014
|K. Kamaraj
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|2019
|[[Gautham Sigamani|Pon. Gautham Sigamani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|----
|2024
|[[Malaiyarasan D|D. Malaiyarasan]]
|----
|}

==Election results==
=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Kallakurichi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Malaiyarasan D]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=5,61,589|percentage=44.94|change={{decrease}}15.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[R. Kumaraguru]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=5,07,805|percentage=40.64|change={{increase}}13.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jagadesa Pandiyan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=73,652|percentage=5.89|change={{increase}}3.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=R. Devadass Wodeyar|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=71,290|percentage=5.71|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=8,532|percentage=0.68|change={{decrease}}0.29}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 53,784|percentage= 4.30|change={{decrease}}29.67}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,49,568|percentage=79.21|change={{increase}}0.40}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1568651 |change =}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing={{decrease}}15.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Kallakurichi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gautham Sigamani|Gautham Sigamani Pon]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,21,713 |percentage=60.22% |change=31.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[L. K. Sudhish]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=3,21,794 |percentage=26.85% |change=11.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Komugi Maniyan |party=Independent politician |votes=50,179 |percentage=4.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sharfudeen |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=30,246 |percentage=2.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Ganesh |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=14,587 |percentage=1.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=11,576 |percentage=0.97% |change=-0.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Sumathi |party=Independent politician |votes=10,045 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=8,066 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,99,919 |percentage=33.37% |change=12.98% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,98,423 |percentage=78.81% |change= 0.77% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,28,938 |change =8.24% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.57% }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Kallakurichi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Kamaraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,33,383 |percentage=48.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Manimaran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,09,876 |percentage=28.26% |change=-14.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. P. Eswaran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,64,183 |percentage=14.98% |change=-0.54% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Devadass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,677 |percentage=3.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=10,901 |percentage=0.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Madaiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=7,314 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. P. Mannan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,186 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sakthivel |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,929 |percentage=0.54% |change=-0.17% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Varadan |party=Independent politician |votes=5,054 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,23,507 |percentage=20.39% |change=7.64% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,96,340 |percentage=78.41% |change= 0.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,12,499 |change =27.67% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Kallakurichi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Adhi Sankar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,63,601 |percentage=42.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Dhanaraju |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,54,993 |percentage=29.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[L. K. Sudhish]] |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,32,223 |percentage=15.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ramesh |party=Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,818 |percentage=2.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Arun Kennedi |party=Independent politician |votes=13,216 |percentage=1.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. Vijaya Rajendhar]] |party=Independent politician |votes=8,211 |percentage=0.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Sivaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=7,463 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sathish Babu |party=Independent politician |votes=7,136 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Selvaraju |party=Independent politician |votes=7,012 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Senthilkumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,030 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Dhanaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=5,789 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,08,608 |percentage=12.75% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,52,073 |percentage=77.28% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,06,352 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Kallakurichi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Devekan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,07,721 |percentage=52.79% |change=-0.01% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Veerasamy |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,85,745 |percentage=47.21% |change=1.66% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,976 |percentage=5.59% |change=-1.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,93,466 |percentage=72.40% |change= -3.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,58,064 |change =11.88% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Kallakurichi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Devekan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,93,043 |percentage=52.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Parthasarathy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,66,520 |percentage=45.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Vajjiravel |party=Independent politician |votes=6,000 |percentage=1.64% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,523 |percentage=7.26% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,65,563 |percentage=75.63% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,98,804 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Viluppuram District]]
* [[Salem District]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Rasipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/kallakurichi/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Kallakurichi lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|11.7|79.0|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Viluppuram district]]

S. S. Kanchi

2026-04-27T03:51:58Z

Svetlltn: starting new stub

{{Short description|Indian writer, actor and director}}
{{Family name hatnote|Koduri|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. S. Kanchi
| image = SS_Kanchi.jpeg
| caption =
| birth_name = Koduri Siva Shakthi Datta Kanchi
| birth_place = Andhra Pradesh, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|Actor|Director}}
| years_active = 2001–present
| relatives =
* [[Siva Shakthi Datta]] (father)
* [[M. M. Keeravani]] (brother)
* [[Kalyani Malik]] (brother)
* [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]] (uncle)
* [[S. S. Rajamouli]] (cousin)
* [[M. M. Srilekha]] (cousin)
}}

'''S. S. Kanchi''' is an Indian writer, actor and director known for his work in [[Telugu cinema]] and television. He is recognised for his contributions as a writer and supporting actor in the acclaimed Telugu sitcom ''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]'' and for his roles in films such as ''[[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]]'' (2004) and ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'' (2010). He is a member of the prominent [[List of South Indian film families#Koduri family|Koduri family]], which includes film personalities such as music composer [[M. M. Keeravani]], director [[S. S. Rajamouli]], and screenwriter [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]].

== Early life ==
Kanchi was born in Andhra Pradesh, India, into the Koduri family, which has roots in Telugu cinema. He is the son of lyricist and writer Siva Shakthi Datta. His elder brother is composer M. M. Keeravani, while his younger brother is music director Kalyani Malik. He is also the nephew of screenwriter V. Vijayendra Prasad and cousin of filmmaker S. S. Rajamouli.

Growing up in a creative household surrounded by writers, composers and filmmakers influenced his interest in storytelling and acting from a young age.<ref>{{cite web |title=S. S. Rajamouli Profile |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1442514/ |website=IMDb}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Television ===
Kanchi gained prominence through his work on the Telugu sitcom ''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]'' (2001–2007).
He contributed as:
* a **writer** for several episodes, and
* an **actor**, playing **Ambhujanabham**, the strict and humorous boss of the protagonist in the early episodes.<ref name="Amrutham">{{cite web |title=Amrutham – Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6973718/fullcredits |website=IMDb |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

He has also been associated with various projects under **Just Yellow Media**, contributing to writing, creative development and concept work.<ref name="JustYellow">{{cite web |title=Just Yellow Media – Creative Team |url=https://justyellowmedia.in/ |website=Just Yellow Media |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

=== Film ===
Kanchi has appeared in several Telugu films in comedic and supporting roles.
Notable acting credits include:
* ''[[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]]'' (2004) – supporting role<ref name="IMDbActor">{{cite web |title=S. S. Kanchi – Acting Credits |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4034632/ |website=IMDb |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>
* ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'' (2010) – supporting role<ref name="BMS">{{cite web |title=S. S. Kanchi – Filmography |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/s-s-kanchi/IEIN013869 |website=BookMyShow |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>
* ''[[Amrutham Chandamamalo]]'' (2014) – cameo
* ''Mathu Vadalara'' (2019) – supporting role<ref name="ElCinema">{{cite web |title=S. S. Kanchi – Filmography |url=https://elcinema.com/en/person/2207098/filmography/ |website=ElCinema |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>
* ''Dear Comrade'' (2019) – supporting appearance<ref name="ElCinema" />

=== Writing and direction ===
In addition to acting, Kanchi has contributed significantly as a writer and creative consultant.

His writing credits include:
* ''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]'' (2001–2007) – writer<ref name="Amrutham" />
* ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'' (2010) – story contributor<ref name="MaryadaStory">{{cite news |title=Maryada Ramanna: Behind the scenes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/maryada-ramanna-facts/articleshow/ |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>
* ''[[Eega]]'' (2012) – writing department (additional story inputs)<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |title=Rajamouli's brother Kanchi joins Social Media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rajamoulis-brother-kanchi-joins-social-media/articleshow/36721545.cms |work=The Hindu |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref>
* ''[[Amrutham Chandamamalo]]'' (2014) – story, screenplay and dialogue team<ref name="IMDbWriter">{{cite web |title=S. S. Kanchi – Writing Credits |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4034632/fullcredits |website=IMDb |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>
* ''Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham'' (2014) – story basis (Tamil remake of ''Maryada Ramanna'')<ref name="VPA">{{cite web |title=Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham – Credits |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3822366/ |website=IMDb |access-date=26 November 2024}}</ref>

He has also contributed to various comedy and concept-driven projects under Just Yellow Media.<ref name="JustYellow" />

== Personal life ==
S. S. Kanchi is part of the Koduri–Rajamouli family, one of the most influential film families in Telugu cinema.
His close relatives include:
* **Father:** [[Siva Shakthi Datta]] – lyricist
* **Brothers:** [[M. M. Keeravani]] and [[Kalyani Malik]] – music composers
* **Uncle:** [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]] – screenwriter
* **Cousins:** [[S. S. Rajamouli]] (director), [[M. M. Srilekha]] (composer), and Raja Koduri (tech executive)
* **Nephews:** [[Kaala Bhairava]] (singer–composer), [[Sri Simha]] (actor), and [[S. S. Karthikeya]] (filmmaker)

== Filmography ==

=== As actor ===
* ''[[Sye (2004 film)|Sye]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'' (2010)<ref name="The Hindu"/>
* ''[[Amrutham Chandamamalo]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Mathu Vadalara]]'' (2019)<ref name="ElCinema" />
* ''[[Dear Comrade]]'' (2019)<ref name="ElCinema" />
* ''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]'' (2022) as sex doctor
* ''[[Little Hearts (2025 film)|Little Hearts]]'' (2025) as Khatyayini's father

=== Television ===
* ''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]'' (2001–2007) – Writer; Actor (Ambhujanabham)<ref name="Amrutham" />

=== As writer ===
* ''[[Amrutham (TV series)|Amrutham]]'' (2001–2007)<ref name="Amrutham" />
* ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'' (2010) – story<ref name="MaryadaStory" />
* ''[[Eega]]'' (2012) – writing department<ref name="The Hindu"/>
* ''[[Amrutham Chandamamalo]]'' (2014) – screenplay & dialogue
* ''Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham'' (2014) – original story basis<ref name="VPA" />
* Various Just Yellow Media comedy projects<ref name="JustYellow" />

== See also ==
* [[List of South Indian film families#Koduri family|Koduri family]]
* [[M. M. Keeravani]]
* [[S. S. Rajamouli]]
* [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4034632}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanchi, S.S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu-language writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mohammad Pora

2026-04-25T19:49:34Z

Svetlltn: Started article.

{{Short description|Village in Kulgam district, Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mohammad Pora
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Mohammadpora
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.64469|75.01884|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kulgam district|Kulgam]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Damhal Hanji Pora]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body = Mohammad Pora Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_ha =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1742
| population_total = 10910
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/Population-Search |title=Population Finder 2011 - Mohammad Pora |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2026-04-25}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 192232
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = JK18
| blank1_name_sec1 = Village code
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = Mohammad Pora
| blank3_name_sec1 = Block panchayat
| blank3_info_sec1 = D.H. Pora (Damhal Hanji Pora)
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mohammad Pora''' (also spelled '''Mohammadpora''') is a village in the [[Damhal Hanji Pora]] tehsil of [[Kulgam district]] in the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="jkbank">{{cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir Bank Limited, Mohammad Pora IFSC Code |url=https://hindi.economictimes.com/ifsc-codes/jammu-and-kashmir-bank-limited--state-jammu-and-kashmir--district-kulgam--branch-mohammad-pora.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref> The village is administered by the Mohammad Pora [[Gram panchayat]] under the D.H. Pora (Damhal Hanji Pora) Block Panchayat.<ref name="mission">{{cite web |title=Composite Index of Gram Panchayat - Kulgam District |url=https://missionantyodaya.nic.in/ma2020/preloginCompositeIndexGpList.html?stateCode=1&districtCode=622&blockCode=5 |website=Mission Antyodaya |publisher=Government of India |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Mohammad Pora is located in the Kulgam district of Jammu and Kashmir at an elevation of approximately {{convert|1742|m|ft}} above sea level. The village coordinates are {{coord|33.64469|75.01884}}.

== Administration ==
Mohammad Pora is administered by the Mohammad Pora Gram Panchayat under the D.H. Pora (Damhal Hanji Pora) Block Panchayat of Kulgam district.<ref name="mission"/> The village falls within the [[Damhal Hanji Pora]] tehsil.

According to the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) records for the financial year 2023–2024, the Mohammad Pora Gram Panchayat was listed among the panchayats under the D.H. Pora block.<ref name="nrega">{{cite web |title=List of Panchayats whose Fund Availability is below threshold Limit during FY 2023-2024 - Kulgam District |url=https://nregastrep.nic.in/netnrega/writereaddata/state_out/threshold1421001_2324.html |website=NREGA |publisher=Government of India |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>

== Banking services ==
The [[Jammu and Kashmir Bank]] has a branch in Mohammad Pora, providing banking facilities to the village and surrounding areas.<ref name="jkbank"/><ref name="razorpay">{{cite web |title=IFSC Code for Jammu and Kashmir Bank, Mohammad Pora, Kulgam |url=https://razorpay.com/ifsc-code/jammu-and-kashmir-bank/jammu-and-kashmir/kulgam/mohammad-pora/JAKA0MHMDPR/ |website=Razorpay |access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref>

The branch operates on weekdays from Monday to Saturday, 10 am to 4 pm, and remains open on the first and third Saturdays of each month.<ref name="jkbank"/>

== Postal services ==
The village is served by a branch post office under the [[India Post]] network with the [[Postal Index Number|PIN code]] 192232. The post office falls under the Kulgam head office.<ref name="jkbank"/>

== See also ==
* [[Kulgam district]]
* [[Damhal Hanji Pora]]
* [[List of villages in Kulgam district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://kulgam.nic.in/ Official website of Kulgam district]

[[Category:Villages in Kulgam district]]

Manoj Misra

2026-04-25T04:00:11Z

Svetlltn: Started data.

{{Short description|Judge of the Supreme Court of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manoj Misra
| image = Justice Manoj Misra.jpg
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 6 February 2023
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| office1 = Judge of the [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term_start1 = 21 November 2011
| term_end1 = 5 February 2023
| nominator1 = [[S. H. Kapadia]]
| appointer1 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|6|2|df=y}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Allahabad]]
}}

'''Manoj Misra''' (born 2 June 1965) is a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoj Misra |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/manoj-misra/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a former judge of the [[Allahabad High Court]].

==Career==
He graduated in law from [[University of Allahabad]] in 1988 and enrolled as an Advocate on 12 December 1988. He practised in Civil, Revenue, Criminal and Constitutional matters. He was elevated as an Additional [[Judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]] on 21 November 2011 and was made permanent on 6 August 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Manoj Misra, Judge, Allahabad High Court |url=https://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/service/judgeDetail.jsp?id=172 |website=Allahabad High Court}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Debayan |date=13 December 2022 |title=[BREAKING] Collegium recommends five judges for appointment to Supreme Court |work=Bar & Bench |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/breaking-collegium-recommends-five-judges-for-appointment-to-supreme-court |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Sitting Judges of the Supreme Court of India}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Velalar Vidyalayaa Senior Higher Secondary School

2026-04-24T12:58:03Z

Svetlltn: creating new details

{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Velalar Vidyalayaa Senior Secondary School
| location = [[Thindal]], [[Erode]], Tamilnadu
| address = Maruthi Nagar, Thindal Post, Erode, India : 638 012.
| city = [[Erode]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| postal_code = 638 012
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11.3295|77.6687|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| school_number =
| school_board = CBSE
| schooltype = private co-education
| established = 2010
| classes = LKG to 12th std
| enrollment = 9999999
| houses =
| sister_school =
| website = {{URL|https://velalarcbse.com/index.php}}
}}
'''Velalar Vidyalayaa'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://velalarcbse.com/index.php|title=VELALAR VIDYALAYAA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL|website=velalarcbse.com|accessdate=10 November 2023}}</ref> is a co-educational senior [[secondary school]] located at [[Thindal]], [[Erode district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in India. Velalar Vidyalayaa is founded in the year 2010, and affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]].<ref>[http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/userview.aspx Report] nic.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831073631/http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/userview.aspx |date=31 August 2015 }}</ref> The School is owned and managed by Vellalar Educational Trust, [[Erode]].According to rating given by justdial, This school had got 4.6 rating out of 5.0.<ref>https://www.justdial.com/Erode/Velalar-Vidyalayaa-Senior-Secondary-School-Near-Thindal-Temple-Thindal-Erode/9999PX424-X424-120106190432-L9S6_BZDET</ref>

==Infrastructure==
The building covers an area of 2,12,000 Sq.ft with two blocks (Main & Montessori) connected by a bridge.

==Facilities==
The school has Orel Digital Language Lab, Physics, Chemistry & Biology Lab, Math Lab & Composite Lab and Computer Labs with 95 systems. The library houses a variety of books and many journals. Students can borrow resources for a period of two weeks and can get this period extended twice. There is a separate Hostel for boys and girls.

== See also ==
* [[List of educational institutions in Erode]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://velalarcbse.com/index.php Official website]

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Schools in Erode district]]
[[Category:Education in Erode]]

Purnananda Chetia

2026-04-21T16:36:23Z

Svetlltn: starting a article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| birth_name =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Assam|Assam]]
{{collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes |Ministerial offices |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office1 = [[Third Medhi ministry| Deputy Minister for Local self-governance and Education]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Bishnuram Medhi]]
| predecessor1 = Mohikanta Das (local self-governance)
| successor1 = [[Girindra Nath Gogoi]]
| term1 = 22 April 1957 – 27 December 1957
| office2 = [[Second Medhi ministry| Deputy Minister for Labour, Labour welfare and Education]]
| term2 = 9 August 1950 – 21 April 1957
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Bishnuram Medhi]]
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = ''himself'' (education)
| office3 = [[Second Bordoloi provincial government| Parliamentary Secretary to the Chief Minister]]
| term3 = 11 February 1946 – 15 August 1947
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Gopinath Bordoloi]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}}}
| profession = Politician
| office6 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = 22 February 1907
| death_date = Unknown
| term = 3 April 1964 – 2 April 1970
| parents = Ramakanta Chetia (father)
| alma_mater = [[Cotton University|Cotton College]]
| spouse = Annadabala Devi
| children = 4
| term6 = 1951 – 1962
| term7 = 1946 – 1947
| constituency6 = [[Sonari Assembly constituency|Sonari]]
| predecessor6 = ''Constituency established''
| successor6 = [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]
}}

'''Purnananda Chetia''' (22 February 1907 – unknown) was an Indian politician from [[Assam]] who served as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of the Rajya Sabha]] from 1964 to 1970.

== Life and family ==
Purnananda Chetia was born on 22 February 1907,{{Efn|Some sources note his year of birth as 1905.}} the son of Ramakanta Chetia. He was educated at Sibsagar Government English High School, and earned a [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[Cotton University|Cotton College]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Indian_and_Pakistan_Year_Book/_RodAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=purnananda%20chetia%20calcutta |title=The Indian and Pakistan Year Book |date=1951 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |language=en}}</ref>

He was married to Annadabala Chetia and they had three sons and one daughter together.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Biographical sketch |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chetia became a Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in 1946. In 1951, he was elected to the assembly for the constituency of [[Sonari Assembly constituency|Sonari]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1951 election result |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3989-assam-general-legislative-election-1951/}}</ref> He served as a minister in the Government of Assam in 1951, and from 1952 to 1957.<ref name=":0" />

Chetia was elected to the Rajya Sabha in [[1964 Rajya Sabha elections|1964]], and served until 1970.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Assam]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chetia, Purnananda}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1946–1952]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Assam]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Kharsia Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:45:26Z

Svetlltn: Started New Info Basic Info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kharsia
| mla = [[Umesh Nandkumar Patel]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| preceded_by = [[Nand Kumar Patel]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigarh]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:215550}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 18
| map_image = Kharsia Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Kharsia''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order – 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref> It is in [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]] district.Kharsia is a strong fort of congress party in chattisgarh.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" |Laxmi Prasad Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes|rowspan=1}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|1988^
|[[Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Arjun Singh]]
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Nand Kumar Patel]]
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Nand Kumar Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Umesh Nandkumar Patel|Umesh Patel]]
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
<ref name="elections1998">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1998 |url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1998-election-results.html |accessdate=2020-06-26 |website=elections.in}}</ref><ref name="elections2003">{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results in 2003 |url=https://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/2003-election-results.html |accessdate=2020-06-26 |website=elections.in}}</ref>
^by-election

== Election results ==

===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kharsia<ref name="BJP Candidates CG 2023">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-has-released-first-list-of-21-candidates-for-chhattisgarh-assembly-elections-/articleshow/102802832.cms?from=mdr|title=BJP releases first list of 21 candidates for Chhattisgarh|work=The Times of India|accessdate=17 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Umesh Nandkumar Patel|Umesh Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 100,988
|percentage = 53.74
|change = +0.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mahesh Sahu
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 79,332
|percentage = 42.22
|change = -1.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Praveen Vijay Jaiswal
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 2,335
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,726
|percentage = 0.92
|change = -0.41
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 21,656
|percentage = 11.52
|change = +1.99
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 187919
|percentage = 87.18
|change = -0.25
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Kharsia<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Umesh Nandkumar Patel|Umesh Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 94,201
|percentage = 52.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = O.P Choudhary
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|votes = 77,234
|percentage = 43.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,368
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,967
|percentage = 9.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,78,006
|percentage = 87.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|losser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Raigarh district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|21.99|83.1|display=title}}

[[Category:Raigarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]

Vinod Agrawal

2026-04-16T09:01:43Z

Svetlltn: creating stub

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinod Santoshkumar Agrawal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1970|06|04}}
| birth_place = [[Gondia]], [[Maharashtra]]
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Gondiya Assembly constituency|Gondiya]]
| term_start = (2019-2024), (2024-Present)
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Gopaldas Shankarlal Agrawal]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(Before 2019) & (2022-Present)}}
| other_party = Independent {{small|(2019-2022)}}
| website =
}}

'''Vinod Santoshkumar Agrawal''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gondiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gondiya]] in the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] as an [[Independent politician|Independent candidate]].<ref name="Independents to watch out for in Maharashtra: 8 BJP-Sena rebels, 1 maverick">{{cite news |date=26 October 2019 |title=Independents to watch out for in Maharashtra: 8 BJP-Sena rebels, 1 maverick |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/independents-to-watch-out-for-in-maharashtra-8-bjp-sena-rebels-1-maverick-6088548/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101113438/https://indianexpress.com/elections/independents-to-watch-out-for-in-maharashtra-8-bjp-sena-rebels-1-maverick-6088548/ |archivedate=1 January 2025 |accessdate=1 January 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Previously, he was associated with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=9524|title=Agrawal Vinod Santoshkumar(Independent(IND)):Constituency- GONDIA(GONDIYA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/maharashtra-assembly-election/story/maharashtra-election-result-winners-full-list-names-of-winning-candidates-of-bjp-congress-shiv-sena-ncp-1612506-2019-10-24|title=Maharashtra election result winners full list: Names of winning candidates of BJP, Congress, Shiv Sena, NCP|date=October 25, 2019 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/maharashtra-election-results-full-list-winners-bjp-shiv-sena-congress-ncp-807727|title=Maharashtra election results: Full list of winners from BJP, Shiv Sena, Congress, NCP|last=|first=|date=2019-10-25|work=[[International Business Times]], India Edition|language=english|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra: Two more independent MLAs extend support to BJP">{{cite news |date=29 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra: Two more independent MLAs extend support to BJP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-two-more-independent-mlas-extend-support-to-bjp-1613707-2019-10-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101112703/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maharashtra-two-more-independent-mlas-extend-support-to-bjp-1613707-2019-10-29 |archivedate=1 January 2025 |accessdate=1 January 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Later on 23 June he again joined BJP in between [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Swayam |date=2022-06-23 |title=महाराष्ट्र में गहराता जा रहा सियासी संकट, बीजेपी में शामिल हुए निर्दलीय विधायक विनोद अग्रवाल |url=https://www.indiatv.in/maharashtra/maharashtra-political-crisis-independent-mla-vinod-agarwal-joins-bjp-2022-06-23-859703 |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

==Political career==

Vinod Agrawal is a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a far-right Hindu nationalist paramilitary volunteer organisation.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, Vinod}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Gondia]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Morigaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:02Z

Svetlltn: Started new details.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Morigaon
| constituency_no = 54
| type = SLA
| map_image = Morigaon Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nowgong Lok Sabha constituency|Nowgong]]
| district = [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Rama Kanta Dewri]]
| party = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance]]
| electors =
}}
'''Morigaon Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituencies wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> Morigaon forms part of the [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1972
| Pitsing Konwar
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| 1978
| Kaliram Dekaraja
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1983
| Md Hussain
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| 1985
| Harendra Bora
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| 1991
| rowspan="2" | [[Munin Mahanta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 1996
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 2001
| rowspan="3" | Jonjonali Baruah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2006
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2011
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2016
| rowspan="2" | [[Rama Kanta Dewri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2021
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Morigaon}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bani Kanta Das|party=Assam Jatiya Parishad|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rama Kanta Dewri|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Morigaon<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rama Kanta Dewri]]
|votes = 81,657
|percentage = 52.15
|change = -4.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Assam Jatiya Parishad
|candidate = Bani Kanta Das
|votes = 45,125
|percentage = 28.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Munin Mahanta]]
|votes = 27,290
|percentage = 17.43
|change = +14.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 1,571
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ratul Bora
|votes = 939
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 36,532
|percentage = 23.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 156,582
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Morigaon<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rama Kanta Dewri]]
|votes = 80669
|percentage = 57.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jonjonali Baruah
|votes =51046
|percentage =36.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Munin Mahanta]]
|votes =3526
|percentage =2.5
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|26.25|92.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Morigaon district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Morigaon]]

National Media Centre, New Delhi

2026-04-14T22:11:55Z

Svetlltn: Started a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = National Media Centre
| native_name = राष्ट्रीय मीडिया केन्द्र
| nickname =
| image = National Media Centre, New Delhi.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = 7-E, Raisina Road,
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates = 
| type = Media centre
| event =
| built =
| broke_ground = 5 December 2001
| opened = {{Start date|2013|08|24|df=y}}
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| construction_cost = Rs.60 crore
| former_names =
| seating_type =
| seating_capacity = 283
| website =
}}
{{coord|28.6183799|77.2169529|display=title}}
'''National Media Centre''' (also known as '''National Press Centre''') is the media centre of [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]]. Its situated on Raisina Road in [[Central Delhi]], close to the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]] and [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan]] (Parliament House) and important ministries. The foundation ceremony for it was done in 2001. It was inaugurated in 2013. It houses the [[Press Information Bureau]] (PIB) and publicity offices of the ministry.<ref>{{cite web| title = Sonia, PM to launch Rs 60 cr media centre|newspaper=Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Sonia-PM-to-launch-Rs-60-cr-media-centre/Article1-1112100.aspx| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130824204551/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Sonia-PM-to-launch-Rs-60-cr-media-centre/Article1-1112100.aspx| url-status = dead| archive-date = 24 August 2013|date= 24 August 2013| accessdate = 2013-09-14}}</ref> It was modeled on media centres in Washington and Tokyo and other capitals.

==History==
Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] laid the foundation and performed the ''bhoomi poojan'' on 5 December 2001 for the National Press Centre as it was named then. It was built by [[National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited|National Buildings Construction Corporation]] (NBCC) at a cost of {{INR Convert|60|c}} over a period of three years. and was inaugurated on 24 August 2013 by Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130824/news-current-affairs/article/communication-hub-rs-60-crore-inaugurated-heart-capital |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825204734/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130824/news-current-affairs/article/communication-hub-rs-60-crore-inaugurated-heart-capital |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 August 2013 |title=Communication hub of Rs 60 crore inaugurated in heart of capital |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=2013-08-24 |accessdate=2013-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.nydailynews.com/politicsarticle/24ba187a0997d708077a1ce6f403c681/national-media-centre-inaugurated-pm-cautions-against-calumny-roundup |title=National Media Centre inaugurated, PM cautions against calumny (Roundup) |publisher=India.nydailynews.com |date=2013-08-24 |accessdate=2013-09-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130824181510/http://india.nydailynews.com/politicsarticle/24ba187a0997d708077a1ce6f403c681/national-media-centre-inaugurated-pm-cautions-against-calumny-roundup |archivedate=2013-08-24 }}</ref>

==Structure==
The centre is built on a 1.95-acre plot. The glass facade building consists of four floors with a hall for press conferences that can seat 283 people, a briefing room with 60-person capacity, 24 workstations. It has all modern communication needs. It also has a library, lounge and [[cafeteria]]. The press conference hall and media lounge have [[Wi-Fi]] access.<ref name=ndtv>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/pm-sonia-gandhi-inaugurate-communication-hub-in-new-delhi-409848 |title=PM, Sonia Gandhi inaugurate communication hub in New Delhi |publisher=NDTV.com |date=2013-08-24 |accessdate=2013-09-14}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mainpage.aspx Press Information Bureau, Official website]

[[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Mass media in India]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:News media in India]]
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 2013]]
[[Category:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]]

Jaypee Infratech homebuyers fraud

2026-04-14T10:24:53Z

Svetlltn:

{{Short description|Financial fraud in India}}
{{Financial risk types}}
'''Jaypee Infratech homebuyers fraud''' (also known as the '''Jaypee Infratech fraud''' or '''Jaypee Wishtown fraud''') refers to allegations of large-scale fund diversion from homebuyer payments by [[Jaypee Infratech]] and its parent Jaiprakash Associates Limited, part of the broader [[Jaypee Group]]. Over {{INRConvert|14599|c}} collected from 25,000+ homebuyers for Jaypee projects in [[Noida]] and [[Greater Noida]] was allegedly diverted to other group entities instead of construction, causing major delays, incomplete flats, and buyer losses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Nirbhay |date=2025-11-15 |title=Inside the ED case that led to the arrest of Jaypee Infra’s former chairman |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/ed-case-jaypee-infra-former-chairman-manoj-gaur-arrest-10367082/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

As of April 2026, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] is probing the case under [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002]], with key actions including the arrest of former chairman and managing director Manoj Gaur in November 2025 and attachment of assets worth {{INRConvert|400|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-20 |title=Former Jaypee Infratech MD Manoj Gaur surrenders in Delhi's Tihar Jail |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/former-jaypee-infratech-md-manoj-gaur-surrenders-in-delhis-tihar-jail-101771594005961.html |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-08 |title=Jaypee Group homebuyers’ fraud: ED attaches Rs 400 crore assets in money laundering case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/jaypee-group-homebuyers-fraud-ed-attaches-rs-400-crore-assets-money-laundering-10461424/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
In the late 2000s and 2010s, Jaypee Infratech built large housing projects along the [[Noida–Greater Noida Expressway]]. Particularly, the Jaypee Wish Town project in Sector 128, along with other projects in Sectors 129, 131, 133, and 134, was supposed to deliver homes to buyers around 2011–2012. However, there were major delays, and homebuyers complained that their payments were not used to complete the projects. Later, the company entered insolvency in 2017 under the [[Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016]] and the homebuyers were subsequently treated as financial creditors. It’s assets were taken over by Suraksha Realty through this process.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-01 |title=Hope for 20,000 homebuyers! Suraksha Group set to take over Jaypee Infratech in a boost for Noida's Wish Town project |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/hope-for-20000-homebuyers-suraksha-group-set-to-take-over-jaypee-infratech-in-a-boost-for-noidas-wish-town-project/articleshow/110608328.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It was found that funds were allegedly diverted to related entities, including group companies and trusts. Complaints were registered to the Economic Offences Wing led to FIRs citing cheating, conspiracy, and breach of trust.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Nirbhay |date=2026-03-24 |title=‘People have died waiting’: The 15-year nightmare of 25,000 homebuyers in Jaypee Greens, Noida |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/people-have-died-waiting-the-15-year-nightmare-of-25000-homebuyers-in-jaypee-greens-noida-10597847/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
In May 2025, the ED teams raided multiple locations in Delhi and National Capital Region<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=ED raids against Jaypee Infratech, others in ₹12,000 crore fraud case |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/regulatory/ed-conducts-raids-in-12000-crore-jaypee-infratech-fraud-case/121366655 |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=ETRealty.com |language=en}}</ref> and on 13 November 2025, it finally arrested the former chairman and managing director of the company Manoj Gaur, for his alleged role in diverting funds through intra-group transactions<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-11-13 |title=ED arrests former CMD of Jaypee Infratech |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/ed-arrests-jaypee-infratech-md-manoj-gaur-in-money-laundering-case/article70274176.ece |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-02-20 |title=Former Jaypee Infratech MD Manoj Gaur surrenders in Delhi's Tihar Jail after court rejects bail plea |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/former-jaypee-infratech-md-manoj-gaur-surrenders-in-delhis-tihar-jail-after-court-rejects-bail-plea/article70656180.ece |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>; he was later remanded to judicial custody, with bail denied.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-17 |title=Delhi court rejects ex-Jaypee Infratech MD Manoj Gaur's bail plea in money-laundering case |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhi-court-rejects-ex-jaypee-infratech-md-manoj-gaurs-bail-plea-in-money-laundering-case/articleshow/128472617.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In January 2026, the ED temporarily seized assets worth about ₹400 crore that were connected to related entities.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-01-07 |title=ED attaches ₹400 crore assets in Jaypee group homebuyers’ case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ed-attaches-400-crore-assets-in-jaypee-group-homebuyers-case/article70482294.ece |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite news |last1=Fernandes |first1=Jocelyn |last2=Narayan |first2=Subhash |title=Who is Manoj Gaur? Former Jaypee Infratech executive MD arrested in ₹14,599 crore alleged scam — all you need to know |work=Mint |date=13 November 2025 |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/manoj-gaur-former-jaypee-infratech-executive-md-arrest-ed-rs-14-599-crore-alleged-scam-homebuyers-funds-diverted-cheated-11763034907731.html |access-date=14 April 2026}}
* {{cite news |date=6 May 2024 |title=Jaypee Infratech Resolution Plan and belated claims of Homebuyers: SC issues notice to Jaypee Infratech Ltd. |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/05/06/sc-issues-notice-jaypee-infratech-over-belated-claims-of-homebuyers/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |work=SCC Online Blog}}

{{authoritycontrol}}
[[Category:Financial scandals]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]

Namita Mundada

2026-04-11T10:12:58Z

Svetlltn: Started a details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Namita Mundada
| image = Namita Mundada.jpg
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kaij Assembly constituency|Kaij]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = Incumbent
| predecessor = Sangeeta Vijayprakash Thombre
| successor = Incumbent
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1989|03|04}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = Politician
| children =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2019 - Present)
| other_party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (2014-2019)
| profession = Architect
| spouse = Akshay Mundada
| relatives = [[Vimal Mundada]] (Mother-in-Law)
| website =
}}

'''Namita Mundada''' is an Indian politician from Maharashtra. She is a second term member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2022 |title=Namita Akshay Mundada (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP):Constituency – KAIJ (SC) (BEED) Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=10028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121105824/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=10028 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=[[Association for Democratic Reforms|myneta.info]] |language=English}}</ref> from [[Kaij Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Kaij Election Results 2019 Live Updates (केज): Namita Akshay Mundada of BJP Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kaij-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359399.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121105327/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/politics/kaij-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359399.html |archive-date=21 November 2022 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website= [[News18 India]] |language=English
}}</ref><ref name="The 10 BJP dynasts who have won in Maharashtra">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=24 October 2019 |title=The 10 BJP dynasts who have won in Maharashtra |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2019/oct/24the-10-bjp-dynasts-who-have-won-in-maharashtra-election.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130063752/https://m.rediff.com/news/2019/oct/24the-10-bjp-dynasts-who-have-won-in-maharashtra-election.htm |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |publisher=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> in [[Beed]] city.

== Early life and background ==
Namita Mundada is from [[Beed]], Maharashtra. She was married Akshay Mundada.

== Career ==
Mundada won the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election from Kaij Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party entering the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |title="It's My Duty": 8-Month Pregnant MLA Attends Maharashtra Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/its-my-duty-8-month-pregnant-mla-namita-mundada-from-beed-attends-maharashtra-assembly-2187496 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra Election 2019 Winners Full List: Check full list of winning candidates in Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha Chunav 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026205732/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=English}}</ref> She is one of the 19 women in the assembly.<ref name="seven more">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |date=24 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra now has seven more women members in assembly |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Oct/24/maharashtra-now-has-seven-more-women-members-in-assembly-2052497.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124181202/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Oct/24/maharashtra-now-has-seven-more-women-members-in-assembly-2052497.html |archivedate=24 November 2024 |accessdate=24 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="24 women">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=26 October 2019 |title=Meet Maharashtra's 24 women MLAs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/meet-maharashtras-24-women-mlas/articleshow/71769844.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124092457/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/meet-maharashtras-24-women-mlas/articleshow/71769844.cms |archivedate=24 November 2024 |accessdate=24 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="19 of 235">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=24 October 2019 |title=Only 19 of 235 women contestants taste victory in Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/only-19-of-235-women-contestants-taste-victory/article29790751.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124181954/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/only-19-of-235-women-contestants-taste-victory/article29790751.ece |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

She first became an MLA winning the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Pruthviraj Shivaji Sathe of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] by a margin of 1,598 votes.

She was active in the assembly, and raised several critical issues during the [[COVID-19]] period.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-22 |title=Maharashtra: 11 die in Ambejogai hosp, families blame shortage of oxygen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-11-die-in-ambejogai-hosp-families-blame-shortage-of-oxygen/articleshow/82188091.cms |access-date=2024-11-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She also raised other problems related to sugarcane processing and infrastructure gaps.<ref>{{Cite book |last=रापतवार |first=सुदर्शन |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=mZAuEQAAQBAJ |title=सहज सुचलं म्हणून..! |date=2024-11-15 |publisher=Madhyam Publication's |isbn=978-81-902787-8-2 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=राज्यातील विजयी उमेदवारांची यादी येथे पाहा |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/articleshow/71749478.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026162142/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/amp_articleshow/71749478.cms |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Vimal Mundada]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mundada, Namita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Beed]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Keshav Desai

2026-04-10T04:50:03Z

Svetlltn: Started Some Pg Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Keshav Desai
| office = [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Mevaram Jatav]]
| state = Madhya Pradesh
| children = 5
| constituency1 = [[Gohad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gohad]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|03|02}}
| spouse = Darshan shree
| term_start = Dec 2023
}}

'''Keshav Desai''' is an Indian politician of the [[Indian National Congress]] party from Madhya Pradesh. He is a current member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gohad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=लाइव |first=एबीपी |date=2023-12-03 |title=Gohad Election Result 2023 Live: Inc के Keshav Desai की हुई जीत, Ind के Anil Kumar रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/gohad-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-mp-assembly-election-results-news-2550829 |access-date=2024-01-20 |work=[[ABP Live]]|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Gohad Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Keshav Desai wins Gohad with 69941 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gohad-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470379-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-01-20 |work=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=हिंदी |first=क्विंट |date=2023-12-03 |title=गोहद (SC) चुनाव रिजल्ट 2023 Live Updates: करीबी टक्कर मे कांग्रेस के केशव देसाई जीते |url=https://hindi.thequint.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-election/gohad-sc-election-result-2023-live-updates-counting-of-votes-madhya-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-news-bjp-congress-candidate |access-date=2024-01-20 |work=[[The Quint]]|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-12-03 |title=Gohad Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/gohad-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687475.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |work=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Keshav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Madhya Pradesh-stub}}

Sivananda yoga

2026-04-07T17:57:00Z

Svetlltn: creating new pg

{{short description|School of spiritual yoga}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox yoga school
| name = Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres
| image = File:Swami Vishnudevananda Teaching.jpg
| caption = [[Swami Vishnudevananda]] teaching the 12 basic asanas of Sivananda Yoga
| color = orange
| founding_guru = [[Swami Vishnudevananda]]
| founding_year = 1959
| related_schools = {{unbulleted list|[[Divine Life Society]]||[[Bihar School of Yoga]]||[[Integral yoga (Satchidananda)]]||[[Chinmaya Mission]]}}
| practice_emphases = [[Pranayama]], [[asana]]s, relaxation, diet, [[vedanta]] philosophy, and [[Dhyana in Hinduism|meditation]]
}}

'''Sivananda Yoga''' is a spiritual [[yoga]] system founded by [[Sivananda Saraswati|Sivananda]] and [[Vishnudevananda Saraswati|Vishnudevananda]]; it includes the use of [[asana]]s (yoga postures) but is not limited to them as in systems of [[yoga as exercise]]. Vishnudevananda named this system, as well as the international '''Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres''' organisation responsible for propagating its teachings, after his guru, Sivananda.<ref name="Sivananda inspire" group=S>{{cite web |url=https://inspire-sivananda.org/about-sivananda-yoga/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512140835/https://inspire-sivananda.org/about-sivananda-yoga/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=12 May 2019|title=Sivananda Lineage and Vision |publisher=Inspirasï |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>

Some other yoga organisations follow Sivananda's teachings, including the [[Divine Life Society]] (founded by Sivananda), [[Bihar School of Yoga]], [[Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)]] and the [[Chinmaya Mission]], but use different names for their yoga systems. Sivananda Yoga is the yoga system of the Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centre organisation, and is based on Sivananda's teachings to synthesise the principles of the four paths of yoga ([[Yoga of Synthesis]]) along with the five points of yoga compiled by Vishnudevananda.<ref group=S>{{cite web |url=https://www.sivananda.org/teachings/ |title=Teachings – Sivananda |publisher=International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> The four classical paths of yoga consist of [[Karma yoga|Karma Yoga]], [[bhakti yoga|Bhakti Yoga]], [[raja yoga|Raja Yoga]] and [[jnana yoga|Jnana Yoga]].<ref group=S>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/meditationmantra00vish |title=Meditation and Mantras |last=Swami |first=Vishnudevananda |author-link=Vishnudevananda Saraswati |date=1978 |publisher=OM Lotus Publishing |isbn=978-0-931546-01-3 |location=New York |oclc=5166096 }}</ref> These are: Proper Exercise ([[Asana|āsana]]), Proper Breathing ([[pranayama|prāṇāyāma]]), Proper Relaxation ([[savasana|śavāsana]]), Proper Diet and Positive Thinking ([[Vedanta|vedānta]]) and Meditation ([[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyāna]]).<ref group=S>{{cite book |title=Yoga Mind & Body |date=2008 |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] |others=Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centre (London, England) |isbn=978-1405315333 |edition=New |location=London |oclc=456830658}}</ref>

Starting in 2019, the Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres have dealt with widespread [[Sexual abuse by yoga gurus|allegations of sexual abuse]] and rape by its founder Vishnudevananda and at least one other high-level leader of the organisation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09lgymt |title=The Documentary Podcast, Guru: Living a lie |date=15 June 2021 |publisher=[[BBC World Service]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.br.de/nachrichten/deutschland-welt/missbrauchsvorwuerfe-in-der-yoga-szene,SFSCNIK |title=Missbrauchsvorwürfe in der Yoga-Szene |language=de |trans-title=Allegations of abuse in the yoga scene |date=5 November 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105160833/https://www.br.de/nachrichten/deutschland-welt/missbrauchsvorwuerfe-in-der-yoga-szene,SFSCNIK}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Sivananda ===

{{main|Sivananda Saraswati}}

[[File:Swami Sivananda Swami Vishnudevananda am Ganges.jpg|thumb|[[Swami Sivananda|Sivananda]] and [[Swami Vishnudevananda|Vishnudevananda]] by the [[Ganges]], {{circa}} 1950]]

[[Sivananda Saraswati|Swami Sivananda]] was a "famous"<ref name="Altglas 2007"/> and "widely influential"<ref name="Jain 2012"/> [[yoga guru]] of the 20th century. Like [[Tirumalai Krishnamacharya|Krishnamacharya]], he taught a system of postural yoga (using asanas).<ref name="Jain 2012">{{cite journal |last=Jain |first=Andrea |author-link=Andrea Jain |title=Branding yoga: The cases of Iyengar yoga, Siddha yoga and Anusara yoga |journal=[[Approaching Religion]] |volume=2 |issue=2 |year=2012 |pages=3-17 |url=https://journal.fi/ar/article/view/67499/27796}}</ref> He established the first Sivananda Ashram in 1932. His mission was to serve humanity by sharing his understanding of yoga, and in 1936, he founded the [[Divine Life Society]] in [[Rishikesh]] (in the north of India) to publish and freely distribute spiritual material. To make the teachings more accessible, he developed the [[Yoga of Synthesis]], a combination of the formal doctrines of yoga – the four paths of yoga – that he summarised as follows: 'Serve. Love. Give. Purify. Meditate. Realize.'<ref name="Sivananda inspire" group=S/> In addition, from 1936, he extensively publicised his brand of yoga by printing and circulating pamphlets both across India and in the Western world. This led to the publication of his book ''Yogic Home Exercises: Easy Course of Physical Culture for Modern Men and Women'' in English in 1959.<ref name="Jain 2012"/>

=== Vishnudevananda and other pupils ===

A German yoga practitioner, Boris Sacharow, studied Sivananda yoga from the pamphlets, and opened Germany's first Sivananda yoga school, without ever visiting Rishikesh.<ref name="Jain 2012"/> Another of Sivananda's pupils, [[Swami Satyananda Saraswati]], founded the influential [[Bihar School of Yoga]] in 1964.<ref name="Strauss 2005"/>

[[File:Sivananda Temple, Divine Life Society, Muni Ki Reti, Rishikesh.jpg|thumb|The [[Divine Life Society]]'s Sivananda Temple at Muni Ki Reti, [[Rishikesh]] ]]

In 1959, one of Sivananda's leading pupils, [[Swami Vishnudevananda]], was sent to the West to continue his teachings.<ref name="Sivananda inspire" group=S/> His mission was "to spread the teachings of yoga and the message of world peace".<ref name="Sivananda inspire" group=S/> This has since been refined to "practice and teach the ancient yogic knowledge for health, peace, [[unity in diversity]] and self-realization."<ref group=S>{{Cite web |url=https://inspire-sivananda.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512140838/https://inspire-sivananda.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=12 May 2019 |title=Sivananda Yoga |publisher=Inspirasï |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>

In 1960, Vishnudevananda published his guide to hatha yoga, ''[[The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga]]'', illustrated with studio photographs of himself demonstrating each pose.<ref group=S>{{cite book |author=Vishnudevananda |author-link=Swami Vishnudevananda |title=The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga |publisher=Three Rivers Press/[[Random House]] |location=New York | year=1988 |orig-year=1960 |isbn=0-517-88431-3 |oclc=32442598}}</ref> The book sold over a million copies by 1989.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga |journal=[[Yoga Journal]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-sDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10 |date=January 1989 |page=10}}</ref> The Sivananda asana program had "a profound effect"<ref name="Singleton 2010">{{cite book |title=Yoga Body: the origins of modern posture practice |title-link=Yoga Body |last=Singleton |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-539534-1 |pages=104, 135–137, 152, 216, 219 |oclc=318191988}}</ref> on the development of modern [[yoga as exercise]], which strongly emphasizes asanas.<ref name="Strauss 2005">{{cite book |title=Positioning Yoga: balancing acts across cultures |last=Strauss |first=Sarah |publisher=[[Berg Publishers|Berg]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-85973-739-2 |location=Oxford and New York |pages=97–100 |oclc=290552174|title-link=Positioning Yoga: balancing acts across cultures }}</ref>

Vishnudevananda set up Sivananda yoga centres in several countries, and created the Sivananda [[yoga teacher training]] course.<ref name="Jain 2012"/> By 2007, it had trained over 10,000 yoga teachers.<ref name="Altglas 2007"/> By 2012, there were over 80 Sivananda yoga centres,<ref name="Cook 2012"/> making it one of the world's largest yoga schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yoga Styles |url=https://digitalcommons.imsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=yoga_docs |publisher=[[Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy]] |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref> Vishnudevananda was the head of all operations of Sivananda Yoga and the Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centre from its establishment in 1959 until shortly before his death in 1993, when he transferred control to an executive board.<ref group=S>{{Cite web |url=https://sivananda.org/about/executive-board/ |title=Executive Board |last=SivaOmAdmin |website=Sivananda International |date=10 February 2019 |access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Stated aims ===

Sivananda yoga states that it is run on the principles of selfless service, or karma yoga.<ref name="Sivananda international" group=S>{{cite web |url=https://sivananda.org/ |title=International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres |last=SivaOmAdmin |publisher=International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres |access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref> It states that its core belief in the need for volunteer workers is that serving others is essential, as it diminishes selfishness and egoism, and brings practitioners closer to understanding the unity underlying all of creation.<ref name="Sivananda international" group=S/><ref group=S>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dlshq.org/teachings/karmayoga.htm |title=Karma Yoga |publisher=[[Divine Life Society]] |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Analysis ===

{{further|Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga}}

The scholar of religion Veronique Altglas writes that Sivananda yoga is a transnational neo-Hindu movement. In her view, it has simplified its teachings and developed new ways of propagating them outside India. The effect is to select from and reinterpret Hindu teachings to make them acceptable to westerners who are individualistic, subjectivist, relativist, and pragmatic in their religious beliefs. Altglas suggests that the success of Sivananda yoga "probably tells us more about religious attitudes in western societies today, than about Hinduism itself."<ref name="Altglas 2007">{{cite journal |last=Altglas |first=Veronique |title=The Global Diffusion and Westernization of Neo-Hindu Movements: Siddha Yoga and Sivananda Centres |journal=Religions of South Asia |volume=1 |issue=2 |date=14 December 2007 |doi=10.1558/rosa.v1i2.217 |pages=217–237 |url=https://journal.equinoxpub.com/ROSA/article/view/11297|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The historian of modern yoga [[Andrea Jain]] writes in her 2015 book ''[[Selling Yoga]]'' that Vishnudevananda and other students of Sivananda were among the first to build yoga brands and to [[Mass marketing|mass-market]] these to a global audience, effectively tying yoga to methods for achieving [[physical fitness]].{{sfn|Jain|2015|p=76}}

The yoga scholar Elliott Goldberg examined the role of Sivananda and Vishnudevananda in modern yoga history in his 2016 book ''[[The Path of Modern Yoga|The Path of Modern Yoga: The History of an Embodied Spiritual Practice]]''. The book is based on more than ten years of research using rare primary sources and describes how yoga changed in the early twentieth century, moving from a mainly sacred practice to one increasingly connected with health and physical fitness among middle-class Indians, and later developing into an embodied spiritual practice. Goldberg explores these changes through the lives of eleven influential figures, including Swami Sivananda and other early yoga teachers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Elliott |title=The Path of Modern Yoga: The History of an Embodied Spiritual Practice |title-link=The Path of Modern Yoga |publisher=[[Inner Traditions – Bear & Company|Inner Traditions]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1620555675}}</ref>

In his 2010 book ''[[Yoga Body]]'', the yoga scholar [[Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)|Mark Singleton]] argues that modern forms of yoga, including the asana programme taught in Sivananda Yoga, reflect a major reworking of earlier hatha yoga traditions. Singleton suggests that this involved placing more emphasis on posture practice, while many other hatha techniques were reduced or set aside, with a broader shift in focus away from spiritual liberation and toward physical exercise and health.<ref name="Singleton 20103">{{cite book |last=Singleton |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=Yoga Body: the origins of modern posture practice |title-link=Yoga Body|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-539534-1 |pages=104, 135–137, 152, 216, 219 |oclc=318191988}}</ref>

The organization's activities are carried out mainly by unpaid volunteers, known as [[Karma yoga|karma yogis]]. Some contribute a few hours per week as non-residents; others serve as full-time residential volunteers.<ref name="Klepinger 2015">{{cite thesis |last=Klepinger |first=Laurah E. |title=Flexible Labor in a Spiritual Economy: Peace, Work, and Inequality in Globalized Yoga |date=June 2015 |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=[[Syracuse University]] |url=https://surface.syr.edu/etd/268/}}</ref> [[Anthropologist]] Laurah Klepinger studied volunteering in South Indian branches of the organization's "spiritual economy".<ref name="Klepinger 2015"/> She contrasts the organization's reliance on volunteer labour with low-wage flexible work, writing that volunteers often have the cultural capital or economic flexibility to work without pay.<ref name="Klepinger 2015"/> [[Religious studies]] scholar Jens Uwe Augspurger similarly notes that teachers at yoga and training centres are not paid, with activities run in exchange for accommodation, food, and access to teaching programmes.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Augspurger |first=Jens Uwe |title=International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centers |encyclopedia=Database of Religious History |publisher=[[University of British Columbia]] |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubccommunityandpartnerspublicati/52387/items/1.0438183 |date=20 February 2023}}</ref>

=== Allegations of sexual abuse ===

{{further|Sexual abuse by yoga gurus|Vishnudevananda Saraswati}}

Allegations of sexual abuse and rape of female followers by Vishnudevananda started to become public in 2019 (long after his death) when his assistant Julie Salter posted her testimony about [[Sexual abuse by yoga gurus|sexual abuse committed against her by the guru]] to Facebook.<ref name="Salter 2019">{{cite web |last=Salter |first=Julie |url=https://www.facebook.com/julie.salter.777/posts/10159225076324358 |title=Julie Salter |website=Facebook |date=10 December 2019}}</ref> Since then, other followers have come forward with similar accounts.<ref name="Kaur 2021">{{cite AV media |last=Kaur |first=Ishleen |series=Guru: Yoga - Power - Abuse |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09lgymt |access-date=21 June 2021 |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=15 June 2021 |type=Podcast |title=Guru: Living a lie}}</ref> The International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres began but did not complete an investigation into the claims.<ref group=S>{{cite web |date=2020-06-16 |title=Statement 7 - 16th June 2020 |url=https://sivananda.org/ebm-statements/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417090446/https://sivananda.org/ebm-statements/ |archive-date=2023-04-17 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Sivananda.org}}</ref> In 2022 an independent "Project SATYA" investigated the claims and published three reports on its findings, with four allegations of sexual abuse against Vishnudevananda, and 31 allegations of sexual abuse and other types of abuse against the ISYVC and its staff, written in first-person narratives by the respective complainants. It found the allegations "credible".<ref name="Report #3">Carol Merchasin and Josna Pankhania. Project SATYA Investigation Interim Report #3. November 2020, p. 22 http://www.projectsatya.org/Investigation-Interim-Report-3-Project-SATYA.pdf</ref>

==Approach==

{{further|The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga}}

=== Five points of yoga ===

The Sivananda Yoga training system aims to teach an authentically [[Vedic]] system of yoga, in the belief that physical fitness is a byproduct of the discipline and not the goal. The system philosophies are summarised in [[Vishnudevananda]]'s 5 principles, each with their intended purposes:<ref name="WhatIsYoga" group=S>{{cite web |url=https://www.sivananda.org/?page_id=114 |title=What is Yoga? |publisher=International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres |access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="Cook 2012">{{cite journal |last=Cook |first=Jennifer |title=Not All Yoga Is Created Equal |journal=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=2012 |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/newtoyoga/165.cfm}} Also available at [https://ellenfarrell.com/PDF/what_is/yoga_meditation/Yoga_DifferetTypes_Yoga_Journal.pdf Ellenfarrell.com].</ref>

* Proper exercise: [[āsana]]s.<ref name="WhatIsYoga" group=S/><ref name="Cook 2012"/><ref>{{cite journal |title=La signification et les effets des Asanas et des Pranayamas - Le langage du corps |url=http://www.yogaindailylife.org/esystem/yoga/fr/020100/les-niveaux-d-exercices/la-signification-et-les-effets-des-asanas-et-des-pranayamas/ |website=yogaindailylife.org}}</ref> Enhances the flexibility of the joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments and stimulates circulation. Flexibility and strength of the spine keep the body youthful.<ref name="Sivananda international" group=S/>
* Proper breathing: [[Pranayama|prāṇāyāma]].<ref name="WhatIsYoga" group=S/><ref name="Cook 2012"/><ref>{{cite journal |title=What is Pranayama? |url=http://www.yogamag.net/archives/2009/haug09/pranay.shtml |journal=Yoga: Magazine of the Bihar School of Yoga}}</ref> Connects the body to the solar plexus, which is considered a storehouse of energy. Stress and depression can be overcome by breathing more deeply with increased awareness.<ref name="Sivananda international" group=S/>
* Proper relaxation: [[Savasana|śavāsana]].<ref name="WhatIsYoga" group=S/><ref name="Cook 2012"/><ref>{{cite journal |title=All about Yoga: What is Savasana? |url=http://www.spiritvoyage.com/blog/index.php/all-about-yoga-what-is-savasana/ |journal=Spirit Voyage |date=5 June 2012}}</ref> Relieves the body of existing stress symptoms (including muscle tension and breathlessness) and also helps develop resistance against external stress factors. Once body and mind are freed from constant overload they are at ease and perform more efficiently.<ref name="Sivananda international" group=S/>
* Proper diet: [[vegetarian]],<ref name="Cook 2012"/> including fruit, vegetables, grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, and milk.<ref name="WhatIsYoga" group=S/> Such foods are [[Sattvic diet|sattvic]]. Less suitable are [[Rajasic diet|rajasic foods]] like spices, fish, or stimulants such as tea, coffee, and chocolate; and [[Tamasic diet|tamasic foods]] like meat, alcohol, onions, and vinegar.<ref group=S>{{harvnb|Lidell|1983|pp=80-85}}</ref>
* Positive thinking and [[meditation]]: [[Vedanta|vedānta]] and [[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyāna]].<ref name="WhatIsYoga" group=S/><ref name="Cook 2012"/>{{sfn|Frawley|2000|loc=Introduction to Vedanta}} Eliminates negative thought patterns and provides an experience of inner peace by controlling the mind through meditation. Sivananda Yoga considers this to be the key to peace of mind.<ref name="Sivananda international" group=S/>

=== Twelve basic asanas ===

Sivananda Yoga identifies a group of twelve [[asana]]s as basic.<ref name="SB" group=S>{{cite web |title=The 12 Basic Asanas |url=https://sivanandalondon.org/twelve-basic-asanas/ |publisher=Sivananda London Yoga Vedanta Centre |access-date=4 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Cook 2012"/> Emphasis is on mastering these twelve basic asanas first, from which variations are then added to further deepen into the practice. The twelve asanas follow a precise order, allowing for a systematic balanced engagement of every major part of the body - with the primary intention of allowing the prana, or life force energy, to circulate more freely.<ref group=S>{{cite web |title=12 Basic Asanas |website=Sivananda Ashram Yoga Ranch |url=https://sivanandayogaranch.org/twelve-basic-asanas/ |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>

A session of hatha yoga typically starts with practitioners resting in ''[[Savasana|śavāsana]]'', continuing onto prāṇāyāma (breathing exercises) [[kapalabhati]] and [[Anuloma Viloma|anuloma viloma]], followed by 6-8 rounds of [[Sūrya Namaskār|sūrya namaskār]], before the standard program of the 12 basic asanas. A Sivananda hatha yoga session averages between 90 and 120 minutes.<ref group=S>{{harvnb|Lidell|1983|pp=29-31, 66-67}}</ref>

<gallery mode="nolines" heights="100" caption="The twelve basic asanas of Sivananda yoga">
File:Śīrṣāsana ◦ Headstand I yoga āsana.jpg|'''[[Śīrṣāsana|Śīrṣāsana ◦ Headstand]]'''
File:Sarvāṅgāsana ◦ Shoulderstand I yoga āsana.jpg|'''[[Sarvangasana|Sarvāṅgāsana ◦ Shoulderstand]]'''
File:Halāsana ◦ Plough I yoga āsana.jpg|'''[[Halasana|Halāsana ◦ Plough]]'''
File:Matsyāsana ◦ Fish I yoga āsana.jpg|'''[[Matsyasana|Matsyāsana ◦ Fish]]'''
File:Pascimothanāsana ◦ Sitting Forward Bend I yoga āsana.jpg|'''[[Paschimottanasana|Pascimothanāsana ◦ Sitting Forward Bend]]'''
File:Bhujaṅgāsana ◦ Cobra I yoga āsana.jpg|'''[[Bhujangasana|Bhujaṅgāsana ◦ Cobra]]'''
File:Śalabhāsana ◦ Locust I yoga āsana.jpg|'''[[Salabhasana|Śalabhāsana ◦ Locust]]'''
File:Dhanurāsana ◦ Bow I yoga āsana.jpg|'''[[Dhanurasana|Dhanurāsana ◦ Bow]]'''
File:Ardha Matsyendrāsana ◦ Half Spinal Twist I yoga āsana.jpg|'''[[Matsyendrasana|Ardha Matsyendrāsana ◦ Half Spinal Twist]]'''
File:Kakāsana ◦ Crow I yoga āsana.jpg|'''[[Bakasana|Kakāsana ◦ Crow]]'''
File:Pada Hastāsana ◦ Standing Forward Bend I yoga āsana.jpg|'''[[Uttanasana|Pada Hastāsana ◦ Standing Forward Bend]]'''
File:Trikoṇāsana ◦ Triangle I yoga āsana.jpg|'''[[Trikonasana|Trikoṇāsana ◦ Triangle]]'''
</gallery>

== References ==

=== Primary ===

These citations to Sivananda Yoga sources are provided to support basic facts about the organisation.

{{reflist|group=S}}

=== Secondary ===

{{reflist}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book |last=Frawley |first=David |title=Vedantic Meditation |url=http://www.swamij.com/vedantic-meditation.htm |publisher=[[North Atlantic Books]] |year=2000 |chapter=Introduction to Vedanta |isbn=978-1556433344}}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Andrea |author-link=Andrea Jain |title=Selling Yoga: from Counterculture to Pop culture |title-link=Selling Yoga |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-939024-3 |oclc=878953765}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lidell |first1=Lucy |author2=The Sivananda Yoga Centre [London] |title=The Book of Yoga: the complete step-by-step guide |publisher=[[Ebury Publishing|Ebury]] |location=London |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-85223-297-2 |oclc=12457963 |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofyoga0000lide |ref={{harvid|Lidell|1983}} }}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |last=Klepinger |first=Laurah E. |title=Sivananda Yoga in the West: an experimental autoethnography, from Los Angeles to South India and back |publisher=[[University of California]] (MA Thesis) |date=2001 |oclc=50290033 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Newcombe |first=Suzanne |author-link=Suzanne Newcombe |title=Revival of Yoga in Contemporary India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2017 |oclc=8158566087 |ref=none}}
* [[Swami Vishnudevananda]] (1960) ''[[The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga]]'', [[Three Rivers Press]], New York. {{ISBN|0-517-88431-3}}
* ''The Sivananda Companion to Meditation'' (2003), [[Gaia Books]], Fireside, New York. {{ISBN|0-7432-4611-X}}
* ''The Sivananda Companion to Yoga'' (1981–2000), [[Gaia Books]], Fireside, New York. {{ISBN|0-684-87000-2}}
* ''Yoga Mind and Body'' (1996, 2008), [[Dorling Kindersley]], London. {{ISBN|0-7894-0447-8}}
* ''Yoga: Your Home Practice Companion'' (2009), [[Dorling Kindersley]], London. {{ISBN|0-7566-5729-6}}

== External links ==

{{Commonscat}}

* [https://www.sivananda.org/ Official website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8CByUncXfk Sivananda Yoga 30 min practice] - Sivananda Yoga Centre, Gurgaon
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bmMww1Wo6Tc Sivananda Yoga 60 min Practice] - Sivananda Yoga Centre, Gurgaon

{{Yoga as exercise}}
{{Asana}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism}}

[[Category:Modern Denominational Yoga]]
[[Category:Yoga styles]]
[[Category:Yoga schools]]

Malati Murmu

2026-04-03T17:59:52Z

Svetlltn: Started entry.

{{notability|1=Biographies|date=March 2026}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}

'''Malati Murmu''' is an Indian social worker and educator from Jiling Sereng, a remote tribal village in [[Purulia district|Purulia]], West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Indrajit Roy |date=2025-07-16 |title=Where the Red Earth Teaches: The Quiet Revolution of Malati Murmu |url=https://indroyc.com/2025/07/16/where-the-red-earth-teaches-the-quiet-revolution-of-malati-murmu/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Indrosphere |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-10 |title=Malati Murmu: How One Teacher in a Remote Village of West Bengal Is Changing Education Through a Free School |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/people/malati-murmu-how-one-teacher-in-a-remote-village-of-west-bengal-is-changing-education-through-a-free-school-article-153128135 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> She is known for her efforts in educating children of the village with low adult literacy and minimal availability of formal education. Notably, she started Maltibala School, a mudroom structure with two classrooms, where she teaches local students basic lessons in English, Math, and Science.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-12 |title=Tribal homemaker builds free school for village children in remote Purulia |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/tribal-homemaker-builds-free-school-for-village-children-in-remote-purulia-2754843-2025-07-12 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-07-13 |title=A Tribal Housewife In Bengal's Ayodhya Hills Ignites Light Of Education In Poor Children |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!offbeat/a-tribal-housewife-in-bengals-ayodhya-hills-ignites-light-of-education-in-poor-children-enn25071302125 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Malati came to Jiling Sereng in 2019 after her marriage to Banka Murmu. While the village had a primary school, Malati felt that adult literacy was limited and quality of primary education was poor. She decided to start teaching kids at her own house. She efforts were slowly recognised as recognition among villagers grew and enrolment increased to over 45 students. Eventually, they helped her build a thatched hut with two classrooms and a blackboard each.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumari |first=Pragya |title=One woman, one hut, 45 students: a school built from nothing |url=https://educationpost.in/news/education/one-woman-one-hut-45-students-a-school-built-from-nothing |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=educationpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Malati has two children.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Literacy in India]]
* [[Education in West Bengal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murmu, Malati}}
[[Category:Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mistri (term)

2026-03-27T20:53:41Z

Svetlltn: Started new details

{{Short description|Gujarati term for a construction expert or foreman}}
{{for|the Mistry caste|Mistri (caste)}}

'''Mistri''', or '''Mistry''', is a term for a master-craftsman, foreman or supervisor of manual workers in India.<ref name="IJOP">{{cite journal|title=Indian journal of psychology |year=1956 |volume=31–32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5EtAAAAMAAJ&q=mistry |accessdate=18 January 2011|page=89|publisher=Indian Psychological Association}}</ref> Mistri is being replaced with terms "supervisor" and master craftsman with "Senior Technician" by the Indian Railway who replaced the designation of Mistris and Master Craftsman with terms "supervisor" and "senior technician" in year 2005 making the term Mistri redundant in Indian Railways.<ref name="GOVRAIL1">{{cite web |title=Sub: Filling up of promotion quota vacancies in the category of JE Gr.II scale Rs.5000-8000 consequent upon the implementation implementation of V Pay Commission scales of pay |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/indianrailways/directorate/establishment/sel_policy_31-2k5.jsp |publisher= GOVERNMENT OF INDIA/BHARAT SARKAR MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS/RAIL MANTRALAYA (RAILWAY BOARD)|accessdate=18 January 2011 |date=22 February 2005 |quote=The avenue for promotion of Mistries (Redesignated as Supervisors)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801000000*/https://indianrailways.gov.in/indianrailways/directorate/establishment/sel_policy_31-2k5.jsp |website=web.archive.org |access-date=7 June 2025}} </ref><ref>[https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/establishment/ENG-I/Electricals/2005.02.22.pdf] The avenue for promotion of Mistries (Redesignated as Supervisors) and
Master Craftsmen (Redesignated as Sr. Technicians)</ref>

The word ''Mistri'', or ''Mistry'', is adopted into the [[Gujarati language]] from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] word ''Mestre'' meaning ''Master'' or ''Teacher''.<ref name="COLLINS1">{{cite web|title=Collins Portuguese Dictionary 2nd edition|url=http://dictionary.reverso.net/portuguese-english/mestre|publisher=Collins|year=2001|accessdate=18 January 2011}}</ref> The Portuguese were present in Gujarat since 1500 in [[Diu, India|Diu]]. The [[Mistris of Kutch]] and [[Kadia Kshatriya]] communities worked on building [[Diu, India|Diu]] Fort and the Portuguese called them ''Mestre'' due to their skills at fort building.<ref>Kadia Kshatriya Ithihas : 1896</ref><ref>Kadia Kshatriya Abhudaya : Kutch</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Baitade |first=G. b |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.494949 |title=Amchi Jata. |date=1916}}</ref>

Mistri besides carpenter for ([[Kumawat]], [[Suthar]] community) also meant [[General contractor|Contractor]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UbQTsZnWY4AC&dq=mistri+kutch&pg=PA768] American anthropology, 1971-1995: papers from the American anthropologist edited by Regna Darnell page 768</ref><ref name=":0" /> (mainly for [[Mistris of Kutch]] - majority of whom worked as Railway Contractors, Foreman, Supervisor during British India and are noted for their construction of railway bridges<ref>{{cite web |title=Gurjar Kshatriyas in India |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Gurjar-Kshatriyas-36231.htm |website=www.india9.com |access-date=12 July 2025}}</ref> and laying railway lines).<ref name=":0" /> Many [[Parsi]] family working as Contractor, therefore, also adopted surname Mistry, as their occupational surname. One such famous Parsi businessman is [[Pallonji Mistry]].

The word Mistri or Mistry in Gujarat is today identified with people, who are expert in building construction.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Gaidher]]
* [[Mistry (Surname)]]
* [[Mistri (caste)]]
* [[Raj Mistry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Gujarati language]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]

Surat Cantral GSRTC Bus Terminal

2026-03-23T05:02:52Z

Svetlltn: creating new pg

{{Short description|Bus station in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Surat Central GSRTC Bus Terminal
| name_lang = gu
| type = Bus Terminus
| other_name = Surat Central Bus Station
| style =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Surat]]
| borough = [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21.203924|N|72.839859|E|display=inline,title}}
| operator = [[Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation]] (GSRTC)
| line =
| bus_operators = *[[GSRTC]]
*[[RSRTC]]
*[[MSRTC]]
*[[MPSRTC]]
*[[UPSRTC]]
| other = *[[Surat railway station]]
* [[Surat City Bus Terminal]]
* [[Surat Metro]]
* [[Surat BRTS]]
* [[Surat high-speed railway station|Bullet Train]]
| structure = At-grade
| platforms = 12
| bus_routes = *[[Gujarat]]
*[[Rajasthan]]
*[[Maharashtra]]
*[[Madhya Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
*[[Diu and Daman]]
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened =
| accessible = yes
| owned = [[Government of Gujarat]]
| former =
| passengers =
| website = {{URL|www.gsrtc.in}}
}}
'''Surat Central GSRTC Bus Terminal''' or '''Surat Central Bus Station''' is the main [[bus terminal]] in Surat, India, for long-distance and inter-state buses operated by the Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC).<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023-02-01 |title=EXPANSION & FUTURISTIC DEVELOPMENT OF GSRTC BUS TERMINUS – SURAT |url=https://doi.org/10.56726/irjmets32557 |journal=International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science |doi=10.56726/irjmets32557 |issn=2582-5208|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bus stations in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surat district]]

Budge Budge

2026-03-22T09:54:19Z

Svetlltn: added info

{{Short description|City in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Budge Budge
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Cities and towns in West Bengal|City]]
| image_skyline = Budge Budge Municipality.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption = Budge Budge Municipality
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4736567|N|88.173933|E|region:IN-WB|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Budge Budge Municipality
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 9.06
| area_footnotes =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 7
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 76,837
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 85.14 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 945 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700137
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-19]], [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-20]], [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-95]], [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-96]], [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-97]], [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB-98]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Budge Budge Assembly constituency|Budge Budge]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.budgebudgemunicipality.org/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Budge Budge''' ({{IPA|bn|bɔd͡ʒbɔd͡ʒ|lang|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-বজবজ.wav}}) is a city and a municipality of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html|title=Base Map of Kolkata Metropolitan Area|access-date=3 September 2007|publisher=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000049/http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html|archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=360| height=300| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|26|30|N|88|12|35|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the western part of Alipore Sadar subdivision (including Budge Budge I & II, Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly Bakrahat is in Bishnupur II CD block, but Lakshmibala Rural Hospital at Bakrahat serves Budge Budge II CD block and so it is included here.

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|27|15|N|88|8|2|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Pujali | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Pujali]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|28|25|N|88|10|26|E}} | label-pos2=top|label2=Budge Budge| numbered2=M| mark-title2= Budge Budge (M) |shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|28|8|N|88|11|59|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Uttar Raypur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Uttar Raypur]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|28|37|N|88|12|51|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4=Balarampur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Balarampur, Budge Budge]] (CT)| shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|26|55|N|88|11|7|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Buita| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Buita]] (CT)| shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|27|37|N|88|10|27|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Benjanhari Acharial| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Benjanhari Acharial]] (CT)| shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|27|38|N|88|10|0|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Abhirampur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Abhirampur]] (CT)| shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|27|20|N|88|10|22|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Nischintapur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Nischintapur, Budge Budge]] (CT)| shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|25|40|N|88|9|18|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9=Birlapur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Birlapur]] (CT)| shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|25|48|N|88|10|25|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Chak Kashipur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Chak Kashipur]] (CT)| shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|24|56|N|88|9|55|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Chak Alampur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Chak Alampur]] (CT)| shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|24|30|N|88|11|7|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Bowali| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Bowali]] (CT)| shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|24|15|N|88|9|4|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Dakshin Raypur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Dakshin Raypur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|22|55|N|88|8|51|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Poali| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Poali]] (CT)| shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|24|5|N|88|10|41|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Nodakhali| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Nodakhali]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|23|55|N|88|10|5|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Dongaria| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Dongaria]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|22|6|N|88|6|40|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Burul| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Burul]] (R)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|23|45|N|88|13|15|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Bakrahat| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Bakrahat]] (R)|shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|30|43|N|88|15|3|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Maheshtala| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Maheshtala]] (M)
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|28|55|N|88|15|55|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Chata Kalikapur| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Chata Kalikapur]] (CT)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|27|15|N|88|13|55|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Rameswarpur| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Rameswarpur, Maheshtala]] (CT)| shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|28|19|N|88|16|0|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Ganye|labela22= Gangadharpur| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Ganye Gangadharpur]] (CT)| shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|27|35|N|88|15|40|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=Asuti| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Asuti]] (CT)| shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|26|52|N|88|17|25|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Hanspukuria| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Hanspukuria]] (CT)| shape-color24=#A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|25|1|N|88|15|47|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Samali| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Samali]] (CT)| shape-color25=#A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|29|50|N|88|13|17|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Nungi| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Nungi]] (R)|shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|30|47|N|88|12|47|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Batanagar| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Batanagar]] (R)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|22|0|N|88|6|5|E}} |label28=Hooghly | label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-75| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|23|0|N|88|6|45|E}} |label29= River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=-45| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none}}

===Area overview===
Alipore Sadar subdivision is the most urbanized part of the South 24 Parganas district. 59.85% of the population lives in the urban areas and 40.15% lives in the rural areas. In the northern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 21 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the subdivision, on the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]], is an [[alluvium|alluvial]] stretch, with industrial development.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas|work= Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Budge Budge is located at {{coord|22.4736567|N|88.173933|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|7|m}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Baj_Baj.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Budge Budge]</ref>

[[Balarampur, Budge Budge|Balarampur]], [[Uttar Raypur]], [[Buita]], [[Benjanhari Acharial]], [[Abhirampur]] and [[Nischintapur, Budge Budge|Nischintapur]] form a cluster of census towns around Budge Budge and [[Pujali]], as per the map of the Budge Budge I CD block on the page number 167 in the ''District Census Handbook 2011'' for the South 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 167 – Map of Budge Budge I CD block | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>

===Climate===
[[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]] classifies its climate as [[tropical wet and dry climate|tropical wet and dry]] (Aw).
<div style="width:100%">
{{Weather box
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|location=Budge Budge
|temperature colour=pastel
|Jan high C=25.4
|Feb high C=27.7
|Mar high C=31.4
|Apr high C=33.1
|May high C=33.4
|Jun high C=32.3
|Jul high C=30.7
|Aug high C=30.8
|Sep high C=31.2
|Oct high C=30.8
|Nov high C=28.1
|Dec high C=25.1

|Jan mean C=19.9
|Feb mean C=22.7
|Mar mean C=27
|Apr mean C=29.3
|May mean C=30
|Jun mean C=29.5
|Jul mean C=28.5
|Aug mean C=28.6
|Sep mean C=28.5
|Oct mean C=27.5
|Nov mean C=23.5
|Dec mean C=20

|Jan low C=14.5
|Feb low C=17.7
|Mar low C=22.6
|Apr low C=25.6
|May low C=26.7
|Jun low C=26.8
|Jul low C=26.4
|Aug low C=26.4
|Sep low C=25.9
|Oct low C=24.2
|Nov low C=19
|Dec low C=14.6

|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm=14
|Feb precipitation mm=17
|Mar precipitation mm=20
|Apr precipitation mm=34
|May precipitation mm=96
|Jun precipitation mm=244
|Jul precipitation mm=323
|Aug precipitation mm=322
|Sep precipitation mm=321
|Oct precipitation mm=172
|Nov precipitation mm=30
|Dec precipitation mm=1

|source 1= ''Climate-Data.org'' (altitude: 7 m)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/969447/ |title=Climate: Budge Budge |publisher=Climate Data |access-date=2014-01-14 }}</ref>
}}
</div>

==Demographics==
===Population===
{{Historical populations
| 1901 | 13051
| 1911 | 17982
| 1921 | 25723
| 1931 | 24183
| 1941 | 32394
| 1951 | 32196
| 1961 | 39824
| 1971 | 51039
| 1981 | 70404
| 1991 | 77575
| 2001 | 81554
| 2011 | 76837
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1362/download/4462/DH_2011_1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH_TWENTY_FOUR_PARGANAS.pdf | title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1031 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 999-1006 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 17 October 2019}}</ref>
}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Budge Budge had a total population of 76,837, of which 39,510 (51.42%) were males and 37,327 (48.58%) were females. It had a population density of {{convert|8481|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} with a sex ratio of 945 females for every 1000 males. There were 6,946 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years which is 9.04% of the total population. The Scheduled Castes numbered 7,015 (9.13%) and the Scheduled Tribes numbered 103 (0.13%). The total number of literate persons was 59,504 (85.14% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 32,078 (89.05% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 27,426 (80.97% of the female population over 6 years). Budge Budge had a total of 18,055 households as per report released by 2011 Census of India.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1363/download/4466/DH_2011_1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH_TWENTY_FOUR_PARGANAS.pdf | title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-B, Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract | work = Urban PCA-Town wise Primary Census Abstract, Pages 536-583 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 17 October 2019}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Budge Budge (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 95.23 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 4.54 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.22 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.01 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 95.23% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 4.54% [[Hindi]] and 0.22% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Budge Budge (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|69.61}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|29.28}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.49}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.40}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|0.02}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|0.04}}
{{bar percent|Others or not stated|Black|0.16}}
}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], 69.61% of the population is [[Hindu]], 29.28% [[Muslim]], 0.49% [[Christian]], 0.40% [[Sikh]], 0.02% [[Buddhist]] and 0.04% [[Jainism|Jain]]. 0.16% did not state a religion in the census.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Municipality===

Budge Budge Municipality covers an area of {{cvt|9.06|km2}}. It has jurisdiction over the entire city of Budge Budge. The municipality was established in {{start date and age|1900}}. It is divided into 20 administrative wards. Since the 2022 municipal election, it is being controlled by the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://westbengalvaluationboard.gov.in/home/municipality_corporation_details/RGZPSFVsWm9NUHlDdkVoMWo4VjhMRHZIR09FUWZ2dnhjOWEwbVhhLzkwZVdCcHdCV3VTcWtoTTZWQ1JabDhEa2hFVzNMb1JZeS9UZHNsOW9LYU1BWnc9PQ== | title = Budge Budge Municipality | work = West Bengal Valuation Board | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbdma.gov.in/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Budge_Budge.htm|title=Budge Budge Municipality|work=Department of Municipal Affairs|publisher=Government of West Bengal|access-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421011803/http://wbdma.gov.in/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Budge_Budge.htm|archive-date=21 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Police station===
Budge Budge police station covers an area of {{cvt|49.61|km2}}. It has jurisdiction over parts of the Budge Budge Municipality, and the [[Budge Budge I]] and [[Budge Budge II]] CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://diamondharbourpolice.wb.gov.in/ps-detail/17 |title = Budge Budge police station | work= Diamond Harbour police district |publisher= West Bengal police | access-date = 17 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 October 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Budge Budge is on the Budge Budge Trunk Road.<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Budge Budge railway station]] is on the [[Sealdah South section|Sealdah–Budge Budge line]] of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]].<ref name="google"/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-budge-budge-local-34112/14726/325/10455#st |title = 34112 Sealdah – Budge Budge Local | work= Time Table |publisher= India Rail Info | access-date = 3 November 2019 }}</ref>

===Commuters===
With the electrification of the railways, suburban traffic has grown tremendously since the 1960s. As of 2005–2006, more than 1.7 million (17 lakhs) commuters use the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system daily. After the partition of India, refugees from East Pakistan/ Bangladesh had a strong impact on the development of urban areas in the periphery of Kolkata. The new immigrants depended on Kolkata for their livelihood, thus increasing the number of commuters. Eastern Railway runs 1,272 EMU trains daily.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328319153 | title = Commuting and Metropolitan Development of Kolkata |first= Bhaswati| last= Mondal| access-date = 29 December 2019}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Abhinas Ruidas|Abinas Ruidas]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Abhinas Ruidas |date=2025-07-14 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abhinas_Ruidas&oldid=1300468686 |access-date=2025-10-02 |language=en}}</ref> footballer

==Education==
* [[Budge Budge College]], established in 1971, is affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]. It offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, political science, philosophy, economics, geography, education, mathematics and accounting & finance, and general degree courses in arts, science, and accounting & finance.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://wbbudgebudgecollege.org | title = Budge Budge College | publisher = BBC | access-date = 25 October 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Budge Budge Institute of Technology]], established in 2009, offers diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate degree courses in Engineering and Technology and other allied fields.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.bbit.edu.in/ |title = Budge Budge Institute of Technology |publisher= BBIT | access-date = 29 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://collegedunia.com/college/13117-budge-budge-institute-of-technology-bbit-kolkata/admission |title = Budge Budge Institute of Technology |publisher= CollegeDunia | access-date = 29 October 2019 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Budge Budge ESI Hospital, with 300 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Budge Budge.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 December 2019 | archive-date = 14 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Maheshtala]]
*[[Batanagar]]
*[[Diamond Harbour]]
*[[Barasat]]
*[[Barrackpore]]
*[[Basirhat]]
*[[Kolkata]]
*[[Howrah]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Neighbourhoods in South Kolkata}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck

2026-03-18T14:42:06Z

Svetlltn: corrected layout also

{{Short description|King of Bhutan since 2006}}
{{Bhutanese name}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= March 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
| image = Prime_Minister_of_Bharat_Shri_Narendra_Damodardas_Modi_with_Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck_and_Jetsun_Pema_(cropped).jpg
| caption = Khesar in 2024
| alt =
| reign = 9 December 2006 – present
| coronation = 6 November 2008
| succession = [[King of Bhutan]]
| predecessor = [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]]
| suc-type = [[Heir apparent]]
| successor = [[Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rspnbhutan.org/news-and-events/news/631-celebrating-the-royal-birth-of-his-royal-highness-the-gyalsey.html |title=Rspnbhutan |access-date=23 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302151852/http://www.rspnbhutan.org/news-and-events/news/631-celebrating-the-royal-birth-of-his-royal-highness-the-gyalsey.html |archive-date=2 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|2|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kathmandu]], Nepal
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Jetsun Pema]]|13 October 2011}}
| issue = {{unbulleted list|[[Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck]]|[[Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck]]|Sonam Yangden Wangchuck}}
| dynasty = [[Wangchuck dynasty|Wangchuck]]
| father = [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]]
| mother = [[Tshering Yangdon]]
| religion = [[Drukpa Kagyu]]
| module = {{Infobox person | embed=yes
| education = [[Wheaton College (Massachusetts)|Wheaton College]] [[Magdalen College, Oxford]] ([[MPhil]])
}}
| signature = Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck signature.svg
| signature_alt = Signature of Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
}}
{{Royal Family of Bhutan}}

'''Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|dʒ|ɪ|ɡ|ˌ|m|iː||k|eɪ|ˈ|s|ɝ||n|ɑː|m|ˈ|ɡ|ɛ|l|_|w|ɑː|ŋ|ˈ|tʃ|uː|k|audio=En-us-Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck from Bhutan pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg}};<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pronounce - Search Results |url=https://pronounce.voanews.com/searchresults.php?keywords=WANGCHUCK,+JIGME+KHESAR+NAMGYEL |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=VOA Pronounce}}</ref> {{langx|dz|འཇིགས་མེད་གེ་སར་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་དབང་ཕྱུག་}}, {{bo|w=jigs med ge sar rnam rgyal dbang phyug}}}} (born 21 February 1980) is the current [[King of Bhutan]], reigning since 9 December 2006.<ref name="brittanica-bio">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jigme-Khesar-Namgyal-Wangchuk|title=Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="gov-legacy">{{cite web|url=http://www.bhutan2008.bt/dz/node/529|access-date=6 November 2008|title=A Legacy of Two Kings|publisher=Bhutan Department of Information Technology|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327104628/http://www.bhutan2008.bt/dz/node/529|archive-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> A member of the [[Wangchuck dynasty]], he is the eldest son of King [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]], and his third wife, Queen [[Tshering Yangdon]].<ref name="Genealogy">{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/asia/bhutan.html |title=Genealogy |access-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328204251/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/asia/bhutan.html |archive-date=28 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He received his early education in Bhutan before studying abroad in the United States and the United Kingdom, ultimately graduating from [[Wheaton College (Massachusetts)|Wheaton College]] with a degree in politics.<ref name="bbc-king-profile">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-15287281|title=Profile: Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck|work=BBC News|date=13 October 2011|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

His father abdicated the throne on 14 December 2006 after 34 years of rule, making Jigme Khesar the world's youngest reigning monarch at the time, aged 26.<ref name="nytimes-young-king">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/04/world/asia/04iht-bhutan.1.17507932.html|title=A new king takes the helm of Bhutan's young democracy|work=The New York Times|date=4 November 2008|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> His formal coronation ceremony took place on 6 November 2008, coinciding with the centenary of Bhutan's monarchy.<ref name="reuters-young">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/in-bhutans-young-democracy-a-dragon-king-comes-of-age-idUSTRE79B16A/|title=In Bhutan's young democracy, a Dragon King comes of age|work=Reuters|date=11 October 2011|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> Since ascending the throne, he has overseen Bhutan's transition to a [[constitutional monarchy]], including the adoption of the [[Constitution of Bhutan]] in 2008 and the country’s first parliamentary elections. He is widely recognized for his commitment to [[Gross National Happiness]], the guiding principle of Bhutanese governance, and has championed policies on environmental conservation, youth empowerment, and international diplomacy, particularly strengthening ties with India and China.<ref name="brittanica-bio" />

In recent years, Jigme Khesar has promoted sustainable development initiatives, including the 2023 launch of [[Gelephu Mindfulness City]], an economic hub emphasizing mindfulness and green innovation, supporting growth while maintaining Bhutan's carbon-negative status. This effort earned him recognition on the [[Time 100|''Time'' 100 Climate]] list in 2024.<ref name="time100">{{cite web|url=https://time.com/7172541/jigme-khesar-namgyel-wangchuck/|title=TIME100 Climate 2024: Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck|publisher=TIME|date=12 November 2024|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> He has further strengthened bilateral relations with India through high-level visits, including a December 2024 visit focused on energy partnerships and economic collaboration, and represented Bhutan at international events such as the [[coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla]] in 2023 and the funeral of former Indian prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] in 2024.<ref name="visit-india-official">{{cite web|url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/joint-statement-on-the-official-visit-of-his-majesty-the-king-of-bhutan-jigme-khesar-namgyel-wangchuck-to-india-05-06-december-2024/|title=Joint Statement on the Official Visit of His Majesty The King of Bhutan Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck to India (05-06 December, 2024)|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and External Trade, Bhutan|date=5 December 2024|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="economic-times-india">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bhutans-king-jigme-khesar-namgyel-wangchuck-attends-manmohan-singhs-funeral/articleshow/116769123.cms|title=Bhutan’s King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck attends Manmohan Singh’s funeral|work=The Economic Times|date=28 December 2024|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> Domestically, he has promoted youth programs such as the Gyalsung National Service, whose first 2025 cohort completed training in June 2025, and has received honorary doctorates for contributions to creative and ethical development from [[Thammasat University]] in 2024 and [[Chiba Institute of Technology]] in 2025.<ref name="dailybhutan-cohort">{{ cite web | url=https://www.dailybhutan.com/article/first-2025-gyalsung-cohort-completes-national-service-training | date=1 Jul 2025 | access-date=1 Oct 2025 | first=Joni | last=Herison |title=First 2025 Gyalsung Cohort Completes National Service Training | work=Daily Bhutan }}</ref><ref name="ann-bhutan-cohort">{{ cite web | url=https://asianews.network/first-cohort-of-bhutans-gyalsups-completes-training/ | title=First cohort of Bhutan’s Gyalsups completes training | work=Asian News Network | date=5 Dec 2023 | access-date=1 Oct 2025 }}</ref>

In 2011, he married [[Jetsun Pema]], a commoner, in a traditional [[Buddhist]] ceremony. The couple has three children: [[Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck]], [[Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck]], and Sonam Yangden Wangchuck.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} As head of the Wangchuck dynasty, he continues the legacy of his predecessors, including his great-grandfather [[Ugyen Wangchuck]], founder of modern Bhutan in 1907, and his grandfather [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]], who initiated mid-20th-century modernization reforms.

== Early life and education ==
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck was born on 21 February 1980 at [[Kathmandu]] (maternity Hospital).<ref>{{Cite web |title= I have emotional tie with Nepal as I was born in there : Bhutan King Jigme Khesar|url=https://www.southasiatime.com/2019/10/20/i-have-emotional-tie-with-nepal-as-i-was-born-in-there-bhutan-king-jigme-khesar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005162024/https://www.southasiatime.com/2019/10/20/i-have-emotional-tie-with-nepal-as-i-was-born-in-there-bhutan-king-jigme-khesar/ |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=www.southasiatime.com}}</ref> He is the eldest son of the fourth [[King of Bhutan|Druk Gyalpo]] of Bhutan,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262373968 |title=WANGCHUCK DYNASTY. 100 Years of Enlightened Monarchy in Bhutan. Lham Dorji |access-date=1 May 2017 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233018/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lham_Dorji/publication/262373968_WANGCHUCK_DYNASTY_100_Years_of_Enlightened_Monarchy_in_Bhutan/links/0deec5376bf6ebc25e000000.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]], and his third wife, Queen ''Ashi'' [[Tshering Yangdon]].<ref name="Genealogy"/> He has a younger sister, Princess ''Ashi'' [[Dechen Yangzom Wangchuck|Dechen Yangzom]], and brother, Prince ''Gyaltshab'' [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (born 1986)|Jigme Dorji]], as well as four half-sisters and three half-brothers.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7700907.stm|last=Lawson|first=Alistair|publisher=[[BBC News]]|title=Profile: Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck|date=4 November 2008|access-date=6 November 2008|archive-date=27 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027094900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7700907.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

After completing his higher secondary studies at [[Yangchenphug High School]], he was educated in the United States at [[Phillips Academy Andover|Phillips Academy]] in [[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover]] and at [[Cushing Academy]] in [[Ashburnham, Massachusetts|Ashburnham]], where he finished high school. He then studied at [[Wheaton College, Massachusetts|Wheaton College]] in [[Massachusetts]] before completing the [[Oxford University Diplomatic Studies Programme|Diplomatic Studies Programme]] and an [[MPhil]] in politics at [[Magdalen College, Oxford]].<ref name="MPhil">[http://bhutanakingdomofhappiness.com/2009/11/his-majesty-jigme-khesar-namgyel-wangchuck His Majesty, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902061947/http://bhutanakingdomofhappiness.com/2009/11/his-majesty-jigme-khesar-namgyel-wangchuck/ |date=2 September 2011 }}, bhutanakingdomofhappiness.com; Retrieved 21 April 2015.</ref>

== Crown Prince ==
The Crown Prince, popularly known to the people of Bhutan as 'Dasho Khesar', accompanied his father on his many tours throughout the kingdom to meet and speak to the people. He also officially represented Bhutan on several international events.
On 8 May 2002, he represented Bhutan at the 27th UN general assembly and made his first speech to the [[United Nations]], addressing issues related to the welfare of millions of children around the world.<ref>{{cite news|title=Crown Prince addresses the United Nations|publisher=Kuensel|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7842|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102143730/http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=7842|archive-date=2 January 2010}}</ref> He attended [[Thailand|Thai]] [[King of Thailand|King]] [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]'s [[Bhumibol Adulyadej's 60th Anniversary Celebrations|60th Anniversary Celebrations]] on 12–13 June 2006 in [[Bangkok]] along with royals from 25 countries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Crown Prince in Thailand|publisher=Kuensel|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=7063|access-date=30 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102224448/http://kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=7063|archive-date=2 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 25 June 2002 the Crown Prince was awarded the [[kabney|Red Scarf]] by his father.<ref>{{cite news|title=Crown Prince receives Red Scarf|url=http://kuenselonline.com/archive/crown-prince-receives-red-scarf/|publisher=Kuensel|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927170540/http://kuenselonline.com/archive/crown-prince-receives-red-scarf/|archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref>

== Trongsa Penlop ==
On 31 October 2004, Khesar was installed as the 16th [[Penlop of Trongsa|Trongsa Penlop]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kuenselonline.com/the-significance-of-observing-national-day-in-trongsa/|title=The significance of observing National Day in Trongsa|last=Wangchuk|first=Rinzin|newspaper=[[Kuensel]]|date=17 December 2016|access-date=4 January 2022|archive-date=19 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219084802/https://kuenselonline.com/the-significance-of-observing-national-day-in-trongsa/|url-status=dead}}</ref> in [[Trongsa Dzong]]. The institution of the Trongsa Penlop, started by [[Ngawang Namgyal|''Zhabdrung'' Ngawang Namgyal]] in 1647, signifies the heritage to the Bhutanese Throne and the investiture ceremony of the Trongsa Penlop is the formal declaration of this status of the Crown Prince.<ref name=cbs>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/pubFiles/v10-2.pdf |title=A Historical Background of the Chhoetse Penlop |last=Wangdi |first=Dorji |publisher=Centre for Bhutan Studies|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410023530/http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/pubFiles/v10-2.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2012 }}</ref>

== Accession to the throne ==
[[File:King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (edit).jpg|thumb|Official portrait of Jigme Khesar, 2007]]
In December 2005, King [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]] announced his intention to [[Abdication|abdicate]] in his son's favour in 2008, and that he would begin handing over responsibility to him immediately.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhutan king announces abdication|publisher=BBC|date=18 December 2005|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4539308.stm|access-date=6 November 2008|archive-date=27 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727013706/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4539308.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 December 2006, the former king issued a Royal Edict announcing his abdication, and transferred the throne to Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck,<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhutanese king steps down early|publisher=BBC|date=15 December 2006|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6184349.stm|access-date=8 November 2008|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831022914/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6184349.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> who was officially crowned on 6 November 2008,<ref name="MPhil"/><ref>[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/prince-charming-is-now-king-of-bhutan-profile-to-go-with-celebrations-in-bhutan-as-new-king-is-crowned-lead_100115869.html 'Prince charming' is now King of Bhutan (Profile, To go with: celebrations in Bhutan as new king is crowned – Lead)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408224325/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/prince-charming-is-now-king-of-bhutan-profile-to-go-with-celebrations-in-bhutan-as-new-king-is-crowned-lead_100115869.html |date=8 April 2014 }}, thaindian.com; accessed 21 April 2015.</ref> in [[Punakha]]. Religious ceremonies and public celebrations were also held at [[Tashichho Dzong]] and [[Changlimithang Stadium]] in [[Thimphu]]. The [[coronation]] ceremony comprised an ancient and colourful ritual, attended by few selected foreign friends of the royal family and dignitaries, including the then-[[President of India]], [[Pratibha Patil]].<ref name=Coronation>{{cite news|title=Lavish coronation for Bhutan king|publisher=BBC|date=6 November 2008|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7712301.stm|access-date=6 November 2008|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924094037/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7712301.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Hello>{{cite web|title=Coronation fever in Bhutan as people's king bonds with subjects|date=18 November 2008|url=http://www.hellomagazine.com/royalty/2008/11/10/bhutan-coronation|access-date=12 November 2008|archive-date=13 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113121746/http://www.hellomagazine.com/royalty/2008/11/10/bhutan-coronation/|url-status=live}}</ref>

To welcome Khesar as king of Bhutan, people painted street signs, hung festive banners and decorated traffic circles with fresh flowers.<ref name="Himalayan nation of Bhutan crowns new king">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/08/bhutan.king/|title=Himalayan nation of Bhutan crowns new king|date=6 November 2008|agency=[[CNN]]|access-date=6 November 2008|archive-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822050609/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/08/bhutan.king/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bhutan has a new crowns prince">{{cite news|url= http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/bhutan-has-a-new-crown-prince-pm-modi-congratulates-royal-couple/|title= Bhutan has a new crown prince, PM Modi congratulates Royal couple|date=6 February 2016}}</ref> He received white, yellow, red, green, and blue silk scarves.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2009/05/bhutan-king200905 |title=Vanity Fair |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=13 April 2009 |access-date=16 September 2016 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728000718/https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2009/05/bhutan-king200905 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Marriage ==

=== Royal wedding ===
{{Main|Wedding of Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and Jetsun Pema}}

As he opened the session of [[Parliament of Bhutan|parliament]] on Friday, 20 May 2011, the king announced his engagement to [[Jetsun Pema (born 1990)|Jetsun Pema]], born in [[Thimphu]] on 4 June 1990. They were married on 13 October 2011 in [[Punakha Dzong]]. The wedding was Bhutan's largest media event ever. The ceremony, held in traditional style with the "Blessings of the Guardian Deities",<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2011 |title=Royal wedding: Bhutan king weds Jetsun Pema |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/royal-wedding-bhutan-king-weds-jetsun-pema-140791 |access-date=13 October 2011 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=20 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020154733/http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/royal-wedding-bhutan-king-weds-jetsun-pema-140791 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 October 2011 |title=Bhutan's 'Prince Charming' king marries student bride |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/bhutan/8823615/Bhutans-Prince-Charming-king-marries-student-bride.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/bhutan/8823615/Bhutans-Prince-Charming-king-marries-student-bride.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |access-date=13 October 2011 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |quote=Bhutan's 31-year-old king has married a student 10 years his junior in an isolated valley high in the Himalayas where thousands of nomads and villagers gathered to celebrate}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Plowright |first=Adam |date=20 May 2011 |title=Bhutan's 31-year-old king to marry |url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/bhutans-31yearold-king-to-marry-20110520-1ewhn.html |access-date=24 May 2011 |work=Sydney Morning Herald |archive-date=2 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102172314/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/bhutans-31yearold-king-to-marry-20110520-1ewhn.html |url-status=live }}</ref> was held in Punakha, followed by a royal tour of the country. During the ceremony, the king also received the Phoenix Crown of the [[Druk Gyaltsuen]] (Dragon Queen) from the most sacred Machhen Temple of the Dzong, and crowned Jetsun Pema, then formally proclaiming her as queen consort.

=== Children ===
The King and Queen announced the arrival of their son [[Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck]], who was born in [[Lingkana Palace]] in [[Thimphu]], on 5 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35511645|title = Bhutan's Queen Jetsun Pema gives birth to crown prince|date = 6 February 2016|work = BBC|access-date = 6 February 2016|archive-date = 8 August 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190808193026/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35511645|url-status = live}}</ref> Their second son was born in [[Lingkana Palace]] in [[Thimphu]] on 19 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-19|title=His Majesty King Jigme Khesar on Instagram: "❀ Announcement ❀ We are honoured to announce the birth of the second Royal Child of Their Majesties The King and Queen, a Prince, on the…"|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B96JlfOlu50/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/B96JlfOlu50 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Instagram|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-19|title=Her Majesty Queen Jetsun Pema on Instagram: "❀ Announcement ❀ We are honoured to announce the birth of the second Royal Child of Their Majesties The King and Queen, a Prince, on the…"|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B96KgBXh2G4/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/B96KgBXh2G4 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Instagram|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/the-king-and-queen-of-bhutan-announced-the-birth-of-their-second-child/|title=The king and queen of Bhutan announced the birth of their second child|work=North East Today|date=19 March 2020|access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=HELLO!|title=Bhutan royals King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and Queen Jetsun Pemawelcome second baby boy|url=https://ca.hellomagazine.com/royalty/02020031955705/king-queen-of-bhutan-second-child-born-announcement-baby-boy|access-date=2020-06-11|website=ca.hellomagazine.com|language=en}}</ref> On 30 June 2020, the Royal Family announced that the second Gyalsey had been named [[Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=His Majesty King Jigme Khesar on Instagram: "On the auspicious occasion of the Birth Anniversary of Guru Rinpoche (Trelda Tsechu), His Royal Highness the Second Gyalsey to His Majesty…"|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CCEHZc9lXH3/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CCEHZc9lXH3 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Instagram|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Foussianes|first=Chloe|date=2020-07-01|title=Bhutan's King and Queen Reveal the New Royal Baby's Name|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a33023469/bhutan-royal-family-gyalsey-ugyen-wangchuck-baby-name-revealed/|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Town & Country|language=en-US|archive-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200908170116/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a33023469/bhutan-royal-family-gyalsey-ugyen-wangchuck-baby-name-revealed/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 September 2023, the King announced that the Queen had given birth to their third child and only daughter at the Lingkana Palace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cw9by_MB7LU/|title=His Majesty King Jigme Khesar on Instagram: "Announcement 9th September 2023: We are honoured to share the wonderful news that a healthy baby girl has been born to Their Majesties…"|access-date=2023-09-09|website=Instagram|language=en}}</ref> The baby's name, Sonam Yangden Wangchuck, was announced on 9 December 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C0oxJaThXn-/?img_index=1|title=His Majesty King Jigme Khesar on Instagram: "December 2023: Her Royal Highness the Gyalsem has been named Sonam Yangden Wangchuck."|access-date=2023-12-09|website=Instagram|language=en}}</ref>

== Reign ==

=== Democratisation ===
The young king began his reign overseeing the [[democratisation]] of Bhutan by presiding over the last sessions of the [[Parliament of Bhutan|parliament]] where electoral laws, land reform and other important issues were debated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Last National Assembly session begins|work=[[Bhutan Observer]]|date=19 January 2008|url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/2008/bhutan-news/01/last-national-assembly-session-begins.html|access-date=6 November 2008}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He said that the responsibility of this generation of Bhutanese was to ensure the success of democracy. He traveled extensively to explain and discuss the Draft [[Constitution of Bhutan]] with the people and to encourage participation in the upcoming democratic exercises. He continues such visits, speaking mainly to young people on the need for Bhutanese to strive for higher standards in [[education]], [[business]], [[civil service]], and the need for people of a small country to work harder than those of others.<ref>{{cite web|title=His Majesty to attend mock election in Dungkhar|work=[[Kuensel]]|date=22 April 2007|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=8356|access-date=6 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927063911/http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=8356|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=His Majesty speaks on Bhutan's future|website=kuenselonline.com|date=11 April 2006|url=http://kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=8317|access-date=6 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713173514/http://kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=8317|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 17 February 2021, he signed the abolishment of anti-homosexuality laws into law, effectively decriminalising same-sex activity in the kingdom, after the repeal of such laws had been approved by both houses in 2020. Tashi Tsheten, of the LGBT organisation ''Queer Voices of Bhutan'', welcomed the king's decision as a milestone and expressed gratitude to the king and every politician involved in making the decriminalisation possible. Additionally, Tea Braun of the organisation [[Human Dignity Trust]] said that Bhutan had made a "step forward" by legalising homosexual activity.<ref>{{cite news |title=King's assent leads Himalayan nation of Bhutan to become latest country to decriminalise same-sex activity |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/news/kings-assent-leads-himalayan-nation-of-bhutan-to-become-latest-country-to-decriminalise-same-sex-activity/ |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=Human Dignity Trust |date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

=== Diplomacy ===
The king signed a new [[treaty]] of friendship with India in February 2007, replacing the treaty of 1949.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhutan and India sign new treaty|publisher=BBC News|date=8 February 2007|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6341143.stm|access-date=6 November 2008|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908193920/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6341143.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Many government initiatives were undertaken by the new king with a view to strengthen the system in preparation for democratic changes in 2008. The [[Constitution of Bhutan]] was adopted on 18 July 2008 after legislation dictated that the [[National Council (Bhutan)|National Council]] and the [[National Assembly (Bhutan)|National Assembly]] was to be elected democratically.<ref>{{cite web |date=2007-12-27 |title=Border to be Sealed Ahead of Bhutan Polls |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200712271241.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106070117/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200712271241.htm |archive-date=2012-11-06 |accessdate=2011-09-18 |work=The Hindu News online}}</ref>

=== Land reform ===
The king's first landmark project after his formal coronation was launching the National Cadastral Resurvey in March 2009, aimed at resolving long-standing issues of excess land that affect every Bhutanese household.{{Citation needed|reason=Previous source led to a completely unrelated internet forum|date=October 2018}} A variation of land reform focuses on improving the lives of people living in remote and difficult areas, with the Rehabilitation Project. The pilot Rehabilitation Project at Khinadang in Pemagatshel was initiated in June 2011,<ref>{{cite news|title=Farmers Build Village Called Khinadang=Bhutan Observer|date=8 July 2011|url=http://bhutanobserver.bt/4406-bo-news-about-_farmers_build_village_called_khinadang.aspx|access-date=2 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102173257/http://bhutanobserver.bt/4406-bo-news-about-_farmers_build_village_called_khinadang.aspx|archive-date=2 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and inaugurated by [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (born 1986)|Prince ''Gyaltshab'' Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]] on 28 October 2014.<ref>[http://www.nlcs.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2016/newsletters/newsletter4.pdf Nlcs]</ref> The Project resettled people living in less accessible areas to villages, and provided them with basic amenities and services, as well as support in agriculture. The project saw tremendous success, and similar projects are in the pipeline in other parts of Bhutan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rehab Village for Indigent Inaugurated=Kuensel |date=29 October 2014 |url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/rehab-village-for-indigent-inaugurated/ |access-date=2 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106224719/http://www.kuenselonline.com/rehab-village-for-indigent-inaugurated/ |archive-date= 6 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Kidu ===
One of the most important and ongoing works of the king involves Kidu, a tradition based on the rule of a Dharma king whose sacred duty is to care for his people. The people can access Kidu in several ways: by applying to the Office of the Royal Chamberlain, which accepts applications during working hours; by sending applications through Dzongkhag Kidu Officers in every district, whose responsibility is to collect such applications as well as identify people who need help; and by appealing to the king directly. To give the people the opportunity for direct appeal, the king on his numerous road trips across the country stops for every potential appellant along the road.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Mobile Royal Court|date=21 February 2014|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/a-mobile-royal-court/|publisher=Kuenselonline.com|access-date=2 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104164043/http://www.kuenselonline.com/a-mobile-royal-court/|archive-date=4 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are several Kidu schemes designed to help certain groups of people, such as students unable to afford even the free education available in the country, elderly citizens, and those requiring medical treatment. The king has also continued the tradition of giving state land to landless farmers around the country. The ongoing project takes him to remote villages and communities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Taking kidu to the people|work=Bhutan Times|date=28 September 2008|url=http://www.bhutantimes.bt/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=895&Itemid=1|access-date=21 April 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115145424/http://www.bhutantimes.bt/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=895&Itemid=1|archive-date=15 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kidu includes providing immediate assistance to victims of natural disasters. The king personally supervised the rebuilding efforts following major earthquakes and floods in 2009 and 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=His Majesty visits flood-affected areas|publisher=Kuenselonline.com|date=30 May 2009|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/2011/?p=12052}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=His Majesty visits Narang|publisher=Kuenselonline.com|date=22 October 2009|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=13780}}</ref>

In 2012, the king granted [[Bhutanese ngultrum|Nu.]]100 million from the Armed Forces to the Zhung Dratshang for the Dzong Reconstruction Fund, as on 24 June, the historic [[Wangdue Phodrang|Wangduephodrang Dzong]] was destroyed by fire. As Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, he commanded the armed forces and {{proper name|De-Suups}} to the site immediately, and with help from dzongkhag officials and citizens, many things were saved from the fire.<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Facebook|website=[[Facebook]]|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/his-majesty-king-jigme-khesar-namgyel-wangchuck/kasho-royal-edict-granted-on-13-july-2012/10150937787321761|access-date=4 August 2014|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510164026/https://www.facebook.com/notes/his-majesty-king-jigme-khesar-namgyel-wangchuck/kasho-royal-edict-granted-on-13-july-2012/10150937787321761|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== DeSuung Training Programme ===
The king initiated military-style training for volunteers known as the De-Suung Training Programme, DeSuung meaning "Guardians of Peace",<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=4 April 2020|title=DeSuung: A Vision in Realization|work=Kuensel|url=https://kuenselonline.com/desuung-a-vision-in-realization/}}</ref> in 2011, on the request of the youth. The programme aims to equip volunteers with the skill to provide assistance during emergencies, and has been hugely successful, with more than 3000 volunteers having completed their training and volunteering for public events and emergencies.<ref>{{cite web|title=125 volunteers take part in the De-Suung training programme|publisher=BBS|url=http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=3826|access-date=2 November 2014|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511090131/http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=3826|url-status=dead}}</ref> Graduates of the program are known as DeSuups and wear orange jumpsuits. They live by the DeSuung Honour Code, which is to "keep service to their nation before their own safety and comfort".<ref name=":0" />

=== Gyalsuung National Service ===
In December 2019, during the 112th [[National Day of Bhutan|National Day]], the king announced the initiation of a one-year national service for all eighteen-year-olds, starting in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kuenselonline.com/the-historic-new-year-gift-gyalsung-our-constitutional-duty/|title=The historic new year gift- Gyalsung – our constitutional duty|newspaper=[[Kuensel]]|date=28 December 2019|access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> The Gyalsuung training includes four months of military-style training and a nine-month educational course on agriculture, entrepreneurship, computers, coding, and health sciences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailybhutan.com/article/historical-112th-national-day|title=Historical 112th National Day|last=Denkar|first=Tshering|website=Daily Bhutan|date=19 December 2019|access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> The first batch will start training in September 2024 for four months, and from second batch it will be a year-long training, with 4 months of military training.

=== Amnesty ===
The [[Constitution of Bhutan]] empowers the king to grant amnesty to prisoners. In 2014 he pardoned 45 prisoners who had been imprisoned for possessing an excessive amount of tobacco, following an amendment of the [[Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010]] by the [[Parliament of Bhutan]], since the amended law could not be enforced retroactively, and previous offenders who would not be liable now would still be tried under previous laws. The Royal Pardon was granted to those who were not repeat offenders and had good prison records.<ref>{{cite web|title=His Majesty grants pardon to 45 prisoners convicted under TCA|date=12 September 2014|url=http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=43840|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212060207/http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=43840|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Economy ===
As of 2026, he planned to introduce [[capitalism|capitalist]] economic reforms.<ref>https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/bhutan-koenig-jigme-khesar-plant-kapitalistischen-aufbruch-ohne-naturzerstoerung-a-cd471ea3-9803-42ff-970b-96721fdfd33b</ref> This economic system get's already called "Mindful Capitalism", which also [[Tshering Tobgay]] supports.<ref>https://time.com/collections/davos-2025/7204652/gelephu-mindfulness-city-bhutan-economy/</ref><ref>https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2025/0926/bhutan-happiness-rich-experiment</ref><ref>https://cob.sfsu.edu/news/mindful-capitalism-bhutan</ref>

== Public perception and popularity abroad ==
The "People's king", like his father, enjoys warm relations with India.<ref>{{cite news|title=As China-India feud ebbs, tiny Bhutan reexamines its place in the world|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=28 August 2017|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/as-china-india-feud-ebbs-tiny-bhutan-re-examines-its-place-in-the-world/2017/08/29/2820948a-8827-11e7-96a7-d178cf3524eb_story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829213240/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/as-china-india-feud-ebbs-tiny-bhutan-re-examines-its-place-in-the-world/2017/08/29/2820948a-8827-11e7-96a7-d178cf3524eb_story.html|archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> He has visited India on several occasions, and was invited as the Chief Guest for India's 64th Republic Day celebrations in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Republic Day: Bhutan King chief guest at 26th Jan parade|work=The Economic Times|date=26 January 2013|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-26/news/36564065_1_jigme-khesar-namgyel-wangchuck-republic-day-celebrations-chief-guest|access-date=2 November 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074537/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-01-26/news/36564065_1_jigme-khesar-namgyel-wangchuck-republic-day-celebrations-chief-guest|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Following his 2006 visit to [[Thailand]] as crown prince, the king has been popular in Thailand. The number of Thai tourists visiting Bhutan increased from 100 in 2006 to 700 in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhutanese take up Thai language course|publisher=BBS|date=2 June 2007|url=http://www.bbs.com.bt/Bhutanese%20take%20up%20Thai%20language%20course.html|access-date=21 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518190040/http://www.bbs.com.bt/Bhutanese%20take%20up%20Thai%20language%20course.html|archive-date=18 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In November 2011, the King and [[Jetsun Pema|Queen Jetsun Pema]] made a state visit to Japan; they were the first state guests to Japan since the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|2011 earthquake]]. It was reported that the Japanese were fascinated by the king and queen of Bhutan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bhutan royals' visit to Japan boosts interest in travel to their country|publisher=Japan Today|date=22 November 2011|url=http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/bhutan-royals-visit-to-japan-boosts-interest-in-travel-to-their-country|access-date=30 August 2012|archive-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111133502/http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/bhutan-royals-visit-to-japan-boosts-interest-in-travel-to-their-country|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Denyer|first=Simon|title=Bhutan's charming king emerges from father's shadow|work=Reuters|date=5 November 2008|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE4A441H20081105|access-date=6 November 2008|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507041516/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE4A441H20081105|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Coronation fever in Bhutan as people's king bonds with subjects|publisher=Hello Magazine|date=8 October 2011|url=http://www.hellomagazine.com/royalty/201110086308/bhutan-king-coronation|access-date=21 April 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051255/http://www.hellomagazine.com/royalty/201110086308/bhutan-king-coronation/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2015, the King and Queen were among the foreign dignitaries who attended the funeral of [[Singapore]]'s former [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] [[Lee Kuan Yew]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/bhutan-queens-facebook-post-on-national-flag-at-half-mast-on-sunday-to-mark-mr-lee-kuan|title=Bhutan Queen's Facebook post on national flag at half-mast on Sunday to mark Mr Lee Kuan Yew's funeral|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]|date=30 March 2015|access-date=4 January 2022|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820193025/http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/bhutan-queens-facebook-post-on-national-flag-at-half-mast-on-sunday-to-mark-mr-lee-kuan|url-status=live}}</ref>

Also, the King and Queen attended the funeral of King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] of [[Thailand]] in October 2017 and the enthronement ceremony of [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]] [[Naruhito]] and [[Empress of Japan|Empress]] [[Empress Masako|Masako]] of Japan in October 2019.

The King and Queen were also present at the 2022 [[Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II|funeral of Queen Elizabeth II]] and the 2023 [[Coronation of Charles III and Camilla|coronation of King Charles III]].

He is an [[Alumni|alumnus]] of [[Magdalen College, Oxford]]. He has a large following of female fans in Thailand, where he was nicknamed 'Prince Charming' by the press.

== Honorary degrees ==
King Jigme has been conferred the following honorary degrees:
* Doctor of Laws from [[University of New Brunswick]], Canada on 20 October 2005
* Doctor of Philosophy, Politics and Economics from [[Rangsit University]], Thailand, on 26 November 2006
* Doctor of Law, from [[University of Calcutta]], India, on 9 October 2010
* Doctor of Economics from [[Keio University]], Japan, on 17 November 2011
* Doctor of Environment and Natural Resources, from Rajamangala University of Technology of Phra Nakhon (RMUTP), Thailand, on 12 November 2013
* Doctor of Public Health from [[Naresuan University]], Thailand, Thailand, on 12 November 2013
* Doctor of Arts in Public and Private Management, from Christian University, Thailand, on 12 November 2013
* Doctor in Buddhism, from [[Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University|Maha Chulalongkorn Rajavidyalaya University]], Thailand, on 19 June 2024
* Doctor of Science in agriculture, from [[Chiang Mai University]], Thailand, on 19 June 2024
* Doctor of Philosophy in Science for Sustainable Local Development, from [[Chiang Mai Rajabhat University]], Thailand, on 19 June 2024
* Doctor of Science in Agricultural Extension, from [[Khon Kaen University]], Thailand, on 19 June 2024
* Doctor of Philosophy in Social Sciences, from [[Mae Fah Luang University]], Thailand, on 19 June 2024
* Doctor of Organic Agriculture Management, from [[Maejo University]], Thailand, on 19 June 2024
* Doctor of Creative Development, from [[Thammasat University]], Thailand, on 19 June 2024<ref>[https://www.instagram.com/p/C8ZvHCshPnw/ King of Bhutan official site]</ref>
* Doctor in Ethical Innovation and Global Responsibility, from [[Chiba Institute of Technology]], on 27 May 2025<ref name="chibatech-2025-doctorates">{{cite web|url= https://chibatech.jp/english/news/20250616.html |title= Chiba Institute of Technology Awards Honorary Doctorates to His Majesty King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, Ms. Laurene Powell Jobs, and Mr. Reid Garrett Hoffman |date=16 June 2025|access-date=16 June 2025}}</ref>

== Foreign honours ==
* {{Flag|Tonga}} :
** [[File:TON Order of Queen Salote Tupou III ribbon.svg|70x70px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Queen Sālote Tupou III|Most Illustrious Order of Queen Sālote Tupou III]] (14/05/2010)<ref>{{cite news |title=The 2nd Annual Report of the Honorable Prime Minister to the Fifth session of the First Parliament on the State of the Nation |url=https://www.cabinet.gov.bt/annual_report/Annual%20Report%202010.pdf |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=[[Government of Bhutan]] |date=1 July 2010 |page=90 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909132534/https://www.cabinet.gov.bt/annual_report/Annual%20Report%202010.pdf |archive-date=2022-09-09 |quote=His Majesty King George Tupou V of Tonga [...] presented the insignia of the Order of Queen Salote III}}</ref>
* {{flag|Thailand}} :
** [[File:The_Boy_Scout_Citation_Medal_-_1st_Class_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg|70x70px]] [[Boy Scout Citation Medal|Boy Scout Citation Medal of Vajira, First Class]] (27/10/2010)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/1864498.pdf | title=ประกาศสํานักนายกรัฐมนตรี | language=th | trans-title=Announcement from the Office of the Prime Minister | access-date=16 January 2024 | archive-date=27 June 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627161917/https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/1864498.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck'''
|2= 2. [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]]
|3= 3. [[Tshering Yangdon]]
|4= 4. [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]]
|5= 5. [[Kesang Choden (born 1930)|Kesang Choden]]
|6= 6. ''Yab'' Ugyen Dorji
|7= 7. ''Yum'' Thuiji Zam
|8= 8. [[Jigme Wangchuck]]
|9= 9. [[Phuntsho Choden]]
|10= 10. [[Sonam Topgay Dorji|Raja Sonam Tobgye Dorji]]
|11= 11. [[Mayeum Choying Wangmo Dorji|Rani Mayum Chonying Wangmo Dorji]]
|12= 12. Sangay Tenzin
|13= 13. Dorji Om
|14= 14. Lopen Duba
|15= 15. Ugay Dem
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Biography|Monarchy}}
* [[House of Wangchuck]]
* [[Jigme Khesar Strict Nature Reserve]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck}}
* {{Facebook|KingJigmeKhesar}}
* {{Instagram|kingjigmekhesar}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Wangchuck]]|21 February|1980}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Druk Gyalpo|King of Bhutan]]|years=2006–present}}
{{s-inc|heir=[[Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck]]|heir-type=Heir apparent}}
{{s-end}}

{{Rulers of Bhutan}}
{{Current sovereigns}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wangchuck, Jigme Khesar Namgyel}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bhutanese Buddhists]]
[[Category:Bhutanese monarchs]]
[[Category:Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:Wangchuck dynasty]]
[[Category:People from Kathmandu]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Wheaton College (Massachusetts) alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Inner Temple]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]

Alihassan Turabi

2026-03-18T08:05:00Z

Svetlltn: Stub - done

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name = Alihasan Turabi
| name = Alihasan Turabi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Indore]],<ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ali-hassan-turabi-joins-punyashlok-ahilyabai-says-i-want-to-do-work-which-is-creatively-satisfying-as-an-actor/articleshow/101064680.cms|title=Alihassan Turabi joins Punyashlok A..|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2023-06-17}}</ref> [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 2000–present
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''|''[[Kayaamat – Jabb Bhi Waqt Aata Hai]]''|''[[Bas Thode Se Anjane]]''|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''}}
| spouse = {{marriage|''Sabahat Turabi''|2007}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Alihasan Turabi'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-want-some-creative-satisfaction-now-ali-hassan-turabi/articleshow/101112455.cms|title=I want some creative satisfaction now: Alihasan Turabi|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2023-06-20}}</ref> better known as Ali Hasan , is an Indian [[actor]] best known for playing Aryan in the [[Star Plus]] show, ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''. Apart from this, he has done many roles in various Indian television shows like ''[[Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat (TV series)|Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat]]'', ''[[Naaginn (2007 TV series)|Naaginn]]'', ''[[Star One Horror Nights]]'', ''[[Veer Shivaji]]'', ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'', ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]'', ''[[SuperCops Vs SuperVillains]]'', ''[[Savdhaan India]]'', ''[[Sinhasan Battisi (TV series)|Sinhasan Battisi]]'', ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]''. He played Akhilesh Goenka in [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' from November 2016 to December 2022 opposite [[Shilpa Raizada]].

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Gaja Gamini]]''
| Bhola
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Krishna Cottage]]''<ref name="ITDC"/>
| Kabir
|-
| 2024
| ''Forbidden Love''
| Rajeev Singh
|-
| 2026
|''[[Border 2]]''
| Lt Col Zaheer Hussain Khan
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]''<ref name="ITDC 1">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/aug/aug1.htm?i=-2|title=SET launches 7th 'Kya Haadsa..' series show 'Karzz'|access-date=2003-08-01}}</ref>
| Kushal Amar Mehra
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2003–2005
| ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''<ref name="ITDC">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k3/kahaani.htm|title=The 'Kahaani...' thickens...After 20 years|access-date=2003-10-01}}</ref>
| Aryan Doshi
|-
| ''[[Kayaamat – Jabb Bhi Waqt Aata Hai]]''<ref name="ITDC"/>
| Uday Ahuja
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Karma – Koi Aa Rahaa Hai Waqt Badalney]]''<ref name="ITDC"/>
|
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2005
| ''C.I.D. Special Bureau'' – Hand In The Fish: Part 1 to Part 4
|
|-
| ''[[Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai]]''
| Advocate Manik Bhasin
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2006
| ''C.I.D. Special Bureau'' – Saazish: Part 1 to Part 4
| Karan
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''
| Sandeep / Kremen / Karan Kumar
|-
| ''Akela''
| Vikram
|-
| 2007
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Babul Ki Bitiya Chali Doli Saja Ke]]''
| Mohit Verma
|-
| 2008
| Advocate Aditya Gujral
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Naaginn – Waadon Ki Agniparikshaa]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/hiss-of-love/articleshow/15752928.cms|title=Hiss of love|access-date=2007-10-26}}</ref>
| Rudra Singh
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2008
| ''Jai Maa Durga''
|
|-
| ''[[Raavan (TV series)|Raavan]]''
| Mahiravan
|-
| ''[[Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat (TV series)|Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat]]''
| Bhushan
|-
|
| ''[[Mahima Shani Dev Ki]]''
|
|-
| 2009
| ''Ninja Pandav''
|
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2010
| ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]'' – Khatra Chemical Bomb Ka
| Raman
|-
| ''[[Star One Horror Nights]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Do Hanson Ka Jodaa]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/a-new-family-in-do-hanson-ka-joda/|title=A new family in Do Hanson Ka Joda|access-date=2010-07-30}}</ref>
| Dwarka Thakur
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]''
| Virajas
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Veer Shivaji]]''
| Sultan [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Muhammad Adil Shah]]
|-
| rowspan = "5" | 2013
| ''Jai Jag Janani Maa Durga''
| [[Mahishasur]]
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]'' – C.I.D. Bureau Mein Khoon
| Dragon
|-
| ''[[Arjun (TV series)|Arjun]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kahani-ghar-ghar-ki-fame-ali-hassan-makes-a-comeback-with-4-lionss-films-arjun-on-star-plus-/articleshow/22575470.cms|title=Ali Hassan returns to TV with Arjun|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref>
| Raghu
|-
| ''[[Crazy Stupid Ishq]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kishwer-merchant-ali-hassan-crazy-stupid-ishq-sphere-origins/articleshow/24599808.cms|title=Kishwer Merchant & Ali Hassan bag Crazy Stupid Ishq|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-10-23}}</ref>
| Neelazeem Khan
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/cid-sunny-deol-ali-hassan-sony-entertainment-television-singh-saab-the-great/articleshow/25634485.cms|title=Sunny Deol on CID; Ali Hassan roped in for special episode|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-11-12}}</ref> – Singh Saab Ki Jung
| Kartik
|-
| rowspan = "7" | 2014
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''
| [[Takshak]]
|-
| [[Jayadratha|Jaydrath]]
|-
| ''[[The Adventures of Hatim]]''
| Khabees
|-
| ''[[Encounter (Indian TV series)|Encounter]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/encounter-of-aspiring-actress-aashna/articleshow/36039375.cms|title=Encounter of aspiring actress 'Aashna'|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-06-04}}</ref>
| Vijay
|-
| ''[[Sinhasan Battisi (TV series)|Sinhasan Battisi]]''
| Rahu
|-
| ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahima-makwana-gets-a-third-hero/articleshow/44949076.cms|title=Mahima Makwana gets a third hero!|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ali-hassan-exits-piyush-sahdev-returns-to-sapne-suhane-ladakpan-ke/articleshow/45616834.cms|title=Ali Hassan exits, Piyush Sahdev returns to Sapne Suhane Lada..|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-12-24}}</ref>
| Omkar
|-
| ''[[Maharakshak Aryan]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ali-hasan-to-play-haqsa-in-maharakshak/articleshow/45503073.cms|title=Ali Hasan to play Haqsa in Maharakshak|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-12-13}}</ref>
| Haksa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/why-rajesh-khera-and-ali-hassan-take-hours-in-the-makeup-room/articleshow/45475727.cms|title=Why Rajesh Khera and Ali Hassan take hours in the makeup roo..|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-12-12}}</ref>
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Anudamini]]''
| Manoj
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2015
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'' – Maa
|
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]'' – Jungle Ka Khooni Khel
| Survival Reality Game Show Organizer
|-
| ''[[SuperCops Vs SuperVillains]]''
| Amar
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''Draupadi''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rakesh-paswan-draupadi-arjun-mahabharat/articleshow/23167594.cms|title=Rakesh Paswan's next titled Draupadi!|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-09-27}}</ref>
| [[Duryodhan]]
|-
| rowspan = "4" | 2016
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
| Shaitaan
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]'' – Rahasyamayi Box
| Pinzola
|-
| ''[[Bas Thode Se Anjane]]''
| Sankalp
|-
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Shreera
|-
| 2016–2022
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/ali-hasan-reveals-the-secret-behind-the-success-of-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai/videoshow/67807527.cms|title=Ali Hasan reveals the secret behind the success of 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata hai'|last=|first=|date=|website=Times of India|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-fame-mohsin-khan-welcomes-his-co-star-ali-hassan-back-on-the-show/articleshow/71741996.cms|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai fame Mohsin Khan welcomes his co-..|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref>
| Akhilesh "Akhil" Goenka
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2019
| ''[[Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran]]''
| [[Ravana|Ravan]]
|-
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]'' – ''Shaitaani Ghadiyaal''
| Ayush
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Punyashlok Ahilyabai]]''<ref name="TOI" />
| Saubhag Singh Chandravat
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024
| ''Main Hoon Saath Tere''
| Brijbhushan Bundela
|-
| ''[[Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav]]''
| [[Pururavas|Pururava]]
|-
|}

=== Web Series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Platform
|-
| 2026
| ''Dil Dosti Aur Dhokha''
| Pratap
| Shemaroo Me
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3246005}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turabi, Alihassan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Vikram Singh Chauhan

2026-03-16T15:38:07Z

Svetlltn: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vikram Singh Chauhan
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
|image =
|caption =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2013–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Sneha Shukla|30 April 2021}}
| children = 1
|known for = {{ubl|''[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door]]''|''[[Ek Deewaana Tha]]''|''[[Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!]]''}}
}}

'''Vikram Singh Chauhan''' is an Indian actor who mainly works in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television. He made his acting debut with ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' portraying Imran Qureshi in 2013. He is best known for his portrayal of Atharv Sujata in ''[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door]]'', Vyom Bedi in ''[[Ek Deewaana Tha]]'' and Aman Khan in ''[[Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!]]''.

Chauhan made his film debut in 2015 with ''[[The Perfect Girl (2015 film)|The Perfect Girl]]'' and also worked in ''[[Mardaani 2]]''. He made his web debut with ''[[Baarish (web series)|Baarish]]'' in 2019.

==Personal life==
Chauhan was born & brought up in a [[Rajput]] family in [[Dehradun]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vohra |first1=Akshita |title='Being from Doon, Namik and I can't stop talking about our city' :Vikram Singh Chauhan {{!}} Dehradun News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/being-from-doon-namik-and-i-cant-stop-talking-about-our-city/articleshow/61221820.cms |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=25 October 2017 |language=en |archive-date=8 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208020233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/being-from-doon-namik-and-i-cant-stop-talking-about-our-city/articleshow/61221820.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Chauhan married his longtime girlfriend Sneha Shukla, a corporate lawyer, on 27 April 2021 in his hometown [[Dehradun]]. The couple had their first child, a baby girl named Sia, on 2 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 May 2021|title=Vikram Singh Chauhan ties the knot with Sneha Shukla: 'Missed having friends and family with us'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vikram-singh-chauhan-gets-married-sneha-shukla-yehh-jadu-hai-jinn-ka-7296817/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430195729/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vikram-singh-chauhan-gets-married-sneha-shukla-yehh-jadu-hai-jinn-ka-7296817/|archive-date=30 April 2021|access-date=23 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Chauhan made his debut in 2013 with ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' as Imran Qureshi. Next, he appeared in ''Million Dollar Girl'' and '' [[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]''.

From 2016 to 2017, he played Atharv Vashisht in [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door]]'' opposite [[Shivani Surve]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Vikram-Singh-Chauhan-Male-actors-dont-get-enough-part-in-daily-soaps/articleshow/52010402.cms|title=Vikram Singh Chauhan: Male actors don't get enough part in daily soaps|date=27 April 2016|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-07-08|archive-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524062134/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Vikram-Singh-Chauhan-Male-actors-dont-get-enough-part-in-daily-soaps/articleshow/52010402.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2017 to 2018, he portrayed Vyom Bedi / Akash Khurana in [[Sony Entertainment Television]]'s ''[[Ek Deewaana Tha]]'' with [[Donal Bisht]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-love-performing-my-own-stunts-vikram-singh-chauhan/articleshow/61820163.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310014720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-love-performing-my-own-stunts-vikram-singh-chauhan/articleshow/61820163.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2018 |title=I love performing my own stunts: Vikram Singh Chauhan |publisher=Times of India |access-date=22 April 2024 }}</ref>

Since October 2019 to 2020, Chauhan had played the role of Aman Khan in [[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!]]'' with [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)|Aditi Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/zoom/telly-talk/yehh-jadu-hai-jinn-ka-launch-aditi-sharma-vikram-singh-chauhan-smita-bansal-exclusive/43792|title=Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka launch {{!}} Aditi Sharma, Vikram Singh Chauhan, Smita Bansal {{!}} Exclusive|website=www-timesnownews-com|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref> He also made a debut in Bollywood by playing the role of a cop in Rani Mukherjee starrer ''[[Mardaani 2]]'', produced by Yash Raj Films. Most recently, Chauhan appeared in a web series ''Chattis aur Maina'' starring [[Sandeepa Dhar]] and others, which started streaming from 28 May on Disney+ Hotstar Quix. At the same year he played the role of Bharat in Ramyug web series. At 2022 he played Ashok Nikose, a cop in a web series named Rudra: The Age Of Darkness. At 2025 Chauhan portrayed the character of Captain Kartik Sharma in Sena: Gardian Of The Nation on MX Player.

Since March 2026, he played Shivaay Pandey in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Do Duniya Ek Dil]]'' after six year hiatus.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=14 March 2026|title=Vikram Singh Chauhan on doing ‘Do Duniya Ek Dil’: When I heard the story I felt how relevant it is in the world we live in today
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vikram-singh-chauhan-on-doing-do-duniya-ek-dil-when-i-heard-the-story-i-felt-how-relevant-it-is-in-the-world-we-live-in-today/articleshow/129567275.cms|access-date=14 March 2026|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2015
| ''[[The Perfect Girl (2015 film)|The Perfect Girl]]''
| Kartik Sharma
|
| <ref>{{cite AV media|title=The Perfect Girl - ek simple si love story . Official Trailer|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=AEgoMoUUoY0|publisher=Youtube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[Mardaani 2]]''
| Inspector Anup Singhal
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vikram-singh-chauhan-mardaani-2-film-rani-mukerji-5696456/|title=Vikram Singh Chauhan on Mardaani 2: Dream come true to work with Rani Mukerji|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2019-10-19|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427141355/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vikram-singh-chauhan-mardaani-2-film-rani-mukerji-5696456/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]''
| Sep. Heera Singh
|
|
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending film|Pooja Meri Jaan}}
|{{TBA}}
|Completed
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE: Huma Qureshi, Mrunal Thakur and Vikram Singh Chauhan to star in Dinesh Vijan's next production Pooja Meri Jaan|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-huma-qureshi-to-star-in-dinesh-vijans-next-production-pooja-meri-jaan/|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Qubool Hai]]''
| Imran Qureshi
| rowspan = "2" | Supporting role
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
| ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]''
| Rishi Singh
|
|-
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Arun Bhasin
| Episodic role
|
|-
| ''Million Dollar Girl''
| Virat Thakur
| Lead role
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Twist Wala Love''
| Farhan Ali
| Episodic role
|
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door]]''
| Atharv Sujata
| Lead role
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-tv-celebs-spotted-at-launch-party-of-jaana-na-dil-se-door-5320219-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525082410/http://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-tv-celebs-spotted-at-launch-party-of-jaana-na-dil-se-door-5320219-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2016|title=Photos: TV Celebs Spotted at 'Jaana Na Dil Se Door' Launch Party!|date=2016-05-10|work=dailybhaskar|access-date=2017-07-21}}</ref>
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Ek Deewaana Tha]]''
| Vyom Bedi / Akash Khurana
| Lead role
| <ref>{{cite news|last1=Keshri|first1=Shweta|title=Ek Deewana Tha to Ishq Mein Marjawan: Romantic thrillers are the flavour of the season|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ek-deewana-tha-to-ishq-mein-mar-jawaan-romantic-thrillers-are-the-flavour-of-the-season-lifetv-1044737-2017-09-14|access-date=14 September 2017|work=indiatoday.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!]]''
| Aman Junaid Khan
| Lead role
|
|-
| 2026–present
| ''[[Do Duniya Ek Dil]]''
| Shivaay Pandey
| Lead role
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Baarish (web series)|Baarish]]''
| Aniket Karmakar
| Supporting role
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/920494/romance-blooms-during-mumbais-favourite-season-in-altbalaji-series-baarish|title=Romance blooms during Mumbai's favorite season RAIN in ALTBalaji's new series Baarish|date=18 April 2019|website=Scroll}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2021
| ''Chattis Aur Maina''
| Chattis Singh
| Lead role
|
|-
| ''Ramyug''
| [[Bharata (Ramayana) | Bharat]]
| rowspan = "2" | Supporting role
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Rudra: The Edge of Darkness]]''
| Captain Ashok Nikose
|
|-
| 2025
| ''Sena: Gurdian Of The Nation''
| Captain Kartik Sharma
| Lead role
|
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2013
|[[Gold Awards]]
|[[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
|''[[Qubool Hai]]''
|{{nom}}
|{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
|-
|2016
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|[[ITA Award for Best Actor Drama|Best Actor (Drama)]]
|''[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2016-mouni-roy-shabbir-ahluwalia-emerge-big-winners-see-pics-video-4374865/|title=ITA Awards 2016: Mouni Roy, Shabbir Ahluwalia emerge big winners, see pics, video|date=2016-11-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|[[Gold Awards]]
|[[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
|''[[Ek Deewaana Tha]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-in-pics-zee-gold-awards-2018-full-winners-list-jennifer-winget-nakuul-mehta-mouni-roy-walk-away-with-the-trophies-2627274/amp Zee Gold Awards 2018 Full Winners List: Jennifer Winget, Nakuul Mehta, Mouni Roy, Arjun Bijlani walk away with the trophies]</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6494774}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|vikram-singh-chauhan}}
{{Portal bar|Films|Television}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Vikram Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jaju Fernandes

2026-03-14T18:09:11Z

Svetlltn: Started Some Data W/ Sources

{{Short description|Indian actor and singer (1960–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=since initial 2024 versions; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotional tone, vocab distribution typical of 2023-24 LLM text, etc.; both here and in user's other articles around this time}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jaju Fernandes
| image = Jaju Fernandes at Tiatr Day 2017 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Fernandes at the [[Kala Academy]], 2017
| birth_name = Joaquim João Fernandes
| birth_place = [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1960|9|29|df=y}}
| death_place = Benaulim, Goa, India
| other_names = {{hlist|Joaquim J Fernandes|Dada}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|4|11|1960|9|29|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|singer}}
| organisation = [[Goa Football Association]]
| burial_place = Holy Trinity Church cemetery, Benaulim, Goa, India
| spouse = {{marriage|Antonieta Goes|1982}}
| years_active = 1980–2023
| children = 4, including [[Brandon Fernandes|Brandon]]
| relatives = [[Roseferns]] (brother)
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/jaju.fernandes}}
}}

'''Joaquim João''' "'''Jaju'''" '''Fernandes''' (29 September 1960 – 11 April 2023), also [[mononymously]] known as '''Jaju''' or '''Dada''' ({{translation|Father}}), was an Indian actor and singer known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' (theatre) productions. He made his professional debut in the 1980 ''tiatr Thapott'' (Slap) by his elder brother, [[Roseferns]]. Following this, he became known for playing both serious and comedic main characters, traditionally those of a father, [[antagonist]], or police officer. In his later years, he took on the role of a [[football agent]] during his son [[Brandon Fernandes]]'s early football career.

==Early life==
Joaquim João Fernandes was born on 29 September 1960 in the village of [[Benaulim]], [[Goa]], which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]], to carpenter Joaquim Mariano Fernandes and [[homemaker]] Maria Remediana Edoenca Fernandes, who hailed from [[Colva]], into a [[Goan Catholic]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey= |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |url-status=live}}</ref> Fernandes originated from a village known for its tradition of ''[[tiatrist]]s''.<ref name="heraldgoa"/>

==Career==
In 1980, Fernandes commenced his career in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theatrical domain by participating in the non-stop ''[[tiatr]]'' production titled ''Thapott'' (Slap), orchestrated by his brother [[Roseferns]]. This marked the inception of his association with the Roseferns Dramatic Troupe. ''Thapott'' achieved success, entertaining audiences for more than a century with its performances.<ref name="navhindtimes">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2023-04-13 |title=Jaju Fernandes – a multi-faceted tiatrist – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/04/13/goanews/jaju-fernandes-a-multi-faceted-tiatrist/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414014311/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/04/13/goanews/jaju-fernandes-a-multi-faceted-tiatrist/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout his career, Fernandes left a mark with his memorable portrayals, garnering acclaim not only for his villainous roles but also for his adeptness in comedic characters. He donned multiple hats, embodying diverse roles, be it that of a [[father figure]], [[antagonist]], or [[law enforcement officer]].<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-12 |title='Thank You Dad For Everything' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/thank-you-dad-for-everything/articleshow/99416042.cms |access-date=2024-04-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402125220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/thank-you-dad-for-everything/articleshow/99416042.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, Fernandes joined forces with fellow ''[[tiatrist]]'' Comedian Agostinho's troupe for the theatrical production of ''Advogad'' (Advocate), which led to a series of popular ''tiatrs'' including ''Interview'', ''Police'', ''Public'', and ''Fight for Right''. Fernandes subsequently rejoined his brother Roseferns' troupe, lending his talent to their 98th production, ''Atam Yeyat'' (Now Come), followed by the 99th production, ''Jevnnant Fator'' (Stone in food), the 100th production, ''Amche Modem Jiyeta'' (Dwelling within us), and finally, the 101st production, ''Ek Nam Ek Dis'' (One day or the other). Consequently, Fernandes made a firm commitment to further assist his brother in their future projects in the ''tiatr'' production industry.<ref name="heraldgoa">{{Cite web |title=Final curtain call: Tiatr artiste Jaju Fernandes passes away at 63, hours after his last performance at Arambol |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Final-curtain-call-Tiatr-artiste-Jaju-Fernandes-passes-away-at-63-hours-after-his-last-performance-at-Arambol/203725 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402130028/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Final-curtain-call-Tiatr-artiste-Jaju-Fernandes-passes-away-at-63-hours-after-his-last-performance-at-Arambol/203725 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Fernandes was a multifaceted artist known for his contributions as both an actor and a singer. He showcased his vocal prowess in several [[audio album]]s produced by Konkani artists such as Roseferns, Pascoal, Saby de Divar, and others. Within the realm of acting, Fernandes made an impact by starring in a variety of [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]], including works like ''Ek Vat Mennachi'', ''Vankddo Tinkddo Mog'', ''Old Age Home'', and ''Public'', among others. Furthermore, Fernandes ventured into the realm of production, releasing the Konkani CD ''Xim'', where he demonstrated his skills in different venues in India, including [[Goa]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Pune]], as well as internationally in [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Muscat]], [[Qatar]], [[Dubai]], and the United Kingdom.<ref name="heraldgoa"/> Known for his versatility, Fernandes embraced a diverse range of roles, portraying characters that spanned the spectrum from negative to positive, with a particular flair for paternal figures and comedic portrayals. His performances were characterized by a distinctive style and dynamic presence, infusing the stage with an infectious energy. Throughout his career, Fernandes actively collaborated with a multitude of directors and showcased his talents in theatrical productions spanning the [[Gulf region]], London, and Europe.<ref name="gomantaktimes">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-04-11 |title=Tiatrists take a bow for their dear departed, Jaju |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/goa/tiatrists-take-a-bow-for-their-dear-departed-jaju |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402125219/https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/goa/tiatrists-take-a-bow-for-their-dear-departed-jaju |archive-date=2024-04-02 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref> He was regarded for his [[Moral constructivism|constructive]] suggestions to fellow actors and his warm, inviting demeanor.<ref name="navhindtimes"/>

On 10 April 2023, Fernandes participated in the 102nd production by [[Roseferns]] titled ''Hem Oxench Choltolem?'' (Will this work?) at [[Arambol]], marking his final performance. In this production, Fernandes demonstrated his versatility by playing [[dual role|two different characters]] – a driver and the chairman of the [[Educational Board]]. Meena Goes, a member of the troupe, praised Fernandes for his strong presence on stage during the entire show. Following the conclusion of the performance, the troupe headed back home at approximately 1:30 am. Fernandes's contributions extended beyond his role as a ''[[tiatrist]]''. He held positions as an executive member and former [[assistant secretary]] of the [[Goa Football Association]] (GFA) and was a founding member of the Konkani Non-Stop Tiatristanchi Sonstha (KNTS).<ref name="heraldgoa"/> Fernandes had a lengthy tenure as a member of the GFA, having initially been elected to the organization in 1993.<ref name="indiatimes"/> He actively participated in the organization's operations, particularly in managing leagues and tournaments catering to different age groups.<ref name="thegoan">{{Cite web |title=Football fraternity mourns demise of Jaju Fernandes |url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/football-fraternity-mourns-demise-of-jaju-fernandes/97626.html |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402130019/https://www.thegoan.net/sports/football-fraternity-mourns-demise-of-jaju-fernandes/97626.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Fernandes's artistic journey encompassed a body of work, including more than 125 ''[[tiatr]]s''/''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell-tiatrs]]''. He collaborated with Konkani directors such as Roseferns, Comedian Agostinho, and Tony Dias.<ref name="gomantaktimes"/>

Fernandes gained acclaim for his performances in ''tiatrs'', a form of traditional [[Goan]] theater, including productions such as ''Dhovo Kanvllo'' (White Crow), ''Ghantt'' (Ghat), ''Government of God'', ''Police'', and ''Mahanand''.<ref name="gomantaktimes"/> Recognizing his son's talent ahead of others, Fernandes played a pivotal role in shaping [[Brandon Fernandes|Brandon]]'s career, ultimately establishing him as one of [[India national football team]]'s [[midfielder]]s. In a period where options for international training were limited, Fernandes chose to send Brandon to the ASD Football Academy in South Africa. This decision gave Brandon a special opportunity to demonstrate his abilities to [[Premier League]] clubs like [[Leicester City]], [[Reading F.C.]], and [[Sunderland A.F.C.]] during trial sessions. In addition to his contributions to his son's career, Fernandes served as the chairman of the GFA (Goa Football Association) [[futsal]] committee, further demonstrating his commitment to the sport.<ref name="indiatimes"/> His knowledge and negotiation skills even led him to assume the role of a [[football agent]], overseeing the contractual affairs of Brandon during the early stages of his professional journey.<ref name="navhindtimes2">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2023-04-12 |title=Renowned tiatrist JajuFernandes passes away – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/04/12/goanews/renowned-tiatrist-jajufernandes-passes-away/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505140618/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/04/12/goanews/renowned-tiatrist-jajufernandes-passes-away/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Fernandes's elder brother, [[Roseferns]], is also active on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] as a theatre director and actor. On 15 September 1982, Fernandes had a [[civil marriage]] registration with [[homemaker]] Antoneta Goes (later Antonieta Goes) in [[Margao]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lino Rodrigues |first=Jonas Agnelo |date=10 November 2009 |title=Registration of Marriage |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030120953/https://goaonline.gov.in/ |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> They have four children: three boys – [[Brandon Fernandes|Brandon]], an [[association football player]] who plays for [[Mumbai City FC]]; Beckham (born 2002); and Sydney (born 1984),<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2002 |title=Directorate of Planning, Statistics and Evaluation and Office of the Chief Registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/CertificateSelect_goaonline.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027073241/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/CertificateSelect_goaonline.aspx |archive-date=2023-10-27 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> who is based in the UK<ref name="indiatimes"/> – and a daughter, Anisia. Aside from his involvement in ''[[tiatr]]s'', Fernandes demonstrated a keen interest in football and actively contributed to the advancement of the sport in [[Goa]].<ref name="navhindtimes2"/>

==Death==
At 7:30 pm of 10 April, Fernandes, after his participation in a theatrical production called ''Hem Oxench Choltolem?'', returned home around 1:30 am along with his brother and their troupe. An eyewitness from the troupe, Meena, observed that Fernandes appeared to be in good health.<ref name="heraldgoa" /> Later during the night, Fernandes made a phone call to his son Sydney, who resides in the United Kingdom. In the early hours of 11 April, Fernandes' brother, [[Roseferns]], was informed that Fernandes was having [[Shortness of breath|trouble breathing]] and had a sleepless night. He was immediately taken to South Goa District Hospital in [[Margao]] but unfortunately suffered a fatal [[heart attack]] on the way and died at around 8:00 am.<ref name="indiatimes" />

Charles D'Souza, a writer for ''The Goan Everyday'', stated that Fernandes was admitted to the hospital for breathing issues, which ultimately resulted in his death.<ref name="thegoan" /> However, Fernandes' death certificate indicates that he died at his residence in Vasvaddo, [[Benaulim]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=Directorate of planning, statistics and evaluation and office of the chief registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |archive-date=2024-01-23 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> His funeral took place two days later, on 13 April, at the Holy Trinity Church in Benaulim. The ceremony was attended by a number of individuals, including members of the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'' community, politicians, sports personalities, friends, and well-wishers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hundreds bid adieu to the 'dadda' of Konkani stage |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/hundreds-bid-adieu-to-the-%E2%80%98dadda%E2%80%99-of-konkani-stage/97744.html |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414160127/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/hundreds-bid-adieu-to-the-%E2%80%98dadda%E2%80%99-of-konkani-stage/97744.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Jaju}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]

Canal Solar Power Project

2026-03-13T10:36:27Z

Svetlltn:

{{Short description|Energy project in Gujarat, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
[[File:Canal Top Solar Power Plant.jpg|thumb|Canal Solar Power Project in Kadi]]
The '''Canal Solar Power Project''' is a [[solar canal]] project launched in [[Gujarat]], India, to use the {{convert|532|km|mi|abbr=on}} long network of [[Narmada]] canals across the state for setting up [[solar panel]]s to generate electricity.<ref name=th>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/government-and-policy/article3346191.ece |title=Now, Gujarat to cover Narmada canals with solar panels! |work=Business Line|location=Chennai |access-date=23 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425024336/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/government-and-policy/article3346191.ece |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first such project in India, it has been commissioned by [[SunEdison|SunEdison India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_solar-power-cells-on-narmada-canal-to-light-up-rural-homes_1647046 |title=Solar power cells on Narmada canal to light up rural homes|publisher=DNA |access-date=7 February 2012}}</ref>

==Inauguration of pilot project==
On 24 April 2012 [[Narendra Modi]], then Chief Minister of [[Gujarat]], inaugurated a 1 [[Megawatt]] (MW) pilot project covering {{convert|750|m|ft}} of the canal.<ref name=th /> The project is situated on the Narmada branch canal near Chandrasan village of Kadi taluka in [[Mehsana district]].

In addition to generating 1 MW<ref name="thNCSP1">{{cite web |last=Pandit |first=Virendra |date=12 March 2018 |title=Narmada canals can give 2,200 MW of solar power |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/narmada-canals-can-give-2200-mw-of-solar-power/article3352783.ece |website=[[Business Line]]|location=Chennai}}</ref> of clean energy the pilot project will also prevent evaporation of {{convert|9000000|litres|abbr=off|}} of water annually from the canal. The project eliminates the need to acquire vast tracts of land for installing solar panels and limits evaporation of water.<ref name=ab /> tackling two challenges simultaneously by providing energy and [[water security]].<ref name=th />

==Engineering and construction==
The engineering, procurement and construction contract for the project was awarded to SunEdison at a cost of {{INRConvert|177.1|m}}. The pilot project was developed on a 750-meter stretch of the canal by [[Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited|Gujarat State Electricity Corporation]] (GSECL) with support from Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd. (SSNNL), which owns and maintains the canal network.

The cost per megawatt of solar power, in this case, was much less than regular solar power plants, as the two banks of the canal will be used to cover the canal by installing solar power panel and the government did not have to spend much on creating basic infrastructure, including land acquisition .

Gujarat has about {{convert|458|km|mi|abbr=on}} of open main canal, while the total canal length, including sub-branches, is about {{convert|19000|km|mi|abbr=on}} at present. When completed, the SSNNL's canal network will be about {{convert|85000|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.

Assuming a utilization of only 10% of the existing canal network of {{convert|19000|km|mi}}, it is estimated that 2,200 MW of solar power generating capacity can be installed by covering the canals with solar panels.

This also implies that {{convert|11000|acres|km2|abbr=on}} of land can be potentially conserved along with about 20 billion liters of water saved per year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/state-pulls-off-rare-feat-in-reaping-sun-saving-water/940793/ |title=State pulls off rare feat in reaping Sun, saving water |publisher=ExpressIndia |access-date=24 April 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Praise for the project==
Then Union Minister for New and Renewable Energy [[Farooq Abdullah]] praised Gujarat's Canal Solar Power Project saying,<ref name=ab>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/damodar-valley-to-replicate-gujarats-canal-top-solar-plant/474926/ |title=Damodar Valley to replicate Gujarat's canal-top solar plant|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=22 May 2012 |access-date=22 May 2012|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>{{cquote|Gujarat has shown the way with the commissioning of the world's first 1 MW canal-top solar power plant in Mehsana district.}}

Abdullah said [[Damodar Valley Corporation]], which has over {{convert|2000|km|mi|abbr=on}} of canals, will follow Gujarat's lead and mount solar panels that can generate up to 1,000 MW.

As a pilot the project has been successful and has caused similar projects to be started elsewhere, e.g. a 2.5 MW installation over the Sidhwan Canal in [[Punjab]]<ref>{{cite news|title= Solar plant on Sidhwan generated ‘powerful’ success story for Ludhiana |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/solar-plant-on-sidhwan-generated-powerful-success-story-for-city/articleshow/62309758.cms |website= timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= 2017-12-31 |access-date= 2025-08-23}}</ref> and a project to cover [[Delhi]]'s [[Munak canal]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Delhi government plans to cover Munak Canal with solar panels |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-government-plans-to-cover-munak-canal-with-solar-panels/articleshow/122281151.cms |website= timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= 2025-07-06 |access-date= 2025-08-23}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Renewable energy}}}}
* [[Electricity sector in India]]
* [[Renewable energy in India]]
* [[Gujarat Solar Park]]
* [[Sakri PV solar energy project]]
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission]]
* [[Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Park]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120512222909/http://www.gujaratsolarpark.com/narendra-modi-worlds-first-canal-top-solar-plant-in-guj/ Narendra Modi world’s first canal-top solar plant in Gujarat]}}
* [http://www.powerind.in/2012/04/solar-pv-project-on-narmada-canal-in.html Solar PV Project on Narmada Canal in Gujarat to be inaugurated soon by Narendra Modi]

{{SPIN}}
{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Photovoltaic power stations in India]]
[[Category:Solar power stations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Gujarat]]

Nandita P. Palshetkar

2026-03-07T10:27:57Z

Svetlltn: Started data.

{{Short description|Indian gynaecologist and medical doctor}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox medical person
| name = Nandita P. Palshetkar
| image = Dr Nandita Palshetkar.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Palshetkar in Mumbai, 2016
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|10|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| citizenship =
| education = MBBS, MD, FCPS, FICOG
| occupation = Medical Director,
| years_active =
| known_for = IVF & Infertility, President [[FOGSI]], Award Winning Gynecologist in Mumbai, [[International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics]]
| relations =
| website = https://www.nanditapalshetkar.com/
| profession =
| field =
| work_institutions =
| specialism = IVF & Infertility, Assisted Reproductive Techniques
| research_field =
| notable_works =
| prizes =
| child =
}}

'''Nandita P. Palshetkar''' is an Indian [[Gynecologist]] who specializes in [[in vitro fertilisation]] and infertility.<ref>{{cite web |title=For the first time ever, Centre sounds out states on inspecting fertility clinics and banks |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/for-the-first-time-ever-centre-sounds-out-states-on-inspecting-fertility-clinics-and-banks-8742171.html |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref name="b1">{{cite web |last1=P. |first1=Anuradha |title=Dr. Nandita Palshetkar's Remarkable Journey: A Leading Light in Indian Fertility Care |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/health/dr-nandita-palshetkars-remarkable-journey-a-leading-light-in-indian-fertility-care |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why twins are becoming more common in India - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-twins-are-becoming-more-common-in-india/articleshow/64757936.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She is the elected president of [[Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India]], in 2019.<ref name="health.economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite web |title=IVF stalwarts to deliberate future, current scenario of fertility treatment - ET HealthWorld |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/ivf-stalwarts-to-deliberate-future-current-scenario-of-fertility-treatment/89752474 |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pal |first1=Rishma |title=Current Therapies in Obstetrics and Gynaecology |url=https://www.fogsi.org/current-therapies-in-obstetrics-and-gynaecology-editor-dr-rishma-pai/ |website=The Federation of Obstetric & Gynecological Societies of India |date=25 May 2015 |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925054644/https://www.fogsi.org/current-therapies-in-obstetrics-and-gynaecology-editor-dr-rishma-pai/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is also the first vice president of [[Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reporter |first1=India-West Staff |title=Amruta Fadnavis at AAPI GHS Women's Forum: 'A Strong Woman Cannot Be Stopped' |url=https://www.indiawest.com/news/business/amruta-fadnavis-at-aapi-ghs-women-s-forum-a-strong/article_5b2d990c-19d2-11e9-b934-87e2ce4a3a6c.html |work=India West |language=en |archive-date=13 September 2021 |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913155750/https://www.indiawest.com/news/business/amruta-fadnavis-at-aapi-ghs-women-s-forum-a-strong/article_5b2d990c-19d2-11e9-b934-87e2ce4a3a6c.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Centre defends 35-year age bar for prenatal testing in Supreme Court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-defends-35-year-age-bar-for-prenatal-testing-in-supreme-court-101759516594657.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=4 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Redraft surrogacy bill, say senior gynaecologists |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/redraft-surrogacy-bill-say-senior-gynaecologists/cid/1679507 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Smile Train India and FOGSI launch protocol for diagnosis and treatment of cleft lip and palate |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/smile-train-india-and-fogsi-launch-protocol-for-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-cleft-lip-and-palate20220406184155/ |website=ANI News |language=en |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105173421/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/smile-train-india-and-fogsi-launch-protocol-for-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-cleft-lip-and-palate20220406184155/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life==
Nandita was born to Patil family in 1963. Her father [[D. Y. Patil]] was the governor of Bihar and west Bengal from [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. She did her schooling from [[Hill Grange High School]], Mumbai. She was A grade student and her keen interest in athletics and won the best athlete award at the school. She did her [[MBBS]] and [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] from [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College]], Mumbai.<ref name="b1"/>

After her post graduation she further specialized in IVF & Micro-manipulation and PGD from the [[University of Ghent]], Belgium, Alpha School of Embryology Naples, OVERIAN TISSUE FREEZING Copenhagen, Denmark. She researched on various topics of IVF & Infertility during her specialization.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nandita Palshetkar {{!}} Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai {{!}} IVF |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nandita_Palshetkar |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> Her research also includes [[Embryo transfer]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Talwar |first1=Pankaj |title=Manual of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Clinical Embryology |date=2012 |publisher=JP Medical Ltd |isbn=9789350255063 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QkY2tsuoe68C&dq=Nandita+Palshetkar&pg=PA301 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Parihar |first1=Mandakini |last2=Allahabadia |first2=Gautam |title=Infertility : Principles and Practice |date=2003 |publisher=BI Publications Pvt Ltd |isbn=9788172252045 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkOa_m5UwlUC&dq=Nandita+Palshetkar&pg=PA53 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Palshetkar is the in vitro fertilisation and infertility director at eleven Bloom IVF centers in India, including Fortis Bloom IVF Centers ([[New Delhi]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Chandigarh]], and [[Mumbai]]), [[Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre]] Mumbai,<ref>{{cite web |title=Specialised Talent |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/global-indian-business-leaders/specialised-talent/53317/1 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Butt |first1=Nahid |title=Has freezing eggs become a lifestyle choice for the modern Indian woman? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/health-and-wellbeing/280116/egg-freezing-a-lifestyle-choice-for-the-modern-indian-woman.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |date=28 January 2016}}</ref> PalshetkarPatil Nursing Home Mumbai, D.Y. Patil Medical College, and Sakra World Hospital Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nandita Palshetkar {{!}} Fortis Memorial Research Institute |url=https://www.fmri.in/doctors-profile/nandita-palshetkar |website=www.fmri.in |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105173420/https://www.fmri.in/doctors-profile/nandita-palshetkar |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Suneeta |title=Threatened Miscarriage - ECAB |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9788131232330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IF-hYuUy7j0C&q=Nandita+Palshetkar&pg=PA16-IA1 |language=en}}</ref> Palshetkar is also the President of the Indian Society For Assisted Reproduction, and the medical director of Lilavati Hospital Bloom IVF Centre, Mumbai.<ref name="health.economictimes.indiatimes.com"/>

Palshetkar is an invited speaker and faculty since 1994 on various events, hospitals and medical institutions in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akshay Kumar Calls On All The Pad Heroes Of India To Tackle Taboos Around Menstruation By Joining Run4niine |url=http://orissadiary.com/akshay-kumar-calls-pad-heroes-india-tackle-taboos-around-menstruation-joining-run4niine/ |website=OdishaDiary |date=19 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ETHealthworld Fertility Conclave: Investments crucial for the growth of fertility business - ET HealthWorld |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/ethealthworld-fertility-conclave-investments-crucial-for-the-growth-of-fertility-business/68313897 |work=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Secondary infertility, losing weight could help improve your chances of getting pregnant |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fitness/secondary-infertility-losing-weight-could-help-improve-your-chances-of-getting-pregnant/story-GUoLVs7lhSszVmhKwluG8J.html |work=hindustantimes.com/ |date=20 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Health minister announces free infertility treatment for Goans at GMC - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/health-min-announces-free-infertility-treatment-for-goans-at-gmc/articleshow/66944785.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Palshetkar supported the ''She’s Ambassador'' programme 2017, a PVR Nest initiative which was designed to develop leadership skills and increase health awareness among girls.<ref>{{cite web |last1=M |first1=Csr |title=PVR Nest and Mumbai Obstetrics & Gynaecological Society Successfully Completes 'She's Ambassador' Programme {{!}} CSR Mandate |date=2 February 2018 |url=http://www.csrmandate.org/pvr-nest-and-mumbai-obstetrics-gynaecological-society-successfully-completes-shes-ambassador-programme/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MOGS, PVR Nest reach out to 50 BMC schools to train girl students on menstrual health |url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=106937&sid=2 |website=www.pharmabiz.com |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105173412/http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=106937&sid=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The program has inspired over 50,000 girls from 50 schools across Mumbai to bring change within themselves and their communities and act as "Health Ambassadors" for others.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Journal |first1=The CSR |title=Empower Children To Be Change Ambassadors |url=https://thecsrjournal.in/empower-children-to-be-change-ambassadors/ |work=The CSR Journal |date=20 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bring back the smile: Tackling cleft in India, one doctor at a time |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/bring-back-the-smile-tackling-cleft-in-india-one-doctor-at-a-time/2039737/ |website=Financialexpress |date=30 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Palshetkar won the "Bharat Gaurav Award" in 2014, at the House of Commons,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharat Gaurav Award !! Bharat Gaurav Lifetime Achievement Award !! Award Ceremony of Bharat Gaurav !! Bharat Gaurav Award Photos !! Bharat Gaurav Lifetime Achievement Award Photos !! Award Ceremony of Bharat Gaurav Video !!! |url=https://www.bharatgaurav.org/about/dr-nandita-palshetkar/bharat-gaurav-2014-lifetime-achievement-awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612131535/http://bharatgaurav.org/about/dr-nandita-palshetkar/bharat-gaurav-2014-lifetime-achievement-awards |url-status=usurped |archive-date=12 June 2016 |website=LearnDash |language=English}}</ref> the Times Network National Award for Outstanding Contribution to Healthcare in 2017, and the Golden Globe Tigers Award, Malaysia, also in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Nandita Palshetkar, was one of the early visionaries who bought the now famous IVF, Infertility treatments within reach of common man and has tiredlessly worked for its awareness in India. |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/jewels-of-maharashtra/articleshow/19800108.cms |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

In 2021, Fellowship honoris causa was awarded to Palshetkar for her achievement and support in the development of women's healthcare services at the United Kingdom's [[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists first in-person ceremony |url=https://twitter.com/rcobsgyn/status/1438528221121851395 |publisher=[[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists]] |language=en}}</ref>

Palshetkar has contributed in the 'Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan' launched by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] (MoHFW), Government of India to provide fixed day assured, comprehensive and quality antenatal care to pregnant women on 9th of every month.<ref>{{cite news |title=FOGSI shifting focus from academics to social outreach - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/fogsi-shifting-focus-from-academics-to-social-outreach/articleshow/65205148.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Palshetkar has become the member of [[International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics]] in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Committee on Women's Health and Technology {{!}} Figo |url=https://www.figo.org/committee-womens-health-and-technology |website=www.figo.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Books and publications==
*"FOGSI Focus: Use of Adjuvants in Infertility", series editor: Nandita Palshetkar, [[JP Medical]], 2021, {{ISBN|978-93-89587-97-5}}
*"Oocyte Cryopreservation - Current Scenario and Future Perspectives: A Narrative Review", 2021, Hrishikesh D Pai,1 Rashmi Baid,1 Nandita P Palshetkar,1 Arnav Pai,2 Rishma D Pai<ref>{{cite journal |title=Oocyte Cryopreservation |year=2021 |pmc=8812387 |last1=Pai |first1=H. D. |last2=Baid |first2=R. |last3=Palshetkar |first3=N. P. |last4=Pai |first4=A. |last5=Pai |first5=R. D. |last6=Palshetkar |first6=R. |journal=Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=340–349 |doi=10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_173_21 |pmid=35197678 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*"Hysteroscopic metroplasty in women with primary infertility and septate uterus: reproductive performance after surgery", Dalal RJ1, Pai HD, Palshetkar NP, Takhtani M, Pai RD, Saxena N, 2012<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dalal |first1=Rutvij J |last2=Pai |first2=Hrishikesh D |last3=Palshetkar |first3=Nandita P |last4=Takhtani |first4=Manisha |last5=Pai |first5=Rishma D |last6=Saxena |first6=Nidhi |title=Hysteroscopic metroplasty in women with primary infertility and septate uterus: reproductive performance after surgery |url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/22324262 |journal=The Journal of Reproductive Medicine |pages=13–16 |date=1 January 2012|volume=57 |issue=1–2 |pmid=22324262 }}</ref>
*'Cervical cancer: Early detection, awareness generation the need of hour', 2025, [[The Economic Times]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cervical cancer: Early detection, awareness generation the need of hour |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/cervical-cancer-early-detection-awareness-generation-the-need-of-hour/124524628 |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref>
*'Tackling The Surge Of India's Silent Crisis: Anaemia Among Adolescent Girls', 2025, [[Businessworld]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tackling The Surge Of India's Silent Crisis: Anaemia Among Adolescent Girls - BW Wellbeing World |url=https://www.bwwellbeingworld.com/article/tackling-the-surge-of-india-s-silent-crisis-anaemia-among-adolescent-girls-577192 |website=BW Wellbeing |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
[[File:Dr. Nandita Palshetkar.jpg|thumb|Dr. Nandita Palshetkar at Membership Ceremony, London on 16 September 2021]]
*Prabha Malhotra Memorial Lifetime Achievement Award by the Indian society for Assisted Reproduction (ISAR) in March 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Nandita Palshetkar IVF doctor honoured with lifetime achievement award |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/health/dr-nandita-palshetkar-ivf-doctor-honoured-with-lifetime-achievement-award |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>
*Sarvottam Naari Samman Awards 2026<ref>{{cite web |title=sarvottam Nagriksanman Awards 2026 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DVdBPp7AT8d/ |website=sarvottamnagriksanman}}</ref>
*Best woman achiever in gynecology held by MAYOR OF Mumbai [[Shraddha Jadhav]] in 2010
*Gr8 Women's Achievers Award in Medical & Health Care 2011<ref>{{cite web |title=GR8! TV Magazine - GR8! Women Awards, 2011 |url=http://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=312 |website=www.gr8mag.com}}</ref>
*Bharat Gaurav Award 2014 at House of Commons, London<ref>{{cite web |title=Bharat Gaurav Award !! Bharat Gaurav Lifetime Achievement Award !! Award Ceremony of Bharat Gaurav !! Bharat Gaurav Award Photos !! Bharat Gaurav Lifetime Achievement Award Photos !! Award Ceremony of Bharat Gaurav Video !!! |url=https://www.bharatgaurav.org/detail-for/bharat-gaurav-2014-lifetime-achievement-awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014193636/http://bharatgaurav.org/detail-for/bharat-gaurav-2014-lifetime-achievement-awards |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 October 2016 |website=LearnDash |language=English}}</ref>
*The Golden Globe Tigers Award 2017 for Outstanding Contribution in Healthcare - Fertility & IVF in Malaysia, 2017<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhatia |first1=Dr R. L. |title=The Golden Globe Tigers Awards |url=http://goldenglobetigers.org/award-winners.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324025852/http://goldenglobetigers.org/award-winners.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*5th World Women Leadrship Congress & Awards 2018 for “Women Super Achiever Award”<ref>{{cite web |title=World Women Leadership Congress & Awards® {{!}} Women Leaders Awards {{!}} World Women Conference {{!}} Women Event |url=https://www.worldwomenleadershipcongress.org/winners/wwlc/world-women-leadership-award-winners-2018.html |website=Worldwomenleadershipcongress.org}}</ref>
*National Fertility Award 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=Fertility Awards- Health Awards - IVF Awards {{!}} ET HealthWorld |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/national-fertility-awards |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[https://www.fmri.in/repeated-ivf-failures-dr-nandita-palshetkar Repeated IVF Failures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105174929/https://www.fmri.in/repeated-ivf-failures-dr-nandita-palshetkar |date=5 January 2023 }}
*[https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/its-commendable-that-diana-hayden-has-come-forward-to-talk-about-egg-freezing-dr-nandita-palshetkar/ Diana Hayden has come forward to talk about egg freezing: Dr. Nandita Palshetkar]
*[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/producer-ekta-kapoor-becomes-mother-via-surrogacy/article26142947.ece Producer Ekta Kapoor becomes mother via surrogacy]

==External links==
*{{YouTube|fn0T89hN3Wk|Interview}} with [[Zee 24 Taas]]
*{{YouTube|5KMlOdR8vLQ|Dr. Nandita Palshetkar TEDxDYPatilUniversity}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palshetkar, Nandita P.}}
[[Category:Indian gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian women gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Indian medical doctors]]

Lapachhapi

2026-03-04T09:42:49Z

Svetlltn: Started article

{{short description|2017 Marathi horror film by Vishal Furia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lapachhapi
| image = Lapachhapi Movie Release Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vishal Furia<ref name="scroll_interview">{{cite news |last1=Raman |first1=Sruthi Ganapathy |title=Interview: ‘Lapachhapi’ director on making a ‘pure horror film’ without sex and songs |url=https://scroll.in/reel/840413/interview-lapachhapi-director-on-making-a-pure-horror-film-without-sex-and-songs |accessdate=20 May 2020 |work=Scroll.in |date=June 13, 2017}}</ref><ref name="flickside">{{cite web |title='Lapachhapi' Director Vishal Furia: On Making Your First Film |url=https://flickside.com/lapachhapi-vishal-furia-make-first-film/ |website=FLICKSIDE |accessdate=20 May 2020 |date=13 December 2016}}</ref>
| story = Vishal Furia
| screenplay = Vishal Kapoor<ref name="flickside"/>
| writer = Vishal Furia Vishal Kapoor <ref name="MarathiMovieWorld">{{cite web |last=Shirke |first=Ullhas |title=Horror filled 'Lapachhapi' is a game of illusions |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/review/lapachhapi-movie-review.php |accessdate=20 May 2020 |date=14 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="daijiworld">{{cite news |title=Mumbai: Mangalurean filmmaker Aroona Bhat wins global accolades for Marathi horror 'Lapachhapi' |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=462042 |last=Mascarenhas|first= Allwyn|accessdate=20 May 2020 |work=www.daijiworld.com |date=July 18, 2017}}</ref>

| music =
| cinematography = Chandan Kowli<ref name="flickside"/>
| studio = A Midas Touch Movies<ref name="MarathiMovieWorld"/><ref name="daijiworld"/>
| distributor =
| based_on =
| producer = Jitendra Patil<ref name="MarathiMovieWorld"/>
| starring =
{{plainlist|
* [[Pooja Sawant]]
* [[Usha Naik]]
* Vikram Gaikwad
}}
| released = {{Film date|2017|07|14|df=y|India|ref1=<ref name="BookMyShow_release">{{cite web |title=Lapachhapi Movie (2017): Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Bengaluru |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/bengaluru/movies/lapachhapi/ET00059171 |website=BookMyShow |accessdate=20 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Lapachhapi''''' ({{Translation|Hide and Seek}}) is a 2017 Marathi [[horror film]] directed by Vishal Furia and produced by Jitendra Patil.<ref name="MarathiMovieWorld"/><ref name="daijiworld"/>

==Synopsis==
The film opens with a heavily pregnant woman running away to escape an unseen force which appears to be chasing her. However, the force soon catches up with her and forces her to stab herself.

Introduced to the viewers are a young couple, Tushar (Vikram Gaikwad) and 8-month-pregnant Neha ([[Pooja Sawant]]) who undertake a trip to a remote village to escape vengeful debtors. They accommodate themselves in a ramshackle house in the midst of a thick sugarcane field, owned by an aged couple Bhaurao (Anil Gawas) and Tulsabai ([[Usha Naik]]). Initially, all appears well in the tranquil village, but soon the dark secrets of the family inhabiting the house begin to surface. Tulsa berates and torments her daughter-in-law Lakshmi, always casting disparaging remarks after her. She tells Neha the story of her younger brother-in-law's wife Kaveri, who murdered her own husband and her brothers-in-law (who are still children) in cold blood.

Neha sees visions of the three children and hears the voice of a woman from a tape recorder the children play with. She suspects the woman to be the dead daughter-in-law Kaveri. The visions grow stronger with passing time and in time, reveal the truth to her: Kaveri accidentally stabbed her husband in a scuffle. Tulsabai witnessed the stabbing, and instigated the other villagers to burn her alive. Kaveri's [[malevolent spirit]] haunted the house, driving the pregnant women who lived there mad and forcing them to stab themselves.

It is revealed that Bhaurao and Tulsa regularly practice female infanticide, and kill the daughter-in-laws who bear female children. The newborn female babies are then drowned by the couple's son Pratap Rao (who masquerades as Tushar), in accordance with a misguided superstition that calls for human sacrifice to ensure a bountiful harvest. Pratap Rao attempts to kill Neha as well, but is lynched by the spirits of the children who appear in a corporeal form. Neha leaves the home in disgust, and sees a vision of the children, who guide her out of the maze-like sugarcane fields, whereupon she leaves the village, never to return again.

==Cast==
* [[Pooja Sawant]] as Neha<ref name="Pooja_TOI">{{cite news |title=Pooja Sawant celebrates one year anniversary of ‘Lapachhapi’ with some throwback pictures - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/pooja-sawant-celebrates-one-year-anniversary-of-lapachhapi-with-some-throwback-pictures/articleshow/64988859.cms |accessdate=20 May 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=July 14, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Usha Naik]] as Tulsabai<ref name="naik_HT">{{cite news |last1=Shetty |first1=Anjali |title=I am young at heart and want to stay so: Usha Naik |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/i-am-young-at-heart-and-want-to-stay-so-usha-naik/story-1d7Vyumsked3N0Q754VCAK.html |accessdate=21 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
* Vikram Gaikwad as Tushar<ref name="vikram">{{cite web |last1=Dhongle |first1=Siddharth |title=Pooja Sawant's back on sets after her horror ordeal on Make In India |url=http://www.bollywoodhelpline.com/news-gossips/regional-filmy-buzz/pooja-sawant-s-back-on-sets-after-her-horror-ordeal-on-make-in-india/34334 |publisher=February 16, 2016 |accessdate=20 May 2020}}</ref>
* Anil Gawas as Bhaurao
* Hridaynath Rane
* Aparna Ambawane
* Dhanashree Khandkar

==Production==
This was a directorial debut for Furia.<ref name="scroll_interview"/> Before the official release on July 14, the movie was premiered in various film festivals around the world. Furia started with the script writing process in 2013 and finished in 2014.<ref name="scroll_interview"/> Furia said it took him almost a year to find a producer.<ref name="flickside"/><ref name="FirstPost">{{cite news |last1=Deodhar |first1=Neerja |title=LapaChhapi: Could this Marathi film be a gamechanger in the horror movie genre in India? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/lapachhapi-could-this-marathi-film-be-a-gamechanger-in-the-horror-movie-genre-in-india-3771865.html |accessdate=20 May 2020 |work=Firstpost |date=8 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The movie soundtrack had only 2 songs and was released by Zee music in July, 2017.<ref name="itunes">{{cite web |title=Lapachhapi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/lapachhapi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1257006696 |publisher=Zee_Music |accessdate=21 May 2020 |language=en-us |format=10 July 2017}}</ref> Music was produced by Utkarsh Dhotekar,{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} Tony Deori Basumatary,<ref name="music_tony_TOI">{{cite news |title=Never felt an outsider in Marathi film industry: Tony Deori Basumatary - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/never-felt-an-outsider-in-marathi-film-industry-tony-deori-basumatary/articleshow/66302632.cms |accessdate=21 May 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> [[Shreyas Puranik]], and Ranjan Patnaik.<ref name="cast_n_crew">{{Cite news |title=Lapachhapi |website=www.marathicineyug.com |date=11 June 2017}}</ref> ''Ek Khel Lapachhapi cha'' (lullaby), written by Swayeshree Shashin, was originally sung by Nandini Borkar, but later recorded by [[Rekha Bhardwaj]].<ref name="daijiworld"/> [[Vaishali Samant]] sang the other song, ''Dil Khulas''.

==Critical reception==
The film has received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the movie for a refreshing take on oft-ignored Indian horror genre. Pooja Sawant and Usha Naik's performances were received positively.<ref name="MarathiMovieWorld"/><ref name="TOI_review">{{cite news |last1=Mihir |first1=Bhanage |title=Lapachhapi Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Lapachhapi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/lapachhapi/movie-review/59606563.cms |accessdate=20 May 2020 |work=Times of India |date=14 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="flickside_review">{{cite web |last1=Dutta |first1=Mansi |title=Lapachhapi (2017): Finally An Indian Horror Film That Thwarts Genre Tropes |url=https://flickside.com/lapachhapi-2017-marathi-horror-review/ |website=FLICKSIDE |accessdate=20 May 2020 |language=en |date=19 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pune_Mirror_review">{{cite news |last1=Matkari |first1=Ganesh |title=FILM: LAPACHHAPI |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-lapachhapi/articleshow/59584087.cms |accessdate=20 May 2020 |work=Pune Mirror |date=July 14, 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="marathistars_review">{{cite web |last1=Salvi |first1=Abhay |title=Lapachhapi Review: A Convincing ‘Horror’ Film! |url=https://marathistars.com/reviews/lapachhapi-review-convincing-horror-film/ |website=MarathiStars |accessdate=21 May 2020 |date=13 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="divya_review">{{cite news |title=Movie Review : 'लपाछपी' भय आणि रहस्याची उत्तम गुंफण |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-REV-REV-movie-review-of-marathi-film-lapachhapi-5645551-PHO.html |accessdate=21 May 2020 |work=Divya Marathi |date=July 14, 2017 |language=mr}}</ref> Ullhas Shirke of ''Marathi Movie World'' called it a horror filled film with the game of illusions. He commended it as a technically well made film that "will surely impress horror film lovers."<ref name="MarathiMovieWorld"/> Mihir Bhanage of ''[[The Times of India]]'', rated it 3.5 on a scale of 5, calling it "by far the best Marathi horror film till date" and "something that can be looked at as a beginning for Marathi filmmakers to explore this relatively untapped genre".<ref name="TOI_review"/> Mansi Dutta writing for Flickside listed it among the handful of films that thwart genre's poor perception, and praised the director for "eerie" location choices.<ref name="flickside_review"/> Ganesh Matkari of ''[[Pune Mirror]]'' gave it full marks for effort even though " the film has its share of problems and loses its way intermitte".<ref name="Pune_Mirror_review"/> Abhay Salvi writing for MarathiStars.com, wrote that Lapachhapi is a convincing horror movie that could have been much better.<ref name="marathistars_review"/> A review in ''[[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]]'' called it a great combination of horror and thriller elements.<ref name="divya_review"/>

==Awards==
''Lapachhapi'' won the following awards:<ref name="daijiworld"/>

*[[Brooklyn Film Festival]] 2016 - Official Selection
**Winner - Spirit Award<ref name="BFF_winners">{{cite web |title=Brooklyn Film Festival 19th Annual Wraps, Announces Winners |url=https://www.brooklynfilmfestival.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/BiFF_PR_2016_03.pdf |website=Brooklyn Film Festival |accessdate=21 May 2020 |location=Brooklyn, NY |date=June 13, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Brooklyn_HT">{{cite news |title=Marathi film Lapachhapi premieres at Brooklyn Film Festival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/marathi-film-lapachhapi-premieres-at-brooklyn-film-festival/story-J92UGblkXmbOsv0ltc7cfJ.html |accessdate=20 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=IANS |date=8 June 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
*Madrid International Film Festival 2016 - Official Selection<ref name="India_West">{{cite news |title=Marathi Film 'Lapachhapi' Wins 5 Nominations at Madrid International Film Festival |url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/marathi-film-lapachhapi-wins-5-nominations-at-madrid-international-film-festival/article_5bfa1100-16db-11e6-ad3b-bff2ce74b811.html |accessdate=20 May 2020 |work=India West |date=May 10, 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
**Winner - Best New Director
**Nominations - Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress, Best Original Score, Best Editing
*Spotlight Horror Awards - Gold Award Winner<ref name="Spotlight">{{cite web |title=Spotlight Horror Film Awards : 2016 horror film competition |url=http://www.spotlighthorrorawards.com/2016awards.html |website=Spotlight Horror Film Awards |accessdate=21 May 2020 |language=en |date=May 2016}}</ref>
*Horror Hotel Film Festival, Ohio<ref name="India_West"/>
**Official Selection, 4th place Winner
*Indiefest Film Awards 2016<ref name="Indiefest">{{cite web |title=Award of Merit |url=https://theindiefest.com/past-winners/award-of-merit-may-2016/ |website=theindiefest.com |accessdate=21 May 2020 |date=May 2016}}</ref>
**Awards of Merit (Special Mention) - Cinematography
*Accolade Global Film Competition Awards 2016<ref name="Accolade">{{cite web |title=Winners May 2016 |url=https://accoladecompetition.org/winners-may-2016/ |accessdate=21 May 2020 |date=May 2016}}</ref>
**Awards of Excellence - Feature Film, Direction, Cinematography, Story/Writing, Original Score, Dramatic Impact

==See also==
* ''[[Chhorii]]'' (the Hindi-language remake, also directed by Vishal Furia)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |last1=Sanjiv |first1=Deepthi |title=Mangalurean’s nightmare flick is having a dream runcreates waves |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/state/mangalureans-nightmare-flick-is-having-a-dream-runcreates-waves/articleshow/59703398.cms |website=Bangalore Mirror |accessdate=21 May 2020 |language=en |date=July 22, 2017}}
* {{cite news |title=छोट्या पडद्यावर रंगणार 'लपाछपी'चा खेळ!! |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/lapachhapi-movie-premiere-zee-talkies/ |accessdate=21 May 2020 |work=Lokmat |date=12 May 2019 |language=mr-IN}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt5501124|Lapachhapi}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:2017 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Marathi-language horror films]]

Manchivallaku Manchivadu

2026-03-03T20:24:38Z

Svetlltn: Started article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manchivallaku Manchivadu
| image = Manchivallaki manchivadu.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[K. S. R. Das]]
| producer = S. Bhavanarayana
| writer = S. Bhavanarayana (story) [[Palagummi Padmaraju]] Appalacharya (dialogue)
| starring = [[Ghattamaneni Krishna|Krishna]] [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] [[Vijayanirmala]] [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]] [[Nagesh]]
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography = [[V. S. R. Swamy]]
| editing = K. Gopala Rao
| studio = Sri Venkateswara Art Pictures
| distributor = Poorna Pictures Private Limited
| released = {{Film date|1973|1|13|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
}}

'''''Manchivallaku Manchivadu''''' ({{Translation|Good man for good people}}) is a 1973 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] [[action film]], directed by [[K. S. R. Das]] and produced by S. Bhavanarayana. The film had musical score by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]. The action scenes were shot in the villages of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rentala|first1=Gopala Krishna|title=చిత్ర సమీక్ష: మంచివాళ్ళకు మంచివాడు|url=http://www.pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/newspaperframe.aspx?bookid=48527|access-date=17 March 2018|work=Andhra Prabha Daily|issue=24|publisher=Madabhushi Krishna Swamy|date=28 January 1973|volume=38|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317233016/http://www.pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/newspaperframe.aspx?bookid=48527|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] - Ranga
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] - Sethupati
* [[Vijayanirmala]] - Tupaki Saakhi
* [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]] -Jaggu
* Tyagaraju - Singh
* [[Nagesh]] - Obaiah
* Jaggarao
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] - Ramalingam
* [[Saakshi Ranga Rao]] - Gangu
* [[C. H. Narayana Rao]] - Chennakesavaiah
* [[Nirmalamma|Nirmala]] - Santhi
* Udayalakshmi
* [[Shabnam]]
* [[Valluri Balakrishna]]
* [[Gokina Rama Rao]] - Nagama Naidu
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]] and written by [[Daasarathi]], [[C. Narayana Reddy]], [[Aarudhra]] and [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]].<ref>[https://tunes.desibantu.com/manchivallaku-manchivadu-1973/ Manchivallaku Manchivadu (మంచివాళ్ళకు మంచివాడు) 1973]</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Emayyo monagaadaa
| extra1 = [[L.R.Eswari]]
| music1 = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| lyrics1 = [[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu|Dasarathi]]
| length1 = 03:47
| title2 = Pilla Shokillaa
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| music2 = Satyam
| lyrics2 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| length2 = 04:03
| title3 = Vendi Mabbu Vidichindi
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| music3 = Satyam
| lyrics3 = [[Aarudhra]]
| length3 = 04:32
| title4 = Leanea leadaa antham
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| music4 = Satyam
| lyrics4 = [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]
| length4 =
| title5 =
| extra5 =
| music5 =
| lyrics5 =
| length5 =
| title6 =
| extra6 =
| music6 =
| lyrics6 =
| length6 =
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0779741}}
{{K. S. R. Das}}
[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:1973 action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. R. Das]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
{{1970s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Kamli (2006 film)

2026-03-03T18:06:47Z

Svetlltn: Started Basic Info Needs Work

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kamli
| image =
| caption =
| writer = K. N. T. Sastry
| starring = [[Nandita Das]] [[Tanikella Bharani]] [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] [[L.B. Sriram]] [[Roopa (actress)|Roopa Devi]]
| director = [[K. N. T. Sastry]]
| producer = Apoorva Chitra B.C. Hari Charanaprasad Sukanya
| cinematography = [[Sunny Joseph]]
| editing = [[Beena Paul]]
| released = {{Film date|2006}}
| budget =
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Isaac Thomas Kottukapally]]
}}

'''''Kamli''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Telugu film|Telugu]]-language drama film directed by [[K. N. T. Sastry]]. The film stars [[Nandita Das]] in the title role of a [[Lambada]] girl. The film's lyrics were written by [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]. The film was showcased at the [[Busan International Film Festival]] in Korea and the Asian Film Festival in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.banjaratimes.com/32674/43601.html |title=Banjara Times: Voice of Goaars of India |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722161702/http://banjaratimes.com/32674/43601.html |archive-date=22 July 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/14slid3.htm|title=rediff.com: Kamli: A film dedicated to the girl child|website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kamli tackles the issues of the sale of the girl child (rampant in the community) and the swapping of the male child, a practice fairly common in the urban areas—particularly in the hospitals.

Kamli ([[Nandita Das]]) is the focal point of the tale. She is forced to sell her firstborn girl. It is a well-known fact that the girl child is not welcome in most Indian communities and amongst the Lambadas she is considered an ill omen. The boys are wanted as they feed their parents. One gets a peek into her life, how she is married to Redya ([[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]]), her toil for a job, how she puts up with an alcoholic husband, how she faces the 'contractors' and other men folk who have lecherous designs on her and so on.

When she delivers a male child, her infant is swapped, and a girl child is placed instead. This incident forces her to fight for her son. The media's role (in the building of hype of Kamli's fight), her dharna and the subsequent outcome with some melodrama are portrayed in a stereotypical manner.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nandita Das]] as Kamli
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Badya
* [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] as Redya
* [[L.B. Sriram]] as Police Constable
* [[Roopa (actress)|Roopa Devi]] as Ramli
* Kota Shankar Rao as Supervisor
* Y. K. Nageswara Rao as Supervisor
* [[Pavala Syamala]] as Ayah
* Vijayalakshmi as Cobbler
* Satyapriya as Doctor
* Bharati as Tribal Neighbor
* Lakshmi as Tribal Neighbor
* Sudhakar as Security officer
* Tadivelu as Tea Master
* Ashalatha
* Damodar
* Srinivasa Rao
* Kalachandra
}}

==Production==
Kamli was inspired by a [[K.N.T. Sastry]]'s award-winning documentary harvesting babies. Sastry wanted to make a feature film based on the documentary about the plight of tribal women selling their babies for a pittance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/30sastry.htm|title=How Kamli came alive onscreen|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

==Reception==
Radhika Rajamani of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "on the whole, Sastry's effort is laudable in bringing out the Lambadas' grim reality".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/24kamli.htm|title=Kamli: Good effort|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Actress]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2511534}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu}}

[[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Best Telugu Feature Film National Film Award winners]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Gomathi Nayagam

2026-03-03T04:31:09Z

Svetlltn: added new details added tags

{{short description|2004 film directed by Ponvannan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gomathi Nayagam
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Ponvannan]]
| producer = [[M. Mani|Aroma Mani]]
| writer = Ponvannan
| starring = {{ubl|Ponvannan|Haripriya|[[Lakshana (actress)|Karthika]]}}
| music = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| cinematography = K. B. Ahmed
| editing = K. Pazhanivel
| distributor =
| studio = Sunitha Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2004|12|24}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Gomathi Nayagam''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Ponvannan]]. The film stars Ponvannan, Haripriya and [[Lakshana (actress)|Karthika]], with [[Manivannan]], [[Ilavarasu]], [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], Vishnu Prasad, [[Madhan Bob]], [[Halwa Vasu]] and Kottachi in supporting roles. The film, produced by [[M. Mani|Aroma Mani]], was released on 24 December 2004.

==Plot==

In a remote village, Kunjappan is a carefree man who has the dream of becoming a cinema hero and he renames himself as Gomathi Nayagam to avoid embarrassments. His innocent relative Sevanthi is in love with Gomathi Nayagam but Gomathi Nayagam is adamant about being single until he becomes a cinema hero. In the meantime, Parameshwari arrives at the village with her family to become the new school teacher. Aravindan who is in love with Parameshwari since the college days comes to the village to charm her and Gomathi Nayagam decides to help him.

Later, Gomathi Nayagam's parents want him to marry Parameshwari but Gomathi Nayagam refuses. Meanwhile, Parameshwari's mother has a heart attack and on her hospital bed, she gets a promise from Gomathi Nayagam that he will marry Parameshwari. Gomathi Nayagam then plans to have a fake marriage with Parameshwari but things get complicated and after a misunderstanding, Gomathi Nayagam marries Parameshwari for real. After the marriage, Gomathi Nayagam reveals that he doesn't love her and Parameshwari decides to change his mind. Thereafter, all the issues are solved and Gomathi Nayagam finally understands Parameshwari's true feelings. Gomathi Nayagam eventually decides to direct and produce his own film to become a cinema hero.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ponvannan]] as Kunjappan/Gomathi Nayagam
*Haripriya as Parameshwari
*[[Lakshana (actress)|Karthika]] as Sevanthi
*[[Manivannan]] as Nanjappan, Gomathi Nayagam's father
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Kutraleeswaran
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Sevanthi's father
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]]
*Vishnu Prasad as Aravindan
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Varadharajan
*[[Halwa Vasu]] as Bheem Boy
*[[Kottachi]] as Pazhani
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Dhanam
*[[Saranya Ponvannan]]
*[[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Thangam
*[[Sathyapriya]] as Parameshwari's mother
*Ramya as Manju
*[[K. Sivasankar (choreographer)|K. Sivasankar]] as Himself (cameo appearance)
}}

==Production==
[[Ponvannan]], who played character roles and acted in [[Tamil television soap opera|TV serials]], returned to direction with the film titled ''Gomathi Nayagam''. He also played the lead role, handled the story, screenplay, and the dialogue in this film. Haripriya and [[Lakshana (actress)|Karthika]] were selected to play the heroines. Produced by Malayalam film producer [[M. Mani|Aroma Mani]] for Sunitha Productions, the film had in the supporting cast [[Manivannan]], [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]], [[Ilavarasu]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], Vishnu Prasad, [[Saranya Ponvannan]], [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] and [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]. The music director of Malayalam film [[M. Jayachandran]] made his debut in Tamil cinema and Palani Bharathi had penned all the songs. The film had cinematography by K. B. Ahmed, editing by K. Pazhanivel, and art by Sreeni. The film was shot in places like [[Pollachi]], [[Kerala]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Chennai]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Speaking of the film, Ponvannan said, "It will be on the lines of comedies like ''[[Avvai Shanmugi|Avvai Shanmughi]]'' and ''[[Thenali]]''".<ref>{{cite web |date=16 December 2004 |title=Gomathinayagam |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/previews/new/gomathi.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041221122823/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/previews/new/gomathi.shtml |archive-date=21 December 2004 |access-date=6 November 2019 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Mannath |first=Malini |date=Dec 14, 2004 |title='Gomati Nayakam' |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/12gomati.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204125610/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/12gomati.asp |archive-date=4 February 2007 |access-date=6 November 2019 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. Jayachandran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gomathi Nayagam Tamil Film Audio Cassette |url=https://mossymart.com/product/gomathi-nayagam-tamil-film-audio-cassette/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Mossymart |language=en-US |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503113915/https://mossymart.com/product/gomathi-nayagam-tamil-film-audio-cassette/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{track listing|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Palani Bharathi]]
| total_length = 19:31
| title1 = Enga Cinema
| length1 = 3:28
| extra1 = K. L. Sreeram
| title2 = Enga Cinema
| note2 = 2
| length2 = 3:28
| extra2 = M. Jayachandran
| title3 = Yaaru Yaaru Enga
| length3 = 3:58
| extra3 = Alfa Krishnaraj, Sujatha
| title4 = Roja Pole
| length4 = 3:55
| extra4 = Mano, Sadnhya
| title5 = Valayosai
| length5 = 4:23
| extra5 = Hariharan, Sadhana Sargam
| title6 = Sitharuthu
| length6 = 3:47
| extra6 = Ilango, Karthik
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2004 comedy films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ponvannan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Horror Story (film)

2026-03-02T09:28:46Z

Svetlltn: added citations per sources and fixed typos per sources

{{For|the 1993 Czech film|Krvavý román}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Horror Story
| image = Horror-Story-movie-poster-2013.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ayush Raina
| producer = ASA Productions and Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.
| writer = [[Vikram Bhatt]] Mohan Azad [[Sukhmani Sadana]] (dialogues)
| starring = [[Karan Kundra]] [[Radhika Menon]] [[Nishant Singh Malkani]] [[Ravish Desai]] [[Hasan Zaidi]] [[Aparna Bajpai]] Nandini Vaid [[Sheetal Singh]]
| music = [[Amar Mohile]]
| cinematography = Gargey trivedi
| editing = Kuldip Mehan
| studio = ASA Production and Enterprises Pvt Ltd.
| distributor = ASA Productions and Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|09|13}}
| runtime = 90 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|6 [[crore]]}}<ref name="boxofficeindia1">[http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1483 Horror Story – Movie – Box Office India]</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|7 crore}}<ref name="boxofficeindia1"/>
}}

'''''Horror Story''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[horror film]] written by [[Vikram Bhatt]] and directed by Ayush Raina.<ref>{{cite news|title='Horror Story' has horror from the first scene to the last: Bhatt|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Horror-Story-has-horror-from-the-first-scene-to-the-last-Bhatt/articleshow/22028164.cms|access-date=30 August 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=25 August 2013}}</ref> The film stars [[Ravish Desai]] and [[Hasan Zaidi]], and is the Bollywood debut of noted television actors [[Nishant Singh Malkani|Nishant Malkani]] and [[Karan Kundra]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vikram-Bhatts-tryst-with-horror-continues/articleshow/20724461.cms?from=mdr |access-date=3 August 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Vikram Bhatt's tryst with horror continues |date=23 June 2013}}</ref> The film was released on 13 September 2013. The plot revolves around a night spent by seven youngsters at a haunted hotel. The film received positive reviews but failed at the box office.<ref name="boxofficeindia1"/>

== Plot ==
Vikrant Nerula enters alone the deserted Grandiose Hotel. He proceeds to Room 3046 and commits suicide by jumping off the terrace.

Seven friends, Sam (Samraat), Maghhesh, Achint, Neel, Nina, Sonia, and Maggie, reunite in a local pub after several years to celebrate the farewell of Neel, who is going abroad. They learn about an abandoned hotel that was initially a [[mental asylum]] for the [[criminally insane]] but was almost destroyed in a fire. The ruins were refurbished into a five-star hotel. Rumours state that the hotel owner was pushed into suicide by the ghost of an asylum inmate.

They try to enter the hotel through the main door, but they enter through the back door as it is locked. Nina observes strange phenomena, but Neel brushes her claims aside. They find a TV set on with no transmission or power. Following this, Achint and Neel hear a voice saying, "WELCOME TO DIE." Ignoring it as a hallucination, they proceed to Room 3046, where Sam is killed. The group flees in panic and realises that they are trapped inside the hotel with no way out. Achint and Maghhesh go to the terrace to try and find a mobile signal, but a spirit kills Maghhesh.

A woman's ghost then terrorises the group, which drags Sonia into darkness. With three people dead, the remaining four find an abandoned [[Jeep]] which they use to try to get out of the hotel amidst ghostly apparitions. After a drive through misty areas, the group escapes, only to find that they are back at the door of Room 3046. They realise that the only way to escape is to survive until dawn.

However, Sonia soon confronts them, whom Achint and Neel think is the ghost, but a tearful Sonia tells them that it is really her. The group learns that when the hotel was a mental asylum, a possessed girl named Maya was admitted after she murdered her entire family. Maya would always claim to have 'married the devil' and become very violent at the hospital, even killing the doctors and causing the fire that broke out and killed all the inmates. The group thus realises that it is Maya who is haunting them.

Sonia attempts to contact Maya to find out what she wants. She receives a call from Maya, who says she wants to kill them all and nothing else. Afterwards, Maya's spirit kills Sonia. Nina asks the time from Neel, only to be told that it is the same time (3:55 a.m.) she had seen on the clock in one of the rooms shortly after entering the hotel. Believing it is an intuition, they decide to go back to the same room to understand Nina's extrasensory perception.

There they find a book containing paranormal explanations and a way to locate the source of energy of the dark spirits. With the help of incantations from the book, they have visions of the past. They see that the hotel was a mental asylum and find that the source of energy for Maya's spirit is in a shock machine. They decide to burn it down to end the horror.

Neel and Maggie go to the kitchen in search of something flammable. Maggie sees a female spirit sitting on a chair and reading a newspaper. Afterwards, Maya's spirit, appearing in the form of Neel, kills Maggie. Achint is beheaded by the spirit, leaving only Neel and Nina alive.

Neel tries to burn the machine, but the spirit pulls him into a closet. The spirit starts terrorizing Nina. Nina starts a fire. Amidst ghostly apparitions and obstructions, and with the help of the spirit of Vikrant Narula (the previous owner of the hotel), she manages to burn the machine, destroying Maya's spirit. The film ends with the entrance doors of the hotel opening at dawn and a traumatized Nina, the only survivor, walking outside.

==Cast==
*[[Karan Kundra]] as Neel
*[[Nishant Singh Malkani]] as Achint
*[[Ravish Desai]] as Magesh
*[[Hasan Zaidi]] as Samraat "Sam"
*[[Aparna Bajpai]] as Maggie
*[[Nandini Vaid]] as Sonia
*[[Sheetal Singh]] as Maya
*[[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Vikrant Narula
*[[Radhika Menon]] as Nina

==Production==
Of the film, Bhatt has stated that he did not want ''Horror Story'' to contain any songs or sex scenes.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|title=No sex in Vikram Bhattâ's Horror Story|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news-interviews/41440947_1_infamous-hotel-vikram-bhatt-horror-story|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130830202559/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news-interviews/41440947_1_infamous-hotel-vikram-bhatt-horror-story|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2013|access-date=30 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 August 2013}}</ref> He also remarked that he wanted to avoid casting "big stars" in the film, as he believed that they "cannot turn the audience fearful" in what he termed a "hardcore horror film".<ref name="TOI1" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Vikram Bhatt's 'Horror Story'|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=636mRGhnTas|access-date=30 August 2013|newspaper=MSN India|date=21 August 2013}}</ref> Ravish Desai has commented that the movie will be the first in a franchise and that planning for further films has already begun.<ref name="IBN">{{cite news|title=No set formula for success in Bollywood, says Karan Kundra|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-set-formula-for-success-in-bollywood-says-karan-kundra/416844-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827174200/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-set-formula-for-success-in-bollywood-says-karan-kundra/416844-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 August 2013|access-date=30 August 2013|newspaper=IBN Live|date=24 August 2013}}</ref>

Bhatt had earlier made films in the same genre, namely ''[[1920 (film)|1920]]'', ''[[1920: Evil Returns]]'' and ''[[Haunted – 3D|Haunted]]''. In an interview, he commented, "While [my] ''[[Raaz 3]]'' and ''1920'' were romantic sagas with songs and full-on drama, this one is more of a Hollywood kind of drama. The horror lies in the story."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/cricketcarnival/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4758762844580734098&SectionId=5558842172310824508&SectionName=Cinema&NewsDate=20130825&Provider=Sakaal%20Times&NewsTitle=I%20like%20to%20sell%20fear:%20Vikram%20Bhatt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106185825/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/cricketcarnival/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4758762844580734098&SectionId=5558842172310824508&SectionName=Cinema&NewsDate=20130825&Provider=Sakaal%20Times&NewsTitle=I%20like%20to%20sell%20fear:%20Vikram%20Bhatt |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 November 2016 |access-date=31 August 2013|publisher=Sakaaltimes |title= I like to sell fear: Vikram Bhatt |date=25 August 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian horror films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{BH movie|horror-story}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Vikram Bhatt}}

[[Category:2010s horror drama films]]
[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in hotels]]
[[Category:Indian horror drama films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films based on short fiction]]
[[Category:2013 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language horror drama films]]

Limyrike

2026-03-01T18:57:27Z

Svetlltn: adjusted structure after review and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Place in India}}
<mapframe text="Possible extreme points of Limyrike in present-day India" width="400" height="400" zoom="6" longitude="76.28" latitude="10.24">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Kannur|Naura]]", "description": "Identified with modern Kannur" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.3703662, 11.8744775] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Tyndis]]", "description": "Identified with modern Ponnani" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.9259013, 10.7677201] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Kanyakumari]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [77.5384507, 8.0883064] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>
'''Limyrikê''' is a historical region of present-day India, mentioned in the ancient [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] texts. It generally corresponds to the present-day [[Malabar Coast]] of [[Kerala]].

== Extent ==

According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (53:17:15-27), Limyrike began at [[Kannur|Naura]] and [[Tyndis]]; [[Ptolemy]] (7.1.8) mentions only Tyndis as its starting point. The region probably ended at [[Kanyakumari]]; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day [[Malabar Coast]].{{sfn|Lionel Casson|2012|p=213}}

==History==

[[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned that this region was prone to pirates.<ref>Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis. </ref> [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] mentioned that it was a source of peppers.<ref>Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373. </ref><ref>Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301. </ref>

== Misidentification as Damirice ==

''[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]'', an ancient Roman map uses the name "Damirice" to describe an area between the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Ganges River]], and uses the name "Dymirice" to describe a region somewhat close to the Malabar Coast.{{sfn|Lionel Casson|2012|p=213}}

Assuming possible phonetic connection between the words "Damir-" and "[[Tamil language|Tamil]]" (the language of Limyrikê), some modern scholars have wrongly used the term "Damirice" (or "Damirica") to describe Limyrikê. [[Wilfred Harvey Schoff]]'s 1912 translation of the ''Periplus'' wrongly uses the term "Damirica" instead of "Limyrikê", because of which the error has been reproduced by several scholars relying on this faulty translation. Actually, the "Damirice" of ''Tabula Peutingeriana'' is over a thousand miles from Limyrikê.{{sfn|Lionel Casson|2012|p=214}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |author=Lionel Casson |title=The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQWYkSs51rEC&pg=PA213 |year=2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4320-6 }}

[[Category:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Malabar Coast]]
[[Category:Tamilakam]]

Khajuresvara temple complex

2026-02-27T13:50:21Z

Svetlltn: Started The Place W/ Infobox

{{Cleanup translation|Odia|type=check|listed=nolist|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Khajuresvara temple complex
| image = Khajuresvara group of temples, Sergarh, Balasore district, Odisha 01.JPG
| image_size = frameless
| caption = Khajuresvara temple complex
| map_type = Orissa
| map_size = 250
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|21|26|11.2|N|86|49|41.1|E|region:IN_scale:100|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| location = [[Sergarh]], [[Baleshwar district|Baleshwar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| deity =
| festivals = ''[[Jagaran|Jagara jatra]]''
| architecture_style = [[Kalinga architecture|Kalinga ''pancaratha''-style]]
| year_completed = 8-10th CE
| website =
}}

'''Khajuresvara temple complex''' is a group of [[deula]]-complex in [[Odisha]] (former Orissa state), [[India]]. These [[Buddhist]] and [[Shaiva]]-[[Shakta]] temple complex is localed at Khajurasahi, Sergarh, [[Balasore district|Balasore.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_orrisa.asp|title = List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Orissa|publisher = Archaeological Survey of India|accessdate = 24 December 2015}}</ref> The Deula complex was built during 9-10th [[Common Era|CE]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/Archaeology/protected_monuments.html|title = Protected Monuments: Odisha State Archaeology, Govt. of Odisha|publisher = Orissaculture.gov.in|accessdate = 24 December 2015|archive-date = 16 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160116214731/http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/Archaeology/protected_monuments.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> There are several stone idols found to be placed in each of the deula. The largest deula, Khajuresvara, has been devastated. Later the idols from Khajuresvara were placed in a newly built deula. The idols worshiped in the different deulas are [[Shiva]], [[Durga]], [[Ganesha]], [[Vaishnavi (deity)|Vaishnavi]] and Purushottama. The deulas were built based on [[Kalinga architecture]]. The deulas that are intact were built in the "''khakara''" style except one where the latter was built in "''rekha''" style. The newly built temple was built in "''pidha''" style. There are a few idols that are found in this temple which date back to the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamshi]] period and carved during 10-11th CE. The idols are mainly carved in [[laterite]] (locally known as "''mankada pathara''").<ref name="Vajrayāna">{{Cite book|last = Mishra|first = Umakant|title = Vajrayāna Buddhism : study in social iconography|date = 2009|publisher = Pratibha Prakashan|location = Delhi|isbn = 9788177021899|url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|edition = 1st}}</ref>

== Location ==
The temple complex is located in the middle of Khajurasahi, Sergarh, Baleswar on an elevated plain.<ref name="ignca">{{Cite web|title = Documentation format for Archaeological / Heritage Sites / Monuments|url = http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orbalasore017.pdf|publisher = INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE ARTS Janpath, New Delhi -110 001, www.ignca.gov.in|accessdate = 24 December 2015}}</ref>

== Devastation ==
The largest deula of the entire complex was devastated after which a new cement-made deula was built. The "''khakara''" style deula of 8th CE is still intact.<ref name="Vajrayāna"/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
A temple among Khajuresvara group of temples, Sergarh, Balasore district, Odisha 01.JPG|One of the deula of the complex
A temple among Khajuresvara group of temples, Sergarh, Balasore district, Odisha.JPG|One of the deula of the complex
Idols in Khajuresvara group of temples, Sergarh, Balasore district, Odisha.JPG|A few idols of the complex
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Balasore district|Baleshwar district]]

[[Category:Hindu temples in Balasore district]]

Yadav Singh corruption case

2026-02-22T11:32:00Z

Svetlltn: quick improved intro after review and updated info

{{Short description|Corruption case in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

The '''Yadav Singh corruption case''' is an alleged event of corruption in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Yadav Singh was the Engineer-in-Chief of the [[Noida|Noida Authority]], [[Greater Noida|Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]] (GNIDA) and [[Yamuna Expressway|Yamuna Expressway Industrial Development Authority]] (YEIDA).

It is alleged that the Raids conducted by the [[Income Tax Department]] in November 2014 at several locations, including his residence in Sector-51 [[Noida]], showed that Singh owned property disproportionate to his known sources of income.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Yadav-Singh-case-Two-Noida-Authority-officials-called-by-I-T/articleshow/45342727.cms |title=Yadav Singh case: Two Noida Authority officials called by I-T |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref>

==Case==
He was suspended by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] and in February 2015 a one-member judicial commission to probe into the multi-crore case was set up the state government.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} On a [[Public Interest Litigation]] filed by activist and advocate [[Nutan Thakur]], in July 2015 [[Allahabad High Court]] directed the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) to investigate the case stating that the allegations were most serious and the probe was complex.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/HC-asks-CBI-to-probe-Noidas-ex-top-engineer-Yadav-Singh-in-graft-case/articleshow/48120305.cms|title=HC asks CBI to probe Noida's ex-top engineer Yadav Singh in graft case |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/nutan-thakur-the-way-up-govt-is-protecting-yadav-singh-is-shocking-286465-2015-08-04|title=Nutan Thakur: The way UP govt is protecting Yadav Singh is shocking |newspaper=India Today}}</ref>

The Uttar Pradesh government went to the [[Supreme Court of India]] against the High Court's order in Nutan Thakur's [[Public interest litigation in India|PIL]], however the Supreme Court refused to entertain the government's plea.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/why-so-bothered-about-yadav-singh-case-supreme-court-asks-up-govt/article7514157.ece |title=Why so bothered about Yadav Singh case, Supreme Court asks U.P. Govt. |first=Krishnadas|last=Rajagopal |date=8 August 2015|access-date=31 December 2018|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

In March 2012, Yadav Singh was suspended because a [[first information report]] (FIR) filed on 13 January 2012 against him under Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 at Sector-39 Police station of [[Noida]]. Yadav Singh had allegedly executed around 1280 maintenance contracts worth Rs 954 [[Crore]] (Rs 9.54 billion) in just a period of 8 days in December 2011. In February 2020 Singh was again arrested by the CBI.<ref name="fin-express-cbi-arrest">{{cite news |title=CBI arrests former Noida engineer Yadav Singh in multi-crore corruption case |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/cbi-arrests-former-noida-engineer-yadav-singh-in-mulit-crore-corruption-case/1863542/ |access-date=29 May 2020 |work=The Financial Express |date=10 February 2020}}</ref>

== Yadav Singh ==
Yadav Singh started his career as a Junior Engineer (JE) on 17 March 1980. He is a diploma holder in [[electrical engineering]] and has no formal degree in engineering which is must for gazetted officers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/yadav-singh-kusumlata-noida-land-scam-illegal-wealth-mayawati-government-akhilesh-government-229849-2014-12-05 |title=UP chief engineer Yadav Singh forged documents to corner 10 percent of allotted Noida lands |author=Piyush Srivastava|website=India Today|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref> Singh was promoted to the post of Assistant Project Engineer (Assistant Engineer level) in 1985 without the requisite engineering degree. Singh was once again elevated in 1995 to the post of Project Engineer (Executive Engineer level) when he did not have an engineering degree.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/10-days-after-raids-Yadav-Singh-finally-suspended/articleshow/45423607.cms|title=10 days after raids, Yadav Singh finally suspended |newspaper= The Times of India |access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref>

Before finally being promoted to the post of Engineer-in-Chief, he was working as CME/ Chief Mechanical Engineer (Chief Engineer level) in [[New Okhla Industrial Development Authority|Noida Authority]].

==Family==
Yadav Singh is married to Kusum Lata<ref name="indian-exp-rise-fall">{{cite news |title=The rise and fall of Yadav Singh, chief engineer now in CBI net |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-rise-and-fall-of-yadav-singh-chief-engineer-now-in-cbi-net/ |access-date=29 May 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=5 February 2016 |language=en}}</ref> and has one son, Sunny and two daughters, Garima Bhushan and Karuna Singh. Sunny used to work as Senior Manager in [[Greater Noida|Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]] (GNIDA) until his termination in July 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Noida Authority chief engineer Yadav Singh’s son terminated from GNIDA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/yadav-singhs-son-terminated-from-greater-noida-industrial-development-authority/articleshow/76983047.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Garima is married to Shashi Bhushan Lal Susheel, an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], while Karuna is married to an [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]] of [[Jharkhand]] cadre.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jailed ex-Noida chief engineer spends Rs 10.6 crore on daughter's wedding |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/yadav-singh-hosted-family-wedding-at-noida-stadium/articleshow/62275667.cms |work=The Times of India }}</ref> In October 2012, Shashi Bhushan Lal Susheel was suspended by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] on charges of molestation and attempt to rape in a moving train.<ref>{{cite web|title=IAS officers 'help' colleague accused of rape attempt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/ias-officers-help-colleague-accused-of-rape-attempt/story-oJk4OseUdHu4Vo72WQVRVM.html |work=Hindustan Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IAS officer held for ‘rape bid’ on train |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ias-officer-held-for--rape-bid--on-train/1010421/ |work=The Indian Express }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Corruption in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2015 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Crime in Noida]]

Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya

2026-02-19T23:23:28Z

Svetlltn: Stub

{{short description|Indian statistician (1915–1996)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1915|04|01|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Bhatpara]], [[Kolkata]] [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
|residence =
|citizenship = [[India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1996|07|17|1915|04|01|df=yes}}
|death_place =
|field = [[Statistician]]
|work_institution = [[University of Calcutta]], [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
|alma_mater = [[Rajabazar Science College]] ([[University of Calcutta]])
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Bhattacharyya distance]], Bhattacharyya bound
|prizes =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya''' (1 April 1915 – 17 July 1996) was an Indian [[statistician]] who worked at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] in the 1930s and early 40s. He made fundamental contributions to [[multivariate statistics]], particularly for his measure of similarity between two multinomial distributions, known as the [[Bhattacharyya coefficient]], based on which he defined a [[Metric (mathematics)|metric]], the [[Bhattacharyya distance]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Dodge |first=Yadolah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OnjBgpuhWcC |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-920613-1 |language=en}}</ref> This measure is widely used in comparing statistical samples in biology, genetics,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Aparna |last2=Chattopadhyay |first2=Asis Kumar |last3=B-Rao |first3=Chandrika |date=2004 |title=Bhattacharyya's distance measure as a precursor of genetic distance measures |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02703410 |journal=Journal of Biosciences |language=en |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=135–138 |doi=10.1007/BF02703410 |issn=0250-5991 |pmid=15295209 |s2cid=18485884|url-access=subscription }}</ref> physics, computer science, etc.

== Life ==
Bhattacharyya was born to Bhavanath and Lilavati, sometime in March–April 1915 (in the month Chaitra [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: চৈত্র of the year 1321, the exact date is not known)<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Essays on probability and statistics: Festschrift in honour of Professor Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya |publisher=A.M. Gun on behalf of the Organising Committee, Golden Jubilee Celebrations, Dept. of Statistics, Presidency College, Calcutta, Calcutta, 1994 |year=1994 |editor-last=Mukherjee |editor-first=S. P. |editor-link=Shyamaprasad Mukherjee |oclc=230185222 |editor-last2=Chaudhuri |editor-first2=Arijit |editor-last3=Basu |editor-first3=Sujit K.}}</ref> at [[Bhatpara]] in the district of [[24 Parganas]] of [[West Bengal]]. His birth name was Anilkumar Bhattacharyya (does not have any middle name, his entire first name was Anilkumar, thus in all of his works his name appeared as A. Bhattacharyya). He passed the [[Matriculation Examination]] of [[Calcutta University]] in 1932 and [[Indian School Certificate|I. Sc. Examination]] in 1934 from [[Hooghly Mohsin College]]. In 1936 he ranked first in the First Class at the B.A./B.Sc. examination from the same college and went over to the renowned [[Rajabazar Science College|Science College]], [[Calcutta University]] for an M.Sc. in Mathematics. Here he had [[Friedrich Wilhelm Levi|F. W. Levi]] and [[Raj Chandra Bose]] as his teachers and passed the M.A. Examination in 1938 with the first rank in the First Class.

In 1939, at [[Friedrich Wilhelm Levi|Levy]]'s suggestion, Bhattacharyya met [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis|P. C. Mahalanobis]] together with [[Raj Chandra Bose|Bose]] and joined the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] as an honorary worker.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gun |first=A. M. |date=1994 |title=Truly a teacher in the Indian tradition |journal=Essays on Probability and Statistics: Festschrift in Honour of Professor Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya |pages=vi-xxii |oclc=230185222}}</ref> In 1941, he was made a part-time lecturer in the newly formed Statistics Department of [[Calcutta University]], headed by Mahalanobis. Here he had [[C. R. Rao]], H. K. Nandi, and T. P. Choudhury, as his students.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=C. R. |date=1973 |title=Prasantha Chandra Mahalanobis, 1893-1972 |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1973.0017 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |language=en |volume=19 |pages=455–492 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1973.0017 |doi-access=free|issn=0080-4606|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He went to [[Patna]] to take up the job of Statistical Officer of [[Bihar]] Government, in December 1943 and, in 1946, he returned to [[Calcutta]] to join [[Indian Statistical Institute]] as Superintending Statistician (in charge of training). Mahalanobis requested him to concurrently take classes in the Statistics Department of [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]]. After the post was created, Bhattacharyya was made a full-time Senior Professor and Head of the Department in 1949. He occupied the post of Senior Professor until his retirement in March 1974, but in 1967 he stepped down from the leadership, apparently piqued by certain moves of the [[West Bengal]] Government's Education Department.<ref name=":2" /> Almost since his retirement from Government service, he had been associated with the Narendrapur [[Ramakrishna Mission Residential College]] as a guest teacher. In 1994, on the occasion of its golden jubilee celebration Department of Statistics, [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]] (then Presidency College), released a Festschrift in honour of Professor Bhattacharyya.<ref name=":2" />

== Contributions to statistics ==
Bhattacharyya has made contributions to the statistics in four directions. They are: (a) Measuring the divergence between two statistical populations (b) Characterisation of bivariate normal distributions through normal conditional distribution (c) setting up information bounds for the mean square error of estimators (not necessarily unbiased) that may not attain [[Cramér–Rao bound|Fréchet–Cramér–Rao lower bound]]. (d) Unbiased statistics with minimum variance. Bhattacharyya also worked towards finding the distributional representations of dependent chi-square random variables.

=== Bhattacharyya distance ===
{{Main|Bhattacharyya distance}}

Distance between statistical distributions had been addressed in 1936 by Mahalanobis, who proposed the D2 metric, now known as [[Mahalanobis distance]]. Subsequently, Bhattacharyya defined a [[cosine similarity|cosine metric]] for the distance between [[multinomial distribution]]s, this work despite being submitted for publication in 1941, appeared almost five years later in [[Sankhya (journal)|Sankhya]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Pranab Kumar |date=1996 |title=Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya (1915-1996): A Reverent Remembrance |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0008068319960301 |journal=Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3–4 |pages=151–158 |doi=10.1177/0008068319960301 |issn=0008-0683 |s2cid=164326977|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Progress toward more general results, which defines the distance metric between two probability distributions which are absolutely continuous with respect to the Lebesgue measure, has been done by Bhattacharyya, which has come in 1942, at Proceedings of the [[Indian Science Congress Association|Indian Science Congress]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharyya |first=A |date=1942 |title=On discrimination and divergence |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.7522/page/n453/mode/1up |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress |quote=Abstract portion of the work}}</ref> The final work towards this direction appeared in 1943, in the Bulletin of the [[Calcutta Mathematical Society]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Deriving the PDF of normal conditional distribution ===
One of Bhattacharyya's research concerns towards mathematical probability was the characterization of classical bivariate normal distribution through normal conditional distributions. Normal conditional distributions are bivariate continuous probability distributions whose both conditional distributions are normal. In 1943 Bhattacharyya introduced the family of normal conditional distributions further he derived the probability density function of the normal conditional distribution.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> In the same work, Bhattacharyya has given nine sets of sufficient conditions under which normal conditional distribution becomes classical bivariate normal distributions.<ref name=":4" /> [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barrry-Arnold Barry C. Arnold] noted Bhattacharyya's remarkable contribution way back in 1943 by introducing the family of normal conditional densities and has called the normal conditional distribution through various terms such as "Bhattacharyya's normal conditionals distribution", "Bhattacharyya distribution", and "Bhattacharyya's density" etc.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Barry C. |date=1999 |title=Variations on a Bhattacharyya Theme |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0008068319990102 |journal=Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin |language=en |volume=49 |issue=1–2 |pages=23–30 |doi=10.1177/0008068319990102 |issn=0008-0683 |mr=1744884 |s2cid=125755221|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Barry C. |date=1994 |title=Bhattacharyya's normal conditionals distribution |journal=Essays on Probability and Statistics: Festschrift in Honour of Professor Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya |pages=1–13 |oclc=230185222}}</ref>

=== Bhattacharyya bound ===
Bhattacharyya's other research concern was the setting of lower bounds to the variance of an unbiased estimator.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> His information lower bound is popularly known in the Statistical literature as the Bhattacharyya bound.<ref name=":10" /> The Bhattacharyya bound was extended for sequential samples as well.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seth |first=G. R. |date=1949 |title=On the Variance of Estimates |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2236801 |journal=The Annals of Mathematical Statistics |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1214/aoms/1177730088 |jstor=2236801 |issn=0003-4851}}</ref> The convergence property of Bhattacharyya bound was well studied by other researchers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blight |first1=B. J. N. |last2=Rao |first2=P. V. |date=1974 |title=The convergence of Bhattacharyya bounds |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/61.1.137 |journal=Biometrika |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=137–142 |doi=10.1093/biomet/61.1.137 |issn=0006-3444|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alharbi |first=Abdulghani |date=1994 |title=On the convergence of the Bhattacharyya bounds in the multiparametric case |url=http://www.impan.pl/get/doi/10.4064/am-22-3-339-349 |journal=Applicationes Mathematicae |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=339–349 |doi=10.4064/am-22-3-339-349 |issn=1233-7234}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shanbhag |first=D. N. |date=1972 |title=Some characterizations based on the Bhattacharya matrix |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-applied-probability/article/abs/some-characterizations-based-on-the-bhattacharya-matrix/B569E3673B239C0E2D2327F704243ADD |journal=Journal of Applied Probability |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=580–587 |doi=10.2307/3212327 |issn=0021-9002 |jstor=3212327|s2cid=123725201 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Pranab K. Sen|P. K. Sen]] has studied the effectiveness of the Bhattacharyya bound over the [[Cramér–Rao bound|Fréchet–Cramér–Rao lower bound]] in the censoring scheme.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=P. K. |date=1994 |title=A Bhattacharyya detour of MSE bounds for some censoring schemes |journal=Essays on Probability and Statistics: Festschrift in Honour of Professor Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya |pages=153–172 |oclc=230185222}}</ref>

== Works ==
*"A note on Ramamurti's problem of maximal sets", ''Sankhya'', 6 (1942) 189 - 192.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=A. |year=1942 |title=A Note on Ramamurti's Problem of Maximal Sets |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25047757 |journal=Sankhyā |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=189–192 |jstor=25047757 |mr=0008326}}</ref>
*"On discrimination and divergence", ''Proc. Ind. Sc. Cong.'', 29th Session (1942).<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1943 |title=Indian Statistical Institute: Eleventh Annual Report: 1942-43 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25047812 |journal=Sankhyā: The Indian Journal of Statistics (1933-1960) |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=431–441 |jstor=25047812 |issn=0036-4452 |quote=Page 10 of this supporting document shows that a paper on divergence named 'On discrimination and divergence' was submitted to the proceedings of the Indian Science Congress.}}</ref>
*"On a measure of divergence between two statistical populations defined by their probability distributions", ''Bull. Cal. Math. Soc'', 35 (1943) 99 - 109.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Bhattacharyya |first=A |author1-link= |date=1943 |title=On a measure of divergence between two statistical populations defined by their probability distributions. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.11603/page/99/mode/1up |journal=Bulletin of the Calcutta Mathematical Society |volume=35 |pages=99–109 |mr=0010358 |s2cid=235941388 |quote=The article: "On a measure of divergence between two statistical populations defined by their probability distributions" is on Pages: 99-109}}</ref>
*"On some sets of sufficient conditions leading to the normal bivariate distribution", ''Sankhya'', 6 (1943) 399 - 406.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=A. |year=1943 |title=On Some Sets of Sufficient Conditions Leading to the Normal Bivariate Distribution |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25047806 |journal=Sankhyā |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=399–406 |jstor=25047806 |mr=0010360}}</ref>
*"A note on the distribution of the sum of chi-squares", ''Sankhya'', 7 (1945), 27 - 28.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=A. |year=1945 |title=A Note on the Distribution of the Sum of Chi-Squares |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25047828 |journal=Sankhyā |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=27–28 |jstor=25047828 |mr=0013271}}</ref> In this paper, an expression of the distribution function of sum two dependent [[Chi-squared distribution|Chi-square]] [[random variable]]s was given in the form of a [[convergent series]] in [[Laguerre polynomials]].
*"On a measure of divergence between two multinomial populations", ''Sankhya'', 7 (1946), 401 - 406.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=A. |year=1946 |title=On a Measure of Divergence between Two Multinomial Populations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25047882 |journal=Sankhyā |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=401–406 |jstor=25047882 |mr=0018387}}</ref>
*"On some analogues of the amount of information and their uses in statistical estimation" I, ''Sankhya'', 8 (1946) 1 - 14.<ref name=":6">{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=A. |year=1946 |title=On Some Analogues of the Amount of Information and Their Use in Statistical Estimation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25047921 |journal=Sankhyā |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |jstor=25047921 |mr=0020242}}</ref>
*"On some analogues of the amount of information and their uses in statistical estimation" II, ''Sankhya'', 8 (1947) 201 - 218.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=A. |year=1947 |title=On Some Analogues of the Amount of Information and Their Use in Statistical Estimation (Contd.) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25047948 |journal=Sankhyā |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=201–218 |jstor=25047948 |mr=0023503}}</ref>
*"Some analogues of the amount of information in statistical estimation", ''Proc. Ind. Sc. Cong.'', 34th Session (1947).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Indian Science Congress |first=Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.212737/page/n6/mode/1up |title=Proceedings Of The Thirty Fourth Indian Science Congress |date=1947}}</ref>
*"On some analogues of the amount of information and their uses in statistical estimation" III, ''Sankhya'', 8 (1948) 315 - 328.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=A. |year=1948 |title=On Some Analogues of the Amount of Information and Their Use in Statistical Estimation (Concluded) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25047897 |journal=Sankhyā |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=315–328 |jstor=25047897 |mr=0026302}}</ref>
*"Unbiased statistics with minimum variance", ''Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin.'', A, 63 (1950), 69 - 77.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=A. |date=1950 |title=Unbiased Statistics with Minimum Variance |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A: Mathematics |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=69–77 |doi=10.1017/S0080454100006993 |mr=0035947 |s2cid=124275255}}</ref>
*"The problem of regression in statistical population admitting local parameters", ''Bull. Int. Stat. Inst.'', 33, Part II (1951), 29 - 54.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharyya |first=A |date=1951 |title=The problem of regression in statistical population admitting local parameters |journal=Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute |volume=33 |pages=29–54 |mr=0069464}}</ref>
*"Some uses of the t-statistic in multivariate analysis", ''Proc. Ind. Sc. Cong.'', 38th Session (1951).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharyya |first=A |date=1951 |title=Some uses of the t-statistic in multivariate analysis |url=http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/eGV2Sm5GM0dZWTFNbmdlaFNWMkxSbnMrWVFsOEZJVklkaVVZWWREVkNHWT0 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress |quote=Abstract portion of the work (on page 65)}}</ref>
*"On some uses of the t-distribution in multivariate analysis", ''Sankhya'', 12 (1952), 89 - 104.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=A. |year=1952 |title=On the Uses of the t-Distribution in Multivariate Analysis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25048117 |journal=Sankhyā |volume=12 |issue=1/2 |pages=89–104 |jstor=25048117 |mr=0058921}}</ref>
*"Notes on the use of unbiased and biased statistics in the binomial population", ''Cal. Stat. Assoc. Bull''., 5 (1954), 149 - 164.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharyya |first=A |date=1954 |title=Notes on the use of unbiased and biased statistics in the binomial population |journal=[[Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin]] |volume=5 |pages=149–164 |mr=0067422}}</ref>
*"Some uses of the 'amount of information' in the statistical inference", (address of the Sectional President), ''Proc. Ind. Sc. Cong''., 46th Session (1959).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Indian Science Congress |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12368/page/n39/mode/2up |title=INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS ASSOCIATION PART-2 |date=1959 |publisher=INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS ASSOCIATION, CALCUTTA}}</ref> An abridged form of the aforementioned presidential address (statistical section) is also available and appeared in the Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Forty Sixth Indian Science Congress Proceedings of the Statistics Section |journal=Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin |date=1959 |volume=9 |issue=1–2 |pages=29–45 |doi=10.1177/0008068319590103 |s2cid=220749750 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0008068319590103 |quote=Summary of Prof. A Bhattacharyya's presidential address at the Statistics Section of the Indian Science Congress Association Meeting in Delhi, 1959|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*"On a geometrical representation of probability distribution and its use in statistical inference", ''Cal. Stat. Assoc. Bull.'', 40 (1990–91), 23 - 49.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=A. |year=1990 |title=On a Geometrical Representation of Probability Distributions and its use in Statistical Inference |url=https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0008068319900504 |journal=Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin |volume=40 |issue=1–4 |pages=23–49 |doi=10.1177/0008068319900504 |mr=1172634 |s2cid=125793582|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*Essays on probability and statistics: Festschrift in honour of Professor Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya.<ref name=":2"/> There are multiple reviews of this book, viz [https://web.archive.org/web/20170124233611/http://sankhya.isical.ac.in/search/57a1/57a1017.pdf review by Prof S. Das. Gupta], review by RBL, etc.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=S. Das |date=1995 |title=Review of Essays on Probability and Statistics: Festschrift in Honour of Professor Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25051041 |journal=Sankhyā: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series A (1961-2002) |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=166 |jstor=25051041 |issn=0581-572X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1996 |title=Review of Essays on Probability and Statistics: Festschrift in Honour of Professor Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2533086 |journal=Biometrics |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=1163 |doi=10.2307/2533086 |jstor=2533086 |issn=0006-341X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Senroy |first=Sugata |date=1995 |title=Book Review |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0008068319950110 |journal=Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1–2 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1177/0008068319950110 |s2cid=220748897 |issn=0008-0683|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rbl |date=1997 |title=Review of Essays on Probability and Statistics. Festschrift in Honour of Professor Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2291500 |journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association |volume=92 |issue=437 |pages=390 |doi=10.2307/2291500 |jstor=2291500 |issn=0162-1459|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*[https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0008068319960301 Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya (1915-1996): A Reverent Remembrance] by [[Pranab K. Sen]]

{{Indian mathematics}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharyya, Anil}}
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Statistical Institute]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bhatpara]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Anil Kumar Bhattacharya| ]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian statisticians]]

Yelavarthy Nayudamma

2026-02-16T08:05:37Z

Svetlltn: small corrected article after review additionally and updated info for consistency

{{short description|Indian chemical engineer}}
{{family name hatnote|Yelevarthy|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yelavarthy Nayudamma
| image = File:Yelavarthy Nayudamma.jpg
| caption = Yelevarthy Nayudamma in an undated photograph
| birth_date = 10 September 1922
| birth_place = [[Guntur district|Yelavarru]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1985|06|23|1922|09|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Air India Flight 182]], over [[Atlantic Ocean]], off [[Waterville, County Kerry|Waterville]], [[Ireland]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| education = [[Banaras Hindu University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]]) [[Lehigh University]] ([[Doctorate]])
| occupation = [[Chemical Engineer]], [[Scientist]]
| birth_name = Yelevarthy Nayudamma
| othername =
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (1971)
| website =
| spouse = Yelavarthy Pavana
| children = 3
}}

'''Yelavarthy Nayudamma'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://terrorvictimresponse.ca/docs/Phase-1-report-The-Families-Remember.pdf|title=The Families Remember, Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182|publisher=Government of Canada|page=62/220|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708001406/https://terrorvictimresponse.ca/docs/Phase-1-report-The-Families-Remember.pdf|url-status=dead}} - The footnotes state that the name is often rendered as "Yelavarthy Nayudamma" or "Yelevarthy Nayudamma" in published sources and that "Yelevarthy" is the family name. The Canadian government report puts the family name last, rendering the name as "Nayudamma Yelevarthy". Published on the website of the Canadian Resource Centre for Victims of Crime, funded by the Canadian Government.</ref> (10 September 1922 – 23 June 1985) was an Indian [[chemical engineer]] and a [[scientist]] who served as the Director General of [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], Vice Chancellor of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[Delhi]]. He was killed on [[Air India Flight 182]] (Emperor Kanishka bombing).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.idrc.ca/Nayudamma/nayudamma_e.html |title=Nayudamma Site |access-date=14 June 2007 |archive-date=21 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221231210/http://archive.idrc.ca/Nayudamma/nayudamma_e.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=CBAp1034>"[http://www.cba.org/cba/advocacy/secure_pdf/airindia_vol11.pdf Public hearing Volume 11]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141204181435/http://www.cba.org/cba/advocacy/secure_pdf/airindia_vol11.pdf Archive]). ''Commission of Inquiry into the investigation of the Bombing of ap Flight 182 '' (Commission d'enquête relative aux measures d'investigation prises à s contre le vol 182 d'Air India). Friday 13 October 2006. p. 1034 (PDF 39-59).</ref>

== Early life and education==

Yelevarthy was born on 10 September 1922 into a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking family at Yelavarru village near Tenali in Guntur district of present day [[Andhra Pradesh]] state in India. He was the eldest of three brothers and a sister. His parents Raghavamma and Anjaih named him Nayudammma (‘amma’ is a short name used by parents while referring to sons as well as daughters, while ‘Nayudu’ in Telugu means a leader). Yelavarthy was over six feet tall.{{fact|date=May 2024}}

He had his primary education in the village and studied Intermediate in [[Andhra Christian College|AC College]]. Later, he did B.Sc., (Chemical Technology) at the famous [[Banaras Hindu University]] and a course in leather technology at Madras Institute of Leather Technology. He contributed to the initial development of the [[Central Leather Research Institute]] at [[Chennai]], India. He was responsible for building the international image of the institute and for establishing close ties with the Indian leather industry.<ref>[http://www.clri.org/Default.htm Nayudamma and CLRI]</ref>
Yelevarthy went to UK for further education and he went on to pursue doctoral degree in Lehigh University in Pennsylvania, USA.

== Positions and honors ==
Yelevarthy served as the Director General of [[CSIR India|CSIR]], [[New Delhi]] and also as the 4th [[Vice-Chancellor]] of the prestigious [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in [[New Delhi]] from 12 June 1981 to 27 October 1982. He also served on many prestigious national and international committees.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web |url=http://idrinfo.idrc.ca/Archive/ReportsINTRA/pdfs/v14n3-4e/67124.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 June 2007 |archive-date=8 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008110849/http://idrinfo.idrc.ca/Archive/ReportsINTRA/pdfs/v14n3-4e/67124.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He was awarded many national and international awards and honours, including [[Padma Shri]] in 1971.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India]] | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | page=43 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Yelevarthy was conferred with the prestigious [[Raja-Lakshmi Award]] in the year 1983 from [[Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation]], Chennai.

==Death==
Yelavarthy left India on 10 June 1985, to attend COSTED meeting in USSR and then the International Development Research Centre Governors meeting on 21 June in Ottawa, Canada. On 23 June he boarded [[Air India Flight 182]] on a plane titled 'Emperor Kanishka', which was carrying 329 passengers. He died in the subsequent mid-air bombing over the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, South of Ireland. The terrorist attack was orchestrated by the Sikh extremist group, [[Babar Khalsa]].

He was married to Y. Pavana. He had two sons, Rathiesh and Ramesh, and one daughter Shanti. After Yelevarthy's death, his wife committed suicide.<ref>"[http://www.cba.org/cba/advocacy/secure_pdf/airindia_vol11.pdf Public hearing Volume 11]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141204181435/http://www.cba.org/cba/advocacy/secure_pdf/airindia_vol11.pdf Archive]). ''Commission of Inquiry into the investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182'' (Commission d'enquête relative aux measures d'investigation prises à la suite de l'attentat à la bombe commis contre le vol 182 d'Air India). Friday 13 October 2006. p. 1037-1038 (PDF 42-43). "After only a few hours in Cork, I had to rush back to India to see my mother. I flew back in silence only to arrive to the next blow; the news that my mother had died from her suicide before I could reach her."</ref>

==Dr. Y. Nayudamma Memorial Award==
Recipients of this prestigious award include [[T. Ramasami]], [[A. Sivathanu Pillai]], [[Nori Dattatreyudu]], [[Sam Pitroda]], [[G. Madhavan Nair]], [[Kota Harinarayana]], [[V. K. Aatre]], [[R. Chidambaram]], [[R.A. Mashelkar]], [[Jasbir Singh Bajaj]], [[K. Kasturirangan]], [[Verghese Kurien]], [[S.Z. Qasim]], [[M. G. K. Menon]], [[Vijay Kumar Saraswat]],[[ Prasanna Kumar Motupalli]] and [[M.S. Swaminathan]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/23/stories/2010022360280200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301161935/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/23/stories/2010022360280200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 February 2010|title=Missile Man-II, looking ahead and farther}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}
{{Air India Flight 182}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yelavarthy, Nayudamma}}
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Air India Flight 182]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian chemical engineers]]
[[Category:Mass murder victims]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Ireland]]
[[Category:Indian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:People murdered in Ireland]]
[[Category:Leather industry in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Terrorism victims in India]]
[[Category:Victims of Sikh terrorism]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1985]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]

Subeesh Sudhi

2026-02-12T02:54:07Z

Svetlltn: creating a pg

{{Short description|Indian film director and actor}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subish Sudhi
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|04|29}}
| birth_place = [[Ramanthali]], [[Kannur]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 2006 - present
| known_for =
}}
'''Subish Sudhi''',<ref>{{cite news |title=വളർന്നത് മതിലുകൾ ഇല്ലാത്ത വീട്ടിൽ, ഇനിയൊരു സ്വപ്നമുണ്ട്: സുബീഷ് സുധി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/homestyle/spot-light/2019/11/05/subish-sudhi-actor-house-memories.html |agency=Manorama Online}}</ref> professionally credited as '''Subeesh Sudhi,''' is a [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] film actor from [[Payyanur]], [[Kannur]], Kerala.

==Personal life==

After finishing his studies he moved to Ernakulam to achieve his dream to act in movies. He got his first chance in the movie [[Classmates (2006 film)|''Classmates'']].

==Career==

He made his debut in Lal Jose's film named [[Classmates (2006 film)|classmates]] 2006 As a student in the college. After that Lal Jose directed 12 movies and Subish is a part of 8 films out of 12, So he's basically known as actor of [[laljose]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Lal Jose's 'Actor' Subish is busy with small 'big' roles |url=http://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2017/05/18/105763.html |agency=kairalinewsonline |date=18 May 2017}}</ref>

Subish Sudhi<ref>{{cite news |title=Subeesh Sudhi-Movieinhouse - Movies, Entertainment, Reviews, News, Episodes |url=http://www.movieinhouse.com/people/778475-subeesh-sudhi |agency=Movie In House}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Subish Sudhi - Trakt.tv |url=https://trakt.tv/people/subeesh-sudhi |agency=trakt.tv}}</ref> started his career in the Malayalam film [[Classmates (2006 film)]], even though he got a good role in the film [[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]] as a massive makeover as a tribal man.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/ACP/movies/movie-news/subish-sudhi-makeover-for-ll7k.html |title=Massive makeover of Subish |date=17 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LORD LIVINGSTONE 7000 KANDI - Cast |url=https://filmtribe.in/films/movie/978 |agency=filmtribe}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Classmates (2006 film)]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]''||| ||
|-
| ''[[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]'' || Tribal Man ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2015 || ''[[KL 10 Patthu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Mariyam Mukku]]'' || Chandi ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Karutha Joothan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6| 2017 || ''[[The Great Father]]'' || Narayanan's Nephew ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Chat with Subeesh Sudhi {{!}} Oru Mexican Aparatha {{!}} Kaumudy Exclusive - Kerala Kaumudi |url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/malayalam/kerala+kaumudi-epaper-kaumudi/chat+with+subeesh+sudhi+oru+mexican+aparatha+kaumudy+exclusive-newsid-64694796 |work=Dailyhunt |language=en}}</ref>'' || Rajeshettan ||
|-
|''[[Prakasan]]''||Alex ||
|-
|''[[Aby (film)|Aby]]''||Punnoose||
|-
|''[[Oru Cinemakkaran]]''||Gokul ||
|-
|''[[Velipadinte Pusthakam]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan=5| 2018 || ''[[Kaly (film)|Kaly]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Panchavarnathatha]]'' || Driver ||
|-
| ''[[B.Tech (film)|B Tech]]'' || Kuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Autorsha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thattumpurath Achuthan]]'' || Suniappan ||
|-
| rowspan=5| 2019 || ''[[Sakalakalashala]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jimmy Ee Veedinte Aishwaryam]]'' || His Highness Sumesh ||
|-
| ''[[Ganagandharvan]]'' || Ajayan ||
|-
| ''[[Ulta (film)|Ulta]]'' || Kochu Keshavan || <ref>{{cite news |title=ULTA Movie Actor Subish Sudhi - Malayalam Movie Ulta Stills |url=https://www.zonkerala.com/movies/gallery/ulta/ULTA-Movie-Actor-Subish-Sudhi.html |work=www.zonkerala.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nalpathiyonnu (41)]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Black Coffee (2021 film)|Black Coffee]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vellam (2021 film)|Vellam]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''Randu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aviyal (2022 film)|Aviyal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kuri'' || Jose ||
|-
| ''[[Padavettu]]'' || Sasi ||
|-
| 2024 || ''Oru Sarkar Ulpannam'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-02 |title=Censor Board has 'Bharatha' removed from Oru Bharatha Sarkar Ulpannam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/02/censor-board-has-bharatha-removed-fromaju-varghese-starrer-oru-bharatha-sarkar-ulpannam-52558.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=7638116}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/subish.sudhi Official Facebook]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudhi, Subeesh}}
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:1985 births]]

Shyam Pathak

2026-02-12T02:43:31Z

Svetlltn: creating stub

{{short description|Indian actor and comedian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shyam Pathak
| image_size = 220px
| image =
| caption = Patrakaar Popatlal in [[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]
| birth_name = Shyam Pathak
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1972|06|12}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah director Malav Rajda wishes Shyam Pathak aka Popatlal on his birthday - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-director-malav-rajda-wishes-shyam-pathak-aka-popatlal-on-his-birthday/articleshow/92160142.cms |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| education = [[National School of Drama]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Rashmi Pathak|2003}}
| children = 3
| occupation = Actor, comedian
| years_active = 2004–present
| known_for = Popatlal in ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
}}
'''Shyam Pathak''' (born 12 June 1972)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-12 |title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah director Malav Rajda wishes Shyam Pathak aka Popatlal on his birthday |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-director-malav-rajda-wishes-shyam-pathak-aka-popatlal-on-his-birthday/articleshow/92160142.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is an Indian actor and comedian. He is best known for portraying Patrakaar Popatlal in the long-running [[Hindi]] television sitcom [[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]. He also acted in 2007 [[Erotic film|erotic]] [[Espionage film|espionage]] [[Period film|period]] film [[Lust, Caution]].

== Personal life ==
Pathak married Rashmi, one of his classmates at the [[National School of Drama]]. They have a daughter and two sons.<ref name="CITEREFInterview">{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/hindi/photo-gallery/meet-tarak-mehta-ka-ulta-chashmas-popatlal-real-life-wife/385297/meet-tarak-mehta-ka-ulta-chashmas-popatlal-real-life-wife-385298 | title=OMG: कुंवारे नहीं है पत्रकार पोपटलाल, यह है उनकी असली पत्‍नी | publisher=Zee News | trans-title=Meet Tarak Mehta Ka ulta Chashma's Popatlal Real Life Wife |date= 31 March 2018 | accessdate=18 October 2018 }}</ref>

Pathak started his studies at the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]], but dropped out to join the [[National School of Drama]].<ref name=" CITEREFInterview"/>

== Career ==
Since 2009, he has been portraying Patrakaar Popatlal in ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=SONY SAB |url=https://www.sabtv.com/en_usa/ |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=www.sabtv.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Role
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Lust, Caution]]'' || [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]|| Jewelry Shopkeeper
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Serial !! Role
!Ref.
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Jassi Jaisi Koi Nahin]]'' || Raddiwala
|
|-
| 2008–2009 || ''Jasuben Jayantilaal Joshi Ki Joint Family'' || Rajendra Jayantilal Joshi||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hatsoffproduction.com/jasuben.php |title=About the show Jasuben Jayantilaal Joshi Ki Joint Family |access-date=14 April 2014 |archive-date=15 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015134954/http://hatsoffproduction.com/jasuben.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''[[Sukh By Chance]]'' || Dheeraj Mehta||<ref name="Sukh_By_Chance_1">{{cite news |last1=Nagpaul-D'Souza |first1=Dipti |title=Happy-go-lucky |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/happygolucky/542025/ |accessdate=7 June 2020 |work=Indian Express |date=16 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="Sukh_By_Chance_2">{{cite news |title=Will money corrupt Sukh By Chance? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Will-money-corrupt-Sukh-By-Chance/articleshow/5199065.cms? |accessdate=7 June 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=9 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2009–present || ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]'' || Patrakar Popatlal Pandey
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|4029123}}
*{{instagram|shyampathak01}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathak, Shyam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Churachand Singh Trophy

2026-02-10T21:51:13Z

Svetlltn: added initial bio w/ sources

{{Short description|Football tournament in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox football tournament
|organiser = [[All Manipur Football Association]]
|founded = {{Start date and age|1950}}
|region = India
|number of teams = Various
|current champions = Sagolband United (1st title)
|most successful team = [[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]] (9 titles)
|current = 2026
}}

'''Churachand Singh Trophy''', also known as the '''Churachand Singh Invitation Trophy''' ([[Sir]] Churachand Singh {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|CBE}} Memorial Football Tournament),<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Sir Churachand Singh KCSI CBE Memorial Football Tournament|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Sports.59th_CC_Meet_Football_Tournament_2015.History_of_Sir_Churachand_Singh_KCSI_CBE_Memorial_Football_Tournament|access-date=28 December 2021|website=www.e-pao.net|publisher=E-PAO|archive-date=31 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131064437/http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Sports.59th_CC_Meet_Football_Tournament_2015.History_of_Sir_Churachand_Singh_KCSI_CBE_Memorial_Football_Tournament}}</ref> is an annual Indian [[Association football|football]] tournament held in Manipur and organized by [[All Manipur Football Association]] (AMFA).

==History==
The tournament was first started in 1950 and is named after Manipur's Maharaja [[Churachand Singh]]. At its every inception, the Tournament had been organised by the Manipur Sports Association (MSA). With the amalgamation of Manipur Sports Association and Manipur Olympic Association in 1954, the Tournament came under the management of All Manipur Football Association.<ref name="cch">{{Cite web |title=History of Sir Churachand Singh, KCSI, CBE Memorial Football Tournament |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Sports.59th_CC_Meet_Football_Tournament_2015.History_of_Sir_Churachand_Singh_KCSI_CBE_Memorial_Football_Tournament |website=e-pao.net |publisher=E-Pao |access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref> Apart from some top clubs from Manipur, clubs from neighbouring states also have participated.<ref name="ccdt">{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/churachandsinghtrophy.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Churachand Singh Invitation Football Trophy|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024220913/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/churachandsinghtrophy.html|archive-date=24 October 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sinlung|title=Seven Sisters Love Football: Churachand Singh Trophy: A Historic perspective|url=http://footballsisters.blogspot.com/2009/05/churachand-singh-trophy-historic.html|access-date=2021-12-28|website=Seven Sisters Love Football|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228034519/http://footballsisters.blogspot.com/2009/05/churachand-singh-trophy-historic.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]] have won the tournament for a record nine times. The current champions are [[NEROCA FC]] who won their 6th title by defeating [[Southern Sporting Union]] at the 62nd edition of the tournament in 2020.<ref name="62nd" />

==Trophy==
The Winner's Trophy was donated by the former King [[Bodhchandra Singh]] in memory of his father and is a gold plated Shield.<ref name="cch" />

==Venues==
The matches of the tournament are held in multiple venues in Manipur and final is played at [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]].{{fact|date=June 2022}}

== Results ==
:Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=Roll of Honour at Sir Churachand Singh, KCSI, CBE Memorial Football Tournament — From 1950|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Sports.61st_CC_Meet_Football_Tournament_2018.Roll_of_Honour_at_Sir_Churachand_Singh_Memorial_Football_Tournament_from_1950|website=e-pao.net|publisher=E-Pao News Manipur|date=20 December 2015|access-date=29 November 2022|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709223424/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Sports.61st_CC_Meet_Football_Tournament_2018.Roll_of_Honour_at_Sir_Churachand_Singh_Memorial_Football_Tournament_from_1950}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Champions
!Score
!Runners-up
!Ref.
|-
| 1950
| '''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]] 4th Bn'''
| –
| [[Manipur football team|Manipur XI]]
| <ref name="ccdt" />
|-
| 1951
| '''[[Manipur football team|Manipur XI]]'''
| –
| Taren Assam
|
|-
| 1952
| '''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]] 4th Bn'''
| –
| [[Manipur football team|Manipur XI]]
|
|-
| 1953
| '''Tangkhul SA'''
| –
| Dibrugarh DSA
|
|-
| 1954
| '''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]] 4th Bn'''
| –
| Margherita
|
|-
| 1955
| '''Margherita'''
| –
| Silchar DSA
|
|-
| 1956
| '''NACO, Nambul Mapal'''
| –
| Kuki SC
|
|-
| 1957
| '''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]] 4th Bn'''
| –
| Imphal SC
|
|-
| 1958
| '''Kohima XI'''
| –
| Golaghat DSA
|
|-
| 1959
| '''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]] 4th Bn'''
| –
| Imphal SC
|
|-
| 1960
| '''[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]'''
| –
| [[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]] 4th Bn
|
|-
| 1961
| '''[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]'''
| –
| NACO, Nambul Mapal
|
|-
| 1963
| '''NACO, Nambul Mapal'''
| –
| [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|
|-
| 1964
| '''YAC, Yaiskul'''
| –
| [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|
|-
| 1965
| '''Zeliangrong'''
| –
| [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|
|-
| 1966
| '''Imphal SC'''
| –
| YAC, Yaiskul
|
|-
| 1967
| '''[[Eastern Sporting Union]]'''
| –
| Imphal SC
|
|-
| 1968
| '''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]'''
| –
| Thermal SC
|
|-
| 1969
| '''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]'''
| –
| [[North Imphal Sporting Association|NISA]], Thangmeiband
|
|-
| 1970
| '''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]'''
| –
| [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|
|-
| 1971
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| ''Tournament abandoned''
|-
| 1972
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| '''IBSA''' and '''[[Eastern Sporting Union]]''' (joint winners)
|-
| 1973
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| '''[[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]''' and '''USA, Khurai''' (joint winners)
|-
| 1974
| '''[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]'''
| –
| [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
|
|-
| 1975
| '''[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]'''
| –
| Rajasthan Club
|
|-
| 1976
| '''Young Physique's Union'''
| –
| [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]
|
|-
| 1977
| '''[[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]'''
| –
| Young Physique's Union
|
|-
| 1978
| '''[[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]'''
| –
| Young Physique's Union
|
|-
| 1980
| '''[[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]'''
| –
| Young Physique's Union
|
|-
| 1981
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| '''[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]''' (by court order)
|-
| 1983
| '''Young Physique's Union'''
| –
| Nagaland Police SC
|
|-
| 1985
| '''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]'''
| –
| [[Southern Sporting Union]]
|
|-
| 1986
| '''[[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]'''
| –
| [[Southern Sporting Union]]
|
|-
| 1987
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| ''Tournament abandoned''
|-
| 1988
| '''[[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]'''
| –
| [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|
|-
| 1989
| '''[[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]'''
| –
| [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|
|-
| 1991
| '''NACO, Nambul Mapal'''
| –
| [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]
|
|-
| 1993
| '''USA, Khurai'''
| –
| ''unknown''
|
|-
| 1994
| ''unknown''
| –
| [[North Imphal Sporting Association|NISA]], Thangmeiband
|
|-
| 1999
| ''unknown''
| –
| YSWA, Utlou
|
|-
| 2000
| '''[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]'''
| –
| ''unknown''
|
|-
| 2001
| '''[[Southern Sporting Union]]'''
| 1–0
| [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]
|
|-
| 2002–03
| '''[[Eastern Sporting Union]]'''
| 2–1
| [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|
|-
| 2003–04
| '''[[Southern Sporting Union]]'''
| –
| Citizen's Club
|
|-
| 2004
| '''[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]'''
| 2–0
| Youth Welfare Club
|
|-
| 2005–06
| '''[[Southern Sporting Union]]'''
| 1–0
| [[Manipur Police SC|Manipur Police]]
|
|-
| 2006
| '''[[Southern Sporting Union]]'''
| 4–0
| Nagaland Police SC
|
|-
| 2007
| '''[[North Imphal Sporting Association|NISA]], Thangmeiband'''
| 2–0
| AMOFA, Moirang
|
|-
| 2008
| '''[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]'''
| 0–0, {{pso|4–2}}
| [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|
|-
| 2012–13
| '''[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]'''
| 0–0, {{pso|3–1}}
| [[Assam Regiment|Assam Regiment Center Shillong]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-19|title=NEROCA wins Churachand Singh soccer trophy|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/soccer/neroca-wins-churachand-singh-soccer-trophy-2575.html|access-date=2021-12-28|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228034519/https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/soccer/neroca-wins-churachand-singh-soccer-trophy-2575.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2013–14
| '''Tiddim Road Unique Gamy Players Union'''
| 3–1
| [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=TRUGPU lifts CC Meet trophy – Eastern Mirror|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/trugpu-lifts-cc-meet-trophy/|date=14 January 2012|access-date=28 December 2021|website=easternmirrornagaland.com|publisher=Eastern Mirror Nagaland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228034520/https://easternmirrornagaland.com/trugpu-lifts-cc-meet-trophy/|archive-date=28 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2014–15
| '''[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]'''
| 3–1
| [[Southern Sporting Union]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|last=Gurumayum|first=Maheshwar|title=NEROCA - FC lifts 59th CC Meet trophy - Imphal Times|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/4503-neroca-fc-lifts-59th-cc-meet-trophy|access-date=2021-12-28|website=www.imphaltimes.com|language=en-gb|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228040022/https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/4503-neroca-fc-lifts-59th-cc-meet-trophy|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| '''[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]'''
| 5–1
| [[Assam Regiment|Assam Regiment Center Shillong]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=60th CC Meet NEROCA FC win 2nd consecutive title|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport1..241216.dec16|date=2016-12-23|website=E-Pao|access-date=1 January 2022|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101180752/http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport1..241216.dec16|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–19
| '''[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]'''
| 7–0
| Sagolband United FC
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-10|title=Neroca FC champion 61st Sir Churachand Singh KCSI-CBE Memorial Invitation Football Tournament 2019 {{!}} Pothashang News|url=https://www.pothashang.in/2019/04/11/neroca-fc-champion-61st-sir-churachand-singh-kcsi-cbe-memorial-invitation-football-tournament-2019/|access-date=2021-12-28|website=Pothashang|language=en-GB|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218155528/https://www.pothashang.in/2019/04/11/neroca-fc-champion-61st-sir-churachand-singh-kcsi-cbe-memorial-invitation-football-tournament-2019/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| '''[[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]'''
| 1–1, {{pso|3–2}}
| [[Southern Sporting Union]]
| <ref name="62nd" >{{Cite web|title=Football tournament organised in memory of Manipur's Maharaja|url=https://www.business-standard.com/multimedia/video-gallery/general/football-tournament-organised-in-memory-of-manipur-s-maharaja-98162.htm|date=2020-01-20|website=Business Standard|access-date=1 January 2022|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101181602/https://www.business-standard.com/multimedia/video-gallery/general/football-tournament-organised-in-memory-of-manipur-s-maharaja-98162.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|'''Sagolband United FC'''
|0–0, {{pso|4–1}}
|[[Southern Sporting Union]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SU defeats SSU to win CC Meet – Eastern Mirror |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/su-defeats-ssu-to-win-cc-meet/ |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=easternmirrornagaland.com |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521142613/https://easternmirrornagaland.com/su-defeats-ssu-to-win-cc-meet/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2026
|
|
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football in Manipur}}
{{Football in India}}

[[Category:Football in Manipur]]
[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1950]]

Indian painting

2026-02-04T06:40:57Z

Svetlltn: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=300|title=Indian painting
| image2 = 4 Radha (Bani Thani), Kishangarh, ca. 1750, National Museum New Delhi.jpg
| image1 = Ajanta Padmapani.jpg
| image3 = Raja Ravi Varma - Mahabharata - Shakuntala.jpg
| image4 = India, Pahari Hills, Kangra school, Lambagraon series, 19th century - Sakhi Persuades Radha to Meet Krishna, from the "Lambagraon" Gita Govinda ( - 1989.334 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif
| footer = Clockwise from upper left: [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta fresco]] (450), [[Bani Thani|Radha Bani thani]] (ca. 18th century), [[Gita Govinda]] series (1825), [[Shakuntala (Raja Ravi Varma)|Shakuntala]] (1870).
}}
{{Indian art}}
'''Indian painting''' has a very long tradition and history in [[Indian art]].<ref name="Blurton, 193">Blurton, 193</ref> The earliest Indian paintings were the rock paintings of [[prehistoric]] times, such as the [[petroglyph]]s found in places like the [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]]. Some of the Stone Age [[Cave painting|rock paintings]] found among the Bhimbetka rock shelters are approximately 10,000 years old. Because of the climatic conditions in the [[Indian subcontinent]], very few early examples survive today.

India's ancient [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] literature has many mentions of palaces and other buildings decorated with paintings (''[[chitra (art)|chitra]]''),<ref>Wall painting</ref> but the paintings of the [[Ajanta Caves]] are the most significant of the few ones which survive. Smaller scale painting in manuscripts was probably also practised in this period, though the earliest survivals are from the medieval period.<ref name="Blurton, 193"/> A new style emerged in the Mughal era as a fusion of the [[Persian miniature]] with older Indian traditions, and from the 17th century its style was diffused across Indian princely courts of all religions, each developing a local style. [[Company painting]]s were made for British clients under the [[British Raj]]], which from the 19th century also introduced [[art school]]s along Western lines. This led to modern Indian painting, which is increasingly returning to its Indian roots.
[[File:Swarna Chitrakar - Kolkata 2014-02-14 3080.JPG|thumb|Performance of Patua Sangeet by a [[Patua]], with a [[pattachitra]] scroll to illustrate, [[Kolkata]]]]

Indian paintings can be broadly classified as murals, miniatures and paintings on cloth. Murals are large works executed on the walls of solid structures, as in the [[Ajanta Caves]] and the Kailashnath temple. [[Miniature art|Miniature painting]]s are executed on a very small scale for books or albums on perishable material such as paper and cloth. Traces of murals, in [[fresco]]-like techniques, survive in a number of sites with [[Indian rock-cut architecture]], going back at least 2,000 years, but the 1st and 5th-century remains at the [[Ajanta Caves]] are much the most significant.<ref>Harle, 355–361; Wall painting</ref>

Paintings on cloth were often produced in a more popular context, often as [[folk art]], used for example by travelling reciters of epic poetry, such as the [[Bhopa]]s of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Chitrakathi]] elsewhere, and bought as souvenirs of pilgrimages. Very few survivals are older than about 200 years, but it is clear the traditions are much older. Some regional traditions are still producing works.<ref>Blurton, 201–203, 209–210, 221–222</ref>

==Overview of the main genres==

It seems clear that miniature painting, often illustrating manuscripts, has a very long history,<ref>Craven, 219; Harle, 361</ref> but [[Jain]] miniatures from about the 12th century, mostly from West India, and slightly earlier Buddhist ones from the [[Pala Empire]] in the east are the oldest to survive.<ref>Miniature painting; Harle, 361–364</ref> Similar Hindu illustrations survive from about the 15th century in the west, and 16th century in East India,<ref>Blurton, 200–201, 209–210</ref> by which time the Mughal miniature under [[Akbar]] was also sometimes illustrating translations into Persian of the Hindu epics and other subjects.<ref>Blurton, 193; Harle, 373</ref>

The great period of Mughal court painting begins with the return of [[Humayun]] from exile in Persia in 1555 and bringing Persian artists with him. It ends during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]] who rather disapproved of painting for religious reasons, and disbanded the large imperial workshop, by perhaps 1670. The artists dispersed to smaller princely courts, both Muslim and Hindu, and the "post-Mughal" style developed in many local variants.<ref>Harle, 372–382</ref> These included different Rajasthani schools of painting like the Bundi, Kishangarh, Jaipur, Marwar and Mewar. The Ragamala paintings also belong to this school, as does the later [[Company painting]] produced for British clients from the mid-18th century.

Modern Indian art has seen the rise of the [[Bengal School of Art|Bengal School of art]] in 1930s followed by many forms of experimentations in European and Indian styles. The important artists of Bengal School of Art include [[Abanindranath Tagore]], [[Nandalal Bose|Nandlal Bose]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Asit Kumar Haldar]]. It emerged as a powerful movement that sought to revive traditional Indian artistic practices and forge a unique national identity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengal School |url=https://sites.google.com/view/ngmaindia/collection/bengal-school |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=sites.google.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the aftermath of India's independence, many new genres of art developed by important artists like Jamini Roy, [[M. F. Husain]], [[Francis Newton Souza]], and [[Vasudeo S. Gaitonde]]. With the progress of the economy the forms and styles of art also underwent many changes. In the 1990s, Indian economy was liberalised and integrated to the world economy leading to the free flow of cultural information within and without. Artists include [[Subodh Gupta]], [[Atul Dodiya]], [[Devajyoti Ray]], [[Bose Krishnamachari]] and [[Jitish Kallat]] whose works went for auction in international markets. Bharti Dayal has chosen to handle the traditional [[Madhubani art|Mithila painting]] in most contemporary way and created her own style through the exercises of her own imagination, they appear fresh and unusual.

== History of Indian painting ==
=== Prehistoric rock art ===
The pre-historic paintings were generally executed on rocks and these rock engravings were called [[petroglyph]]s. These paintings generally depict animals like bison, bear, tigers etc.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singhania|first=Nitin|title=INDIAN ART AND CULTURE|publisher=Mc Graw Hill Education(India)|year=2018|isbn=978-93-87067-54-7|page=2.3}}</ref> The oldest Indian paintings are rock art in caves which are around 30,000 years old, such as the [[Bhimbetka cave paintings]].<ref name="Ghosh-1990">{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Amalananda |title=An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&pg=PA284 |access-date=25 August 2019 |date=December 1990 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-09264-1 |pages=284 |oclc=878101569 |quote=Research since then has firmly established that many of these paintings belong to the Mesolithic age and may well be 10000 years old.}}</ref>

===Literature===
There are many important dedicated Indian treatises on painting, traditionally called ''chitra''. Some of these are chapters within a larger encyclopedia-like texts. They date between the 4th and 13th-century CE. These include:{{sfn|C. Sivaramamurti|1996|pp=5–9}}{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007}}
*''Chitrasutras'', chapters 35–43 within the Hindu text ''[[Vishnudharmottara Purana]]'' (the standard, and oft referred to text in the Indian tradition){{sfn|C. Sivaramamurti|1978}}{{sfn|Stella Kramrisch|1928}}{{sfn|Parul Dave Mukherji|2001|pp=xxi–xliv}}
*''Chitralaksana'' of Nagnajit (a classic on classical painting, 5th-century CE or earlier making it the oldest known text on Indian painting; but the Sanskrit version has been lost, only version available is in Tibet and it states that it is a translation of a Sanskrit text){{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007|pp=291–296}}
*''[[Samarangana Sutradhara]]'' (mostly architecture treatise, contains a large section on paintings)
*''[[Aparajitaprccha]]'' (mostly architecture treatise, contains a large section on paintings)
*''[[Manasollasa]]'' (an encyclopedia, contains chapters on paintings)
*''Abhilashitartha chinatamani''
*''Sivatatva ratnakara''
*''Chitra Kaladruma''
*''Silpa ratna''
*''Narada silpa''
*''Sarasvati silpa''
*''Prajapati silpa''
*''Kasyapa silpa''

These and other texts on painting discuss the Indian ideas, theory and practice of painting, its relationship to other arts, methods of preparing the canvas or wall, recipes to make color pigments and other topics.{{sfn|Isabella Nardi|2007}}{{sfn|C. Sivaramamurti|1996|pp=5–22}}{{sfn|C. Sivaramamurti|1978}}

=== Murals ===
[[File:Meister des Mahâjanaka Jâtaka 001.jpg|thumb|A mural painting depicting a scene from [[Jataka tales|Mahajanaka Jataka]], Cave 1, [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]]]]
The [[Cave paintings in India|history of Indian murals]] starts in ancient and early medieval times, from the 2nd century BC to 8th – 10th century AD. There are known more than 20 locations around India containing murals from this period, mainly natural caves and rock-cut chambers. These include the caves of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], [[Bagh Caves|Bagh]], [[Sittanavasal]], [[Armamalai Cave]] (Tamil Nadu), Kailasanatha temple in [[Ellora Caves]], [[Jogimara and Sitabenga Caves|Ramgarh]] and Sitabinji.

Murals from this period depict mainly religious themes of Buddhist, Jain and Hindu religions. There are though also locations where paintings were secular. This includes the oldest known painted cave and theatre in Chhattisgarh – the [[Jogimara and Sitabenga Caves]] – dated to between the 3rd to 1st century BCE.<ref name=sitaoup>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre| year=2004| editor=Anand Lal|publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn= 9780195644463 |pages=15, 415, 449–450}}</ref><ref name="Liu2016">{{cite book|author=David Mason|editor=Siyuan Liu|title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-27886-3|page=225}}</ref>

=== Pre-11th-century miniature paintings ===
Early survivals of portable Indian paintings are all miniatures from texts (the great majority) or painted objects such as boxes. Despite considerable evidence that larger paintings on cloth (known as ''pata'') existed, and indeed surviving texts discussing how to make them, not a single medieval Indian painting on cloth is known to survive, unless some Buddhist ones have been taken as Tibetan,<ref>Steven Kossak, Jane Casey Singer, Robert Bruce-Gardner, ''Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet'', p. 12, 1998, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), Museum Rietberg, {{ISBN|0870998625}}, 9780870998621, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lTN6hDziKC0C google books (full view)]</ref> or from Central Asia. Some of the images recovered there by Sir [[Aurel Stein]] are Indian paintings, most being Buddhist and some with Hindu deities such as Ganesha and Shiva.<ref name="Blurton, 193"/> According to Blurton, such early paintings did not survive largely because of the deleterious climate of India, as well as due to the "added problem of Muslim iconoclasm" in the centuries that followed.<ref name="Blurton, 193"/>

The pattern of large scale wall painting which had dominated the scene, witnessed the advent of miniature paintings during the 11th and 12th centuries. This new style figured first in the form of illustrations etched on palm-leaf manuscripts.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

====Eastern India====
In eastern India, the principal centres of artistic and intellectual activities of the Buddhist religion were Nalanda, Odantapuri, Vikramshila and Somarpura situated in the Pala kingdom (Bengal and Bihar). Miniature painting from this region survives from the 10th century. These miniatures, depicting Buddhist divinities and scenes from the life of Buddha were painted on the leaves (about 2.25 by 3&nbsp;inches) of the palm-leaf manuscripts as well as their wooden covers. Most common Buddhist illustrated manuscripts include the texts ''[[Perfection of Wisdom|Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita]]'',<ref>Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (1999). ''Introduction to Indian Art'',: Munshiram Manoharlal, {{ISBN|81-215-0389-2}} p.68-70</ref> ''Pancharaksa'', ''Karandavyuha'' and ''Kalachakra Tantra''. The earliest extant miniatures are found in a manuscript of the ''Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita'' dated in the sixth regnal year of [[Mahipala]] (c. 993), presently the possession of [[The Asiatic Society]], Kolkata. This style disappeared from India in the late 12th century.

The influence of eastern Indian paintings can be seen in various Buddhist temples in [[Bagan]], [[Myanmar]] particularly [[Abeyadana temple]] which was named after Queen consort of Myanmar, [[Apeyadana|Abeyadana]] who herself had Indian roots and [[Gubyaukgyi Temple (Myinkaba)|Gubyaukgyi Temple]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The significance of North East India in the development of the sculpture of Bagan|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/saaap/news/file124891.pdf|journal=University of London|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812213544/https://www.soas.ac.uk/saaap/news/file124891.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The influences of eastern Indian paintings can also be clearly observed in [[Thangka|Tibetan Thangka]] paintings.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTN6hDziKC0C&q=india|title=Sacred Visions: Early Paintings from Central Tibet|last1=Kossak|first1=Steven|last2=Singer|first2=Jane Casey|last3=Bruce-Gardner|first3=Robert|last4=N.Y.)|first4=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York|date=1998|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=9780870998621|language=en}}</ref>

==== Western India ====
{{Further|Jain art}}
Surviving illustrated manuscripts from Western India, mainly [[Gujarat]], begin around the 11th century, but are mostly from the 13th onwards. Initially surviving examples are all [[Jain art|Jain]]. By the 15th century they were becoming increasingly lavish, with much use of gold.<ref>Rowland, 341–343</ref>

The manuscript text most frequently illustrated is the ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'', containing the biographies of the [[Tirthankara]]s, notably [[Parshvanatha]] and [[Mahavira]]. The illustrations are square-ish panels set in the text, with "wiry drawing" and "brilliant, even jewel-like colour". The figures are always seen in three-quarters view, with distinctive "long pointed noses and protruding eyes". There is a convention whereby the more distant side of the face protrudes, so that both eyes are seen.<ref>Rowland, 343</ref>

===Shadanga of Indian painting===
{{Main|Six limbs (Indian Painting)}}

Ancient texts defined six important aspects of painting. These 'Six Limbs' have been translated as follows:<ref name="Coomaraswamy2003">{{cite book|last=Coomaraswamy|first=Ananda K.|title=History of Indian and Indonesian Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JPmp2aAQdcC&pg=PA88|access-date=11 December 2011|year=2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-0-7661-5801-6|page=88}}</ref>

# ''Rupabheda'' The knowledge of appearances.
# ''Pramanam'' Correct perception, measure and structure.
# ''Bhava'' Action of feelings on forms.
# ''Lavanya Yojanam'' Infusion of grace, artistic representation.
# ''Sadrisyam'' Similitude.
# ''Varnikabhanga'' Artistic manner of using the brush and colours. (Tagore.)

The subsequent development of painting by the Buddhists indicates that these ' Six Limbs ' were put into practice by Indian artists, and are the basic principles on which their art was founded.

=== Early Modern period (1526―1857 CE) ===
[[File:Jahangir Receives Prince Khurram at Ajmer on His Return from the Mewar Campaign.jpg|thumb|''[[Jahangir]] Receives Prince [[Khurram]] at [[Ajmer]] on His Return from the [[Mewar]] Campaign'', [[Balchand]], c. 1635]]

====Mughal painting====
{{main|Mughal painting}}
[[Mughal painting]] is a style of Indian painting, generally confined to illustrations on the book and done in miniatures, and which emerged, developed and took shape during the period of the [[Mughal Empire]] between the 16th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/XQIC2ZXP7c1MLg|title=Indian Miniature Paintings: The Mughal and Persian Schools – Google Arts & Culture|work=Google Cultural Institute|access-date=2018-11-17|language=en}}</ref> The Mughal style was heavily influenced by [[Persian miniature]]s, and in turn influenced several Indian styles, including the [[Rajput painting|Rajput]], [[Pahari painting|Pahari]] and [[Deccan painting|Deccan]] styles of painting.

Mughal paintings were a unique blend of Indian, Persian and Islamic styles. Because the Mughal kings wanted visual records of their deeds as hunters and conquerors, their artists accompanied them on military expeditions or missions of state, or recorded their prowess as animal slayers, or depicted them in the great dynastic ceremonies of marriages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mugh/hd_mugh.htm|title=The Art of the Mughals before 1600|website=Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=October 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203064305/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mugh/hd_mugh.htm|archive-date=2018-02-03|url-status=live|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref>

[[File:Meister der Hamza-Nâma-Handschrift 001.jpg|thumb|left|A folio from the [[Hamzanama]]]]Akbar's reign (1556–1605) ushered a new era in Indian miniature painting.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/South-Asian-arts|title=South Asian arts – Visual arts of India and Sri Lanka (Ceylon)|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref> After he had consolidated his political power, he built a new capital at Fatehpur Sikri where he collected artists from India and Persia. He was the first monarch who established in India an atelier under the supervision of two Persian master artists, Mir Sayyed Ali and [[Khwaja Abdus Samad|Abdus Samad]]. Earlier, both of them had served under the patronage of Humayun in Kabul and accompanied him to India when he regained his throne in 1555. More than a hundred painters were employed, most of whom were from Gujarat, Gwalior and Kashmir, who gave a birth to a new school of painting, popularly known as the Mughal School of miniature Paintings.

Tuti-Nama was an early Mughal work from the mid 16th Century, and the similarities particularly in the female figures to the indigenous western India school is clearly visible. While some consider this to be a transition phase where the stylistic features of indigenous & Persian schools combined, other considered this to be a work of artists who were trained in western India school and who worked in Akbar's atelier to produce art for the Mughal palette, maybe under supervision of Persian masters.

Another early production by that school of miniature painting was the [[Akbar Hamzanama|Akbar ''Hamzanama'']] manuscript, which according to the court historian Badayuni was started in 1567 and completed in 1582. The ''[[Hamzanama]]'', an epic Persian account of Amir Hamza, an uncle of the Prophet, were illustrated by [[Mir Sayyid Ali]]. The paintings of the Akbar ''Hamzanama'' are of large size, 20 x 27", and were painted on cloth. They are in the Persian safavi style. Brilliant red, blue and green colours predominate; the pink, eroded rocks and the vegetation, planes and blossoming plum and peach trees are reminiscent of Persia. The Hamza Nama is very different in style to the Tuti Nama. This difference was either due to a different set of artists who were trained in the Persian style or due to a conscious change in style through experimentation, either ways, mughal painting quickly evolved into more fluid and naturalistic style different from the stiffness in figures seen in earlier paintings. Nevertheless, links to the western India schools were still there on close inspection, particularly in the representation of the female figure.

After him, [[Jahangir]] encouraged artists to paint portraits and durbar scenes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mugh_2/hd_mugh_2.htm|title=The Art of the Mughals after 1600|last=Sardar|first=Marika|website=Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=October 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219205406/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mugh_2/hd_mugh_2.htm|archive-date=2017-12-19|url-status=live|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> His most talented portrait painters were [[Ustad Mansur]], Abul Hasan and [[Bishandas]].

[[Shah Jahan]] (1627–1658) continued the patronage of painting.<ref name=":1" /> Some of the famous artists of the period were Mohammad Faqirullah Khan, Mir Hashim, Muhammad Nadir, [[Bichitr]], Chitarman, Anupchhatar, Manohar and Honhar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/IAKyl2TieuDGKg|title=Treasures of National Museum, India|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

[[Aurangzeb]] had no taste for fine arts, probably due to his Islamic conservatism.<ref name=":1" /> Due to lack of patronage artists migrated to the Deccan and the Hindu courts of [[Rajputana]], greatly influencing the styles in these centres.

====Deccan painting====
{{main|Deccan painting|}}
[[File:Al Buraq - 1770-75.jpg|thumb|Composite [[Buraq]], [[National Museum, New Delhi]], [[Hyderabad]], 1770–75.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/UgJSsSkMl8_LJw|title=Nauras: The Many Arts of the Deccan|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref>|alt=]]
[[File:Maratha darbar.jpg|thumb|A [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] Darbar c.1820 ]]
Deccan painting was produced in the [[Deccan]] region of [[Central India]], in the various Muslim capitals of the [[Deccan sultanates]] that emerged from the break-up of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] by 1520. These were [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Golconda Sultanate|Golkonda]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]], [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]], and [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]]. The main period was between the late 16th century and the mid-17th,<ref>Harle, 400; Craven, 216–217; Sardar</ref><ref name="Mark">{{cite book|title=Deccani Painting|last=Zebrowski|first=Mark|isbn=9780520048782|year=1983|publisher=Sotheby Publications}}</ref> with something of a revival in the mid-18th century, by then centred on [[Hyderabad]].

Compared to the early Mughal painting evolving at the same time to the north,<ref>Craven, 216</ref> Deccan painting exceeds in "the brilliance of their colour, the sophistication and artistry of their composition, and a general air of decadent luxury".<ref>Harle, 400</ref> Other differences include painting faces, not very expertly modelled, in three-quarter view, rather than mostly in profile in the Mughal style, and "tall women with small heads" wearing saris. There are many royal portraits, although they lack the precise likenesses of their Mughal equivalents. Buildings are depicted as "totally flat screen-like panels".<ref>Harle, 400–403 (quoted); Craven 216–217</ref>

[[Ragamala paintings]], sets illustrating (by evoking their moods) the various ''[[raga]]'' musical forms, appear to have been an innovation of the Deccan. Beside the usual portraits and illustrations to literary works, there are sometimes illustrated chronicles, such as the ''[[Tuzuk-i-Asafiya]]''. A Deccan speciality (also sometimes found in other media, [[Powder flask#Asia|such as ivory]])<ref>Born, Wolfgang, "Ivory Powder Flasks from the Mughal Period", ''Ars Islamica'', Vol. 9, (1942), pp. 93–111, Freer Gallery of Art, The Smithsonian Institution and Department of the History of Art, University of Michigan, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4515592 JSTOR]</ref> is the "composite animal" a large animal made up of many smaller images of other animals.

====Rajput painting====
{{main|Rajput painting}}
[[File:Nihâl Chand 001.jpg|thumb|An 18th-century [[Rajput painting]] by the artist [[Nihâl Chand]]|alt=|left]]
The early Mewar and Malwa schools, sometimes also collectively known as Western India school, developed around this period, and are stylistically similar and linked to the style of depiction in 14th–15th century texts from Gujarat. The similar large eyes, stiff figures, protruding hips and breasts are a linking feature. The Kulhadar group of paintings is considered one of the finest works executed belonging to the western India school. Executed in early 16th century, this group paintings were characterized by the men wearing a conical cap (Kulha) on which turbans were worn. The Kulhadar group of paintings consisted of '''Chaurapanchasika – "Fifty Verses of the Thief" by Bilhan, the Gita Govinda, the Bhagavata Purana and Ragamala.'''

Driven by the Islamic conquests, the mid-late 16th Century saw central Asian influence starting to creep into Indian artistic representation. The use of gold foil and ultramarine blue derived from imported lapiz lazuli were two such Persian influences which were adopted into Indian painting. Manuscripts of Laur Chanda at the National Museum are an example of such influence.

Several different styles of Rajput painting developed from the late 16th century onwards in the Hindu royal courts of [[Rajputana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/PgLSknKVv0F_JQ|title=Indian Miniature Paintings: The Rajasthan School|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rajp/hd_rajp.htm|title=Poetic Allusions in the Rajput and Pahari Painting of India|last=Behrendt|first=Kurt|website=metmuseum.org|date=October 2016 |access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref> Each Rajput kingdom evolved a distinct style, but with certain common features. Rajput paintings depict a number of themes, events of epics like the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]], Krishna's life, beautiful landscapes, and humans. Many miniatures were individual album pieces, but there are also illustrated books, and there was at the same time some mural painting on the walls of palaces, forts, and [[haveli]]s. This especially so in the [[Shekhawati]] region, where [[Marwari people|Marwari]] businessmen, mainly active in the large cities, competed to have brightly painted exteriors of the houses they maintained in their home region.

Rajput painting consists of four principal groupings:
# The [[Mewar]] school that contains the [[Chavand, Rajasthan|Chavand]], [[Nathdwara]], [[Devgarh, Rajasthan|Devgarh]], [[Udaipur]] and [[Sawar]] styles of painting
# The [[Marwar]] school comprising the [[Kishangarh]], [[Bikaner style of painting]] from [[Bikaner]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Nagaur]], [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] and [[Ghanerao]] styles
# The [[Hadoti]] school with the [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Bundi]] and [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]] styles and
# The Dhundar school of [[Amber, India|Amber]], [[Jaipur]], [[Shekhawati painting]] and [[Uniara]] styles of painting.

[[Pahari painting]] is the northernmost extension of the Rajput style, but usually treated separately.

====Pahari painting====
{{main|Pahari painting}}
The [[Pahari painting|Pahari style]] also referred to as the Punjab Hills style developed and flourished during 17th to 19th centuries stretching from [[Jammu]] to [[Almora]] and [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]], in the sub-[[Himalayas|Himalayan]] [[India]], through [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/6gLS_5UNK3EaIw|title=Indian Miniature Paintings: The Pahari School|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref> The Pahari paintings can be grouped into two groups- Jammu or Dogra school; and Basholi and Kangra school.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singhania|first=Nitish|title=INDIAN ART AND CULTURE|publisher=Mc Graw Hill Education (India)|year=2018|isbn=978-93-87067-54-7|page=2.21}}</ref> Each created stark variations within the genre, ranging from bold intense [[Basohli Painting|Basohli painting]], originating from [[Basohli]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], to the delicate and lyrical [[Kangra paintings]], which became synonymous to the style before other schools of paintings developed.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

====Malwa and Jaunpur====
A new trend in manuscript illustration was set by a manuscript of the ''Nimatnama'' painted at Mandu, during the reign of Nasir Shah (1500–1510). This represent a synthesis of the indigenous and the patronized Persian style, though it was the latter which dominated the Mandu manuscripts.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} There was another style of painting known as Lodi Khuladar that flourished in the Sultanate's dominion of North India extending from Delhi to Jaunpur.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

====Mysore painting====
{{main|Mysore painting}}

Mysore painting is an important form of classical [[South India]]n painting that originated in the town of [[Mysore]] in Karnataka. These paintings are known for their elegance, muted colours and attention to detail. The themes for most of these paintings are [[Hindu]] Gods and Goddesses and scenes from [[Hindu mythology]]. In modern times, these paintings have become a much sought-after souvenir during festive occasions in South India.

The process of making a Mysore painting involves many stages. The first stage involves the making of the preliminary sketch of the image on the base. The base consists of cartridge paper pasted on a wooden base. A paste made of [[zinc oxide]] and [[arabic gum]] is made called "gesso paste". With the help of a thin brush all the jewellery and parts of throne or the arch which have some relief are painted over to give a slightly raised effect of carving. This is allowed to dry. On this thin gold foil is pasted. The rest of the drawing is then painted using watercolours. Only muted colours are used.

====Tanjore painting====
{{main|Tanjore painting}}
[[File:Sikh Gurus with Bhai Bala and Bhai Mardana.jpg|thumb|right|Tanjore style painting depicting the ten [[Sikh Gurus]] with [[Bhai Bala]] and [[Bhai Mardana]].]]
Tanjore painting is an important form of classical [[South India]]n painting native to the town of [[Tanjore]] in Tamil Nadu. The art form dates back to the early 9th century, a period dominated by the [[Chola]] rulers, who encouraged art and literature. These paintings are known for their elegance, rich colours, and attention to detail. The themes for most of these paintings are [[Hindu]] Gods and Goddesses and scenes from [[Hindu mythology]]. In modern times, these paintings have become a much sought-after souvenir during festive occasions in South India.

The process of making a Tanjore painting involves many stages. The first stage involves the making of the preliminary sketch of the image on the base. The base consists of a cloth pasted over a wooden base. Then chalk powder or [[zinc oxide]] is mixed with water-soluble [[adhesive]] and apply it on the base. To make the base smoother, a mild [[abrasive]] is sometimes used. After the drawing is made, decoration of the jewelry and the apparels in the image is done with semi-precious stones. Laces or threads are also used to decorate the jewelry. On top of this, the gold foils are pasted. Finally, [[dyes]] are used to add colours to the figures in the paintings.

====Pattachitra====
{{main|Pattachitra}}
Pattachitra refers to the Classical painting of [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]], in the eastern region of India.'Patta' in [[Sanskrit]] means 'Vastra' or 'clothing' and 'chitra' means paintings.

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Extrait de Chandi Mangal de Meena Chitrakar (Naya Bengale) (1439706046).jpg
| alt1 = Medinipur Patachitra
| caption1 = Patachitra of Naya village
| image2 = Extrait de Ramayana de Hazra Chitrakar (Naya Bengale) (1438842569).jpg
| alt2 = Medinipur Patachitra
| caption2 = Patachitra of Naya village
| image3 = Medinipur Patachitra - durga.jpg
| alt3 = Medinipur Patachitra
| caption3 = Goddess Durga and her family in Medinipur Patachitra
| image4 =
| alt4 = Kalighat Patachitra
| caption4 = Manasa in Kalighat Patachitra
| footer_align = center
| footer = <big>''The Bengal Patachitra''</big>
| perrow = 2
}}
The Bengal Patachitra refers to the painting of [[West Bengal]]. It is a traditional and mythological heritage of [[West Bengal]]. The Bengal Patachitra is divided into some different aspects like '''''Durga Pat''''', ''[[Chalchitra]]'', ''Tribal Patachitra'', ''Medinipur Patachitra'', [[Kalighat painting|Kalighat Patachitra]] etc.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/district/nadia-murshidabad/portrait-art-s-demand-at-nabadwip-1.700221|title=পটচিত্রের চাহিদা বাড়ছে নবদ্বীপের রাসে|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|first=দেবাশিস|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=2018-05-11|language=bn}}</ref> The subject matter of Bengal Patachitra is mostly mythological, religious stories, folk lore and social. The Kalighat Patachitra, the last tradition of Bengal Patachitra is developed by [[Jamini Roy]]. The artist of the Bengal Patachitra is called [[Patua]].<ref>Giusti, M. and Chakraborty, U. (ed.). ''Immagini Storie Parole. Dialoghi di formazione coi dipinti cantati delle donne Chitrakar del West Bengal''. Mantova: Universitas Studiorum, 2014, {{ISBN|978-88-97683-39-1}}</ref>

[[File:Westindischer Maler um 1550 001.jpg|thumb|right|[[Gita Govinda]] depicted in Pattachitra]]
The tradition of Orisha Pattachitra is closely linked with the worship of Lord [[Jagannath]]. Apart from the fragmentary evidence of paintings on the caves of [[Khandagiri]] and [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] and Sitabhinji murals of the Sixth century A.D., the earliest indigenous paintings from Odisha are the Pattachitra done by the Chitrakars (the painters are called Chitrakars).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pattachitra.com/pattachitra.htm|title=Pattachitra.com}}</ref> The theme of Oriya painting centres round the [[Vaishnava]] sect. Since beginning of Pattachitra culture Lord Jagannath who was an incarnation of Lord Krishna was the major source of inspiration. The subject matter of Patta Chitra is mostly mythological, religious stories and folk lore. Themes are chiefly on Lord Jagannath and [[Radha]]-[[Krishna]], different "Vesas" of [[Jagannath]], [[Balabhadra]] and [[Subhadra]], temple activities, the ten [[incarnation]]s of [[Vishnu]] basing on the '[[Gita Govinda]]' of [[Jayadeva|Jayadev]], Kama Kujara Naba Gunjara, [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]]. The individual paintings of gods and goddesses are also being painted. The painters use vegetable and mineral colours without going for factory made poster colours. They prepare their own colours. White colour is made from the [[conch]]-shells by powdering, boiling and filtering in a very hazardous process. It requires a lot of patience. But this process gives brilliance and permanence to the [[hue]]. 'Hingula', a mineral colour, is used for red. 'Haritala', king of stone ingredients for yellow, 'Ramaraja' a sort of indigo for blue are being used. Pure [[lamp-black]] or black prepared from the burning of cocoanut shells are used. The brushes that are used by these 'Chitrakaras' are also indigenous and are made of hair of domestic animals. A bunch of hair tied to the end of a bamboo stick make the brush. It is really a matter of wonder as to how these painters bring out lines of such precision and finish with the help of these crude brushes. That old tradition of Oriya painting still survives to-day in the skilled hands of Chitrakaras (traditional painters) in [[Puri]], [[Raghurajpur]], [[Paralakhemundi]], Chikiti and [[Sonepur, Odisha|Sonepur]].

==== Assam Painting ====
{{Main|Painting of Assam|}}
[[File:Brihat Ushaharan, an medieval-century manuscript painting of Assam from Budhbari Satra.jpg|thumb|Illustrated Assamese manuscript]]
[[Painting of Assam]] led to its growth in response to [[Ekasarana Dharma|Neo-Vaisnavism]] movement starting in the 15th century and even received royal patronage under various erstwhile royal classes. Manuscript painting of Assam continued to flourish till the decay of the [[Ahom kingdom]].

==== Other regional styles ====
{{Main|Madhubani Painting|}}
[[Madhubani/Mithila Painting|Madhubani painting]] is a style of painting, practiced in the Mithila region of Bihar state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nidceedhelp.in/indian-traditional-state-paintings/|title=Indian State Traditional Paintings – NID CEED Help|date=2017-08-13|work=NID CEED Help|access-date=2017-08-13|language=en-US|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819130705/http://nidceedhelp.in/indian-traditional-state-paintings/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Themes revolve around Hindu Gods and mythology, along with scenes from the royal court and social events like weddings. Generally no space is left empty; the gaps are filled by paintings of flowers, animals, birds, and even geometric designs.In this paintings, artists use leaves, herbs, and flowers to make the colour which is used to draw the paintings.

=== British Colonial period ===
[[File:Portrait_of_East_India_Company_official.jpg|thumb|[[Company painting]] by Dip Chand depicting an official of the [[East India Company]].]]

==== Company style ====
{{Main|Company style}}As [[Company rule in India]] began in the 18th century, a great number of Europeans migrated to India. The [[Company style]] is a term for a hybrid Indo-European style of paintings made in India by Indian and European artists, many of whom worked for European patrons in the [[British East India Company]] or other foreign Companies in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm|title=Company Painting in Nineteenth-Century India|website=Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=October 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220030814/https://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cpin/hd_cpin.htm|archive-date=2017-12-20|url-status=live|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The style blended traditional elements from [[Rajput painting|Rajput]] and [[Mughal painting]] with a more Western treatment of perspective, volume and recession.

==== Early Modern Indian painting ====
[[File:Raja_Ravi_Varma,_Galaxy_of_Musicians.jpg|alt=|thumb|''[[Galaxy of Musicians]]'' by [[Raja Ravi Varma]], oil on canvas.]]
[[File:Radha_and_Krishna_by_DHURANDHAR_MV.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|''Radha and Krishna'' by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]], oil on canvas.]]
At the start of the 18th century, oil and easel painting began in India, which saw many European artists, such as [[Johann Zoffany|Zoffany]], [[Tilly Kettle|Kettle]], [[William Hodges|Hodges]], [[Thomas Daniell|Thomas]] and [[William Daniell]], [[Joshua Reynolds]], [[Emily Eden]] and [[George Chinnery]] coming out to India in search of fame and fortune. The courts of the [[princely state]]s of India were an important draw for European artists due to their patronage of the visual and performing arts. For Indian artists, this Western influence, largely a result of colonialism, was viewed as "a means for self-improvement", and these Western academic artists who visited India provided the model.<ref name="R. Siva Kumar 1999">R. Siva Kumar (1999) Modern Indian Art: A Brief Overview, Art Journal, 58:3, 14</ref> They did not, however, provide the training. According to R. Siva Kumar, "This task, which fell on the various art schools established in the 1850s, gave an institutional framework to the Westernization of Indian art".<ref name="R. Siva Kumar 1999"/>

The earliest formal art schools in India, namely the [[Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai|Government College of Fine Arts]] in [[Chennai|Madras]] (1850), [[Government College of Art & Craft]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (1854) and [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art]] in Bombay (1857), were established.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/icrt/hd_icrt.htm|title=Nineteenth-Century Court Arts in India|last=Sardar|first=Marika|website=Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=October 2004 |access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref>

[[Raja Ravi Varma]] was a pioneer of modern Indian painting. He drew on Western traditions and techniques including oil paint and easel painting, with his subjects being purely Indian, such as Hindu deities and episodes from the epics and [[Purana]]s. Some other prominent Indian painters born in the 19th century are [[M. V. Dhurandhar|Mahadev Vishwanath Dhurandhar]] (1867–1944), [[A X Trindade]] (1870–1935),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaart.com/Articles-and-Features/Articles-on-A-X-Trindade-by-Nalini-Bhagwat/Articles-on-A-X-Trindade-by-Nalini-Bhagwat.asp|title=Old Master A. X. Trindade – Article by Dr. Nalini Bhagwat, A Rembrandt of the east, painter, landscapes, Portrait, pastels and water colours painting, simple minded soul|author=Dr. Nalini Bhagwat|date=1935-03-16|publisher=Indiaart.com|access-date=2013-12-13}}</ref> [[M F Pithawalla]] (1872–1937),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goaartgallery.com/pithawala_m_f.htm|title=Artist Gellary – M F PITHAWALA|date=2007-03-19|publisher=Goaartgallery.com|access-date=2013-12-13}}</ref> [[Sawlaram Haldankar|Sawlaram Lakshman Haldankar]] (1882–1968) and [[Hemen Majumdar]] (1894–1948).
[[File:Abanindranath Tagore - The Passing of Shah Jahan, 1902.jpg|thumb|''[[The Passing of Shah Jahan]]'' by [[Abanindranath Tagore]].]]

In the 19th century, according to R. Siva Kumar, "selective Westernization for self-improvement gave way to a nationalist cultural counter-stance around the turn of the century – universally, the first step toward a political resistance toward colonial rule".<ref name="ReferenceA">R. Siva Kumar (1999) Modern Indian Art: A Brief Overview, Art Journal, 58:3, 15</ref> In practice, this materialized as an assimilation of "diverse Asian elements", expanding tradition more than reviving it.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Leading artist of the time, [[Abanindranath Tagore]] (1871–1951), utilized both the Western-influenced realism and Asian elements which brought him "close to early modernism".<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

A reaction to the Western influence led to a revival in historic and more nationalistic Indian art, called as the [[Bengal school of art]], which drew from the rich cultural heritage of India.

====Bengal school====
{{main|Bengal school of art}}
The [[Bengal School of Art]] was an influential style of art that flourished in India during the [[British Raj]] in the early 20th century. It was associated with Indian nationalism, but was also promoted and supported by many British arts administrators.

The Bengal school arose as an [[avant garde]] and nationalist movement reacting against the [[academic art]] styles previously promoted in India, both by Indian artists such as [[Raja Ravi Varma|Ravi Varma]] and in British art schools. Following the widespread influence of Indian spiritual ideas in the West, the British art teacher [[Ernest Binfield Havel]] attempted to reform the teaching methods at the [[Calcutta School of Art]] by encouraging students to imitate [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] miniatures. This caused immense controversy, leading to a strike by students and complaints from the local press, including from nationalists who considered it to be a retrogressive move. Havel was supported by the artist [[Abanindranath Tagore]], a nephew of the poet and artist [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> Abanindranath painted a number of works influenced by Ajanta painting style, a style that he and Havel believed to be expressive of India's distinct spiritual qualities, as opposed to the "materialism" of the West. His best-known painting, ''Bharat Mata'' (Mother India), depicted a young woman, portrayed with four arms in the manner of Hindu deities, holding objects symbolic of India's national aspirations.

Tagore later attempted to develop links with Far-Eastern artists as part of an aspiration to construct a [[pan-Asianism|pan-Asianist]] model of art. Those associated with this Indo-Far Eastern model included [[Nandalal Bose]], [[Mukul Dey]], [[Kalipada Ghoshal]], [[Benode Behari Mukherjee]], Vinayak Shivaram Masoji, [[B.C. Sanyal]], [[Beohar Rammanohar Sinha]], and subsequently their students [[A. Ramachandran]], Tan Yuan Chameli, Ramananda Bandopadhyay and a few others.

The Bengal school's influence on Indian art scene gradually started alleviating with the spread of [[modernist]] ideas post-independence.[[K. G. Subramanyan]]'s role in this movement is significant.

====Contextual Modernism====
{{main|Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism}}
The term [[Contextual Modernism]] that Siva Kumar used in the catalogue of the exhibition has emerged as a [[postcolonial]] critical tool in the understanding of the art the Santiniketan artists had practised.

Several terms including [[Paul Gilroy]]'s ''counter culture of modernity'' and [[Tani Barlow]]'s ''Colonial modernity'' have been used to describe the kind of alternative modernity that emerged in non-European contexts. Professor Gall argues that 'Contextual Modernism' is a more suited term because "the colonial in ''colonial modernity'' does not accommodate the refusal of many in colonised situations to internalise inferiority. Santiniketan’s artist teachers' refusal of subordination incorporated a counter vision of modernity, which sought to correct the racial and cultural essentialism that drove and characterised imperial Western modernity and modernism. Those European modernities, projected through a triumphant British colonial power, provoked nationalist responses, equally problematic when they incorporated similar essentialisms".<ref>{{Cite web| title=Overcoming Polarized Modernities: Counter-Modern Art Education: Santiniketan, The Legacy of a Poet's School | url=http://www.huichawaii.org/assets/gall,-david---overcoming-polarized-modernities.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428052658/http://www.huichawaii.org/assets/gall,-david---overcoming-polarized-modernities.pdf | archive-date=2015-04-28}}</ref>

According to [[R. Siva Kumar]] "The Santiniketan artists were one of the first who consciously challenged this idea of modernism by opting out of both internationalist modernism and historicist indigenousness and tried to create a context sensitive modernism."<ref name="humanitiesunderground.org">{{cite web|url=http://humanitiesunderground.org/all-the-shared-experiences-of-the-lived-world-ii/|title=humanities underground » All The Shared Experiences of the Lived World II}}</ref> He had been studying the work of the Santiniketan masters and thinking about their approach to art since the early 80s. The practice of subsuming [[Nandalal Bose]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Ram Kinker Baij]] and [[Benode Behari Mukherjee]] under the [[Bengal School of Art]] was, according to Siva Kumar, misleading. ''This happened because early writers were guided by genealogies of apprenticeship rather than their styles, worldviews, and perspectives on art practice''.<ref name="humanitiesunderground.org"/>

The literary critic [[Ranjit Hoskote]] while reviewing the works of contemporary artist [[Atul Dodiya]] writes, "The exposure to Santinketan, through a literary detour, opened Dodiya’s eyes to the historical circumstances of what the art historian [[R Siva Kumar]] has called a "contextual modernism" developed in eastern India in the 1930s and '40s during the turbulent decades of the global Depression, the Gandhian liberation struggle, the Tagorean cultural renaissance and World War II."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/creator-of-a-floating-world/|title=Creator of a Floating World – Ranjit Hoskote – Tehelka – Investigations, Latest News, Politics, Analysis, Blogs, Culture, Photos, Videos, Podcasts|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129063543/http://www.tehelka.com/creator-of-a-floating-world/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Contextual Modernism'' in the recent past has found its usage in other related fields of studies, specially in [[Architecture]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:444711|title="Contextual modernism" – is it possible? Steps to improved housing strategy|first=Ejigu|last=Alazar|date=1 January 2011}}</ref>

=== Post Independence (1947― present) ===

{{main|Modern Indian painting}}

During the colonial era, Western influences started to make an impact on Indian art. Some artists developed a style that used Western ideas of composition, perspective and realism to illustrate Indian themes. Others, like [[Jamini Roy]], consciously drew inspiration from folk art.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/emit/hd_emit.htm|title=Early Modernists and Indian Traditions|last=Ali|first=Atteqa|website=Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=October 2004 |access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref> Bharti Dayal has chosen to handle the traditional Mithila Painting in most contemporary way and uses both realism as well abstractionism in her work with a lot of fantasy mixed in to both .Her work has an impeccable sense of balance, harmony and grace.

By the time of Independence in 1947, several schools of art in India provided access to modern techniques and ideas. Galleries were established to showcase these artists. Modern Indian art typically shows the influence of Western styles, but is often inspired by Indian themes and images. Major artists are beginning to gain international recognition, initially among the Indian diaspora, but also among non-Indian audiences.

The [[Progressive Artists' Group]], established shortly after India became independent in 1947, was intended to establish new ways of expressing India in the post-colonial era. The founders were six eminent artists – [[K. H. Ara]], [[S. K. Bakre]], [[H. A. Gade]], [[M.F. Husain]], [[S.H. Raza]] and [[Francis Newton Souza|F. N. Souza]], though the group was dissolved in 1956, it was profoundly influential in changing the idiom of Indian art.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mind/hd_mind.htm|title=Modern Art in India|last=Ali|first=Atteqa|website=Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=October 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625230225/http://www.metmuseum.org/TOAH/HD/mind/hd_mind.htm|archive-date=2017-06-25|url-status=live|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref> Almost all India's major artists in the 1950s were associated with the group. Some of those who are well-known today are [[Bal Chabda]], [[Manishi Dey]], [[Vasudeo S. Gaitonde|V. S. Gaitonde]], [[Krishen Khanna]], [[Ram Kumar (artist)|Ram Kumar]], [[Tyeb Mehta]], [[Beohar Rammanohar Sinha]] and [[Akbar Padamsee]]. Other famous painters like [[Jahar Dasgupta]], [[Prokash Karmakar]], [[John Wilkins (Indian artist)|John Wilkins]], and Bijon Choudhuri enriched the art culture of India. They have become the icon of modern Indian art. Art historians like Prof. Rai [[Anand Krishna]] have also referred to those works of modern artistes that reflect Indian ethos.

Also, the increase in the discourse about Indian art, in English as well as vernacular Indian languages, appropriated the way art was perceived in the art schools. Critical approach became rigorous, critics like [[Geeta Kapur]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khojworkshop.org/user/geeta_kapur |title=Geeta kapur &#124; Khoj International Artists' Association |access-date=2013-12-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924023312/http://khojworkshop.org/user/geeta_kapur |archive-date=24 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afterall.org/online/geeta-kapur-part1|title=Afterall • Online • Geeta Kapur: On the Curatorial in India (Part 1)}}</ref> [[R . Siva Kumar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/benodebehari_late.asp|title=National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://asiasociety.org/arts/asia-society-museum/past-exhibitions/rabindranath-tagore-last-harvest|title=Rabindranath Tagore: The Last Harvest|website=Asia Society|date=25 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807064042/https://asiasociety.org/rabindranath-tagore-last-harvest|archive-date=2018-08-07|url-status=live|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.curationtheory.com/workshops.php |title=The Curatorship Programme ( 2010 -2013) |access-date=2012-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111011941/http://www.curationtheory.com/workshops.php |archive-date=11 November 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=The Last Harvest | url=http://ngmaindia.gov.in/pdf/The-Last-Harvest-e-INVITE.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512174742/http://ngmaindia.gov.in:80/pdf/The-Last-Harvest-e-INVITE.pdf | archive-date=2013-05-12}}</ref> contributed to re-thinking contemporary art practice in India. Their voices represented [[Indian art]] not only in India but across the world. The critics also had an important role as curators of important exhibitions, re-defining modernism and Indian-art.

Indian Art got a boost with the [[economic liberalization]] of the country since the early 1990s. Artists from various fields now started bringing in varied styles of work. Post-liberalization Indian art thus works not only within the confines of academic traditions but also outside it. In this phase, artists have introduced even newer concepts which have hitherto not been seen in Indian art. [[Devajyoti Ray]] has introduced a new genre of art called [[Pseudorealism]]. Pseudorealist Art is an original art style that has been developed entirely on the Indian soil. Pseudorealism takes into account the Indian concept of abstraction and uses it to transform regular scenes of Indian life into a fantastic images.

==Vernacular Indian painting==
Vernacular art is an art alive (contemporary art), based on the past (the myths, the traditions and the religion) and made by defined groups. Vernacular art is based on the collective memory of this group.

Examples of Vernacular Indian Painting:

Tribal Painting:
* [[Bhil]] painting
* [[Warli]] painting
* [[Gondi people|Gond]] painting
* [[Santhal people|Santhal]] painting
* [[Sora people|Saora]] painting
* [[Kurumba painting]]

Rural Painting:
* [[Pattachitra]] painting
* [[Madhubani art|Madhubani]] painting
* Bhojpuri painting
* Manjusha painting
* [[Kalamkari]] painting
* [[Kolam]] painting
* [[Kalam]] painting
* [[Mandana painting|Mandana]] painting

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Indischer Maler um 850 001.jpg
File:Patta Chitra 02.jpg
File:Meister des Chaurapañchâsikâ-Manuskripts 001.jpg
File:Indischer Maler um 1595 001.jpg
File:Portrait of a Stallion, mid 19th century.jpg
</gallery>

==Some notable Indian paintings==
[[File:Bharat Mata by Abanindranath Tagore.jpg|thumb|''[[Bharat Mata (painting)|Bharat Mata]]'' by [[Abanindranath Tagore]] (1871–1951), a [[Bharat Mata|personification of India]].]]
* [[Hemen Majumdar]]'s "Lady with the Lamp"
* Sudip Roy's "Charulata Series"
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s "Self portrait"
* [[Abanindranath Tagore]]'s [[Bharat Mata (painting)|Bharat Mata]]
* [[Aman Singh Gulati]]'s "Almond Portraits Series"
* [[Raja Ravi Varma]]'s [[Shakuntala, Raja Ravi Varma|Shakuntala]]
* [[Ramkinkar Baij]]'s "Jakkha 0 Jakkhi"
* [[Bikash Bhattacharjee]]'s "Doll-series"
* [[Geeta Vadhera]]'s Jogia "Dhoop series"
* [[Jahar Dasgupta]]'s "Confrontation"
* [[MF Hussain]]'s "Horses-series"
* [[Jamini Roy]]'s "Jesus"
* [[John Wilkins (Indian artist)|John Wilkins]]'s "Gossip",
* [[Rakesh Vijay]] "Persian and Mogul styles"
* [[Jainul Abedin]]'s "Series on Bengal Famine"
* [[Sunil Das]]'s "Bull Series"
* [[Devajyoti Ray]]'s "In Despair"
* [[Tyeb Mehta]]'s "Mahisasur"
* [[B. G. Sharma]]'s [[Krishna]] miniatures
* [[ShakthiDass]]'s
* [[Amrita-Sher-Gil]]
* [[M. Narayan]]'s "Indian Ethnic" "Horses" Mother Teresa"

==See also==
* [[Warli Painting]]
* [[Painting]]
* [[History of painting]]
* [[Eastern art history]]
* [[Cave paintings in India]]
* [[The Last Harvest : Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore]]
* [[Rabindra Chitravali]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Blurton, T. Richard, ''Hindu Art'', 1994, British Museum Press, {{ISBN|0 7141 1442 1}}
*Chakraverty, Anjan, ''Indian Miniature Painting'', 2005, Lustre Press, {{ISBN|8174363343}}, 9788174363343
*[[Roy C. Craven|Craven, Roy C.]], ''Indian Art: A Concise History'', 1987, Thames & Hudson (Praeger in USA), {{ISBN|0500201463}}
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/decc/hd_decc.htm|title=Islamic Art of the Deccan|last=Sardar|first=Marika|website=Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=October 2003 |access-date=2019-02-03}}
*"Miniature painting", [https://web.archive.org/web/20130318231813/http://ccrtindia.gov.in/miniaturepainting.htm Centre for Cultural Resources and Training], Indian Government
*"Modern Indian painting", [http://ccrtindia.gov.in/modernindianpainting.php Centre for Cultural Resources and Training], Indian Government
*"Wall paintings", [http://ccrtindia.gov.in/wallpaintings.php Centre for Cultural Resources and Training], Indian Government

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Havell|first=E. B.|title=Indian sculpture and painting|author-link=E. B. Havell|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924016181798#page/n9/mode/2up|year=1908|publisher=John Murray, London}}
* {{cite book|last=Coomaraswamy|first=Ananda K.|author-link=Ananda K. Coomaraswamy|title=Viśvakarmā; examples of Indian architecture, sculpture, painting, handicraft|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924022942993#page/n3/mode/2up|year=1914|publisher=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Havell|first=E. B.|author-link=E. B. Havell|title=A Handbook of Indian Art|url=https://archive.org/stream/handbookofindian002882mbp#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1920|publisher=John Murray, London}}
* ''Indian Painting'', by [[Percy Brown (scholar)|Percy Brown]]. Published by Y. M. C. A. publishing house, 1960.
* ''Indian Painting'', by Philip S. Rawson. Published by P.Tisné, 1961.
* ''Indian Painting: The Scene, Themes, and Legends'', by Mohindar Singh Randhawa, John Kenneth Galbraith. Published by Houghton Mifflin, 1968.
* ''Indian Painting'', by Douglas E. Barrett, [[Basil Gray]]. Published by Skira, 1978. {{ISBN|0-8478-0160-8}}.
*Kossak, Steven. (1997). [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74 ''Indian court painting, 16th–19th century.''] Metropolitan Museum of Art. {{ISBN|0-87099-783-1}}
*{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Art of India: Traditions of Indian Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQPqAAAAMAAJ |year=1954|publisher=Phaidon Publishers| oclc = 16539346| isbn= 9788120801820}}
*{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Vishṇudharmottaram, part III. A treatise on Indian painting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWP4nAAACAAJ |year=1928|publisher=Calcutta University Press| oclc = 504043783 }}
*{{cite book | author= Lerner, Martin | title= ''The flame and the lotus: Indian and Southeast Asian art from the Kronos collections'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1984 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/105494 | isbn=0-87099-374-7}}
*{{cite book|author=Parul Dave Mukherji|title=विष्णुधर्मोत्तरपुराणीयं चित्रसूत्रम् (The Citrasutra of the Vishnudharmottara Purana) |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QjsqAAAAYAAJ |year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-1805-7}}
*{{cite book|author=Isabella Nardi|title=The Theory of Citrasutras in Indian Painting: A Critical Re-evaluation of their Uses and Interpretations|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=snh9AgAAQBAJ |year=2007b| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-16523-0}}
*{{cite journal|title= The concepts of Painting and the Figure of the Painter as Described in Selected Sanskrit Sources| author= Isabella Nardi| journal = Archiv Orientální | year= 2007| volume= 75| number =3}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC ''A History of Indian Painting: The Modern Period''] by Krishna Chaitanya. Published by Abhinav Publications, 1994. {{ISBN|81-7017-310-8}}.
*{{cite book|author=C. Sivaramamurti|title=Indian Painting| year = 1996| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tpbgtAEACAAJ|publisher=India Book House|oclc=977530313 |isbn= 8123720149}}
*{{cite book|author=C. Sivaramamurti|title=Chitrasutra of the Vishnudharmottara| year = 1978b| publisher=Kanal Publications|oclc= 5856266 }}
*{{cite book|author=C. Sivaramamurti|title=South Indian Paintings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQMlAQAAMAAJ|year=1968 |publisher=National Museum|isbn=978-81-230-0052-7}}
*{{cite book|author=C. Sivaramamurti|title=The painter in ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQMlAQAAMAAJ|year=1978| publisher=National Museum|isbn=9788123000527|oclc= 963176976}}
* [http://www.ramayanabook.com/ Ramayana by Valmiki illustrated with Indian miniatures from the 16th to the 19th century], Diane de Selliers Publisher, 2011, {{ISBN|978-2-903656-76-8}}
*{{cite book | author=Welch, Stuart Cary | title= ''India: art and culture, 1300–1900'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1985 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/80045/rec/1 | isbn=978-0-944142-13-4}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Paintings from India}}

*[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ajanta.asp Archaeological Survey of India]
*Refer [https://paintphotographs.com/article/traditional-handmade-paintings-and-tribal-folk-art-of-india Indian Art Forms]
*[http://www.indianartspalace.in/entries/general/indian-miniature-painting Collection of Indian Miniature Paintings]
;Online exhibits
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mugh_2/hd_mugh_2.htm Metmuseum.org]

{{India topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Painting}}
[[Category:Indian painting| ]]
[[Category:Indian art|painting]]

Indra Kumar Sahu

2026-01-27T16:24:55Z

Svetlltn: Started Initial Bio W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Indra Kumar Sahu''' (born 1967)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is an MLA from [[Abhanpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Raipur district|Raipur District]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhanpur Assembly Election Results 2024: Abhanpur Chhattisgarh Election Schedule, Vote share and Results - India News |url=https://www.loksatta.com/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election/abhanpur-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhanpur Constituency Election Results 2023: Abhanpur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh/constituency-show/abhanpur |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sahu is from [[Abhanpur]], Raipur District, Chhattisgarh. He is the son of late Devsinh Sahu. He completed his B.Com. in 1990 at a college affiliated with [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University]], Raipur. His wife is a teacher.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Indra Kumar Sahu(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- ABHANPUR(RAIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=373 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sahu won from Abhanpur Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indra Kumar Sahu, BJP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Indra Kumar Sahu, Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/indra-kumar-sahu-50053-1 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> He polled 93,295 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Dhanendra Sahu]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 15,553 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indra Kumar Sahu, BJP Candidate from Abhanpur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/chhattisgarh/indra-kumar-sahu-s26aed2008a053e2023c001/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Abhanpur Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Indra Kumar Sahu with 93295 defeats INC's Dhanendra Sahu |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/abhanpur-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470871-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=लाइव |first=एबीपी |date=2023-12-03 |title=Abhanpur Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp के Indra Kumar Sahu की हुई जीत, Bsp के Mamta Sahu रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/abhanpur-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jcc-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-news-2551519 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Indra Kumar}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Raipur district]]

Mandya Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-19T06:19:21Z

Svetlltn:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mandya
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Mandya.map}}
| map_caption = Mandya Lok Sabha Constituency Map
| established = 1952
| incumbent_image = HDK Minister of Steel.jpg
| mp = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] {{Small|[[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Union Minister of Heavy Industries]] [[Ministry of Steel|& Steel]]}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| preceded_by = [[Sumalatha]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| assembly_cons = [[Malavalli Assembly constituency|Malavalli]] [[Maddur Assembly constituency|Maddur]] [[Melukote Assembly constituency|Melukote]] [[Mandya Assembly constituency|Mandya]] [[Shrirangapattana (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Shrirangapattana]] [[Nagamangala Assembly constituency|Nagamangala]] [[Krishnarajpete Assembly constituency|Krishnarajpete]] [[Krishnarajanagara Assembly constituency|Krishnarajanagara]]
| reservation = None
}}
[[File:Mandya Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|thumb|]]
'''Mandya Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 28 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state in southern [[India]].<ref name="eci">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=207}}</ref>

This constituency covers the entirety of [[Mandya district]] ( ಮಂಡ್ಯ ) and part of [[Mysore district]].

==Assembly segments==
Mandya Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following eight [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:
{|class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2"|Party Leading (in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]])
|-
|186
|[[Malavalli Assembly constituency|Malavalli]] (SC)
| rowspan="7" |[[Mandya district|Mandya]]
|[[P. M. Narendraswamy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=8}}
|-
|187
|[[Maddur Assembly constituency|Maddur]]
|K. M. Uday Gowda
|-
|188
|[[Melukote Assembly constituency|Melukote]]
|[[Darshan Puttannaiah]]
|{{party name with color|Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha}}
|-
|189
|[[Mandya Assembly constituency|Mandya]]
|Ganiga Ravikumar Gowda
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|190
|[[Shrirangapattana (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Shrirangapattana]]
|Ramesh Bandisiddegowda
|-
|191
|[[Nagamangala Assembly constituency|Nagamangala]]
|[[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]]
|-
|192
|[[Krishnarajpete Assembly constituency|Krishnarajpete]]
|H. T. Manju
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[JD(S)]]
|-
|211
|[[Krishnarajanagara Assembly constituency|Krishnarajanagara]]
|[[Mysore district|Mysore]]
|D. Ravishankar
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandya(Karnataka) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Mandya Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/parliamentary-constituencies/mandya.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="4" |[[M. K. Shivananjappa]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|1968^
| rowspan="2" |[[S. M. Krishna]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1972^
| rowspan="2" |K Chikklingaiah
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[S. M. Krishna]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|K.V. Shankaragowda
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[G. Made Gowda]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Krishna (politician)|Krishna]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ambareesh]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|-
|2013^
|[[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[C. S. Puttaraju]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|-
|2018^
|[[L. R. Shivarame Gowda]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Sumalatha]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in Karnataka|2024]]
|[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|}
^ by-poll

==Election results==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Mandya]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|party= Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes= 851,881
|percentage= 58.34
|change= {{increase}}16.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Venkataramane Gowda|party=Indian National Congress|votes=5,67,261|percentage=38.85|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=NOTA|votes=7,736|percentage=0.53|change={{increase}}0.27}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,84,620|percentage=19.49|change={{up}}10.36}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=14,60,563|percentage=82.05|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (Secular)
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Mandya]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate=[[Sumalatha Ambareesh]]
|votes=703,660
|percentage=51.02
|change= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=[[Nikhil Gowda|Nikhil Kumaraswamy]]|votes=577,784|percentage=41.89|change={{decrease}}21.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=M. L. Shashikumar|votes=18,323|percentage=1.33|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Nanjunda Swamy|votes=12,545|percentage=0.91|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=3,526|percentage=0.26|change={{decrease}}1.47}}
{{Election box majority||votes=125,876|percentage=9.13|change={{decrease}}27.28}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,379,622|percentage=80.59|change={{increase}}27.58}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Janata Dal (Secular)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====Bye-election, 2018====
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2018: Mandya}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = [[L. R. Shivarame Gowda]]
|votes = 5,69,347
|percentage = 63.79
|change = {{increase}}19.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=D. R. Siddaramaiah|votes=2,44,404|percentage=27.38|change={{increase}}20.09}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = M. Honnegowda
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 17,842
|percentage = 2.00
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=15,480|percentage=1.73|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = G. B. Naveen Kumar
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 15,307
|percentage = 1.72
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Kowdle Channappa
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 9,094
|percentage = 1.02
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,24,943|percentage=36.41|change={{increase}}35.95}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,92,560|percentage=52.97|change={{decrease}}18.50}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (Secular)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Mandya]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=[[C. S. Puttaraju]]|votes=5,24,370|percentage=43.95|change={{decrease}}0.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]|votes=5,18,852|percentage=43.49|change={{decrease}}7.87}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Prof. B. Shivalingaiah|votes=86,993|percentage=7.29|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=M. Krishnamurthy|votes=22,390|percentage=1.88|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = KAP
|candidate = H. K. Krishna
|votes = 8,604
|percentage = 0.72
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=6,021|percentage=0.50|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,518|percentage=0.46|change={{decrease}}6.71}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,93,041|percentage=71.47|change={{increase}}13.23}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (Secular)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====Bye-election, 2013====
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2013: Mandya}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]|votes=4,84,085|percentage=51.36|change={{increase}}16.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=[[C. S. Puttaraju]]|votes=4,16,474|percentage=44.19|change={{increase}}6.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Arun Kumara|votes=10,115|percentage=1.07|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Republican Party of India (Athvale)|candidate=Krishna Murthy|votes=9,076|percentage=0.96|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=V. Suresh|party=Independent (politician)|votes=7,973|percentage=0.85|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 67,611
|percentage = 7.17
|change ={{increase}}4.9
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,42,453|percentage=58.24|change={{decrease}}10.59}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Dal (Secular)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Mandya]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=[[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]]|votes=3,84,443|percentage=37.26|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[M. H. Ambareesh]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,60,943|percentage=34.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[L. R. Shivarame Gowda]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,44,875|percentage=14.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha
|candidate = [[K. S. Puttannaiah]]
|votes = 53,644
|percentage = 5.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=M. Krishnamurthy|votes=25,441|percentage=2.47|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=23,500|percentage=2.27|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,32,227|percentage=68.83|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (Secular)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mandya district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/karnataka/mandya/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Mandya lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.5|76.9|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandya Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mandya district]]

List of birds of Goa

2026-01-15T15:36:36Z

Svetlltn: cleaned up formatting also and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2014}}
The Indian state of [[Goa]] has 497 [[bird]] species within its political boundary.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Indian States|url=https://www.indianbirds.in/indian-states/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=Indian Birds|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Baidya|first=P|last2=Bhagat|first2=M|date=2018|title=A checklist of the birds of Goa, India|url=http://indianbirds.in/pdfs/IB_14_1_Baidya_Bhagat_GoaChecklist.pdf|journal=Indian Birds|volume=14|issue=1|pages=1–31}}</ref> Though Goa does not have a strong history of birding unlike the rest of India, the state has seen a tremendous rise in the amount of ornithological data that has been produced in the last thirty years, primarily due to the efforts of Heinz Lainer's meticulous surveys in the state from the late 80's which led to various important publications.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lainer|first=H.|date=1991|title=Greyheaded Lapwing ''Vanellus cinereus'' (Blyth) in Goa|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=88|issue=1|pages=111}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Lainer|first=H.|date=1999a|title=The birds of Goa |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=96|issue=2|pages=203–220}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Lainer|first=H.|date=1999b|title=The birds of Goa (Part II)|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=96|issue=3|pages=405–423}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Birds of Goa: A Reference Book |last=Lainer|first=H.|publisher=The Goa Foundation|year=2004|isbn=978-8185569611|location=Mapusa, Goa}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Birds of Goa|last=Lainer|first=H.|last2=Alvares|first2=R.|publisher=The Goa Foundation & Department of Forests, Goa|year=2013|isbn=9788185569611|location=Goa, India}}</ref> This period also saw Goa emerge as a top bird-watching destination for European birdwatchers visiting the state with numerous trip reports and publications arising from them<ref name=":1" /> leading to a robust database of ornithological data.

In the past two decades, bird watching has also become popular in Goa which has resulted in various important publications and records.<ref name=":1" />

The first comprehensive checklist of the birds of Goa by Heinz Lainer<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> listed 382 species. This was followed by a revision of the list by Lainer,<ref name=":4" /> which listed 420 species, Parag Rangnekar's compilation,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangnekar |first=P |date=2004 |title=Catalogue of "Birds of Goa" |url=https://www.satis.com.pl/s/birdsofgoa.pdf}}</ref> which listed 423 species, ZSI publication on Fauna of Goa<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fauna of Goa|last=Mahabal|first=A|last2=Patil|first2=S. R|publisher=ZSoI: Kolkata|year=2008|location=Kolkata|pages=365–403}}</ref> which listed 452 species, and the third revision by Lainer,<ref name=":5" /> which listed 443. An updated checklist on birds of Goa compiled in 2018 based on robust rules for verification of all records from the state was published in Indian Birds,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Birds|url=https://www.indianbirds.in/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=Indian Birds|language=en-US}}</ref> authored by Pronoy Baidya and Mandar Bhagat.<ref name=":1" /> The below list is based on the same and is updated every year. The latest update follows the conventions of the IOC World Bird List, version 11.2, published in 2021. On 29 May 2025, the seventh edition of the 2018 checklist was published with new additions taking the total species count to 497.<ref name=":6" />

==Ducks, geese, and swans==
Order: [[Anseriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Anatidae]]

Anatidae includes the [[duck]]s and most duck-like waterfowl, such as [[Goose|geese]] and [[swan]]s. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Fulvous whistling duck]], ''Dendrocygna bicolor''
*[[Lesser whistling duck]], ''Dendrocygna javanica''
*[[Bar-headed goose]], ''Anser indicus''
*[[Knob-billed duck]], ''Sarkidiornis melanotos''
*[[Common shelduck]], ''Tadorna tadorna''
*[[Ruddy shelduck]], ''Tadorna ferruginea''
*[[Cotton pygmy goose]], ''Nettapus coromandelianus''
*[[Garganey]], ''Spatula querquedula''
*[[Northern shoveler]], ''Spatula clypeata''
*[[Gadwall]], ''Mareca strepera''
*[[Falcated duck]], ''Mareca falcata'' (A)
*[[Eurasian wigeon]], ''Mareca penelope''
*[[Indian spot-billed duck]], ''Anas poecilorhyncha''
*[[Mallard]], ''Anas platyrhynchos''
*[[Northern pintail]], ''Anas acuta''
*[[Eurasian teal]], ''Anas crecca''
*[[Marbled duck]], ''Marmaronetta angustirostris''
*[[Red-crested pochard]], ''Aythya rufina''
*[[Common pochard]], ''Aythya ferina''
*[[Ferruginous duck]], ''Aythya nyroca''
*[[Tufted duck]], ''Aythya fuligula''
{{colend}}

==Pheasants and allies==
Order: [[Galliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phasianidae]]

The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of [[quail]]s, [[partridge]]s, [[snowcock]]s, [[francolin]]s, [[Galloperdix|spurfowl]]s, [[tragopan]]s, [[monal]]s, [[pheasant]]s, [[peafowl]]s and [[jungle fowl]]s. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.

*[[Painted francolin]], ''Francolinus pictus''
*[[Grey francolin]], ''Francolinus pondicerianus''
*[[Common quail]], ''Coturnix coturnix''
*[[Rain quail]], ''Coturnix coromandelica''
*[[King quail]], ''Excalfactoria chinensis''
*[[Jungle bush quail]], ''Perdicula asiatica''
*[[Rock bush quail]], ''Perdicula argoondah''
*[[Painted bush quail]], ''Perdicula erythrorhyncha''
*[[Red spurfowl]], ''Galloperdix spadicea''
*[[Grey junglefowl]], ''Gallus sonneratii''
*[[Indian peafowl]], ''Pavo cristatus''

==Frogmouths==
[[File:SriLankaFrogmouths.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sri Lankan frogmouth]]s in Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, Thattekad]]
Order: [[Caprimulgiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Podargidae]]

The frogmouths are a group of nocturnal birds related to the [[nightjar]]s. They are named for their large flattened hooked bill and huge frog-like gape, which they use to take insects.

*[[Sri Lanka frogmouth]], ''Batrachostomus moniliger''

==Nightjars==
Order: [[Caprimulgiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Caprimulgidae]]

[[Nightjar]]s are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.

*[[Great eared nightjar]], ''Lyncornis macrotis''
*[[Jungle nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus indicus''
*[[Jerdon's nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus atripennis''
*[[Indian nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus asiaticus''<ref name=holt/>
*[[Savanna nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus affinis''

==Treeswifts==
Order: [[Apodiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Hemiprocnidae]]

The treeswifts, also called crested swifts, are closely related to the [[Swift (bird)|true swifts]]. They differ from the other swifts in that they have crests, long forked tails and softer plumage.

*[[Crested treeswift]], ''Hemiprocne coronata''

==Swifts==
Order: [[Apodiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Apodidae]]

[[Swift (bird)|Swift]]s are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.

*[[Indian swiftlet]], ''Aerodramus unicolor''
*[[White-rumped spinetail]], ''Zoonavena sylvatica''
*[[Brown-backed needletail]], ''Hirundapus giganteus''
*[[Asian palm swift]], ''Cypsiurus balasiensis''
*[[Alpine swift]], ''Tachymarptis melba''
*[[Common swift]], ''Apus apus''<ref name=holt/>
*[[Blyth's swift]], ''Apus leuconyx''
*[[Little swift]], ''Apus affinis''

==Bustards==
Order: [[Otidiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Otididae]]

Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays.

*[[Lesser florican]], ''Sypheotides indicus'' (A)

==Cuckoos==
Order: [[Cuculiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Cuculidae]]

The family Cuculidae includes [[cuckoo]]s, [[Geococcyx|roadrunner]]s and [[Ani (bird)|anis]]. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. Many are [[brood parasite]]s.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Greater coucal]], ''Centropus sinensis''
*[[Lesser coucal]], ''Centropus bengalensis''
*[[Sirkeer malkoha]], ''Taccocua leschenaultii''
*[[Blue-faced malkoha]], ''Phaenicophaeus viridirostris''
*[[Chestnut-winged cuckoo]], ''Clamator coromandus''
*[[Jacobin cuckoo]], ''Clamator jacobinus''
*[[Asian koel]], ''Eudynamys scolopaceus''
*[[Asian emerald cuckoo]], ''Chrysococcyx maculatus''
*[[Violet cuckoo]], ''Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus''
*[[Banded bay cuckoo]], ''Cacomantis sonneratii''
*[[Grey-bellied cuckoo]], ''Cacomantis passerinus''
*[[Square-tailed drongo-cuckoo]], ''Surniculus lugubris''
*[[Fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo]], ''Surniculus dicruroides''
*[[Large hawk-cuckoo]], ''Hierococcyx sparverioides''
*[[Common hawk-cuckoo]], ''Hierococcyx varius''
*[[Lesser cuckoo]], ''Cuculus poliocephalus''
*[[Indian cuckoo]], ''Cuculus micropterus''
*[[Common cuckoo]], ''Cuculus canorus''
{{colend}}

==Sandgrouse==
Order: [[Pterocliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pteroclidae]]

Sandgrouse have small, pigeon like heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn and dusk. Their legs are feathered down to the toes.

* [[Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse]], ''Pterocles exustus''
* [[Painted sandgrouse]], ''Pterocles indicus''

==Pigeons and doves==
Order: [[Columbiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Columbidae]]

[[Pigeon]]s and [[dove]]s are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy [[cere]].

*[[Rock dove]], ''Columba livia''
*[[Nilgiri wood pigeon]], ''Columba elphinstonii''
*[[Oriental turtle dove]], ''Streptopelia orientalis''
*[[Eurasian collared dove]], ''Streptopelia decaocto''
*[[Red collared dove]], ''Streptopelia tranquebarica''
*[[Spotted dove]], ''Spilopelia chinensis''
*[[Laughing dove]], ''Spilopelia senegalensis''
*[[Common emerald dove]], ''Chalcophaps indica''
*[[Orange-breasted green pigeon]], ''Treron bicinctus''
*[[Grey-fronted green pigeon]], ''Treron affinis''
*[[Yellow-footed green pigeon]], ''Treron phoenicopterus''<ref name="holt">{{Cite web | url=http://wingsbirds.com/tours/india-goa/birdlist/ | title=WINGS Birding Tours to India: Goa – Bird List}}</ref>
*[[Green imperial pigeon]], ''Ducula aenea''
*[[Mountain imperial pigeon]], ''Ducula badia''
*[[Pied imperial pigeon]], ''Ducula bicolor''

==Rails, crakes, and coots==
[[File:Eurasian.coot.london.arp.jpg|thumb|[[Eurasian coot]]]]
Order: [[Gruiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Rallidae]]

Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the [[Rail (bird)|rails]], [[crake]]s, [[coot]]s and [[Rallidae|gallinule]]s. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.

*[[Water rail]], ''Rallus aquaticus''
*[[Slaty-breasted rail]], ''Lewinia striata''
*[[Spotted crake]], ''Porzana porzana''
*[[Common moorhen]], ''Gallinula chloropus''
*[[Eurasian coot]], ''Fulica atra''
*[[Grey-headed swamphen]], ''Porphyrio poliocephalus''
*[[Ruddy-breasted crake]], ''Zapornia fusca''
*[[Brown crake]], ''Zapornia akool''
*[[Baillon's crake]], ''Zapornia pusilla''
*[[Little crake]], ''Zapornia parva''
*[[Slaty-legged crake]], ''Rallina eurizonoides'' (recent record)<ref name=lad_parag/>
*[[Watercock]], ''Gallicrex cinerea''
*[[White-breasted waterhen]], ''Amaurornis phoenicurus''

==Grebes==
Order: [[Podicipediformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Podicipedidae]]

[[Grebe]]s are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.

*[[Little grebe]], ''Tachybaptus ruficollis''

==Flamingos==
Order: [[Phoenicopteriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phoenicopteridae]]

[[Flamingo]]s are gregarious wading birds, usually {{convert|1|to|1.5|m|ft|0}} tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down.

*[[Greater flamingo]], ''Phoenicopterus roseus''
*[[Lesser flamingo]], ''Phoenicopterus minor''

==Buttonquail==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Turnicidae]]

The buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young.

*[[Common buttonquail]], ''Turnix sylvaticus''
*[[Yellow-legged buttonquail]], ''Turnix tanki''
*[[Barred buttonquail]], ''Turnix suscitator''

==Crab-plover==
[[File:Crab Plover (8556846776).jpg|thumb|Crab-plover]]
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Dromadidae]]

The crab-plover is related to the waders. It resembles a plover but with very long grey legs and a strong heavy black bill similar to a tern. It has black-and-white plumage, a long neck, partially webbed feet and a bill designed for eating crabs.

* [[Crab-plover]], ''Dromas ardeola''

==Stone-curlews and thick-knees==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Burhinidae]]

The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.

*[[Indian stone-curlew]], ''Burhinus indicus''
*[[Great stone-curlew]], ''Esacus recurvirostris''

==Oystercatchers==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Haematopodidae]]

The [[oystercatcher]]s are large and noisy [[plover]]-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open [[mollusc]]s.

*[[Eurasian oystercatcher]], ''Haematopus ostralegus''

==Stilts and avocets==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Recurvirostridae]]

Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the [[avocet]]s and [[stilt]]s. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.

*[[Black-winged stilt]], ''Himantopus himantopus''
*[[Pied avocet]], ''Recurvirostra avosetta''

==Plovers==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Charadriidae]]

The family Charadriidae includes the [[plover]]s, [[dotterel]]s and [[lapwing]]s. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.

*[[Yellow-wattled lapwing]], ''Vanellus malabaricus''
*[[Grey-headed lapwing]], ''Vanellus cinereus''
*[[Red-wattled lapwing]], ''Vanellus indicus''
*[[Sociable lapwing]], ''Vanellus gregarius'' (A)
*[[White-tailed lapwing]], ''Vanellus leucurus''
*[[Pacific golden plover]], ''Pluvialis fulva''
*[[Grey plover]], ''Pluvialis squatarola''
*[[Common ringed plover]], ''Charadrius hiaticula''
*[[Little ringed plover]], ''Charadrius dubius''
*[[Kentish plover]], ''Charadrius alexandrinus''
*[[Lesser sand plover]], ''Charadrius mongolus''
*[[Greater sand plover]], ''Charadrius leschenaultii''
*[[Caspian plover]], ''Charadrius asiaticus''

==Painted-snipes==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Rostratulidae]]

Painted-snipes are short-legged, long-billed birds similar in shape to the true snipes, but more brightly coloured.

*[[Greater painted-snipe]], ''Rostratula benghalensis''

==Jacanas==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Jacanidae]]

The jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat.

*[[Pheasant-tailed jacana]], ''Hydrophasianus chirurgus''
*[[Bronze-winged jacana]], ''Metopidius indicus''

==Sandpipers and snipes==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Scolopacidae]]

Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the [[sandpiper]]s, [[curlew]]s, [[godwit]]s, [[Tringa|shanks]], [[tattler (bird)|tattler]]s, [[woodcock]]s, [[snipe]]s, [[dowitcher]]s and [[phalarope]]s. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Eurasian whimbrel]], ''Numenius phaeopus''
*[[Eurasian curlew]], ''Numenius arquata''
*[[Bar-tailed godwit]], ''Limosa lapponica''
*[[Black-tailed godwit]], ''Limosa limosa''
*[[Ruddy turnstone]], ''Arenaria interpres''
*[[Great knot]], ''Calidris tenuirostris''
*[[Red knot]], ''Calidris canutus'' (A)
*[[Ruff (bird)|Ruff]], ''Calidris pugnax''
*[[Broad-billed sandpiper]], ''Calidris falcinellus''
*[[Curlew sandpiper]], ''Calidris ferruginea''
*[[Temminck's stint]], ''Calidris temminckii''
*[[Long-toed stint]], ''Calidris subminuta''
*[[Red-necked stint]], ''Calidris ruficollis''
*[[Sanderling]], ''Calidris alba''
*[[Dunlin]], ''Calidris alpina''
*[[Little stint]], ''Calidris minuta''
*[[Buff-breasted sandpiper]], ''Calidris subruficollis'' (A)
*[[Asian dowitcher]], ''Limnodromus semipalmatus''
*[[Eurasian woodcock]], ''Scolopax rusticola''
*[[Jack snipe]], ''Lymnocryptes minimus''
*[[Pin-tailed snipe]], ''Gallinago stenura''
*[[Common snipe]], ''Gallinago gallinago''
*[[Terek sandpiper]], ''Xenus cinereus''
*[[Red-necked phalarope]], ''Phalaropus lobatus''<ref name=":0" />
*[[Common sandpiper]], ''Actitis hypoleucos''
*[[Green sandpiper]], ''Tringa ochropus''
*[[Common redshank]], ''Tringa totanus''
*[[Marsh sandpiper]], ''Tringa stagnatilis''
*[[Wood sandpiper]], ''Tringa glareola''
*[[Spotted redshank]], ''Tringa erythropus''
*[[Common greenshank]], ''Tringa nebularia''
{{colend}}

==Coursers and pratincoles==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Glareolidae]]

Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the [[pratincole]]s, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the [[courser]]s, which have long legs, short wings and long pointed bills which curve downwards.

*[[Indian courser]], ''Cursorius coromandelicus''
*[[Collared pratincole]], ''Glareola pratincola''
*[[Oriental pratincole]], ''Glareola maldivarum''
*[[Small pratincole]], ''Glareola lactea''

==Gulls, terns, and skimmers==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Laridae]]

Laridae is a family of both gulls and terns. [[Gull]]s are medium to large seabirds including [[kittiwake]]s. They are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. [[Tern]]s are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Brown noddy]], ''Anous stolidus''<ref name=":0" />
*[[Indian skimmer]], ''Rynchops albicollis''
*[[Black-legged kittiwake]], ''Rissa tridactyla''<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?p=26&Bird_ID=966&Bird_Family_ID=&pagesize= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225631/http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?p=26&Bird_ID=966&Bird_Family_ID=&pagesize= | url-status=usurped | archive-date=March 3, 2016 | title=Oriental Bird Club Image Database: Black-legged Kittiwake » Rissa tridactyla}}</ref> (A)
*[[Slender-billed gull]], ''Chroicocephalus genei''
*[[Brown-headed gull]], ''Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus''
*[[Black-headed gull]], ''Chroicocephalus ridibundus''
*[[Franklin's gull]], ''Leucophaeus pipixcan''<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://bioacoustics.cse.unsw.edu.au/birding-aus/2012-11/msg00217.html | title=Franklin's Gull at Morjim Beach/Chaporariver mouth, Goa, India}}</ref> (A)
*[[Pallas's gull]], ''Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus''
*[[Sooty gull]], ''Ichthyaetus hemprichi''<ref name=":0" />
*[[Common gull]], ''Larus canus''
*[[Caspian gull]], ''Larus cachinnans''
*[[Lesser black-backed gull]], ''Larus fuscus''
*[[Gull-billed tern]], ''Gelochelidon nilotica''
*[[Caspian tern]], ''Hydroprogne caspia''
*[[Greater crested tern]], ''Thalasseus bergii''
*[[Lesser crested tern]], ''Thalasseus bengalensis''
*[[Sandwich tern]], ''Thalasseus sandvicensis''
*[[Little tern]], ''Sternula albifrons''
*[[Saunders's tern]], ''Sternula saundersi''
*[[Bridled tern]], ''Onychoprion anaethetus''
*[[Sooty tern]], ''Onychoprion fuscatus''
*[[River tern (bird)|River tern]], ''Sterna aurantia''
*[[Roseate tern]], ''Sterna dougallii''<ref name=":0" />
*[[Common tern]], ''Sterna hirundo''
*[[White-cheeked tern]], ''Sterna repressa''<ref name=":0" />
*[[Black-bellied tern]], ''Sterna acuticauda''
*[[Whiskered tern]], ''Chlidonias hybrida''
*[[White-winged tern]], ''Chlidonias leucopterus''
{{colend}}

==Skuas==
The skuas ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|j|uː|ə}}) are a group of seabirds with about seven species forming the family Stercorariidae and the genus ''Stercorarius''. The three smaller skuas are called jaegers in North America.

* [[Brown skua]], ''Stercorarius antarcticus''
* [[Pomarine skua]], ''Stercorarius pomarinus''
* [[Arctic skua]], ''Stercorarius parasiticus''

== Tropicbirds ==
Order: [[Phaethontiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Tropicbird|Phaethontidae]]

Tropicbirds are a [[Family (biology)|family]], Phaethontidae, of tropical [[Pelagic zone#Pelagic birds|pelagic]] [[seabird]]s. They are the sole living representatives of the order [[Phaethontiformes]]. For many years they were considered part of the Pelecaniformes, but genetics indicates they are most closely related to the [[Eurypygiformes]].

* [[Red-billed tropicbird]], ''Phaethon aethereus''<ref name=":0" />

==Austral storm petrels==
[[File:Oceanites oceanicusPCCA20070623-3634B.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Wilson's storm petrel]]]]
Order: [[Procellariiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Oceanitidae]]

The [[storm petrel]]s are relatives of the [[petrel]]s and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on [[plankton]]ic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes [[bat]]-like.

*[[Wilson's storm petrel]], ''Oceanites oceanicus''

==Northern storm petrels==
Order: [[Procellariiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Hydrobatidae]]

*[[Swinhoe's storm petrel]], ''Hydrobates monorhis''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Baidya, P., Bhagat, M., Dharwadkar, O., & Gauns, H.|title=Seabirds of Goa, India: Recent updates|url=http://indianbirds.in/pdfs/IB_13_1_BaidyaETAL_SeabirdsOfGoa.pdf|journal=Indian Birds|volume=13 |issue=1|pages=8–17}}</ref> (A)

==Petrels, shearwaters, and diving petrels==
Order: [[Procellariiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Procellariidae]]

The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized shearwaters and petrels, characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.

*[[Streaked shearwater]], ''Calonectris leucomelas''
*[[Wedge-tailed shearwater]], ''Ardenna pacifica''
*[[Flesh-footed shearwater]], ''Ardenna carneipes''<ref name=":0" /> (A)
*[[Persian shearwater]], ''Puffinus persicus''
*[[Jouanin's petrel]], ''Bulweria fallax''

==Storks==
Order: [[Ciconiiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Ciconiidae]]

Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.

*[[Painted stork]], ''Mycteria leucocephala''
*[[Asian openbill]], ''Anastomus oscitans''
*[[Black stork]], ''Ciconia nigra''
*[[Woolly-necked stork]], ''Ciconia episcopus''
*[[White stork]], ''Ciconia ciconia''
*[[Black-necked stork]], ''Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus''
*[[Lesser adjutant]], ''Leptoptilos javanicus''

==Frigatebirds==
Order: [[Suliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Fregatidae]]

[[Frigatebird]]s are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.

*[[Great frigatebird]], ''Fregata minor'' (A)
*[[Lesser frigatebird]], ''Fregata ariel''

==Gannets and boobies==
Order: [[Suliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Sulidae]]

The sulids comprise the [[gannet]]s and [[Booby|boobies]]. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.

*[[Masked booby]], ''Sula dactylatra''
*[[Brown booby]], ''Sula leucogaster''

==Anhingas and darters==
Order: [[Suliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Anhingidae]]

Anhingas or darters are often called "snake-birds" because of their long thin neck, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage especially on the neck and underparts. The darters have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving.

*[[Oriental darter]], ''Anhinga melanogaster''

==Cormorants and shags==
Order: [[Suliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phalacrocoracidae]]

Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful.

*[[Little cormorant]], ''Microcarbo niger''
*[[Indian cormorant]], ''Phalacrocorax fuscicollis''
*[[Great cormorant]], ''Phalacrocorax carbo''

==Ibises and spoonbills==
Order: [[Pelecaniformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Threskiornithidae]]

Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the [[ibis]]es and [[spoonbill]]s. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.

*[[Black-headed ibis]], ''Threskiornis melanocephalus''
*[[Red-naped ibis]], ''Pseudibis papillosa''
*[[Glossy ibis]], ''Plegadis falcinellus''
*[[Eurasian spoonbill]], ''Platalea leucorodia''

==Herons and bitterns==
Order: [[Pelecaniformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Ardeidae]]

The family Ardeidae contains the [[bittern]]s, [[heron]]s and [[egret]]s. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Eurasian bittern]], ''Botaurus stellaris''
*[[Yellow bittern]], ''Ixobrychus sinensis''
*[[Cinnamon bittern]], ''Ixobrychus cinnamomeus''
*[[Black bittern]], ''Ixobrychus flavicollis''
*[[Malayan night heron]], ''Gorsachius melanolophus''
*[[Black-crowned night heron]], ''Nycticorax nycticorax''
*[[Striated heron]], ''Butorides striata''
*[[Indian pond heron]], ''Ardeola grayii''
*[[Eastern cattle egret]], ''Bubulcus coromandus''
*[[Grey heron]], ''Ardea cinerea''
*[[Purple heron]], ''Ardea purpurea''
*[[Great egret]], ''Ardea alba''
*[[Intermediate egret]], ''Ardea intermedia''
*[[Little egret]], ''Egretta garzetta''
*[[Western reef heron]], ''Egretta gularis''
{{colend}}

==Pelicans==
Order: [[Pelecaniformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pelecanidae]]

[[Pelican]]s are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.

*[[Spot-billed pelican]], ''Pelecanus philippensis'' (recent report<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Spot-billed-Pelican-sighted-in-Goa/articleshow/18456427.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411034005/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-12/goa/37058121_1_wetland-heinz-lainer-goa | url-status=live | archive-date=2013-04-11 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Spot-billed Pelican sighted in Goa}}</ref>)

==Osprey==
Order: [[Accipitriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pandionidae]]

The family Pandionidae contains usually only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large [[bird of prey|raptor]] which is a specialist fish-eater.
*[[Osprey]], ''Pandion haliaetus''

==Kites, hawks, and eagles==
Order: [[Accipitriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Accipitridae]]

Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes [[hawk]]s, [[eagle]]s, [[Kite (bird)|kites]], [[Harrier (bird)|harriers]] and [[Old World vulture]]s. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Black-winged kite]], ''Elanus caeruleus''
*[[Egyptian vulture]], ''Neophron percnopterus''
*[[Crested honey buzzard]], ''Pernis ptilorhynchus''
*[[Black baza]], ''Aviceda leuphotes''
*[[White-rumped vulture]], ''Gyps bengalensis''
*[[Indian vulture]], ''Gyps indicus''
*[[Himalayan vulture]], ''Gyps himalayensis''
*[[Red-headed vulture]], ''Sarcogyps calvus'' (A)
*[[Crested serpent eagle]], ''Spilornis cheela''
*[[Short-toed snake eagle]], ''Circaetus gallicus''
*[[Changeable hawk-eagle]], ''Nisaetus cirrhatus''<ref>*{{cite journal|title=Convergent evolution and paraphyly of the hawk-eagles of the genus ''Spizaetus'' (Aves, Accipitridae) – phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial markers|author1=E. Haring |author2=K. Kvaløy |author3=J.-O. Gjershaug |author4=N. Røv |author5=A. Gamauf |journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research |year=2007|volume=45|issue=4|pages=353–365|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.2007.00410.x}}</ref>
*[[Mountain hawk-eagle]], ''Nisaetus nipalensis''
*[[Legge's hawk-eagle]], ''Nisaetus kelaarti''
*[[Rufous-bellied eagle]], ''Lophotriorchis kienerii''
*[[Black eagle]], ''Ictinaetus malaiensis''
*[[Indian spotted eagle]], ''Clanga hastata''
*[[Greater spotted eagle]], ''Clanga clanga''
*[[Booted eagle]], ''Hieraaetus pennatus''
*[[Tawny eagle]], ''Aquila rapax''
*[[Steppe eagle]], ''Aquila nipalensis''
*[[Eastern imperial eagle]], ''Aquila heliaca''
*[[Bonelli's eagle]], ''Aquila fasciata''
*[[Crested goshawk]], ''Accipiter trivirgatus''
*[[Shikra]], ''Accipiter badius''
*[[Besra]], ''Accipiter virgatus''
*[[Eurasian sparrowhawk]], ''Accipiter nisus''
*[[Western marsh harrier]], ''Circus aeruginosus''
*[[Pallid harrier]], ''Circus macrourus''
*[[Pied harrier]], ''Circus melanoleucos''
*[[Montagu's harrier]], ''Circus pygargus''
*[[Black kite]], ''Milvus migrans''
*[[Brahminy kite]], ''Haliastur indus''
*[[White-bellied sea eagle]], ''Haliaeetus leucogaster''
*[[Lesser fish eagle]], ''Haliaeetus humilis''
*[[Grey-headed fish eagle]], ''Haliaeetus ichthyaetus''
*[[White-eyed buzzard]], ''Butastur teesa''
*[[Common buzzard]], ''Buteo buteo''
{{colend}}

==Barn owls==
Order: [[Strigiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Tytonidae]]

[[Barn-owl|Barn owl]]s are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.

*[[Eastern barn owl]], ''Tyto javanica''
*[[Oriental bay owl]], ''Phodilus badius''
*[[Sri Lanka bay owl]], ''Phodilus assimilis''

==Owls==
Order: [[Strigiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Strigidae]]

The [[typical owl]]s are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.

*[[Indian scops owl]], ''Otus bakkamoena''
*[[Oriental scops owl]], ''Otus sunia''
*[[Indian eagle-owl]], ''Bubo bengalensis''
*[[Spot-bellied eagle-owl]], ''Bubo nipalensis''
*[[Dusky eagle-owl]], ''Bubo coromandus''
*[[Brown fish owl]], ''Ketupa zeylonensis''
*[[Mottled wood owl]], ''Strix ocellata''
*[[Brown wood owl]], ''Strix leptogrammica''
*[[Jungle owlet]], ''Glaucidium radiatum''
*[[Spotted owlet]], ''Athene brama''
*[[Brown boobook]], ''Ninox scutulata''
*[[Short-eared owl]], ''Asio flammeus''

==Trogons==
Order: [[Trogoniformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Trogonidae]]

The family Trogonidae includes trogons and quetzals. Found in tropical woodlands worldwide, they feed on insects and fruit, and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits. Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly any distance. Trogons have soft, often colourful, feathers with distinctive male and female plumage.

*[[Malabar trogon]], ''Harpactes fasciatus''

==Hoopoes==
Order: [[Bucerotiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Upupidae]]

Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head.

*[[Eurasian hoopoe]], ''Upupa epops''

==Hornbills==
Order: [[Bucerotiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Bucerotidae]]

Hornbills are a group of birds whose bill is shaped like a cow's horn, but without a twist, sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible. Frequently, the bill is brightly coloured.

*[[Great hornbill]], ''Buceros bicornis''
*[[Malabar pied hornbill]], ''Anthracoceros coronatus''
*[[Malabar grey hornbill]], ''Ocyceros griseus''
*[[Indian grey hornbill]], ''Ocyceros birostris''

==Rollers==
Order: [[Coraciiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Coraciidae]]

Rollers resemble [[crow]]s in size and build, but are more closely related to the [[kingfisher]]s and [[bee-eater]]s. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.

*[[Indian roller]], ''Coracias benghalensis''
*[[European roller]], ''Coracias garrulus''
*[[Oriental dollarbird]], ''Eurystomus orientalis''

==Kingfishers==
Order: [[Coraciiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Alcedinidae]]

Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.

*[[Stork-billed kingfisher]], ''Pelargopsis capensis''
*[[White-throated kingfisher]], ''Halcyon smyrnensis''
*[[Black-capped kingfisher]], ''Halcyon pileata''
*[[Collared kingfisher]], ''Todiramphus chloris''
*[[Blue-eared kingfisher]], ''Alcedo meninting''
*[[Common kingfisher]], ''Alcedo atthis''
*[[Oriental dwarf kingfisher]], ''Ceyx erithaca''
*[[Pied kingfisher]], ''Ceryle rudis''

==Bee-eaters==
Order: [[Coraciiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Meropidae]]

The bee-eaters are a group of [[near passerine]] birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.

*[[Blue-bearded bee-eater]], ''Nyctyornis athertoni''
*[[Asian green bee-eater]], ''Merops orientalis''
*[[Blue-cheeked bee-eater]]<ref name=holt/><ref>Holt, P. I. (2009). "A sight record of blue-cheeked bee-eater ''Merops persicus'' in Goa". ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society''. '''105''' (2): 217–218 (2008)</ref>
*[[Blue-tailed bee-eater]], ''Merops philippinus''
*[[Chestnut-headed bee-eater]], ''Merops leschenaulti''

==Asian barbets==
Order: [[Piciformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Megalaimidae]]

The Asian barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly coloured.

*[[Brown-headed barbet]], ''Psilopogon zeylanicus''
*[[White-cheeked barbet]], ''Psilopogon viridis''
*[[Malabar barbet]], ''Psilopogon malabaricus''
*[[Coppersmith barbet]], ''Psilopogon haemacephalus''

==Woodpeckers==
Order: [[Piciformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Picidae]]

Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.

*[[Eurasian wryneck]], ''Jynx torquilla''
*[[Speckled piculet]], ''Picumnus innominatus''
*[[Heart-spotted woodpecker]], ''Hemicircus canente''
*[[Brown-capped pygmy woodpecker]], ''Yungipicus nanus''
*[[Yellow-crowned woodpecker]], ''Leiopicus mahrattensis''
*[[White-bellied woodpecker]], ''Dryocopus javensis''
*[[Lesser yellownape]], ''Picus chlorolophus''
*[[Streak-throated woodpecker]], ''Picus xanthopygaeus''
*[[Common flameback]], ''Dinopium javanense''
*[[Black-rumped flameback]], ''Dinopium benghalense''
*[[Malabar flameback]], ''Chrysocolaptes socialis''
*[[White-naped woodpecker]], ''Chrysocolaptes festivus''<ref>Rangnekar, P. & Lad, P. (2009). "Occurrence of ''Chrysocolaptes festivus'' in Goa". ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society''. '''105''' (2): 219–220 (2008).</ref>
*[[Rufous woodpecker]], ''Micropternus brachyurus''

==Caracaras and falcons==
Order: [[Falconiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Falconidae]]

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.

*[[Lesser kestrel]], ''Falco naumanni''
*[[Common kestrel]], ''Falco tinnunculus''
*[[Red-necked falcon]], ''Falco chicquera''<ref name=holt/>
*[[Amur falcon]], ''Falco amurensis''
*[[Eurasian hobby]], ''Falco subbuteo''<ref name=holt/>
*[[Oriental hobby]], ''Falco severus''
*[[Laggar falcon]], ''Falco jugger''
*[[Peregrine falcon]], ''Falco peregrinus'' (includes [[shaheen falcon]] also)

==Old World parrots==
Order: [[Psittaciformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Psittaculidae]]

Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed [[zygodactyl]] feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. In size they range from {{convert|8|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.

*[[Blossom-headed parakeet]], ''Psittacula roseata''
*[[Plum-headed parakeet]], ''Psittacula cyanocephala''
*[[Blue-winged parakeet]], ''Psittacula columboides''
*[[Alexandrine parakeet]], ''Psittacula eupatria''
*[[Rose-ringed parakeet]], ''Psittacula krameri''
*[[Vernal hanging parrot]], ''Loriculus vernalis''

==Pittas==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pittidae]]

Pittas are medium-sized by passerine standards and are stocky, with fairly long, strong legs, short tails and stout bills. Many are brightly coloured. They spend the majority of their time on wet forest floors, eating snails, insects and similar invertebrates.

*[[Indian pitta]], ''Pitta brachyura''

==Vangas, helmetshrikes, woodshrikes, and shrike-flycatchers==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Vangidae]]

The woodshrikes are similar in build to the shrikes.

*[[Bar-winged flycatcher-shrike]], ''Hemipus picatus''
*[[Large woodshrike]], ''Tephrodornis virgatus''
*[[Malabar woodshrike]], ''Tephrodornis sylvicola''
*[[Common woodshrike]], ''Tephrodornis pondicerianus''

==Woodswallows, butcherbirds, and peltops==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Artamidae]]

The woodswallows are soft-plumaged, somber-coloured passerine birds. They are smooth, agile flyers with moderately large, semi-triangular wings.

*[[Ashy woodswallow]], ''Artamus fuscus''

==Ioras==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Aegithinidae]]

The ioras are [[bulbul]]-like birds of open forest or thorn scrub, but whereas that group tends to be drab in colouration, ioras are sexually dimorphic, with the males being brightly plumaged in yellows and greens.

*[[Common iora]], ''Aegithina tiphia''

==Cuckooshrikes==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Campephagidae]]

The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.

*[[White-bellied minivet]], ''Pericrocotus erythropygius''
*[[Small minivet]], ''Pericrocotus cinnamomeus''
*[[Orange minivet]], ''Pericrocotus flammeus''
*[[Ashy minivet]], ''Pericrocotus divaricatus''
*[[Rosy minivet]], ''Pericrocotus roseus''
*[[Large cuckooshrike]], ''Coracina macei''
*[[Black-winged cuckooshrike]], ''Lalage melaschistos''
*[[Black-headed cuckooshrike]], ''Lalage melanoptera''

==Shrikes==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Laniidae]]
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.

*[[Brown shrike]], ''Lanius cristatus''
*[[Isabelline shrike]], ''Lanius isabellinus''
*[[Bay-backed shrike]], ''Lanius vittatus''
*[[Long-tailed shrike]], ''Lanius schach''
*[[Great grey shrike]], ''Lanius excubitor''

==Figbirds, orioles, and turnagra==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Oriolidae]]

The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles.

*[[Black-hooded oriole]], ''Oriolus xanthornus''
*[[Indian golden oriole]], ''Oriolus kundoo'' (Split suggested from [[European golden oriole]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jønsson, K. A.; Bowie, R. C. K.; Moyle, R. G.; Irestedt, M.; Christidis, L.; Norman, J. A. & Fjeldså, J. |year=2010 |title=Phylogeny and biogeography of Oriolidae (Aves: Passeriformes) |url=https://artykuly24.wroclaw.pl/a/Jo%CC%88nsson+et+al+Oriolidae.pdf |journal=Ecography |volume=33 |pages=232–241 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06167.x |doi-access=free}}</ref>)
*[[Black-naped oriole]], ''Oriolus chinensis''

==Drongos==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Dicruridae]]

The drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground.

*[[Bronzed drongo]], ''Dicrurus aeneus''
*[[Greater racket-tailed drongo]], ''Dicrurus paradiseus''
*[[Hair-crested drongo]], ''Dicrurus hottentottus''
*[[Ashy drongo]], ''Dicrurus leucophaeus''
*[[White-bellied drongo]], ''Dicrurus caerulescens''
*[[Black drongo]], ''Dicrurus macrocercus''

==Fantails and silktails==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Rhipiduridae]]

The fantails are small insectivorous birds which are specialist aerial feeders.

*[[White-throated fantail]], ''Rhipidura albicollis''
*[[White-spotted fantail]], ''Rhipidura albogularis''
*[[White-browed fantail]], ''Rhipidura aureola''

==Monarchs==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Monarchidae]]

The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.

*[[Black-naped monarch]], ''Hypothymis azurea''
*[[Indian paradise flycatcher]], ''Terpsiphone paradisi''

==Crows and jays==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Corvidae]]

The family Corvidae includes [[crow]]s, [[raven]]s, [[jay]]s, [[chough]]s, [[magpie]]s, [[treepie]]s, [[nutcracker (bird)|nutcracker]]s and [[ground jay]]s. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.

*[[Rufous treepie]], ''Dendrocitta vagabunda''
*[[White-bellied treepie]], ''Dendrocitta leucogastra''
*[[House crow]], ''Corvus splendens''
*[[Large-billed crow]], ''Corvus macrorhynchos''
*[[Indian jungle crow]], ''Corvus culminatus''

==Fairy flycatchers==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Stenostiridae]]

Most of the species of this small family are found in Africa, though a few inhabit tropical Asia. They are not closely related to other birds called "flycatchers".

*[[Grey-headed canary-flycatcher]], ''Culicicapa ceylonensis''

==Tits and chickadees==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Paridae]]

The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.

*[[Cinereous tit]], ''Parus cinereus''<ref>Packert, Martin; Jochen Martens, Siegfried Eck, Alexander A Nazarenko, Olga P. Valchuk, Bernd Petri, Michael Veith (2005). "The great tit (''Parus major'') – a misclassified ring species". ''Biological Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''86''' (2): 153-174.</ref>
*[[Himalayan black-lored tit]], ''Machlolophus xanthogenys''
*[[Indian black-lored tit]], ''Machlolophus aplonotus''

==Larks==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Alaudidae]]

Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.

*[[Rufous-tailed lark]], ''Ammomanes phoenicura''
*[[Ashy-crowned sparrow-lark]], ''Eremopterix griseus''
*[[Singing bush lark]], ''Mirafra cantillans''
*[[Bengal bush lark]], ''Mirafra assamica''
*[[Indian bush lark]], ''Mirafra erythroptera''
*[[Jerdon's bush lark]], ''Mirafra affinis''
*[[Oriental skylark]], ''Alauda gulgula''
*[[Sykes's lark]], ''Galerida deva''
*[[Malabar lark]], ''Galerida malabarica''
*[[Mongolian short-toed lark]], ''Calandrella dukhunensis''
*[[Greater short-toed lark]], ''Calandrella brachydactyla''
*[[Bimaculated lark]], ''Melanocorypha bimaculata''
*[[Turkestan short-toed lark]], ''Alaudala heinei''

==Bulbuls==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pycnonotidae]]

Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.

*[[Yellow-browed bulbul]], ''Acritillas indica''
*[[Black bulbul]], ''Hypsipetes leucocephalus''
*[[Square-tailed bulbul]], ''Hypsipetes ganeesa''
*[[Grey-headed bulbul]], ''Brachypodius priocephalus''
*[[Black-crested bulbul]], ''Rubigula flaviventris''
*[[Flame-throated bulbul]], ''Rubigula gularis''
*[[White-browed bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus luteolus''
*[[Red-whiskered bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus jocosus''
*[[Red-vented bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus cafer''
*[[White-eared bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus leucotis''

==Swallows and martins==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Hirundinidae]]

The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.

*[[Grey-throated martin]], ''Riparia chinensis''
*[[Sand martin]], ''Riparia riparia''
*[[Pale martin]], ''Riparia diluta''
*[[Barn swallow]], ''Hirundo rustica''
*[[Pacific swallow]], ''Hirundo tahitica''
*[[Hill swallow]], ''Hirundo domicola''
*[[Wire-tailed swallow]], ''Hirundo smithii''
*[[Eurasian crag martin]], ''Ptyonoprogne rupestris''
*[[Dusky crag martin]], ''Ptyonoprogne concolor''
*[[Common house martin]], ''Delichon urbicum''
*[[Red-rumped swallow]], ''Cecropis daurica''
*[[Streak-throated swallow]], ''Petrochelidon fluvicola''

==Leaf warblers & allies==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phylloscopidae]]

Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colours.

*[[Hume's leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus humei''<ref name=holt/>
*[[Yellow-browed warbler]], ''Phylloscopus inornatus''<ref name=holt/>
*[[Tytler's leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus tytleri''
*[[Sulphur-bellied warbler]], ''Phylloscopus griseolus''
*[[Tickell's leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus affinis''<ref name=holt/>
*[[Plain leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus neglectus''
*[[Mountain chiffchaff]], ''Phylloscopus sindianus''
*[[Common chiffchaff]], ''Phylloscopus collybita''
*[[Green warbler]], ''Phylloscopus nitidus''<ref name=holt/>
*[[Greenish warbler]], ''Phylloscopus trochiloides''
*[[Large-billed leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus magnirostris''
*[[Western crowned warbler]], ''Phylloscopus occipitalis''

==Reed warblers, Grauer's warbler, & allies==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Acrocephalidae]]

The members of this family are usually rather large for "warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.

*[[Clamorous reed warbler]], ''Acrocephalus stentoreus''
*[[Paddyfield warbler]], ''Acrocephalus agricola''
*[[Blyth's reed warbler]], ''Acrocephalus dumetorum''
*[[Thick-billed warbler]], ''Arundinax aedon''<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.006| year=2009| title=Multi-locus phylogeny of the family Acrocephalidae (Aves: Passeriformes) – The traditional taxonomy overthrown|author1=Silke Fregin |author2=Martin Haase |author3=Urban Olsson |author4=Per Alström | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=52| issue=3| pages=866–878|pmid=19393746}}</ref>
*[[Booted warbler]], ''Iduna caligata''
*[[Sykes's warbler]], ''Iduna rama''

==Grassbirds & allies==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Locustellidae]]

Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over.

*[[Pallas's grasshopper warbler]], ''Helopsaltes certhiola''
*[[Lanceolated warbler]], ''Locustella lanceolata''<ref name=holt/> (A)
*[[Common grasshopper warbler]], ''Locustella naevia''
*[[Broad-tailed grassbird]], ''Schoenicola platyurus''
*[[Bristled grassbird]], ''Schoenicola striatus'' (A)

==Cisticolas and allies==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Cisticolidae]]

The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub.

*[[Zitting cisticola]], ''Cisticola juncidis''
*[[Golden-headed cisticola]], ''Cisticola exilis''
*[[Grey-breasted prinia]], ''Prinia hodgsonii''
*[[Jungle prinia]], ''Prinia sylvatica''
*[[Ashy prinia]], ''Prinia socialis''
*[[Plain prinia]], ''Prinia inornata''
*[[Common tailorbird]], ''Orthotomus sutorius''

==Sylviid warblers==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Sylviidae]]

The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs.

*[[Lesser whitethroat]], ''Curruca curruca''
*[[Hume's whitethroat]], ''Curruca althaea''
*[[Eastern Orphean warbler]], ''Curruca crassirostris''

==Parrotbills and allies==
[[File:Chrysomma sinense.jpg|thumb|Yellow-eyed babbler]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Paradoxornithidae]]

The parrotbills are a group of peculiar birds native to East and Southeast Asia, though feral populations exist elsewhere. They are generally small, long-tailed birds which inhabit reedbeds and similar habitat. They feed mainly on seeds, e.g. of grasses, to which their bill, as the name implies, is well-adapted.

*[[Yellow-eyed babbler]], ''Chrysomma sinense''

==White-eyes==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Zosteropidae]]

The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.

*[[Indian white-eye]], ''Zosterops palpebrosus''

==Babblers and scimitar babblers==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Timaliidae]]

The babblers, or timaliids, are somewhat diverse in size and colouration, but are characterised by soft fluffy plumage.

*[[Tawny-bellied babbler]], ''Dumetia hyperythra''
*[[Dark-fronted babbler]], ''Dumetia atriceps''
*[[Indian scimitar babbler]], ''Pomatorhinus horsfieldii''

==Ground babblers==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pellorneidae]]

These small to medium-sized songbirds have soft fluffy plumage but are otherwise rather diverse. Members of the genus ''Illadopsis'' are found in forests, but some other genera are birds of scrublands.

*[[Puff-throated babbler]], ''Pellorneum ruficeps''

==Alcippe fulvettas==
[[File:Brown cheeked fulvetta.jpg|thumb|Brown-cheeked fulvetta or Quaker babbler]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Alcippeidae]]

The genus once included many other fulvettas and was previously placed in families Pellorneidae or Timaliidae.

*[[Brown-cheeked fulvetta]], ''Alcippe poioicephala''

==Laughingthrushes and allies==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Leiothrichidae]]

The members of this family are diverse in size and colouration, though those of genus ''Turdoides'' tend to be brown or greyish. The family is found in Africa, India, and southeast Asia.

*[[Large grey babbler]], ''Argya malcolmi''
*[[Rufous babbler]], ''Argya subrufa''
*[[Jungle babbler]], ''Argya striata''
*[[Yellow-billed babbler]], ''Argya affinis''
*[[Wynaad laughingthrush]], ''Pterorhinus delesserti''

==Fairy-bluebirds==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Irenidae]]

The fairy-bluebirds are [[bulbul]]-like birds of open forest or thorn scrub. The males are dark-blue and the females a duller green.

*[[Asian fairy-bluebird]], ''Irena puella''

==Nuthatches==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Sittidae]]

Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet.

*[[Velvet-fronted nuthatch]], ''Sitta frontalis''
*[[Indian nuthatch]], ''Sitta castanea''

==Treecreepers==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Certhiidae]]

Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees.

*[[Indian spotted creeper]], ''Salpornis spilonota''<ref name=lad_parag/>

==Starlings and rhabdornis ==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Sturnidae]]

Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.

*[[Common hill myna]], ''Gracula religiosa''
*[[Southern hill myna]], ''Gracula indica''
*[[Jungle myna]], ''Acridotheres fuscus''
*[[Bank myna]], ''Acridotheres ginginianus''
*[[Common myna]], ''Acridotheres tristis''
*[[Daurian starling]], ''Agropsar sturninus''
*[[Chestnut-tailed starling]], ''Sturnia malabarica''
*[[Malabar starling]], ''Sturnia blythii''<ref name=lovette>Lovette, I.; McCleery, B.; Talaba, A. & Rubenstein, D. (2008). "A complete species-level molecular phylogeny for the 'Eurasian' starlings (Sturnidae: Sturnus, Acridotheres, and allies): Recent diversification in a highly social and dispersive avian group". ''Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution''. '''47''' (1): 251-260. {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.020}}</ref>
*[[Brahminy starling]], ''Sturnia pagodarum''
*[[Rosy starling]], ''Pastor roseus''
*[[Common starling]], ''Sturnus vulgaris''

==Thrushes==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Turdidae]]

The [[Thrush (bird)|thrushes]] are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.

*[[Pied thrush]], ''Geokichla wardii''
*[[Orange-headed thrush]], ''Geokichla citrina''
*[[Scaly thrush]], ''Zoothera dauma''
*[[Nilgiri thrush]], ''Zoothera neilgherriensis''
*[[Tickell's thrush]], ''Turdus unicolor''
*[[Indian blackbird]], ''Turdus simillimus''
*[[Eyebrowed thrush]], ''Turdus obscurus''

==Chats and Old World flycatchers==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Muscicapidae]]

Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied; some have weak songs and harsh calls, but others have among the most notable songs of all birds.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Indian robin]], ''Copsychus fulicatus''
*[[Oriental magpie-robin]], ''Copsychus saularis''
*[[White-rumped shama]], ''Copsychus malabaricus''
*[[Spotted flycatcher]], ''Muscicapa striata''
*[[Dark-sided flycatcher]], ''Muscicapa sibirica'' (A)
*[[Asian brown flycatcher]], ''Muscicapa dauurica''
*[[Brown-breasted flycatcher]], ''Muscicapa muttui''
*[[White-bellied blue flycatcher]], ''Cyornis pallipes''
*[[Tickell's blue flycatcher]], ''Cyornis tickelliae''
*[[Blue-throated blue flycatcher]], ''Cyornis rubeculoides''
*[[Verditer flycatcher]], ''Eumyias thalassinus''
*[[Nilgiri flycatcher]], ''Eumyias albicaudatus''
*[[Indian blue robin]], ''Larvivora brunnea''
*[[Bluethroat]], ''Luscinia svecica''
*[[Siberian rubythroat]], ''Calliope calliope'' (A)
*[[Malabar whistling thrush]], ''Myophonus horsfieldii''
*[[Ultramarine flycatcher]], ''Ficedula superciliaris''
*[[Rusty-tailed flycatcher]], ''Ficedula ruficauda''
*[[Taiga flycatcher]], ''Ficedula albicilla''
*[[Red-breasted flycatcher]], ''Ficedula parva''
*[[Kashmir flycatcher]], ''Ficedula subrubra''
*[[Black-and-orange flycatcher]], ''Ficedula nigrorufa''
*[[Black redstart]], ''Phoenicurus ochruros''
*[[Blue rock thrush]], ''Monticola solitarius''
*[[Chestnut-bellied rock thrush]], ''Monticola rufiventris''
*[[Blue-capped rock thrush]], ''Monticola cinclorhyncha''
*[[White-browed bush chat]], ''Saxicola macrorhynchus''
*[[Siberian stonechat]], ''Saxicola maurus''
*[[Pied bush chat]], ''Saxicola caprata''
*[[Isabelline wheatear]], ''Oenanthe isabellina''
*[[Desert wheatear]], ''Oenanthe deserti'' (A)
*[[Pied wheatear]], ''Oenanthe pleschanka''
*[[Red-tailed wheatear]], ''Oenanthe chrysopygia'' (A)
{{colend}}

==Leafbirds==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Chloropseidae]]

The leafbirds are small, [[bulbul]]-like birds. The males are brightly plumaged, usually in greens and yellows. .

*[[Blue-winged leafbird]], ''Chloropsis cochinchinensis''
*[[Jerdon's leafbird]], ''Chloropsis jerdoni''
*[[Golden-fronted leafbird]], ''Chloropsis aurifrons''

==Flowerpeckers==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Dicaeidae]]

The flowerpeckers are very small, stout, often brightly coloured birds, with short tails, short thick curved bills and tubular tongues.

*[[Thick-billed flowerpecker]], ''Dicaeum agile''
*[[Pale-billed flowerpecker]], ''Dicaeum erythrorhynchos''
*[[Nilgiri flowerpecker]], ''Dicaeum concolor''

==Sunbirds==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Nectariniidae]]

The sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.

*[[Purple-rumped sunbird]], ''Leptocoma zeylonica''
*[[Crimson-backed sunbird]], ''Leptocoma minima''
*[[Purple sunbird]], ''Cinnyris asiaticus''
*[[Loten's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris lotenius''
*[[Crimson sunbird]], ''Aethopyga siparaja''
*[[Vigors's sunbird]], ''Aethopyga vigorsii''
*[[Little spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera longirostra''

==Old World sparrows and snowfinches==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Passeridae]]

[[Old World sparrow|Sparrow]]s are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.

*[[House sparrow]], ''Passer domesticus''
*[[Yellow-throated sparrow]], ''Gymnoris xanthocollis''

==Weavers and widowbirds==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Ploceidae]]

The weavers are small passerine birds related to the [[finch]]es. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season.

*[[Streaked weaver]], ''Ploceus manyar''<ref name=lad_parag>Lad, P. & Ragnekar, P. (2011). "Additions to the birds of Goa, India". ''Indian Birds''. '''7''' (2).</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://payvata.blogspot.in/2011/11/additions-to-birds-of-goa-india.html | title=Beaten Tracks: Additions to birds of Goa, India| date=4 November 2011}}</ref>
*[[Baya weaver]], ''Ploceus philippinus''

==Waxbills, munias, and allies==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Estrildidae]]

The [[estrildidae|munias]] and allies are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and [[Australasia]]. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.

*[[Indian silverbill]], ''Euodice malabarica''
*[[Scaly-breasted munia]], ''Lonchura punctulata''
*[[Black-throated munia]], ''Lonchura kelaarti''
*[[White-rumped munia]], ''Lonchura striata''
*[[Tricoloured munia]], ''Lonchura malacca''
*[[Green avadavat]], ''Amandava formosa''
*[[Red avadavat]], ''Amandava amandava''<ref name=holt/>

==Wagtails and pipits==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Motacillidae]]

Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.

*[[Forest wagtail]], ''Dendronanthus indicus''
*[[Western yellow wagtail]], ''Motacilla flava''<ref name=holt/>
*[[Citrine wagtail]], ''Motacilla citreola''
*[[Grey wagtail]], ''Motacilla cinerea''
*[[White wagtail]], ''Motacilla alba''
*[[White-browed wagtail]], ''Motacilla maderaspatensis''
*[[Richard's pipit]], ''Anthus richardi''
*[[Paddyfield pipit]], ''Anthus rufulus''
*[[Blyth's pipit]], ''Anthus godlewskii''
*[[Tawny pipit]], ''Anthus campestris''
*[[Long-billed pipit]], ''Anthus similis''
*[[Tree pipit]], ''Anthus trivialis''
*[[Olive-backed pipit]], ''Anthus hodgsoni''
*[[Red-throated pipit]], ''Anthus cervinus''

==Finches and euphonias==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Fringillidae]]

[[Finch]]es are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.

*[[Common rosefinch]], ''Carpodacus erythrinus''

==Buntings==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Emberizidae]]

The buntings are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. In Europe, most species are called buntings. Species in North America formerly included in this family, mostly known as sparrows, have now been moved to a separate family [[Passerellidae]], though these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many buntings species have distinctive head patterns.

*[[Grey-necked bunting]], ''Emberiza buchanani''
*[[Yellow-breasted bunting]], ''Emberiza aureola''
*[[Black-headed bunting]], ''Emberiza melanocephala''
*[[Red-headed bunting]], ''Emberiza bruniceps''

== See also ==
* [[Lists of birds by region]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==

*{{cite book
| last = Rasmussen
| first = Pamela C.
| author2 = J. C. Anderton
| year = 2005
| title = Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide.
| publisher = Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions
}}

*{{cite book
| last = Lainer
| first = Heinz
| year = 2004
| title = Birds of Goa. A Reference Book.
| publisher = The Goa Foundation
}}

{{Birds of India}}

[[Category:Environment of Goa]]
[[Category:Goa-related lists|Birds]]
[[Category:Lists of fauna of India|Birds of goa]]
[[Category:Lists of birds of India|Goa]]

Kichaka

2026-01-13T18:32:34Z

Svetlltn: enhanced formatting and corrected details for consistency

{{short description|Character in Mahabharata}}
{{also|Kichaka language}}
{{Infobox character
| info-hdr = Information
| image = Raja Ravi Varma, Keechaka and Sairandhri, 1890.jpg
| caption = Keechak tries to molest Sairandhri (Draupadi), painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]].
| weapon =
| family = [[Sūta]] king of Kekaya (father) Malavi (mother) [[Sudeshna]] (elder sister) Upa-Kichaka (younger brothers)
|relatives= [[Virata]] (brother-in-law) [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara]], [[Uttarā]], and [[Characters in the Mahabharata#Shankha|Shankha]] (nephew - niece)
| origin =
| home = [[Kekaya]] (originally), [[Matsya]]
}}

'''Kichaka''' ({{langx|sa|कीचक|Kīcaka}}) is a character in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', who served as the [[commander-in-chief]] of King [[Virata]]'s army in the [[Matsya kingdom|Matsya Kingdom]]. He was the son of ''[[Sūta]]'' king of the [[Kekaya]] and Malavi, and had 105 younger brothers known as the Upa-Kichakas. His sister, [[Sudeshna]], was married to King Virata, and Kichaka lived in the Virata palace after her marriage. Renowned for his strength and military prowess, Kichaka had frequently defeated King [[Susharma]]n of Trigarta in battle and is described to wield more authority than Virata himself. His story is most notable for his encounter with [[Draupadi]] during the [[Pandava]]s' [[Ajnatavasa|incognito stay]] in Matsya. After repeatedly harassing Draupadi, he was killed by her husband [[Bhima]], who crushed him to death.

== Literary background ==
The ''[[Mahabharata]]'', one of the [[Sanskrit]] epics from the [[Indian subcontinent]], other being the ''[[Ramayana]]''. It mainly narrates the events and aftermath of the [[Kurukshetra War]], a war of succession between two groups of princely cousins, the [[Kauravas]] and the [[Pandavas]]. The work is written in Classical Sanskrit and is a composite work of revisions, editing and interpolations over many centuries. The oldest parts in the surviving version of the text may date to near 400 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brockington |first=J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA26 |title=The Sanskrit Epics |publisher=Brill Academic |year=1998 |isbn=978-9-00410-260-6 |page=26}}</ref>

The ''Mahabharata'' manuscripts exist in numerous versions, wherein the specifics and details of major characters and episodes vary, often significantly. Except for the sections containing the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' which is remarkably consistent between the numerous manuscripts, the rest of the epic exists in many versions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Minor |first=Robert N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ru_RjwEACAAJ |title=Bhagavad Gita: An Exegetical Commentary |publisher=South Asia Books |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-8364-0862-1 |pages=l–li |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416075912/https://books.google.com/books?id=ru_RjwEACAAJ |archive-date=16 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The differences between the Northern and Southern recensions are particularly significant, with the Southern manuscripts more profuse and longer. Scholars have attempted to construct a [[critical edition]], relying mostly on a study of the "Bombay" edition, the "Poona" edition, the "Calcutta" edition and the "south Indian" editions of the manuscripts. The most accepted version is one prepared by scholars led by [[Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar|Vishnu Sukthankar]] at the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], preserved at [[Kyoto University]], [[Cambridge University]] and various Indian universities.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Kevin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC&pg=PA19 |title=The Sanskrit Hero: Karna in Epic Mahabharata |publisher=Brill Academic |year=2004 |isbn=978-9-00413-729-5 |pages=19–26 |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416075934/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkmXk3-1j7UC&pg=PA19 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Legend==

=== Birth and early life ===
Kichaka was the son of King [[Kekaya]], a ruler from ''Sutas'' class, and Queen Malavi. Kichaka had 105 younger brothers, collectively known as the Upa-Kichakas, and one sister, [[Sudeshna]]. According to the Southern Recension of the ''Mahabharata'', Kichaka and his brothers were believed to be born from an aspect of Bana, the eldest of the [[Kalakeyas|Kalakeya]] [[Asura]]s, known for their great strength and demonic lineage. Sudeshna married King [[Virata]], ruler of [[Matsya kingdom|Matsya]], and following her marriage, Kichaka and his brothers also moved to Virata's palace. There, Kichaka rose to become the commander-in-chief of Virata's army. He earned a reputation as a formidable warrior by repeatedly defeating King [[Susharma]]n of the neighboring kingdom of [[Trigarta kingdom|Trigarta]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87ic_Encyclopaedia/32mjvgEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Purāṇic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Purāṇic Literature |date= |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0 |pages=[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241700.html ''Kīcaka''] |language=en}}</ref>

=== The year of incognito ===
[[File:Draupadi humiliated RRV.jpg|left|thumb|Kichaka (left) kicks [[Draupadi]] in the royal court of Virata, painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]
During their exile, the [[Pandava]]s spent their thirteenth year [[Ajnatavasa|incognito]] at the court of King Virata. To remain hidden, they took on various disguises and occupations. [[Draupadi]], the wife of the Pandavas, assumed the name Malini and served as a Sairandhri (maid and chaperone) to Queen Sudeshna. When Kichaka first saw Malini (Draupadi), he became infatuated with her beauty. Despite repeated attempts to win her affection, Draupadi rejected his advances, warning him that she was already married to [[gandharva]] (celestial musician).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 4: Virata Parva: Kichaka-badha Parva: Section XIV |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04014.htm |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>
Kichaka then sought the help of his sister, Sudeshna, who reluctantly agreed to assist him. On the New Moon day, Sudeshna asked Malini to deliver a plate of food and wine to Kichaka. Though hesitant, Draupadi followed the queen's orders.<ref name=":0" />

In his chambers, Kichaka approaches Draupadi with lustful intentions. Offering her gifts, he invites her to sit with him, but Draupadi, maintaining composure, tries to leave, but Kichaka grabs her arm and attempts to detain her. Draupadi rebukes him, asserting her loyalty to her husbands and predicting his downfall. As she tries to escape, Kichaka seizes her garment and pulls her down. Enraged, Draupadi throws him to the ground, but he regains his footing, chases her into the royal court, and humiliates her by kicking her in front of King Virata and his courtiers, including her disguised husband [[Yudhishthira]] (who was disguised as a courtier at that time). Neither Yudhishthira nor King Virata could react because Kichaka wielded so much power within the kingdom. Draupadi's cries for help summoned a guardian spirit ([[Rakshasa]]) tasked with protecting her, who intervened, shoving Kichaka forcefully and rendering him unconscious.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 4: Virata Parva: Kichaka-badha Parva: Section XVI |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04016.htm |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

=== Death ===
[[File:Draupdadi watching Kichaka and Bhima fighting (crop).jpg|thumb|Bhima and Kichaka fight, while Draupadi watches them, manuscript folio]]
Devastated and humiliated by Kichaka's assault, Draupadi went to Bhima and recounted the entire ordeal. Bhima, enraged by her suffering, vowed to punish Kichaka. He instructed Draupadi to invite Kichaka to a clandestine meeting at the royal dancing hall that night. Bhima planned to lie in wait, disguised in Draupadi's place. As planned, Kichaka arrived at the hall at midnight, expecting to meet Draupadi. In the dim light, he mistook Bhima for her. As he leaned in to kiss what he believed was Draupadi, Bhima sprang to life and seized Kichaka in his iron grip. In a violent struggle, Bhima crushed Kichaka to death, shattering his bones and ending his life.<ref name=":0" />

The next morning, Kichaka's brothers, the Upa-Kichakas, discovered his lifeless body. Enraged, they vowed to avenge his death. Believing Draupadi to be responsible, they abducted her with the intention of burning her alive on Kichaka's funeral pyre. Hearing Draupadi's desperate cries for help, Bhima rushed to the cremation ground. In a fierce battle, he single-handedly killed all 105 Upa-Kichakas, rescuing Draupadi from certain death. Following the massacre, Kichaka and his brothers were cremated together in the presence of King Virata and the court.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[Bheema]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mahābhārata}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]

Dera Sacha Sauda

2025-12-11T09:51:28Z

Svetlltn: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Indian organization}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
| image = Dera Sacha Sauda - logo - 01.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DSS logo
| logo =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| map =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| extinction =
| type = {{unbulleted list|[[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]|Non-profit social welfare and spiritual organisation}}
| status = Active
| purpose = {{hlist|[[Humanitarianism]]|[[activism]]|[[environmentalism]]|[[drug rehabilitation]]|[[secularism]]|[[lacto-vegetarianism]]}}<ref name="About - DSS">{{cite web|url=https://www.derasachasauda.org/about-dera-sacha-sauda/|title=About Dera Sacha Sauda (DSS) – Social Welfare & Spiritual Organization|last=DSS|date=11 May 2013|access-date=5 November 2016|archive-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106125037/https://www.derasachasauda.org/about-dera-sacha-sauda/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=August 2017}}
| headquarters = [[Sirsa]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| coords = {{coord|29.533593|75.017702}}
| language =
| leader_title = Successor
| leader_name = [[Shah Satnam Singh]]
| leader_title2 = Current leader
| leader_name2 = [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]]
| name = Dera Sacha Sauda
| size = 225px
| logo_size =
| msize =
| malt =
| mcaption =
| map2 =
| abbreviation = DSS
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1948|04|29}}
| founder = [[Mastana Balochistani]]
| registration_id = 5234<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngo.india.gov.in/state_ngolist_ngo.php?page=22&state_value=HR&records=|title=State-wise list of VOs/NGOs signed up on the NGO-PS - Haryana(1183)|date=12 August 2004|access-date=9 November 2016}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| location =
| region_served = {{hlist|[[Asia-Pacific]]|[[Middle East]]|[[Northern Europe]]|[[North America]]<ref name="Rise & Spread of DSS"/>}}
| membership =
| website = {{URL|http://www.derasachasauda.org}}
}}

'''Dera Sacha Sauda''' ("Camp of the True Deal";<ref>{{cite book|first=Jacob|last=Copeman|title=Veins of Devotion: Blood Donation and Religious Experience in North India|url=https://archive.org/details/veinsofdevotionb0000cope|url-access=registration|year=2009|publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0813544496|quote="Dera"—the extended residential site of an influential figure—has similar connotations to "ashram," while "Sacha Sauda" means literally true deal or dealings, and is an allusion to the fact that monetary gifts from devotees are not accepted by the organization, which claims to be fully autarkic.}}</ref> colloquially '''DSS''') is an Indian [[non-governmental organization]] described as a "religious [[cult]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/why-religious-cults-such-as-dera-sacha-sauda-are-so-popular/story-wiITTZTJhgOE5sBffl9PUK.html|title=Why religious cults such as Dera Sacha Sauda are so popular|author=Guruswamy, Mohan|date=August 28, 2017|access-date=April 8, 2020|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014210941/https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/why-religious-cults-such-as-dera-sacha-sauda-are-so-popular/story-wiITTZTJhgOE5sBffl9PUK.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and "non-profit social welfare [[Dera (organization)|dera]]" that was established on 29 April 1948 by [[Mastana Balochistani]], an [[asceticism|ascetic]] follower of [[Baba Sawan Singh]] (the second [[Satguru]] of [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]] (RSSB)),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5flCCwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA50 |title=Split i the Radha Soami Movement, The Sach Khand Journal of Radhasoami Studies, Dec 12, 2015, Issue 10, p.11 |isbn=978-1-329-75562-8 |access-date=12 September 2017 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102005936/https://books.google.com/books?id=5flCCwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA50 |url-status=live |last1=Lane |first1=David |date=12 December 2015 |publisher=Lulu.com }}</ref> as a centre for religious learning. After Baba Sawan Singh, the movement split into four groups, one of them led by Mastana Balochistani. After the death of Mastana Balochistani, his movement was split into three groups, with [[Shah Satnam Singh|Shah Satnam Singh Ji]] also known as Param Pita Ji leading the Sirsa group, who then selected [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh|Gurmeet Ram Rahim]] to be his successor. Dera Sacha Sauda's main centre is situated in the city of [[Sirsa]] in [[Haryana]] state, northern India.<ref>[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/search/Details/Largest-blood-donation/53108.htm Largest Blood Donation]. Guinness Book of World Records {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070157/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/search/Details/Largest-blood-donation/53108.htm |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101116/harplus.htm#4|title=Dera again makes it to Guinness Book of World Records Collects 43,732 units of blood in a day|date=15 November 2010|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=26 May 2011|archive-date=20 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220061914/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101116/harplus.htm#4|url-status=live}}</ref> The organisation has 46 [[ashram]]s (divisions) across India and other countries.<ref name="Rise & Spread of DSS">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/the-baba-on-song/|title=The Baba on song - Rise and spread of Dera Sacha Sauda|date=26 October 2014|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=10 November 2016|archive-date=23 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123022740/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/the-baba-on-song/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Under the leadership of Mastana Balochistani, 25 Ashrams were established in Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan, where Naam-Shabad, method of Meditation was taught to the followers who accepted three principles for the rest of their life: 1. No consumption of meat, egg or gelatin, 2. no consumption of alcohol, drugs, tobacco etc. and 3. no adultery or illicit sex. He also laid the foundation of the main ashram in 1948 and coined the expression "Dhan Dhan Satguru Tera Hi Asra" (Dhanay hai tu Satguru, or humein tera hi sahara hai) widely used by the Dera.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dabwalinews.com/2017/02/dera-sauda-supports-akalis.html |title=धन-धन सतगुरु...की शर्त पर अकालियों को डेरे का समर्थन, 02 Feb 2017 |access-date=9 September 2017 |archive-date=9 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909052810/http://www.dabwalinews.com/2017/02/dera-sauda-supports-akalis.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{clarify|reason=This is the English Wikipedia.|date=September 2017}} Shah Satnam Singh lead the Dera from 1963 to 1990. He was succeeded by controversial [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]] in 1990, who added more than a dozen ashrams and made Dera a much more visible organization.

The current leader, Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh, who claims to have more than 60 million followers worldwide,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/25/fears-unrest-indian-guru-convicted-rape-ram-rahim-singh-panchkula|title=Ram Rahim Singh: fatal clashes follow Indian guru's rape conviction|date=25 August 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825232837/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/25/fears-unrest-indian-guru-convicted-rape-ram-rahim-singh-panchkula|url-status=live}}</ref> is a controversial figure in India and has been convicted for murder and rape.<ref name="bbc.com"/><ref name="hindustantimes.com1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baba-bling-controversial-dera-chief-has-multi-faceted-persona-thrives-on-claims-controversies/story-MAQGI0c4oFJvWeE0lP6bQI.html|title=Baba Bling: Meet Gurmeet Ram Rahim, the Dera chief who thrives on controversies|date=25 August 2017|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417195543/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/baba-bling-controversial-dera-chief-has-multi-faceted-persona-thrives-on-claims-controversies/story-MAQGI0c4oFJvWeE0lP6bQI.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="news18.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/ram-rahim-singh-the-present-case-and-previous-brushes-with-courts-and-controversies-1500867.html|title=This Isn't Ram Rahim Singh's First Brush With Court And Controversy|date=25 August 2017|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427132346/https://www.news18.com/news/india/ram-rahim-singh-the-present-case-and-previous-brushes-with-courts-and-controversies-1500867.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 August 2017, a special CBI court in the city of [[Panchkula]], Haryana, found him guilty of raping two Dera [[sadhvi]]s (female followers).<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dera-sacha-sauda-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-found-guilty-of-rape-cbi-court-ruling-comes-after-14-years/articleshow/60221119.cms|title=Dera Sacha Sauda chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim found guilty of rape, CBI court ruling comes after 14 years|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 August 2017|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=13 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313092844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dera-sacha-sauda-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-found-guilty-of-rape-cbi-court-ruling-comes-after-14-years/articleshow/60221119.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, the special CBI court sentenced Singh for a period of 20-year prison term on 28 August 2017.<ref name="sentenced">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rape-convict-gurmeet-ram-rahim-sentenced-to-10-years-in-jail/articleshow/60257535.cms|title=Dera Sacha Sauda chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim sentenced to 20 years in jail|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 August 2017|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828202528/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rape-convict-gurmeet-ram-rahim-sentenced-to-10-years-in-jail/articleshow/60257535.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2019, Singh was sentenced to life in prison for the murder of journalist [[Murder of Ram Chander Chhatrapati|Ram Chander Chhatrapatti]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-17|title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh sentencing HIGHLIGHTS: Dera chief, three others awarded life imprisonment|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-quantum-of-sentence-live-updates-journalist-murder-case-cbi-court-5542356/|access-date=2022-02-01|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201145852/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-quantum-of-sentence-live-updates-journalist-murder-case-cbi-court-5542356/|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2021, he was awarded another life imprisonment for the murder of a DSS follower Ranjit Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=BS Web |date=2021-10-18 |title=Ranjit Singh murder case: Dera chief and four others get life imprisonment |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ranjit-singh-murder-case-dera-chief-and-four-others-get-life-imprisonment-121101800767_1.html |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020062108/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ranjit-singh-murder-case-dera-chief-and-four-others-get-life-imprisonment-121101800767_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Which was acquitted On 28 May 2024 by [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] including Gurmeet Ram Rahim and four others in 2002 Ranjit Singh murder case.

==History==
Dera Sacha Sauda was established in 1948 at [[Sirsa]] by [[Mastana Balochistani]]. He was born in Kotra, Tehsil Gandhey, Kalat (Now in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]), in undivided India, now in [[Pakistan]] in 1891. He was popularly known among his devotees as His Holiness Beparawah Mastana. He died on 18 April 1960.<ref name=TKR>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1926/stories/20030103003404000.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126043302/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1926/stories/20030103003404000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-26|title=Godman under a cloud|last=Rajalakshmi|first=T. K.|date=21 December 2002 – 3 January 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 March 2011|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> [[Shah Satnam Singh]], born on 25 January 1919 took over the spiritual leadership position from Balochistani at the age of 41 and served until 1990. He died on 13 December 1991. [[Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh]] became the third master of DSS on 23 September 1990.<ref name="About - DSS"/>
DSS is a registered [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiamapped.com/ngo-in-haryana/sirsa/|title=List Of NGO In Sirsa|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-date=23 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123035556/http://www.indiamapped.com/ngo-in-haryana/sirsa/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiamaps.in/ngo-of-haryana/sirsa/|title=List Of NGO of Sirsa|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195042/http://www.indiamaps.in/ngo-of-haryana/sirsa/|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianngos.org/ngo_detail.aspx?nprof=5488241216|title=Dera Sacha Sauda NGO ID-5488241216|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134216/http://www.indianngos.org/ngo_detail.aspx?nprof=5488241216|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 2007 clashes with Sikhs ===

In May 2007, violent clashes broke out between the [[Khalsa]] Sikhs and the followers of the Dera Sacha Sauda over the Dera leader Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh's appearance in a newspaper advertisement. Sikhs alleged that he had impersonated their [[Guru Gobind Singh]], thus insulting their faith. At least one person died in these clashes; several more were injured. The news media described the violence as the most serious since the [[1978 Sikh–Nirankari clashes|Sikh–Nirankari clashes]] of the 1970s and the [[Punjab insurgency|separatist insurgency]] of the 1980s.{{sfn|Jacob Copeman|2009|pp=122-123}}

The [[Akal Takht]] of the Sikhs demanded closure of all the Deras in Punjab, and asked its followers to organise protest marches and ''[[bandh]]s''. Ultimately, Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh issued an apology. However, this apology was rejected by the Akal Takht. The marches and boycotts against the Dera continued, until the situation subsided after several weeks.{{sfn|Jacob Copeman|2009|p=123}}

=== Allegations by Dera defectors ===
In 2008, a DSS defector seeking refuge in [[Austria]] had sent a complaint to the [[Government of Austria|Austrian government]] regarding the wrongdoings of the Dera. However, the complaint was rejected.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/JudikaturEntscheidung.wxe?Abfrage=AsylGH&Dokumentnummer=ASYLGHT_20100323_C7_318_887_1_2008_00|title=RIS - Rechtssätze und Entscheidungstext für C7 318887-1/2008 - Asylgerichtshof (AsylGH)|access-date=20 March 2021|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722145027/https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/JudikaturEntscheidung.wxe?Abfrage=AsylGH&Dokumentnummer=ASYLGHT_20100323_C7_318_887_1_2008_00|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2017 conviction and subsequent riots ===
{{main|2017 Northern India riots}}
Its leader, Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh, was accused of murder and convicted of rape by an Indian court.<ref name="bbc.com"/><ref name="hindustantimes.com1"/><ref name="news18.com"/> On 25 August 2017, a special Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) court in Panchkula, Haryana, found him guilty of sexually assaulting two Dera sadhvis (female followers), one of whom had written to the then prime minister of India [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] about it in 2002.<ref name="auto"/>

More than 150,000 followers of DSS had gathered at Panchkula, where the hearing was taking place, and a few other places. Upon learning of the court's verdict, they were involved in a mass riot which led to the death of at least 30 people and left more than 250 people seriously injured.

The [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] ordered all of DSS's properties to be [[Attachment (law)|attached]] to pay for the losses incurred due to the violence. A few incidents were reported in the Indian capital, New Delhi, which is {{convert|243|km}} away from the epicentre.

The incident led to widespread criticism of the ruling government, in that, despite the high court's repeated warnings, it failed to gauge the severity of the situation, and failed to enforce Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code. The latter prohibits an assembly of any more than four people, and was in effect at the time of the verdict.

Allegedly 400 followers of the sect have been castrated inside the sect’s headquarters to "bring them closer to god". One of the castrated men came forward and filed a complaint in court against the guru.<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41043233|title=Guru Ram Rahim Singh rape verdict draws crowds|date=25 August 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=20 July 2018|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815032830/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41043233|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/rape-trial-castration-of-followers-dera-sacha-sauda-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-is-no-stranger-to-controversies/story-mFCdupu7ARxSIitBk4knkN.html|title=Rape trial, castration of followers: Dera Sacha Sauda chief Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh is no stranger to controversies|date=23 August 2017|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825183820/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/rape-trial-castration-of-followers-dera-sacha-sauda-chief-gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-is-no-stranger-to-controversies/story-mFCdupu7ARxSIitBk4knkN.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-indian-guru-mass-castrations|title=India's 'guru of bling' accused of tricking 400 followers into cutting off their testicles to meet God|newspaper=National Post|date=3 March 2015|last1=Daro|first1=Ishmael N.|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225065943/https://nationalpost.com/news/world/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-indian-guru-mass-castrations|url-status=live}}</ref> According to India's [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI), the sect defended castrations as done to "safeguard female followers from possible sexual advances".<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatt |first=Farhana |date=2025-12-11 |title=Dera Sacha Sauda: Family, Age, Education |url=https://farhanabhatt.com/dera-sacha-sauda/ |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Farhanabhatt |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 4 September 2017, after receiving a 2-day notice from police to surrender weapons, DSS members turned in 67 firearms, almost half of which were licensed. Police confiscated 33 of the weapons.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-dera-sacha-sauda-sirsa-campus-raided-by-police-huge-weapons-cache-found-pics-go-viral/840576/| title=Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh Dera Sacha Sauda Sirsa campus raided by police, huge weapons cache found; pics go viral| date=2017-09-04| access-date=4 September 2017| archive-date=5 September 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905010325/http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/gurmeet-ram-rahim-singh-dera-sacha-sauda-sirsa-campus-raided-by-police-huge-weapons-cache-found-pics-go-viral/840576/| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://zeenews.india.com/haryana/huge-cache-of-arms-recovered-from-dera-sacha-sauda-headquarters-in-sirsa-2039357.html| title=Huge cache of arms recovered from Dera Sacha Sauda headquarters in Sirsa| date=2017-09-04| access-date=4 September 2017| archive-date=4 September 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904162521/http://zeenews.india.com/haryana/huge-cache-of-arms-recovered-from-dera-sacha-sauda-headquarters-in-sirsa-2039357.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

== Teachings ==

The Dera's teachings are primarily based on the teachings of [[Radha Soami]] or [[Sant Mat]], which emphasise the recitation of sacred words and the achievement of transcendence. The devotees are asked to practice alcohol abstinence, vegetarianism, marital fidelity, and truth. They are also asked to abstain from ritualism and from making monetary religious donations (see [[#Funding|Funding]]).{{sfn|Jacob Copeman|2009|p=114}}

During the ''[[satsang]]'' gatherings, the Guru of the Dera sits beneath Hindu, Sikh, Muslim and Christian symbols organised in a way that depicts him as the union of these religions.{{sfn|Jacob Copeman|2009|p=113}}

== Membership ==

All the Dera Sacha Sauda Gurus have come from [[Sikh]] backgrounds, and the organisation has several Sikh adherents. However, the vast majority of its supporters are working-class and middle-class [[Hindu]]s from the rural areas of Haryana and Rajasthan.{{sfn|Jacob Copeman|2009|p=114}}

In 2009, the Dera Sacha Sauda claimed to have over a million devotees. It had 38 ''ashram''s, most of them in northern India.{{sfn|Jacob Copeman|2009|p=114}}

== Funding ==

The word "Dera" is similar connotations to "[[ashram]]", while the word "Sacha Sauda" means "true deal"—a reference to the claim that the organisation does not accept monetary gifts from its devotees. The Dera Sacha Sauda claims to be [[autarkic]]: it owns extensive lands in Haryana, Punjab and other states; and operates a supermarket, Canteens, a biscuit factory, a restaurant, etc. These businesses, managed by its "sadhus," are said to be for the benefit of its devotees.{{sfn|Jacob Copeman|2009|p=113}}

==Political activities==

Dera Sacha Sauda is the only among the various ''Dera''s, which openly asks its supporters to vote for particular political parties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55736977.cms|title=Dera chiefs play gurus to tallest of politicians|first=Nidhi|last=Sharma|date=2 December 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828051315/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/55736977.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The previous [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] government enjoyed the organisation's support and it reciprocated by providing a [[Security categories in India|Z-plus security cover]] for the group's leader.<ref name="hindustantimes.com1"/> Singh's son is married to the daughter of the Congress leader Harminder Singh Jassi. The DSS supported Congress in the [[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007 Punjab state elections]], and helped the party take control of the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] region.<ref name="IE_clout_2012"/> However, the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] won the overall majority in the state, and allegedly persecuted the Dera supporters during the [[#2007 clashes with Khalsa Sikhs|2007 violence]]. When the Congress did not come out in the open support of DSS, the DSS decided not to endorse a single party in the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 parliamentary elections]].

Before the [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012 Punjab state elections]], the Congress leader [[Amarinder Singh]], his wife [[Preneet Kaur]] and his son [[Raninder Singh]] visited Singh, asking him to extend his support to Congress.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-29/news/30675955_1_dera-followers-dera-sacha-sauda-baba-gurmeet-ram-rahim | work=The Times Of India | title=Poll-bound Punjab awaits Dera Sacha Sauda diktat on voting | date=29 January 2012 | access-date=25 August 2017 | archive-date=5 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305145056/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-29/news/30675955_1_dera-followers-dera-sacha-sauda-baba-gurmeet-ram-rahim | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-dera-sacha-sauda-the-key-to-power-in-punjab/20120128.htm |title=Dera Sacha Sauda: The key to power in Punjab — Rediff.com News |publisher=Rediff |date=28 January 2012 |access-date=2012-04-25 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825144616/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-dera-sacha-sauda-the-key-to-power-in-punjab/20120128.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Dera's support to Congress alienated the party's Sikh [[vote bank]]. In the 2012 elections, Congress performed poorly, and Jassi lost the election. The poor performance of Congress in Malwa in 2012 was seen as a signal of the downfall of Dera's political power.<ref name="IE_clout_2012">{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/amid-depleting-clout-dera-chief-s-kin-loses/921158/ |title=Amid depleting clout, dera chief's kin loses |author=Navjeevan Gopal |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=7 March 2012 |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828100457/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/amid-depleting-clout-dera-chief-s-kin-loses/921158 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014 Haryana polls and Lok Sabha Polls, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] requested support from Baba Gurmeet Ram Rahim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/haryana/story/dera-sacha-sauda-haryana-assembly-polls-bjp-baba-ram-rahim-222988-2014-10-13|title=Haryana polls: Dera Sacha Sauda's political wing to support BJP|date=13 October 2014 |access-date=25 August 2017|archive-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208165356/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dera-sacha-sauda-haryana-assembly-polls-bjp-baba-ram-rahim/1/395553.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2015, the organisation openly supported BJP in Delhi elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/dera-sacha-sauda-pledges-support-for-bjp-in-delhi-polls-737126|title=BJP's New Friend: Dera Sacha Sauda, the Sect Led by Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh|author=Anand Kumar Patel|date=5 February 2015|work=NDTV.com|access-date=25 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925093909/http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/dera-sacha-sauda-pledges-support-for-bjp-in-delhi-polls-737126|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/delhi-assembly-polls-2015-dera-sacha-sauda-extends-support-to-bjp_1541688.html|title=Delhi Assembly polls 2015: Dera Sacha Sauda extends support to BJP|work=Zee News|access-date=25 September 2015|date=2015-02-05|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925135641/http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/delhi-assembly-polls-2015-dera-sacha-sauda-extends-support-to-bjp_1541688.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Former-Punjab-top-cop-alleges-Dera-Sacha-Sauda-controversy-was-conspired-by-SAD-govt/articleshow/34112490.cms| title=Former Punjab top cop alleges Dera Sacha Sauda controversy was conspired by SAD govt| newspaper=Times of India| date=23 April 2014| access-date=2014-05-05| archive-date=27 September 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927142351/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Former-Punjab-top-cop-alleges-Dera-Sacha-Sauda-controversy-was-conspired-by-SAD-govt/articleshow/34112490.cms| url-status=live}}</ref> The organisation supported BJP in the Bihar assembly election in 2015, and nearly 3,000 Dera followers campaigned for BJP in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-03/news/67987192_1_godman-bihar-elections-saffron-party|title=Messengers of self-styled godman Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh rooting for BJP|work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=22 April 2016|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305083224/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-03/news/67987192_1_godman-bihar-elections-saffron-party|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Welfare activities==


Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh formed a welfare and disaster relief organisation called Shah Satnam Ji Green-S Welfare Force, which now has more than 70,000 doctors, engineers, rescuers, paramedics, and tradesmen participating.{{primary source inline|date=August 2017}} The organisation has rendered aid during many of India's natural disasters like [[Kolkata]] fire<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/WestBengal/Devastating-fire-breaks-out-in-Darjeeling-market/Article1-843339.aspx |title=Devastating fire breaks out in Darjeeling market |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=2012-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422230736/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/WestBengal/Devastating-fire-breaks-out-in-Darjeeling-market/Article1-843339.aspx |archive-date=22 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the factory collapse in [[Jalandhar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Jalandhar/1-500-Dera-Sacha-Sauda-volunteers-earn-praise-for-rescue-efforts/SP-Article1-842107.aspx |title=1,500 Dera Sacha Sauda volunteers earn praise for rescue efforts |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=2012-04-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420225736/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Jalandhar/1-500-Dera-Sacha-Sauda-volunteers-earn-praise-for-rescue-efforts/SP-Article1-842107.aspx |archive-date=20 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/heroes-of-jalandhar-who-saved-many-lives/251818-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425212059/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/heroes-of-jalandhar-who-saved-many-lives/251818-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-04-25 |title=Heroes of Jalandhar who saved many lives |publisher=IBN Live |access-date=2012-04-26}}</ref>

During the [[2013 North India floods|2013 flash floods]] in [[Uttarakhand]], a team of volunteers and doctors provided medical care to people, distributed food packets and conducted rescue missions.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/346498/medics039-mite-flood-hit-uttarakhand.html | title=DSS sends a team of AIMMS docs to Uttarakhand | publisher=Millennium Post | access-date=29 June 2014 | archive-date=14 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714232102/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/346498/medics039-mite-flood-hit-uttarakhand.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130720/news-current-affairs/article/rains-stall-relief-ops-kedarnath-debris-removal-ukhand| title=Uttarakhand Relief Work by Dera| publisher=Deccan Chronicle| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924052845/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130720/news-current-affairs/article/rains-stall-relief-ops-kedarnath-debris-removal-ukhand| archive-date=24 September 2016| df=dmy-all}}</ref> The area of Deoli-Brahmgram village which was called a 'village of widows' after the floods are still facing issues of hardship, the life of widows at a standstill.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/uttarakhand-floods-two-years-on-life-in-village-of-widows-at-standstill-115061601127_1.html|title=Uttarakhand floods: Two years on, life in 'Village of Widows' at standstill|last=IANS|date=2015-06-16|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-05-19|archive-date=19 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519204349/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/uttarakhand-floods-two-years-on-life-in-village-of-widows-at-standstill-115061601127_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Anti-prostitution initiatives began in November 2009, when Singh called on his followers to counter prostitution, and to help sex-workers escape a "life of perpetual slavery".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKJRer6UFNA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/BKJRer6UFNA |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Unbelievable Movement by Saint Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh Ji Insan against Prostitution|website=[[YouTube]] |date=5 December 2009 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> In December 2009, Dera and its volunteers took a step towards reducing [[sex trafficking]] in the country and also preventing the spread of [[HIV/AIDS]] virus, by giving consent for marriage with adult sex workers and to "help them escape their dreary existence".<ref name="DSS wed sex workers">{{cite web |url=http://www.manchesterwired.co.uk/news.php/4941-Indian-sect-members-vow-to-marry-sex-workers |title=Indian sect members vow to marry sex workers - Manchester News |publisher=Manchesterwired.co.uk |access-date=2011-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424020517/http://www.manchesterwired.co.uk/news.php/4941-Indian-sect-members-vow-to-marry-sex-workers |archive-date=24 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In January 2010, a mass marriage ceremony for former sex workers took place in [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5669357014191155860&SectionId=4635700988208141724&SectionName=Nation&NewsDate=20100124&NewsTitle=Dera%20Sacha%20Sauda%20members%20to%20marry%20sex%20workers|title=Dera Sacha Sauda members to marry sex workers - Sakal Times|access-date=5 November 2016|archive-date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918005957/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5669357014191155860&SectionId=4635700988208141724&SectionName=Nation&NewsDate=20100124&NewsTitle=Dera%20Sacha%20Sauda%20members%20to%20marry%20sex%20workers|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Dera+Sacha+Sauda+sect+organises+mass+marriage+ceremony+for+sex...-a0217491886 | title = Dera Sacha Sauda sect organises mass marriage ceremony for sex workers | publisher = Asian News International | access-date = 2010-01-26 | archive-date = 6 September 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140906111546/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Dera+Sacha+Sauda+sect+organises+mass+marriage+ceremony+for+sex...-a0217491886 | url-status = live }}</ref>

Dera Sacha Sauda's 400-bed multi-specialty hospital was inaugurated by Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh in Sirsa in March 2014 and was named Shah Satnam ji Speciality Hospital.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana/dera-sacha-sauda-opens-400-bed-multi-speciality-hospital/article1-1201572.aspx | title = Dera Sacha Sauda opens 400-bed multi-speciality hospital | publisher = Hindustan Times | access-date = 2014-03-28 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140329031440/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana/dera-sacha-sauda-opens-400-bed-multi-speciality-hospital/article1-1201572.aspx | archive-date = 29 March 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sachishiksha.in/boon-grassroots-shah-satnam-ji-speciality-hospital | title = A boon for the Grassroots- Shah Satnam Ji Speciality Hospital | publisher = Sachi Shiksha | access-date = 2014-04-30 | date = 2014-04-30 | archive-date = 19 October 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141019014718/http://www.sachishiksha.in/boon-grassroots-shah-satnam-ji-speciality-hospital | url-status = live }}</ref>

Dera Sacha Sauda had launched a social welfare campaign and had filed a petition in the [[Supreme Court of India]] to grant legal status to transgender people. On 15 April 2014 the Apex Court gave a judgement in favour of the Eunuchs and ordered that the [[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijras]] and transgender people will now be given the legal status of the [[third gender]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sachishiksha.in/sc-acts-dera-sacha-sauda-petition-eunuchs-grants-legal-status | title = SC acts on Dera Sacha Sauda petition for eunuchs, grants legal status | publisher = Sachi Shiksha | access-date = 2014-04-28 | date = 2014-04-28 | archive-date = 19 October 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141019014722/http://www.sachishiksha.in/sc-acts-dera-sacha-sauda-petition-eunuchs-grants-legal-status | url-status = live }}</ref>

DSS also initiated a series of sanitation drives and as of 2016, about 30 Mega Cleanliness Campaigns have been conducted in several states of India and also in other countries.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Mass-cleanliness-drive-by-Dera-sect-in-Jaipur/articleshow/10575270.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708155647/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-02/jaipur/30349854_1_sanitation-drive-dera-sacha-sauda-pawan-insan | url-status=live | archive-date=8 July 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Mass cleanliness drive by Dera sect in Jaipur | date=2 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/raj-min-dera-chief-joins-cleanliness-drive-116100300041_1.html|title=Raj min, Dera chief joins cleanliness drive|agency=Press Trust of India|date=3 October 2016|access-date=10 November 2016|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India|archive-date=28 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028220100/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/raj-min-dera-chief-joins-cleanliness-drive-116100300041_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vasundhara-raje-gurmeet-ram-rahim-msg-tax-free-rajasthan-punjab-elections-345341-2016-10-06|title=Punjab election move? BJPs Vasundhara Raje makes Gurmeet Ram Rahims MSG- The Warrior tax-free in Rajasthan|date=6 October 2016 |access-date=10 November 2016|archive-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108074829/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/vasundhara-raje-gurmeet-ram-rahim-msg-tax-free-rajasthan-punjab-elections/1/782235.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-days-after-swachh-results-khattar-takes-part-in-sirsa-dera-head-s-cleanliness-drive-in-karnal/story-HDaEw6zXo2PPtecH3kw8zM.html|title=Two days after Swachh results, Khattar takes part in Sirsa dera head's cleanliness drive in Karnal|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=3 June 2017|date=2017-05-06|archive-date=10 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610103901/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-days-after-swachh-results-khattar-takes-part-in-sirsa-dera-head-s-cleanliness-drive-in-karnal/story-HDaEw6zXo2PPtecH3kw8zM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Blood donation camps ===

Like several other religious groups in India, the Dera Sacha Sauda has organised large-scale blood donation camps. In December 2003, a camp held on the death anniversary of its former guru attracted 15,432 donors. In October 2004, the Dera broke its own record during the mortuary ceremony of Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh's father. This time it attracted 17,921 donors, and collected 12,002,450 ml units of blood in a single day. This was recognised by the ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as the largest ever amount of blood collected on a single day.{{sfn|Jacob Copeman|2009|pp=105-106}}

The official publication of Dera Sacha Sauda claims that the world record was created by "sheer chance", thus denying the suggestions that it was a show-off for media attention and the glorification of their guru. However, in 2003, the Dera had sent an e-mail to the ''Guinness Book'' compilers, seeking clarifications on the conditions that needed to be met to break the previous record. During the donation exercise, the Dera had meticulously collected proofs needed to qualify for the world record. After creating the record, several Dera devotees also stated that their aim was to create the record.{{sfn|Jacob Copeman|2009|pp=108-109}}

Doctors have criticised the "ostentatious" mass blood donation camps organised by Dera Sacha Sauda as wasteful.{{sfn|Jacob Copeman|2009|p=111,115}} According to the director of the Shiv Shakti blood bank in Sirsa, most of the blood collected in Dera's camps gets wasted. Moreover, the devotees do not respond to the blood bank's requests for blood donations at other times, when there is need for blood donation.{{sfn|Jacob Copeman|2009|p=120}}

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|author=Ashutosh Kumar|year=2014|title=Deras as sites of electoral mobilisation in Indian Punjab: examining the reasons that political parties flock to the deras|journal=Asian Ethnicity|volume=15|issue=3|pages=335–350|doi=10.1080/14631369.2013.878209|s2cid=145595169}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/veinsofdevotionb0000cope|url-access=registration|title=Veins of Devotion: Blood Donation and Religious Experience in North India|author=Jacob Copeman|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8135-4449-6}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Dera Sacha Sauda}}
{{Wikisource|Category:Dera Sacha Sauda}}
* {{Official website|http://www.derasachasauda.org}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110202175703/http://saintgurmeetramrahimsinghjiinsan.org/ SaintGurmeetRamRahimSinghJiInsan.org]

{{Sant Mat}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dera Sacha Sauda| ]]
[[Category:Sirsa, Haryana]]
[[Category:Contemporary Sant Mat]]
[[Category:Radha Soami]]
[[Category:New religious movements in India]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1948]]
[[Category:Sects that require vegetarianism]]

Our Lady of Fatima Church, Kallukoottam

2025-11-29T08:32:00Z

Svetlltn: starting stub

{{moresources|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox church
| name = R.C. Church, Kallukoottam
| native_name = கல்லுக்கூட்டம் தூய பாத்திமா அன்னை ஆலயம்
| image = கல்லுக்கூட்டம் ஆலய குருசடி.JPG
| pushpin map = Tamil Nadu
| map caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|8.1135|77.1719|display=inline,title}}

| location = Tamil Nadu
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| previous denomination =
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| attendance = 300-500
| website = [http://www.saintfatima.in/en/ Kallukoottam R.C. Church], [https://ta.wikipedia.org/s/4kzw/ Tamil Wiki Page]
| founded date = 1952
| people = Tamils
| status = Parish Church
| capacity = 500
| parish = [[Kallukoottam]]
| archdiocese = Madurai
| diocese = Kuzhithurai
| circuit = Karankadu
| district = [[Kanyakumari]]

| archbishop = [[Anthony Pappusamy]]
| bishop = [[Jerome Dhas Varuvel, SDB]]
| priest = Fr Sunil K.
}}

'''Our Lady of Fatima Church, Kallukoottam''' (also known as '''Kallukoottam R.C. Church'''), is a place of worship for the Catholic Christians living in the town panchayat of [[Kallukootam]]. It is an active Catholic parish church in the vicariate of [[Karankadu]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kuzhithurai]].<ref name="Kuzhithurai Diocese Parishes">{{cite web |url=http://kuzhithuraidiocese.com/ |title=Kuzhithurai Diocese|accessdate=2016-07-07 }}</ref>

== History ==
'''Our Lady of Fatima Church, Kallukoottam''', traces its humble origin as a Bhajan Kurusady (a thatched shed for carols during Christmas) in 1951. After a decade of coming together to exercise their simple faith, the community of 18 families, under the leadership of Mr Anthony Muthu, was raised to the status of substation of St. Francis Xavier Parish, [[Mankuzhi]], in 1960. From then on the Eucharistic celebration for wedding and funeral was conducted. To bring the children up in the Catholic faith, rudimentary [[catechism]] classes were organised on one of the week days. The [[Eucharist]]ic celebration at [[Christmas]] and [[Easter]] was introduced from 1963.

The administration of the substation of Our Lady of Fatima Church was shifted to St. Francis Xavier Parish, [[Konamkadu]], in 1964. With the new administration, it gained the status of substation with Sunday Masses. To cater to the spiritual development of the adults, the [[Christian Life community]] for women and for men were started respectively in the years 1965 and 1978. In order to help the sick and the poor, the [[St. Vincent De Paul Society]] was started in 1979. As part of spiritual reformation, [[Basic ecclesial communities]] (''anbiyangal'') were introduced in the substation in 1994. There was no practice of individual tax in the church until 1988 but then the majority of the people felt the need of paying an affordable tax, agreed by the faithful, for the maintenance and upkeep of the church. Over the years the physical structure of the church too got transformed from a simple thatched house to a concrete church that could accommodate about 400 parishioners.<ref name="Our Lady of Fatima Church, Kallukoottam">{{cite web |url=http://www.saintfatima.in/en/history/ |title= Our Lady of Fatima Church, Kallukoottam |accessdate=2016-07-11 }}</ref>
In 2008, the substation of Our Lady of Fatima Church, Kallukoottam, was raised to the status of an independent parish and Fr Mariadasan was appointed as the first parish priest of the newly formed parish. Under the leadership of Fr Andrews, the second parish priest of the parish, a community hall and a new presbytery were constructed in the years 2013 and 2014 respectively. From 23 May 2018 Fr. Jokens is serving as the parish priest of this parish. Every Last Friday of the month charismatic prayer service with Adoration to the Blessed Sacrament is conducted. Now, Kolping Society is promoting natural home garden where vegetables are cultivated without any chemical manure, which is flourishing. Many families participate in the event.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Our Lady of Fátima]]

Bijayadhanurjayapur

2025-11-26T02:30:41Z

Svetlltn: added some post from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bijayadhanurjayapur
| native_name = ବିଜୟଧନୁର୍ଜୟପୁର
| native_name_lang = or
| other_name = B.D.Pur
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Orissa
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Orissa, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.95|N|84.60|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 761120
| area_code = 06823
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = OR-07/OD-07, OD-32
| blank1_name_sec1 = Panchayat Samiti (Block)
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jagannath Prasad, Ganjam|Jagannath Prasad]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|41|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Legislative Assembly Constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha Constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency|Kandhamal]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|22|°C|°F}}
}}

'''Bijayadhanurjayapur''' (B.D.Pur) previously known as Tentulia Sasan is a [[village#India|village]] near [[Belaguntha|Bellaguntha]] of [[Ganjam district]] in [[Odisha]], [[India]]. It is named after King Dhananjay Bhanja of [[Bhanja dynasty#Ghumusar branch|Bhanja dynasty]].

==History==
King Dhananjaya Bhanja (forefather of Kabi Samrat [[Upendra Bhanja]]) donated a small piece of land to a group of [[Brahmin]] so they could assist him in worshiping the deities of the kingdom, as well as to look after the medical needs of the community.

==Geography and institutions==
Bijayadhanurjayapur is a semi-urban village located {{convert|7|km}} from the nearest town [[Bellaguntha]]. It is located 108 km towards north from District Headquarters [[Chhatrapur]] & 149 km from State capital [[Bhubaneswar]] through State Highway 21. The people from roughly 15 to 20 nearby villages depend on this road for communication and market access. The nearest railway station is {{convert|80|km}} away at [[Berhampur]]. The nearest airport is at [[Bhubaneswar]], which is {{convert|160|km}} away.

The village has a degree college (Tentulia Sasan Devasthan College) established in 1981. It has a girls high school, a co-educational high school, a M. E. school and a U.P. school.

The following temples are located in this village:
* Shri Shri Gopinath Swami Temple (where [[Lord Krishna]] and [[Lord Shiva]] (ChandraShekhar) dwell)
* Shri Shri Balunkeswar Temple
* Maa Gramadevati Temple
* Maa Ugratara Temple
* Maa Bata Mangala Temple (near Tentulia Sasana Devasthan College)

There is a Punjab National Bank, B.D.Pur Branch

An ancient folk drama group (Prahlada Nataka) is also based in the village.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sites.google.com/site/ourbdpur/ Our B.D. Pur]
* [http://wikimapia.org/13280318/B-D-Pur-Sasan-or-Bijaya-Dhananjay-Pur-Sasan-or-Tentulia-Sasan-Added-By-Kishor-Chandra-Tripathy WikiMapia]
* [https://archive.today/20130210001111/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/bdpur/ B.D. Pur at YahooGroup]

{{Ganjam district}}

[[Category:Ganjam district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ganjam district]]

Kachhi (caste)

2025-11-18T02:49:18Z

Svetlltn: added references

{{Short description|Hindu caste}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
The '''Kachhi''' are a Hindu [[Caste system in India|caste]] of vegetable cultivators found in the regions of [[Delhi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India.

==Myths of origin==
The Kachhi caste forms part of a wider community that claims a common descent. This community, known as the [[Kushwaha]], nowadays generally claim descent from [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]], a son of the mythological [[Rama]], who is considered{{By whom|date=September 2025}} to be an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]. This enables their claim to be of the [[Suryavansh]] - or Solar - dynasty but it is a myth of origin developed in the twentieth century. Prior to that time, the various branches that form the Kushwaha community - the Mauraos, Kachhis and [[Koeri]]s - favoured a connection with [[Shiva]] and [[Shakta]].<ref name=Pinch1996pp91-92>{{cite book |title=Peasants and monks in British India |first=William R. |last=Pinch |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20061-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC |pages=12, 91–92 |accessdate=2012-02-22}}</ref> Ganga Prasad Gupta claimed in the 1920s that Kushwaha families worshiped [[Hanuman]] - described by Pinch as "the embodiment of true devotion to Ram and Sita" - during [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]], a month in the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu lunar calendar]].<ref name=Pinch1996p98>{{cite book |title=Peasants and monks in British India |first=William R. |last=Pinch |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-520-20061-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEP-ceGYsnYC |page=98 |accessdate=2012-02-22}}</ref>

==Present circumstances==
In Uttar Pradesh, the vegetable-cultivators Kachhis traditionally cultivate on their comparatively smaller landholdings without aid of the animals.<ref name="charans">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Charan|title=India's Poverty and Its Solution|date=1964|publisher=Asia Publishing House|page=88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUw-AAAAIAAJ&q=Kachhi+caste|accessdate=30 March 2017|language=en}}</ref>

In 1991, they were designated an [[Other Backward Class]] in the Indian system of [[positive discrimination]]. This applied to the populations in Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COcwoYRCYhcC&pg=PA177 |title=Educational and Social Uplift of Backward Classes: At what Cost and How |first1=S. P. |last1=Agrawal |first2=J. C. |last2=Aggarwal |publisher=Concept Publishing |year=1991 |isbn=9788170223399 |accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Peasant History of Late Pre-colonial and Colonial India |first=B. B. |last=Chaudhuri |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-8-13171-688-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljmIJySEm4UC&pg=PA468 |pages=467–468}}
*{{cite journal |title=The Indian Empire and Peasant Production of Opium in the Nineteenth Century |first=J. F. |last=Richards |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |year=1981 |pages=59–82 |jstor=312105 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00006788}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kachhi (Caste)}}
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Agricultural castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Delhi]]

Mumbai Central Jail

2025-11-16T17:28:13Z

Svetlltn: Started new post

{{short description|Building in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Prison
| prison_name = Mumbai Central Prison Arthur Road Jail
| image =
| location = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18|59|6.7|N|72|49|47.14|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| status = Open
| classification = Maximum
| capacity = 1074
| opened = {{start date and age|1926}}
| closed =
| managed_by =
| director =
}}
The '''Mumbai Central Prison''', also referred to as '''Arthur Road Jail''', was built in 1926,<ref name=dna>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_time-to-free-mumbai-of-its-overcrowded-prison_1533473 |title=Time to free Mumbai of its overcrowded prison? |author=Mustafa Plumber & Manish K Pathak |date=19 April 2011 |publisher=DNA India |accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref> and is [[Mumbai]]'s largest and oldest [[prison]]. It houses most of the city's prisoners. It was declared a Central Jail in 1972. Although its name was changed to Mumbai Central Prison, it is still often referred to as Arthur Road Jail.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-18|title=Explained: What's inside Mumbai's Arthur Road jail, and why does it have such a reputation?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mumbais-arthur-road-jail-nirav-modi-vijay-mallya-6600272/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The jail occupies {{convert|2|acres|ha}} of land.<ref name="dna"/>

==Location==
The jail is located near Jacob Circle/Sat Rasta, between the [[Mahalaxmi (railway station)|Mahalaxmi railway station]] and [[Chinchpokli railway station]] and the [[Jacob Circle monorail station]] in the southern part of the city. It is now surrounded by residential property renting for Rs 12–25,000/sq foot, while commercial property is leased for Rs 30–60,000/sq foot.<ref name="dna"/>

==Conditions==
The jail was originally built to accommodate 800 prisoners but the average number of inmates is 2900<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-20|title=Mumbai: Overcrowded' Arthur Road Jail to get eight new barracks|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-overcrowded-arthur-road-jail-to-get-eight-new-barracks-7412346/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name="dna"/>—far exceeding its capacity in terms of space, sanitation and other facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mumbais-arthur-road-jail-nirav-modi-vijay-mallya-6600272/|title = Explained: What's inside Mumbai's Arthur Road jail, and why does it have such a reputation?|date = 18 September 2020}}</ref> It is often reported that the jail is overcrowded, and there have been proposals to build another such facility in the eastern suburbs of [[Mankhurd]] to ease the load on the jail.<ref name=":0" />

The State Human Rights Commission had often suggested that the prison be decongested. Furthermore, a committee which was appointed to inspect the security of the jail has suggested that the prison be shifted due to many high rise constructions around the jail.<ref name=":1" />

In June 2021, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the superintendent of the prison wrote to [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]] to ask them to start a vaccination drive for the prisoners.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai: Vaccinate all Arthur Road jail inmates soon, superintendent writes to BMC|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-vaccinate-all-arthur-road-jail-inmates-soon-superintendent-writes-to-bmc|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref>

In July 2021, eight new barracks were added to the jail which could house 200 additional inmates. There were several delays in construction, which lasted five years, due to shortage of funds. This was done in an attempt to alleviate the overcrowding situation, something that the prison authorities were frequently criticized for.<ref name=":1" />

== Prison violence ==
The jail has seen instances of prison violence amongst gangs.<ref name=":0" />

In 2006, a clash between the members of gangs belonging to [[Dawood Ibrahim]] and [[Chhota Rajan]] broke out. After this incident, the authorities started lodging opposing groups in different parts of the jail.<ref name=":0" />

In 2010, a violent clash broke out between the gangster [[Abu Salem]] and Mustafa Dossa, who were the accused in the [[1993 Bombay bombings|1993 Bombay serial blasts]], which let to Salem's face being slashed with a sharpened spoon.<ref name=":0" />

== Notable inmates ==

* [[Sanjay Dutt]], a [[Bollywood]] actor who was imprisoned for illegal possession of weapons<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Barrack 12. All you want to know of the jail which may house Mallya|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/pix-barrack-12-all-you-want-to-know-of-the-jail-which-may-house-mallya/20180803.htm|access-date=2020-03-13|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ajmal Kasab]], a Pakistani terrorist and member of [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] who took part in the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]<ref name=":2" />
* [[Abu Salem]], terrorist and organised crime leader<ref name=":2" />
*[[Aryan Khan]], son of actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]], was sent to this prison for drug related offenses<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-09|title=Inconsolable Gauri Khan breaks down as son Aryan Khan sent to Arthur Road Jail - Watch|url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/inconsolable-gauri-khan-breaks-down-as-son-aryan-khan-sent-to-arthur-road-jail-in-cruise-party-drugs-case-unseen-video-goes-viral-watch-2401077.html|access-date=2021-10-12|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Anil Deshmukh]], former [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Minister for Home Affairs]] in the [[Government of Maharashtra]] between 2019 and 2021, is currently jailed pending his trial.
*[[Raj Kundra]], British-Indian businessman, and husband of actress [[Shilpa Shetty]] was sent to this prison for a pornography case.

==Popular culture==
The prison features in [[Gregory David Roberts]]' award-winning book ''[[Shantaram (novel)|Shantaram]]'', which details his life on the run and his time spent in Mumbai, including a stint in Arthur Road. Several scenes in [[Katherine Boo]]'s ''[[Behind the Beautiful Forevers]]'' take place in the facility.

==See also==
* [[Harsul Central Jail]]
* [[Yerwada Central Jail]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1926 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Prisons in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Prisons completed in the 1920s]]

Samarendra Kumar Mitra

2025-11-13T07:15:02Z

Svetlltn: creating new bio

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist (1916–1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup|reason=poor formatting, ill-designed references, misuse of bold|date=March 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Samarendra Kumar Mitra
| native_name = সমরেন্দ্র কুমার মিত্র
| native_name_lang = বাংলা
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|3|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 26 September 1998 (aged 82)
| death_place = Kolkata
| workplaces = * [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
* [[Council of Scientific & Industrial Research]] (CSIR, India)
* [[Harvard University]]
* [[Institute for Advanced Study]], [[Princeton University|Princeton]], United States
* [[Mathematical Laboratory]], [[University of Cambridge]], U.K.
* Palit Laboratory of Physics, [[University of Calcutta]]
* UNTAA Adviser on Computing, [[Moscow]]
| alma_mater = {{ublist|[[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] ([[University of Calcutta]])
|[[Rajabazar Science College]] ([[University of Calcutta]])}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Meghnad Saha]]
| academic_advisors = [[S. N. Bose]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Designed, developed and constructed India's first indigenous computer (an electronic analog computer) in [[Indian Statistical Institute|ISI]] in 1953
| awards =
| footnotes = Mitra was recognized as the '''''father of computers in India''''' by the [[Calcutta Mathematical Society]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}
| fields = [[Chemistry]] [[Computer science]]
| prizes = Cunningham Memorial Prize in [[Chemistry]]
}}
[[File:LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-সমরেন্দ্র কুমার মিত্র.wav|thumb|right|]]
'''Samarendra Kumar Mitra''' (14 March 1916 – 26 September 1998) was an Indian scientist and mathematician. He designed, developed and constructed, in 1953-54, India's first computer (an electronic analog computer) at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] (ISI), [[Calcutta]] (presently [[Kolkata]]). He began his career as a research physicist at the Palit Laboratory of Physics, [[Rajabazar Science College]] ([[University of Calcutta]]). In 1950, he joined the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), Calcutta, an Institute of National importance, where he worked in various capacities such as [[professor]], [[research professor]] and director.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

Mitra was the founder and first head of the Computing Machines and Electronics Division at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] (ISI), Calcutta.

In 1953-54, India's first indigenous electronic analogue computer for solving linear equations with 10 variables and related problems was designed and developed by Samarendra Kumar Mitra and was built under his direct personal supervision and guidance by Ashish Kumar Maity in the Computing Machines and Electronics Laboratory at the<ref>Indian Statistical Institute</ref> (ISI), Calcutta. This computer was used in computation of numerical solutions of simultaneous linear equations using a modified version of Gauss–Seidel iteration.

[[File:SK Mitra Memorial Plaque @ Computer History Museum,Mountain View, California, USA.JPG|thumb|Commemoration plaque at the Computer History Museum, Mountain View, California, USA]]

Subsequently, in 1963, the ISI, Calcutta began design and development of the first second-generation indigenous digital computer of India in joint collaboration with [[Jadavpur University]] (JU), Calcutta.

This collaboration was primarily led by Mitra, as he was the Head of the Computing Machines and Electronics Laboratory, ISI. He designed, developed, and constructed a general purpose High Speed Electronic Digital Computer, namely called the ISIJU computer ([[Indian Statistical Institute]] – [[Jadavpur University]] Computer). Under the leadership of Mitra, the first second-generation indigenous digital computer of India was produced, namely the transistor-driven machine ISIJU-1, which became operational in 1964.

The Computer and Communication Sciences Division of [[Indian Statistical Institute]] (ISI) was started under Samarendra Kumar Mitra and has produced many eminent scientists. The first annual convention of the [[Computer Society of India]] (CSI) was hosted by ISI in 1965.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}} Mitra was a self-taught scholar with wide-ranging interests in varied fields such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, poultry science, Sanskrit language, philosophy, religion and literature.

== Biography ==
Samarendra Kumar Mitra known as “the father of Indian computer revolution" was born on 14 March 1916, in Calcutta, the eldest of two children. He was the only son and had a younger sister. His father was Sir Rupendra Coomar Mitter and his mother was Lady Sudhahasinee Mitter. His father, Sir Rupendra Coomar Mitter, was an MSc in mathematics, gold medalist and also a gold medalist in Law from the [[University of Calcutta]] and was an advocate by profession who practiced in the [[Calcutta High Court]] from 1913 to 1934. In 1934, Sir Rupendra Coomar Mitter was appointed as a Judge, Calcutta High Court and was Chief Justice (Acting) in 1947 during [[independence of India]] and continued as a Judge until 1950. Additionally, he was knighted in [[1946 New Year Honours (Peerages and Knighthoods)|1946]]. Thereafter, he was the Chairman of the Labour Appellate Tribunal from 1950 to 1955.

== Education ==
Samarendra Kumar Mitra studied at the Bowbazar High School, [[Calcutta]], and completed his Matriculation in 1st Division in 1931. In 1933, he did his Intermediate in Science (I.Sc.) in 1st Division from [[Presidency College, Calcutta|Presidency College]] (presently [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]]), [[Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]]). In 1935, he did his Bachelor in Science with Honours (B.Sc. Hons) in Chemistry, with 2nd rank, from [[Presidency College, Calcutta|Presidency College]] (presently [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]]), Calcutta (now Kolkata) and was awarded the Cunningham Memorial Prize in Chemistry. In 1937, he completed his Master in Science (M.Sc.) Chemistry and in 1940 his Master in Science (M.Sc.) in Applied Mathematics from the [[Rajabazar Science College]], [[University of Calcutta]], Calcutta. In later years, he was working towards his PhD in Physics under Professor [[Meghnad Saha]], but did not pursue it after his mentor's death in 1956.

== Career ==
He worked as a research physicist under the [[Council of Scientific & Industrial Research]] (CSIR, India) scheme on the design and development of an air-driven [[ultracentrifuge]], at the Palit Laboratory of Physics, [[University of Calcutta]], from 1944 to 1948.

He was awarded an [[UNESCO]] Special Fellowship on the study of High Speed Computing Machines in the [[United States|United States of America]] and the United Kingdom during 1949–50 and worked at [[Harvard University]], [[Institute for Advanced Study]], [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], United States and at the Mathematical Laboratory, [[University of Cambridge]], [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] During his time at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]], he became close with numerous eminent physicists and mathematicians, such as [[Albert Einstein]], [[Wolfgang Pauli]], [[John von Neumann]]. And, attended lectures of [[Niels Bohr]] and [[J. Robert Oppenheimer|Robert Oppenheimer]]. In fact, it is known that he had many discussions with Albert Einstein and spent a lot of his time with him (while he was at Princeton).

He worked in various capacities from 1950 to 1976 at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] (ISI), [[Calcutta]], such as, professor, research professor and director.

The Computing Machines and Electronics Division at the ISI, Calcutta was founded by Mitra.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Menon|first=Nikhil|date=March 2018|title='Fancy Calculating Machine': Computers and planning in independent India|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/fancy-calculating-machine-computers-and-planning-in-independent-india/AE97E3E18914EDF1378E29CAE1579BB2|journal=Modern Asian Studies|language=en|volume=52|issue=2|pages=421–457|doi=10.1017/S0026749X16000135|s2cid=148820998 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In 1953-54 he designed and constructed the first computer built in India. This was an electronic analogue computer for solving linear equations with ten variables and related problems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Menon|first=Nikhil|date=March 2018|title='Fancy Calculating Machine': Computers and planning in independent India|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/fancy-calculating-machine-computers-and-planning-in-independent-india/AE97E3E18914EDF1378E29CAE1579BB2|journal=Modern Asian Studies|language=en|volume=52|issue=2|pages=421–457|doi=10.1017/S0026749X16000135|s2cid=148820998 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

He was UNTAA Adviser on Computing, [[Moscow]], and was responsible for bringing a massive technical aid to India from the [[Soviet Union|U.S.S.R]], amounting to nearly one crore rupees under UNTTA, 1955.

He was an adviser to the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defense]], [[Government of India]], for computation of ballistic trajectories. Under his advice the firing table for the first gun produced in India in 1962 was made.

He was a member of the [[Indian National Committee for Space Research]] from 1962 to 64.

In 1963, he was the leader of the team for the design and construction of a general purpose high speed electronic digital computer, the ISI-JU computer ([[Indian Statistical Institute]]-Jadavpur University).

He was a Technical Adviser during 1969–1976 to the [[Union Public Service Commission]], [[Government of India]].

He had several research publications in mathematics, theoretical physics, and computer science.

He travelled on work to United States, United Kingdom, [[Soviet Union]], Switzerland, France, [[Czechoslovakia]] and [[Afghanistan]].

He was a member of the [[Calcutta Mathematical Society]], [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]], [[Association for Computing Machinery]], U.S. and the [[Indian Statistical Institute]], India.

He was Professor Emeritus and chairman, [[Calcutta Mathematical Society]] and Professor of the N.R. Sen Center for Pedagogical Mathematics.

His other interests included translating from [[Sanskrit]] books of [[Scientific]] interest, such as Vaisheshik Darshan by Maharishi [[Kanada (philosopher)|Kanada]], a Hindu sage and philosopher.

== References ==
{{reflist}}4.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_New_Year_Honours_(Peerages_and_Knighthoods)
;Further reading
*Devaprasanna Sinha (August 2012). "Glimpsing through Early Days of Computers in Kolkata". Computer Society of India. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
*"50 Years of IT: Disrupting Moments: 1956–1965: The Beginning". Dataquest magazine, India. 30 December 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2012.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitra, Samarendra Kumar}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali mathematicians]]

Ahmed Ali Badarpuri

2025-11-13T07:02:30Z

Svetlltn: Done

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar and activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Sheikh al-Hadith]], [[Maulana]]
| name = Ahmed Ali Badarpuri احمد علی بدر پوری
| native_name = আহমদ আলী বদরপুরী
| native_name_lang = bn
|image =
|caption =
| birth_name = Ahmed Ali
| birth_date = 1915
| birth_place = [[Badarpur, Assam|Badarpur]], [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet district]], British India
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2000|06|11|1915}}
|death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| spouse =
| children = Yahya
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Sylhet Government Alia Madrasah]]|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]}}
|order1 = 2nd President of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind#Administration|Assam State Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]
|term_start1= 1957
|term_end1 = 11 June 2000
|predecessor1 = Noor Ali Badarpuri
|successor1= Maulana Abdul Haque
|order2 = Amir-e-Shariat of [[Northeast India]]
|term_start2= 1990
|term_end2 = 11 June 2000
|predecessor2 =
|successor2=
| module2 = {{Infobox religious biography
|embed = yes
|religion = Islam
|denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
|Maddhab = [[Hanafi]]
|creed =
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|nationality = {{ubl|[[British Raj|British Indian]] (1915–1947)| [[India]]n (1947–2000)}}
|main_interests = [[Sufism]], [[Tafsir]], [[Fiqh]], [[Hadith]]
|notable_works =
|literary_works =
|disciple_of = Hussain Ahmad Madani
|teachers = [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Izaz Ali Amrohi]]
|influenced =
}}}}
'''Ahmed Ali Badarpuri''' (1915–11 June 2000), also known as '''Ahmed Ali Banskandi''' and '''Ahmed Ali Assami''', was an Indian Islamic scholar, a [[Sufi]], a [[Indian independence movement|freedom fighter]], and a teacher. He was the president of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind#Administration|Assam State Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] for 44 years.

== Early life and education ==
Ahmed Ali Badarpuri was born in 1915 into a [[Sufi]] family in [[Badarpur, Assam|Badarpur]], Assam, then located in the [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet district]] of [[British India]].{{sfn|Badarpuri|1996|p=6}} He was a descendant of Munawwar Khadim Yemeni, who was an [[Wikt:attendant|attendant]] of [[Shah Jalal|Shah Jalal Mujarrad]]'s authorised disciple, [[Sikandar Khan Ghazi]].{{sfn|Qasmi|2010|pp=8–9}}{{sfn|Badarpuri|1992|p=1}}{{sfn|Assami|2016|p=19–21}}

Badarpuri received his primary education in Badarpur and then enrolled at the [[Sylhet Government Alia Madrasah]] for further studies from 1938 to 1940 and graduated in [[dars-e-nizami]]. He subsequently joined [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] to study the courses again but could not continue due to certain health complications. In 1950, he attended the Deoband seminary once more to study the courses of Daura-e-Hadith (The last year in dars-e-nizami) and Daura-e-Tafsir (specialisation in the exegesis of the Quran), and completed his studies by the next year. At that time, he [[Hafiz (Quran)|memorized the Quran]] in a period of two and a half months. His teachers included [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], Abdus Samī' Deobandi, [[Izaz Ali Amrohi]], Fakhrul Hasan Muradabadi, and Abdul Ahad Deobandi.{{sfn|Badarpuri|1992|pp=1–8, 13}}{{sfn|Ahmed|2000|pp=6–7, 54–55}}{{sfn|Qasmi|2010|pp=10–14}}{{sfn|Badarpuri|1996|p=7}} He was an authorised disciple of Madani in [[Sufism]].{{sfn|Badarpuri|1997|p=7}}{{sfn|Badarpuri|1992|p=12–13, 18}}{{sfn|Qasmi|2010|pp=7, 16}}<ref name="number">{{cite journal|editor1-last=Farqaleet|editor1-first=Mohammad Usman|editor2-last=Barni|editor2-first=Bahar|title=Shaikhul Islam Number (A special issue)|journal=Al-Jam'iyyat Weekly|edition=2nd|date=10 July 1998|publisher=[[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]|location=[[Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg]], New Delhi|page=16|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Farid">{{cite book|last=Al-Wahidi|first=Farid|title=Shaikhul Islam Maulana Hussain Ahmad Madani: Ek Sawanihi O Tareekhi Mutala'a|trans-title=Shaykh-ul-Islam Maulana Hussain Ahmad Madani: A Biographical and Historical Study|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maulana-husain-ahmad-madani-ek-sawanehi-wa-tareekhi-mutala-fareedul-waheedi-ebooks|publisher=Qaumi Kitab Ghar|location= Zakir Nagar, Jamia Millia Islamia, [[New Delhi]]|page= 828 |chapter=Caliphs|date=1991|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="encyclopaedia">{{cite book|last=Hanif|first=N.|title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3GXOqPa67MC&q=ahmad+%27Ali+of+Banskandi&pg=PA393|publisher=Sarup and Sons|location= Ansari Road, Daryaganj, [[New Delhi]]|page=357|date=2000|isbn=9788176250870 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Badarpuri started his career as a teacher at [[Darul Uloom Banskandi]]. In 1955, Hussain Ahmad Madani sent him there without any invitation from the institution. The madrassa authority refused to appoint him as a teacher. However, they later accepted him after they obtained a letter from Madani.{{sfn|Qasmi|2010|pp=17–21}}{{sfn|Qasmi|2000|pp=3–4}}{{sfn|Badarpuri|1992|pp=18–21}}

In 1957, Madani appointed him to the post of [[Sheikh al-Hadith]] and entrusted to him the charge of the institution. He retained his position until his last breath. Thus, his teaching career lasted for over 45 years.{{sfn|Qasmi|2010|pp=17–21}}{{sfn|Qasmi|2000|pp=3–4}}{{sfn|Badarpuri|1992|pp=18–21}} He associated himself with the [[Indian independence movement]].{{sfn|Badarpuri|1992|pp=1–8, 13}}{{sfn|Ahmed|2000|pp=6–7, 54–55}}{{sfn|Qasmi|2010|pp=10–14}}{{sfn|Badarpuri|1996|p=7}}

In 1957, he was elected president of the Assam State Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind. Before it, he had worked as a secretary and convener. He carried out his leadership responsibilities by facing the Pakistani Deportation Movement, also known as the [[Bongal Kheda|Bongal Kheda Movement]], which intensified in the 1960s and continued into the 1970s and 1980s.{{sfn|Qasmi|2010|pp=20–23, 39–42}}{{sfn|Raghibi|Mustafi|2000|pp=41–47, 51}}{{sfn|Islam|2000|p=9}}

He raised a voice against the then-[[Bimala Prasad Chaliha|Chaliha government]] and forced it to stop inhumane violence towards minorities in the name of foreigners. He opposed the [[Assam Movement]], which peaked with the [[Nellie massacre]]. He forced [[Hiteswar Saikia]], law minister [[Abdul Muhib Mazumder|Abdul Muhib Mazumdar]], and Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] to provide some special protections for minorities. The result was the [[Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983|IMDT Act of 1983]].{{sfn|Qasmi|2010|pp=20–23, 39–42}}{{sfn|Raghibi|Mustafi|2000|pp=41–47, 51}}{{sfn|Islam|2000|p=9}}

In the early 1990s, Badarpuri had to face another movement known as the [[Bodoland Territorial Region#Etymology of Bodoland|Bodo Movement]], which created a cruel massacre in [[Lower Assam division|lower Assam]]. He raised a strong demand with the government for the security and rehabilitation of the victims. Shouldering the burden of 600 homeless orphans affected by this movement, he sheltered them in Banskandi Madrasa. Thus, he fought against any kind of injustice and finally against some communal remarks made by the government in arranging a historical Jamiat meeting at [[Guwahati]] on 1 April 2000.{{sfn|Qasmi|2010|pp=20–23, 39–42}}{{sfn|Raghibi|Mustafi|2000|pp=41–47, 51}}{{sfn|Islam|2000|p=9}}

Badarpuri participated in the [[Indian Freedom Struggle|freedom struggle]] being inspired by his teacher, Hussain Ahmad Madani. He was arrested and imprisoned several times for [[Anti-British sentiment|anti-British activities]]. He worked in support of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat]] and opposed the [[partition of India]]. He took a bold step to get Sylhet into India during the [[1947 Sylhet referendum|Sylhet Referendum]] held in July 1947.{{sfn|Raghibi|1994|pp=4–6}}{{sfn|Badarpuri|1992|pp=4–5}}{{sfn|Raghibi|Mustafi|2000|pp=11–17, 51}}<ref name="Dainik Sonar">{{cite news|title=চিরনিদ্রায় মৌলানা আহমেদ আলি...|trans-title=Maulana Ahmad Ali in eternal sleep...|journal=Dainik Sonar Cachar|location=[[Cachar]], Assam|date=12 June 2000|page=1|language=bn}}</ref>

He founded thousands of [[mosque]]s, [[madrasa]]s, and [[khanqah]]s, and finally the ''Gauhati Khanqah'', where thousands of people visit every year seeking spiritual guidance. He opposed the hypocrisy and deviance of the Qadianis. He even wrote a book in [[Bengali language|Bangla]], named ''Khatme Nabuwwater O Qadianiater Gumrahir Akatya Dalil Samooh'' ({{translation|Irrefutable Proofs of [[Seal of the Prophets|Khatm-e-Nabuwwat]] and the Deviances of the [[Qadiani]]s)}}.{{sfn|Ahmed|2000|pp=15, 38–39}}<ref name="Khanqah">{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Sayid Yasin|title=Khanqah–A brief introduction|date=1998|publisher=Sayid Yasin Ali|location=Ali Nagar, Sijubari, Guwahati, Assam|pages=2–5|language=as}}</ref>{{sfn|Qasmi|2010|pp=29–32}}{{sfn|Raghibi|Mustafi|2000|pp=27, 54}}{{sfn|Badarpuri|1998|pp=21–38}}<ref name="Al-Dā'ī">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Amini|editor1-first=Noor Alam Khalil|editor1-link=Noor Alam Khalil Amini|title=فضيلة الشيخ أحمد علي رحمه الله وجهوده التربوية والإصلاحية بولاية "آسام" الهندية؛ بقلم فريد الدين أحمد|trans-title=Sheikh Ahmed Ali and his educational and reform efforts in the Indian state of Assam by Fariduddin Ahmad|url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/arabicarticles/archives/3092|journal=[[Al-Daie]]|publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]|location=Deoband|volume=38|issue=1–2|date=November–December 2013|language=ar}}</ref>

== Honours and positions ==
After the demise of Badarpuri, the [[Second Tarun Gogoi Ministry|Tarun Gogoi government]] started the [[Ahmed Ali Baskandi Award|Ahmed Ali Banskandi Award]] in his honor.{{sfn|Qasmi|2010|pp=23–24, 98–100}}<ref name="Honour">{{cite web|title=Ahmed Ali Baskandi Award presented|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/ahmed-ali-baskandi-award-presented/|website=www.sentinelassam.com|publisher=The Sentinel|date=2 March 2016|access-date=6 July 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Honour2">{{cite web|last=Khosa|first=Aasha|title=Assam revives awards in the name of historic Muslim personalities|url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/india-news/assam-revives-awards-in-the-name-of-historic-muslim-personalities-12797.html|website=www.awazthevoice.in|publisher=Awaz The Voice|date=3 July 2022|access-date=6 July 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2010-09-15 |title=CM presents Ahmed Ali Baskandi Award |url=https://assamtribune.com/cm-presents-ahmed-ali-baskandi-award |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Samudra Gupta |date=10 March 2015 |title=Assam govt institutes award in name of journalist killed by ULFA rebels |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-govt-institutes-award-in-name-of-journalist-killed-by-ulfa-rebels/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311184713/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-govt-institutes-award-in-name-of-journalist-killed-by-ulfa-rebels/ |archive-date=11 March 2015 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Since 1990, he has also served as the ''Amir-e-Shariat'' of [[Northeast India]] until his death.{{sfn|Qasmi|2010|pp=23–24, 98–100}}{{sfn|Badarpuri|1992|p=26}}<ref name="Khalili">{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi|url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2|title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=[[Shaikhul Hind Academy]] |edition=3rd|date= October 2020 |location=India |language=ur|pages=736–737|oclc=1345466013}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
Badarpuri wrote a number of books in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], and [[Urdu]]. These include:{{sfn|Raghibi|Mustafi|2000|pp=65–66}}{{sfn|Qasmi|2010|pp=171–175}}{{sfn|Islam|2000|p=4}}{{sfn|Assami|2016|p=221}}<ref name=:"Mausoo'ah">{{cite book |last=Mubarakpuri|first=Arif Jameel|author-link=Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri|title=Mausoo'a Ulama-u- Deoband|trans-title=The Encyclopedia of Deobandi Scholars|date=2021|edition=1st|publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy|location=Deoband|page=27|language=ar}}</ref>
* ''Alam-e-Barzakh'' (Bengali and Assamese; {{translation|The World Between Death and Resurrection}})
* ''Pabitra Haram Trayer Itihas'' (Bengali; {{translation|The History of the Three Holy Mosques}})
* ''Jamiat-er Mul Katha'' (Bengali; {{translation|Key Points of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind}})
* ''Elme Ma'rifater Bishista Bahantray O Mashaekh Charit'' (Bengali; {{translation|The Three Main Vehicles of Gnosis and Biographies of Sufi Scholars}})
* ''Fazail-e-Shaban, Ramadan O Fazail-e-Nafil Roja'' (Assamese; {{translation|Virtues Of Shaban, Ramadan and Voluntary Fasting}})
* ''Khatme Nabuwwater O Qadianiater Gumrahir Akatya Dalil Samooh'' (Bengali; {{translation|Irrefutable Proofs of Khatme Nabuwwat and the Deviances of the Qadianis}})
* ''Zuhur-e-Mahdi O Nuzool-e-Isa'' (Urdu and Bengali; {{translation|The Appearance of [[Mahdi|Imam Mahdi]] and the Arrival of the Prophet [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]]}})
* ''Salasil-e-Tayyiba'' (Bengali; {{translation|The Holy Chains of the Sufi Scholars}})
* ''Fuyūz-e-Madani'' (Urdu translation of Ahmed Ali's book ''Salasil-e-Tayyiba'', written in Bengali){{sfn|Badarpuri|1996|p=5}}

== Death and legacy ==
On 11 June 2000, Badarpuri died in [[Mumbai]]. His body was flown to Assam. On 13 June, he was buried on the campus of [[Darul Uloom Banskandi]]. His funeral prayer was attended by several hundred thousand people.{{sfn|Qasmi|2010|p=119}}{{sfn|Islam|2000|p=11}}{{sfn|Raghibi|Mustafi|2000|p=1}}<ref name="Dainik Sonar" />{{sfn|Ahmed|2000|p=92}} He is survived by his son, Muhammad Yahya.<ref name="Tayyib">{{cite book|last=Qasmi|first=Tayyib Ahmed|title=Khanquah|edition=1st|date=2016|publisher=Khanquah Shaikhul Hadith Hazrat Maulana Ahmad Ali|location=Ahmad Ali Nagar, Hatigaon, Guwahati, Assam|page=3|language=en}}</ref><ref name="mmm">{{cite web|title=Markazul Maarif Mumbai Holds its 18th Convocation|url=http://www.deoband.net/news/markazul-maarif-mumbai-holds-its-18th-convocation|date=7 April 2013|access-date=6 July 2023|website=deoband.net|language=en|archive-date=2023-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707164441/http://www.deoband.net/news/markazul-maarif-mumbai-holds-its-18th-convocation|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many individuals expressed condolences upon the demise of Badarpuri. [[Asad Madani|As'ad Madani]] termed his death one of the greatest tragedies of the 20th century. [[Sonia Gandhi]] called him a freedom fighter who always tried to maintain peace and social harmony among the different sections of people. [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]], the then chief minister of Assam, called him a symbol of peace, love, and social harmony. [[Santosh Mohan Dev]] opined that his death was a loss to the whole country.{{sfn|Qasmi|2000|pp=20–21}}<ref name="Dainik Sonar" />
== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Qasmi|first=Abdul Quadir|title=Sheikh Moulana Ahmed Ali, Jeevan Aru Karma|trans-title=The Life and Works of Shaikh Maulana Ahmed Ali|date=January 2010|publisher=Mufassil Ali|location=[[Hojai]], Assam|language=as}}
* {{cite book|last=Assami|first=Muzammil Ali|title=Qutub-e-Aalam Hazrat Maulana Ahmed Ali Sahab: Hayat Aur Karname|trans-title=Qutb-e-Aalam Hazrat Maulana Ahmed Ali Sahib: Life and Achievements|publisher=Mumtaz Book Depot|location=Madani Road, [[Deoband]], Saharanpur|date=January 2016|language=ur}}
* {{cite book|last=Badarpuri|first=Ahmed Ali|title=Pabitra Haram Trayer Etihas|trans-title=History of The Three Holy Mosques|edition=4th|date=January 1997|publisher=Jamia Islamia Jalilia|location=Hojai, Assam|language=bn}}
* {{cite book|last=Badarpuri|first=Ahmed Ali|title=Salasil-e-Tayyibah|date=1992|publisher=Mufassil Ali|location=Hojai, Assam|language=bn}}
* {{cite book|last=Badarpuri|first=Ahmed Ali|title=Fuyudh-e-Madani|date=1996|chapter=Aayena-e-Shakhsiyyat by Muzammil Ali Assami|publisher=Mufassil Ali|location=Jamia Jalalia, Hojai, Assam|language=ur}}
* {{cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Bashir|title=Chirag-e-Madani|edition=1st|date=November 2000|publisher=Md Ahmad Hussain|location=[[Guwahati]], Assam|language=bn}}
* {{cite book|last=Islam|first=Md Nazrul|title=Hazrat Sheikh Maulana Ahmed Ali er Smriti patra|trans-title=Memories of Maulana Ahmed Ali|date=2000|publisher=Darul Uloom Baskandi|location=[[Banskandi]], Cachar district, Assam|language=bn}}
* {{cite journal|editor1-last=Raghibi|editor1-first=Abdul Jalil|editor2-last=Mustafi|editor2-first=A.R.|title=A special issue containing life story of Hazrat Moulana Sheikh Ahmed Ali|journal=Jnyan Sambhar|date=July–October 2000 |volume=2–3|issue=1–4|publisher=Markaz Sahitya Parishad|location=Hojai, Assam|language=as}}
* {{cite book|last=Qasmi|first=Tayib|title=Darul Uloom Banskandi|date=2000|publisher=Darul Uloom Banskandi|location=Banskandi, Cachar district, Assam|language=bn}}
* {{cite book|last=Badarpuri|first=Ahmed Ali|title=Khatme Nabowater O Kadianiater Gumraihir Akatya Dalil Samooh|date=1998|publisher=Sayid Yasin Ali|location=Ali Nagar, Sijubari, Guwahati, Assam|language=bn}}
* {{cite book|last=Raghibi|first=Abdul Jalil|title=Purba Bharater Oli-e-Kamil|trans-title=The Holy Man of Eastern India|date=1994|publisher=[[Markazul Maarif]]|location=Hojai, Assam|language=bn}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Raghibi|first=Abdul Jalil|title=Mashaheer Ulama O Mashayekh e Assam (Shehbaz e Qudus)|trans-title=Famous Scholars and Mashaykhs of Assam|publisher=Noori Islamic Foundation|location=[[Nagaon]], Assam|volume=1st|date=2007|pages=43–90|language=ur}}
* {{cite web |last=Ali |first=Amjed |title=Biography of Hazrat Maulana Ahmad Ali Badarpuri (RA) |url=https://deobandonline.com/en/2023/10/11/biography-of-hazrat-maulana-ahmad-ali-badarpuri-ra/ |url-status=live |date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101135102/https://deobandonline.com/en/2023/10/11/biography-of-hazrat-maulana-ahmad-ali-badarpuri-ra/ |archive-date=1 January 2024 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=Deoband Online|language=en}}

{{Hanafi scholars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badarpuri, Ahmed Ali}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hadith scholars]]
[[Category:Sunni Sufis]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:People from Karimganj district]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslim scholars of Islam]]