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B. Ramu

2026-05-07T07:38:09Z

Svetlhdm: Starting initial entry initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = B. Ramu
| office = Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Manavely Assembly constituency|Manavely]]
| predecessor = Embalam R. Selvam
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''B. Ramu''' is an Indian politician from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. He is a member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] from [[Manavely Assembly constituency|Manavely]] representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=B.Ramu(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- MANAVELY(PUDUCHERRY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Puducherry2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=216 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=B.Ramu, MANAVELY constituency, TVK, Puducherry Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Puducherry2026/b-ramu-216/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Ramu won the [[Manavely Assembly constituency|Manavely]] seat in the [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]. He received 13,822 votes and defeated Embalam R. Selvam of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 3,093 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-05 |title=Manavely election result 2026: TVK’s B Ramu defeats BJP’s Embalam Selva by 3,093 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manavely-election-result-2026/articleshow/130576065.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramu, B.}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}

Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-06T17:56:40Z

Svetlhdm: adding first post added tags

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Dindigul
| map_image = dindigul lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Dindigul constituency, post-2008 delimitation
| established = 1952
| reservation =
| party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[R. Sachidanandam]]
| preceded_by = [[P. Velusamy]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| assembly_cons = [[Palani (State Assembly Constituency)|Palani]] [[Oddanchatram (State Assembly Constituency)|Oddanchatram]] [[Athoor (State Assembly Constituency)|Athoor]] [[Nilakkottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Nilakkottai]] [[Natham (State Assembly Constituency)|Natham]] [[Dindigul (State Assembly Constituency)|Dindigul]]
| electors = 16,37,511 8,13,707(Male) 8,23,696 (Female) 108 (Others)<ref>
[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |date=2 August 2013 }}</ref>
| incumbent_image =
}}

'''Dindigul''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliament of India) constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 22 of 39. It includes six Assembly constituencies like Athoor, Dindigul, Oddanchatram, Natham, Nilakottai and Palani.

==Assembly segments==

===2009-present===
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|127.
|[[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani]]
|None
|rowspan="6" |[[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=6}}
|-
|128.
|[[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|129.
|[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
|None
|-
|130.
|[[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai]]
|SC
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|-
|131.
| [[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
|None
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|132.
| [[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

===Before 2009===
#[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Tirumanagalam]] (moved to [[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency|Virudhunagar]] constituency after 2009)
#[[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]] (moved to [[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]] constituency after 2009)
#[[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai (SC)]]
#[[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]] (moved to [[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]] constituency after 2009)
#[[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
#[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha!!Duration!!Name of M.P.!!colspan=2|Party Affiliation
|-
| [[1st Lok Sabha|First]]||1952-1957||[[Ammu Swaminathan]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]||1957-1962||[[M. Gulam Mohideen]]
|-
| [[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]||1962-1967||[[T. S. Soundram]]
|-
| [[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]||1967-1971||[[N. Anbuchezhian]]||{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]]||1971-1973||M. Rajangam
|-
||1973-1977|| rowspan="3" |[[K. Maya Thevar]]||{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]||1977-1980
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]||1980-1984||{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[8th Lok Sabha|eighth]]||1984-1989||[[K. R. Natarajan]]||{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]||1989-1991|| rowspan="2" |[[C. Sreenivaasan|Dindigul C. Sreenivasan]]
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]||1991-1996
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]||1996-1998||[[N. S. V. Chitthan]]||{{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]||1998-1999|| rowspan="2" |[[C. Sreenivaasan|Dindigul C. Sreenivasan]]||{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]||1999-2004
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004-2009|| rowspan="2" |[[N. S. V. Chitthan]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]||2009-2014
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]||2014-2019||[[M. Udhayakumar]]||{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]||2019-2024||[[P. Velusamy]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=26|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi}}</ref>||{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]||2024–''Incumbent''||[[R. Sachidanandam]]||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[# General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|58.29}}

{{bar percent|[[# General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.60}}

{{bar percent|[[#2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.58}}

{{bar percent|[[#2009|2009]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.10}}

{{bar percent|[[#2004|2004]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.98}}

{{bar percent|[[#1999|1999]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.78}}

{{bar percent|[[#1998|1998]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.55}}

{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|63.97}}

{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|67.04}}

{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|67.24}}

{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.79}}

{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.78}}

{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.60}}

{{bar percent|[[#By-Election 1973|By-Election 1973]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.0}}

{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.88}}

{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.40}}

{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.23}}

{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|27.99}}

{{bar percent|[[#1951|1951]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.89}}
}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Dindigul]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[R. Sachidanandam]]
|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes=6,70,149
|percentage=58.29
|change={{increase}}''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohamed Mubarak|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=2,26,328|percentage=19.69|change={{increase}}''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Thilagabama|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=1,12,503|percentage=9.79|change={{decrease}}8.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kailai Rajan D|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=97,845|percentage=8.51|change={{increase}}3.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=22,120|percentage=1.92|change={{increase}}0.69}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 4,43,821
|percentage=38.6
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=11,49,621|percentage=71.14|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change =}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Velusamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,46,523 |percentage=64.60% |change={{Increase}}28.93% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Jothimuthu |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,07,551 |percentage=17.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Jothi Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=62,875 |percentage=5.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=54,957 |percentage=4.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. S. Suthakaran |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=38,784 |percentage=3.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arasur Manoharan (A) S. Manoharan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,743 |percentage=0.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Vetrivel |party=Independent |votes=3,903 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Nagaraj |party=Independent |votes=3,291 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Pandi |party=Independent |votes=3,111 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Ananthraj |party=Independent |votes=3,022 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Eswaran |party=Independent |votes=2,764 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Suresh |party=Uzhaippali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,208 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Arun Kumar |party=Independent |votes=1,804 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Murugesan |party=Independent |votes=1,516 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Dineshkumar |party=Independent |votes=1,418 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Anburose |party=Independent |votes=1,324 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Udayakumar |party=Independent |votes=1,181 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Vembarasan |party=Independent |votes=1,126 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Irudayasamy |party=Independent |votes=1,064 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Shanmuga Prabu |party=Independent |votes=853 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Velusamy |party=Independent |votes=851 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=14,177 |percentage=1.23% |change=0.24% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,38,972 |percentage=46.64% |change=34.72% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,55,607 |percentage=74.95% |change= -1.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,41,881 |change =10.09% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 17.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

==== Assembly Constituency wise ====

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | #
! rowspan="2" | Candidate
! rowspan="2" | Party
! colspan="6" | Assembly Constituencies
! rowspan="2" | Total Votes
! rowspan="2" | %
|-
! [[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani]]
! [[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
! [[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
! [[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakkottai]]
! [[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
! [[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
|-
| 1
| [[P. Velusamy]]
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| align="right" | 1,24,038
| align="right" | 1,26,187
| align="right" | 154,711
| align="right" | 93,983
| align="right" | 134,891
| align="right" | 110,003
| 7,46,523
| 64.60%
|-
| 2
| K. Jothimuthu
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
| align="right" | 31,955
| align="right" | 27,599
| align="right" | 27,717
| align="right" | 62,701
| align="right" | 30,181
| align="right" | 26,629
| 2,07,551
| 17.96%
|-
| 3
| P. Jothi Murugan
| IND
| align="right" | 144
| align="right" | 9,783
| align="right" | 9,072
| align="right" | 9,001
| align="right" | 12,308
| align="right" | 9,139
| 62,875
| 5.44%
|-
| 4
| [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]]
| [[Naam Tamilar Katchi|NTK]]
| align="right" | 6,839
| align="right" | 5,578
| align="right" | 10,996
| align="right" | 7,358
| align="right" | 11,077
| align="right" | 12,726
| 54,957
| 4.76%
|-
| 5
| Dr. S. Suthakaran
| [[Makkal Needhi Maiam|MNM]]
| align="right" | 6,815
| align="right" | 3,351
| align="right" | 5,230
| align="right" | 4,080
| align="right" | 3,795
| align="right" | 15,315
| 38,784
| 3.36%
|-
| 6
| Arasur Manoharan (A) S. Manoharan
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| align="right" | 765
| align="right" | 863
| align="right" | 1,012
| align="right" | 1,436
| align="right" | 943
| align="right" | 685
| 5,743
| 0.49%
|-
| 7
| N. Vetrivel
| IND
| align="right" | 607
| align="right" | 779
| align="right" | 799
| align="right" | 376
| align="right" | 944
| align="right" | 398
| 3,903
| 0.34%
|-
| 8
| M. Nagaraj
| IND
| align="right" | 638
| align="right" | 692
| align="right" | 661
| align="right" | 210
| align="right" | 747
| align="right" | 341
| 3,291
| 0.28%
|-
| 9
| M. Pandi
| IND
| align="right" | 506
| align="right" | 546
| align="right" | 498
| align="right" | 479
| align="right" | 677
| align="right" | 403
| 3,111
| 0.27%
|-
| 10
| T. Ananthraj
| IND
| align="right" | 518
| align="right" | 518
| align="right" | 403
| align="right" | 469
| align="right" | 809
| align="right" | 305
| 3,022
| 0.26%
|-
| 11
| R. Eswaran
| IND
| align="right" | 630
| align="right" | 550
| align="right" | 360
| align="right" | 330
| align="right" | 583
| align="right" | 306
| 2,764
| 0.24%
|-
| 12
| K. Suresh
| [[Uzhaippali Makkal Katchi|UMK]]
| align="right" | 335
| align="right" | 392
| align="right" | 367
| align="right" | 420
| align="right" | 463
| align="right" | 221
| 2,208
| 0.19%
|-
| 13
| A. Arun Kumar
| IND
| align="right" | 347
| align="right" | 275
| align="right" | 268
| align="right" | 339
| align="right" | 380
| align="right" | 188
| 1,804
| 0.16%
|-
| 14
| S. P. Murugesan
| IND
| align="right" | 237
| align="right" | 273
| align="right" | 220
| align="right" | 253
| align="right" | 336
| align="right" | 196
| 1,516
| 0.13%
|-
| 15
| M. Dineshkumar
| IND
| align="right" | 254
| align="right" | 289
| align="right" | 244
| align="right" | 138
| align="right" | 353
| align="right" | 137
| 1,418
| 0.12%
|-
| 16
| D. Anburose
| IND
| align="right" | 201
| align="right" | 167
| align="right" | 191
| align="right" | 215
| align="right" | 308
| align="right" | 233
| 1,324
| 0.11%
|-
| 17
| A. Udayakumar
| IND
| align="right" | 189
| align="right" | 178
| align="right" | 200
| align="right" | 148
| align="right" | 288
| align="right" | 172
| 1,181
| 0.10%
|-
| 18
| V. Vembarasan
| IND
| align="right" | 169
| align="right" | 196
| align="right" | 180
| align="right" | 150
| align="right" | 308
| align="right" | 121
| 1,126
| 0.10%
|-
| 19
| G. Irudayasamy
| IND
| align="right" | 125
| align="right" | 121
| align="right" | 172
| align="right" | 311
| align="right" | 204
| align="right" | 126
| 1,064
| 0.09%
|-
| 20
| K. Shanmuga Prabu
| IND
| align="right" | 131
| align="right" | 170
| align="right" | 155
| align="right" | 109
| align="right" | 204
| align="right" | 80
| 853
| 0.07%
|-
| 21
| V. Velusamy
| IND
| align="right" | 144
| align="right" | 155
| align="right" | 132
| align="right" | 125
| align="right" | 183
| align="right" | 110
| 851
| 0.07%
|-
| colspan="2" align="right" | None Of The Above
| [[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
| align="right" | 2,269
| align="right" | 1,938
| align="right" | 2,803
| align="right" | 1,526
| align="right" | 2,344
| align="right" | 3,171
| 14,177
| 1.23%
|-
! colspan="3" | Total Valid Votes
| align="right" | 1,88,859
| align="right" | 1,78,662
| align="right" | 2,13,588
| align="right" | 1,82,631
| align="right" | 1,99,982
| align="right" | 1,77,834
| align="right" | 11,55,607
| align="right" | 74.95%
|}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Udhayakumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,10,462 |percentage=47.58% |change=10.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Gandhirajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,82,617 |percentage=35.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Krishnamoorthy |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=93,794 |percentage=8.74% |change=-3.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. S. V. Chitthan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,632 |percentage=3.32% |change=-40.78% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Pandi |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,455 |percentage=1.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=10,591 |percentage=0.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Rajendhran |party=Independent politician |votes=7,580 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Manivannan |party=Independent politician |votes=5,859 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,27,845 |percentage=11.92% |change=5.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,72,773 |percentage=76.60% |change= 1.08% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,00,531 |change =29.00% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.49% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. S. V. Chitthan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,61,545 |percentage=44.10% |change=-14.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Baalasubramani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,07,198 |percentage=37.47% |change=0.97% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Muthuvelraj |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,00,788 |percentage=12.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Srinivasa Babu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,960 |percentage=0.85% |change=0.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. A. Motilal |party=Independent politician |votes=6,706 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Sellamuthu K |party=Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,411 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Durai |party=Independent politician |votes=6,063 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Manikanda Prabu |party=Independent politician |votes=5,331 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=54,347 |percentage=6.63% |change=-15.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,85,696 |percentage=75.51% |change= 14.83% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=3|percentage=0.00% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,19,860 |change =-4.54% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -14.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. S. V. Chitthan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,07,116 |percentage=58.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Jeyaraman |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,51,945 |percentage=36.50% |change=-7.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Ravindran |party=Independent politician |votes=10,359 |percentage=1.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Thinakara Kumar |party=Janata Party |votes=5,850 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pushpa Sachan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=5,206 |percentage=0.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Perumal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,011 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,55,171 |percentage=22.48% |change=19.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,90,231 |percentage=60.69% |change= 3.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,37,313 |change =-4.80% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 15.21% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dindigul C. Srinivasan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,94,794 |percentage=43.78% |change=18.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Chandrasekar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,74,451 |percentage=40.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. S. V. Chitthan]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=69,713 |percentage=10.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Surendran |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=32,342 |percentage=4.80% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,343 |percentage=3.02% |change=0.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,73,398 |percentage=57.46% |change= -10.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,94,616 |change =4.44% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -20.20% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dindigul C. Srinivasan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,76,106 |percentage=46.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. S. V. Chitthan]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=2,60,907 |percentage=43.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Latha |party=MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,119 |percentage=5.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Santhana Krishnan |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=19,176 |percentage=3.23% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,199 |percentage=2.56% |change=-35.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,93,173 |percentage=53.47% |change= -14.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,43,880 |change =6.40% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -17.43% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. S. V. Chitthan]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=4,44,858 |percentage=63.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dindigul C. Srinivasan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,76,944 |percentage=25.45% |change=-41.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Pasumpon Pandian |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,202 |percentage=7.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Gopal |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=10,986 |percentage=1.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Muthumani |party=Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,060 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,67,914 |percentage=38.53% |change=2.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,95,368 |percentage=67.48% |change= 5.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,75,085 |change =4.26% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -3.07% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dindigul C. Srinivasan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,16,652 |percentage=67.04% |change=-0.20% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Maya Thevar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,92,235 |percentage=30.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Gopal |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,194 |percentage=1.16% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,24,417 |percentage=36.11% |change=-0.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,21,479 |percentage=61.80% |change= -1.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,31,174 |change =-0.16% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.20% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dindigul C. Srinivasan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,34,966 |percentage=67.24% |change=5.45% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Varatharajan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,99,598 |percentage=30.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Raithinasamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,579 |percentage=1.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,901 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,35,368 |percentage=36.39% |change=10.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,46,863 |percentage=63.41% |change= -7.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,32,870 |change =26.92% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.45% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. R. Natarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,43,571 |percentage=61.79% |change=15.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Maya Thevar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,02,253 |percentage=36.38% |change=-15.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Pitchaimani |party=Independent politician |votes=5,474 |percentage=0.98% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,41,318 |percentage=25.42% |change=19.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,55,997 |percentage=71.22% |change= 7.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,13,821 |change =7.46% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Maya Thevar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,44,669 |percentage=51.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Rajan Chellappa |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,17,923 |percentage=46.12% |change=-13.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Muthukrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,506 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Krishnan |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=2,552 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,746 |percentage=5.66% |change=-29.93% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,72,487 |percentage=63.57% |change= -3.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,57,333 |change =5.02% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.82% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Maya Thevar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,83,341 |percentage=59.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Balasumbramaniam |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,14,117 |percentage=24.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. K. Mookkiah Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=60,500 |percentage=12.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. M. Santhanam |party=Independent politician |votes=8,768 |percentage=1.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Manokaran |party=Independent politician |votes=5,830 |percentage=1.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Sreenivasan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,861 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,69,224 |percentage=35.59% |change=12.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,75,417 |percentage=67.06% |change= -3.89% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,21,154 |change =16.45% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.28% }}
{{Election box end}}

====Bye-election 1973====
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election 1973: Dindigul}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=K. Maya Thevar|votes=2,60,824|percentage=52.0|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress (Organisation)|candidate=V. C. Sitthan|votes=1,19,032|percentage=20.1%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=Pon Muthu Ramalingam|votes=93,496|percentage=18.5%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Seemaisamy|votes=11,423|percentage=2.2%|change=}}

{{Election box majority|votes=1,41,792|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=6,43,704|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| loser = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Rajangam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,48,638 |percentage=59.88% |change=-2.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Chemachamy |party=Swatantra Party |votes=1,51,003 |percentage=36.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. P. Kuppusamy Moopanar |party=Independent politician |votes=15,610 |percentage=3.76% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=97,635 |percentage=23.51% |change=-1.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,15,251 |percentage=70.95% |change= -6.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,19,290 |change =11.41% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. Anbuchezhian]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,60,065 |percentage=62.40% |change=35.91% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. S. S. Ramachndran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,56,719 |percentage=37.60% |change=-5.62% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,03,346 |percentage=24.80% |change=8.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,16,784 |percentage=77.01% |change= 5.11% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,55,868 |change =20.54% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 19.17% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. S. Soundram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,38,574 |percentage=43.23% |change=15.24% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. S. Abdul Khader |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=84,921 |percentage=26.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Krishnaswami |party=Communist Party of India |votes=80,406 |percentage=25.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sakuntala |party=Swatantra Party |votes=16,673 |percentage=5.20% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=53,653 |percentage=16.74% |change=9.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,20,574 |percentage=71.90% |change= -22.30% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,61,145 |change =-46.08% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 15.24% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Gulam Mohideen]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,25,510 |percentage=27.99% |change=-8.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. C. Balakrishna |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,70,995 |percentage=21.22% |change=-15.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishnasamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,32,070 |percentage=16.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Muniyandi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=94,038 |percentage=11.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Desiar |party=Independent politician |votes=77,680 |percentage=9.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pitchaimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=63,645 |percentage=7.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janakai N Karuppa Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=41,724 |percentage=5.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. D. Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=0 |percentage=0.00% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=54,515 |percentage=6.77% |change=0.88% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,05,662 |percentage=94.20% |change= 33.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,55,235 |change =146.17% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.90% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1951===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]]: Dindigul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ammu Swaminathan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=77,285 |percentage=36.89% |change=36.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishnaswami |party=Communist Party of India |votes=64,953 |percentage=31.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rengaswami Reddiar |party=Independent politician |votes=48,808 |percentage=23.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Natarajan |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=18,442 |percentage=8.80% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,332 |percentage=5.89% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,09,488 |percentage=60.30% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,47,422 |change =0.00% }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Dindigul]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/dindigul/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Dindigul lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|10.35|N|77.95|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dindigul (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dindigul district]]

Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport

2026-05-04T18:13:16Z

Svetlhdm: Started New Details

{{short description|Domestic airport in Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport
| image = Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport Logo.png
| image2 = The front facade of Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport, Andal, Durgapur.jpg
| caption2 =
| IATA = RDP
| ICAO = VEDG<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/bengals-kazi-nazrul-islam-airport-receives-final-regulatory-approval/articleshow/47078805.cms |title=Bengal's Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport receives final regulatory approval – The Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=30 April 2017|last1=Mishra |first1=Mihir }}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|23|37|17|N|87|14|36|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal
| pushpin_label = '''RDP'''
| type = Public
| owner = Bengal Aerotropolis Projects Limited (BAPL)
{{smalldiv|
*[[Government of West Bengal]]
*[[Changi Airport Group]]
}}
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Durgapur]], [[Asansol]]
| operating_base = [[IndiGo]]
| opened = {{start date and age|2015|05|18|df=y|p=n|br=n}}
| location = [[Andal, Paschim Bardhaman|Andal]], [[Durgapur]], [[West Bengal]], India
| elevation-f = 302
| website = {{ubl|{{URL|https://www.kniairport.com/}}}}
| metric-rwy = Yes
| r1-number = 16/34
| r1-length-m = 2800
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = April 2024 – March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 5,13,488({{decrease}} 0.2)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 3,996({{increase}} 23.6)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 491 ({{increase}} 1.8%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport''' {{Airport codes|RDP|VEDG}}, {{efn|{{IPA|bn|Kad͡ʒi nod͡ʒrul iʃlam bimanbɔndor}}}} also known as '''Durgapur Airport''',<ref>{{cite web|title= Durgapur Airport (RDP) or Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport |url=https://www.goindigo.in/airport-directory/india/durgapur-rdp.html | website=goindigo |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="itimes1">{{cite news |title=Jindal-led JSW Group to invest in Durgapur airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/jsw-group-to-invest-in-durgapur-airport-infrastructure-development/articleshow/111701922.cms |work=The Times Of India |date=13 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[domestic airport]] serving the cities of [[Durgapur]] and [[Asansol]] in [[West Bengal]], India. It is located in the [[Andal, Paschim Bardhaman|Andal]] region of Durgapur. It is named after the [[List of Bengali poets|Bengali poet]] [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]. The airport is roughly 17 km from Durgapur's city centre and 34 km from Asansol's City Bus Terminus.

The airport's hinterland comprises the cities of Durgapur, [[Asansol]], [[Bardhaman]], [[Bankura]], [[Purulia]], [[Bolpur]] in [[West Bengal]] and [[Jamtara]], [[Dumka]], [[Dhanbad]] and [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]] in [[Jharkhand]]. It is part of the country's first private sector [[Aerotropolis]], being developed by Bengal Aerotropolis Projects Limited (BAPL) in [[Andal, Paschim Bardhaman|Andal]], Durgapur. The airport was officially inaugurated on 19 September 2013 by the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]], [[Mamata Banerjee]].<ref name="CAPA">{{cite web|title=Profile on Kazi Nazrul Islam International Airport|url=https://centreforaviation.com/profiles/newairports/kazi-nazrul-islam-international-airport|access-date=5 August 2014|newspaper=[[Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation|CAPA]]}}</ref> According to 2023–24 data, the airport is the third busiest airport of West Bengal and the [[List of busiest airports in India|58th busiest in India]].<ref name="traffic_stats1">{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2K19Annex3.pdf|title=Traffic News for the month of March 2019: Annexure-III|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=1 May 2019|pages=4–5}}</ref>

==History==
=== Construction planning ===
The project was conceived in 2006–07 during the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government. The construction of the airport was completed on 2013. For several reasons, the airport did not receive final operational clearance from the aviation regulator [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|DGCA]] until 24 April 2015, following which regular commercial flights started.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bengal-aerotropolis-projects-gets-dgca-nod-for-airport-115042700838_1.html|title=Bengal Aerotropolis Projects gets DGCA nod for airport|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=27 April 2015|access-date=27 April 2015}}</ref>

=== Commencement of the airport ===
On 10 May 2015, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] became the first passenger to use the new airport when he flew to Delhi aboard an [[Indian Air Force]] [[Boeing 737]] VIP aircraft, even before commercial airlines started their regular service from the airport.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/narendra-modi-first-passenger-to-use-andal-airport/articleshow/47234884.cms|title=Narendra Modi first passenger to use Durgapur airport |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 May 2015|access-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> Scheduled commercial operation commenced on 18 May 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Mihir|title=Air India operates inaugural flight between Durgapur & Kolkata|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/47329679.cms|access-date=19 May 2015|newspaper=Economic Times|date=18 May 2015}}</ref> Another airline, [[Zoom Air]], also began flights on the Delhi – [[Durgapur]] – [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]] route, but after three months the flight was stopped due to lack of passengers. The airport gained popularity in 2018 with connections to [[Delhi]] and [[Hyderabad]] by [[Air India]] and to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]] and [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]] in October 2019 by [[SpiceJet]].

== Plan ==
The airport was built over 650 acres (which can be expanded in the future) at a cost of {{INRConvert|600|c}}.<ref name="BS">{{cite news|title=Rechristened Bengal aerotropolis unveiled|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/rechristened-bengal-aerotropolis-unveiled-113091900559_1.html|access-date=5 August 2014|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=20 September 2013}}</ref> The airport has 70% open green space for facilitating a fresh green environment within the airport area.

== Future development ==
Sajjan Jindal-led [[JSW Group]] is planning to invest in the infrastructure development of Durgapur airport.<ref name="itimes1"/> A source close to the development said: "JSW Infra is likely to do some work in Durgapur Airport. It may be for development of the airport city along with managing the airport. There is a lot of scope in an airport city like developing IT park and other facilities."

== Ownership ==
The State Government also has a 26.05% stake through West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation. [[Singapore]]'s [[Changi Airport Group#Changi Airports International|Changi Airports International]] (CAI) has a 30.21% stake in BAPL. Other Indian promoters include [[IL&FS]], Pragati Social Infrastructure & Development, Pragati 47, Lend Lease Company India and Citystar Infrastructure.

== Infrastructure ==
[[File:Air Traffic Control, KNI Airport, Andal, Durgapur.jpg|Air traffic control tower|thumb]]

=== Terminal ===
The 5,750 square metre passenger terminal building has a capacity of 1 million passengers per annum and can be expanded in the future to a capacity to 2.5 million per annum. It has six check-in counters with common use terminal equipment (CUTE) in the departure lounge and two baggage conveyor belts at the arrival hall.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|title=Aerotropolis to bank on service, not size|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Aerotropolis-to-bank-on-service-not-size/articleshow/11831700.cms|access-date=5 August 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 February 2012}}</ref> The airport is equipped with category VI firefighting and rescue capability.<ref name="TOI"/> The terminal has ATMs, Wi-Fi services, a ticket booking counter, F & B outlets,{{clarify|date=February 2025}} and cab booking services.

=== Runway ===
The airport's 2,800-meter runway (which is expandable up to 3,315-metre) is equipped with a CAT I [[instrument landing system]] (ILS) and can handle narrow-body aircraft like [[Airbus A320]] and [[Boeing 737]]. The [[airport apron]] has four parking bays and a helipad.

== Airlines and destinations ==
After inauguration, this airport had flights to [[Kolkata]] by [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]], [[SpiceJet]] and [[Air India]]. However, the flight was discontinued after few months. Over the next few years, the airport gained connectivity to other major metro cities via [[IndiGo]].

As of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, the following airlines operates direct flights from the airport:

{{Airport destination list

| [[IndiGo]] |[[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref name="DGCA 6E DOM">{{cite web|url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?baseLocale=en_US?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/airOperation/certification/scheduled/domestic/INTERGLOBE%20AVIATION%20LTD_2026.pdf&mainundefined|title=IndiGo Summer Schedule 2026|work=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]]|access-date=4 May 2026}}</ref> [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],<ref>{{cite news|title=IndiGo to launch direct flight connectivity from Chennai to Durgapur from May 16|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/indigo-to-launch-direct-flight-connectivity-from-chennai-to-durgapur-from-may-16/cid/2014416|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|date=19 April 2024|access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref name="DGCA 6E DOM" /> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],<ref name="DGCA 6E DOM" /> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]<ref name="DGCA 6E DOM" />

}}

== Ground transport ==
===Roads===
The airport is conveniently connected to Durgapur by road. It is also connected to Raniganj and Asansol through [[National Highway 19 (India)|National Highway 19]].

==Statistics==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%" width= align=
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
! Year || Passengers || Passengers % change || Aircraft movement || Aircraft movement % change
|-
|2025–2026
|5,45,077
|{{increase}}6.2%
|4,630
|{{increase}}15.9%
|-
|2024–2025
|5,13,488
|{{decrease}}0.2%
|3,996
|{{increase}}23.6%
|-
|2023–2024
|5,14,760
|{{increase}}4.60%
|3,234
|{{decrease}}0.5%
|-|-
|2022–2023
|4,92,020
|{{increase}}96.8%
|3,344
|{{increase}}73.6%
|-
|2021–2022
|2,49,975<ref name=aai1>{{cite web |title=Traffic News for the month of March 2022: Annexure-III |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k22Annex3.pdf |website=www.aai.aero |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref>
|{{increase}}188.78%
|1,926<ref name=aai2>{{cite web |title=Traffic News for the month of March 2022: Annexure-II |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k22Annex2.pdf |website=www.aai.aero |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref>
|{{increase}}200.94%
|-
|2020–2021
|86,561
|{{decrease}} 49.42%
|640
|{{decrease}} 57.97%
|-
|2019–2020
|1,71,155<ref name=knowindia.net>{{Cite web|url=https://www.knowindia.net/aviation3.html|title=Airports of India | knowIndia.net}}</ref>
|{{increase}}272.8%<ref name=knowindia.net/>
| 1,523<ref name="i">{{Cite web |date=Nov 2019 |title=INTERNATIONAL AIRCRAFT MOVEMENTS |url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Nov2k19Annex2.pdf |website=Airports Authority of India}}</ref>
|{{increase}}239.2%<ref name=i/>
|-
|2018–2019
|45,907<ref name=knowindia.net/>
|{{increase}}846.47%
| 385
|{{increase}}63.1%
|-
| 2017–2018
| 5,377
| {{decrease}}-6.9%<ref name="traffic_stats1"/>
| –
| {{increase}}<ref name="traffic_stats2">{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k19annex2.pdf|title=Traffic News for the month of March 2019: Annexure-II|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|date=1 May 2019|access-date=1 May 2019|page=3}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2017
| 5,950<ref name= y>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k17annex3R.pdf|title=Traffic News for the month of March 2017: Annexure-III|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=1 May 2018|pages=3–4}}</ref>
| {{decrease}}-30.1%
| 236<ref name= t>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k17annex2R.pdf|title=Traffic News for the month of March 2017: Annexure-II|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=1 May 2018|pages=3–4}}</ref>
| {{decrease}}-53.4%
|-
| 2015–2016
| 8,515<ref name= y/>
| –
| 506<ref name= t/>
| –
|}

===Busiest routes===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 87.5%"
|+ '''Busiest routes to and from Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport (to March 2024)'''<ref name=knowindia.net/>
|-
! Rank || Airport || Total passengers || Change 2025/26
|-

|1|| [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]] ||align='right'| 17,490|| 1900
|-
|2|| [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]] ||align='right'| 16,341|| 2300
|-
|3|| [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]] ||align='right'| 16,171|| 2600
|-
|4|| [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]] ||align='right'| 15,643||2500
|-

|}

==Accidents and incidents==
On 1 May 2022, a [[SpiceJet]] [[Boeing 737–800]] aircraft VT-SLH operating from [[Mumbai]] to [[Durgapur]] as SG-945, encountered severe turbulence while descending at Durgapur, injuring 14 passengers and three flight attendants out of 195 occupants (including two pilots and four flight attendants).<ref>{{cite news |title=DGCA to probe SpiceJet Mumbai-Durgapur flight turbulence incident, says Union Minister Scindia |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/dgca-opens-probe-in-spicejets-mumbai-durgapur-flight-turbulence-incident-article-91259599 |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Turbulence on Mumbai-Durgapur flight: DGCA issues show-cause notice to SpiceJet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/turbulence-on-mumbai-durgapur-flight-dgca-issues-show-cause-notice-to-spicejet-101654110854540.html |access-date=5 July 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> A passenger, Akbar Ansari (48), died of a spinal injury five months later.<ref>{{cite news |title=5 months on, 48-year-old injured in SpiceJet turbulence accident dies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/5-months-on-48-year-old-injured-in-spicejet-turbulence-incident-dies-101666981390090.html |access-date=29 October 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Andal Aerotropolis]]
* [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]]
* [[Airports in India]]
* [[List of airports in West Bengal]]
* [[List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Airports in India}}{{West Bengal transit}}{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Airports in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Memorials to Kazi Nazrul Islam]]
[[Category:Transport in Asansol]]
[[Category:Transport in Durgapur]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Airports established in 2013]]
[[Category:Changi Airport]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Shridhar Raghavan

2026-05-02T08:24:45Z

Svetlhdm:

{{Short description|Indian film screenwriter}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shridhar Raghavan
| occupation = Screenwriter
| years_active = 2000–present
| family = [[Sriram Raghavan]] (brother)
}}
'''Shridhar Raghavan''' is an Indian screenwriter known for his work in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]]. He has written the screenplays for the [[YRF Spy Universe]] films [[War (2019 film)|''War'']] (2019), [[Pathaan (film)|''Pathaan'']] (2023), ''[[Tiger 3]]'' (2023), and [[War 2 (film)|''War 2'']] (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Sridhar Raghava, The Man Behind The Successful YRF Spy Universe |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/meet-sridhar-raghava-the-man-behind-the-successful-yrf-spy-universe-8662768.html |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=Not Aditya Chopra, this man created YRF Spy Universe, wrote Tiger 3, Pathaan, War; made CID, brother made 450-crore film |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-not-aditya-chopra-shridhar-raghavan-creator-yrf-spy-universe-wrote-tiger-3-pathaan-war-brother-national-award-3068105 |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> He won [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] for ''[[Apaharan]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-07 |title=Winners Of 53rd National Film Awards |url=https://filmiduniya.wordpress.com/2007/08/07/winners-of-53rd-national-film-awards/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=Filmi Duniya |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Shridhar Raghavan is the brother of writer-director [[Sriram Raghavan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-31 |title=For Brothers Raghavan, crime is content, retro is five years old |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/for-brothers-raghavan-sriram-raghavan-sridhar-raghavan-crime-is-content-retro-is-five-years-old-5562063/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-05 |title=BONUS: Q&A with Sriram and Sridhar Raghavan |url=https://indianexpress.com/audio/express-interviews/bonus-qa-with-sriram-and-sridhar-raghavan/5570056/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Notes
|-
|2000–2018
|[[CID (Indian TV series)|''CID'']]
| rowspan="2" |Television series
|-
|2002
|[[Achanak 37 Saal Baad|''Achanak 37 Saal Baad'']]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|[[Khakee (film)|''Khakee'']]
|
|-
|[[Deewar (2004 film)|''Deewar'']]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|''[[Apaharan]]''
|
|-
|''[[Bluffmaster!]]''
|
|-
|2006
|[[Family (2006 film)|''Family'']]
|
|-
|2009
|[[Chandni Chowk to China|''Chandni Chowk to China'']]
|
|-
|2011
|[[Dum Maaro Dum (film)|''Dum Maaro Dum'']]
|
|-
|2015
|[[Yennai Arindhaal|''Yennai Arindhaal'']]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] film; script consultant
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|[[Criminal Justice (Indian TV series)|''Criminal Justice'']]
|Television series
|-
|[[War (2019 film)|''War'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sequeira |first=Gayle |date=2023-01-27 |title=Siddharth Anand And Shridhar Raghavan Answer All Your Questions About War |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/siddharth-anand-and-sridhar-raghavan-on-everything-you-need-to-know-about-war |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Shiddat]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|[[Pathaan (film)|''Pathaan'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magic of cinema happens without planning: 'Pathaan' writer Sridhar Raghavan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/feb/07/magic-of-cinema-happens-without-planning-pathaan-writer-sridhar-raghavan-2545255.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|[[The Night Manager (Indian TV series)|''The Night Manager'']]
|Television series
|-
|[[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']]
|Script consultant
|-
|[[Tiger 3|''Tiger 3'']]
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Yudhra]]''
|
|-
|2025
|[[War 2 (film)|''War 2'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pande |first=Shreyas |date=2025-05-20 |title=War 2 Teaser: Hrithik Roshan’s charisma clashes with the enigma of Jr NTR in this actioner |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/May/20/war-2-teaser-hrithik-roshans-charisma-clashes-with-the-enigma-of-jr-ntr-in-this-actioner |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|{{pending film|[[Alpha (2026 film)|Alpha]]}}
|
|-
|{{pending film|[[Ramayana: Part 1 (2026)|Ramayana: Part 1]]}}
|rowspan="2"|Adaptation of ''[[Valmiki]] [[Ramayana]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Internet Roasts Ramayana Part I 'Writer' Shridhar Raghavan For Taking Story Credit: "What About Brother Valmiki?" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/internet-roasts-ramayana-part-i-writer-shridhar-raghavan-for-taking-story-credit-what-about-brother-valmiki-8823082 |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2027
|{{pending film|Ramayana: Part 2}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm1356270}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavan, Shridhar}}
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Dudhsagar Dairy

2026-05-02T06:38:48Z

Svetlhdm: adding a page first draft

{{Short description|Division of Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2013}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=November 2020}}}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Dudhsagar Dairy
| logo =
| type = [[Division (business)|Division]]
| foundation = 1963
| location = [[Mehsana, Gujarat]], India
| key_people = Ashok Chaudhary Chairman of Mehsana District Cooperative Milk Producers Union Limited, Dudhsagar Dairy
| industry = Milk Production
| revenue = {{profit}} US$549.273 million (2012–13)
| owner = [[Amul]]
| parent =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.dudhsagardairy.coop/}}
| image = Gate of Dudhsagar dairy in Mehsana Gujarat India.jpg
| image_caption = Gate of Dudhsagar dairy
}}

The '''Dudhsagar Dairy''' ('''Mehsana District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union Limited''') is a [[Division (business)|division]] of [[Amul]] which is under the [[ownership]] of [[Government of Gujarat|Ministry of Cooperation]] of the [[Government of Gujarat]].

Dudhsagar Dairy is the second largest dairy in Asia, processing on an average {{convert|1.41|e6kg|e6lb}} of milk each day. It has established a network for procuring milk from 500,000 milk producers through 1150 village milk [[cooperative]]s.

Today, Dudhsagar Dairy has a membership of over 520,000 dairy farmers. Its consolidated turnover in 2012–13 was more than Rs. 34 billion. The union procured {{convert|614.7|e6kg|e6lb}} of milk during 2012–13 at an average milk procurement of {{convert|3.2|e6kg|e6lb}} of milk per day during peak season.

The union is ISO 9001:2000, ISO 14000:2004, and ISO 22000:2005 certified and is an environment-friendly organization.

==History==
[[File:Dudhsagar dairy building in Mehsana Gujarat India 3.jpg|thumb|Dudhsagar dairy plant]]
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2014}}
A cooperative movement, on the lines of Amul-model, initiated in Mehsana, organized the rural milk producers, encouraging them to pull together their resources. On 8 November 1960, Dudhsagar dairy was registered under Mumbai Co-operative societies act, 1925. Shri Mansinhbhai Pruthviraj Patel laid the foundation stone on 2 April 1963.

Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (GCMMF) is a body of Dairy Cooperatives in Gujarat. Thirteen dairy cooperatives work under GCMMF. Mehsana District Cooperative Milk Producer's Union Limited is also a part of GCMMF, and it contributes the highest amount of milk collection for GCMMF. GCMMF sells its milk brand under the name of Amul.

==Plant==
{{main|Dudhsagar Dairy plant}}
The plant is a [[Postmodern architecture|postmodernist]] [[brutalist]] building designed by [[Achyut Kanvinde]]. Commissioned in 1970, it was completed in 1973.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Sane|first=Prajakta|url=https://www.sahanz.net/wp-content/uploads/S07_01_Sane_Dudhsagar-Dairy-at-Mehsana.pdf|title=Proceedings of the Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand: 30, Open|date=2013|publisher=Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand (SAHANZ)|isbn=978-0-9876055-0-4|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Alexandra|volume=1|location=Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia|pages=355–364|chapter=Dudhsagar Dairy at Mehsana, India (1970-73): Achyut Kanvinde and the Architecture of White Revolution|oclc=884961021|editor2-last=Leach|editor2-first=Andrew}}</ref><ref name=":122">{{cite web|title=Mehsana|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/12/52|url-status=live|website=Gujarat Tourism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223211951/http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/12/52|archive-date=2017-02-23|access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref>

==Timeline==
Timeline:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mile stones of Dudhsagar dairy|url=http://www.dudhsagardairy.coop/about-us/milestones/}}</ref>

'''1960 –''' Rs 5,232/- were funded by Shri Mansinghbhai, with the help of which 11 milk societies produced {{convert|3300|L}} milk per day. Mehsana Milk Association was founded on 8 November 1960

'''1961 –''' Started supplying milk to Ahmedabad Municipal Dairy

'''1962 '''– Shri Mansinghbhai was voted into the working committee of the Sahkari Dairy and Animal Breeding program during the third 5-year plan

'''1963 '''– Foundation of Dudhsagar Dairy

'''1964''' – Foundation of 'Milk Cold Storage' facility at Vihar

'''1965''' – Under the guidance of Shri Morarjibhai Desai, the first powder plant with a capacity of {{convert|90000|L}} and pasteurization plant was inaugurated

'''1966''' – Shri Mansinghbhai attended the 17th international Dairy Conference.

Mobile Animal hospital was started

750 MT Powder was ordered for Soldiers

Mehsana District started receiving Pure Ghee

'''1967''' – Shmt. [[Indira Gandhi]] visited the plant on 3 October 1967

'''1968''' – Foundation of 'Milk Cold Storage' facility at Kheralu

'Dudhsagar Patrika' was started

Started transporting milk to Delhi

'''1969''' – Sagardaan Factory at Boriawi was inaugurated by then Chief Minister Shri Hitendrabhai Desai

'''1970''' – Shri Mansinghbhai passes away on 30 September 1970

The expansion project was inaugurated on 4 November 1970

Dairy started producing Baby Food with ISO mark

'''1971''' – M.I.T was inaugurated on 14 January 1971 when the plant was producing {{convert|254000|L}} of milk on a daily basis, which was double the plant's original capacity

'''1972''' – Foundation of second powder plant

Milk distribution started in Major states of India, including [[Mumbai]], under the brand name 'Sagar'.

On 2 April 1972, Dairy celebrated its 11th anniversary in the presence of Sir Richard Tehan, Marketing Head of U.K Milk and International Dairy Foundation Speaker

'''1973''' – Inauguration of 'Milk Cold Storage' facility at Hansapur

Gujarat Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. was started

Statue of Late Shri Mansinghbhai Pruthviraj was unveiled by Shri [[Morarji Desai]]

'''1974''' – Foundation of a new Powder Plant

'''1975''' – Cattle Breeding Centre started at Jagudan, Mehsana

Foundation of 'Milk Cold Storage' facility at Kadi, Mehsana

'''1976''' – Foundation of 'Milk Cold Storage' facility at Harij

'''1977''' – Animal insurance program started

[[Banas Dairy]] started under the support and guidance of Dudhsagar Dairy

'''1978''' – 'Milk Pouch Packaging' started

'''1979''' – Milk production capacity increased from 254000 litres to 450000 litres on a daily basis

'''1980''' – Wireless project for Animal Treatment started

'''1981''' – Sagardaan Factory at Ubkhal was inaugurated

'''1982''' – 'Milk Production Plant' at Dudhsagar Dairy was expanded considering the high demand of milk supply

'''1983''' – Dudhsagar receives a Gold Medal from the Institute of Defense and National Character. New offices and staff quarters set up

'''1984''' – Animal fair planned and Inauguration of fourth powder plant.

'''1985''' – Savings Plan started for the benefits of Dairy Councilors.

'''1991''' – Highest amount of milk production per day achieved with 119.4 mn litres of milk produced at Dushsagar Dairy

'''1992''' – 500 Grams Ghee Pouches launched in Market under the brand name "SAGAR"

'''1993''' – S.C.M plant started, Tetrapack ghee launched in the market

'''1994''' – 1000th Milk Society established

'''2000''' – Received ISO and HACCP accreditations

'''2001''' – 'Sagar Sfruti', a flavored milk brand introduced in the Market

'''2003''' – Mass Cattle Deworming Program for cattle started

'''2004''' – Inauguration of Dudhmansagar Dairy

'''2005''' – Shri Motibhai Chaudhry passes away

'''2006''' – Protest against increased gas prices

The Milk Plant Visit program started for Women

'''2007''' – Reached BulkCoolers 100 in number

'''2008''' – Milk Societies accredited with ISO. Total 85 Societies registered

'''2009''' – ISO accreditation for all the milk societies belonging to the Union

Animal Insurance increased by 100%

508th Artificial Insemination center started

40,000 women benefited under Sagar Darshan Plan

'''2011''' – Currently approx. 800000 litres of milk collected from [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] on a daily basis and is processed at Sudhmansagr dairy at Manoras, later distributed in Delhi/NCR market

Foundation of an upcoming dairy plant, "Dudhmotisagar" with the capacity of 3 million litres of milk per day, is in process at Haryana

'''2012''' – 'Mansinghbhai Institute of Food And Dairy Technology' started to educate students in Dairy Technology, and in the first year of college 32 students enrolled, out of which 14 were girls

"Sagar Moti" and "Amul Moti" Milk Pouches launched in the market with milk that can be stored up to 30 days

Cattle Fodder production factory with a capacity of 1000 metric ton setup at Jagudan and inaugurated by Hon. Chief Minister of Gujarat, Shri [[Narendrabhai Modi]]

"[[Amul]] Diamond" pouch introduced in the market

A new dairy plant with a capacity of 3 million litres of milk per day was set up at Dudhmotisagar Dairy, Dharuhera, Rewari (Haryana) and was inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Haryana, Shri Bhupender Singh Hooda

The facility at Hansapur was renovated and was inaugurated by Revenue Minister Shrimati [[Anandiben Patel]]

'''2013:''' Change of Milk Chilling center into Dudhvidhyasgar Dairy at Kadi.

Inauguration of Dr. V Kurien Academic Centre.

Change of Milk Chilling centre at Hansapur into Dudhsagar dairy Patan.

Establishment of Mehsana Buffalo Breeder’s Association.

Manufacture new SCM plant at Mehsana for 20 metric tons per day

'''2016:''' Inauguration of advanced fully automatic SCM plant with a capacity of {{cvt|20,000|kg|lb}} per day, by Hon. Chief Minister of Gujarat, Smt. Anandiben Patel.

Packaging of Amul Tazza milk in 500 mL Pouch and 200 mL pouch at Dudhsagar dairy, Mehsana.

Commencement of transportation of processed milk from Hansapur chilling center (Patan dairy) to Dudhmansagar dairy, Manesar and Dudhmotisagar Dairy, Dharuhera.

'''2018:''' Highest milk procured @ 40.25 lac litre on 12 Jan 2018.

Dudhmotisagar dairy, Dharuhera,

Recognition as first runners up by Indian dairy association, north zone for the best, well equipped, clean and hygienic dairy in northern part of india.

Accreditation of ISO certification ISO 9001:2015.

'''2019:''' Conferment of CSR excellence TV-9 award by Chief Minister of Gujarat, Shri. Vijaybhai Rupani on 16 February 2019.

Dudhsagar dairy, Mehsana,

Distribution of "SAILAGE" to milk producers on no-profit '''/''' no-loss basis.

Dudhmansagar dairy, Manesar,

Launched pure cow and pure buffalo milk.

Launched traditional "RABDI" in Delhi market.

== Products ==
Dudhsagar Dairy makes various products, listed below:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dudhsagar dairy products|url=http://www.dudhsagardairy.coop/health-nutrition/products/}}</ref>

# Amul Gold
# Amul Shakti
# Amul Butter
# Amul/Sagar Ghee
# Amul Cow Ghee
# Amul Mithai Mate
# Sagar Skimmed Milk Powder
# Amulya
# Amulspray
# Amul / Sagar Moti
# Sagar Sfurti
# Sagar Chhash
# Amul Kool: Amul Kool Kesar, Amul Kool Rose, Amul Kool Badam, Amul Kool Elaichi
# Amul Moti
# Frozen Yoghurt
# Masti Dahi
# Amul Lite
# Ice Cream

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130528103447/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-24/vadodara/32826704_1_dudhsagar-dairy-llpd-new-satellite-dairy-plant Dudhsagar Dairy to invest Rs 350 cr in new plant], [[Times of India]]
* [http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/amul-row-mehsana-union-hits-back-at-gcmmf-md-113110800915_1.html Amul row: Mehsana Union hits back at GCMMF MD], [[Business Standard]]
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/agri-biz/mehsana-milk-body-taking-amul-model-beyond-gujarat/article4902273.ece Mehsana milk body taking Amul model beyond Gujarat], [[The Hindu]]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/Massive-protest-by-dairy-farmers/articleshow/23504567.cms Massive protest by dairy farmers], [[Times of India]]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Chaudhary-gets-HC-breather-for-now/articleshow/24714676.cms Chaudhary gets HC breather for now], [[Times of India]]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Probe-corruption-allegations-at-Mehsana-Dairy-High-court/articleshow/26615576.cms Probe corruption allegations at Mehsana Dairy: High court], [[Times of India]]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Amul-row-HC-extends-stay-on-no-trust-motion/articleshow/26615769.cms, Amul row: HC extends stay on no-trust motion], [[Times of India]]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/GCMMF-board-to-meet-on-December-5/articleshow/26762810.cms GCMMF board to meet on 5 December], [[Times of India]]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/GCMMF-row-in-reaches-SC-probe-govt-starts-inquiry-at-at-Mehsana-dairy/articleshow/27004216.cms GCMMF row in reaches SC; probe govt starts inquiry at at (sic) Mehsana dairy], [[Times of India]]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Mehsanas-Dudhsagar-Dairy-achieves-Rs-4254-crore-turnover/articleshow/33116948.cms Mehsana's Dudhsagar Dairy achieves Rs 4,254 crore turnover], [[Times of India]]

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.dudhsagardairy.coop/}}
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Dairy products companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mehsana]]
[[Category:Dairy cooperatives in India]]
[[Category:Cooperatives in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1963]]

Humans For Humanity

2026-04-26T19:40:59Z

Svetlhdm: Started New Data

{{short description|Non-governmental organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Humans For Humanity
| full_name =
| logo = Humans for Humanity.jpeg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = Humans For Humanity's Logo
| formation = {{start date|2014}}
| founder = [[Anurag Chauhan]]
| founding_location = [[Dehradun]], India
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Dehradun]], India
| region_served = India
| products = 
| services =
| methods = 
| fields = 
| num_members = 
| num_members_year = 
| language = 
| owner = 
| key_people =
| affiliations =
| num_volunteers = 1500<ref name="TLI"/>
| num_volunteers_year = 2019
| website = {{URL|humansforhumanity.online}}
}}

'''Humans For Humanity''' ('''HFH''') is a [[non-governmental organization]], founded by renowned social worker [[Anurag Chauhan]], headquartered in [[Dehradun]], India. It is working to bring awareness about [[menstrual health]], hygiene among women across India. It is providing health, hygiene and comfort to women, especially in poverty-stricken and rural areas in India. The organization empowers women by educating women and young girls on [[menstruation]] and menstrual hygiene, and by conducting workshops to produce low-cost sanitary pads.<ref name="TLI">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Sromona |title=Humans For Humanity: This 24-Yr-Old Man Is Teaching Rural Women To "Break The Bloody Taboo" |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/exclusive/anurag-chauhan-menstrual-health/ |publisher=The Logical Indian |date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |last1=Ahuja |first1=Aastha |title=Menstrual Hygiene Day 2020: This NGO Is Teaching People To Produce Reusable Sanitary Kits, Breaking Taboo Around Menstruation |url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/menstrual-hygiene-day-2020-this-ngo-is-teaching-people-to-produce-reusable-sanitary-kits-breaking-taboo-around-menstruation-45276/ |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="jagaran"/> The WASH project started by Humans For Humanity has reached over 3 million women in over 6 states in India in the last 6 years, as of October 2020.<ref name=HOB/>

It was founded in 2014 by [[Anurag Chauhan]]. For his work with Humans For Humanity, Chauhan honored with the International Women Empowerment Award by the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]], [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]], [[Government of India]] and [[UNICEF]] in 2019.<ref name="Times Of India">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/an-award-ceremony-for-achievers-from-different-fields/articleshow/67995269.cms|title=Award Ceremony|date=14 February 2019|newspaper=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref>
During the pandemic the organisation has been providing aid & essentials to over 8000 families in various parts of the country, supporting communities, low income group families, trans men, widows, maids, etc.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dehradun based NPO is providing aid to around 8000 families across different states |url=https://doonmirror.com/the-dehradun-based-npo-is-providing-aid-to-around-8000-families-across-different-states-during-the-pandemic/ |publisher=Doon Mirror|date=26 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Menstrual Hygiene Day celebrated in the city with free distribution of eco-friendly sanitary pads |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/menstrual-hygiene-day-celebrated-in-the-city-with-free-distribution-of-eco-friendly-sanitary-pads/articleshow/83197636.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 June 2021}}</ref> The NGO has started an employment generation programs to uplift and empower communities, making them financially stable & independent even during the pandemic.<ref>{{cite news |title=NGO ties up with school in Dehradun to revive traditional puppetry with innovative teaching |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/ngo-ties-up-with-school-in-dehradun-to-revive-traditional-puppetry-with-innovative-teaching/story-Sljf4rDkT1soXdN3MnGwtJ.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=8 November 2020}}</ref> The WASH project which is a pilot project of the organisation has been working to promote menstrual hygiene among the women of rural areas of six states of the country including Uttarakhand, Delhi, Rajasthan, Haryana and others, decided to work on the initiative for trans men since last year.<ref>{{cite news |title=World Menstrual Hygiene Day: Uttarakhand activists promote menstrual hygiene among trans community |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/world-menstrual-hygiene-day-uttarakhand-activists-promote-menstrual-hygiene-among-trans-community-101622188497813.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 May 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
It was founded in 2014 by social activist [[Anurag Chauhan]].<ref name="jagaran"/>

== Initiatives ==
=== WASH ===
The NGO runs a project WASH – Women, Sanitation, Hygiene, which educates rural women about [[Menstrual hygiene]] and provides training to them for making bio-degradable [[Sanitary napkin]]. It is an initiative to bring awareness among menstruating women. The initiative received support from [[Bollywood]] actress [[Twinkle Khanna]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Budhwar |first1=Yeshika |title=Twinkle Khanna supports NGO's women hygiene cause |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/twinkle-khanna-supports-ngos-women-hygiene-cause/articleshow/61896097.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 December 2017}}</ref> The project is being run in many villages, slums, government schools and colleges across India. It organized hundreds of such workshops and reached out to over 3 million women in India.<ref name=Femalista>{{cite news |title=Breaking The Bloody Taboo For Girls In India |url=https://www.femalista.com/breaking-bloody-taboo-girls-india/ |publisher=Femalista |date=15 May 2018 |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010174354/https://www.femalista.com/breaking-bloody-taboo-girls-india/ |archive-date=10 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=HOB>{{cite news |title=Breaking the BLOODY taboos |url=https://www.facebook.com/188056068070045/posts/1524638524411786/?d=n |publisher=[[Humans of Bombay]] |date=6 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="jagaran">{{cite news |last1=Negi |first1=Deepika |title=यह हैं रियल लाइफ के पैडमैन, सेनेटरी पैड लेकर कर रहे हैं जागरूक |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-this-is-real-life-padman-18011277.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagaran]] |date=29 May 2018 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chauhan calls on Governor |url=https://humansforhumanity.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/unnamed-28-600x600.jpg |publisher=HTNS |date=28 January 2017 |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010174702/https://humansforhumanity.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/unnamed-28-600x600.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=World Menstrual Hygiene Day 2018 |url= http://www.indoamerican-news.com/world-menstrual-hygiene-day-2018-two-mens-efforts-to-spread-awareness-about-womens-personal-hygiene/ |publisher=Indo American News|date=2 May 2018}}</ref>

It trains women to make bio-degradable sanitary pads at an affordable cost. The women-centric workshop is headed by experienced doctors to make women aware of the biological reasons behind menstruation, stages from teenage to [[menopause]], and several hormonal changes. In the community, counseling is provided to women in need who are dealing with menopause. With a separate team of nutritionists, the workshop provides information related to importance of a healthy diet and food. Affordability and quality are the two big concerns in sanitary napkins. Therefore, the organization trains women on how to make good sanitary napkins at their homes. It also covers the adverse effects of poor menstrual hygiene and spreads awareness about the proper disposal of napkins in the waste bin.<ref name="TLI"/><ref name="jagaran"/>

=== Stree-The Woman ===
In May 2016, Humans For Humanity launched an initiative called 'Stree-The Woman'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Humans of Humanity launches "Stree - The Woman" |publisher=HTNS |date=24 May 2016 |location=[[Dehradun]]}}</ref> It is a one-day event that focuses on self-growth, self-empowerment and self-love.<ref>{{cite news |title=BW Businessworld and BW Women partnered Stree-The Woman event postponed |url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/BW-Businessworld-Sipping-Thoughts-Humans-of-Humanity-to-organise-Stree-The-Woman-on-6th-March-in-New-Delhi/04-03-2020-185484/ |publisher=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=4 March 2020}}</ref>
In 2019, the event was organized by the NGO, in association with Sipping Thoughts and [[BW Businessworld]], which was attended by personalities like [[Rita Bahuguna Joshi]], Liza Verma, Dr. Varun Katyal, [[Ambika Pillai]], Malini Ramani and [[Sandip Soparrkar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Capital witnesses one-of-its-kind celebration for women- 'STREE' focused on self-growth, self-empowerment and most importantly self-love. |url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Capital-witnesses-one-of-its-kind-celebration-for-women-STREE-focused-on-self-growth-self-empowerment-and-most-importantly-self-love-/09-08-2019-174578/ |publisher=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=9 August 2019}}</ref>

=== Breaking the Bloody Taboo ===
In the year 2018, the organization started a new campaign named 'Breaking the Bloody Taboo.' The main aim of this campaign is to stop the old-age taboo against women. In one of the campaigns in [[Rajasthan]], the team members of Humans For Humanity organized a session with young girls and women of menstruating age. In another session, the founder of Humans for Humanity, [[Anurag Chauhan]] talked about the importance of holy plant [[Tulsi]] and handed over a few leaves to women and asked them to nurture the sampling and observe the results after a month.<ref name="TLI"/><ref name="NDTV"/><ref name=Femalista/>

=== COVID-19 pandemic ===
During the difficult times of nationwide lockdown in India, Human for Humanity came forward to help women and train them to make hygienic sanitary napkins at home safely.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bali |first1=Etti |title=Bleed with dignity: Sustainable solutions for a healthy period |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/health/bleed-with-dignity-sustainable-solutions-for-a-healthy-period/story-zNDMaj1mWIiriyrG93MztI.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=25 July 2020}}</ref> Under the WASH project by Humans for Humanity, the NGO is actively worked in six different states across India to serve and employ women from villages. The initiative has made hundreds of women financially independent and empowered.<ref>{{cite news |last1=S Sen |first1=Debarati |title=Over 100 self-help groups benefit from online cloth pad making workshop |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/over-100-self-help-groups-benefit-from-online-cloth-pad-making-workshop/articleshow/76941124.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahuja |first1=Aastha |title=Menstrual Hygiene Day 2020: This NGO Is Teaching People To Produce Reusable Sanitary Kits, Breaking Taboo Around Menstruation |url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/menstrual-hygiene-day-2020-this-ngo-is-teaching-people-to-produce-reusable-sanitary-kits-breaking-taboo-around-menstruation-45276/ |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=29 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gauba |first1=Prerna |title= Maintaining menstrual hygiene in times of Covid-19 |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/fitness/maintaining-menstrual-hygiene-in-times-of-covid-19/story-wiCePv0nQYhFMNzg54okEI.htmlna |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]
|date=26 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= लॉकडाउन में 'आधी आबादी' के मददगार बने अनुराग चौहान, ऐसे युवाओं पर गर्व है
|url=https://www.rajyasameeksha.com/uttarakhand/13419-rj-kaavya-ek-pahadi-aisa-bhi-anurag-chauhan |publisher=Rajya Sameeksha
|date=18 August 2020}}</ref>

During the lockdown in 2020, the workshop fed more than 1200 families in and around the slums of [[Delhi]] for six months. Humans For Humanity set up a transit camp and served people in the [[Kathputli Colony]] in the Anand Parbat area. Amid the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and lockdown, schools have adapted themselves to online teaching. During these times, Humans for Humanity took the initiative to organize an online traditional puppetry program to give children interactive learning. The aim was to innovate the online learning methods and revive the centuries-old traditional art form. As soon as the lockdown was lifted in [[Delhi]], the NGO started an employment program for street artists. Under the program, the community introduced artists to several schools and helped them generate income through various performances and online events.<ref>{{cite news |title= NGO ties up with school in Dehradun to revive traditional puppetry with innovative teaching|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/education/ngo-ties-up-with-school-in-dehradun-to-revive-traditional-puppetry-with-innovative-teaching/story-Sljf4rDkT1soXdN3MnGwtJ.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]
|date=8 November 2020}}</ref>

=== Red Cloth Campaign ===
In 2020, Humans For Humanity launched 'Red Cloth Campaign' during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], to spread awareness about menstruation and bust the taboos. Actor [[Lisa Ray]] and singer [[Shibani Dandekar]], [[Kirti Kulhari]], [[Kubra Sait]], [[Divya Seth]] supported the campaign along with thousands of social media users.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Garg |first1=Ruchika |title=Break the taboo: Celebs support menstrual health via social media |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/break-the-taboo-celebs-support-menstrual-health-via-social-media/story-c4J71mNEJkEKDaDDoVdU4N.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=30 August 2020}}</ref>

In April 2022, the WASH project was launched in Telangana by Humans For Humanity and has successfully conducted menstrual hygiene management & health workshops in many villages such as Challur village, Pochampalli village, Ghanmukla village, Reddipalli village, Keshavpatnam and many more.<ref>{{cite news |title= This man is on a mission to spread awareness on menstruation |url=https://telanganatoday.com/this-man-is-on-a-mission-to-spread-awareness-on-menstruation |work=[[Telangana Today]] |date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

== Other works ==
In September 2019, Humans for Humanity hosted an event called 'The Conversation Fest', in association with Sipping Thoughts, where [[Karan Johar]] interviewed [[Ma Anand Sheela]], former spokesperson of [[Rajneesh movement]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ma Anand Sheela To Be In India, To Converse With Karan Johar |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Ma-Anand-Sheela-To-Be-In-India-To-Converse-With-Karan-Johar/20-09-2019-176441/ |publisher=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=20 September 2019}}</ref>

In December 2019, the NGO organized a talk, BW Dialogue in association with [[BusinessWorld]] and Sipping Thoughts, where [[Ma Anand Sheela]], candidly recounted her feelings for [[Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=I Went To Bhagwan For I Fell In Love With Him: Ma Anand Sheela |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/I-Went-To-Bhagwan-For-I-Fell-In-Love-With-Him-Ma-Anand-Sheela/16-12-2019-180560/ |publisher=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=16 December 2019}}</ref>

== Award and recognition ==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Awarding organisation
|-
| 2019
| International Women Empowerment Award
| IWES, [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]], [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]], [[Government of India]] and [[UNICEF]]<ref name="Times Of India"/>
|-
| 2019
| International Women's Day He For She Award
| [[India and the United Nations|Indian Council of UN Relations]] & [[Government of Delhi]]<ref name="The Asian Age">{{cite news |title=Celebrating Womanhood |url= https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20200304/282578790090162 |publisher=[[The Asian Age]] |date=4 March 2020}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian non-profit}}
{{Non-governmental organizations in India}}

[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Menstruation organizations]]
[[Category:Charities based in India]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2015]]
[[Category:Menstruation in India]]

Tashi Rabstan

2026-04-23T08:42:47Z

Svetlhdm: Stub - done

{{Short description|Judge of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tashi Rabstan
| office = [[Chief Justice]] of [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]]
| term_start = 27 September 2024
| term_end = 9 April 2025
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| office1 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]]
| term_start2 = 8 December 2022
| term_end2 = 14 February 2023
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_start1 = 18 July 2024
| term_end1 = 26 September 2024
| appointer2 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| office3 = [[Judge]] of [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]]
| term_start3 = 8 March 2013
| term_end3 = 26 September 2024
| nominator3 = [[Altamas Kabir]]
| appointer3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|4|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Skurbuchan]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Jammu]]
| predecessor = [[N. Kotiswar Singh]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon’ble Chief Justice
| successor = [[Arun Palli]] Sanjeev Kumar {{small|(Acting)}}
}}
'''Tashi Rabstan''' (born 10 April 1963) is a retired Indian judge and a [[senior advocate]] practising at the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mohit |date=2025-11-18 |title=Senior Advocates - Supreme Court of India |url=https://onelawstreet.com/senior-advocates-supreme-court-of-india/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=One Law Street |language=en-GB}}</ref> He was the [[Chief Justice]] of [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]].<ref name="B&B">{{cite web|url=https://m.greaterkashmir.com/article/justice-tashi-rabstan-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-jk-and-ladakh-hc/334758|title=Justice Tashi Rabstan sworn in as Chief Justice of J&K and Ladakh appointed High Court|via=Greater Kashmir|work=m.greaterkashmir.com|date=27 September 2024|access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref> He has also served as [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]].

==Career==
He was born on 10 April 1963 at village [[Skurbuchan]], [[Leh]] [[Ladakh]]. He did his graduation and [[LL.B]] from [[University of Jammu]]. On 6 March 1990, he was enrolled in Bar Council of Jammu and Kashmir and started practising in [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]] and in various other High Courts. He has served as Standing Counsel for Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh from 1997 to 2005. He was appointed as Central government counsel for [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]] in September 1998. He has also served as panel counsel for [[Union Public Service Commission]] from April 2008 to 31 December 2011. He was appointed as an Additional Judge of [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]] on 8 March 2013 and made permanent on 16 May 2014. He has served as [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]] from 8 December 2022 to 14 February 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Justice Tashi Rabstan appointed acting Chief Justice of J-K High Court |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/justice-tashi-rabstan-appointed-acting-chief-justice-of-j-k-high-court/article66233587.ece |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI |date=7 December 2022 |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Makhdoomi |first=Basit Amin |date=6 December 2022 |title=Justice Tashi Rabstan Appointed As Acting Chief Justice of J&K&L High Court |work=Live Law |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/justice-tashi-rabstan-acting-chief-justice-jkl-high-court-215973 |access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref>

He retired on 9 April 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=JKHCBA Jammu bids farewell to Chief Justice Tashi Rabstan, Justice Puneet Gupta |url=https://statetimes.in/jkhcba-jammu-bids-farewell-to-chief-justice-tashi-rabstan-justice-puneet-gupta/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Statetimes |language=en-US}}</ref> upon reaching mandatory retirement age of 62 years for High Court judges.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Manohar Lal Panth

2026-04-20T01:58:23Z

Svetlhdm: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office1 = [[Uttar Pradesh Government|Minister of State (Independent charge), Uttar Pradesh Government]]
| term_start1 = 22 March 2017
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| name =
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|9|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mahroni]], [[Lalitpur District, India|Lalitpur, District]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| predecessor2 = Feran Lal
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Agriculture
| education = Highschool
| office2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Mehroni (Assembly constituency)|Mehroni]]
| term_start2 = March 2017
| term_end2 =
| children = 5
| spouse = {{marriage|Kasturi Devi|1968}}
| father = Harju Prasad
| footnotes = Source [http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/12602/17]
}}

'''Manohar Lal Panth''', also known as '''Mannu Kori''', is politician in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was elected to the state's [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] from the [[Mehroni (Assembly constituency)|Mehroni assembly constituency]] in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]], and was reelected in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mehroni Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Manohar Lal of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/mehroni-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4849607.html |access-date=9 April 2022 |work=News18 |date=11 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He was selected as the state minister of labour and employment exchanges by Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] in March 2017.<ref>{{citation |title=CM Yogi Adityanath keeps home, revenue: UP portfolio allocation highlights |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-updates-on-uttar-pradesh-govt-portfolios-keshav-prasad-maurya-gets-pwd/story-JafGBgr7Oe7VXxcBsnAOdM.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-23 |title=बीजेपी के एक और मंत्री के बिगड़े बोल: ललितपुर में मनोहर लाल पंथ ने किसानों को धमकाया, बोले- मेरी भी सुनो, वोटे देना हो तो देना नहीं मत देना |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/lalitpur/news/in-lalitpur-manohar-lal-panth-threatened-the-farmers-said-listen-to-me-too-if-you-want-to-vote-dont-give-up-129051925.html |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-25 |title=Yogi Cabinet 2.0: बुंदेलखंड में मेहनतकश नेता कहे जाते हैं मन्नू कोरी, मजदूर से ऐसे बने राज्य मंत्री |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-yogi-adityanath-cabinet-oath-ceremony-in-uttar-pradesh-know-manohar-lal-panth-aka-mannu-kori-to-be-minister-of-up-govt-4152358.html |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Yogi Adityanath ministry (2017–)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal Panth, Manohar}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Yogi ministry]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Lalitpur district, India]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Trimeresurus medoensis

2026-04-19T10:33:37Z

Svetlhdm: Started

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Reptile Medo Pit Viper Viridovipera medoensis.jpg
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite journal | author = Zhou, Z. | author2 = Rao, D.-q. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Viridovipera medoensis'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2012 | page = e.T192090A2038504 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2012 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/192090/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T192090A2038504.en | access-date = 15 January 2018| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| genus = Trimeresurus
| species = medoensis
| authority = [[Zhao Ermi|Zhao]], 1977
| synonyms = * ''Trimeresurus medoensis'' Zhao, 1977<ref name="McD99">McDiarmid RW, [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], Touré T. 1999. ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref>
*''Viridovipera medoensis'' – Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004
*''Trimeresurus (Viridovipera) medoensis'' – David et al., 2011<ref>The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
}}

'''''Trimeresurus medoensis''''', [[common name|commonly named]] the '''Motuo bamboo pitviper''',<ref name="Gum04">Gumprecht A, Tillack F, [[Nikolai Liutsianovich Orlov|Orlov NL]], [[Ashok Captain|Captain A]], Ryabov S. 2004. ''Asian Pitvipers''. Geitje Books. Berlin. 1st Edition. 368 pp. {{ISBN|3-937975-00-4}}.</ref> is a [[venomous snake|venomous]] [[Crotalinae|pitviper]] [[species]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]], [[Burma]], and [[Tibet]]. No [[subspecies]] are currently recognized.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=634925 |taxon=Trimeresurus medoensis |accessdate=25 May 2007}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Reptile Medo Pit Viper Viridovipera medoensis IMG 4231 08.jpg|thumb|In Arunachal Pradesh, India]]
Maximum total length for males is {{convert|671|mm|in|abbr=on}}; for females, {{convert|650|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Maximum tail length for males is {{convert|125|mm|in|abbr=on}}; for females, {{convert|115|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Lev03">Leviton AE, Wogan GOU, Koo MS, Zug GR, Lucas RS, Vindum JV. 2003. The Dangerously Venomous Snakes of Burma, Illustrated Checklist with Keys. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. '''54''' (24): 407-462.</ref>

The [[Hemipenis|hemipenes]] are short, thick, and spinose.<ref name="Lev03"/>

Scalation: [[dorsal scales]] in 17 longitudinal rows at midbody, of which rows 7-11 are slightly keeled. There are 8 [[upper labials]], of which the first are separated from the [[nasal scales]] by a distinct suture. The [[ventrals]] number less than 150.<ref name="Lev03"/>

Color pattern: green or bluish green above, yellowish white below, the two separated by a bright bicolored red (below) and white (above) ventrolateral stripe (in both males and females), which occupies the whole of the outermost scale row and a portion of the second row.<ref name="Lev03"/>

==Geographic range==
Found in North-Eastern [[India]]; northern [[Burma]] (Myanmar); and southeastern [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Xizang]] (Tibet), [[China]]. The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] listed is "near A-ni Bridge, Medo Xian, Xizang [Tibet], alt. 1,200 m [3,900 ft]" [Autonomous Region, China].<ref name="McD99"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*David, Patrick; and Tong, Haiyan. 1997. Translations of Recent Descriptions of Chinese Pitvipers of the ''Trimeresurus''-Complex (Serpentes, Viperidae), with a Key to the Complex in China and Adjacent Areas. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service (112): 1-31.
* David, Patrick; Ashok Captain; and Bharat B. Bhatt. 2002 [2001]. On the occurrence of ''Trimeresurus medoensis'' Djao in: Djao & Jaing, 1977 (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae) in India, with a redescription of the species and notes on its biology. Hamadryad '''26''' (2): 210-226.
*[[:fr:Er-mi Zhao|Djao, Er-mie]]; and Jiang, Yao-ming. 1977. A survey of reptiles in Xizang Autonomous Region, with faunal analysis and descriptions of new forms. Acta Zoologica Sinica '''23''': 64-67.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{NRDB species|genus=Trimeresurus|species=medoensis|date=4 December|year=2012}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1037349}}

[[Category:Trimeresurus|medoensis]]
[[Category:Snakes of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Snakes of China]]
[[Category:Snakes of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1977]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Zhao Ermi]]

Pampa Award

2026-04-16T05:55:25Z

Svetlhdm: Made first details initial version

{{short description|Indian Kannada literary award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Pampa Prashasti ಪಂಪ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Highest literary award for contributions to Kannada literature
| awarded_for = Highest literary award of [[Karnataka]]
| sponsor = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| firstawarded = 1987
| lastawarded = 2025
| reward = {{INR}}1 [[lakh]] (1987{{endash}}2007) {{INR}}3 [[lakh]] (2008{{endash}}present)
Present - 5 lakh
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 37
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[Kuvempu]]
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner = [[Devanur Mahadeva]]
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}

The '''Pampa Award''' (or '''Pampa Prashasti''') is a literary award in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. The award was established in 1987 by the [[government of Karnataka]]. It is the highest literary honor conferred by the Department of Kannada and Culture, Government of Karnataka State, and recognises works written in the [[Kannada]] language (1 of the 22 [[Languages with official status in India|official languages of India]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/01/stories/2004020101750500.htm|title=Kadambotsava from Monday|date=1 February 2004|access-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107000042/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/01/stories/2004020101750500.htm|archive-date=7 November 2012|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The award is named after the first Kannada poet [[Adikavi Pampa]].<ref name=GV>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/pampa-award-for-gv/article6862978.ece|title=Pampa award for GV|work=The Hindu|date=6 February 2015|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref> The award originally comprised a cash prize of {{INRConvert|1|l}}, a shawl, a citation and a memento.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/27/stories/2005062716510400.htm|title=Dept. announces all awards at once|date=27 June 2005|access-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104051400/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/27/stories/2005062716510400.htm|archive-date=4 November 2012|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The cash prize was increased to {{INRConvert|3|l}} in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/19/stories/2009011953580300.htm|title=Shastri to continue to promote Kannada|date=19 January 2009|access-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104051457/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/19/stories/2009011953580300.htm|archive-date=4 November 2012|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Prior to 1996, the awards were given for a best single work by a Kannada writer. Since then, the award has been given to writers for their lifetime contribution to the Kannada literature. The Pampa Prashasti is presented by the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]], during the Kadambotsava, a cultural festival held annually in Pampa's hometown of [[Banavasi]] in [[Uttara Kannada]] district.<ref name=GV/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Kambara-gets-Pampa-award-2003/articleshow/437517.cms?referral=PM|title=Kambara gets Pampa award 2003|last=Mehu|first=Sowmya Aji|work=The Times of India|date=21 January 2004|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

Since its inception in 1987, the award has been given to a more than 30 individuals.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-Raj-route/article14691499.ece/|title=The Raj route|last=Kaikini|first=Jayant|work=The Hindu|date=21 April 2011|access-date=23 November 2020}}</ref> [[Kuvempu]] was the first recipient of the award who was honored for his work ''[[Sri Ramayana Darshanam]]'' (1949), a modern rendition of the Indian [[Indian epic poetry|epic]] [[Ramayana]]. In 2015, [[Chandrashekhar Patil]] returned his award as a sign of protest against the assassination of the scholar [[M. M. Kalburgi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kalburgi-murder-kannada-writer-to-return-pampa-award/article7622303.ece|title=Kalburgi murder: Kannada writer to return Pampa award|work=The Hindu|date=7 September 2015|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917034337/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kalburgi-murder-kannada-writer-to-return-pampa-award/article7622303.ece|archive-date=17 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> 2025's award is announced for famous writer [[Devanur Mahadeva]].

==Recipients==
[[File:Kuvempu1.jpg|thumbnail|upright|alt=An image of Kuvempu.|Kuvempu was the first recipient of the award.]]
[[File:K S Narasimha Swamy photo of portrait from his home .jpeg|thumbnail|upright|alt=A portrait of K S Narasimhaswamy.|K S Narasimhaswamy was given the award in 1995.]]
[[File:G. Venkatasubbaiah.jpg|thumbnail|upright|G.Venkatasubbayya awarded in 2014]]
[[File:Dr. Siddalingaiah.jpg|thumbnail|upright|Dr. Siddalingaiah, the recent awardee, received in 2019]]
[[File:Devanuru Mahadeva.jpg|thumbnail|upright|Devanura Mahadeva selected for the year 2025]]
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Writer
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1987
! scope="row" | [[Kuvempu]]
| ''[[Sri Ramayana Darshanam]]''
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Culture p484-485|url=http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20XIII%20CULTURE.pdf|work=A Handbook of Karnataka|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=10 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008075154/http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20XIII%20CULTURE.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 1988
! scope="row" | [[T. N. Srikantaiah]]
| ''Bharathiya Kavya Meemaamse''
|<ref name=pp>{{cite web|url=http://karnatakasahithyaacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/pampa-prashasti.pdf|title=Pampa Prashasti|language=kn|access-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428051557/http://karnatakasahithyaacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/pampa-prashasti.pdf|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 1989
! scope="row" | [[K. Shivaram Karanth]]
| ''Mai Managala Sulliyali''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/dec/09kar.htm|title=Shivaram Karanth is dead|work=Rediff.com|date=9 December 1997|access-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083942/http://m.rediff.com/news/dec/09kar.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 1990
! scope="row" | S. S. Bhoosnurmath
| ''Shoonya Sampadaneya Paramarshe''
|<ref name=pp/>
|-
| 1991
! scope="row" | [[P. T. Narasimhachar]]
| ''Shri Haricharitha''
|{{Sfn|Chari|1994|p=36}}
|-
| 1992
! scope="row" | [[A. N. Murthy Rao]]
| ''Devaru''
|{{Sfn|Chari|1994|p=36}}
|-
| 1993
! scope="row" | [[Gopalakrishna Adiga]]
| ''Suvarna Puthalli''
|
|-
| 1994
! scope="row" | Sediyapu Krishna Bhatta
| ''Vichara Prapancha''
|{{Sfn|Viswanatha|2000|p=75}}
|-
| 1995
! scope="row" | [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy]]
| ''Dundu Mallige''
|<ref name=pp/>
|-
| 1996
! scope="row" | [[M. M. Kalburgi]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref name=pp/>
|-
| 1997
! scope="row" | [[G. S. Shivarudrappa]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref name=pp/>
|-
| 1998
! scope="row" | [[Javare Gowda]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/noted-kannada-writer-d-javare-gowda-passes-away-1464678253-1|title=Noted Kannada writer D Javare Gowda passes away|last=Pruthi|first=Rupali|work=Jagran Prakashan Limited|date=31 May 2016|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014065906/http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/noted-kannada-writer-d-javare-gowda-passes-away-1464678253-1|archive-date=14 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 1999
! scope="row" | [[Chennaveera Kanavi]]
| Lifetime contribution
|{{Sfn|Akademi|2001|p=215}}
|-
| 2000
! scope="row" | [[L. Basavaraju]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/223261/writer-l-basavaraju-dead.html|title=Writer L Basavaraju dead|work=Deccan Herald|date=30 January 2012|access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
! scope="row" | [[Poornachandra Tejaswi]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Pampa-award-for-Poornachandra-Tejaswi/articleshow/633916707.cms|title=Pampa award for Poornachandra Tejaswi|work=The Times of India|date=21 December 2001|access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
! scope="row" | [[M. Chidananda Murthy]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2002/12/25/stories/2002122503180500.htm|title=Pampa Award for Chidananda Murthy|date=25 December 2002|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 May 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
! scope="row" | [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Kambara-gets-Pampa-award-2003/articleshow/437517.cms|title=Kambara gets Pampa award 2003|last=Mehu|first=Sowmya Aji|work=The Times of India|date=21 January 2004|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
! scope="row" | [[H. L. Nage Gowda]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/10/14/stories/2005101403650300.htm|title=Rural love, urban life|last=Gowda|first=Ramchandre|date=14 October 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 May 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
! scope="row" | [[S. L. Bhyrappa]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref name=pp/>
|-
| 2006
! scope="row" | [[G. S. Amur]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/A-writer-in-transition/article15397903.ece|title=A writer in transition|work=The Hindu|date=7 March 2008|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
! scope="row" | [[Yashwant V. Chittal]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref name=pp/>
|-
| 2008
! scope="row" | [[T. V. Venkatachala Sastry]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Shastri-to-continue-to-promote-Kannada/article16354098.ece|title=Shastri to continue to promote Kannada|work=The Hindu|date=19 January 2009|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
! scope="row" | [[Chandrashekhar Patil]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Finally, Pampa award for Champa|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/finally-pampa-award-for-champa/article2451454.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=28 April 2017|date=14 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
! scope="row" | [[Govindray H. Nayak]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/pampa-award-conferred-on-gh-nayak/article5209816.ece|title=Pampa award conferred on G.H. Nayak|work=The Hindu|date=7 October 2013|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
! scope="row" | [[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref name=pp/>
|-
| 2012
! scope="row" | D. N. Shankara Bhat
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dcpune.ac.in/notable_professors.php|title=Notable Professors|website=Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute|access-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425105209/https://www.dcpune.ac.in/notable_professors.php|archive-date=25 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" | [[Kayyar Kinhanna Rai]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/poet-freedom-fighter-kayyara-kinhanna-rai-to-turn-100-next-monday/article7272789.ece|title=Poet, freedom fighter Kayyara Kinhanna Rai to turn 100 next Monday|last=Kamila|first=Raviprasad|work=The Hindu|date=2 June 2015|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" | [[G. Venkatasubbiah]]
| Kannada lexicography
|<ref name=GV/>
|-
| 2015
! scope="row" | B. A. Sanadi
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sanadi-chosen-for-pampa-award/article8287385.ece|title=Sanadi chosen for Pampa Award|work=The Hindu|date=27 February 2016|access-date=2 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
! scope="row" | [[Hampanā]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Hampa Nagarajaiah bags prestigious Pampa award|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/hampa-nagarajaiah-bags-prestigious-pampa-award/articleshow/56492922.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 April 2017|date=12 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518202501/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/hampa-nagarajaiah-bags-prestigious-pampa-award/articleshow/56492922.cms|archive-date=18 May 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
! scope="row" | [[K. S. Nissar Ahmed]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Pampa Award for Nisar Ahmed
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/pampa-award-for-nisar-ahmed/article19964779.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=20 February 2018|date=2 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
! scope="row" | S. Shettar
| Lifetime contribution
| <ref>{{Cite web|title= ಪ್ರೊ. ಷ. ಶೆಟ್ಟರ್ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಪಂಪ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/education/general-knowledge/news-maker/pampa-award/articleshow/70191257.cms|date=13 July 2019|publisher=Vijayakarnataka.com|access-date=10 Sep 2020|language=kn|trans-title=Pampa award for Prof. S. Shettar}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
! scope="row" | [[Siddalingaiah (poet)|Siddalingaiah]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pampa award for Siddalingaiah|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2020/04/06/siddalingaiah-dalit-activist-resisted-poems/|date=6 April 2020|access-date=10 Sep 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2020
! scope="row" | [[C. P. Krishnakumar]]
| Lifetime contribution
|
|-
| 2021
! scope="row" | S.R.Ramaswamy
| Lifetime contribution
|
|-
| 2022
! scope="row" | Babu Krishnamurthy
| Lifetime contribution
|
|-
| 2023
! scope="row" | [[Na D'Souza]]
| Lifetime contribution
| <ref name=naadsouza>{{cite news|title=ಹಿರಿಯ ಸಾಹಿತಿ ನಾ.ಡಿಸೋಜಾಗೆ ಪಂಪ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ (in Kannada)|url=https://www.prajavani.net/news/karnataka-news/pampa-award-to-na-dsoza-and-other-state-govt-awards-announced-2657339|access-date=2024-01-25|archive-date=2024-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125122356/https://www.prajavani.net/news/karnataka-news/pampa-award-to-na-dsoza-and-other-state-govt-awards-announced-2657339}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
! scope="row" | B.A. Vivek Rai
| Lifetime contribution
|
|-
| 2025
! scope="row" | [[Devanur Mahadeva]]
| Lifetime contribution
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://Lu1zJt5pti4uffrhD|title=Pampa Award for Devanuru|work=Deccan Herald|date=16 April 2026}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHYsAAAAYAAJ&q=a+n+murthy+rao+devaru+pampa|title=The Book Review, Volume 18|last=Chari|first=C|publisher=Perspective Publications|year=1994}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvljAAAAMAAJ&q=Sediyapu+Krishna+Bhatta+Vichara+Prapancha|title=Routes: representations of the West in short fiction from South India in translation|year=2000|publisher=Macmillan|last=Viswanatha|first=Vanamala|isbn=9780333934111 }}
*{{cite book|title=Indian Literature, Volume 45, Issues 1{{endash}}3|year=2001|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|ref={{sfnref|Akademi|2001|p=215}}}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170428051557/http://karnatakasahithyaacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/pampa-prashasti.pdf Pampa Award recipients]}} (in Kannada). [[Karnataka Sahitya Academy]]

{{Karnataka topics}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]

Ghatol Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:49:39Z

Svetlhdm: adding initial entry from scratch.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ghatol
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-162-Ghatol.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 162
| district = [[Banswara district|Banswara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Banswara Lok Sabha constituency|Banswara]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Nanalal Ninama]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:281420}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Ghatol Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]]. It is a part of [[Banswara Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It comprises [[Ghatol tehsil]] in [[Banswara district]], and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Nanalal Ninama]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| [[Navneetlal Ninama]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Nanalal Ninama]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| Navanit Lal<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Harendra Ninama<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Nanalal Ninama]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghatol<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nanalal Ninama
|votes = {{formatnum:88335}}
|percentage = 36.57
|change = -7.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Adivasi Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:84644}}
|percentage = 35.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manshankar Ninama
|votes = {{formatnum:55537}}
|percentage = 22.99
|change = -23.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Narayan Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:3935}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4087}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change = -0.54
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3691}}
|percentage = 1.53
|change = -0.51
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:241576}}
|percentage = 85.84
|change = +0.41
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghatol<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Harendra Ninama
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:101121}}
|percentage = 46.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nanalal Ninama
|votes = {{formatnum:96672}}
|percentage = 44.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Tribal Party
|candidate = Naresh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4660}}
|percentage = 2.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Navneet Lal Ninama
|votes = {{formatnum:3899}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lakshaman
|votes = {{formatnum:3135}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4857}}
|percentage = 2.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4449}}
|percentage = 2.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:218263}}
|percentage = 85.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Banswara district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|23.76|74.41|display=title}}

[[Category:Banswara district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Afzalpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:14:43Z

Svetlhdm: Starting the post more to come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Afzalpur
| type = SLA
| map_image = 34-Afzalpur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
| division = [[Kalaburagi division|Kalaburagi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency|Gulbarga]]
| established = 1951
| constituency_no = 34
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[M. Y. Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Malikayya Guttedar]]
| electors = {{formatnum:228171}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}
'''Afzalpur''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] state in India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=14assemblymemberslist>{{cite web |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Fourteenth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Kalaburagi district]] and is a segment of [[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan=3 | Anna Rao Basappa Ganamukhi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || N. S. Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Digambar Rao Balwantrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || [[M. Y. Patil|Moreshwar Yashwantrao Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Hanumantrao Desai || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=4 | [[Malikayya Guttedar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[M. Y. Patil|Moreshwar Yashwantrao Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=2 | [[Malikayya Guttedar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[M. Y. Patil|Moreshwar Yashwantrao Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Afzalpur <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2023|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=13 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2023/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2023 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2023-05-13 |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Afzalpur">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Afzalpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1034.htm?ac=34 |access-date=25 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425054741/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1034.htm?ac=34 |archive-date=25 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Y. Patil|Moreshwar Yashwantrao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 56,313 |percentage = 35.12% |change = {{decrease}}12.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nitin Venkayya Guttedar |party = Independent politician |votes = 51,719 |percentage = 32.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Malikayya Guttedar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,394 |percentage = 19.58% |change = {{decrease}}21.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. D. Patil |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 8,686 |percentage = 5.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivakumar M. Natikar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 8,153 |percentage = 5.09% |change = {{decrease}}3.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,608 |percentage = 1.00% |change = {{increase}}0.17 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,594 |percentage = 2.87% |change = {{decrease}}4.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 161,257 |percentage = 70.67% |change = {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 160,322}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 228,171 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Afzalpur <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Y. Patil|Moreshwar Yashwantrao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 71,735 |percentage = 47.92% |change = {{increase}}21.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Malikayya Guttedar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 61,141 |percentage = 40.84% |change = {{increase}}33.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raju Gouda Revoor |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 13,340 |percentage = 8.91% |change = {{decrease}}6.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,243 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,594 |percentage = 7.08% |change = {{increase}}3.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 149,812 |percentage = 68.09% |change = {{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 149,708}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 220,007 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}21.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Afzalpur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Malikayya Guttedar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,093 |percentage = 26.35% |change = {{decrease}}21.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Y. Patil|Moreshwar Yashwantrao Patil]] |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 32,855 |percentage = 22.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vitthal Heroor |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 22,847 |percentage = 15.80% |change = {{increase}}12.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govind Vishwanath Bhat |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 14,643 |percentage = 10.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dilip. R. Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 10,347 |percentage = 7.16% |change = {{decrease}}33.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallappa. M. Solapur |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,829 |percentage = 1.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrishail Sidramappa Kalkeri |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,364 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somshekhar. J. Deshmukh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,171 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Huchappa Vathar Gour |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,039 |percentage = 0.72% |change = {{decrease}}3.62 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,238 |percentage = 3.62% |change = {{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 129,224 |percentage = 67.89% |change = {{increase}}9.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,563}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,336 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}21.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Afzalpur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Malikayya Guttedar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,082 |percentage = 47.83% |change = {{increase}}13.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Y. Patil|Moreshwar Yashwantrao Patil]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,216 |percentage = 40.32% |change = {{increase}}32.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravi. M. Shetty (Motagi) |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,540 |percentage = 4.34% |change = {{increase}}2.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tukaramgoud Sahebgoud Patil |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,327 |percentage = 3.18% |change = {{decrease}}49.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadev Siddaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,726 |percentage = 1.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Awate. S. B |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,441 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramesh Sulekar |party = Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes = 742 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrashekhar Bassappa |party = Rashtriya Hindustan Sena Karnataka |votes = 638 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,866 |percentage = 7.51% |change = {{decrease}}10.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,712 |percentage = 58.75% |change = {{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,712}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,243 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.37 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}4.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Afzalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Y. Patil|Moreshwar Yashwantrao Patil]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 53,122 |percentage = 52.42% |change = {{increase}}14.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Malikayya Guttedar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,654 |percentage = 34.20% |change = {{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Indira Shakti |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,641 |percentage = 7.54% |change = {{increase}}1.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Huchhappa Basanna Gour |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,741 |percentage = 1.72% |change = {{decrease}}10.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahantappa. S. Talawar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,370 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjun Shivappa Minchin |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,053 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankargouda Patil Udachan |party = Janata Party |votes = 734 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,468 |percentage = 18.22% |change = {{increase}}16.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,342 |percentage = 58.77% |change = {{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,342}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,427 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}14.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Afzalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Malikayya Guttedar]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 32,896 |percentage = 38.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Y. Patil|Moreshwar Yashwantrao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,061 |percentage = 36.03% |change = {{decrease}}8.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vitthal Heroor |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 10,789 |percentage = 12.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Huchappa Gour |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,183 |percentage = 7.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sidramappa Siddappa Hirukurubar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,168 |percentage = 5.99% |change = {{increase}}2.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,835 |percentage = 2.13% |change = {{decrease}}3.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,108 |percentage = 62.55% |change = {{increase}}2.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,212}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,851 |percentage = 6.35% |change = {{increase}}3.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,247 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.83 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |swing = {{decrease}}11.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Afzalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Malikayya Guttedar]] |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 39,924 |percentage = 49.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Y. Patil|Moreshwar Yashwantrao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,703 |percentage = 44.06% |change = {{decrease}}11.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annarao Duttargaon Pattan |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,170 |percentage = 3.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumantrao Desai |party = Janata Dal |votes = 1,894 |percentage = 2.34% |change = {{decrease}}4.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,221 |percentage = 5.21% |change = {{decrease}}13.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 83,421 |percentage = 60.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,034}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,255 |percentage = 2.70% |change = {{decrease}}3.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,839 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.74 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Afzalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Malikayya Guttedar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,810 |percentage = 55.57% |change = {{decrease}}6.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Goudappa Sangram Rao |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,964 |percentage = 37.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Patil Gudur |party = Janata Dal |votes = 4,510 |percentage = 6.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurushant Pattedar |party = Independent politician |votes = 560 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,846 |percentage = 18.39% |change = {{decrease}}8.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,397 |percentage = 61.39% |change = {{decrease}}3.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,844}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,553 |percentage = 6.12% |change = {{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,186 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Afzalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Malikayya Guttedar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,777 |percentage = 62.40% |change = {{increase}}23.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumantrao Desai |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,304 |percentage = 35.89% |change = {{decrease}}13.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devindrappa Shivappa Harijan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,063 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,473 |percentage = 26.51% |change = {{increase}}16.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,675 |percentage = 65.15% |change = {{increase}}5.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,144}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,531 |percentage = 2.40% |change = {{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,736 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.59 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}13.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Afzalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumantrao Desai |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,648 |percentage = 49.01% |change = {{increase}}1.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Y. Patil|Moreshwar Yashwantrao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,390 |percentage = 38.55% |change = {{increase}}32.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Abdul Gaffar Jamhoor |party = Lokdal |votes = 3,237 |percentage = 6.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gunderaya Peerappa Landankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 688 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shantappa Doddamani |party = Independent politician |votes = 645 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivasharanappa Siddappa Hosmani |party = Independent politician |votes = 509 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Santaji Rao Babu Rao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 441 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrasha. L. Hadgil |party = Independent politician |votes = 399 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahantappa Basanna Angadi |party = Independent politician |votes = 339 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,258 |percentage = 10.45% |change = {{increase}}9.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,845 |percentage = 59.72% |change = {{decrease}}6.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,296}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,549 |percentage = 2.99% |change = {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,809 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Afzalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Y. Patil|Moreshwar Yashwantrao Patil]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 23,823 |percentage = 47.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumantrao Desai |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,436 |percentage = 46.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babu Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,873 |percentage = 5.73% |change = {{decrease}}47.50 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 387 |percentage = 0.77% |change = {{decrease}}5.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,051 |percentage = 66.23% |change = {{increase}}11.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,132}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,919 |percentage = 3.69% |change = {{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,586 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.97 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Afzalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Digambar Rao Balwantrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,729 |percentage = 53.23% |change = {{decrease}}18.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anna Rao Madiwalappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 17,333 |percentage = 46.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,396 |percentage = 6.46% |change = {{decrease}}37.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,443 |percentage = 54.29% |change = {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,062}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,815 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}18.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Afzalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. S. Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,761 |percentage = 72.17% |change = {{decrease}}14.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. A. R. Basappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,620 |percentage = 27.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,141 |percentage = 44.34% |change = {{decrease}}33.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,139 |percentage = 49.82% |change = {{increase}}14.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,381}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,492 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Afzalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Anna Rao Basappa Ganamukhi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,078 |percentage = 86.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharnappa Rukkappa |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,411 |percentage = 8.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Neelkanth Laxman Rao Kulkarni |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 782 |percentage = 4.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,667 |percentage = 77.85% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 17,465 |percentage = 35.27% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 16,271}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,525 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Afzalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link |candidate = Anna Rao Basappa Ganamukhi |party = Indian National Congress |percentage = |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,696 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}7.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Afzalpur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Anna Rao Basappa Ganamukhi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,604 |percentage = 77.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhairappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,928 |percentage = 17.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagannath Rao Bhim Rao |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 593 |percentage = 5.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,676 |percentage = 60.01% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 11,125 |percentage = 21.65% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 11,125}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,390 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Kalaburagi district]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{Coord|17.2|76.36|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Dhoom 2

2026-04-11T12:13:01Z

Svetlhdm: adding first info v1

{{Short description|2006 Indian film by Sanjay Gadhvi}}
{{Distinguish|Doom 2}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhoom 2
| image = Dhoom 2 (2006 film) poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sanjay Gadhvi]]
| writer = [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]]
| story = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| producer = Aditya Chopra
| starring = {{Ubl
| [[Hrithik Roshan]]
| [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| [[Aishwarya Rai]]
| [[Uday Chopra]]
| [[Bipasha Basu]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = {{Ubl
| [[Nirav Shah]]
| Vikas Sivaraman
}}
| editing = Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| music = '''Original Songs:''' [[Pritam]] '''Background Score:''' [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|11|24}}
| runtime = 152 minutes<ref name=Runtime>{{cite web |title=''Dhoom:2'' |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/dhoom-2-1970 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=13 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313213608/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/dhoom-2-1970 |archive-date=13 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}35 crore <ref name="budget"/>
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR}}162 crore <ref>{{cite web |title=Top Grossers All Formats Worldwide Gross |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/all_format_worldwide_gross.php |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref>
}}

'''''Dhoom 2''''' (transl. '''''Blast 2'''''), also known as '''''Dhoom 2: Back in Action''''', is a 2006 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Sanjay Gadhvi]] and produced by [[Aditya Chopra]] under [[Yash Raj Films]]. Written by [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]] from a story by Chopra, it serves as a sequel to ''[[Dhoom]]'' (2004) and the second installment in the ''[[Dhoom (film series)|Dhoom]]'' [[Dhoom (film series)|franchise]]. The film stars [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Bipasha Basu]], and [[Uday Chopra]]. The narrative follows a series of high-profile heists carried out by the elusive thief Aryan (Roshan), and the attempts by police officers Jai Dixit (Bachchan) and Ali (Chopra) to apprehend him, culminating in a [[Cat and mouse|cat-and-mouse]] chase that spans multiple continents.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |year=2006 |title=Box Office 2006 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020213049/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg%3D%3D |archive-date=20 October 2013 |access-date=22 August 2009 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref><ref name="Box Office India">{{cite web |title=Top Overseas Grossers ALL TIME: Three Idiots Number One |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3946&nCat= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109011505/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3946&nCat= |archive-date=9 January 2014 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] took place in India, [[South Africa]] ([[Durban]]), and [[Brazil]] ([[Rio de Janeiro]]), making it the first major Hindi film to be shot extensively in Brazil. The soundtrack was composed by [[Pritam]] with lyrics by [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]], and the action choreography was handled by [[Allan Amin]]. The film was noted for its stylized visuals, elaborate stunt sequences, and glamorous presentation.

Released theatrically on 24 November 2006, ''Dhoom 2'' received positive reviews from critics, with praise directed at its action set-pieces, cinematography, soundtrack, and performances—particularly that of Roshan—though some criticism was aimed at the screenplay and pacing. The film emerged as a major commercial success, grossing over ₹1.514 billion worldwide. It became the [[List of Hindi films of 2006|highest grossing Hindi film of 2006]] and held the record for the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films|highest-grossing Hindi film of all time]] of its release, until it was surpassed by ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007). Internationally, it was the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets#Highest-grossing films by year|second highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]] after ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006), which also co-starred Bachchan.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Box Office India" />

At the [[52nd Filmfare Awards]], ''Dhoom 2'' received eight nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Gadhvi) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Rai), and won [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Roshan). The film marked the second collaboration between Roshan and Bachchan after ''[[Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon]]'' (2003), and the fourth between Bachchan and Rai. It was during the making of the film that Rai and Bachchan began dating; they married the following year.

Following its release, the film generated some controversy when [[Greater Mumbai Police|Mumbai police]] officials expressed concern that its depiction of high-speed motorcycle stunts might encourage reckless driving among youth. Despite this, ''Dhoom 2'' was widely credited with raising the bar for action films in India and redefining the modern Bollywood blockbuster.

A sequel, ''[[Dhoom 3]]'', was released on 20 December 2013. In later interviews, Abhishek Bachchan cited ''Dhoom 2'' as his favorite entry in the franchise.<ref>{{cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CBj-jfeJf7v/}}</ref>

==Plot==
In the [[Namib|Namib Desert]], an elusive international thief known only as "Mr. A" skydives onto a moving train carrying [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]]. Disguising himself as the Queen, he steals her crown, overpowers the guards, and escapes. In response, ACP Jai Dixit and SI Ali Akbar Khan are assigned to the case, working alongside Shonali Bose, a special officer and Jai's former colleague.

Jai begins analyzing Mr. A's heists and concludes that the next target will be a rare diamond housed in one of two major museums in Mumbai. While guarding one, he discovers a fake artifact and realizes the actual heist is occurring at the second museum. There, Mr. A—disguised first as a statue and then a cleaning staff—successfully steals the diamond.

Mr. A prepares to leave the country but learns from a televised broadcast that someone else is impersonating him and has challenged the authorities to prevent the theft of a priceless warrior sword. At the exhibition, Mr. A confronts the impostor—revealed to be Sunehri, an ambitious thief who idolizes him. Although reluctant at first, he agrees to form a partnership with her after testing her commitment.

The duo relocates to [[Rio de Janeiro]] to plan their next heist. Jai and Ali, having deduced the pattern in Mr. A's movements, follow them to Brazil and meet Monali, Shonali's twin sister, who develops a romantic relationship with Ali. Meanwhile, Sunehri meets with Jai in secret, revealing her alliance with Mr. A is part of an [[Covert operation|undercover operation]] in exchange for immunity. Though initially following orders, she begins to develop genuine feelings for Aryan—Mr. A's real identity.

During [[Rio Carnival]], Aryan discovers Sunehri's betrayal after seeing her with Jai. That night, he confronts her and later challenges her to a game of [[Russian roulette]] to test her loyalty. The gun is empty, and Sunehri confesses her love for him. The pair proceed with a heist, stealing ancient [[Lydians|Lydian]] coins while disguised as street performers and schoolchildren.

As Jai realizes Sunehri has defected, he and Ali pursue the couple. The chase culminates atop a [[waterfall]], where Aryan and Jai engage in a fight. At Aryan's behest, Sunehri shoots him, allowing Jai to believe the threat has been neutralized. Jai releases Sunehri, stating that her punishment is to live alone with the consequences of her choices.

Six months later, Aryan and Sunehri are revealed to be alive and living under new identities in [[Fiji]], running a restaurant. Jai visits them and acknowledges their transformation, expressing no intention to arrest them as their criminal personas are now "dead." Aryan gives Jai access to the artifacts he had stolen. Jai departs, warning the couple not to return to crime. The film ends with Aryan and Sunehri leading a reformed life, while Jai and Ali return to India for their next assignment.

==Cast==
* [[Hrithik Roshan]] as Aryan Singhania alias Mr. A: A skilled thief and Sunehri's love-interest<ref>{{cite web |date=22 March 2018 |title=Made Overseas: 2 (2006) |url=https://the-avocado.org/2018/03/22/made-overseas-dhoom-2-2006/ |access-date=5 March 2021 |publisher=The Avocado}}</ref>
* [[Abhishek Bachchan]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police (India)|A.C.P]] Jai Dixit
* [[Aishwarya Rai]] as Sunheri Kaur: A thief and Aryan's love-interest
* [[Uday Chopra]] as [[Sub Inspector]] Ali Akbar Fateh Khan: Jai's right-hand man; Monali's love-interest
* [[Bipasha Basu]] in a [[dual role]] as
**[[Assistant Commissioner of Police (India)|A.C.P]] Shonali Bose: Jai's colleague; Monali's twin sister
**Monali Bose: Ali's love-interest; Shonali's twin sister
* [[Rimi Sen]] as Sweety Dixit: Jai's wife (special appearance)
* [[Yusuf Hussain]] as [[Mumbai Police]] Commissioner
* [[Mohit Chauhan (actor)|Mohit Chauhan]] as Chief Security Guard
* [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] as an uncredited background dancer behind Hrithik Roshan in the song "Dhoom Again"

==Production==

===Development===
Following the commercial success of ''[[Dhoom]]'' (2004), [[Yash Raj Films]] announced a sequel titled ''Dhoom 2 – Back in Action''.<ref>{{cite web |year=2004 |title=Dhoom (2004) |url=http://www.movietalkies.com/movies/index.asp?MovieId=18456 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507095718/http://www.movietalkies.com/movies/index.asp?MovieId=18456 |archive-date=7 May 2010 |access-date=22 August 2009 |publisher=Movie Talkies |df=dmy-all}}</ref> While the original film was positively received by audiences,<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 2004 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010014505/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwNA%3D%3D |archive-date=10 October 2013 |access-date=6 January 2012 |publisher=BoxOfficeIndia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 August 2004 |title=Dhoom (2004) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dhoom/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222014021/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dhoom/ |archive-date=22 December 2011 |access-date=6 January 2012 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> it drew mixed-to-negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=27 August 2004 |title=Dhoom : Movie Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/65066 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235816/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/65066 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=6 January 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Seeking to expand the franchise and avoid narrative repetition, producer [[Yash Chopra]] decided not to continue the storyline of the first film's antagonist, Kabir Sharma (portrayed by [[John Abraham]]). Instead, a new heist-centered plot was developed with different lead villains and an international setting.

To distinguish the sequel from its predecessor, director [[Sanjay Gadhvi]] emphasized a more global aesthetic and reduced reliance on motorcycle-based stunts, which had been a hallmark of the original film.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=6 September 2005 |title=No dream machines in Dhoom 2? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/no-dream-machines-in-dhoom-2-news-bollywood-kkfv0zbaach.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310044619/http://www.sify.com/movies/no-dream-machines-in-dhoom-2-news-bollywood-kkfv0zbaach.html |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=6 January 2012 |website=[[Sify]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The sequel’s scope was broader, incorporating elaborate action sequences, diverse international locations, and high-end visual effects. Production took approximately 18 months and had an estimated budget of ₹350 million.<ref name="budget">{{cite web |last=Sheikh |first=Aminah |date=24 November 2006 |title=Dhoom 2 set to make big splash |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/nov/24dhoom.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070923082948/http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/nov/24dhoom.htm |archive-date=23 September 2007 |access-date=22 August 2009 |work=Rediff.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Aishwarya Rai]] were introduced in ''Dhoom 2'' as the central antagonists. Rai's character, Sunehri, was described as a "[[Catwoman]]"-like figure—stylized, agile, and morally ambiguous.<ref name="p7">{{cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=26 September 2006 |title=Dhoom 2 goes on the floors |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/26dhoom.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626095203/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/26dhoom.htm |archive-date=26 June 2010 |access-date=23 August 2009 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> She described the role as a departure from her previous work, noting it required an entirely different attitude and screen presence.<ref name="p7" /> At producer [[Aditya Chopra]]'s request, Rai underwent a physical transformation to align with the role's requirements, having gained weight for her prior film ''[[Bride and Prejudice]]'' (2004).<ref name="first at brazil">{{cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Syed Firdaus |date=15 September 2006 |title=Will Hrithik's Dhoom 2 prove lucky for Brazil? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/15sfa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622135745/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/15sfa.htm |archive-date=22 June 2009 |access-date=10 October 2009 |work=Brasilia |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Yash Chopra stated that Rai, like [[Esha Deol]] in the first installment, was given a detailed character brief and preparation plan to achieve the necessary look and persona.<ref name="p7" />

Hrithik Roshan, who portrayed the elusive thief Aryan (Mr. A), also underwent physical changes for the role, losing five kilograms at Chopra's request to achieve a leaner appearance suited to the character's agility and stunt-heavy demands.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 January 2006 |title=Hrithik's transformation for Dhoom 2 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/news/type/view/id/2787/newsid/1218865 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103142845/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/news/type/view/id/2787/newsid/1218865 |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=6 January 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

With the exception of [[John Abraham]] and Esha Deol, the primary cast from ''Dhoom''—[[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Uday Chopra]], and [[Rimi Sen]]—returned to reprise their respective roles.

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] for ''Dhoom 2'' took place across multiple locations, including [[Mumbai]] ([[India]]), [[Namibia]], [[Durban]] ([[South Africa]]), and [[Rio de Janeiro]] ([[Brazil]]).<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |title=Dhoom:2 (2006)- Filming locations |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0441048/locations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315122108/http://imdb.com/title/tt0441048/locations |archive-date=15 March 2007 |access-date=24 August 2009 |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 May 2006 |title=Dhoom 2 to be shot in South Africa |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2006/dhoom-2-100506.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103115056/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2006/dhoom-2-100506.html |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=6 January 2012 |publisher=IndiaFM |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It became the first major Hindi film to be shot in Brazil.<ref name="first at brazil" /> The production focused heavily on stylized action sequences that required advanced stunt choreography and digital effects. While ''Dhoom'' was noted for its motorcycle stunts, ''Dhoom 2'' featured a more varied set of action elements, including [[roller-blading]], [[sand boarding]], and [[snow boarding|snow-boarding]].<ref name=":1" />

The film made extensive use of visual effects and [[Chroma key|green screen]] technology. Scenes involving stunts on a train in the [[Namib|Namib Desert]] were filmed in-studio using green screen; director [[Sanjay Gadhvi]] later filmed the desert landscape separately to integrate with [[Hrithik Roshan]]’s performances.<ref name="first at brazil" /> [[Double (occupation)|Stunt doubles]] were used in several sequences, with their faces digitally replaced in post-production to match the lead actors.

Production was briefly delayed due to a flood that damaged sets at Yash Raj Studios.<ref name="first at brazil" /> Despite this, visual effects remained central to the film's execution. Tata Elxsi was engaged for pre-visualization and digital effects, including bullet trajectories, animated gadgets, and Roshan’s mechanical arm.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 November 2006 |title=Tata Elxsi creates a Dhoom! |url=http://www.tataelxsi.com/htmls/news_PressRelease_dhoom2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022204519/http://www.tataelxsi.com/htmls/news_PressRelease_dhoom2.htm |archive-date=22 October 2012 |access-date=6 January 2012 |publisher=Tata Elxsi |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Certain action scenes, such as [[Abhishek Bachchan]]'s exit from a lake on a jet ski, were digitally altered to meet Gadhvi’s visual expectations.<ref name="p17">{{cite web |last=Jain |first=Divya |date=5 March 2007 |title=Interview with Film Director Sanjay Gadhvi |url=http://www.animationxpress.com/anex/y2k7/headlines/anex1680.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930012557/http://www.animationxpress.com/anex/y2k7/headlines/anex1680.htm |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=26 August 2009 |publisher=Animation Express}}</ref>

Gadhvi spoke about the emphasis on planning and [[Previsualization|pre-visualization]] during production:{{Blockquote|We've done animation and [[pre-visualization]] for all the action sequences in ''Dhoom 2'' and that is very important in terms of planning, cost effectiveness and also it's a new way of preparing for the shoot and the film especially which is as set on such a large canvas such as ''Dhoom 2''. In ''Dhoom'', we had all the action sequences broken down and written. In this movie, we had very big action sequences, so we had all the scenes [[storyboard]]ed, and they would be checked, double checked and triple checked by myself, Alan Amin, and Adi, and we would then rectify if needed, and that would be our level of planning.<ref name="p17"/> |author=|title=|source=}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Dhoom 2 (soundtrack)}}

The soundtrack of ''Dhoom 2'' was composed by [[Pritam]], with lyrics by [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]. The track "Dhoom Again" features English-language lyrics written by Asif Ali Beg, making it one of the few songs in the album primarily in English. The remaining tracks predominantly feature Hindi lyrics with occasional English phrases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Product Showcase, Dhoom 2 |url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/OnlineStore/MusicIndividual.aspx?CatalogID=A4A74BBF-A235-4D9F-93E2-5EB6D48EA43C&CategoryID=509f0786-d09c-48fb-a06a-6440b75b4a9b#top |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003053914/http://www.yashrajfilms.com/OnlineStore/MusicIndividual.aspx?CatalogID=A4A74BBF-A235-4D9F-93E2-5EB6D48EA43C&CategoryID=509f0786-d09c-48fb-a06a-6440b75b4a9b#top |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=9 August 2011 |publisher=YashRaj Filma |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Upon release, the soundtrack received mixed reviews from critics, with some praising its energy and contemporary production, while others criticized its lack of lyrical depth. However, the music was well received by audiences and became a commercial success. According to ''[[Box Office India]]'', it was the best-selling Bollywood soundtrack of 2006.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 January 2009 |title=Territories |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122120910/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-date=22 January 2009 |access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Dhoom 2'' was released theatrically on 24 November 2006 and received the widest release in Indian cinema at the time, with over 1,800 prints, including approximately 250 digital copies.<ref name="budget" /> The high anticipation surrounding the film led to elevated ticket prices in several markets. The film’s release was accompanied by strong audience turnout and extensive media coverage.

===Legal issues===
Shortly after the film’s release, [[Mumbai]]’s [[police commissioner]] raised concerns about the depiction of high-speed stunts and reckless motorcycle riding in the film. Authorities feared the scenes could influence young viewers and lead to an increase in traffic violations and [[road accident]]s.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 January 2007 |title=Banned in B'wood: Stunts on bikes |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dhoom-3-may-prove-to-be-a-rough-ride/top/30809-8.html?xml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004102604/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dhoom-3-may-prove-to-be-a-rough-ride/top/30809-8.html?xml |archive-date=4 October 2012 |access-date=10 October 2009 |work=[[CNN-IBN]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> As a result, the commissioner appealed for certain sequences to be censored, although no formal action was taken.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sebastian |first=Don |date=29 February 2008 |title=Bollywood scripts Kerala's bank heist |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_bollywood-scripts-kerala-s-bank-heist_1153520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614202511/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_bollywood-scripts-kerala-s-bank-heist_1153520 |archive-date=14 June 2010 |access-date=23 August 2009 |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

While the heists depicted in the film were fictional and not inspired by real-life crimes—unlike those in ''[[Dhoom]]'' (2004)—''Dhoom 2'' allegedly influenced a robbery in which a man was mugged by his nephew, who emulated [[Hrithik Roshan]]’s attire from the film.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2006 |title=Inspired by Hrithik, boy robs cash |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-08/mumbai/27807292_1_motorbike-bikes-hrithik-roshan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024142230/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-08/mumbai/27807292_1_motorbike-bikes-hrithik-roshan |archive-date=24 October 2012 |access-date=23 August 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In a separate instance, actress [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]] received legal notices from some viewers objecting to a kissing scene with Roshan, marking one of the few controversies associated with the film’s content.<ref>{{cite web |title=When Aishwarya Rai Confessed She Was Uncomfortable Kissing in Dhoom 2: 'I Got Legal Notices...' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-aishwarya-rai-confessed-she-was-uncomfortable-kissing-in-dhoom-2-i-got-legal-notices-8571836.html}}</ref>

==Marketing==

The [[teaser trailer]] for ''Dhoom 2'' premiered alongside the theatrical release of ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' on 11 August 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2006-08-01 |title=Dhoom 2 promo with Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/dhoom-2-promo-with-kabhi-alvida-naa-kehna/ |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was promoted through multiple brand [[tie-in]]s. [[Coca-Cola]] launched a campaign titled “[[Coca-Cola#In mass media|Coke Uthale, ''Dhoom'' Machale]]” in association with the film.<ref name="budget" /> Clothing brand [[Pepe Jeans]] collaborated with the film to release a range of themed apparel including T-shirts, jeans, caps, and accessories.<ref name="r3">{{cite web |date=11 November 2006 |title=Dhoom:2 Fashion Apparel now available in India |url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=66b728d3-1421-4436-a91d-bdb2b960116f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103090533/http://www.yashrajfilms.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=66b728d3-1421-4436-a91d-bdb2b960116f |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=15 May 2012 |publisher=Yash Raj Films |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Chetan Shah, country head of Pepe Jeans London, described the film’s cast and style as aligning with the brand’s “young, cool, trendy” image.<ref name="r3" />

The film also inspired two video game adaptations developed by FXLabs: ''Dhoom 2'' (2007) and ''Dhoom 2.5'' (2008).<ref>{{cite web |date=1 June 2007 |title=FXLabs launches move on Indian video gaming |url=http://www.indusbusinessjournal.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=12BC73199A014E6A86F9966A81557E38&AudID=6EF55B05AA694954939FA7B6FB605DAB |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103085025/http://www.indusbusinessjournal.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=12BC73199A014E6A86F9966A81557E38&AudID=6EF55B05AA694954939FA7B6FB605DAB |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=6 January 2012 |publisher=Indus Business Journal |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wolf |first=M.J.P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbrOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA313 |title=Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming [2 volumes] |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-313-37937-6 |page=313 |access-date=}}</ref>

While promoting the film, Hrithik Roshan publicly retracted earlier remarks he had made about co-star Aishwarya Rai, admitting he had underestimated her acting abilities. Their performance in ''Dhoom 2'' led to further collaborations in ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' (2008) and ''[[Guzaarish (film)|Guzaarish]]'' (2010), establishing them as a popular on-screen pairing in contemporary [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 December 2019 |title=Throwback Thursday: When Hrithik Roshan regretted calling Aishwarya Rai 'pretty face with no talent' |url=https://www.mynation.com/bollywood/when-hrithik-roshan-regretted-calling-aishwarya-rai-pretty-face-with-no-talent-q2124d |access-date=3 March 2020 |work=mynation.com}}</ref>

==Reception==

=== Box office ===
''Dhoom 2'' opened to record-breaking collections across India and overseas. In its opening week, the film grossed ₹66 million in Mumbai and ₹179 million nationwide, delivering a distributor profit of ₹94 million in Mumbai alone.<ref name="r12">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=P.K. Ajith |title=Dhoom 2: Box Office India |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/boxoffice/12546/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121120104/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/boxoffice/12546/index.html |archive-date=21 November 2009 |access-date=2 September 2009 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="r5">{{cite web |last=Nahta |first=Komal |date=10 December 2006 |title=Dhoom all the way |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061210/asp/look/story_7116153.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206130032/http://telegraphindia.com/1061210/asp/look/story_7116153.asp |archive-date=6 February 2009 |access-date=31 August 2009 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''[[Box Office India]]'' classified the film as a "[[blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]]," with a net domestic collection of ₹803 million and a worldwide gross of approximately ₹1.5 billion against a budget of ₹350 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Box Office 2006 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132118/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=22 August 2009 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref><ref name="gross">{{cite web |title=Dhoom 2 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021202725/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=22 August 2009 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref><ref name="gross2">{{cite web |title=Dhoom 2 (2006) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dhoom2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519150819/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dhoom2.htm |archive-date=19 May 2010 |access-date=22 August 2009 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="budget" /> At the time of its release, it became the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films|highest-grossing Hindi film of all time]] and remains among the top-grossing films in India (unadjusted for inflation).<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Lifetime Nett Grossers ALL TIME |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3935&nCat= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626150752/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3935&nCat= |archive-date=26 June 2012 |access-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

In North America, ''Dhoom 2'' debuted in 63 theatres and grossed US$979,000 over its three-day opening weekend (US$1.3 million over four days), ranking seventeenth at the American box office and achieving the third-largest opening for a [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] film in the region at the time.<ref name="r4">{{cite web |last=Pais |first=Arthur J. |date=28 November 2006 |title=Dhoom 2 rocks the US |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/28dhoom.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827204404/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/28dhoom.htm |archive-date=27 August 2010 |access-date=31 August 2009 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It went on to earn a total of US$2.64 million in the United States and approximately US$8.75 million across overseas markets, including strong performances in the United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Australia, and New Zealand.<ref name="r4" /><ref name="gross2" /><ref name="r5" />

At the UK box office, it ranked sixth among international films during its opening weekend, with an average per-screen gross of £8,151.<ref>{{cite web |title=United Kingdom Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/uk/?yr=2006&wk=47&p=.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024094902/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/uk/?yr=2006&wk=47&p=.htm |archive-date=24 October 2012 |access-date=2 September 2009 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In Australia, the film debuted with approximately A$176,462,<ref name="r6">{{cite web |date=30 November 2006 |title=Dhoom 2 creates "dhoom" at the BO |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2020/abhishek-bachchan-says-the-film-industry-is-not-all-glamour-and-the-audiences-dont-see-that-301106.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218013032/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/box-office/dhoom-2-301106.html |archive-date=18 February 2013 |access-date=31 August 2009 |publisher=One India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Australia Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/australia/?yr=2006&wk=47&p=.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024094922/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/australia/?yr=2006&wk=47&p=.htm |archive-date=24 October 2012 |access-date=2 September 2009 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> while in New Zealand, it grossed NZ$51,453 on five screens..<ref name="r6" /><ref>{{cite web |date=23 November 2006 |title=Dhoom 2 (2006) – International Box Office Results – Box Office Mojo |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=dhoom2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103091143/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=dhoom2.htm |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=4 February 2014 |publisher=Boxofficemojo.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In Dubai, ''Dhoom 2'' recorded the highest first-day opening for a Bollywood release at the time.<ref name="Box Office India" />

=== Critical response ===
''Dhoom 2'' received generally positive reviews from both Indian and international critics. Praise was directed at the film's action sequences, styling, soundtrack, and performances—particularly that of Hrithik Roshan—though the screenplay and narrative depth received some criticism.

==== India ====
[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' awarded the film 4.5 out of 5 stars, calling it "a winner all the way" and predicted it would be among the biggest hits for [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref name="bhreview">{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=24 November 2006 |title=Dhoom 2 : Movie Review by Taran Adarsh |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/509011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525025303/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/509011 |archive-date=25 May 2012 |access-date=6 January 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rajesh Karkera of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars, describing it as a "complete roller-coaster ride," while acknowledging minor narrative flaws.<ref name="rdreview">{{cite web |title=Ride the Dhoom 2 rollercoaster! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/24dhoom.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315050423/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/24dhoom.htm |archive-date=15 March 2012 |access-date=13 February 2012 |work=Rediff.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-News18|''CNN-IBN'']] rated it 3 stars and remarked that Roshan was "the heart and soul of the film," making it superior to its predecessor.<ref name="ibnreview">{{cite web |date=10 May 2011 |title=Masand's Verdict: Go Dhoom 2 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-go-dhoom-2/26974-8-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127115503/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-go-dhoom-2/26974-8-1.html |archive-date=27 November 2012 |access-date=13 February 2012 |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |df=dmy}}</ref>

==== International ====
On the [[review aggregator]] [[Rotten Tomatoes]], ''Dhoom 2'' holds a 93% approval rating based on 14 reviews, with an average score of 7/10.<ref name="RT1">{{cite web |date=23 November 2006 |title=Dhoom 2 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dhoom_2/?name_order=asc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526023929/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dhoom_2/?name_order=asc |archive-date=26 May 2010 |access-date=22 August 2009 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']], the film was described as being "loaded with enough attitude, Bollywood star-power and buff bodies to stop a speeding train," affirming Yash Raj Films' range beyond romantic dramas.<ref>{{cite news |last=Elley |first=Derek |date=6 December 2006 |title=Dhoom 2 – 2006 |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117932257.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022102051/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117932257.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 |archive-date=22 October 2010 |access-date=20 July 2010 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised its "giddy, slick" style and noted that despite narrative limitations, "old-fashioned star power" elevated the film.<ref>{{cite news |last=Saltz |first=Rachel |date=2007 |title=Dhoom 2 (2006) |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/376330/Dhoom-2/overview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215070046/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/376330/Dhoom-2/overview |archive-date=15 December 2007 |access-date=3 September 2009 |work=[[The New York Times]] |department=Movies & TV Dept. |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ethan Alter of ''[[Film Journal International]]'' called it "disposable entertainment," but acknowledged its production quality and star appeal.<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |title=Dhoom 2: Back in Action |url=http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003465671 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225200319/http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003465671 |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=3 September 2009 |publisher=Film Journal International |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[LA Weekly|''L.A. Weekly'']]{{'}}s David Chute described it as "a movie meal as satisfying as this one [that] can make you feel that nothing else matters."<ref name="RT1" />

Jaspreet Pandohar of the ''[[BBC]]'' found the plot thin but credited Roshan's charisma and his chemistry with Aishwarya Rai for keeping the film engaging.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |date=12 November 2006 |title=BBC – Movies – Review – Dhoom 2 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/11/27/dhoom_2_2006_review.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925032103/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/11/27/dhoom_2_2006_review.shtml |archive-date=25 September 2008 |access-date=4 September 2009 |publisher=BBC |df=dmy-all}}</ref> BBC Shropshire's Manish Gajjar remarked that with action sequences on par with Hollywood standards, ''Dhoom 2'' was "a winner all the way at the box office."<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC – Shropshire – Bollywood – Dhoom 2 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2006/12/dhoom_2_review.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111050654/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2006/12/dhoom_2_review.shtml |archive-date=11 January 2009 |access-date=10 October 2012 |publisher=BBC Shropshire |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Date of the ceremony
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipients
! scope="col" |Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="7" |[[13th Screen Awards|6 January 2007]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Hrithik Roshan]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-01-05 |title=Winners: 13th Annual Star-Screen Awards |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2007/01/07/2046/index.html |access-date=2025-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105062224/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2007/01/07/2046/index.html |archive-date=5 January 2008 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
|[[Uday Chopra]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Jodi No. 1
|Aishwarya Rai and Hrithik Roshan
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Choreography
|[[Shiamak Davar]] (for "Dhoom Again")
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Action
|[[Allan Amin]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Special Effects
|Tata Elxsi
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="8" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="8" |[[52nd Filmfare Awards|17 February 2007]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Dhoom 2''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Filmfare Award Winners 2007 – 52nd (Fifty Second) Fair One Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/filmfare-awards-2007-207.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807192646/http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/filmfare-awards-2007-207.html |archive-date=7 August 2012 |access-date=18 June 2012 |publisher=Awardsandshows.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Sanjay Gadhvi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Hrithik Roshan
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Aishwarya Rai
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Pritam]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
|[[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|Tata Elxsi
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Action|Best Action]]
|Allan Amin
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |18 February 2007
|[[Stardust Award for Actor of the Year – Male|Actor of the Year – Male]]
|Hrithik Roshan
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web |date=19 February 2007 |title=Max Stardust Awards |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2007/stardustawards190207.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103115358/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2007/stardustawards190207.html |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=18 June 2012 |publisher=Oneindia |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Actor of the Year – Female|Actor of the Year – Female]]
|Aishwarya Rai
| {{won}}
|-
|Hottest Young Filmmaker
|Sanjay Gadhvi
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[2007 Zee Cine Awards|1 April 2007]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]]
|Hrithik Roshan
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-06 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2007, Zee TV's Bollywood awards: Vote online on Sify Max |url=http://sifymax.com/zca/winners/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406121306/http://sifymax.com/zca/winners/ |archive-date=6 April 2007 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|Shiamak Davar (for "Dhoom Again")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Action|Best Action]]
|Allan Amin
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |26 May 2007
|Best Actor
|Hrithik Roshan
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-22 |title=Danny Glover - Bollywood Movie Awards '07 - Pictures - CBS News |website=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/bollywood-movie-awards-07/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005428/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/bollywood-movie-awards-07/ |archive-date=22 June 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
|Aishwarya Rai
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Comic Actor
|Uday Chopra
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematography
|[[Nirav Shah]] and Vikas Sivaraman
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="13" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
| rowspan="13" |[[8th IIFA Awards|7–9 June 2007]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Dhoom 2''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="13" |<ref>{{cite web |title=IIFA announces technical award winners |url=http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=3167 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612135713/http://businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=3167 |archive-date=12 June 2012 |access-date=18 June 2012 |publisher=Businessofcinema.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Aishwarya Rai
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Bipasha Basu]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]]
|Uday Chopra
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
|Hrithik Roshan
| {{nom}}
|-
|Most Glamorous Star
|Aishwarya Rai and Hrithik Roshan
| {{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Pritam]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]] (for "Krazy Kiya Re")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]] (for "Krazy Kiya Re")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|[[Aditya Chopra]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|[[Vijay Krishna Acharya]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|[[Anaita Shroff Adajania]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Makeup|Best Makeup]]
|G. A. James
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[List of MTV award shows|MTV India Style Awards]]
| rowspan="8" |26 October 2007
|Most Stylish Film
|''Dhoom 2''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{cite web |title=MTV Style Awards 2007 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C10%5C28%5Cstory_28-10-2007_pg9_5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222063246/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C10%5C28%5Cstory_28-10-2007_pg9_5 |archive-date=22 February 2008 |access-date=1 November 2010 |publisher=dailytimes.com}}</ref>
|-
|Most Stylish Actor – Male
|Hrithik Roshan
| {{won}}
|-
|Most Stylish Actor – Female
|Aishwarya Rai
| {{won}}
|-
|Most Stylish New Look
| rowspan="2" |Hrithik Roshan
| {{won}}
|-
|Most Stylish Body
| {{won}}
|-
|Most Stylish Couple
|Aishwarya Rai and Hrithik Roshan
| {{won}}
|-
|Most Stylish Song in A Film
|Shiamak Davar (for "Dhoom Again")
| {{won}}
|-
|Most Stylish Bollywood Designer
|Anaita Shroff Adajania
| {{won}}
|}

==Home media==
''Dhoom 2'' was released on [[DVD]] in February 2007 by [[Yash Raj Films]]. The international edition was issued as a two-disc set for all [[DVD region code|regions]], while a single-disc version was made available for Region 1 markets, including North America.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 2007 |title=Dhoom 2 DVD: Dual Disc |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000LRZHOG/ |access-date=16 August 2010 |website=Amazon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 February 2007 |title=Dhoom 2 DVD: Single Disc |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0016GOJYA/ |access-date=16 August 2010 |website=Amazon}}</ref> The DVD included special features such as behind-the-scenes footage, music videos, and cast interviews. The film was later released on [[Blu-ray]] in December 2009, featuring high-definition visuals and remastered audio.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 December 2009 |title=Dhoom 2 Blu-ray |url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0030QTA2A/ |access-date=16 August 2010 |website=Amazon}}</ref>

==Sequel==
{{Main|Dhoom 3}}

== See also ==
* [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films]]
* [[List of Bollywood films of 2006]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.yashrajfilms.com/microsites/dhoom2/d2micro/microflash.htm}}
* {{IMDb title|0441048|Dhoom 2}}
* {{Mojo title|dhoom2|Dhoom 2}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|dhoom_2|Dhoom 2}}
* {{TCMDb title|id=661454|title=Dhoom 2}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121009103330/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/dhoom-2/ ''Dhoom 2''] at [[Yahoo!]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120315064746/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/509011 ''Dhoom 2''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]
* [http://in.rediff.com/movies/dhoom206.html ''Dhoom 2''] at [[Rediff.com]]

{{dhoom series}}
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Gul-E-Bakawali (1939 film)

2026-04-10T08:29:03Z

Svetlhdm: adding a biography with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = '''Gul-E-Bakawali'''
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|director =
|producer = D. M. Pancholi
|writer =
|screenplay =
|story =
|based_on =
|narrator =
|starring = [[Suraiya]] [[Noor Jehan]] Salim Raza Hem Lata Jabeen
|music = [[Ghulam Haider (composer)|Ghulam Haider]]
|cinematography =
|editing =
|studio =
|distributor =
|released = {{Film date|df=yes|1939|||[[British India]]}}
|runtime =
|country = India
|language = Punjabi
|budget =
|gross =
}}

'''Gul-E-Bakawali''' ({{Translation|Flower of Bakawali}}) is a 1939 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language film by [[Dalsukh M. Pancholi|D. M. Pancholi]],<ref name="us">{{cite web | url=http://www.upperstall.com/people/ghulam-haider | title=Ghulam Haider | publisher=upperstall.com | accessdate=31 March 2012}}, Retrieved 28 December 2015</ref> starring Salim Raza, [[Noor Jehan]], [[Suraiya]], Hem Lata and Jabeen. Based on the Indian folktale ''[[The Rose of Bakawali]]'' about the [[hedychium]] flower, said to be from a Persian legend in the ''[[Arabian Nights]]'', it tells the story of fairy Bakawali and a prince who wants her magical flower to cure his blind father.

== Music ==
The film's music was composed by [[Ghulam Haider (composer)|Ghulam Haider]].<ref name=us/> The playback singers were [[K.L. Saigal]] and [[Shamshad Begum]].

== See also ==
* [[Gul-e-Bakavali (1924 film)]], 1924 Indian silent film
* [[Gulebakavali (1955 film)]], 1955 Indian Tamil-language film

* [[Gulebakavali Katha]], 1962 Indian Telugu-language

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1939 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1930s Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:Films based on One Thousand and One Nights]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Films based on fairy tales]]
[[Category:Films about flowers]]
[[Category:Films about fairies]]
[[Category:Films about princes]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Films about curses]]
[[Category:Films about magic (supernatural)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lahore]]
[[Category:Films about wish fulfillment]]
[[Category:Films about witchcraft]]

{{Punjabi-film-stub}}

Suresh Gopi

2026-03-28T23:27:43Z

Svetlhdm: further updated layout for clarity and added references for clarity

{{Short description|Indian actor, playback singer, television presenter and politician (born 1958)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Indian name|Suresh|Gopi}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Suresh Gopi
| image =
| caption = Gopi in 2025
| office = [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Union Minister of State for Petroleum and Natural Gas]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister = [[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
| term_start = 9 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Rameswar Teli]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Union Minister of State for Tourism]]
| primeminister1 = Narendra Modi
| minister1 = [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]
| term_start1 = 9 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|[[Shripad Naik]]|[[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]}}
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency|Thrissur, Kerala]]
| term_start2 = 4 June 2024
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[T. N. Prathapan]]
| successor2 =
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency4 = [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
| term_start4 = 29 April 2016
| term_end4 = 24 April 2022
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1958|06|26}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]|[[playback singer]]|[[television presenter]]|[[politician]]}}
| module = {{Infobox person | embed = yes
| years_active = 1965, 1986–present
}}
| parents =
| education = [[Fatima Mata National College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]], [[Master of Arts|M.A]])
| spouse = {{marriage|Radhika Nair|1990}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sansad.in/rs/members/biography/2323 |title=Digital Sansad |access-date=4 June 2024 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603192924/https://sansad.in/rs/members/biography/2323 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| children = 5, including [[Gokul Suresh]]{{efn|group=note|One child, Lakshmi Suresh, is deceased.}}
| relatives = [[Aranmula Ponnamma]] (grandmother-in-law)
| awards = [[National Film Awards]] [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
| website =
| birth_place = [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]], India<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2dAz16wQ2o |title=പൊടിമീശക്കാരനായ സുരേഷ് ഗോപി, കോളേജ് തെരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പിൽ SFI പാനലിൽ ജയിച്ചു കയറിയ സഖാവ് |date=2024-06-09 |last=asianetnews |access-date=2024-06-12 |via=YouTube |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612030002/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2dAz16wQ2o |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
'''Suresh Gopi''' (born 26 June 1958) is an Indian actor, playback singer, television presenter and politician who is currently serving as the [[Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum and Natural Gas]] and the [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]] since June 2024. He was elected as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]] from [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency]], becoming the first BJP MP from Kerala, marking the party’s first-ever victory in a Lok Sabha election in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Lots to cheer for BJP in Kerala apart from Suresh Gopi's historic Thrissur win |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-kerala-suresh-gopi-historic-thrissur-win-9373915/ |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606172534/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-kerala-suresh-gopi-historic-thrissur-win-9373915/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He is also serving as the [[University president|President]] of the [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]] from September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SRFTI - Administration |url=https://srfti.ac.in/?page_id=229 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=[[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute|SRFTI]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Govind |first=Biju |date=2023-09-23 |title=Suresh Gopi in a real quandary over accepting nomination as president of Satyajit Ray film institute |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/suresh-gopi-in-a-real-quandary-over-accepting-nomination-as-president-of-satyajit-ray-film-institute/article67335098.ece |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

He works predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema]] and has also appeared in some [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], and [[Hindi]] films.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Suresh made his acting debut as a child in the 1965 film ''[[Odayil Ninnu (film)|Odayil Ninnu]]'' and as an adult in 1986 and has since acted in [[Suresh Gopi filmography|more than 250 films]]. In 1998, he won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] and [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] for his performance in ''[[Kaliyattam]]''.<ref name=":2" />

He served as a [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated member]] of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]] from 2016 to 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/malayalam-actor-suresh-gopi-nominated-to-rajya-sabha-2763991/ | title=Malayalam actor Suresh Gopi nominated to Rajya Sabha | work=The Indian Express | author=Shaju Philip | date=21 November 2017 | access-date=17 March 2021 | archive-date=2 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502072357/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/malayalam-actor-suresh-gopi-nominated-to-rajya-sabha-2763991/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, he is also a philanthropist, social worker, and advocates for environmental protection.<ref>{{cite news|author=ANI|title=Malayalam actor Suresh Gopi joins BJP|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/malayalam-actor-suresh-gopi-joins-bjp/|access-date=9 July 2020|work=[[Asian News International]]|date=23 August 2017|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712142903/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/malayalam-actor-suresh-gopi-joins-bjp/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Suresh Gopi was born on 26 June 1958 at [[Kollam district|Kollam]], Kerala (present-day [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]]) to K. Gopinathan Pillai, a [[film distributor]], and V. Gnanalekshmi Amma, as their eldest son.<ref name="biodata1">{{cite web|title=Shri Suresh Gopi|url=http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx|website=Rajyasabha.nic.in|publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]]|access-date=16 March 2019|date=29 April 2016|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327221824/http://164.100.47.5/newmembers/Website/Main.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="biodata2">{{cite web|title=Suresh Gopi, Shri|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/suresh-gopi-shri|website=[[India.gov.in]]|publisher=[[National Portal of India]]|access-date=16 March 2019|date=29 April 2016}}</ref> His parents hail from [[Kollam]] city (present-day [[Kollam district]], kerala).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-21 |title=Malayalam actor Suresh Gopi's mother dies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/malayalam-actor-suresh-gopi-mother-dies-106455-2012-06-20 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604181928/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/malayalam-actor-suresh-gopi-mother-dies-106455-2012-06-20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DC" />

After his birth, Gopi's family moved to his father's house in [[Kollam]] where he was raised.<ref name="DC">{{cite news|last=Chandran|first=Cynthia|title=Suresh Gopi asked to focus more in Thiruvananthapuram|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/120417/suresh-gopi-asked-to-focus-more-in-thiruvananthapuram.html|access-date=16 March 2019|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=12 April 2017|archive-date=29 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429210331/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/120417/suresh-gopi-asked-to-focus-more-in-thiruvananthapuram.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He has three younger brothers: Subhash Gopi and twins Sunil G Pillai and Sanil G Pillai.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Suresh+Gopi|title=Profile of Malayalam Actor Suresh Gopi|website=en.msidb.org|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011214832/https://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Suresh+Gopi|url-status=live}}</ref> His ancestral home ([[tharavad]]) is in Kollam city near Madannada,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9_9Pzn1uwM |title=സുരേഷ്ഗോപി കേന്ദ്രമന്ത്രിയായതിന്‍റെ അഭിമാനത്തില്‍ ജന്മനാട് {{!}} kollam {{!}} Suresh Gopi |date=2024-06-09 |last=Manorama News |access-date=2024-06-12 |via=YouTube |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612030003/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9_9Pzn1uwM&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Kollam Bharanikavu Devi Temple near Madannada, Pallimukku, is his ancestral family temple.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2dAz16wQ2o |title=പൊടിമീശക്കാരനായ സുരേഷ് ഗോപി, കോളേജ് തെരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പിൽ SFI പാനലിൽ ജയിച്ചു കയറിയ സഖാവ് |date=2024-06-09 |last=asianetnews |access-date=2024-06-12 |via=YouTube |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612030002/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2dAz16wQ2o |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gopi attended Infant Jesus Anglo-Indian School in Kollam.<ref name="SG">{{cite book|last=Saran|first=Renu|title=History of Indian Cinema|date=4 March 2014|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=9789350836514|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9350836513|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011214832/https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=isbn:9350836513|url-status=live}}</ref> He then completed the bachelor's degree in [[Zoology]] and a master's degree in English literature from [[Fatima Mata National College]] in Kollam.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Centre |first1=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/rs/members/biography/2323 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref><ref name="biodata1"/><ref name="biodata2"/>

==Film career==
{{Main|Suresh Gopi filmography}}

=== 1986–92: Early years ===
Gopi made his debut as a child artist in 1965 by playing a brief role in ''[[Odayil Ninnu (film)|Odayil Ninnu]]''. Later, he made his debut as an adult in 1986 with an uncredited role in [[Niramulla Ravulkal|''Niramulla Raavukal'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niramulla Raavukal [1986] |url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?1010 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=en.msidb.org |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611155006/https://en.msidb.org/m.php?1010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-09 |title=Vigilante movies, TV shows shaped Suresh Gopi's win in Neta role |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/06/09/suresh-gopi-political-journey-from-films.html |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> He gained attention through the minor role of a prospective groom in ''[[T. P. Balagopalan M. A.]]'' (1986). Gopi went on to play few antagonistic and numerous supporting roles throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was noted for his villain role in ''[[Irupatham Noottandu]]'' (1987). It was the highest grossing Malayalam movie of that time. He had a major supporting role as Harry in ''[[Oru CBI Diary Kurippu]]'' (1988). Gopi's comic role as [[sub-inspector]] Minnal Prathapan in ''[[Manu Uncle]]'' (1988) has over the years attained a cult status.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CUE|first=THE|title=Script writer Dennis Joseph about character Minnal Prathapan in Manu Uncle|url=https://www.thecue.in/film-news/2020/07/11/minnal-prathapan-was-actually-scripted-for-jagathi-sreekumar|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Cue|date=11 July 2020|language=ml|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717064025/https://www.thecue.in/film-news/2020/07/11/minnal-prathapan-was-actually-scripted-for-jagathi-sreekumar|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Minnal Prathapan is still laughing us; the story of the twist behind it: vide|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2020/06/26/minnal-prathaapan-story.html|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Manoramanews|date=26 June 2020 |language=ml|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717064025/https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2020/06/26/minnal-prathaapan-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His portrayal of Dr. Narendran in [[Padmarajan]]'s 1990 film ''[[Innale]]'' (1990) was critically acclaimed and is considered by fans and critics to be one of the best performances of his career.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-29|title=Looking at Padmarajan's Innale, And His Remarkable Oeuvre|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/malayalam-movies-innale-hotstar-looking-at-padmarajan-s-remarkable-oeuvre-shobana-jayaram-suresh-gopi/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Film Companion|language=en-US|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712035336/https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/malayalam-movies-innale-hotstar-looking-at-padmarajan-s-remarkable-oeuvre-shobana-jayaram-suresh-gopi/|url-status=live}}</ref> He also gained appraisal for his portrayal of [[Aromal Chekavar]] in the 1989 drama ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]''. He played another cameo comic role as Christopher Luke, a professional killer in ''[[Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam]]'' (1989). His other notable films during the late 1980s include ''[[Bhoomiyile Rajakkanmar]]'', [[New Delhi (1987 film)|''New Delhi'']] (1987), ''[[Moonnam Mura]]'', [[1921 (1988 film)|''1921'']] (1988), [[Varnam (1989 film)|''Varnam'']], ''[[Douthyam]]'', ''[[Nair Saab]]'' (1989). His notable films during the early 1990s includes ''[[In Harihar Nagar]]'' and ''[[Thoovalsparsham]]'' both released in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/in-harihar-nagar/cast-crew.html |title=In Harihar Nagar Cast & Crew | Cast of in Harihar Nagar Malayalam Movie - FilmiBeat |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611154954/https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/in-harihar-nagar/cast-crew.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/who-can-replace-jayaram-mukesh-saikumar-and-suresh-gopi-if-thoovalsparsham-is-remade-now-255072.html |title=Past to Present Who Can Replace Jayaram Mukesh Saikumar Suresh Gopi and Urvashi if Thoovalsparsham is Remade Now - Filmibeat |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611154954/https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/who-can-replace-jayaram-mukesh-saikumar-and-suresh-gopi-if-thoovalsparsham-is-remade-now-255072.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===1992–95: Breakthrough and stardom===

After acting in more than 80 movies, Gopi finally got a breakthrough by playing the lead role in [[Shaji Kailas]]'s ''[[Thalastaanam]]'' (1992), which was written by [[Renji Panicker]].<ref name=":3">{{cite web | url=http://movies.bizhat.com/actors/suresh_gopi_about.php | title=More about Suresh Gopi | publisher=Bizhat.com | access-date=8 November 2016 | archive-date=27 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427033904/http://movies.bizhat.com/actors/suresh_gopi_about.php | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SG"/> Suresh established himself as a bankable star in Malayalam cinema through ''[[Ekalavyan (film)|Ekalavyan]]'' (1993). This crime thriller was also written by Renji Panicker and directed by Shaji Kailas. The film was a major box office success and completed 150 days in theaters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Narayanan|first=Nirmal|date=2021-02-08|title=This Mollywood director reshaped masculinity of Mohanlal, Mammootty, and Suresh Gopi: HBD Shaji Kailas|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/happy-birthday-shaji-kailas-how-master-craftsman-shaped-masculinity-mollywood-superstars-832951|access-date=2021-07-17|website=IBTimes India|language=en|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717080630/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/happy-birthday-shaji-kailas-how-master-craftsman-shaped-masculinity-mollywood-superstars-832951|url-status=live}}</ref> Shaji-Renji combination films turned Gopi into an overnight star in 1990s especially through police and army roles. In 1993 itself, he played the lead role in ''[[Mafia (1993 film)|Mafia]]'', another Shaji-Renji crime thriller which was very successful at box office. The same year, he played the role of Nakulan alongside [[Mohanlal]] and [[Shobana|Shobhana]] in [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]'s psychological thriller ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]'', which is considered one of the best Malayalam movies ever made.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Best Malayalam Movies: 10 Malayalam films to watch before you die|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-malayalam-films-to-watch-before-you-die/top-10-malayalam-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/48436108.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|work=The Times of India|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610062208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-malayalam-films-to-watch-before-you-die/top-10-malayalam-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/48436108.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He played the role of a [[National Security Guard|NSG commando]] in ''[[Kashmeeram]]'' (1994), which was a commercial success. His 1994 film ''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]'', where he played the role of Bharath Chandran I.P.S, was a major commercial success in Kerala and pushed his superstardom to neighboring Telugu-speaking state where it was a box office success.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Here is how Suresh Gopi became the 'Supreme Star' of Telugu cinema|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/28/suresh-gopi-supreme-star-telugu-cinema.html|access-date=2021-07-17|website=onmanorama.com|archive-date=12 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612041352/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/28/suresh-gopi-supreme-star-telugu-cinema.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Commissioner'' is also treated as a [[cult classic]] film.<ref>{{Cite news|title=10 Suresh Gopi films to watch before you die|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-suresh-gopi-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/52450589.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|work=The Times of India|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630105145/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-suresh-gopi-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/52450589.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He played the role of a RAW officer in ''[[Highway (1995 film)|Highway]]'' (1995) which ran for more than 100 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-25 |title=Suresh Gopi to reunite with Jayaraj for 'Highway 2', a mystery action thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suresh-gopi-to-reunite-with-jayaraj-for-highway-2-a-mystery-action-thriller/articleshow/92459489.cms |access-date=2024-06-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=The 1995 release ‘Highway’ helmed by Jayaraj, featured Suresh Gopi as Sreedhar Prasad aka Mahesh Aravind, who is a RAW Officer. ‘Highway’ turned out to be a blockbuster, setting records at the box office. |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611154954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suresh-gopi-to-reunite-with-jayaraj-for-highway-2-a-mystery-action-thriller/articleshow/92459489.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===1996–2005: Further commercial successes===

Gopi's high budget film ''[[Yuvathurki]]'' (1996) failed to create expected results at box office. The same year, he appeared in a different avatar by playing the role of a wildlife photographer in [[Rajaputhran|''Rajaputran'']]. It became one of the highest grossing Malayalam movies in 1996.<ref>{{Cite news|title=10 Suresh Gopi films to watch before you die|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-suresh-gopi-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/52450645.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|work=The Times of India|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717084344/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-suresh-gopi-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/52450645.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

One of his popular and career best character Anakkattil Chackochi came out through ''[[Lelam]]'' in 1997. Scripted by Renji panicker and directed by [[Joshiy]], it was one of the highest-grossing movies of the year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=James|first=Anu|date=2016-10-07|title=Is Suresh Gopi's Lelam sequel on the cards?|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/suresh-gopis-lelam-sequel-cards-698755|access-date=2021-07-17|website=IBTimes India|language=en|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717084932/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/suresh-gopis-lelam-sequel-cards-698755|url-status=live}}</ref> The role of Kannan Perumalayan in [[Jayaraj]]'s ''[[Kaliyattam]]'' (1997) won him the [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] and the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref>[http://in.rediff.com/entertai/1998/jun/23gopi.htm Rediff On The NeT, Movies: Never say never again] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218073653/http://in.rediff.com/entertai/1998/jun/23gopi.htm |date=18 December 2014 }}. In.rediff.com. Retrieved on 10 April 2013.</ref><ref name="SG" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=53&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=|title=CINIDIARY – A Complete Online Malayalam Cinema News Portal|website=cinidiary.com|access-date=7 May 2015|archive-date=3 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703125136/http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=53&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=|url-status=live}}</ref> His other notable movies in 1997 were ''[[Janathipathyam]]'' and ''[[Guru (1997 film)|Guru]]''. In Guru, he played a supporting role. Suresh Gopi's played a lead role alongside [[Jayaram]] in the [[comedy drama]] ''[[Summer in Bethlehem]]'' (1998). He played the character Dennis and received wide appreciation from the critics. It was also the third highest-grossing movie in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/7-blockbuster-movies-of-suresh-gopi-to-binge-watch-4-1921.html |title=7 Blockbuster Movies of Suresh Gopi to Binge Watch| Top 7 Must-Watch Blockbusters Starring Suresh Gopi – FilmiBeat |access-date=11 June 2024 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611154954/https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/7-blockbuster-movies-of-suresh-gopi-to-binge-watch-4-1921.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His other notable movies in 1998 were ''[[Thalolam (film)|Thalolam]]'' and ''[[Pranayavarnangal]]''.

Gopi's [[Action film|action thriller]] film ''[[Pathram]]'' (1999) directed by Joshiy was one of the highest grossing Malayalam movie in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|last=V.P|first=Nicy|date=2014-11-18|title=Mammootty and Manju Warrier to Pair Up in Joshiy Movie?|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mammootty-manju-warrier-pair-joshiy-movie-614414|access-date=2021-07-17|work=International Business Times|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183727/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mammootty-manju-warrier-pair-joshiy-movie-614414|url-status=live}}</ref> The film, which ran over 275 days in theatres is also considered by many fans to be one of the best in his career. The same year he starred in another Joshiy action thriller ''[[Vazhunnor]]'' which was also a commercial hit. In 1999, two of his popular crime investigation thrillers ''[[Crime File]]'' and ''[[F. I. R. (1999 film)|F. I. R]]'' came out. Both films were commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite news|title=HBD Suresh Gopi: M-Town celebs pour in wishes for the superstar!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/hbd-suresh-gopi-m-town-celebs-pour-in-wishes-for-the-superstar/articleshow/83867029.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|work=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717095310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/hbd-suresh-gopi-m-town-celebs-pour-in-wishes-for-the-superstar/articleshow/83867029.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2000, Gopi starred in ''[[Mark Antony (2000 film)|Mark Antony]]'' and ''[[Cover Story (2000 film)|Cover Story]]'', an action film and a crime thriller. He played a lead role, with comic elements, in the comedy drama ''[[Thenkasipattanam]]'' (2000) alongside [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]. The film was one of the highest grossers at the box office and ran for more than 275 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-04-04|title=The Hindu : Super hero makes a clean sweep|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/10/stories/2002051000670300.htm|access-date=2021-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030404195241/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/10/stories/2002051000670300.htm|archive-date=4 April 2003}}</ref> Suresh Gopi played the lead role in [[Rajasenan]]'s horror film ''[[Megasandesam]]'' (2001). His other notable movies in 2001 are the comedy drama ''[[Sundara Purushan (2001 film)|Sundara Purushan]]'' and an investigation thriller ''[[Nariman (film)|Nariman]]''. In 2003, he appeared in a lead role alongside [[Kunchacko Boban]] in Rajasenan's family drama ''[[Swapnam Kondu Thulabharam]]''. In 2005, he did the lead role in Renji Panicker's ''[[Bharathchandran I.P.S.]]'', a sequel to the 1994 film Commissioner. The film was a major hit at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Picture isnt perfect in Mollywood|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/picture-isn-t-perfect-in-mollywood-106031501120_1.html|access-date=2021-07-17|newspaper=Business Standard|location=India|date=15 March 2006|language=en|last1=John|first1=Nevin|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717102749/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/picture-isn-t-perfect-in-mollywood-106031501120_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His performance is ''[[Makalkku]]'' (2005) was critically acclaimed.

===2006–2015: Decline and hiatus===

Gopi's fanbase slowly started to diminish during the mid-2000s with many of his movies released in 2006 becoming a failure at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myworldofmovies.in/when-can-you-start-calling-a-leading-actor-superstar-in-malayalam-cinema/|title=When can you start calling a leading actor 'SUPERSTAR' in Malayalam Cinema?|last=Fahir|date=2015-05-31|website=My World of Movies|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-09|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009070110/http://www.myworldofmovies.in/when-can-you-start-calling-a-leading-actor-superstar-in-malayalam-cinema/|url-status=live}}</ref> This includes films such as ''[[Lanka (2006 film)|Lanka]]'', ''[[Rashtram]]'', ''[[Pathaaka]]'', ''[[Ashwaroodan]]'', ''[[Bada Dosth]]'' and ''[[Smart City (film)|Smart City]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review: Leave Bada Dosth alone|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/30bada.htm|access-date=2021-07-17|website=rediff.com|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714170139/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/30bada.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> However, his legal thriller ''[[Chinthamani Kolacase]]'' directed by Shaji Kailas was a blockbuster at the box office in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-16|title=2006-A Flashback!|website=[[Sify]] |url=http://m.sify.com/movies/2006-a-flashback-news-malayalam-kkfvg4dfgiasi.html|access-date=2021-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116173631/http://m.sify.com/movies/2006-a-flashback-news-malayalam-kkfvg4dfgiasi.html|archive-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> Suresh Gopi played the lead role of a psychotic lawyer, who enforces the law in his style.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rajan|first=Heera|date=2021-04-05|title=Most Underrated Psychopaths in Malayalam Cinema|url=https://pinklungi.com/most-underrated-psychopaths-in-malayalam-cinema/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=PinkLungi|language=en-US|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717104224/https://pinklungi.com/most-underrated-psychopaths-in-malayalam-cinema/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most of his movies released after ''Chinthamani Kolacase'' were failures at the box office. It includes movies such as ''[[Paranju Theeratha Visheshangal]]'', ''[[Black Cat (2007 film)|Black Cat]]'', ''[[Kichamani MBA]]'' and ''[[Time (2007 film)|Time]]'' all of which released in 2007. The same year he had a special appearance in the science fiction film ''[[Bharathan Effect]]''. His commercially successful film in 2007 were the crime investigation thrillers ''[[Detective (2007 film)|Detective]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-14 |title=Unforgettable Dectective roles in Mollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/unforgettable-dectective-roles-in-mollywood/photostory/53192852.cms?picid=53192904 |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and ''[[Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri]]''. In 2008, Suresh Gopi did a lead role in the multi-starrer blockbuster ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]''. In 2009, he was praised for his role as Ramesh Menon in the [[anthology film]] ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' in the segment ''Lalitham Hiranmayam''.

In 2010, he played the role of a father seeking revenge upon those who raped his daughter in ''[[Janakan]]'' which earned him appreciation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Palicha|first=Paresh C.|title=Review: Janakan is promising|url=https://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/apr/09/south-malayalam-movie-review-janakan.htm|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref> In 2011, he appeared in the multi-starrer film ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]''. The same year, Gopi acted in the film ''[[Melvilasom]]'' which received wide critical acclaim upon its release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-10|title=The Hindu : Kerala News : Soldier of misfortune|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/06/stories/2011050651030200.htm|access-date=2021-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810230056/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/06/stories/2011050651030200.htm|archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> Gopi reunited with Shaji Kailas and Renji Panicker in 2012 through ''[[The King & the Commissioner]]''. In the film, which is a crossover of ''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]'' (1994) and ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'' (1995), Suresh Gopi reprised his role as Bharathchandran I.P.S along with [[Mammootty]] reprising his role as Joseph Alex from ''The King''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-01-10|title=Action replay – southindia – Thiruvananthapuram – ibnlive|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/action-replay/218343-60-123.html|access-date=2021-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110013718/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/action-replay/218343-60-123.html|archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref> He was praised for his role as Dr. Vijay Nambiar in ''[[Apothecary (film)|Apothecary]]'' (2014). He was nominated for the Best Actor award at the [[Filmfare Awards South]] for his performance in the movie.<ref>{{Cite web|last=V.P|first=Nicy|date=2015-06-04|title=62nd Filmfare Awards South 2015: Dulquer Salmaan, Nivin Pauly, Mammootty, Biju Menon, Suresh Gopi Nominated|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-dulquer-salmaan-nivin-pauly-mammootty-biju-menon-suresh-gopi-634657|access-date=2021-07-17|work=International Business Times|language=en|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221160708/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-dulquer-salmaan-nivin-pauly-mammootty-biju-menon-suresh-gopi-634657|url-status=live}}</ref> Gopi played the villain role in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film action thriller film ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Suresh-Gopi-to-play-villain/articleshow/42237418.cms | title=Suresh Gopi to play villain! |work=[[The Times of India]] | date=11 September 2014 | access-date=13 February 2016 | author=Radhika C Pillai | archive-date=10 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110125410/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Suresh-Gopi-to-play-villain/articleshow/42237418.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[My God (film)|My God]]'' (2015) was his last film before going to a 4-year hiatus from acting.

=== 2020–present: Return after hiatus ===

In March 2019, he made a comeback announcement in acting by joining [[Vijay Antony]] starrer Tamil film ''[[Tamilarasan]]''. The film was released in 2023 after getting delayed due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/suresh-gopi-returns-vijay-antony-thamizharasan-5613748 | title=Suresh Gopi returns to the big screen with Vijay Antony's Thamizharasan | work=[[The Indian Express]]| date=6 March 2019 | access-date=6 March 2019 | author=Entertainment Desk | archive-date=8 March 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080925/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/suresh-gopi-returns-vijay-antony-thamizharasan-5613748/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Gopi made his comeback in Malayalam cinema by playing a pivotal role in ''[[Varane Avashyamund]]'' in 2020, after a five year long hiatus. The movie also saw the reunion of Suresh Gopi and [[Shobana]] after a span of 15 years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-06|title=Varane Avashyamund: Five reasons why you should not miss Suresh Gopi, Shobana, Kalyani Priyadarshan and Dulquer Salmaan-starrer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/varane-avashyamund-five-reasons-why-you-should-not-miss-suresh-gopi-shobana-kalyani-priyadarshan-and-dulquer-salmaan-starrer/photostory/73984796.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|work=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018140104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/varane-avashyamund-five-reasons-why-you-should-not-miss-suresh-gopi-shobana-kalyani-priyadarshan-and-dulquer-salmaan-starrer/photostory/73984796.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie was a major success at box office and was critically acclaimed. In June 2020, ''[[Tomichan Mulakuppadam]]'' announced to produce Suresh Gopi's 250th movie. The film titled as ''Ottakkomban'' would see Gopi playing the role of Kuruvachan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tomichan Mulakuppadam to back Suresh Gopi's 250th film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tomichan-mulakuppadam-to-back-suresh-gopis-250th-film/articleshow/76438794.cms|access-date=2021-07-17|work=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717131759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tomichan-mulakuppadam-to-back-suresh-gopis-250th-film/articleshow/76438794.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 February 2021, Gopi announced that he will be reuniting with director Joshiy for the film titled ''[[Paappan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suresh Gopi, Kaniha start shooting for 'Paappan'|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/suresh-gopi-kaniha-start-shooting-for-paappan-movie-1.5493960|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306084905/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/suresh-gopi-kaniha-start-shooting-for-paappan-movie-1.5493960|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Entertainment Bureau |title=Suresh Gopi's Pappan Grosses Record Rs 30 Crore at Box Office in 10 Days |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/suresh-gopis-pappan-grosses-record-rs-30-crore-at-box-office-in-10-days-5719843.html |access-date=3 June 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18]] |date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603192921/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/suresh-gopis-pappan-grosses-record-rs-30-crore-at-box-office-in-10-days-5719843.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His other movie ''[[Kaaval (2021 film)|Kaaval]]'', an action thriller directed by Nithin Renji Panicker which also feature Renji Panicker playing a pivotal role.<ref>{{Cite web|title='തമ്പാന്‍ പഴയ ആളല്ല'; മാസ് സുരേഷ് ഗോപിയുമായി 'കാവല്‍' ട്രെയ്‍ലര്‍ {{!}} Kaaval Official Trailer|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/trailer/kaaval-official-trailer-qwcca2|access-date=2021-07-17|website=asianetnews.com|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717034948/https://www.asianetnews.com/amp/trailer/kaaval-official-trailer-qwcca2|url-status=live}}</ref> His 2023 crime thriller film ''[[Garudan (2023 film)|Garudan]]'' was also a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |author1=ETimes.in |title='Garudan' box office collections day 21: Suresh Gopi's thriller collects Rs 15.65 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/garudan-box-office-collections-day-21-suresh-gopis-thriller-collects-rs-15-65-crores/articleshow/105470356.cms |access-date=3 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 November 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603192922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/garudan-box-office-collections-day-21-suresh-gopis-thriller-collects-rs-15-65-crores/articleshow/105470356.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Television host==
In 2012, he hosted the game show ''[[Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran]]'' on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], which was the Malayalam version of ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]''. He continued to host it five more seasons.<ref>[http://www.keralatv.in/2012/03/ningalkkum-akam-kodeeswaran-starting-date/ Ningalkkum Akam Kodeeswaran Starting on 9 April 2012 | Malayalam Television Channels] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430180256/http://www.keralatv.in/2012/03/ningalkkum-akam-kodeeswaran-starting-date/ |date=30 April 2012 }}. Keralatv.in (26 March 2012). Retrieved on 10 April 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2012/suresh-gopi-ningalkkum-akam-kodeeswaran-reviews-095788.html Suresh Gopi's Ningalkkum Akam Kodeeswaran receives rave reviews | News – Oneindia Entertainment] . Entertainment.oneindia.in (18 May 2012). Retrieved on 10 April 2013.</ref> He has also hosted ''Anchinodu Inchodinchu'' on [[Surya TV]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Suresh Gopi's much-awaited show 'Anchinodu Inchodinchu' to premiere on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/suresh-gopis-much-awaited-show-anchinodu-inchodinchu-to-premiere-on-this-date/articleshow/85392962.cms |access-date=3 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 August 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603192921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/suresh-gopis-much-awaited-show-anchinodu-inchodinchu-to-premiere-on-this-date/articleshow/85392962.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Political career==
===Early politics===
During his college days, Gopi was an active member of the [[Students' Federation of India]] (SFI), the [[student wing]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPIM). Later in his life, he developed an admiration for stateswoman [[Indira Gandhi]] and the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC).<ref>{{cite web|last=Warrier|first=Shobha|title=Hero with a conscience|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/oct/30gopi.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=18 March 2019|date=30 October 1997|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011214836/http://in.rediff.com/movies/oct/30gopi.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], he campaigned for both [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] (LDF) and [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] candidates. He campaigned for LDF candidate [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] in [[Malampuzha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malampuzha constituency]] and UDF candidate M. P. Gangadharan in [[Ponnani (Assembly constituency)|Ponnani constituency]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Swagata|last2=Sajeevan|first2=S. S.|last3=Radhakrishnan|first3=M. G.|title=Film actor Suresh Gopi campaigns for both UDF, LDF in Kerala|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20060515-film-actor-suresh-gopi-campaigns-for-both-udf-ldf-in-kerala-783176-2006-05-15|access-date=18 March 2019|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 May 2006|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011214839/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20060515-film-actor-suresh-gopi-campaigns-for-both-udf-ldf-in-kerala-783176-2006-05-15|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Member of Rajya Sabha===
On 29 April 2016, Gopi was sworn in as a [[Member of parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) in the [[Rajya Sabha]], [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|nominated]] by the [[President of India]] in the category of eminent citizens as per the provisions of Article 80 of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/suresh-gopi-sworn-rajya-sabha-mp-becomes-first-rs-nominated-actor-kerala-video-676707 | title=Suresh Gopi sworn in as Rajya Sabha MP; becomes first RS nominated actor from Kerala | work=International Business Times | date=30 April 2016 | access-date=2 June 2016 | archive-date=25 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625141021/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/suresh-gopi-sworn-rajya-sabha-mp-becomes-first-rs-nominated-actor-kerala-video-676707 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2016-04-30 |title=Actor Gopi takes oath as Rajya Sabha member |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/300416/actor-gopi-takes-oath-as-rajya-sabha-member.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> He opted [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] as the nodal district of operation under the [[Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme]].<ref name="TVM">{{cite news|last=Binu|first=V. V.|title=Mohanlal teams up with Suresh Gopi; 'Kireedam' village to get a facelift|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/mohanlal-suresh-gopi-model-village-scheme-kireedam.html|access-date=16 March 2019|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=8 November 2016|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404171632/https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/mohanlal-suresh-gopi-model-village-scheme-kireedam.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2016, he was enlisted as a member in the [[Standing committee (India)|standing committee]] of the [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communication and Information Technology]] and in the Consultative Committee for the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]].<ref name="biodata1"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Actor Suresh Gopi presents his first report in RS|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Actor-Suresh-Gopi-presents-his-first-report-in-RS/article14564003.ece|access-date=16 March 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=11 August 2016|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011214841/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Actor-Suresh-Gopi-presents-his-first-report-in-RS/article14564003.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2019 to 2022, he was also a member of the Consultative Committee for the [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]] and the [[Coconut Development Board]].<ref name="birthplace">{{cite web|author=[[National Informatics Centre]]|title=Shri Suresh Gopi - Member's Bio-Profile|url=https://sansad.in/rs/members/biography/2323|publisher=[[Parliament of India|Sansad]]|access-date=3 June 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603180946/https://sansad.in/rs/members/biography/2323|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Electoral performance===
[[File:Suresh Gopi assuming charge as the Minister of State for Tourism.jpg|thumb|Gopi assuming charge as the Minister of State for Tourism.]]
In October 2016, Gopi officially joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Arunava|title=Malayalam Superstar Suresh Gopi Makes It Official, Joins BJP|url=http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/in-kerala-bjp-scores-superstar-suresh-gopi-the-honest-cop-of-films-1476308|access-date=26 December 2016|publisher=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226215224/http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/in-kerala-bjp-scores-superstar-suresh-gopi-the-honest-cop-of-films-1476308|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, he contested in the [[2019 Indian general election in Kerala]] as a candidate of the BJP from [[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thrissur constituency]].<ref>{{cite news|title=BJP fields Malayalam star Suresh Gopi from Thrissur|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bjp-fields-malayalam-star-suresh-gopi-from-thrissur-119040300597_1.html|access-date=4 April 2019|work=[[Business Standard]]|location=India|date=3 April 2019|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403114549/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/bjp-fields-malayalam-star-suresh-gopi-from-thrissur-119040300597_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He lost in the election to the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) candidate [[T. N. Prathapan|T.N. Prathapan]] and secured third position behind the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) candidate [[Rajaji Mathew Thomas]] (who came second). He managed to receive 293,822 votes, which was more than double the votes received by the candidate of BJP in the previous election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/240519/suresh-gopi-flick-fails-to-click.html|title=Suresh Gopi flick fails to click|date=2019-05-24|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524085610/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/240519/suresh-gopi-flick-fails-to-click.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, he filed nomination to contest in the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] to be a member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. He said that he was asked by the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]], to contest in the legislative assembly election.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Time News Network |title=Kerala Election 2021: Suresh Gopi files nomination, says PM Modi told him to contest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-election-2021-suresh-gopi-files-nomination-says-pm-modi-told-him-to-contest/articleshow/81581930.cms |access-date=3 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603192922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-election-2021-suresh-gopi-files-nomination-says-pm-modi-told-him-to-contest/articleshow/81581930.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He contested from the [[Thrissur Assembly constituency]] as a candidate of BJP. However, he lost to [[P. Balachandran (politician)|P. Balachandran]] of CPI, coming third after INC candidate Padmaja Venugopal, securing a total of 40,457 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=GENERAL ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MAY-2021 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1167.htm?ac=67 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=3 June 2024 |date=2 May 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117135133/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1167.htm?ac=67 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2024, he was announced as the BJP candidate from the Thrissur constituency for the 2024 Lok Sabha elections. He won the seat with a majority of over 74,000 votes, becoming the first BJP [[Lok Sabha]] MP from Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-02 |title=BJP to contest in 12 LS seats in Kerala: Suresh Gopi in Thrissur, Rajeev Chandrasekhar in TVM |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/bjp-to-contest-in-12-seats-in-lok-sabha-elections-1.9372346 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304145550/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/bjp-to-contest-in-12-seats-in-lok-sabha-elections-1.9372346 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Lok Sabha election results: BJP makes Lok Sabha debut in Kerala as Suresh Gopi wins in Thrissur |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bjp-makes-lok-sabha-debut-in-kerala-as-suresh-gopi-wins-in-thrissur-lok-sabha-elections/3514085/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604154646/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bjp-makes-lok-sabha-debut-in-kerala-as-suresh-gopi-wins-in-thrissur-lok-sabha-elections/3514085/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thrissur LS Election Result 2024: Thumping victory for Suresh Gopi |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/06/04/lok-sabha-elections-kerala-thrissur-suresh-gopi-muraleedharan-sunil-kumar.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.onmanorama.com |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604160149/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/06/04/lok-sabha-elections-kerala-thrissur-suresh-gopi-muraleedharan-sunil-kumar.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Suresh Gopi: All You Need to Know About Malayalam Actor Behind BJP's Entry Into Kerala |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/suresh-gopi-all-you-need-to-know-about-malayalam-actor-behind-bjps-entry-into-kerala-8921303.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604163513/https://www.news18.com/elections/suresh-gopi-all-you-need-to-know-about-malayalam-actor-behind-bjps-entry-into-kerala-8921303.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Of the seven assembly constituencies that make up the Thrissur Lok Sabha segment, Gopi was ahead in six, except [[Guruvayur Assembly constituency|Guruvayoor]]: Manalur by 8,013 votes, Ollur by 10,363 votes, Thrissur by 14,117 votes, Nattika by 13,945 votes, Irinjalakuda by 13,016 votes and Puthukad by 12,692 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress' Thrissur dilemma: Where did 10% votes go? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/06/05/lok-sabha-elections-thrissur-bjp-congress-ldf-vote-share.html |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=www.onmanorama.com |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610163644/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/06/05/lok-sabha-elections-thrissur-bjp-congress-ldf-vote-share.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was appointed as the Minister of State for Petroleum and Natural Gas, as well as the Minister of State for Tourism, in the [[third Modi ministry]] in June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Suresh Gopi assumes charge as Minister of State for Tourism |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=2024051 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-10 |title=After 'didn't want' Cabinet berth comment, BJP MP Suresh Gopi issues clarification on 'incorrect news' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/i-didnt-want-cabinet-berth-first-time-union-minister-of-state-suresh-gopi-9382704/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612122858/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/i-didnt-want-cabinet-berth-first-time-union-minister-of-state-suresh-gopi-9382704/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! |Election
! |Year
! colspan="2" |Party
! |Constituency
! |Result
! |Margin
!Vote Share(%)
|-
|[[Lok Sabha]]
|[[2019 Indian general election in Kerala|2019]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency|Thrissur]]
|style="background: #FFE3E3;" |Lost
|style="background: #FFE3E3;" |1,21,267
|28.19
|-
|[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Thrissur Assembly constituency|Thrissur]]
|style="background: #FFE3E3;" |Lost
|style="background: #FFE3E3;" |3,806
|31.30
|-
| [[Lok Sabha]]
|[[2024 Indian general election in Kerala|2024]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency|Thrissur]]
|style="background: #98FB98;" |Won
|style="background: #98FB98;" |74,686
|37.80
|-
|}

==Controversies ==
==="Upper caste" remark===

In 2024, While campaigning in [[New Delhi]], Gopi suggested that individuals from "upper castes," such as [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] or [[Nair|Naidus]], should be given the tribal affairs portfolio for the welfare of tribal communities. He also suggested that tribal leaders could handle the welfare of "forward communities. The statement drew immediate criticism from opposition parties in Kerala, who accused him of upholding the caste system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LDF, UDF scathing in criticism of Suresh Gopi’s ‘casteist’ comment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ldf-udf-scathing-in-criticism-of-suresh-gopis-casteist-comment/article69173151.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

===Voter fraud allegations===

In 2025, Opposition parties, including the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], accused Gopi of winning the [[Thrissur]] Lok Sabha seat through large-scale bogus voting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP leader K. Surendran slams allegations of bogus votes in Thrissur, defends Suresh Gopi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/bjp-leader-k-surendran-slams-allegations-of-bogus-votes-in-thrissur-defends-suresh-gopi/article69927773.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 8 February 1990,<ref name="biodata1"/> Gopi married Radhika Nair, the granddaughter of actress [[Aranmula Ponnamma]]. They have five children—Lakshmi Suresh, [[Gokul Suresh]], Bhagya Suresh, Bhavni Suresh, and Madhav Suresh. Lakshmi died in a car accident while she was one-and-a-half years old.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mollywood celebs and their less famous spouses|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mollywood-celebs-and-their-less-famous-spouses/mollywood-celebs-and-their-less-famous-spouses/photostory/48670217.cms|access-date=16 March 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011214843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mollywood-celebs-and-their-less-famous-spouses/photostory/48670217.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gokul Suresh]] is an actor in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know-/Mudhugauv-fame-Gokul-is-Suresh-Gopis-son/articleshow/52266845.cms|title=Mudhugauv fame Gokul is Suresh Gopi's son|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2016-05-16|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011214846/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlal-meets-up-suresh-gopis-son-gokul/articleshow/61362226.cms|title=Pranav Mohanlal meets up Suresh Gopi's son Gokul|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2019-02-26|archive-date=8 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008195406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pranav-mohanlal-meets-up-suresh-gopis-son-gokul/articleshow/61362226.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Gopi resides with family in [[Sasthamangalam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="biodata2"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Malayalam actor Suresh Gopi's mother dies|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/malayalam-actor-suresh-gopi-mother-dies-106455-2012-06-21|access-date=16 March 2019|work=[[India Today]]|author=India Today Online|date=21 June 2012|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404172035/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/malayalam-actor-suresh-gopi-mother-dies-106455-2012-06-21|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==

;[[National Film Awards]]:
*1998: [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – ''[[Kaliyattam]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193927/http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]:
*1998: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – ''[[Kaliyattam]]''<ref>[http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm "Kerala State Film Awards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234157/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}. Public Relations Department, Government of Kerala. Retrieved 4 July 2015.</ref>
;[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]:
*1993: [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – ''[[Ekalavyan (film)|Ekalavyan]], [[Manichitrathazhu]], [[Ponnuchami]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-17 |title=Film Critics Awards complete list from 1977 till 2012 |url=https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]}}</ref>
*1995: Best Actor – ''[[Saadaram]], [[Sindoora Rekha]], [[Sakshyam]]''
*1997: Best Actor – ''[[Kaliyattam]]''
*2021: [[Ruby Jubilee Award]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/oct/19/kerala-film-critics-awards-announced-dulquer-salmaan-durga-krishna-win-big-35801.html |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards announced, Dulquer Salmaan, Durga Krishna win big |newspaper=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 October 2022 |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]:
* 2014: Nominated – Best Actor – ''[[Apothecary (film)|Apothecary]]''<ref>[http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-3.html#descArticle "Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629194335/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-3.html#descArticle |date=29 June 2017 }}. ''Filmfare''. 3 June 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-dulquer-salmaan-nivin-pauly-mammootty-biju-menon-suresh-gopi-634657|title=62nd Filmfare Awards South 2015: Dulquer Salmaan, Nivin Pauly, Mammootty, Biju Menon, Suresh Gopi Nominated|first=Nicy|last=V.P|date=4 June 2015|website=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221160708/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-dulquer-salmaan-nivin-pauly-mammootty-biju-menon-suresh-gopi-634657|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2016: Nominated - Best Actor in a Negative Role- ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/siima-2016-nominations-out-here-list-43912 |title=SIIMA 2016 nominations out – here is the list |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=27 May 2016 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610100939/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/siima-2016-nominations-out-here-list-43912 |url-status=live }}</ref>
;Other Awards:
*2009: [[Bharat Gopy]] Award<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-30 |title=Sureshgopi receives Bharat Gopi Award |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2009/sureshgopi-bharat-gopi-award-300109.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=FilmiBeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-31 |title=Suresh Gopi honoured with Bharath Gopi Award |url=https://hamaraphotos.com/regional/suresh-gopi-honoured-with-bharath-gopi-award.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=HamaraPhotos}}</ref>
*2015: [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)#Awards established in his name|Sathyan National Film Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-25 |title=Sathyan Award for Suresh Gopi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/Oct/25/sathyan-award-for-suresh-gopi-833857.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
*2024: Sree Chakra Award by Venpalavattom Temple Trust<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-19 |title=Actor Suresh Gopi won Venpalavattom Sree Chakra award |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-suresh-gopi-won-venpalavattom-sree-chakra-award-governor-arif-mohammed-khan-nrn-s93f3s |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref>
==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

== See also ==
* [[Third Modi ministry]]

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0329730}}
* {{facebook|ActorSureshGopi}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes-person|suresh-gopi|Suresh Gopi}}
* {{Instagram|sureshgopi}}

{{commons category|Suresh Gopi}}

{{NationalFilmAwardBestActor}}
{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopi, Suresh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kollam]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

William Ward (missionary)

2026-03-23T05:25:05Z

Svetlhdm: Done

{{Short description|English pioneer Baptist missionary, author, printer and translator (1769–1823)}}
{{Other people|William Ward}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2024}}

{{Infobox person
| image = Portrait of William Ward (4673869).jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1769|10|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Derby]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1823|3|7|1769|10|20|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Serampore]], India
| occupation = Missionary, author, printer, translator
}}
'''William Ward''' (20 October 1769 – 7 March 1823) was an English [[Baptist]] [[missionary]], author, printer and translator.

==Early life==
Ward was born at [[Derby]] on 20 October 1769,<ref name=WCU>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/wmward/Main%20html/chrono.html |title=William Carey University website, ''William Ward, Chronology'' |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131143353/https://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/wmward/Main%20html/chrono.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was the son of John Ward, a carpenter and builder of that town, and grandson of Thomas Ward, a farmer at [[Stretton, Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire|Stretton]], near [[Burton upon Trent]] in [[Staffordshire]]. His father died while he was a child, and the care of his upbringing fell to his mother. He was placed with a schoolmaster named Congreve, near Derby, and afterwards with another named Breary.

On leaving school he was apprenticed to a Derby printer and bookseller John Drewry (1732-1794), with whom he continued two years after the expiration of his indentures, assisting him to edit the ''[[Derby Mercury]]''.<ref>[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/239693939902300306?journalCode=ibmc Sage Publishing website, ''The Legacy of William Ward and Joshua and Hannah Marshmann'', article by A. Christopher Smith, published in the International Bulletin of Mission Research, Volume 23, Issue 3, July 1999]</ref> In 1793, Ward moved to London to study typesetting before relocating once again to [[Stafford]], where he assisted Joshua Drewry, a nephew of his former master, to edit the ''[[Staffordshire Advertiser]]'' from its prospectus in late 1794 to the fall of 1795. At the end of 1795, Ward proceeded to Hull, where the Rawson printing firm employed him to focus solely upon improving their infant newspaper, the ''[[Hull Advertiser]]''. Ward continued to edit the ''Hull Advertiser'' through the summer of 1797 before leaving for his own ministerial studies.

Ward was involved with local and national sociopolitical campaigns for the abolition of the slave trade, pacificism, and parliamentary reform. Contrary to most secondary sources on his life, Ward was not involved in the Thelwall riot in Derby on March 6, 1797.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=G. Landon |date=2025-01-02 |title=Reevaluating William Ward’s (1769–1823) Early Radicalism: An Archival Assessment of the 1797 Thelwall Riot in Derby and the Parties Responsible |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0047729X.2025.2462028 |journal=Midland History |language=EN |doi=10.1080/0047729X.2025.2462028#abstract |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250308023530/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0047729X.2025.2462028 |archive-date=2025-03-08|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Religion==
Ward early in life became a [[Baptist]], and on 28 August 1796 he was baptised at [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]].<ref name=WCU /> Preaching constantly in the neighbouring villages, he became known as a man of promise, and, with the assistance of a member of the Baptist community named Fishwick, he proceeded in August 1797 to [[Ewood Hall]], near Halifax in Yorkshire, the theological academy of [[John Fawcett (theologian)|John Fawcett]] (1740–1817), where he studied for a year and a half.

==Missionary work==
[[File:William Ward baptizing a Hindoo in the Ganges at Serampore.jpg|thumb|200px|"William Ward baptizing a [[Hindu|Hindoo]] in the Ganges at Serampore", print (1821) from a painting by [[John Jackson (painter)|John Jackson]]]]
In the autumn of 1798, the [[Baptist Missionary Society|Baptist mission committee]] visited Ewood, and Ward offered himself as a missionary, influenced perhaps by a remark made to him in 1793 by [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] concerning the need for a printer in the Indian mission field.

Ward sailed from England in the ''Criterion'' in May 1799<ref name=WCU /> with [[Hannah Marshman|Hannah]] and [[Joshua Marshman]]. On arriving at [[Calcutta]] he was prevented from joining Carey by an order from the Government, and was thereby obliged to proceed to the [[Danish India|Danish]] settlement of [[Serampore]], where he was joined by Carey.

In India, Ward's time was chiefly occupied in overseeing the [[Serampore Mission Press|community's printing press]], which was used to disseminate the scriptures, once they had been translated into Bengáli, Mahratta, Tamil, and twenty-three other languages. Numerous philological works were also issued and Ward still found time to both keep a copious diary and to preach the gospel to the natives.

On 10 May 1803, he was married at Serampore to the widow of John Fountain,<ref name=WCU /> another missionary, by whom he left two daughters.

Until 1806, he made frequent tours amongst the towns and villages of the province, but after that year the increasing claims of the press on his time, and the extension of the missionary labours in Serampore and Calcutta, prevented him quitting headquarters. In March 1812, the printing office was destroyed by fire.<ref name=WCU /> It contained the types of all the scriptures that had been printed, to the value of at least ten thousand pounds. The moulds for casting fresh type, however, were recovered from the débris, and with the help of friends in Great Britain the loss was soon repaired.

On 23 May 1818, the [[Samachar Darpan]] was printed at the [[Serampore Mission Press|Serampore press]]; it was the first newspaper it had printed in any oriental language.<ref name=WCU />

[[Image:BTESSC.jpg|thumb|200px|The Arms of [[Serampore College]] founded by Ward, Marshman and Carey]]

==Serampore College==
[[File:William Ward Used Chair - Carey Museum - Serampore College - Hooghly 2017-07-06 0764.JPG|thumb|200px|Chair used by William Ward, at the Serampore College.]]
In 1818, Ward, having been for some time in bad health, revisited England. Here he was entrusted with the task of pleading for funds with which to endow a new [[Serampore College|college at Serampore]] which he had founded along with [[Joshua Marshman]] and [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]], for the purpose of instructing natives in European literature and science.

He undertook a series of journeys throughout England and Scotland, and also visited Holland and North Germany. In October 1820, he embarked for New York, and travelled through the United States, returning to England in April 1821. On 28 May, he sailed for India in the ''Alberta'', carrying funds for Serampore College; as a result, Ward, Marshman and Carey became known as the [[Serampore trio]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Serampore-trio Britannica.com website, ''Serampore Trio'']</ref>

==Death==
Ward died of [[cholera]] at Serampore on 7 March 1823,<ref name=WCU /> and was interred in the mission burial-ground.

==Written works==
Besides his sermons, Ward was also the author of:

*'A View of the History, Literature and Mythology of the Hindoos' (1806)<ref>[https://www.bu.edu/missiology/missionary-biography/w-x-y-z/ward-william-1769-1823/ Boston University website, ''Ward, William (1769–1823)'']</ref>
*'Account of the Writings, Religion, and Manners of the Hindoos,' Serampúr, 1811, 4 vols. 4to; 5th edit., abridged, Madras, 1863, 8vo.
*'Farewell Letters in Britain and America on returning to Bengal in 1821,' London, 1821, 12mo; 2nd edit. 1821.
*'Brief Memoir of Krishna-Pal, the first Hindoo, in Bengal, who broke the Chain of the Cast by embracing the Gospel;' 2nd edit., London, 1823, 12mo.

He was also the author of several hymns,<ref>[http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/w/a/r/d/ward_w.htm Hymn Time website, ''William Ward, 1769–1823'']</ref> sonnets and short poems which were printed as an appendix to a memoir of him by Samuel Stennett. A portrait, engraved by R. Baker from a painting by Overton, is prefixed to the same work.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*Stennett's "Memoirs of the Life of William Ward", 1825;
*"Memoir of William Ward", Philadelphia;
*Simpson's Life prefixed to "View of History, Literature, and Religion of the Hindoos" 1863
*{{cite DNB|wstitle=Ward, William (1769-1823)|volume=59}}
*Marshman's [https://books.google.com/books?id=cpM3scCmuEAC "Carey, Marshman, and Ward"] 1864
*[http://dmr.bsu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/chapbks&CISOPTR=385&CISOBOX=1&REC=1 Full text of ''Memoir of the Rev. William Ward''], American Sunday School Union, 1828.

== External links ==
* [https://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/wmward/index.html Rev. William Ward biography, Center for Study of the Life and Work of William Carey, D.D. (1761–1834)]

{{Protestant missions to India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ward, William}}
[[Category:1769 births]]
[[Category:1823 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Baptists]]
[[Category:Baptist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]
[[Category:English Baptist missionaries]]
[[Category:English sermon writers]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:British missionary educators]]
[[Category:People from Derby]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Bengali]]
[[Category:Deaths from cholera in India]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British missionary linguists]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]

Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh

2026-03-22T08:58:47Z

Svetlhdm: adjust formatting and improved wording per standard format

{{About|the city in Uttar Pradesh, India|district|Sultanpur district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sultanpur
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Sultanpur U.P Railway Station.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Railway Station, Sultanpur
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|26|15|30|N|82|04|20|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 95
| population_total = 107,640
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=11 January 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
|demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 228001
| registration_plate = UP-44
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|sultanpur.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Sultanpur''' is a city situated in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] on the banks of the [[Gomti River|Gomti]], which Hindus consider a [[holy river]]. The city is the administrative headquarters of [[Sultanpur district]] and is a part of [[Ayodhya division]] in Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About District {{!}} District Sultanpur, Government of Uttar Pradesh|url=https://sultanpur.nic.in/about-district/|access-date=12 August 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> It is situated 135 kilometers east of state capital [[Lucknow]].

==History==
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2020|reason=sourced by deadlinks}}
According to legend, In the Sultanpur area beside the Gomti river it is said that Kush the son of Ram was born with badh(बाध) so it was the birthplace of [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusa]], the son of [[Rama]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Sultanpur: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XLVI Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1903 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=204–8 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113213 |access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> This was identified with the Kusapura mentioned by [[Xuanzang]], who said that [[Gautama Buddha]] taught here for six months and that it had a [[stupa]] built at the time of [[Ashoka]] which was then in disrepair.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/>

The region was invaded and sacked during the [[Ghaznavid invasions of Kannauj]]. The town was under [[Bhar]] rule until around 1200. It was said that [[Muhammad of Ghor]]'s general [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] invaded and conquered the region and town. The then Bhar rulers of Kusbhawanpur were captured and the [[Ghurid]] forces executed them and the horses were seized.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> In 1305, a [[Rajput]] rebellion occurred in the region and the local [[Delhi Sultanate]] governor was defeated and expelled from the town by the Rajput rebels. When it was heard to the [[Sultan]] [[Alauddin Khalji]] that this incident took place, he gathered an army and attacked them at once, on the opposite bank of the [[Gomti River]] from Kusbhawanpur defeating the rebels and sending them fleeing.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Then Alauddin Khalji settled Muslims in the area of Mahmudpur located in Sultanpur.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> The city of Kusbhawanpur was renamed after the Alauddin Khalji's title ''Sultan'' and a new city was founded on the site, called Sultanpur.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/>

Old Sultanpur was originally located on the left bank of the Gomti and is mentioned on several occasions by Muslim historians as the site of battles.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> It was a prosperous town with several [[mohalla]]s, or wards.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> At some point, though, the British established a military station and [[cantonment]]s on the opposite (right) bank of the Gomti, at a village then called Girghit, and this eventually took on the name Sultanpur instead while the old town declined.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> The old town was described in 1839 as being in a state of disrepair, without commerce or industry, and with a population of just 1,500 people.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> The only remains of the Bhar period were two brick wells on the south, "about a mile from the river", and a large mound or ''dih'' called Majhargaon in the middle of town, which was supposedly the remains of the old Bhar palace.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Atop Majhargaon was a fort built by the sultan, then partly ruined, and containing houses belonging to the [[faujdar]] and his followers.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Northwest of the fort was a mosque also built by the sultan, and there were also a couple of other mosques built by the Sayyid [[chaudhri]]s of the [[pargana]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> The town then had "many old brick dwelling houses and a few new ones".<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Old Sultanpur was eventually razed to the ground by the British after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], in retaliation for the murder of two British officers in the town at the beginning of the uprising.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/>

As for the new Sultanpur, it was also called Chhaoni Sarkar by officials and Kampu, or "the camp", by locals.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> It was built up on the site of the old cantonment, which was removed in 1861.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> Sultanpur was made a municipality in June 1869, with a municipal committee; a [[municipal board]] was formed in September 1884.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> In 1890 the Victoria Manzil was built for the first agricultural exhibition, and it served as the town hall and the meeting place for the municipal board under British rule.<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> At the turn of the 20th century, the town also had a police station and hospital, jail, [[poorhouse]], leper asylum, and a [[dispensary]] which was rebuilt in 1895, at the same time as the Amethi female hospital was built in town, almost entirely funded by Raja Bhagwan Bakhsh Singh of [[Amethi Estate|Amethi]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/> The town also had three markets: Perkinsganj, Shawganj, and Partabganj, the last of which opened in 1895 and was named after Partab Bahadur Singh, the [[raja]] of [[Kurwar]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1903"/>

==Geography and climate==
Sultanpur is the headquarters of the [[Sultanpur district]], the north side of the district is bounded by [[Ayodhya district]]; the south side by [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]]; the west side by [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]] and [[Amethi district]]s; and the east side by [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]], [[Ambedkarnagar district|Ambedkarnagar]], and [[Jaunpur district]]s.

Sultanpur has an average elevation of {{convert|95|m|ft}}. The geography of Sultanpur comprises plain lands, except for some regions around the Gomti River, which drains almost the whole city and district. The southern part of the city drains towards the Sai River flowing through the Pratapgarh district. The only significant minerals found in the region are in [[Kanker district]]. It joins Sharda Canal parts 16 and 17 jointly in the whole district and fulfills the requirements of water for agriculture.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed =
|location = Sultanpur (1991–2020, extremes 1996–2020)
|Jan record high C = 30.6
|Feb record high C = 35.7
|Mar record high C = 41.9
|Apr record high C = 45.8
|May record high C = 45.8
|Jun record high C = 47.0
|Jul record high C = 43.6
|Aug record high C = 38.8
|Sep record high C = 37.5
|Oct record high C = 35.7
|Nov record high C = 34.6
|Dec record high C = 29.5
|Jan record low C = 1.0
|Feb record low C = 1.9
|Mar record low C = 7.8
|Apr record low C = 12.0
|May record low C = 16.8
|Jun record low C = 21.5
|Jul record low C = 22.0
|Aug record low C = 22.5
|Sep record low C = 19.6
|Oct record low C = 11.8
|Nov record low C = 6.1
|Dec record low C = 1.7
| Jan high C = 20.8
| Feb high C = 26.5
| Mar high C = 33.0
| Apr high C = 39.0
| May high C = 39.7
| Jun high C = 37.8
| Jul high C = 33.1
| Aug high C = 32.8
| Sep high C = 32.6
| Oct high C = 31.5
| Nov high C = 28.1
| Dec high C = 22.8
| year high C = 31.5
| Jan low C = 7.7
| Feb low C = 10.8
| Mar low C = 15.6
| Apr low C = 20.8
| May low C = 24.6
| Jun low C = 26.9
| Jul low C = 26.2
| Aug low C = 25.9
| Sep low C = 24.9
| Oct low C = 19.8
| Nov low C = 12.9
| Dec low C = 8.5
| year low C = 18.8
|rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 17.0
| Feb rain mm = 14.8
| Mar rain mm = 9.5
| Apr rain mm = 8.3
| May rain mm = 26.3
| Jun rain mm = 137.4
| Jul rain mm = 302.7
| Aug rain mm = 260.5
| Sep rain mm = 181.1
| Oct rain mm = 38.8
| Nov rain mm = 3.2
| Dec rain mm = 7.0
|year rain mm = 1006.7
| Jan rain days = 1.3
| Feb rain days = 1.6
| Mar rain days = 0.9
| Apr rain days = 0.8
| May rain days = 2.4
| Jun rain days = 6.3
| Jul rain days = 13.1
| Aug rain days = 12.3
| Sep rain days = 8.3
| Oct rain days = 1.6
| Nov rain days = 0.4
| Dec rain days = 0.6
| year rain days = 49.6
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 72
| Feb humidity = 58
| Mar humidity = 44
| Apr humidity = 34
| May humidity = 41
| Jun humidity = 56
| Jul humidity = 78
| Aug humidity = 82
| Sep humidity = 82
| Oct humidity = 79
| Nov humidity = 77
| Dec humidity = 78
| year humidity = 65
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>{{cite web
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 1 January 2023
| title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 26 January 2025}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Indian Census]], Sultanpur had a total population of 107,640, of which 56,420 were males and 51,220 were females. The population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 11,647. The total number of literates in Sultanpur was 84,080, which constituted 78.1% of the population with male literacy of 81.5% and female literacy of 74.4%. The effective literacy rate of the 7+ population of Sultanpur was 87.6%, of which male literacy was 91.6% and female literacy rate was 83.2%. The [[Scheduled Castes]] population was 7,706. Sultanpur had 17,954 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Sultanpur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=195629 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>

==Transportation==
===Road===
Sultanpur is connected to nearby cities through the 4-lane [[Lucknow]] to Jaunpur-[[Saidpur, Ghazipur| Saidpur]] [[National Highway 731 (India)|NH 731]] and the 2-lane [[Prayagraj]] to [[Ayodhya]] [[National Highway 330 (India)|NH 330]]. [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (UPSRTC)]] is the major public transport apart from other commercial modes run by private agencies. Sultanpur is also connected by the Purvanchal Expressway which starts from Lucknow to Ghazipur.

===Train===
[[Sultanpur Junction railway station]] (station code: SLN) connects Sultanpur to major cities in India.

===Air===
The nearest airport to Sultanpur is [[Ayodhya International Airport]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tyagi|first=Harshita|date=24 November 2020|title=UP Cabinet clears proposal to rename Ayodhya Airport as Maryada Purushottam Sri Ram Airport|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/up-cabinet-clears-proposal-to-rename-ayodhya-airport-as-maryada-purushottam-sri-ram-airport/686291|work=Times Now|access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref> (60 km) and [[Prayagraj Airport]] which is 99 kilometers away. [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]] (Lucknow) is 140 km from Sultanpur and is connected by 4-lane [[National Highway 731 (India)|NH 731]].

==Education==


* [[Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology]]

==Notable people==


* [[Kumar Kartikeya]], Indian Cricketer plays for [[Mumbai Indians]] in [[IPL]]
* [[Mohammad Tahir Khan]], politician and former M.L.A from BSP.<ref>{{cite web |title=Members Profile - Khan, Shri Mohammad Tahir |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4200&lastls=14 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in |access-date=18 February 2022}}</ref>
* [[Sripati Mishra]] - former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
* [[Sulaiman Shikoh]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] prince and the eldest son of the crown prince [[Dara Shikoh]]
* [[Sanjay Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Singh]] - Rajya Sabha MP from Aam Aadmi Party
* [[Ajmal Sultanpuri]], Indian Urdu poet
* [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], a writer in the Bollywood industry and Urdu poet
* [[Ramashankar Yadav]], known by the penname ''Vidrohi'', was an Indian poet and social activist

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.knit.ac.in Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology]
* [https://www.google.com/maps/uv?pb=!1s0x399a7cf64244d1ed%3A0xf34bf10d5647d777!3m1!7e115!4shttps%3A%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipN-l6xpf5ML4zHugq98g6jz1bRNgY9o_esA6dhq%3Dw112-h200-k-no!5smahatma%20gandhi%20smarak%20inter%20college%20sultanpur%20-%20Google%20Search!15sCgIgAQ&imagekey=!1e10!2sAF1QipOO4Jo93px6yYXKvYPJoQyO8uyguElOIGeCF3NB&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjz04aUvdH1AhUDwTgGHSIkAoUQoip6BAgXEAM Mahatma Gandhi Smarak Inter College]
* [https://www.google.com/maps/uv?pb=!1s0x399a7cee6a848e4d%3A0x96cc8ba5b566bb3!3m1!7e115!4shttps%3A%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipPqrozZMgJVakMZef00oulTSbdXuBi3TSzXlSZv%3Dw181-h200-k-no!5sGovernment%20inter%20college%20sultanpur%20-%20Google%20Search!15sCgIgAQ&imagekey=!1e10!2sAF1QipPqrozZMgJVakMZef00oulTSbdXuBi3TSzXlSZv&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiM2piVudH1AhWdkNgFHWw1C5cQoip6BAgXEAM Government Inter College]

{{Sultanpur district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]

Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress

2026-03-21T12:01:39Z

Svetlhdm: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox film award
| name = Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = State award for contributions to [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]
| awarded_for = Best Acting by an Actress in Supporting Role
| sponsor = [[Government of Karnataka]]
| firstawarded = 1967-68
| lastawarded = 2021
| reward = {{ubl|Silver Medal|[[Indian Rupee|₹]] 20,000}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = [[Umashree]]
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 53
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = [[Pandari Bai]]
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
'''Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress''' is a film award of the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]] given during the annual [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]. The award honours [[Kannada language|Kannada-language]] films.

==Superlative winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
||{{*}}[[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]|| 8 Awards
|-
||{{*}}[[Umashree]]|| 6 Awards
|}

==Award winners==
The following is the complete list of award winners and the films for which they won.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Image
! Winner
! Film
! Role
|-
| 1967-68
|–
| [[Pandari Bai]]
| ''[[Belli Moda]]''
| Lalitha
|-
| 1968-69
|–
| [[Pandari Bai]]
| ''[[Namma Makkalu]]''
| Padma
|-
| 1969-70
|[[File:Dr. Leelavati.jpg|100px]]
| [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
| ''[[Gejje Pooje]]''
| Aparna
|-
| 1970-71
|–
| [[M. Jayashree]]
| ''Amara Bharathi''
|
|-
| 1971-72
|[[File:Dr. Leelavati.jpg|100px]]
| [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
| ''[[Sipayi Ramu]]''
| Yamuna
|-
| 1972-73
|–
| [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]
| ''[[Naagarahaavu]]''
| Margaret
|-
| 1973-74
|–
| [[Advani Lakshmi Devi]]
| ''[[Gandhada Gudi]]''
| Saraswathamma
|-
| 1974-75
|–
| [[Bhargavi Narayan]]
| ''[[Professor Huchuraya]]''
|
|-
| 1975-76
|–
| [[Padma Kumta|Padma Kumuta]]
| ''[[Chomana Dudi]]''
| Belli
|-
| 1976-77
|–
| Jayalakshmi
| ''[[Bayalu Daari]]''
| Indira
|-
| 1977-78
|–
| Lakshmi Krishnamurthy
| ''[[Tabbaliyu Neenade Magane]]''
| Thayavva
|-
| 1978-79
|–
| L. V. Sharada
|''Vathsalya Patha''
| Malathi
|-
| 1979-80
|–
| [[Uma Shivakumar]]<ref name=times>{{cite news|first=Desmond |last=Yap |title=Uma Shivakumar no more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/uma-shivakumar-no-more/articleshow/20759215.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005003106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-25/news-interviews/40184677_1_beauty-parlour-veteran-actor-monday-morning |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-10-05 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2013-06-25 |access-date=2013-07-10}}</ref>
| ''[[Chandanada Gombe]]''
| Eeri
|-
| 1980-81
| [[File:Pramila_Joshai_(November,_2016).jpg|100px]]
| [[Pramila Joshai]]
| ''Sangeetha''
|
|-
| 1981-82
|–
| Mamatha Rao
| ''Praya Praya Praya''
| Malini
|-
| 1982-83
|–
| Archana Rao
| ''[[Phaniyamma]]''
|
|-
| 1983-84
|–
| Kamanidharan
| ''[[Anubhava (film)|Anubhava]]''
| Seethakka
|-
| 1984-85
|[[File:Arundhati Nag.jpg|100px]]
| [[Arundhati Nag]]
| ''[[Accident (1985 film)|Accident]]''
| Mayarani
|-
| 1985-86
|–
| Shashikala
| ''[[Hosa Neeru]]''
| Lakshmi
|-
| 1986-87
|–
| [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
| ''[[Anand (1986 film)|Anand]]''
| Kamala
|-
| 1987-88
|–
| Papamma
| ''[[Mana Mechchida Hudugi]]''
| Siddavva
|-
| 1988-89
|[[File:Umashree.jpg|100px]]
| [[Umashree]]
| ''Yaaru Hone''
|
|-
| 1989-90
|[[File:Dr. Leelavati.jpg|100px]]
| [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
| ''[[Doctor Krishna]]''
| Lakshmidevamma
|-
| 1990-91
|
| [[Girija Lokesh]]
| ''[[Bhujangayyana Dashavathara]]''
| Parvathamma
|-
| 1991-92
| [[File:Sukanya_Kulkarni.jpg|100px]]
| [[Sukanya Kulkarni]]
| ''Pathitha Pavani''
|
|-
| 1992-93
|[[File:Umashree.jpg|100px]]
| [[Umashree]]
| ''[[Sangya Balya]]''
| Paravva
|-
| 1993-94
|[[File:Tara (Kannada actress).jpg|100px]]
| [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
| ''[[Munjaneya Manju]]''
| Hema
|-
| 1994-95
|[[File:Umashree.jpg|100px]]
| [[Umashree]]
| ''[[Kotreshi Kanasu]]''
| Nagamma
|-
| 1995-96
|–
| [[Pooja Lokesh]]
| ''[[Huliya (film)|Huliya]]''
| Rekha
|-
| 1996-97
|[[File:B Jayashree during a shoot of Ishtakamya.jpg|100px]]
| [[B. Jayashree]]
| ''[[Nagamandala]]''
| Kurudavva
|-
| 1997-98
|[[File:Bhavana (Kannada actress) (01).jpg|100px]]
| [[Bhavana (Kannada actress)|Bhavana]]<ref>{{cite web|title=SCIK:-State film awards for '97-98 presented|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!topic/soc.culture.indian.karnataka/A_3_AiYJGcU|access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>
| ''Nee Mudida Mallige''
| Ranjini
|-
| 1998-99
|–
| [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
| ''[[Tuvvi Tuvvi Tuvvi]]''
| Mariya Peter Breganzha
|-
| 1999-2000
|
| [[Vinaya Prasad]]<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/17/stories/2001121701550300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102014049/http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/17/stories/2001121701550300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-11-02 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Shivaraj, Tara, Anu bag State film awards | date=2001-12-17}}</ref>
| ''Bannada Hejje''
| Seetha
|-
| 2000-01
|[[File:Umashree.jpg|100px]]
| [[Umashree]]<ref name=autogenerated1/>
| ''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]''
| Rukmini
|-
| 2001-02
|
| [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/3c89ecbe8d9664ed65257253001b95f7/$FILE/A0580283.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405022703/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/3c89ecbe8d9664ed65257253001b95f7/%24FILE/A0580283.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
| ''Kalla Police''
|
|-
| 2002-03
|–
| Arundhati Jatkar<ref>[http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award02_03.asp Karnataka State Film Awards 2002-2003 announced - Artha of B. Suresh bagged the Best Film Award]</ref>
| ''Artha''
| Rani
|-
| [[2003–04 Karnataka State Film Awards|2003-04]]
|[[File:Umashree.jpg|100px]]
| [[Umashree]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://hindu.com/2005/07/15/stories/2005071511170500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416004119/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/15/stories/2005071511170500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2007-04-16 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Entry only to invitees at film awards function | date=2005-07-15}}</ref>
| ''[[Mani (2003 film)|Mani]]''
| Shanthakka
|-
| 2004-05
|–
| [[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]]
| ''[[Gowdru]]''
|
|-
| 2005-06
|[[File:Arundhati Nag.jpg|100px]]
| [[Arundathi Nag]]
| ''[[Jogi (2005 film)|Jogi]]''
| Bhagyakka
|-
| 2006-07
|[[File:Neethu.JPG|100px]]
| [[Neethu (actress)|Neethu]]<ref>[http://www.altfg.com/blog/awards/kamataka-state-film-awards-2006-2007/ Karnataka State Film Awards – 2006-2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831085929/http://www.altfg.com/blog/awards/kamataka-state-film-awards-2006-2007/ |date=2011-08-31 }}</ref>
| ''[[Koti Chennaya (2007 film)|Koti Chennaiah]]''
| Deyi Badithi
|-
| 2007-08
|[[File:Nivedhitha_Actress.jpg|100px]]
| [[Nivedhitha|Smitha]]
| ''[[Avva (film)|Avva]]''
| Savanthri
|-
| 2008-09
|[[File:Lakshmi at Naan Suvasikkum Sivaji Book Launch.jpg|100px]]
| [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]<ref>[https://info1778.blogspot.com/2011/05/state-film-awards-2008-09-karnataka.html INFORMATION: STATE FILM AWARDS 2008-09 (KARNATAKA)]</ref>
| ''[[Vamshi (film)|Vamshi]]''
| Mother
|-
| 2009-10
| [[File:2W3A1422_01.jpg|100px]]
| [[Chandrakala Mohan]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2011/vishnuvardhan-anu-prabhaka-ksf-awards-201011.html |title=Vishnuvardhan Anu Prabhakar {{!}} Karnataka State Film Awards {{!}} Aaptha Rakshaka Pareekshe |access-date=5 November 2011 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201314/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2011/vishnuvardhan-anu-prabhaka-ksf-awards-201011.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ''Runaanubandha''
| Mother
|-
| 2010-11
| [[File:Harshika_Poonacha.jpg|100px]]
| [[Harshika Poonachha]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Kannada-State-Film-Awards-list-2010-11/articleshow/24708518.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Kannada State Film Awards list 2010-11 - The Times of India}}</ref>
| ''[[Thamassu]]''
| Amrin Saba
|-
| 2011
|
| [[Girija Lokesh]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Karnataka-State-Film-Awards-2010-11-winners/articleshow/18966690.cms | title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2010-11 winners | date=14 March 2013 | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Sunayana | last=Suresh | access-date=15 December 2019 }}</ref>
| ''[[Sidlingu]]''
| Rangamma
|-
| 2012
|
| [[Aruna Balraj]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/karnataka-state-film-awards-darshan-and-nirmala-bag-top-honors.html |title=Karnataka State Film Awards: Darshan and Nirmala bag Top Honors |access-date=2016-11-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030302/http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/karnataka-state-film-awards-darshan-and-nirmala-bag-top-honors.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>
| ''Olavina Ole''
|
|-
| 2013
|–
| Bhageerathi Bai Kadam<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Karantaka-State-Film-Awards-announced/articleshow/45756810.cms Karantaka State Film Awards announced]</ref>
| ''Agasi Parlour''
|
|-
| 2014
|[[File:B Jayashree during a shoot of Ishtakamya.jpg|100px]]
| [[B. Jayashree]]<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/528628/after-national-honour-harivu-bags.html After national honour, 'Harivu' bags top State film award]</ref>
| ''Kaudi''
| Ambavva
|-
| 2015
|–
| Pooja S. M.<ref>[https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Karnataka-State-Film-Awards-2015-Full-List/articleshow/52311976.cms Karnataka State Film Awards, 2015: Full List]</ref>
| ''[[Thithi (film)|Thithi]]''
| Kaveri
|-
| 2016
|–
| Akshata Pandavpura<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karnataka-state-film-award-winners-for-2016/articleshow/58130032.cms Karnataka State Film Award Winners for 2016]</ref>
| ''Pallata''
|
|-
| 2017
|–
| [[Sparsha Rekha|Rekha]]<ref name="vijaykarnataka.com">[https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/karnataka/karnataka-film-awards-announced/articleshow/66367331.cms Karnataka State Film Awards 2017 Announced]</ref>
| ''Mooka Nayaka''
| Kaveri
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka State Film Awards|2018]]
|
| [[Veena Sundar]]<ref name="news18.com">[https://www.news18.com/news/movies/karnataka-state-film-awards-2018-raghavendra-rajkumar-and-meghana-raj-bag-top-honours-2453763.html Karnataka State Film Awards 2018]</ref>
| ''[[Aa Karaala Ratri]]''
| Gowramma
|-
|[[2019 Karnataka State Film Awards|2019]]
|
|Anusha Krishna<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karnataka-state-film-awards-2019-list-out/articleshow/117465925.cms|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2019 List Out|website=TimesofIndia.com|date=23 January 2025 |accessdate=23 January 2025}}</ref>
|''Brahmi''
|
|-
|[[2020 Karnataka State Film Awards|2020]]
|
|Manjulamma<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnataka-state-awards-2020-sanchari-vijay-presented-posthumous-jury-award-3443270|title=Karnataka State Awards 2020: Sanchari Vijay presented posthumous Jury Award|website=DeccanHerald.com|date=12 March 2025}}</ref>
|''Danthapurana''
|
|-
|[[2021 Karnataka State Film Awards|2021]]
|[[File:Umashree.jpg|100px]]
|[[Umashree]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/karnataka-state-film-awards-rakshit-shetty-to-archana-jois-see-full-list-of-winners-9398693|title=Karnataka State Film Awards: Rakshit Shetty To Archana Jois, See Full List Of Winners|website=NDTV.com|date=5 October 2025}}</ref>
|''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]''
|Saroja Bai
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Cinema of Karnataka]]
* [[List of Kannada-language films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Karnataka State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Karnataka State Film Awards]]

Shades of green

2026-03-20T16:30:50Z

Svetlhdm: general refined formatting for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Varieties of the color green}}
{{Redirect|Gray-green|the bus operator|Grey-Green|similar terms|Shades of Green (resort)|and|Shades of Green (album){{!}}''Shades of Green'' (album)}}
{{Redirect|Bright green|the position within environmentalism|bright green environmentalism}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox color
| title = Green
| image = Shades of Green.svg
| hex = 00FF00
| wavelength = 520–570
| frequency = ≈526–577
| source = RGB color system
| symbolism = [[nature]], [[environmentally friendly]], [[St. Patrick's Day]], [[Earth Day]], [[Christmas]], [[money]], [[Earth]], [[Spring (season)|spring]], [[health]]
| caveat = Some tints and shades of green
| cmyk = (100, 0, 100, 0)
}}

Varieties of the color [[green]] may differ in [[hue]], [[colorfulness|chroma]] (also called saturation or intensity) or [[lightness]] (or value, tone, or [[brightness]]), or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called [[tints and shades]], a tint being a green or other hue mixed with white, a shade being mixed with black. A large selection of these various colors is shown below.

== Core definitions of green ==

=== Green (sRGB) ===
{{Anchor|X11 green}}

{{Infobox color
| title = Green (sRGB)
| hex = 00FF00
| source = [[X11 color names]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cvsweb.xfree86.org/cvsweb/*checkout*/xc/programs/rgb/rgb.txt?rev=1.1 |title=X11 rgb.txt |work=[[XFree86]] | access-date=5 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107061136/http://cvsweb.xfree86.org/cvsweb/*checkout*/xc/programs/rgb/rgb.txt?rev=1.1 |archive-date=7 November 2015}}</ref> [[HTML color names|HTML/CSS]]<ref name="css3-color" />
| isccname = Vivid yellowish green
}}

The color defined as ''green'' in the [[SRGB|sRGB color space]] is approximately the most [[Colorfulness#Chroma|chromatic]] green that can be reproduced on an average computer screen, and is the color named ''green'' in [[X11 color names|X11]]. It is one of the three [[primary color]]s used in the sRGB color space along with [[red]] and [[blue]]. The three additive primaries in the RGB color system are the three colors of light chosen such as to provide the maximum range of colors that are capable of being represented on a computer or television set.
[[File:RGB illumination.jpg|thumb|left|Red, green and blue lights, representing the three basic [[additive primary]] colors of the RGB color system, red, green, and blue.]]
This color is also called ''regular green''. It is at precisely 120 degrees on the [[HSV color space|HSV color wheel]]. Its [[complementary color]] is [[magenta]].

HTML/CSS uses the name ''lime'' for this color, using ''green'' to refer to a darker shade. See the chart [[X11 color names#Clashes between web and X11 colors in the CSS color scheme|Color names that clash between X11 and HTML/CSS]] in the X11 color names article to see those colors which are different in HTML and X11.

=== Green (HTML/CSS color) (Office Green) {{anchor|Office green}} ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Green (HTML/CSS color) (Office Green)
| hex = 008000
| source = [[HTML color names|HTML/CSS]]<ref name="css3-color" />
| isccname = Deep yellowish green
}}

The color defined as ''green'' in [[HTML color names|HTML/CSS]] color standard is the color called green, low green, or medium green in many of the older [[list of 8-bit computer hardware palettes|eight-bit computer palettes]].

Another name for this color is ''green [[W3C]]'' or ''office green''.
{{Clear}}

=== Green (CMYK) (pigment green) ===
{{Infobox color
| image = File:SubtractiveColor.svg
| caption = [[Cyan]], [[magenta]], and [[yellow]] are the three [[subtractive primary]] colors used in [[printing]].
| title = Green (CMYK) (pigment green)

| hex = 00A550
| source = CMYK<ref>{{cite web |title=Tintbooks – Get Accurate CMYK Color Results For Your Printing Projects |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310213952/http://www.tintbook.com/ |url=http://www.tintbook.com/ |url-status=dead |website=Tintbook.com |date=18 March 2007 |archive-date=10 March 2007}}</ref>
| isccname = Vivid yellowish green
}}
The color defined as ''green'' in the [[CMYK]] color system used in [[printing]], also known as ''pigment green'', is the tone of green that is achieved by mixing process (printer's) cyan and process (printer's) yellow in equal proportions.

The purpose of the CMYK color system is to provide the maximum possible gamut of color reproducible in printing.

The color indicated is only approximate as the colors of printing inks may vary.

The color displayed is an approximation of the CMYK color on an RGB screen, and cannot replicate the color accurately.
{{Clear}}

=== Green (NCS) (psychological primary green) ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Green (NCS)
| image = File:Opponent colors.svg
| caption = Approximations within the sRGB gamut to the primary colors of the [[Natural Color System]], a model based on the [[opponent process]] theory of color vision.
| hex = 009F6B
| source = sRGB approximation to {{nobr|NCS 2060-G}}<ref>The sRGB values are taken by converting the NCS color {{nobr|2060-G}} using the "NCS Navigator" tool at [http://www.ncscolour.com/ the NCS website].</ref>
| isccname = Strong yellowish green
}}
The color defined as ''green'' in the NCS or [[Natural Color System]] is NCS 2060-G. The natural color system is a color system based on the four [[unique hues]] or psychological primary colors red, yellow, green, and blue. The NCS is based on the [[opponent process]] theory of vision.
The Natural Color System is widely used in [[Scandinavia]].
{{Clear}}

=== Green (Munsell) ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Green (Munsell)
| hex = 00FFB5
| caption = The hues of the [[Munsell color system]], at varying values, and maximum chroma to stay in the sRGB gamut
| image = File:Twenty hues of the Munsell color system at maximum chroma.png
| source = https://pteromys.melonisland.net/munsell/
| isccname = Brilliant green
}}
The ''[[Munsell color system]]'' is a [[color space]] that specifies [[Color|colors]] based on three color dimensions: [[hue]], value ([[lightness]]), and [[Colorfulness|chroma]] (colorfulness), spaced uniformly (in terms of [[human perception]]) in three dimensions in the Munsell [[color solid]]. In order for all the colors to be spaced uniformly, it was found necessary to use a color wheel with five, non-arbitrary, equally spaced primary colors: red, yellow, green, blue, and purple.

The color of the sample is the most [[Colorfulness|chromatic (colorful)]] green in the sRGB gamut that falls in the hue of 5G (primary green) in the Munsell color space.{{Clear}}

=== Green (Pantone) ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Green (Pantone)
| hex = 00AD83
| source = [[Pantone]] TPX<ref name=pantonetpx />
| isccname = Brilliant green
}}
''Green (Pantone)'' is the color that is called ''green'' in [[Pantone]].

The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color # green C, EC, HC, PC, U, or UP—green.<ref name=pantonetpx>{{cite web |url=http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx |title=Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder—Type the word "Green" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear. There are six versions, all with the same color codes—C, EC, HC, PC, U, and UP. |work=[[Pantone]]}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Green (Crayola) ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Green (Crayola)
| hex = 01A368
| source = [[List of Crayola crayon colors|Crayola]] [https://www.colorxs.com/color/green-crayola colorxs.com]
| isccname = Strong yellowish green
}}
''Green (Crayola)'' is the color called ''green'' in Crayola crayons.

Green was one of the original Crayola crayons introduced in 1903.
{{Clear}}

== Additional computer web greens ==

=== Bright green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Bright green
| hex = 66FF00
| source =
| isccname = Brilliant yellow green
}}
This is the color ''bright green''.
{{Clear}}

=== Dark green (X11) ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Dark green (X11)
| hex = 006400
| source = [[List of HTML color names|X11]]<ref name="css3-color" />
| isccname = Deep yellowish green
}}
This is the [[List of HTML color names|X11]]/HTML color ''dark green''.
{{Clear}}

=== Erin ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Erin
| hex = 00FF40
| source = Maerz and Paul<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 194; Color Sample of Erin Page 81 Plate 29 Color Sample F12; A deep tone of the color Erin is shown as lying half way between a deep tone of green and a deep tone of the color that is now called spring green, on the bottom row of color samples on the color plate, which represent the deeper tones of the colors between green and the color now called spring green.</ref>
| isccname = Vivid yellowish green
}}
The first recorded use of ''erin'' as a color name was in 1922.
{{Clear}}

=== Harlequin ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Harlequin
| hex = 3FFF00
| source = Maerz and Paul<ref>The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called ''harlequin'' in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]]; the color ''harlequin'' is displayed on page 57, Plate 17, Color Sample K11.</ref>
| isccname = Vivid yellowish green
}}
''Harlequin'' is a color described as being located between green and yellow (closer to green than to yellow) on the color wheel. On color plate 17 in the 1930 book ''A Dictionary of Color'' (see reference below), the color ''harlequin'' is shown as being a highly saturated rich color at a position halfway between chartreuse and green. Thus in modern color terminology, harlequin is the color halfway between green and chartreuse green on the RGB color wheel.

The first recorded use of ''harlequin'' as a color name in English was in 1923.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maerz |first1=Aloys John |last2=Paul |first2=Morris Rea |title=A Dictionary of Color |edition=1st |year=1930 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] | location=New York |oclc=1150631 |page=57 plate 17 color sample K11; p. 196}}</ref>

Harlequin is a pure spectral color at approximately 552 nanometers on the visible spectrum when plotted on the [[CIE chromaticity diagram]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

Silver Patron [[tequila]] is sold in harlequin-colored boxes.

''Harlequin'' is also an adjective used to describe something that is colored in a pattern, usually a diamond-shaped pattern,<ref>{{cite book |last=Paterson |first=Ian |title=A Dictionary of Colour |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionarycolour00pate |url-access=limited |edition=1st paperback |year=2003 |publication-date=2004 |publisher=Thorogood Publishing |location=London |isbn=1-85418-375-3 |oclc=60411025 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionarycolour00pate/page/n205 198]}}</ref> as in the dress traditionally associated with [[harlequin]]s. Similarly, it can mean anything multicolored or prismatic, such as opals or other precious gems which are highly variegated in color and hue. In the early 2000s, a [[ChromaFlair|harlequin color]] paint was invented for automobiles that appears different colors from different [[angle of view|angles of view]].
{{Clear}}

=== Light green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Light green
| hex = 90EE90
| source = [[List of HTML color names|X11]]<ref name="css3-color" />
| isccname = Brilliant yellowish green
}}
''Light green'' is a light tint of green.
{{Clear}}

=== Lime green (X11) ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Lime green
| hex = 32CD32
| source = [[List of HTML color names|X11]]<ref name=W3CCM>{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4 |title=W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords |work=[[W3.org]] | access-date=8 June 2010}}</ref>
| isccname = Vivid yellowish green
}}
''Lime green'' is a vivid, yellowish shade of green named after the [[lime fruit]].
{{Clear}}

=== Neon green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Neon green
| hex = 39FF14
| source = Layout Sparks<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.layoutsparks.com/1/234862/neon-green-default-layout-1.html |title=Neon Green Default Layout 1 Picture and Photo | Imagesize: Kilobyte |access-date=18 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111025509/http://www.layoutsparks.com/1/234862/neon-green-default-layout-1.html |archive-date=11 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| isccname = Vivid yellowish green
}}

''Neon green'' is a bright tone of green used in [[psychedelic art]] and in fashion. Neon green became a signature of English singer/songwriter [[Charli XCX]] with the release of her 2024 album [[Brat (album)|''Brat'']].<ref name="gray-2024">
{{cite news
| last1 = Gray | first1 = Madeleine
| title = Brat summer felt like relief, like freedom. Pity it was killed, as many good things are, by a bank
| date = 12 August 2024
| work = The Guardian
| location = London, United Kingdom
| issn = 0261-3077
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/aug/12/brat-summer-charli-xcx-deutsche-bank
| access-date = 2024-08-12
}} The neon green used is [[Pantone]]{{nbsp}}3507.
</ref>

{{Clear}}

=== Pale green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Pale green
| hex = 98FB98
| source = [[List of HTML color names|X11]]<ref name="css3-color">{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4 |title=W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords |work=[[W3.org]] | access-date=13 June 2011}}</ref>
| isccname = Vivid yellowish green
}}
This is the [[List of HTML color names|X11]]/HTML color ''pale green''.
{{Clear}}

== Green in biological nature ==
{{Main|Green#Biology}}
Green is common in nature, especially in plants. Many plants are green mainly because of a complex chemical known as [[chlorophyll]] which is involved in [[photosynthesis]].<ref name = brit>[[The New Encyclopædia Britannica]]. Chicago: [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], 2002. {{ISBN|0-85229-787-4}}</ref> Many shades of green have been named after plants or are related to plants. Due to varying ratios of chlorophylls (and different amounts as well as other plant pigments being present), the plant kingdom exhibits many shades of green in both hue (true color) and value (lightness/darkness). The chlorophylls in living plants have distinctive green colors, while dried or cooked portions of plants are different shades of green due to the chlorophyll molecules losing their inner magnesium ion.

=== Acid green ===
{{Infobox color
|title = Acid green
|hex = B0BF1A
|source = [http://www.art-paints.com/Paints/Marker/Copic/Sketch-Markers/Acid-Green/Acid-Green.html Art Paints YG07S]
|isccname = Strong yellow green
}}
'''Acid green''' is a shade of [[yellow-green]]. Sources differ as to the exact color, but those shown here are representative.
{{Clear}}

=== Apple green ===
{{Redirect|Apple green|other uses|Apple Green (disambiguation){{!}}Apple Green}}
{{Infobox color
| title = Apple green
| image = Granny smith and cross section.jpg
| caption = A [[Granny Smith apple]]
| hex = 8AB800
| source = [[ISCC-NBS]]<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121122220208/http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-a.htm ISCC-NBS]}}</ref>
| isccname = Vivid yellow green
}}

'''Apple green''' is a representation of the color of the outer skin of a [[Granny Smith apple]]. A darker version of this color has been used for the [[IRT Lexington Avenue Line]] since June 1979, when the [[New York City Transit Authority|NYCTA]] decided to assign line colors to all the routes within the major trunk lines in the [[Central Business District]], plus different colors for services not entering [[Manhattan]]. By doing this, they scrapped the 1967 colors that were assigned separately to each service, it was also used on locomotives of the [[London and North Eastern Railway|London & North Eastern Railway]].

The first recorded use of ''apple green'' as a color name in English was in 1648.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill p. 189; Color Sample of Apple Green: p. 61 Plate 19 Color Sample J6</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Artichoke green (Pantone) ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Artichoke green (Pantone)
| image = File:Artichauts (124872227).jpeg
| hex = 4B6F44
| source = [[Pantone]]<ref name=PantoneArtichoke />
| isccname = Dark yellowish green
}}

This is the color called '''artichoke green''' in [[Pantone]]. The source is Pantone 18-0125 TPX.<ref name=PantoneArtichoke>{{cite web |title=PANTONE 18-0125 TPX Artichoke Green |url=https://www.pantone.com/color-finder/18-0125-TPX |website=[[Pantone]] | access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030649/https://www.pantone.com/color-finder/18-0125-TPX |url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Evergreen ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Evergreen
| hex = 05472A
| source = [[PicMonkey]]<ref>[https://www.picmonkey.com/colors/green/evergreen PicMonkey]</ref>
}}

'''Evergreen''' is a color that resembles [[evergreen]]s.

It is currently unknown when ''evergreen'' was first used as a color name.
{{Clear}}

=== Fern green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Fern green
| image = File:sa-fern.jpg
| caption = [[Fern]]s at [[Muir Woods National Monument|Muir Woods]], California
| hex = 4F7942
| source = Maerz and Paul<ref>The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called ''fern green'' in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]]; the color ''fern green'' is displayed on page 65, Plate 21, Color Sample F5. Crayola's ''fern'' colour is a lighter shade.</ref>
| isccname = Dark yellowish green
}}{{Infobox color
| title = Fern
| hex = 63B76C
| source = [[Crayola]] [https://www.colorxs.com/color/fern colorxs.com]
| isccname = Brilliant yellowish green
}}

'''Fern green''' is a color that resembles [[fern]]s. A [[list of Crayola crayon colors|Crayola crayon]] named ''fern'' was created in 1998.

The first recorded use of ''fern green'' as a color name in English was in 1902.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]] Page 195; color sample of Fern Green: Page 65 Plate 21 Color Sample F5</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Forest green ===
{{Main|Forest green}}
{{Infobox color
| title = Forest green
| caption = A forest in Germany
| image = File:Feuchte-Senke-im-NSG-Grumsiner-Forst-Redernswalde.jpg
| hex = 228B22
| source = [[List of HTML color names|X11]]
| isccname = Vivid yellowish green
}}

'''Forest green''' refers to a green color said to resemble the color of the trees and other plants in a [[forest]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#svg-color |title=SVG Color Keywords, CSS3 Color Module, W3C Candidate Recommendation 14 May 2003 |work=[[W3C]] | access-date=6 January 2007}}</ref>

The first recorded use of ''forest green'' as the name of a color in the English language was in 1810.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]] Page 195; color sample of Jungle Green: Page 69 Plate 23 Color Sample L6</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Honeydew ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Honeydew
| image = File:Honeydew.jpg
| caption = [[Honeydew (melon)|Honeydew melons]]
| hex = F0FFF0
| source = [[Web colors#X11 color names|X11]]
| isccname = Very pale green
}}

The color '''honeydew''' is a pale, greenish [[off-white]] based on the color of the interior flesh of a [[Honeydew (melon)|honeydew melon]].

{{Clear}}

=== Jungle green ===
{{Main|Jungle green}}
{{Infobox color
| title = Jungle green
| hex = 29AB87
| source = [[Crayola]]{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| isccname = Brilliant green
}}

In 1990, Crayola named and formulated a specific tone called '''jungle green'''.

The first recorded use of ''jungle green'' as a name of a color in the English language was in 1926.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]] Page 201; color sample of Jungle Green: Page 87 Plate 32 Color Sample L12 Note: The Color Sample shown as Jungle Green in Maerz and Paul is the color shown in the article on "jungle green" as ''dark jungle green''.</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Kelly green ===
{{Other uses|Kelly Green (disambiguation){{!}}Kelly Green}}
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox color
| title = Kelly green
| image = File:Ireland 139 bg 061702.jpg
| caption = Irish meadow
| hex = 4CBB17
| source = [[canva.com]]<ref>[https://www.canva.com/colors/color-meanings/kelly-green/ canva.com]</ref>
| isccname = Brilliant green
}}
[[File:ChicagoStPatricksDay2015.jpg|left|thumb|[[Chicago River]] dyed green for Saint Patrick's Day]]

'''Kelly green''' is an intense, pure green named after the common Irish family name, [[Kelly (surname)|Kelly]].<ref name="GiffordPeintre2018">{{cite book |last1=Gifford |first1=C. |last2=Peintre |first2=M.E. |title=The Colours of History: How Colours Shaped the World |publisher=QED Publishing |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-78603-418-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8tjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |access-date=10 June 2024 |page=57 |quote=Kelly green is a slightly brighter green than that found on the Irish flag. It takes its name from the common Irish surname Kelly. This name for the colour was first used in the United States, where many Irish people lived.}}</ref> It evokes the lush green [[Irish meadows]] and is also commonly associated with [[St. Patrick's Day]].
{{Clear}}

=== Kombu green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Kombu green
| image = Kombu.jpg
| caption = [[Kombu]] from the kelp species ''[[Saccharina japonica]]'', the source of most kombu
| hex = 354230
| source = [[Pantone TPX]]<ref>[http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx Pantone TPX]</ref><ref>Type the words "Kombu Green" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.</ref>
| isccname = Dark olive green
}}

The color '''kombu green''' is a representation of the color of [[kombu]], edible [[kelp]] from the family [[Laminariaceae]] widely eaten in [[East Asia]].

The source of this color is the "[[Pantone]] Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #19-0417 TPX—Kombu Green.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx |title=- Find a Pantone Color – Quick Online Color Tool |website=Pantone.com |access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>
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=== Laurel green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Laurel green
| image = LaurelwreathDK.JPG
| caption = A [[laurel wreath]]
| hex = A9BA9D
| source = Maerz and Paul<ref>The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called ''laurel green'' in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]]; the color ''laurel green'' is displayed on page 67, Plate 22, Color Sample L1.</ref>
| isccname = Moderate yellow green
}}

'''Laurel green''' is a medium light hue of chartreuish gray similar to [[Shades of chartreuse#Asparagus|asparagus]], but lighter.

The first recorded use of ''laurel green'' as a name of a color in the English language was in 1705.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]] Page 197; color sample of Laurel Green: Page 67 Plate 22 Color Sample L1. The color displayed in the color box above as "laurel green" matches the color shown in the color sample in Maerz and Paul</ref>
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=== Mantis ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Mantis
| image = File:The Body Structure of Legend Praying Mantis 21.jpg
| caption = A [[praying mantis]].
| hex = 74C365
| source = [[Xona.com color list]]<ref>[http://xona.com/colorlist/ Xona.com color list]</ref>
| isccname = Brilliant yellowish green
}}

'''Mantis''' green represents the green color of certain grass-dwelling species of [[praying mantis]].

The first use of ''mantis'' as a color name in English was when it was included as one of the colors on the Xona.com color list, promulgated in 2001.
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=== Moss green ===
{{Redirect|Moss green|the RAL color|RAL 6005 Moss green}}
{{Infobox color
| title = Moss green
| image = Moss-covered grave, St. Mary's, Newent. - geograph.org.uk - 526488.jpg
| caption = Moss-covered grave
| hex = 8A9A5B
| source = ISCC-NBS<ref name=ISCC-NBS>{{cite web |url=http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-c.htm |title=Ca through Cz |year=1955 |work=ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Colo(u)r Names |publisher=John C. Foster and Texas Precancel Club |at=color sample No. 26 |access-date=22 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730190624/http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-c.htm |archive-date=30 July 2017 |url-status=usurped}} The ''ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names'' is a color dictionary used by stamp collectors to identify the colors of stamps.</ref><ref>The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called ''moss green'' in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]]; the color ''moss green'' is displayed on page 65, Plate 21, Color Sample L2.</ref>
| isccname = Moderate yellow green
}}

'''Moss''' is a tone of green that resembles green [[moss]].

The first recorded use of ''moss green'' as a color name in English was in 1884.<ref name=MPMossGreen>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]] p. 199; Color Sample of Moss Green: p. 65 Plate 21 Color Sample L2</ref>
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=== Mint green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Mint green
| hex = 98FB98
| source = [[List of HTML color names|X11]]<ref name="css3-color" />
| isccname = Vivid yellowish green
}}

'''Mint green''' is a pale tint of green that resembles the color of mint green pigment, and was a popular color in the 1990s.
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=== Myrtle ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Myrtle
| image = 香桃木 Myrtus communis -香港公園 Hong Kong Park- (15121777668).jpg
| caption = ''[[Myrtus communis]]'' leaves and flower
| symbolism = [[Myrtus]]
| hex = 21421E
| source = ColorHexa<ref>{{cite web |title=Myrtle / #21421e hex color |url=https://www.colorhexa.com/21421e |website=ColorHexa |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>
}}

'''Myrtle''' is a dark green shade that resembles the color of [[Myrtus]] leaves.
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=== Olive ===
{{Main|Olive (color)}}
{{Infobox color
| title = Olive
| hex = 808000
| source = [[X11 color names]]
| isccname = Light olive
| cmyk = (0, 0, 100, 50)
}}
[[File:NCI 2 green olives.jpg|thumb|Green [[olive (fruit)|olives]]]]
'''Olive''', also called ''olive green'', is a dark yellowish-green color,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/olive |title=Olive – Definition of olive by Merriam-Webster |work=merriam-webster.com |date=31 October 2023}}</ref> like that of unripe or green [[olive]]s.

As a color word in the English language, it appears in late [[Middle English]]. Shaded toward brown, it becomes olive drab.
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=== Pine green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Pine green
| image = File:A pine tree.JPG
| caption = [[Pinus nigra]]
| hex = 01796F
| source = [[List of Crayola crayon colors|Crayola]]{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| isccname = Moderate bluish green
}}
'''Pine green''' is a rich dark shade of cyan that resembles the color of [[pine tree]]s. It is an official Crayola color (since 1903) that is this exact shade in the Crayola crayon, but in the markers, it is known as ''[[crocodile]] green''.

The color ''pine green'' is a representation of the average color of the [[Leaf|leaves]] of the trees of a [[coniferous forest]]. The color ''pine green'' was originally known as ''pine tree''. The first recorded use of ''pine tree'' as a color name in English was in 1923.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 190; Color Sample of Pine Tree: Page 85 Plate 31 Color Sample L6</ref><ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]] Page 190; Color Sample of Pine Tree: Page 85 Plate 31 Color Sample L6</ref>
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=== Reseda green ===
{{Main|Reseda green}}
{{Infobox color
| title = Reseda green
| image = File:Wild Mignonette (Reseda lutea).jpg
| caption = Wild [[Reseda (plant)|mignonette]]
| hex = 6C7C59
| source =
| isccname = Moderate olive green
}}

'''Reseda green''', is a shade of greyish green in the classic range of colors of the German [[RAL colour standard]], in which it is named "RAL 6011".<ref>[http://www.ral-farben.de/content/application-help/all-ral-colours-names/overview-ral-classic-colours.html Overview of all RAL Classic colours]. RAL gemeinnützige GmbH. Retrieved January 2016.</ref>

The name derives from the color of the leaves of ''[[Reseda odorata]]'', commonly known as mignonette.<ref name=nik>Nikolas Davies, Erkki Jokiniemi (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=r4R2Sl_hbTwC&pg=PA312 ''Dictionary of Architecture and Building Construction'']. Amsterdam; Boston; London: [[Elsevier]]/[[Architectural Press]]. {{ISBN|9780750685023}}.</ref>
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=== Sap green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Sap green
| hex = 507D2A
}}

'''Sap green''' is a [[green]]-looking [[pigment]] that was traditionally made of ripe [[buckthorn]] berries mixed with [[alum]].<ref>''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (1823), p. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.27604233?searchText=Thymbra+spicata&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DThymbra%2Bspicata%26scope%3DeyJpZCI6ICIxMDAwODE3NjciLCAicGFnZU5hbWUiOiAiRW5jeWNsb3BhZWRpYSBCcml0YW5uaWNhICgxNzY4LTE4NjApIiwgInBhZ2VVcmwiOiAiL3NpdGUvbmF0aW9uYWwtbGlicmFyeS1vZi1zY290bGFuZC9lbmN5Y2xvcGFlZGlhLWJyaXRhbm5pY2EvIiwgInR5cGUiOiAiY29sbGVjdGlvbiIsICJwb3J0YWxOYW1lIjogIk5hdGlvbmFsIExpYnJhcnkgb2YgU2NvdGxhbmQiLCAicG9ydGFsVXJsIjogIi9zaXRlL25hdGlvbmFsLWxpYnJhcnktb2Ytc2NvdGxhbmQvIn0%253D%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Ab37737ebc53fe037f2277c0ead5adc4b&seq=159 139] (s.v. Rhamnus) ({{JSTOR|27604233}})</ref> However, modern colors marketed under this name are usually a blend of other pigments, commonly with a basis of [[Phthalocyanine Green G]]. It is one of the greens used in ''[[The Joy of Painting]]''.
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=== Tea green ===
{{Redirect|Tea green|the hamlet near Luton|Tea Green, Hertfordshire}}
{{Infobox color
| title = Tea green
| caption = [[Green tea]].
| image = File:2017 Kagoshima sencha - second infusion.jpg
| hex = D0F0C0
| source = Encycolorpedia<ref>{{cite web |title=Tea green / Caparol 28/11 / #d0f0c0 Hex Color Code |url=http://encycolorpedia.com/d0f0c0 |website=encycolorpedia.com |language=en}}</ref>
| isccname = Very light yellowish green
}}

'''Tea green''' is a light shade of green. It is a representation of the color of brewed [[green tea]], i.e., the color of the hot green tea after the green tea leaves have been brewed in boiling water.<ref>I. Patterson, ''A Dictionary of Colour'', Thorogood, 2003, {{ISBN|1-85418-247-1}}, page 381. "tea green – The greyish green of green tea."</ref>

The first recorded use of ''tea green'' as a color name in English was in 1858.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 205; Color Sample of Tea Green: Page 65 Plate 21 Color Sample C2</ref>
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== Green in non-biological nature ==
=== Emerald ===
{{Redirect|Emerald green|the RAL color|RAL 6001 Emerald green}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! Emerald as a quinary color on the RYB color wheel
|-
| {{legend|#66B032|green}}
|-
| {{legend|#539950|'''emerald'''}}
|-
| {{legend|#40826D|viridian}}
|}
{{Infobox color
| title = Emerald
| image = File:Mim emerald.jpg
| caption = An [[emerald]]
| hex = 50C878
| source = Maerz and Paul<ref>The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called ''emerald green'' in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]]; the color ''emerald green'' is displayed on page 75, Plate 26, Color Sample J10.</ref>
| isccname = Vivid yellowish green
}}

'''Emerald''', also called ''emerald green'', is a tone of green that is particularly light and bright, with a faint bluish cast. The name derives from the typical appearance of the [[emerald]] [[gemstone]].<ref name="StClair2">{{Cite book |title=The Secret Lives of Colour |last=St. Clair |first=Kassia |publisher=John Murray |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-3081-9 |location=London |pages=220–221 |oclc=936144129}}</ref>
The first recorded use of ''emerald'' as a color name in English was in 1598.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]] Page 194; Color Sample of Emerald: Page 75 Plate 26 Color Sample J10</ref>

Ireland is sometimes referred to as the ''Emerald Isle'' due to its lush greenery. The May birthstone is emerald. Seattle is sometimes referred to as the ''Emerald City'', because its abundant rainfall creates lush vegetation. In the [[Middle Ages]], ''The [[Emerald Tablet]] of [[Hermes Trismegistus]]'' was believed to contain the secrets of [[alchemy]]. "Emerald City", from the story of ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]'', by L. Frank Baum, is a city where everything from food to people are emerald green. However, it is revealed at the end of the story that everything in the city is normal colored, but the glasses everyone wears are emerald tinted. The [[Green Zone]] in Baghdad is sometimes ironically and cynically referred to as the ''Emerald City''.<ref>Chandraseekaran, Rajiv ''[[American imperialism|Imperial]] Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq's Green Zone'' 2007</ref> The ''[[Emerald Buddha]]'' is a figurine of the sitting Buddha, made of green [[jade]] (rather than emerald), clothed in gold, and about 45 cm tall. It is kept in the ''Chapel of the Emerald Buddha'' ([[Wat Phra Kaew]]) on the grounds of the [[Grand Palace]] in Bangkok. The [[Emerald Triangle]] refers to the three counties of [[Mendocino County, California|Mendocino]], [[Humboldt County, California|Humboldt]], and [[Trinity County, California|Trinity]] in Northern California, United States<ref name=Regan>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/28354324 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203130327/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/28354324 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |title=Pot growers thrive in Northern California: Cash crop now accounts for two-thirds of Mendocino County economy |first=Trish |last=Regan |publisher=[[CNBC]] | date=22 January 2009}}</ref> because these three counties are the biggest [[marijuana]] producing counties in California and also the US.<ref name=Regan /> A county-commissioned study reports pot accounts for up to two-thirds of the economy of Mendocino.<ref name=Regan /> ''Emerald Cities: Urban Sustainability and Economic Development'' is a book published in 2010 by Joan Fitzgerald, director of the law, policy and society program at [[Northeastern University]], about [[ecodesign|ecologically sustainable]] [[city planning]].

An emerald pigment was invented in Germany in 1814. By taking acetic acid, mixing and boiling it with vinegar, and then by adding some arsenic, a bright blue-green hue was formed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/emerald.html |title=Pigments through the Ages – History – Emerald green |website=webexhibits.org |access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref> This toxic [[inorganic compound]] was marketed in England during the 19th century under the name [[Paris green]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://janeaustensworld.wordpress.com/2010/03/05/emerald-green-or-paris-green-the-deadly-regency-paint/ |title=Emerald Green or Paris Green, the Deadly Regency Pigment |date=5 March 2010 |website=Jane Austen's World |language=en |access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref> Victorian women used this bright color for dresses, and florists used it on fake flowers. It became notorious for causing deaths due to it being a popular color used for wallpaper.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.racked.com/2017/3/17/14914840/green-dye-history-death |title=The History of Green Dye Is a History of Death |last=Wright |first=Jennifer |date=17 March 2017 |website=Racked |language=en |access-date=1 March 2020}}</ref>


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=== Green earth ===
{{Main|Green earth}}
{{Infobox color
| title = Green earth
| hex = DADD98
| source = [[Derwent Cumberland Pencil Company|Derwent]]<ref>The color in the color box above matches the color called ''green earth'' in ''[[Derwent Cumberland Pencil Company|Derwent]]'' colored pencils.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}</ref>
| isccname = Light yellow green
}}

The color '''green earth''' is also known as ''terre verte'' and ''Verona green''. It is an inorganic [[pigment]] derived from the minerals [[celadonite]] and [[glauconite]].<ref>[http://colourlex.com/project/green-earth/ Green earth] Colourlex. Retrieved 29 August 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/greenearth.html Green earth]. Pigments through the Ages. www.webexhibits.com. Retrieved 29 August 2016.</ref>
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=== Hooker's green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Hooker's green
| hex = 49796B
| source = [[Winsor & Newton]]<ref name=hookers-green-color>{{cite web |title=Colour Chart – Hooker's Green |url=http://www.winsornewton.com/products/acrylic-colours/galeria-acrylic-colour/colour-chart/hooker%27s-green/ |work=[[Winsor & Newton]] | access-date=29 September 2011 |archive-date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530230403/http://www.winsornewton.com/products/acrylic-colours/galeria-acrylic-colour/colour-chart/hooker%27s-green |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| isccname = Moderate green
}}

'''Hooker's green''' is a dark green color created by mixing [[Prussian blue]] and [[gamboge]]. Hooker's green takes its name from botanical artist [[William Hooker (botanical illustrator)|William Hooker]] (1779–1832) who first created it particularly for illustrating leaves.<ref name="StClair">{{Cite book |title=The Secret Lives of Colour |last=St. Clair |first=Kassia |publisher=John Murray |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-3081-9 |location=London |page=81 |oclc=936144129}}</ref>
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=== Jade ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Jade
| caption = Three color variations of [[jade]].
| image = File:Jade three colors.jpg
| hex = 00A86B
| isccname = Strong yellowish green
}}

'''Jade''', also called ''jade green'', is a representation of the color of the [[gemstone]] called [[jade]], although the stone itself varies widely in hue.

The color name ''jade green'' was first used in Spanish in the form ''piedra de ijada'' in 1569.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]] Page 162—Discussion of color Jade Green</ref>
The first recorded use of ''jade green'' as a color name in English was in 1892.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]] Page 197</ref>
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=== Malachite ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Malachite
| image = File:Malachite polie (République démocratique du Congo).JPG
| caption = Polished [[malachite]]
| hex = 0BDA51
| source = Maerz and Paul<ref>The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called ''malachite'' in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color ''malachite green'' is displayed on page 79, Plate 28, Color Sample A9.</ref>
| isccname = Vivid yellowish green
}}

'''Malachite''', also called ''malachite green'', is a color that is a representation of the color of the mineral [[malachite]].

The first recorded use of ''malachite green'' as a color name in English was in the 1200s (exact year uncertain).<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]] Page 198; Color Sample of Malachite Green: Page 79 Plate 28 Color Sample A9</ref>
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=== Sea green ===
{{Main|Spring green#Sea green}}
{{Infobox color
| title = Sea green
| image = File:Green sea (5470187808).jpg
| caption = Sea at [[Manuel Antonio National Park|Manuel Antonio Beach]], [[Costa Rica]]
| hex = 2E8B57
| source = [[HTML color names|HTML/CSS]]
| isccname = Strong yellowish green
}}

'''Sea green''' is a color that resembles the hue of shallow [[seawater]] as seen from the surface.
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== Other notable green colors ==

=== Android green ===
{{Main|Android green}}

=== British racing green ===
{{Main|British racing green}}

=== Celadon ===
{{Main|Celadon}}
{{Infobox color
| title = Celadon
| image = File:Vase Phoenix Handles Celadon.JPG
| caption = A [[celadon]] vase
| hex = ACE1AF
| source = Encycolorpedia<ref>{{cite web |title=Celadon / #ace1af Hex Color Code |url=http://encycolorpedia.com/ace1af |website=Encycolorpedia |language=en |access-date=21 October 2013 |archive-date=6 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906104727/https://encycolorpedia.com/ace1af |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| isccname = Light yellowish green
}}

'''Celadon''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɛ|l|ə|d|ɒ|n}} is a pale greyish shade of green, or rather a range of such shades. [[Celadon]] originates as a term for a class of [[Chinese ceramics]], copied by Korea and Japan. However, the name, which is European, may originate from the character Celadon in ''[[L'Astrée]]'', a French pastoral novel of 1627, who wore a light green color.<ref>Gompertz, G.St.G.M., ''Chinese Celadon Wares'', p. 21, 1980 (2nd edn.), Faber & Faber, {{ISBN|0571180035}}21</ref><ref name="StClair3">{{Cite book |title=The Secret Lives of Colour |last=St. Clair |first=Kassia |publisher=John Murray |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4736-3081-9 |location=London |pages=232–233 |oclc=936144129}}</ref>

Celadon glazes were very common, with the green color being reliably produced from about the tenth century onwards; this was appreciated in Asia for resembling [[jade]], the most prestigious material of all. The [[ceramic glaze|glaze]] color comes from [[iron oxide]]'s transformation from [[ferric]] to [[ferrous]] iron (Fe2O3 → FeO) during the firing process,<ref name="dewar 2002 42">Dewar, Richard. (2002). ''Stoneware''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|0-8122-1837-X}}, p. 42.</ref> but is affected by a wide range of other factors and chemicals, making the precise color very difficult to control. As well as green, a wide range of browns, yellows, greys and sometimes blues all count as "celadon".<ref name="StClair2" /><ref name="Vainker, S.J. 1991, pp.53-55">Vainker, S.J., ''Chinese Pottery and Porcelain'', 1991, British Museum Press, 9780714114705, pp.53–55</ref>
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=== Hungarian green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Hungarian green
| image = Flag of Hungary.svg
| caption = [[Flag of Hungary]]
| hex = 477050
| source = Pantone<ref name="pantonegreen">{{Cite web|title=PANTONE 18-6320 TCX Fairway|url=https://www.pantone.com/color-finder/18-6320-TCX|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-date=2021-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918145809/https://www.pantone.com/color-finder/18-6320-TCX|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| isccname = Dark green
}}

The web color '''Hungarian green''' is a dark green color seen on the national [[flag of Hungary]].
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=== Hunter green ===
{{For|people named "Hunter Greene"|Hunter Greene (disambiguation){{!}}Hunter Greene}}
{{Infobox color
| title = Hunter green
| hex = 355E3B
| source = ISCC-NBS No. 137<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-h.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122220208/http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-h.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 November 2012 |title=ISCC-NBS No. 137}}</ref>
| isccname = Dark yellowish green
}}

'''Hunter green''' is a color that is a representation of the color worn as [[camouflage]] by [[hunter]]s in the 19th century. Most hunters began wearing the color [[olive drab]] instead of hunter green about the beginning of the 20th century.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]] Page 162—Discussion of color Hunter Green</ref> Some hunters still wear hunter green clothing or hunter green [[bandana]]s.

The first recorded use of ''hunter green'' as a color name in English was in 1892.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]] Page 196; Color Sample of Hunter Green Page Plate 24 Color Sample C11—Hunter Green</ref>

Hunter green has been the official primary color of the [[Green Bay Packers]] since 1957, the [[New York Jets]] from 1998 to 2019, one of the two official colors of [[Ohio University]] and [[State University of New York at Oswego|Oswego State]], and one of the two official colors of the [[Phi Kappa Psi]] fraternity. It is also one of the main colors of [[Deerfield Academy]].

Hunter green is one of the colors defined by the [[bandana code]] of the [[gay]] [[leather subculture]]. A hunter green bandana, if worn on the left, indicates that one is a "leather daddy", whereas if a hunter green bandana is worn on the right, it indicates that one is looking for a leather daddy, i.e., looking for a "daddy-boy" relationship.<ref name="Andrews 2010">{{citation |last=Andrews |first=Vincent |year=2010 |title=The Leatherboy Handbook |publisher=The Nazca Plains Corp. |isbn=978-1-61098-046-3}}</ref><ref name="Hankycode on gaycitiusa.com">[http://www.gaycityusa.com/hankycodes.htm Hankycode on gaycitiusa.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206134258/http://www.gaycityusa.com/hankycodes.htm |date=6 December 2007 }} access date 30 March 2012</ref><ref name="Hankycode on leathernjonline.com">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081221143843/http://www.leathernjonline.com/hanky.htm Hankycode on leathernjonline.com]}} access date 30 March 2010</ref>

[[Prison uniform]]s issued by the [[New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision]] are colored hunter green.<ref>{{cite web |first=Christopher |last=Beam |date=3 December 2010 |title=When did prisoners start dressing in orange? |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2010/12/orange_alert.html |department=Explainer (column) |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] | access-date=31 October 2017}}</ref>
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New York City uses hunter green on its [[construction site]] [[fence]]s and [[sidewalk shed]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribeca Citizen {{!}} Nosy Neighbor: Why Are Construction Fences Always Green?|url=https://tribecacitizen.com/2018/02/12/nosy-neighbor-why-are-construction-fences-always-green/|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Tribeca Citizen|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== India green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = India green
| image = File:1931 Flag of India.svg
| caption = {{FIAV|historical}} The ''Swaraj flag'', officially adopted by the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1931
| hex = 138808
| source = [[:File:Flag of India.svg|Vexillological]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://colors.findthedata.com/l/477/India-Green |title=The Color India Green | Codes, Matching Paint, and More |access-date=1 June 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160827020106/http://colors.findthedata.com/l/477/India-Green |archive-date=27 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| isccname = Deep yellowish green
}}

'''India green''', the color of the lower band of the national [[flag of India]], represents fertility and prosperity. It originates with a flag proposed by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], with green representing [[Islam]] and [[India saffron]] representing the [[Hinduism]].
{{Clear}}

=== Islamic green ===
{{Main|Green in Islam}}
{{Infobox color
| title = Islamic green
| hex = 009000
| source = Encycolorpedia<ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic green / Caparol 34/05 / #009000 Hex Color Code |url=https://encycolorpedia.com/009000 |website=Encycolorpedia |language=en |access-date=13 May 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022205248/https://encycolorpedia.com/009000 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| isccname = Vivid yellowish green
}}

The color [[green]] ({{langx|ar|أخضر}}) has a number of traditional associations in [[Islam]]. In the [[Quran]], it is associated with [[Islamic paradise]].

It was also chosen as a color by pro-[[Alid]] ([[Shi'a]]) factions. Thus in 817, when the [[Abbasid]] caliph [[al-Ma'mun]] adopted the Alid [[Ali al-Ridha]] a his heir-apparent, he also changed the dynastic color from black to green. The change was reverted when al-Ma'mun had Ali killed, and returned to [[Baghdad]] in 819.<ref>{{The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates | edition = Second | pages = 152–153, 161}}</ref> Green remains particularly popular in Shi'ite iconography, but it is also widely used in by Sunni states. It is notably used in the [[flag of Saudi Arabia]] and [[flag of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].
{{Clear}}

=== MSU green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = MSU green
| hex = 18453B
| source = MSU Brand Guide<ref>{{cite web |title=The MSU Brand – Design and Visual Identity |url=http://brand.msu.edu/design-visual/index.html#color |website=[[Michigan State University]] |language=en |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910065856/http://brand.msu.edu/design-visual/index.html#color |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| isccname = Very dark green
}}
Green and white are the primary school colors representing [[Michigan State University]]. The university [[board of trustees]] officially standardized MSU green as part of a larger university branding effort, replacing a lighter green (PMS 341) used from 1997 to 2010. The official color was chosen based on the traditional darker Spartan green found on the original university varsity letter jackets and marching band jackets. The official green of Michigan State University is represented by Pantone Matching System ink color 567 (PMS 567).
{{Clear}}

=== NDHU green  ===
{{Infobox color
| title = NDHU green
| image = File:NDHU Internation GraphicSignature RGBxWhite-03.svg
| hex = 0D5C33
| source = NDHU Brand Guide<ref>{{cite web |title=The NDHU Brand Identity |url=https://www.ndhu.edu.tw/p/405-1000-45040,c8810.php?Lang=zh-tw |website=[[National Dong Hwa University]] | language=zh-TW}}</ref>
| isccname = Dark green
}}

'''NDHU green''' is the official color of [[National Dong Hwa University]], adopted in 1994. The university officially set NDHU green as part of a larger university branding effort. It represents the books, forest of knowledge, and its campus with nature-based setting.
{{Clear}}

=== Pakistan green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Pakistan green
| image = File:Flig.jpg
| hex = 01411C
| source = Takhleeq<ref>{{cite web |title=T003 – Designing the Flag of Pakistan – Takhleeq |url=https://takhleeq.substack.com/p/t003-designing-the-flag-of-pakistan |website=Takhleeq |date=15 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| isccname = Deep yellowish green
}}

'''Pakistan green''' is a shade of dark green, used in web development and graphic design. It originates with the field of green used on the [[flag of Pakistan]], only stipulated as "dark green" in the national [[Flag protocol|flag code]]. It is almost identical to the HTML/[[X11]] [[Shades of green#Dark green (X11)|dark green]] in [[sRGB]] and [[HSV color space|HSV]] values.
{{Clear}}

=== Persian green ===
{{Main|Persian green}}
{{Infobox color
| title = Persian green
| hex = 00A693
| source = ISCC-NBS<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-p.htm |title=ISCC-NBS |access-date=6 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730090345/http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-p.htm |archive-date=30 July 2017 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
| isccname = Brilliant bluish green
}}

'''Persian green''' is a color used in [[Persian pottery]] and [[Persian carpet]]s in Iran.

The first recorded use of ''Persian green'' as a color name in English was in 1892.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 201; color sample of Persian green: Page 85 Plate 31 Color Sample H7</ref><ref>The source of this color is the ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names (1955), a color dictionary used by stamp collectors to identify the colors of stamps, now on the Internet—see sample of the color Persian green (color sample #159) displayed on indicated web page: {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170730090345/http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-p.htm]}}.</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Rifle green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Rifle green
| hex = 444C38
| source = Pantone TPX<ref>Type the words "Rifle green" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear. http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx</ref><ref>The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called ''Rifle green'' in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]]; the color ''Rifle green'' is displayed on page 87, Plate 32, Color Sample A2.</ref>
| isccname = Dark grayish olive green
}}

The source of ''rifle green'' is the Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX) color list, color No. 19-0419 TPX—Rifle green.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx |title=Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder—Type the words "Rifle green" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear |work=pantone.com}}</ref>

The first recorded use of ''rifle green'' as a color name in English was in 1858.<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 McGraw-Hill p. 203; Color Sample of Russian Green: p. 87 Plate 32 Color Sample A2</ref>

Rifle green is so named from the distinctive color of the uniform of rifle regiments (a form of [[light infantry]]) of a number of European armies, and is still used as such by rifle regiments in many [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] armies, such as [[the Rifles]] and [[Royal Gurkha Rifles]] of the [[British Army]] and the [[Queen's Own Rifles of Canada]].

Rifle green was originally adopted by rifle regiments in the 18th century, including the famous [[95th Rifles]] of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. As the traditional role of riflemen was that of [[marksman|marksmen]] and [[skirmisher]]s who attacked behind the cover of trees, a dark green uniform was adopted as an early form of [[camouflage]], as opposed to the colorful uniforms worn by other soldiers of the period. The vegetable based dyes used during the 18th and early 19th centuries were not [[color fastness|fast]], frequently fading after exposure to the elements to lighter shades of green or even brown. While this had advantages in terms of reduced visibility on active service, it did not make for a smart appearance on the peace-time parade ground. Accordingly, the color of the rifleman's uniform was progressively darkened until it approached black. After 1890 the development of chemical dyes permitted the adoption of the stable shade of rifle green now worn.

[[File:Prinsjesdag Ceremony-6.jpg|thumb|left|Dutch soldiers parading in rifle green uniforms]]
Rifle green was the official uniform colour of the [[Canadian Forces]] (CF) after unification; it was thereafter generally referred to as "CF green". After the introduction of the [[Uniforms of the Canadian Forces#distinctive environmental uniforms|distinctive environmental uniform]] (DEU), rifle green remained as the uniform colour of the winter land environment DEU; a short-lived tan uniform was worn in summer. After the demise of the tans, the rifle green DEU was worn year-round. Rifle green was also the colour of the uniform worn by the Northern Irish [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]] (RUC) until 2001 where the RUC was renamed the [[Police Service of Northern Ireland|PSNI]] and while the uniform color remained the same, terminology changed to "bottle green".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/patten_report/report/chapter20.stm |title=Patten Report |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In the U.S. armed forces, personnel qualified as special forces soldiers wear a [[green beret]], which has given them their nickname. Rifle green uniforms were issued to [[Hiram Berdan]]'s elite [[1st United States Sharpshooters|1st]] and [[2nd United States Sharpshooters]] during the [[American Civil War]].

Rifle green is 19–0419 TPX in the Pantone palette, or hex code #444C38 in the [[sRGB]] color space, as shown above. Despite being referred to as bottle green in some contexts, Pantone rifle green is a distinct shade from [[RAL 6007 Bottle green]].
{{Clear}}

=== Russian green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = Russian green
| hex = 679267
| source = ISCC-NBS<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-m.htm |title=ISCC NBS |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019012859/http://tx4.us/nbs/nbs-m.htm |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>The color displayed in the color box above (color sample No. 136 on the ISCC-NBS color list) matches the color called ''Russian green'' in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]]; the color ''Russian green'' is displayed on page 83, Plate 30, Color Sample D7.</ref>
| isccname = Moderate yellowish green
}}

The first recorded use of '''Russian green''' as a color name in English was in the 1830s (exact year uncertain).<ref>Maerz and Paul ''A Dictionary of Color'' New York:1930 [[McGraw-Hill]] Page 203; Color Sample of Russian Green: Page 83 Plate 30 Color Sample D7</ref> The term appears to refer to the medium shade of green worn by most regiments of the Imperial Russian Army from 1700 to 1914.
{{Clear}}

=== SGBUS green ===
{{Infobox color
| title = SGBUS green
| hex = 55DD33
| source = [[HTML color names|HTML/CSS]]
| isccname = Vivid yellowish green
}}

'''SGBUS green''' is the color voted by the public and used by [[Land Transport Authority|Singapore]] to color all its government-owned public buses.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/lush-green-picked-as-colour-for-new-singapore-buses-8153324 |title='Lush Green' picked as colour for new Singapore buses |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023175209/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/lush-green-picked-as-colour-for-new-singapore-buses-8153324 |archive-date=23 October 2017 |date=11 March 2016}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

== See also ==
* [[RAL 6001 Emerald green]]
* [[RAL 6005 Moss green]]
* [[RAL 6007 Bottle green]]
* [[Lists of colors]]
* [[Green pigments]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Shades of green}}
{{Shades of cyan}}
{{web colors}}
{{Color shades}}
{{Color topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Variations of Green}}
[[Category:Shades of green| ]]

Mannarkkad Assembly constituency

2026-03-19T17:36:16Z

Svetlhdm: quick correct information for accuracy and improved wording based on references

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mannarkkad
| state = Kerala
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 54
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| district = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
| electors = 1,98,223 (2021)
| mla = [[N. Samsudheen]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
}}
'''Mannarkkad''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/03-DELIMITATION/03-DELIMITED-LAC.pdf
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[N. Samsudheen]] of [[IUML]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Mannarkkad Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Palakkad District
|access-date = 11 September 2019
|archive-date = 3 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190903213246/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
<mapframe text="Mannarkkad Assembly constituency" width=300 height=300 align=right >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q23307880,Q15616213,Q13110131,Q16135532,Q16136305,Q16137910,Q13113328,Q13114980"}</mapframe>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Mannarkkad]]
|Municipality
|Mannarkkad
|-
|2
|[[Agali (gram panchayat)|Agali]]
|Grama panchayat
|Mannarkkad
|-
|3
|[[Alanallur]]
|Grama panchayat
|Mannarkkad
|-
|4
|[[Kottoppadam, Mannarkkad|Kottoppadam]]
|Grama Panchayat
|Mannarkkad
|-
|5
|[[Kumaramputhur]]
|Grama panchayat
|Mannarkkad
|-
|6
|[[Thenkara]]
|Grama panchayat
|Mannarkkad
|-
|7
|[[Pudur (Attappady)|Pudur]]
|Grama panchayat
|Mannarkkad
|-
|8
|[[Sholayur]]
|Grama panchayat
|Mannarkkad
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Mannarkkad Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/mannarkkad-assembly-constituency-map.html
|website = www.mapsofindia.com
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Mannarkkad
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Niyama Sabha
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
! Tenure
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| [[K. Krishnan|Kongasseri Krishnan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India}}
| 1957 – 1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| Kongasseri Krishnan
| 1960 – 1965
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| [[E. K. Imbichi Bava]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| John Manforan
| 1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| [[A. N. Yusuff]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| A. P. Hamza
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| [[P. Kumaran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| rowspan="2" | Kalladi Mohammed
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| [[Jose Baby]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| Kalathil Abdulla
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| Jose Baby
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| 2006 – 2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="3" | [[N. Samsudheen]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016 – 2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| 2021–Present
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannarkkad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Aboobacker Manzil
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = [[N. Samsudheen]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharath Dharma Jana Sena
|candidate = Issac Varghese
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Mannarkkad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = [[N. Samsudheen]]
|votes = 71,657
|percentage = 47.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = K. P. Suresh Raj
|votes = 65,787
|percentage = 43.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = AIADMK
|candidate = Agali Naseema P.
|votes = 10,376
|percentage = 6.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = James Mash
|votes = 988
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sivadasan
|votes = 827
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 760
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shamsudeen Hamza
|votes = 511
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Suresh
|votes = 440
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Suresh Babu
|votes = 304
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shamsudeen Yusaf
|votes = 192
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ajikumar
|votes = 159
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shibu George
|votes = 101
|percentage = 0.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 5,870
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,52,102
|percentage = 76.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
There were 1,89,455 registered voters in Mannarkkad Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mannarkkad]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[N. Samsudheen]]|votes=73,163|percentage=49.27%|change={{decrease}}0.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=K. P. Suresh Raj|votes=60,838|percentage=40.97%|change={{decrease}}1.87}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Kesavadev Puthumanna|votes=10,170|percentage=6.85%|change={{increase}}2.18}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=M. Sulaiman|votes=1,112|percentage=0.75%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=927|percentage=0.62%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Shamsudheen Thottassery|votes=622|percentage=0.42%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star|candidate=Ajikumar K.|votes=478|percentage=0.32%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=George Kutty E. V.|votes=445|percentage=0.30%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=A. Yoosaf Alanalloor|votes=412|percentage=0.28%|change={{decrease}}0.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiv Sena|candidate=Suresh Babu M.|votes=331|percentage=0.22%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 12,325
|percentage = 8.30%
|change ={{increase}}1.48
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,48,498|percentage=78.38%|change={{increase}}5.49}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing ={{decrease}}0.29
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,66,275 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mannarkkad]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[N. Samsudheen]]|votes=60,191|percentage=49.66%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=V. Chamunni|votes=51,921|percentage=42.84%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=O. P. Vasudevanunni|votes=5,655|percentage=4.67%|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Muhammed Gafoor Madani|votes=1,238|percentage=1.02%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ramakrishnan A.|votes=820|percentage=0.68%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 8,270
|percentage = 6.82%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,21,195|percentage=72.89%|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian Union Muslim League|loser=Communist Party of India|swing=}}{{Election box end}}
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Mannarghat]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. C. Gopalanunni |party=Independent politician |votes=15,726 |percentage=38.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kurikal Ahamed |party=Independent politician |votes=9,512 |percentage=23.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Gopalakrishna Nair |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,995 |percentage=22.19% |change=22.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. P. V. Eswaravarier |party=Independent politician |votes=6,310 |percentage=15.56% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,214 |percentage=15.33% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,543 |percentage=50.11% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,910 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mannarkkad]]
* [[Palakkad district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Gilli (film)

2026-03-18T20:04:56Z

Svetlhdm: enhanced layout additionally and corrected details for clarity

{{short description|2009 Kannada-language drama film}}
{{About|2009 Kannada film|2004 Tamil film|Ghilli}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gilli
| image = Gilli small.jpg
| caption =
| director = Raghav Loki
| producer = Anaji Nagaraj Jayanna Vijay Kiran
| writer = [[Selvaraghavan]] Ram Narayan
| based_on = {{Based on| ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]''|Selvaraghavan}}
| starring = [[Gururaj]] [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = Krishna
| editing = Sanat
| studio = JNVK Films
| distributor = JNVK Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|10|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Gilli''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Raghav Loki. A remake of [[Selvaraghavan]]'s 2004 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-[[Telugu language|Telugu]] bilingual film ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]'', the film stars newcomers [[Gururaj]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]]. The film, with music scored by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and cinematography handled by ''[[Mungaru Male]]'' fame Krishna, was launched in February 2009 and released on 16 October 2009, coinciding with [[Diwali]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/sep/26/i-did-my-first-kannada-film-to-earn-pocket-money-and-buy-a-car-rakul-preet-singh-1662611.html | title=I did my first Kannada film to earn pocket money and buy a car: Rakul Preet Singh | date=26 September 2017 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins with Guru aka Gilli on his way to work. People stare at him and laugh behind his back as he travels to his office. He appears distracted throughout the day and even instructs his assistant to postpone an important meeting with a big client. He then waits for someone at [[Marina Beach]] with a bouquet of flowers. His best friend, Shetty sees him and asks him who he is waiting for. Gilli explains he is waiting to meet his girlfriend, Anitha for their date. In flashbacks, the audience is shown how Gilli first met Anitha.

Gilli belongs to a [[lower middle class]] family, living with his parents and younger sister. He is perceived as a good-for-nothing person as he skips classes and gets involved in fights. Gilli believes that his father hates him and often quarrels with him, even threatening to leave the house, only to be persuaded not to do so by his mother. Gilli's life changes when a once well-to-do family moves into the same colony due to loss in business. Gilli is attracted to the daughter of his new neighbour, Anitha. Although he tries to woo her, Anitha treats him with disdain. One day, Gilli confesses to Anitha that he loves her. He tells her that having always been ridiculed, he found respite in the fact that she at least bothered to look at him. He promises to wipe her thoughts out of his mind, as he is not right for her.

Despite himself, Gilli continues pursuing her. Anitha realizes that Gilli is not such a useless fellow when Shetty tells her that she has seen Gilli dismantle and assemble a motorcycle within minutes each time they steal a bike to get drunk. Anitha takes Gilli to a [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] dealer and asks them to give him a job. He is promised a job if he can assemble a bike. Initially, the lethargic Gilli is uninterested and gives up the task. Anitha takes him to the washroom and slaps him before revealing that she has fallen in love with him. She then tells him that they can only be together if he gets a proper job and gets his life straightened out. Gilli then demonstrates his skill in motorcycle assembly, securing a good job with the dealer.

Later that evening, Gilli plans a treat for his friends. However, Anitha confronts him and makes him break the good news to his parents first to get their blessings. However, Gilli's father berates him as usual for getting a job instead of completing college. Then later at night, Gilli overhears his father telling his mother how proud he is of their son since getting a job at such a prestigious company, which is not easy. The only reason the father did not openly praise Gilli is because he feared his son might misjudge him for giving him respect, only now that he is earning money for their household. Only then does Gilli realize his father's love for him and weeps in joy. The intimacy between Gilli and Anitha is discovered by her mother and she refuses to allow them to continue dating even as Gilli's father tries to persuade her otherwise. Anitha's family is heavily indebted to another Northern Indian family that has been supporting them since Anitha's father suffered losses in his business. Anitha's parents want Anitha to marry the son of the family that has helped them.

Using her friend's marriage as a ruse and with the unwitting help of her friend's aunt, Anitha escapes her home and travels with Gilli to a tourist place and they end up in a hotel room. Anitha reveals that she has made the biggest decision of her life by deciding to make love to him, as he should not regret falling in love with her when she marries the man her parents chose. Gilli becomes angry and states that he had always wanted to marry her and have sex with her after marriage, as he loved her in that regard. They have an argument, but eventually compromise and stay up talking to each other joyfully throughout the night, and decide to get married the next day. The next day, as Gilli and Anitha are walking to the temple, Anitha gets second thoughts about the marriage, angering Gilli, who tells her that they should part ways. Anitha leaves to cross the street while Gilli stays. While crossing the road, Anitha is knocked down by a truck as a helpless Gilli watches. Gilli runs after her and is also hit by a speeding vehicle. Anitha dies gruesomely on the spot and Gilli is injured. Gilli is heavily shocked to find the mere remains of Anitha in the Hospital mortuary. The police try to investigate Gilli, especially since Anitha's family wants to put a murder case on him, but Gilli tells the Police that Anitha had never accepted his love, and her death was really an accident. This way, Gilli saves Anitha's dignity and her mother forgives him as she leaves. After sadly returning, Gilli tries to commit suicide only to be helped by a group of nuns. Gilli then hallucinates about Anitha's spirit coming to him and advising him to live life to the fullest. Back in the present day, it is revealed that Gilli has become a very successful person in his life, but has remained mentally damaged since Anitha's death. He still believes that she is alive and always imagines talking to her. The film ends with Gilli talking to himself at the beach, thinking that he is talking to Anitha.

==Cast==
* [[Gururaj]] as Guru (Gilli)
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Anitha
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Guru's father
* [[Sudha Belawadi]] as Guru's mother
* Yathiraj Jaggesh as Shetty, Guru's friend
* Veena Venkatesh
* Siddaraj Kalyankar
* [[Umashree]] as Anitha's friend's aunt (uncredited)

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gilli
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2009|6|8}}
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 32:23
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Oy!]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Yogi (2009 Tamil film)|Yogi]]
| next_year = 2009
}}

The music is scored by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], who had composed the music for the original version as well. The soundtrack was released on 8 June 2009 and features 7 tracks, which are retained from the original version. However, the song "January Madham" was not featured in the soundtrack and the "[[Theme music]]" was not the same as in the Tamil soundtrack. The lyrics were written by Ram Narayan and Shyam.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| total_length = 32:23
| title1 = Vayasu Bandide | lyrics1 = Shyam | extra1 = [[Haricharan]], [[Shalini Singh]] | length1 = 5:41
| title2 = Kannina Bhashe | lyrics2 = Ram Narayan | extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] | length2 = 6:30
| title3 = Kanasu Kaano Kaalagalu | lyrics3 = Ram Narayan | extra3 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], Madhumitha, [[Ustad Sultan Khan]] | length3 = 6:11
| title4 = Nenedu Nenedu Nodu | lyrics4 = Ram Narayan | note4 = Female version | extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]] | length4 = 4:36
| title5 = Idu Ranarangava | lyrics5 = Ram Narayan | extra5 = Harish Raghavendra | length5 = 3:09
| title6 = Nenedu Nenedu Nodu | lyrics6 = Ram Narayan | note6 = Male version | extra6 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]] | length6 = 6:00
| title7 = Theme Music | lyrics7 = - | extra7 = [[Instrumental]] | length7 = 1:16
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and says "Gururaj shows promise in his first film and fits in the role. Rakul Preethi Singh looks static in many important sequences and has the same expressions. Gururaj's younger brother Yethiraj is impressive, though. But it is Sreenivasa Murthy who scores well in the father's role. Yuvan Shankar Raja's entire music composition has been lifted from the original. S.Krishna's camera work is top class".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kannada-movie-review-gilli/20091016.htm|title=Review: Gilli is good in parts|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=16 October 2009}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "Gururaj makes a decent debut. But it has to be seen if he can manage the versatility of roles that actors are expected to. With a story like this for debut, there is clear and present danger that he may be confined to such roles. The second half of the film seems a little preachy with long monologues and a tediously protracted climax. The film also seems to suffer from lack of preparation. It is still worth a watch".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/gilli-worth-a-watch/articleshow/22021039.cms|title=Gilli: Worth a watch|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=16 October 2009}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify.com]]'' wrote "Gururaj is apt for the role and he excels in most of the scenes while Rakul Preeth Singh looks very beautiful. Veteran Srinivasamurthy as a caring father scores over all. Yuvan Shanker Raja original songs are good. S Krishna camera work supports the mood of the film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.sify.com/movies/gilli-review-kannada-pclxsnaddagfd.html|title=Gilli|work=[[Sify.com]]|date=19 October 2009}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.chitraloka.com/gilli/index.html}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gilli}}
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Aditi Ranjan

2026-03-15T12:01:28Z

Svetlhdm: Starting initial entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian designer and educator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aditi Ranjan
| image = Aditi Ranjan at NID (cropped).png
| landscape =
| caption = Aditi Ranjan (née Shirali) at National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad in 1977
| birth_name = Aditi Shirali
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|02|25|df=y}}
| alma_mater = [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Textile designer|author|design educator}}
| organization = [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]]
| known_for = Textile design education
| notable_works = ''Handmade in India'' ''Textile and Bamboo Crafts of the Northeastern Region''
| spouse = {{marriage|[[M. P. Ranjan]]|1981|2015|end=died}}
| awards = Kamala Samman Award with M. P. Ranjan
}}

'''Aditi Ranjan''' (née Shirali; born 25 February 1952) is an Indian textile designer, educator and researcher involved in the field of Indian crafts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-14 |title=Meet the nine grande dames of craft in India |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/meet-the-nine-grande-dames-of-craft-in-india/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN}}</ref> She taught textile design at the [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]] from 1974 to 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Design in India |url=https://bangaloreinternationalcentre.org/event/design-in-india/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Bangalore International Centre |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ranjan is known for her book ''Handmade in India: A Geographic Encyclopedia of Indian Handicrafts'' based on Indian arts & crafts that she edited along with her partner and fellow design pedagogue, [[M. P. Ranjan]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Sujatha Shankar |date=2014-04-11 |title=Bonds with tradition |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bonds-with-tradition/article5901741.ece |access-date=2022-08-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wangchuk |first=Rinchen Norbu |date=2022-04-08 |title=3 NID Grads Use Stories to Save Over 250 Dying Crafts & Help 200 Artisans Earn More |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/281772/gaatha-preserving-dying-traditional-indian-craft-e-commerce-nid/ |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Work ==
[[File:Textile and Bamboo Crafts, A book by Aditi (née Shirali) Ranjan.jpg|left|thumb|233x233px|Front cover of ''Textile and Bamboo Crafts of the Northeastern Region'' (1983) by Aditi (née Shirali) Ranjan. Published by NID. |alt=Front cover of Textile and Bamboo Crafts of the Northeastern Region (1983) by Aditi (née Shirali) Ranjan. Published by NID.]]
She is involved in the study of weave structure and fabric construction. She also documents and researches on textiles, crafts, and the diverse material and visual [[culture of India]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Sujatha Shankar |date=2015-08-14 |title=A tribute to the design wizard |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/a-tribute-to-mp-ranjan/article7539850.ece |access-date=2022-08-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exploring the People and Processes Behind India's Block Printing Tradition |url=https://thewire.in/books/eiluned-edwards-block-printing-review |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=The Wire}}</ref> Some of her notable works include:

* ''Textile and Bamboo Crafts of the Northeastern Region'' (1983)
* ''Chikankari Embroidery of Lucknow'' (1992) with [[Ashok Rai]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rai |first=Ashok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Avx0PQAACAAJ |title=Chikankari Embroidery of Lucknow |last2=Ranjan |first2=Aditi |last3= |first3= |date=1992 |publisher=National Institute of Design |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Navalgund Durries of Karnataka'' (1992) with Chandrashekar Bheda<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bheda |first=Chandrashekar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_gOAQAAMAAJ |title=Navalgund Durries of Karnataka |last2=Ranjan |first2=Aditi |last3=Design |first3=National Institute of |date=1992 |publisher=National Institute of Design |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Handmade in India: A Geographic Encyclopedia of Indian Handicrafts'' (2009) with her husband M. P. Ranjan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crafts of India: Handmade in India by Aditi Ranjan; M.P. Ranjan: Good Hardcover (2014) {{!}} ThriftBooks-Atlanta |url=https://www.abebooks.com/9788188204571/Crafts-India-Handmade-Aditi-Ranjan-8188204579/plp |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}</ref>

Aditi Ranjan has been an educator in the discipline of textile design at the [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]] since 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-10-11 |title='Naturally Anuradha' boutique of organic handloom products opened in Guwahati - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/naturally-anuradha-boutique-of-organic-handloom-products-opened-in-guwahati-506243 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref> From 2011 to 2016, she was engaged in a research project on the textile traditions of the North-east India, with the support of the Outreach Programmes at [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]] and commissioned by the [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] (IGNCA), Delhi.

Ranjan has also curated a private collection of saris and shawls for the textile gallery, the Ahmedabad Trunk at the House of MG, a heritage resort in Ahmedabad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Design Thinking |url=https://designdesh.wordpress.com/tag/design-thinking/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Design thoughts |language=en}}</ref> ''Art of the loom'', an exhibition put up in 2019 at the Ahmedabad trunk, was a notable curatorial work by her. This exhibition showcased handloom textiles from the personal collection of Leena Sarabhai Mangaldas and Anjali Mangaldas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bagchi |first=Shrabonti |date=2019-01-12 |title=The sari specialists |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/pdvB4RwBZ0sH8nAbxeoDAJ/The-sari-specialists.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

=== Handmade in India ===

The book was written from 2002 to 2007. It offers a detailed documentation of India’s art and craft traditions. The project was conceptualised by the Ranjan duo and involved extensive fieldwork across the country. The book is an official directory of all the crafts and was published by the Department of Handicrafts, [[Ministry of Textiles]] and the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Aditi and M.P. Ranjan |url=https://www.platform-mag.com/design/aditi-and-mp-ranjan.html |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.platform-mag.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=sumedh |date=2021-02-14 |title=Biography |url=https://dsource.in/showcase/prof-mp-ranjan/biography |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=D'Source |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raje |first=Aparna Piramal |date=2020-12-11 |title=Creativity meets commerce |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/business-of-life/creativity-meets-commerce-11607612820602.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tunstall |first=Elizabeth Dori |title=India: design futures of everyday pluralism |url=http://theconversation.com/india-design-futures-of-everyday-pluralism-26734 |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Aditi and M. P. Ranjan were honoured with the Kamala Samman Award in 2014 for the book.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

== See also ==

* [[Channapatna toys]]
* [[M. P. Ranjan]]
* [[Helena Perheentupa]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Commons category-inline|Aditi Ranjan}}
* {{YouTube|id=EMprYXgvjUs|title=Conversation on Design in India}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranjan, Aditi}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Designers at National Institute of Design]]
[[Category:Academic staff of National Institute of Design]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian textile designers]]
[[Category:Indian art educators]]
[[Category:Indian women artists]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Indian women art educators]]
[[Category:Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]

Jodha Singh Ataiya

2026-03-14T18:26:56Z

Svetlhdm: Started New Biography

{{Infobox person
| name = Thakur Jodha Singh Ataiya
| image = Thakur Jodha Singh.png
| caption = Statue of Jodha Singh Ataiya at Bawani Imli Memorial, Fatehpur
| birth_date = c. 1820s
| birth_place = Rasulpur, Khajuha, Fatehpur district, [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 28 April 1858
| death_place = Khajuha, Fatehpur district, [[British India]]
| death_cause = Execution by hanging in [[Bawani Imli massacre]]
| occupation = Zamindar, Revolutionary
| known_for = Leadership during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
}}

'''Thakur Jodha Singh Ataiya''' (c. 1820s – 28 April 1858) ({{Langx|hi| जोधा सिंह अटैया}}) was an Indian zamindar and revolutionary from Rasulpur (Rasulpur Ataiya) village in [[Fatehpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He played a pivotal role in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] by organising armed resistance against British colonial forces. He led the seizure of the Fatehpur treasury, engaged in guerrilla warfare, and became a prominent freedom fighter in north-central India before being executed by British forces during the [[Bawani Imli massacre]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bawani Imli – History Cafe |url=https://historycafe.in/bawani-imli/ |website=History Cafe |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="w439" />

== Early life ==
Jodha Singh was born into a [[Rajput]] family in Rasulpur, a village near Khajuha in present-day Fatehpur district. As a landholder (zamindar), he enjoyed a position of social influence, which he later used to mobilise support against British rule. His ideological leanings were shaped by the growing unrest across India and revolutionary contemporaries like [[Rani Lakshmibai]] and [[Tatya Tope]].<ref name="y592">{{cite web |title=यूपी: दूसरा 'जलियां वाला बाग' है बावनी इमली |website=Amar Ujala |date=14 December 2021 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur/second-jallianwala-bagh-is-bawani-imli-52-revolutionaries-were-hanged-simultaneously |language=hi |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>

== Role in the 1857 Rebellion ==
During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Jodha Singh emerged as a key leader in the Fatehpur region. He collaborated with Deputy Collector Hikmat Ullah Khan and fellow revolutionary Thakur Daryao Singh. Together, they captured the Fatehpur treasury and civil court, challenging British administrative control.<ref name="w439">{{cite web |last=सिंह |first=धीरेंद्र |title=बावनी इमली फतेहपुर, स्वतंत्रता दिवस: 52 स्वतंत्रता सेनानियों की फांसी का गवाह इमली का पेड़ |website=Navbharat Times |date=15 August 2024 |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/fatehpur/independence-day-tamarind-tree-witnessed-hanging-of-52-freedom-fighters-fatehpur-crime-news/articleshow/112539644.cms |language=hi |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>

He rallied thousands of peasants in Khajuha and Bindki areas and took to guerrilla warfare, famously defeating Colonel Powell in direct engagement.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=52 स्वतंत्रता सेनानियों की फांसी का गवाह रहा 'बावनी इमली' |url=https://hindi.theprint.in/culture/bawan-imli-uttar-pradesh-freedom-fighter-waiting-for-national-level-recognition/114435/ |website=ThePrint Hindi |date=15 August 2019 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>

== Capture and Execution ==

On 28 April 1858, following betrayal by informants, Jodha Singh and 51 of his companions were arrested by British forces near Ghoora village. All 52 were publicly hanged from a large tamarind tree near [[Khajuha]], now known as the [[Bawani Imli massacre]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="w439" /> The British left the bodies hanging for 37 days as a warning, prohibiting any cremation. However, on the night of 3 June 1858, Maharaja Bhawani Singh and local supporters retrieved the remains and performed the final rites at [[Shivrajpur]] Ghat on the Ganges.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bawani Imli Tree |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?12856 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Govt. of India |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=इस पेड पर 1 साथ 52 क्रांतिकारियों को दी गई थी फांसी, 1 |url=https://news1india.in/uttar-pradesh/republic-day-2025-story-of-sacrifice-of-52-revolutionaries-including-thakur-jodha-singh-in-fatehpur/221712/ |work=news 1 india |date=26 January 2025}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Jodha Singh is commemorated as one of the first freedom fighters from central Uttar Pradesh. His name is inscribed on the memorial stones at the Bawani Imli site. The tamarind tree, believed by locals to have stopped growing after the incident, remains a historic symbol of sacrifice.<ref>{{cite web |title=Heritage tree on which 52 martyrs were hanged |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/heritage-tree-on-which-52-martyrs-were-hanged/articleshow/117379302.cms |website=The Times of India |date=20 January 2025 |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>

In 2025, a book was released in Bindki to document the full story of Jodha Singh and the Bawani Imli martyrs, supported by local scholars and government officials.<ref>{{cite web |title=52 क्रांतिकारियों की शहादत पर आधारित पुस्तक का विमोचन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/fatehpur/bindki/news/book-released-on-the-martyrdom-of-52-revolutionaries-134925256.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |date=14 August 2024 |language=hi |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>

To honour his legacy, a government-run institution — the [[Amar Shaheed Jodha Singh Attaiya Thakur Dariyao Singh Medical College, Fatehpur]] — was named after him in Fatehpur.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amar Shaheed Jodha Singh Attaiya Thakur Dariyao Singh Medical College |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Shaheed_Jodha_Singh_Attaiya_Thakur_Dariyao_Singh_Medical_College%2C_Fatehpur |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=June 2025}}

==Bibliography==
* ''Darakht: The Witness of Freedom Fighter'' (Hindi) by Vijay Narayan. Bluerose Publishers, 2025.ISBN-10 9362614928.

== See also ==
* [[Bawani Imli massacre]]
* [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* [[Fatehpur district]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:1820s births]]
[[Category:1858 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:People from Fatehpur district]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Executed revolutionaries]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]

Raam Mori

2026-03-12T05:13:40Z

Svetlhdm: Made some details w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian author and screenwriter (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Raam Mori
| image = Raam Mori.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = at [[Gujarat Literature Festival]] [[Vadodara]]; January 2019
| native_name_lang = gu
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Raam Bhavsangbhai Mori
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|2|2}}
| birth_place = Mota Surka, [[Sihor]], [[Bhavnagar district]], [[Gujarat]], India
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Short story writer, Novelist, Screenwriter, Columnist
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| education = Fabrication Engineering
| alma_mater =
| genre = Short story, Novel, Screenplay
| notable_works = ''Mahotu'', ''Satyabhama'', ''Kasoombo'', ''21mu Tiffin''
| awards = [[Yuva Puraskar]] (2017)
| website = {{URL|https://raammori.com}}
| signature =
}}

'''Raam Mori''' (born 2 February 1993) is a [[Gujarati language]] short story writer, novelist, screenwriter, and columnist from [[Gujarat]], India. He is known for his stories depicting the rural life of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], particularly focusing on female protagonists. His debut short story collection, ''Mahotu'', earned him the [[Sahitya Akademi]]'s [[Yuva Puraskar]] in 2017. He has also gained significant recognition as a screenwriter in [[Gujarati cinema]].

== Early life ==
Raam Mori was born on 2 February 1993 in Mota Surka, a village in [[Sihor]] taluka of [[Bhavnagar district]], Gujarat, to Tejalba and Bhavsangbhai Mori. His family is originally from Lakhavad village near [[Palitana]]. He completed his studies in fabrication engineering.

He began writing short stories at the age of 17. His work has since been published in prominent Gujarati literary magazines, including ''[[Shabdasrishti]]'', ''Navneet Samarpan'', ''Etad'', and ''Tathapi''. He currently resides in [[Ahmedabad]].

== Career ==

=== Literary Works ===
In 2016, Mori published his debut short story collection, ''Mahotu'', which was critically acclaimed by writers like [[Raghuveer Chaudhary]] and Kirit Doodhat. The collection focuses on the lives of women in rural Saurashtra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khabarchhe.com/magazine/take-it-or-leave-it/an-article-on-raam-mori|title=Magazine :: વાર્તા જગતનો રામ મોરી મોરી રે...|date=2017-06-28|website=khabarchhe.com|language=gu|access-date=2017-07-30}}</ref> This was followed by ''Coffee Stories'' (2018), a collection of micro-fiction, and ''Confession Box'' (2020), a collection of letter stories.

In 2025, he published his debut novel, ''Satyabhama'', a mythological narrative centered on the character of [[Satyabhama]], one of Krishna's queens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raammori.com/book/satyabhama |title=Satyabhama |website=raammori.com |access-date=2026-03-12}}</ref> His second novel, ''Barima Aakhu Aakash'', which explores the relationship between a lesbian daughter and her father, was published in 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raammori.com/book/barima-aakhu-aakash |title=Barima Aakhu Aakash |website=raammori.com |access-date=2026-03-12}}</ref>

=== Journalism and Academia ===
Mori has worked with media outlets such as [[TV9 (Gujarati)]] and [[Colors Gujarati]]. He has authored several popular columns, including "Mukam Varta" in ''[[Divya Bhaskar]]'', "The Confession Box" in ''[[Mumbai Samachar]]'', "Love You Zindagi" for ''Cocktail Zindagi'' magazine, and "#We" in ''[[Phulchhab]]''.

He serves as a visiting faculty member at institutions like the [[National Institute of Mass Communication and Journalism]] (NIMCJ), St. Xavier's College in Ahmedabad, Gujarat University, and Navjivan Journalism College. He is also a Professor of Practice at [[Gujarat Vidyapith]].

=== Screenwriting ===
Mori made his debut in [[Gujarati cinema]] as the writer for ''[[Montu Ni Bittu]]'' (2019). He went on to write the screenplay and dialogues for several critically and commercially successful films, including ''[[21mu Tiffin]]'' (2021), which received the National Film Award for Best Gujarati Film, ''[[Kutch Express (film)|Kutch Express]]'' (2023), and the historical drama ''[[Kasoombo]]'' (2024).

== Works ==

=== Books ===
* ''Mahotu'' (મહોતું) (2016) - Short Story Collection<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raammori.com/book/mahotu |title=Mahotu |website=raammori.com |access-date=2026-03-12}}</ref>
* ''Coffee Stories'' (કૉફી સ્ટોરીઝ) (2018) - Micro-fiction Collection<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raammori.com/book/coffee-stories |title=Coffee Stories |website=raammori.com |access-date=2026-03-12}}</ref>
* ''Confession Box'' (કન્ફેશન બોક્સ) (2020) - Letter Story Collection<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raammori.com/book/confession-box |title=Confession Box |website=raammori.com |access-date=2026-03-12}}</ref>
* ''Satyabhama'' (સત્યભામા) (2025) - Novel<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raammori.com/book/satyabhama |title=Satyabhama |website=raammori.com |access-date=2026-03-12}}</ref>
* ''Barima Aakhu Aakash'' (બારીમાં આખ્ખું આકાશ) (2026) - Novel<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.raammori.com/book/barima-aakhu-aakash |title=Barima Aakhu Aakash |website=raammori.com |access-date=2026-03-12}}</ref>

=== Filmography ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Story
! Screenplay
! Dialogue
! Notes
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Montu Ni Bittu]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Debut film
|-
| 2021
| ''[[21mu Tiffin]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Gujarati|National Award Winner]]
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Mara Pappa Superhero]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Kutch Express (film)|Kutch Express]]''
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Kasoombo]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Maharani (2025 film)|Maharani]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|}

== Recognition ==
* [[Yuva Puraskar]] (2017) – Awarded by [[Sahitya Akademi]] for ''Mahotu''.<ref>{{cite web | author=ABPL | title=વાર્તાકાર રામ મોરીને દિલ્હી સાહિત્ય અકાદમીનો યુવા ગૌરવ પુરસ્કાર | website=Gujarat Samachar | date=2017-07-30 | url=https://www.gujarat-samachar.com/content/view/full/83447 | language=gu | access-date=2017-07-30}}</ref>
* Yuva Puraskar (2018) – Awarded by Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad.
* Nanabhai Jebalia Smriti Sahitya Puraskar (2017).
* Third Prize (2016) – Awarded by [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]] for ''Mahotu''.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://raammori.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|10870937}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/raam_mori/ Instagram]
* [https://x.com/raam_mori X (Twitter)]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mori, Raam}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]

Lingaa loss issues

2026-03-09T17:15:52Z

Svetlhdm: created

{{Short description|2014 Tamil film distributor losses}}
{{italic title|string=Lingaa}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
The 2014 Indian [[Tamil language]] film ''[[Lingaa]]'', despite being one of the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|highest-grossing Tamil films]] of the year, was considered a [[box-office bomb]] due to the high production and distribution costs involved.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2015 |title=Lingaa flops at box office: Is superstar Rajinikanth losing his magic? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/lingaa-flops-at-box-office-is-superstar-rajinikanth-losing-his-magic-2041669.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141127/https://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/lingaa-flops-at-box-office-is-superstar-rajinikanth-losing-his-magic-2041669.html |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> The distributors faced huge losses and asked for their money back, with few of them submitted petitions to go on a hunger strike to protest against the losses incurred. Many of them claimed that the film had incurred only 30 percent of the down payment after 25 days of its release. [[Rajinikanth]], the film's lead actor, later refunded one-third of the {{INRConvert|33|c}} loss reportedly incurred by distributors and exhibitors. He decided to pay them {{INRConvert|10|c}} 'on a humanitarian basis', who demanded a full refund and had threatened a "begging protest" in front of the actor's residence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=20 March 2015 |title=Lingaa distributors get Rs. 10 cr. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lingaa-distributors-get-rs-10-cr/article7017434.ece?ref=tpnews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609054341/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lingaa-distributors-get-rs-10-cr/article7017434.ece |archive-date=9 June 2021 |access-date=17 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Overview ==
According to R. Singaravelan, who acquired the distribution rights of the film in [[Trichy]] and [[Thanjavur]] areas stated about the film's losses in an online interview on 19 December 2014. He added that the film failed to collect 20% of their investments during the first week of its release, further citing that the excessive hype for the film led to higher prices for distribution rights. He also condemned the makers' decision to release the film on actor Rajinikanth's birthday (12 December 2014), due to the ongoing half-yearly examinations in schools.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2014 |title=Is Rajinikanth's Lingaa a box office turkey? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rajinikanths-lingaa-box-office-turkey-1913253.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141119/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rajinikanths-lingaa-box-office-turkey-1913253.html |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=21 December 2014 |title=Lingaa's distributors claim loss |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lingaas-distributors-claim-loss/article6711450.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214062804/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lingaas-distributors-claim-loss/article6711450.ece |archive-date=14 February 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Few industry sources revealed that Rajinikanth's compulsion to do Lingaa is because of the failure of ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'', which resulted in a police case filed against his wife [[Latha Rajinikanth]] accusing for financial fraud.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=27 December 2014 |title=Now, Kochadaiyaan producers in financial tangle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/now-kochadaiyaan-producers-in-financial-tangle/article6729035.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213192334/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/now-kochadaiyaan-producers-in-financial-tangle/article6729035.ece |archive-date=13 February 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 2014 |title=Kochadaiyaan producers assure bank to repay loan dues |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kochadiyaan-producers-assure-bank-to-repay-loan-dues-114123000718_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141131/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kochadiyaan-producers-assure-bank-to-repay-loan-dues-114123000718_1.html |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> Vijayabhargavi Entertainers stated that they suffered losses in [[Chengalpet]] region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 January 2015 |title=Distributors ask Rajinikanth to refund loss after Lingaa flops at box office |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/distributors-ask-rajinikanth-to-refund-loss-after-lingaa-flops-at-box-office-2036703.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108151618/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/distributors-ask-rajinikanth-to-refund-loss-after-lingaa-flops-at-box-office-2036703.html |archive-date=8 January 2015 |access-date=8 January 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Capricorn Pictures incurred losses in North Arcot and South Arcot (Cuddalore-Villupuram) circles. Sukra Films and Chandrakala Movies lost money in [[Coimbatore]] and [[Tirunelveli]]-[[Tuticorin]] respectively. The distributors claimed ''Lingaa'' recovered only 30 percent of the down payment after 25 days of its release.<ref name=":0" />

== Distributor's protests ==
On 3 January 2015, Singaravelan released an audio note citing that all the distributors will go on a hunger strike in order to protest against the losses they incurred.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distributors of 'Lingaa' come together for a hunger strike? |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/distributors-of-lingaa-come-together-for-a-hunger-strike-news-tamil-pbds2Vfggcabi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141119/https://www.sify.com/movies/distributors-of-lingaa-come-together-for-a-hunger-strike-news-tamil-pbds2Vfggcabi.html |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> They submitted a petition in the [[Madras High Court]] to seek permission to go on fast at [[Valluvar Kottam]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2015 |title=Lingaa distributor seeks court's nod to go on hunger strike |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/lingaa-distributor-seeks-court-s-nod-to-go-on-hunger-strike/story-ywLxBg2wrBcwb63NJquUqI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141118/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/lingaa-distributor-seeks-court-s-nod-to-go-on-hunger-strike/story-ywLxBg2wrBcwb63NJquUqI.html |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> as they initially demanded to fast in front of Rajinikanth's residence in Poes Garden which was denied due to security reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |author=A. Subramani |date=Jan 7, 2015 |title=Four more distributors of Rajinikanth-starrer Lingaa move Madras high court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/four-more-distributors-of-rajinikanth-starrer-lingaa-move-madras-high-court/articleshow/45791390.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524142622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/four-more-distributors-of-rajinikanth-starrer-lingaa-move-madras-high-court/articleshow/45791390.cms |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2015 |title=Rajinikanth film Lingaa caused huge loss, distributor tells Madras high court |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajinikanth-film-lingaa-caused-huge-loss-distributor-tells-madras-high-court/articleshow/45759844.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524154428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajinikanth-film-lingaa-caused-huge-loss-distributor-tells-madras-high-court/articleshow/45759844.cms |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The protest saw the likes of political activists with [[Seeman]] of [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]] supported the distributors.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IoHa1KDmGHA |title=Seeman Supports Movie Distributors' One Day Hunger Strike over Lingaa Movie Loss – Thanthi TV |language=en |access-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141125/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IoHa1KDmGHA |archive-date=24 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

While the move saw various reactions from politicians and members of the film fraternity, [[Rockline Venkatesh]], the film producer insisted Singaravelan and other distributors not to malign Rajinikanth's image, whereas T Siva of Vendhar Movies who purchased the film's Tamil Nadu theatrical rights stated that "Many distributors faced losses due to the poor performance of the film, but it is not right to talk about the losses while the film is still running in theatres. When it is completely out of theatres by Pongal, we will sit together with all parties concerned, including Rajinikanth, and find a solution".<ref name=":1" /> The distributors then planned for an indefinite hunger strike starting from 27 January,<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2015 |title=Rajinikanth's 'Lingaa' failure has distributors in a soup, is the South God losing his touch? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajinikanths-lingaa-failure-has-distributors-in-a-soup-is-the-south-god-losing-his-touch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141131/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajinikanths-lingaa-failure-has-distributors-in-a-soup-is-the-south-god-losing-his-touch/ |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=January 22, 2015 |title=Lingaa: Distributors of Rajnikanth starrer plan to fast again |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/lingaa-distributors-of-rajnikanth-starrer-plan-to-fast-again-236906-2015-01-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141118/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/lingaa-distributors-of-rajnikanth-starrer-plan-to-fast-again-236906-2015-01-22 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |magazine=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> but was later withdrawn after the producers assured the parties that the losses should be compensated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2015 |title=Distributors demand their happy ending from Rajinikanth film 'Lingaa' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/distributors-demand-their-happy-ending-from-rajini-film/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141118/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/distributors-demand-their-happy-ending-from-rajini-film/ |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=28 January 2015 |title=Distributors of Lingaa to be compensated for loss |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-society/distributors-of-lingaa-to-be-compensated-for-loss/article6827369.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141128/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-society/distributors-of-lingaa-to-be-compensated-for-loss/article6827369.ece |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

After a discussion with film exhibitor Tiruppur Subramanian, Venkatesh on 12 February announced that he agreed to settle only 10 percent of the losses which the distributors declined and later asked for a full refund.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=February 16, 2015 |title=Distributors of Rajinikanth's Lingaa resort to begging for compensation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/distributors-of-rajinikanth-lingaa-resort-to-begging-for-compensation-240493-2015-02-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141133/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/distributors-of-rajinikanth-lingaa-resort-to-begging-for-compensation-240493-2015-02-16 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |magazine=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> On 17 February 2015, distributor Singaravelan had announced a 'mass begging protest' in front of Rajinikanth's residence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peter |first=Petlee |date=16 February 2015 |title=Lingaa distributors plan begging protest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lingaa-distributors-plan-begging-protest/article6900058.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141125/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lingaa-distributors-plan-begging-protest/article6900058.ece |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2015 |title=Lingaa's distributors to go on a 'mass begging' protest outside Rajinikanth's house |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/lingaas-distributors-go-mass-begging-protest-outside-rajinikanths-house-2101631.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141125/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/lingaas-distributors-go-mass-begging-protest-outside-rajinikanths-house-2101631.html |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

=== Reactions ===
Following the distributors protests, on 18 February, the [[Tamil Film Producers Council]] (TFPC) condemned their decision as well as holding Rajinikanth accountable for the film's losses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2015 |title=Unfair to hold Rajinikanth responsible for 'Lingaa' losses: Producers Council |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajinikanth-not-responsible-for-lingaa-losses-producers-council/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141125/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajinikanth-not-responsible-for-lingaa-losses-producers-council/ |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> They also claimed that it is "unethical to harass Rajinikanth and the producer Venkatesh" and stated that "the issue should be resolved amicably".<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=February 17, 2015 |title=Rajinikanth not responsible for Lingaa losses: Producers Council |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-not-responsible-for-lingaa-losses-producers-council-240646-2015-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141120/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-not-responsible-for-lingaa-losses-producers-council-240646-2015-02-17 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |magazine=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Rajinikanth's fans also planned to stage counter protests against the distributors in response to the begging protest staged by distributors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajinikanth fans counter protest in 'Lingaa' issue |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rajinikanth-fans-counter-protest-in-lingaa-issue-news-tamil-pctkcQfdedbge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141132/https://www.sify.com/movies/rajinikanth-fans-counter-protest-in-lingaa-issue-news-tamil-pctkcQfdedbge.html |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2015 |title=Fans Torn Between Love for Rajini And Ticket Money Over Lingaa Flop |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2015/feb/20/fans-torn-between-love-for-rajini-and-ticket-money-over-lingaa-flop-719539.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141131/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2015/feb/20/Fans-Torn-Between-Love-for-Rajini-And-Ticket-Money-Over-Lingaa-Flop-719539.html |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Compensation ==
On 21 March 2015, Rajinikanth announced that he agreed to pay one-third of the {{INRConvert|33|c}} loss incurred by film distributors.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Nurullah |first=Abdullah |date=Mar 23, 2015 |title=Rajini pays for distribution losses as bankability drops |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rajini-pays-for-distribution-losses-as-bankability-drops/articleshow/46657708.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rajini-pays-for-distribution-losses-as-bankability-drops/articleshow/46657708.cms |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Rajinikanth along with Rockline Venkatesh had decided to pay an amount of {{INRConvert|5|c}} each to the distributors, and a press-release from TFPC said that an amount of {{INRConvert|12.5|c}} has been handed over to the council, which was later disbursed to the distributors and theatre owners.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parameswaran |first=Prathibha |date=24 March 2015 |title=Rajinikanth Compensates 'Lingaa' Distributors |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-compensates-lingaa-distributors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141132/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-compensates-lingaa-distributors |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> Confirming the news, President [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]] of TFPC stated that the "matter has been resolved and the distributors called off their protests".<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2015 |title=High time: Rajinikanth steps in to sort Lingaa issue |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-lingaa-issue-steps-in-to-solve-tamil-nadu-film-producers-council-245242-2015-03-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141119/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-lingaa-issue-steps-in-to-solve-tamil-nadu-film-producers-council-245242-2015-03-21 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |language=en |agency=IANS |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

Although distributors received only ₹6 [[crore]] of the ₹12.5 crore compensation,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lingaa Distributors Give Rajinikanth a Week to Compensate Losses |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/lingaa-distributors-give-rajinikanth-a-week-to-compensate-losses-768657 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141126/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/lingaa-distributors-give-rajinikanth-a-week-to-compensate-losses-768657 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> with Rockline Venkatesh paid ₹4.5 crore to the distributors, Tiruppur Subramanian volunteered to contribute the remaining ₹1.5 crore payable to distributors and theatre owners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2015 |title=A voluntary contribution putting an end to 'Lingaa' controversy |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/distributor-tiruppur-subramanian-offers-rs1-5-crores-to-end-rajikanth-lingaa-controversy-tamil-news-142766 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141131/https://www.indiaglitz.com/distributor-tiruppur-subramanian-offers-rs1-5-crores-to-end-rajikanth-lingaa-controversy-tamil-news-142766 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The controversies surrounding over ''Lingaa'' loss had severely impacted other Tamil films. On 27 August 2015, the Tamil Nadu Theatre Owners Association announced the stalling of the release of ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' (2015),<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=August 27, 2015 |title=Paayum Puli: Vishal's upcoming film release stalled over Lingaa issue |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/paayum-puli-vishals-upcoming-film-release-stalled-over-lingaa-issue-290574-2015-08-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141127/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/paayum-puli-vishals-upcoming-film-release-stalled-over-lingaa-issue-290574-2015-08-27 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref> citing [[Vendhar Movies]]' inability to compensate the losses incurred by the distributors from North and South [[Arcot, Vellore|Arcot]], [[Chengalpet]] and [[Trichy]] due to ''Lingaa''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2015 |title=Rajini 'Lingaa' to affect Vishal's 'Paayum Puli' Release |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajini-lingaa-to-affect-vishals-paayum-puli-release--news-140785 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141119/https://www.indiaglitz.com/rajini-lingaa-to-affect-vishals-paayum-puli-release--news-140785 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> They stated that only half of the promised settlement had been reached in aggregate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lingaa loss issue: Red card for Vendhar Movies 'Paayum Puli' |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/lingaa-loss-issue-red-card-for-vendhar-movies-paayum-puli-news-tamil-pi1n1rgjddhhf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141122/https://www.sify.com/movies/lingaa-loss-issue-red-card-for-vendhar-movies-paayum-puli-news-tamil-pi1n1rgjddhhf.html |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2015 |title='Paayum Puli' release stalled |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/paayum-puli-release-stalled/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141120/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/paayum-puli-release-stalled/ |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Producer's Council later filed a complaint to the city commissioner against distributor Singaravelan and other theatre owners who stalled the film's release, alleging that Singaravelan had been paid the compensation amount, and that he had made this announcement at the last minute to acquire more money from Vendhar Movies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2015 |title=Paayum Puli in trouble; Singaravelan threatens release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/paayum-puli-in-trouble-singaravelan-threatens-release/articleshow/48757320.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524154426/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/paayum-puli-in-trouble-singaravelan-threatens-release/articleshow/48757320.cms |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The Council further announced that it would halt the release of any new film across all languages in Tamil Nadu until the issue is resolved.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=September 3, 2015 |title=Post Paayum Puli, no new film to be released across all languages in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/post-paayum-puli-no-new-film-to-be-released-across-all-languages-in-tamil-nadu-261055-2015-09-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141131/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/post-paayum-puli-no-new-film-to-be-released-across-all-languages-in-tamil-nadu-261055-2015-09-03 |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2015 |title=Tamil Nadu cinema body says wont allow release of new films |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamil-nadu-cinema-body-says-wont-allow-release-of-new-films/story-cD2EGPaaNAJ1DQuulYeBAI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141131/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamil-nadu-cinema-body-says-wont-allow-release-of-new-films/story-cD2EGPaaNAJ1DQuulYeBAI.html |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Later, actor [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] and Madhan of [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]] held a meeting with the distributors in Chengalpet area, who withdrew the red card after a financial settlement, although the screening was delayed due to lateness in the settlement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=4 September 2015 |title=Ahead of Friday, a crisis averted |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ahead-of-friday-a-crisis-averted/article7613798.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141131/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ahead-of-friday-a-crisis-averted/article7613798.ece |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paayum Puli Chengalpet issue solved |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-chengalpet-issue-solved-news-tamil-pjel8Bbddgigf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141125/https://www.sify.com/movies/paayum-puli-chengalpet-issue-solved-news-tamil-pjel8Bbddgigf.html |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, [[K. S. Ravikumar]]'s Kannada film ''[[Kotigobba 2]]'', which was made in Tamil as ''[[Mudinja Ivana Pudi]]'' had to face financial tussles before the release due to Lingaa loss issue.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63E7wdKzvRg |title=Lingaa Problem Continues... Now Its K. S. Ravikumar's Turn – Mudinja Ivana Pudi – Must Watch |language=en |access-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524141127/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63E7wdKzvRg |archive-date=24 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2014 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:Controversies about films in India]]
[[Category:Salary controversies in film]]
[[Category:Works subject to a lawsuit]]

Nimde Kathe

2026-03-04T14:36:34Z

Svetlhdm: Made new data needs work

{{Short description|2025 Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nimde Kathe
| image = Nimde Kathe.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Raghavendra
| producer = {{Ubl| Srinivasa Reddy
| Aravind US}}
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|* Abhilash Dalapathi
* Rashika Shetty
}}
| music = Praveen Nikethan
| cinematography = Prashanth Sagar
| editing = Sunil S.
| studio = Blue Sky Studios
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2025|4|4|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Nimde Kathe''''' ({{Translation|Your story}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language drama film directed by Raghavendra. The film stars Abhilash Dalapathi and Rashika Shetty.

== Plot ==
{{No plot |date=April 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* Abhilash Dalapathi as Vikram
* Rashika Shetty as Kavya
* [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]] as Doctor
* Manohar Gowda
* K. V. Manjaiah
* K. S. Ravindranath
* Jyothi Murur
* Hanumanth Ninasam
* Reshma V. Gowda as Bubbly
* Shridhar
* Manjunath Bhatt Meena
* Shailaja Sharma
* Vilas
* Santhosh
* Arun
* Adarsh Rangayana
* Nagendra Karate
* Kishore Vashista
* Bhaskar Male
* Prabhu Raj
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Praveen Nikethan with lyrics by Raghavendra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nimde Kathe |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/search/song/Nimde%20Kathe |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Balondu Mullina Santhe
| length1 = 3:23
| extra1 = Prithwi Bhat
| title2 = Dhad Nan Magane
| length2 = 3:37
| extra2 = Naveen Sajju
| title3 = Ivane Namma
| note3 = Male Version
| length3 = 4:28
| extra3 = [[Aniruddha Sastry]]
| title4 = Ivane Namma
| note4 = Female Version
| length4 = 3:01
| extra4 = Prithwi Bhat
| title5 = Payanigana Payana
| length5 = 1:36
| extra5 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| total_length = 16:05
}}

== Release ==
''Nimde Kathe'' was released theatrically on 4 April 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title=Nimde Kathe to hit teatres this week |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Apr/03/nimde-kathe-to-hit-teatres-this-week |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sridevi S. of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "While Abhilash Dalapathi’s performance and the film’s real-life connections keep it engaging, the disjointed narrative, weak supporting performances, and technical shortcomings hold it back. It’s a film that could have been powerful but ultimately doesn’t come together as well as it should."<ref>{{cite news |title=Nimde Kathe Movie Review : A unique attempt to mirror middle-class struggles that loses ground |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/nimde-kathe/movie-review/119977251.cms |work=The Times of India |date=4 April 2025}}</ref> Varun Keval of ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote, "One downside of the movie is its length. A trim of 10 to 15 minutes could have made it more engaging."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keval |first1=Varun |title=Nimde Kathe: A Socially Relevant Story of Middle-Class Families and Illegal Loans |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/nimde-kathe-a-socially-relevant-story-of-middle-class-families-and-illegal-loans-960651 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=7 April 2025 |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408075741/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/nimde-kathe-a-socially-relevant-story-of-middle-class-families-and-illegal-loans-960651 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Despite its many flaws, the film is commendable for handling oft-overlooked themes in a familiar setting revolving around relatable characters".<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title=Nimde Kathe Movie Review: This familiar tale on middle-class struggle is flawed yet commendable |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Apr/05/nimde-kathe-movie-review-this-familiar-tale-on-middle-class-struggle-is-flawed-yet-commendable |work=The New Indian Express |date=10 April 2025 |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2025 |access-date=20 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406110209/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/review/2025/Apr/05/nimde-kathe-movie-review-this-familiar-tale-on-middle-class-struggle-is-flawed-yet-commendable |url-status=live }}</ref> Y. Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote, "The drawback of the movie is its runtime. Had the director reduced the runtime by 10 to 15 minutes, the movie would have been a good entertainer."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Y. |first1=Maheswara Reddy |title=Kannada Movie Review–Nimde Kathe: Fight against the loan shark - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-reviewnimde-kathe-fight-against-the-loan-shark/articleshow/120024909.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=6 April 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Aayirathil Oruthi

2026-03-04T04:50:06Z

Svetlhdm: updated citations for clarity and improved wording to improve readability

{{short description|1975 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aayirathil Oruthi
| director = Avinashi Mani
| producer = Santha Rajagopal
| writer = S. Jagadeesan
| starring = [[K. R. Vijaya]] [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] [[K. Balaji]] [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] [[Kamal Haasan]] [[Jayasudha]]
| music = [[V. Kumar]]
| cinematography = V. Selvaraj
| editing = Vijayanand
| studio = [[K. R. Gangadharan|K. R. G. Pictures]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1975|03|14|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=கமல்ஹாசன் படங்களின் பட்டியல் |trans-title=List of Kamal Haasan's films |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/kamal-films.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210612101253/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/kamal-films.asp |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Aayirathil Oruthi''''' ({{translation|One girl in a thousand}}) is a 1975 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]], directed by Avinashi Mani.<ref name="director">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2018 |title=ஒரு மணி நேரத்தில் எழுதிய பாடல்! - கவிஞர் முத்துலிங்கம் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2018/aug/12/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D---%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2978609.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113153800/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2018/aug/12/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D---%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-2978609.html |archive-date=13 January 2021 |access-date=11 January 2021 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[K. R. Vijaya]] and [[K. Balaji]]. [[Jayasudha]] plays the love interest of [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] plays the role of [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]'s lover.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=September 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Janaki
* [[K. Balaji]] as Gopi
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Sathish
* [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Lakshmi
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Kamal<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2020 |title=கே.ஜே.ஜேசுதாஸ், சிவாஜிக்குப் பாடிய 'மலரே... குறிஞ்சி மலரே...'; 45 ஆண்டுகளாகியும் இன்னும் மணக்குது 'டாக்டர் சிவா' பாட்டு! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/598276-45-years-of-malare-kurinji-malare.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111232451/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/598276-45-years-of-malare-kurinji-malare.html |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Jayasudha]] as Sudha
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Kabalishwaran
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Singari
* [[Suruli Rajan]] as Sivakolunthu
*[[C. I. D. Sakunthala|A. Sakunthala]]
* [[S. V. Ramadoss]] as Paranthaman (Guest Appearance)
* [[Sukumari]] as Jailer of police (Guest appearance)
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] (Guest Appearance)
}}

== Production ==
K. R. G. Pictures produced the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2019 |title=தயாரிப்பாளர்களின் கலங்கரை விளக்கம்! |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9791&id1=40&issue=20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520080649/http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9791&id1=40&issue=20191115 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Kamal Haasan]] received a salary of ₹17,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2013 |title=ரஜினியைவிட கமலுக்கு அதிக சம்பளம்! |url=https://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=5248&id1=67&issue=20130429 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170215102552/http://www.kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=5248&id1=67&issue=20130429 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=11 January 2021 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Bharathiraja]] worked as an assistant director.<ref name="director" /><ref>{{Cite AV media|date=26 January 2020 |title=கமலை ஏமாற்ற எண்ணிய பாரதிராஜா Enakul oruvan – Episode 6 |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=-iyHB5tQMbQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/-iyHB5tQMbQ |archive-date=2021-12-21 |access-date=11 January 2021 |publisher=Touring Talkies |language=ta |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The final length of the film's prints were {{Convert|3920.69|m|ft}} long.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=27 December 1975 |title='Aayirathil Oruthi' (Tamil) (B. & W.) (35 mm.) (India.) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1975.421/page/n13/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240102065011/https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1975.421/page/n13/mode/2up |archive-date=2 January 2024 |access-date=2 January 2024 |magazine=[[The Gazette of India]] |publisher= |page=2518 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[V. Kumar]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Kovil Nalla Kovil" || [[P. Susheela]] || [[Kannadasan]]
|-
| "Ninaithathai Mudipathu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[L. R. Eswari]] || Vaali
|}

== Reception ==
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Vijaya's performance, saying that like the film's title, she too was one in a thousand.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=30 March 1975 |title=ஆயிரத்தில் ஒருத்தி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1975/mar/30-03-1975/p39.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=39 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220727122758/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1975/mar/30-03-1975/p39.jpg |archive-date=27 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5760166}}

[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:1975 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Iniya Uravu Poothathu

2026-03-03T05:08:58Z

Svetlhdm: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Iniya Uravu Poothathu
| image = Iniya Uravu Poothathu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[C. V. Sridhar]]
| producer = Tharangai V. Shanmugham Mohan Natarajan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]|[[Nadhiya]]}}
| cinematography = [[B. R. Vijayalakshmi]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Sri Rajakaliamman Productions
| released = {{film date|1987|10|21|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Iniya Uravu Poothathu''''' ({{translation|A sweet relationship has blossomed}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[C. V. Sridhar]]. The film stars [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] and [[Nadhiya]]. It was released on 21 October 1987.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=January 2021}}

== Cast ==
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]
* [[Nadhiya]]
* [[S. Ve. Shekher]]
* [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]]

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], and lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iniya Uravu Poothathu Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/iniya-uravu-poothathu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127224903/https://mossymart.com/product/iniya-uravu-poothathu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=20 January 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1987 |title=Iniya Uravu Poothathu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/iniya-uravu-poothathu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1586022371 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714061937/https://music.apple.com/us/album/iniya-uravu-poothathu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1586022371 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers
|-
| "Chikkendra Aadaiyil" || [[Usha Uthup]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| "Enge Enge" || S. Janaki
|-
| "Or Poomalai" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| "Thottale Podhum" || Mano
|-
| "Kaiyale Type Adikkathane" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "Chittu Pole" || K. S. Chithra
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Iniya Uravu Poothathu'' was released on 21 October 1987, [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 1987 |title=Iniya Uravu Poothathu |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19871021&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=தீபாவளி ரிலீஸ்! |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9746&id1=40&issue=20191025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063410/http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=9746&id1=40&issue=20191025 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=12 June 2021 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "There are points where the story lacks credibility and the film begins to drag but with lively comedy by S. V. Sekhar [...] and good work by Cho [...] the going is somewhat smooth."<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 1987 |title=Breezy comedy |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19871030&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Ilaiyaraaja's music, the cinematography, Suresh-Nadhiya's pairing and appreciated Sridhar for narrating an old story in an interesting manner.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=25 October 1987 |title=இனிய உறவு பூத்தது |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1987/oct/25-10-1987/p8.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220729124706/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1987/oct/25-10-1987/p8.jpg |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=19 October 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=8 |language=ta}}</ref> Balumani of ''Anna'' felt the film was humorous in first half, goes slightly dull in second half but praised the climax. He appreciated Sridhar for keeping the film humorous and also praised him for portraying the female protagonist as bold women.<ref>{{cite news |last=பாலுமணி |date=25 October 1987 |title=இனிய உறவு பூத்தது |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_12_8/4.jp2/full/1000%2C1370/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508005453/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_12_8/4.jp2/full/1000,1370/0/default.jpg |archive-date=8 May 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{C. V. Sridhar}}

[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1987 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Gurushetram – 24 Hours of Anger

2026-03-03T02:57:30Z

Svetlhdm: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gurushetram – 24 Hours of Anger
| image = Gurushetram.jpg
| director = T. T. Dhavamanni
| producer = Manickam N. Tinagaran
| writer = T. T. Dhavamanni Chong Tze Chien
| starring = Vishnu Sivakumar Mathialagan M Rajesh Kannan [[Gunalan Morgan]] Prakash T Nakulan 
Diveshen Durairajoo
| music = Rafee
| cinematography = Lucas Jodogne
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]] [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| studio = Blue River Pictures Singapore Film Commission
| distributor = [[Golden Village]] (Singapore) Metro Films (India) Suara Networks (Malaysia)
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|4|8|Singapore|2011|03|25|India}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = Singapore
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Gurushetram – 24 Hours of Anger''''' is a 2010 [[Cinema of Singapore|Singaporean]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[crime thriller]] film directed by T. T. Dhavamanni. Written by Dhavamani and Chong Tze Chien, the film stars Vishnu, Sivakumar, Mathialagan, Rajesh Kannan, and Gunalan in the lead roles. The film, produced by Blue River Pictures in collaboration with the Singapore Film Commission,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinema.sg/2010/04/21/stefan-says-so-gurushetram-24-hours-of-anger/|title=Stefan Says So: Gurushetram - 24 Hours of Anger|date=21 April 2010|website=Sinema.SG|access-date=24 September 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708163141/https://www.sinema.sg/2010/04/21/stefan-says-so-gurushetram-24-hours-of-anger/|url-status=live}}</ref> is considered the first full-length Tamil film produced entirely in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1573810.ece |title=The Hindu : Arts / Cinema : Itsy-Bitsy |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 March 2011 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024092353/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1573810.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Gurushetram'' chronicles the trials and tribulations of the protagonist Prakash and how he overcomes these in his mission to protect his mentally challenged brother from the Singapore underworld, drug barons and law breakers. Filming was accomplished mainly on locations in and around [[Singapore]] and [[Ulu Tiram]], [[Johor]], [[Malaysia]]. The film was distributed in Singapore by Golden Village Pictures and had a theatrical release in India as ''Singayil Gurushetram'' on 25 March 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sinema.sg/2010/11/30/rebranded-singapore-feature-film-gurushetram-expected-to-release-in-india/|title=Rebranded Singapore Feature Film Gurushetram Expected to Release in India|date=30 November 2010|website=Sinema.SG|access-date=28 October 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article962015.ece|title=The Hindu: Features / Cinema: Slice of Singapore|website=The Hindu|first=S. R. Ashok|last=Kumar|access-date=28 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303131619/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article962015.ece|archive-date=3 March 2011}}</ref>

==Plot==
Set in contemporary Singapore, ''Gurushetram - 24 Hours of Anger'', is a sinuously provocative, edge-of-your-seat thriller about Prakash who is brought up in a particular segment of the working-class Indian society lined with the wreckage of broken families and dreams. Prakash, a 17-year-old, losing his family, seeks shelter with his uncle Vinod, the head of a drug ring, with his mentally challenged younger brother. Vinod gets the boys involved in his criminal activity and soon makes them an integral part of his operation. Unbeknownst to Vinod, an adamant narcotics police superintendent is hot on their heels after receiving a string of tips offs from an anonymous informant. Vinod's long running smooth operation begins to hit snags; the police are suddenly able to disrupt his operations and make arrests. Vinod rightly believes that there is an informant within his gang, and after a while figures out who he is. The informant wants revenge; he holds Vinod responsible for the destruction of his family and wants to see Vinod destroyed.

An earnest social counselor tries to reach out to Prakash and his brother but meets resistance from those within and outside the law. Both the law enforcers and Vinod want a piece of Prakash and his defenseless sibling in a world fraught with peril, double-crossings and deceits. Prakash has no choice but play his final card to salvage the situation and protect his brother once and for all to make it fair-and-square.

==Cast==
* Vishnu Andhakrishnan as Prakash
* Sivakumar Palakrishnan as Vinod
* Mathialagan M as Anbarasan
* Rajesh Kannan as Kanna
* Gunalan Morgan as Karthik
* Prakash Arasu as Subra
* Vicknesvari Muthusamy as Revathi
* T. Nakulan as Marsiling Baby
* Karthik Moorthy as Sundeli

==Release ==
===Charity Gala premiere===
The film had a Charity Gala Premiere in Singapore, the Guest of Honor being the [[President of the Republic of Singapore]] [[Sellapan Ramanathan]]. The event raised $120 000 for the needy children of Singapore. Other guests at the event included Senior Minister of State for Trade & Industry and Education Mr [[S. Iswaran]] and [[Nominated Member of Parliament]] [[Viswa Sadasivan]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=1671571|title=Gurushetram: 24 Hours of Anger}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurushetram - 24 Hours Of Angers}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Singaporean crime drama films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Singaporean thriller films]]
[[Category:2010 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Singaporean films]]
[[Category:2010 Singaporean films]]

Sihora State (Gujarat)

2026-02-28T16:38:13Z

Svetlhdm: New - done

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Sihora State
|common_name =Sihora
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Sihora
|stat_area1 =40.145
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =4 532
|footnotes =
}}

'''Sihora State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]]<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 266, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n297/mode/2up and then by the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency.</ref> and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]]<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 104,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n113/mode/2up?view=theater</ref> It was part of the 26 Princely States making up the [[Pandu Mehwas]], petty states placed under British protection between 1812 and 1825.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 270,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n301/mode/2up</ref> The state had a population of 4 532 and an area of 15.5 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1939, p. 26, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598/page/n35/mode/2up</ref> It is not to be confused with [[Sihora]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Rulers==

The Rulers held the title of Thakur.

* Thakur Naharvarsinghji (b. 1878) fl. 1893 <ref>The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon (1893 Edition), p. 505, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529478/page/n527/mode/2up</ref> -fl. 1900 <ref>The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon (1900 Edition), p. 293, https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethrich/page/292/mode/2up</ref>
* Thakur Khusalsinghi Kashalsinghi (b. June 15, 1883) April 28, 1906-fl. 1909 <ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 266,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n297/mode/2up</ref>
* Thakur Ranmatsinji (b. 1902) May 21, 1910-fl. 1915 <ref>Memoranda On Native States In Indian 1915, p. 236, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35687/page/n241/mode/2up</ref>
* Thakur Shri Mansinhji Karansinhji (b. November 1907) August 22, 1924-fl. 1939 <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1939, p. 26,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598/page/n35/mode/2up</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}
{{Polisci-stub}}

Khengara (12th century king)

2026-02-28T13:07:44Z

Svetlhdm: Started New Entry

{{for|the 14th century Chudasama king with similar name|Khengara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

'''Khengara''' was a [[Chudasama dynasty|Chudasama]] king of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] region of western India who reigned in the 12th century. His capital was at [[Junagadh]]. He was a contemporary of [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] ruler of [[Anhilwad Patan|Anahilapataka]]. According to bardic tales, he was a son of [[Navaghana (late 11th century king)|Navaghana]] and had succeeded him.

==Battle with Jayasimha Siddharaja==
Jayasimha's [[Dahod]] inscription (VS 1196/1140 CE) boasts that he imprisoned the king of Saurashtra; this is most probably a reference to his victory over Khengara. In ''Siddha-Haima-Shabdanushasana'', [[Hemachandra]] has given two examples of grammar mentioning Jayasimha's victory over Saurashtra. The verses attributed to Ramachandra, disciple Hemachandra, in ''[[Prabandha-Chintamani]]'' of [[Merutunga]], Jayasimha is referred as ''Giridurgamalla'', i. e. the "Champion of the Giridurga or [[Junagadh]]". The [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]]'s ''Kirtikaumudi'', the ''[[Puratana Prabandha Sangraha|Puratana-prabandha-sangraha]]'', and the ''Prabandhachintamani'' - all mentions Jayasimha's victory over Saurashtra.<ref name=AKM/><ref name=IAMJV>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.3740|title=Kavyanushasana by Acharya Hemachandra|last=Parikh|first=Rasiklal C.|author-link=Rasiklal Parikh|publisher=Shri Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya|year=1938|volume=II Part I|location=Bombay|pages=CLXXVIII-CLXXXIII|chapter=Introduction}}</ref><ref name=BG1>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280094|title=Gazetteer Of The Bombay Presidency: History of Gujarat|last=Campbell|first=James Macnabb|publisher=The Government Central Press|year=1896|volume=I. Part I|location=Bombay|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280094/page/n200 175]-177}}</ref>

Gulab Chandra Chaudhary opines that Merutunga, in ''Prabandha-chintamani,'' wrongly identifies [[Navaghana (late 11th century king)|Navaghana]] with Khengara; mentioning Navaghana in prose and Khengara in verses while all other sources mention Khengara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49663|title=Political History Of Northern India from Jain Sources (c. 650 A.D. to 1300 A.D.)|last=Chaudhary|first=Gulab Chandra|publisher=Sohanlal Jaindharma Pracharak Samiti|year=1954|location=Amritsar|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49663/page/n273 249]-251}}</ref> Jinaprabha's ''[[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa|Vividh Tirtha Kalpa]]'' mentions death of Khengararaya by Jayasimha. Someshvara's ''Kirtikaumudi'' mentions that Jayasimha had defeated powerful Khengara of Saurashtra in battle as a lion kills an elephant. Prabhachandra, in ''Prabhavaka-charitra'', also mentions that Jayasimha killed Khengara.<ref name=AKM/> According to ''Puratana-prabandha-sangraha'', Jayasimha's officer Udayana killed Khengara but it Jain chronicler Prabhachandra, in ''Prabhavaka-charitra'', noted that he had died in the expedition against Navaghana. The ''Puratana-prabandha-sangraha'' further adds, Udayana died fighting in the battle with Sangan Dodiaka.<ref name="IAMJV" />

Based on the multiple tales and Navaghana's confusion with Khengara, Campbell theorises that Jayasimha might have led multiple expeditions against the more than one king with similar names.<ref name="Sankalia1941">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.282975/2015.282975.The-Archaeology|title=The Archaeology of Gujarat: Including Kathiawar|last=Sankalia|first=H. D.|publisher=Natwarlal & Company|year=1941|page=33|author-link=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia}}</ref><ref name="BG1" />

The bardic tales also says that Khengara was killed in battle but the Dahod inscription mentions that he was imprisoned only.<ref name="IAMJV" /> According to Jayasimha Suri, after defeating Khengara, Jayasimha appointed Sajjana as the governor of [[Girnar]]. Merutunga also supports this claim, although he calls Sajjana, the descendant of Jamb, the governor of Saurashtra.<ref name=AKM/>

=== ''Prabandhachintamani''<nowiki/>'s Navaghana ===

If [[Merutunga]] has wrongly identified [[Navaghana (late 11th century king)|Navaghana]] with Khengara in ''Prabandha-chintamani'', the following account is given in it:

Navaghana is mentioned as the ''[[Abhira tribe|Abhira]] Ranaka'', similar to Hemachandra's reference to [[Graharipu]] in ''Dvyashraya''. Merutunga claims in his prose that Navaghana defeated Jayasimha eleven times, but Jayasimha went himself twelfth time after capturing newly fortified Vardhamanapura (now [[Wadhwan]]). Merutunga's claim cannot be taken literally: 12 was a favourite number of the Jain writers, and he may have used the number to emphasize the seriousness of the war. Jayasimha besieged Junagadh fort. Navaghana's nephews had agreed to show the secret entrance of the fort on condition that Jayasimha will not kill Navaghana with weapons but with coins which they meant that Jayasimha will only collect a tribute from him. When Jayasimha entered the fort, he captured Navaghana from his great palace in which he was hidden by his queen. He was not killed with weapons but he was beaten to death with vessels full of coins.<ref name=AKM/><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.314113|title=Prabandhachintamani|last=Acharya|first=Merutunga |author-link=Merutunga |publisher=Singhi Jaina Granth Mala|year=1940|editor-last=Muni|editor-first=Jinvijayaji|editor-link=Jinvijay|series=3|volume=I|location=Ahmedabad-Culcatta|pages=76–77|language=hi|translator-last=Dwivedi|translator-first=Hajariprasadji|chapter=3}}</ref>

=== Bardic legends ===
==== Khengara's vows ====

The Bardic accounts mentions that when Jayasimha ascended, [[Navaghana (late 11th century king)|Navaghana]] was the powerful ruler of Junagadh. Jayasimha had defeated and humiliated him. They say that his son Khengara was made to four vows by his dying father; to slay Harraj of Umeta, to destroy the fort of [[Bhoira]], to break down the gate of Anahilapataka and to split the cheeks of a [[Charan]] named Mesan who had spoken disrespectfully of him. Along with fulfilling all other vows, Khengara broke the gates of Anahilapataka when Jayasimha was engaged in [[Malwa]] which enraged Jayasimha and he attacked Junagadh. The bards also mentions the [[Ranakadevi]] as the immediate cause of war.<ref name="IAMJV" /><ref name="GBP1884">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c70MAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA711|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency : Kathiawar|publisher=Government Central Press|year=1884|editor=Watson|editor-first=James W.|volume=VIII|location=Bombay|pages=493–494}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="Parikh">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.325016/page/n163|title=ગુજરાતનો રાજકીય અને સાંસ્કૃતિક ઇતિહાસ: સોલંકી કાલ|last=Shastri|first=Keshavram Kashiram|publisher=Bholabhai Jeshingbhai Institute of Learning and Research|year=1977|editor-last=Parikh|editor-first=Rasiklal Chhotalal|editor-link=Rasiklal Parikh|series=Research Series - Book No. 69|volume=IV|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|pages=137–138|language=gu|trans-title=Political and Cultural History of Gujarat: Solanki Era|author-link=Keshavram Kashiram Shastri|editor-last2=Shastri|editor-first2=Hariprasad Gangashankar|editor-link2=Hariprasad Shastri}}</ref>

====Legend of Ranakadevi====
{{main|Ranakadevi}}
[[File:1899 photograph of Ranak Devi Temple from south-west, Wadhwan, Kathiawar.jpg|thumb|Ranakadevi shrine from south-west, [[Wadhwan]], 1899]]
The bardic accounts of Saurashtra represents the battle between Khengara and Jayasimha as a tragic romance of Ranakadevi.<ref name=IAMJV/> However, this legend is not credible.<ref name=AKM/>

Ranakdevi was a daughter of the potter of Majevadi village near Junagadh. The fame of her beauty reached to Jayasimha and determined to marry her. Meanwhile, Khengara marries her which had enraged Jayasimha. Jayasimha besieged Junagadh. Following betrayal by Khengara's nephews, he entered the fort, killed Khengara and captured Ranakadevi. Ranakadevi committed [[sati (practise)|sati]], the self-immolation on funeral pyre of his husband at Vardhamanapura (now [[Wadhwan]]).<ref name=IAMJV/><ref name=BG1/><ref name="GBP1884"/>

===== Historicity of Ranakdevi =====

Several ''Soratha''s (couplets) uttered by Ranakadevi in these bardic accounts evokes sadness but their usefulness as the historical material is doubtful. Even the existence of Ranakadevi is doubtful. Ranakadevi is not mentioned in ''Puratana-prabandha-sangraha'' or ''Prabandha-chintamani'' but instead they give name Sonaladevi and Sunaladevi respectively. The Apabhramsa verses uttered by Sonaladevi after death of Khengara counts eleven and eight in these works respectively.<ref name=IAMJV/><ref name=BG1/><ref name=":1" />

===Date of the battle===
There is no direct evidence of the year of a defeat of Khengara. [[Bhagwan Lal Indraji|Bhagwanlal Indraji]] assumed that Sajjana was the governor of Saurashtra based on the Girnar inscription dated VS 1176 (1120 CE) but no such inscription is found and the only inscription of Jayasimha in Girnar is undated and does not mention Sajjana.<ref name="IAMJV" /> The ''Vividha Tirth Kalpa'' mentions that Sajjana, the governor of Saurashtra, built [[Girnar Jain temples|Neminatha temple]] on [[Girnar]] in VS 1185. The ''Prabandha-chintamani'' mentions that Sajjana spent three years' revenue in building the temple. If it is true, Sajjana was the governor of Saurashtra in VS 1181-82 (1125-26 CE). So Saurashtra might have been won before that 1125-26 CE.<ref name=IAMJV/><ref name=":0" />

Shri Simha Samvat connected with Siddharaja is mentioned in several inscriptions in Saurashtra around Prabhas which starts in VS 1170 (1114 CE). For example, the inscription in the Sodhali Vav, a [[stepwell]] in [[Mangrol, Kathiawar|Mangarol]] has a date in two eras; VS 1202 and Shri Simha Samvat 52. If this era was founded to commemorate the victory of Jayasimha, the battle might have happened in 1114 CE.<ref name=IAMJV/>

=== Aftermath ===
Historical evidence indicates that Jayasimha was unable to capture all of Khengara's territories in Saurashtra; Jayasimha's successor [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] had to send an army against Saurashtra. According to Prabhachandra, Jayasimha was unable to annex Khengara's kingdom because a large number of Khengara's followers continued to offer resistance.<ref name=AKM>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |first=Asoke Kumar |last=Majumdar |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |page=69 }}</ref>

The Saurashtra fell under the Chaulukyas by 1300 CE and the Chudasamas continued to rule Saurashtra as their feudatory till 1420 CE.<ref name="Sankalia1941"/>

==Dates and succession==
Based on the literature, it is known that he was a contemporary of Jayasimha Siddharaja who reigned from c. 1092 – c. 1142 CE thus Khengara must be reigning during the late years of his reign in the 12th century.<ref name="Parikh2">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.325016/page/n163|title=ગુજરાતનો રાજકીય અને સાંસ્કૃતિક ઇતિહાસ: સોલંકી કાલ|last=Shastri|first=Keshavram Kashiram|publisher=Bholabhai Jeshingbhai Institute of Learning and Research|year=1977|editor-last=Parikh|editor-first=Rasiklal Chhotalal|editor-link=Rasiklal Parikh|series=Research Series - Book No. 69|volume=IV|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|pages=137–138|language=gu|trans-title=Political and Cultural History of Gujarat: Solanki Era|author-link=Keshavram Kashiram Shastri|editor-last2=Shastri|editor-first2=Hariprasad Gangashankar|editor-link2=Hariprasad Shastri}}</ref>

According to the ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency'', Khengara reigned from 1098-1125 CE and he was succeeded by his son Navaghana (1125-1140 CE), followed by Kavat (1140-1152 CE) and [[Jayasimha (Chudasama dynasty)|Jayasimha]]/Graharipu (1152-1180 CE). Though these dates are not reliable.<ref name="GBP1884"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chudasama dynasty}}
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Chudasama kings]]

List of Indian folk dances

2026-02-22T09:26:33Z

Svetlhdm: formatting fix

{{Short description|None}}
{{cleanup lang|date=March 2021}}
{{expand list|date=June 2016}}

Indian folk dances,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chahar |first1=Dharmendra |title=A complete list of folk and tribal dance in India |date=28 January 2018 |url=https://htoindia.com/blog/indian-folk-and-tribal-dances/ |access-date=
}}</ref> which typically consist of a few simple steps, are performed throughout the world to celebrate a new season, childbirth, weddings, festivals, and other social occasions. In some Indian folk dances, men and women perform separately; in others, they dance together. On most occasions, the dancers will sing accompanied by musicians. Most folk dances have intricately designed costumes. Although a number of structured, ancient folk and tribal dances exist, many others are evolving.

== Andhra Pradesh ==
The ''Sutradhari'' (సూత్రధారి) is the most important actor in a [[Yakshagana]], and plays multiple characters. Yakshaganam evolved into [[Harikatha]], and they are considered synonymous. Their dances are similar; one person plays from excerpts from [[Palkuriki Somanatha]], [[Srinatha]], and others. Harikatha consists of ''samvaadam'' (సంవాదం; discussion), ''padyam'' (పద్యం; poetry), and ''daruvu'' (దరువు; rhythm). It typically begins with "భక్తజనులారా! వినండి హరికథ! వినగ వేడుక గలిగే" ("O devotees! Listen to this Harikatha and be delighted!") Those involved in ''Harikatha Kalakshepam'' (హరికథా కాలక్షేపం) are known as ''Harikatha Dasu'' (హరికథ దాసు) or ''Harikatha Bhagavatar'' (హరికథ భాగవతార్). In [[Andhra Pradesh]], the first Harikatha artist is believed to have been [[Gokulapati Koormanathakavi]] (గోకులపాటి కూర్మనాథకవి) from the state's northern districts, who wrote and popularised the [[Mrityunjaya Vilaasam]] (మృత్యుంజయ విలాసం).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Twitter|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/tuxnani/status/1142746367749545986|access-date=2020-10-25|website=mobile.twitter.com}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=March 2021}}

==Arunachal Pradesh==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Folk Dances of Arunachal Pradesh
!Dance
!Community
|-
|Aji Lhamu
|Monpa
|-
|Chalo
|Nocte
|-
|Hiiri Khaniing
|Apatani
|-
|Lion and Peacock
|Monpa
|-
|Pasi Khongki
|Adi
|-
|Ponung
|Adi
|-
|Popir
|Galo
|-
|Buiya
|Mishmi
|-
|Bardo Chham
|Sherdukpen
|-
|Loku Bawang
|Nocte
|-
|Ozele
|Wancho
|-
|Pakku Itu
|Apatani
|-
|Eme Relo
|Galo
|}

==Assam==
[[File:Bihu dance Assam. jpg.jpg|thumb|alt=Dancers and drummers in colourful costumes|Bihu dance]]
* [[Bihu dance|Bihu]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbqrDwAAQBAJ&q=Bihu+dance&pg=PT269|title=Theatre & Performance in Small Nations|last=Sharma|first=Aparna|publisher=Intellect Books|year=2013|isbn=9781841507859|editor-last=Blandford|editor-first=Steve|location=Briston, England and Chicago, IL|pages=185–197|language=en|chapter=From Springtime Erotics to Micro-nationalism: Altering Landscapes and Sentiments of the Assamese Bihu Dance in North-East India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barua|first=Maan|date=2009-08-01|title=Ecological Basis of the Bihu Festival of Assam|journal=Folklore|volume=120|issue=2|pages=213–223|doi=10.1080/00155870902969400|s2cid=162337950|issn=0015-587X}}</ref>
* [[Bagurumba]]
* Bhortala dance
* Baidima<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dimasa Traditional Dance - BAIDIMA |url=http://bododimasaarchive.org/digital-heritage/dimasa-traditional-dance-baidima#:~:text=Baidima%20is%20a%20cultural%20folk,the%20harvesting%20festival%2C%20Busu%20festival. |website=bododimasaarchive}}</ref>
* Goalini
* [[Jhumair|Jhumur]]
* [[Bohuwa dance]]
* [[Gumrag]]
* [[Oja pali]]
* [[Deodhani dance|Deodhani]]

==Bihar==
*[[Bidesiya (play)|Bidesiya]] is a form of dance-drama that is believed to have been created by [[Bhikhari Thakur]], a barber with a passion for drama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.auchitya.com/bidesia-folk-dance-drama-from-bihar/|title=Bidesia - Folk Dance Drama From Bihar|date=August 26, 2020}}</ref> It deals with social issues and conflict between traditional and modern, rich and poor.
*[[Domkach]] is performed in the bridegroom's house by women during a marriage ceremony.
*[[Phagua]] is a dance and also a type of folk song performed during [[Holi]].
*[[Jat-Jatin]] is the most popular folk dance of [[North Bihar]], especially in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. It is performed by a man and a woman; the man is going far away to work. The dance reflects poverty and sorrow.
*[[Jhijhiya]] is sung and danced during [[Durga Puja]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region. Folks dance with an earthen pot with holes that have a lamp inside in their heads. It is invoked to ward off evil as well.
*[[Jhumri]] is similar to Gujarat's [[Garba (dance)|Garba]].
*[[Kajri]] is popular in Bihar's [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]-speaking region. It often describes a woman's longing for her lover as the black [[monsoon]] cloud hangs in the summer sky, and is sung during the rainy season.
*[[Paiki]] evokes the infantry's agility, courage, and excitement. Danced on flat ground, it highlights the dancers' weapon-handling ability.
* Sohar (A Maithili Folk Song) is sung and danced by women to celebrate the birth of a child.

==Chhattisgarh==
[[Raut Nacha]] is a traditional folk dance usually done by [[Yadav]]s, a caste which considers itself descendants of [[Krishna]], as an expression of worship. Performed for [[Dev Udhni Ekadashi]] (the gods' awakening after a brief rest), it resembles Krishna's [[raslila]]. [[Pandavani]], Panthi, Suwa dance is also folk dance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Folk Dances of Chhattisgarh - List of Top 10 With Pictures |url=https://testbook.com/chhattisgarh-gk/folk-dances-of-chhattisgarh |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Testbook |language=en}}</ref>

==Goa==

*[[Deknni]]
*[[Dhalo]]
*[[Fugdi]] in a Goan folk dance performed by the women in the [[Konkan]] region during the Hindu religious festivals [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] and [[Vrata]] or near the end of other dances, such as [[Dhalo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goatourism.gov.in/culture/folk-dances|title=Department of Tourism, Government of Goa, India - Goan Folk Dances and Art Forms|website=www.goatourism.gov.in|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goa-holidays.info/Dances_Goa.htm |title=Dances in Goa, Goa Dances, Folk Dances of Goa |access-date=2013-01-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111115314/http://www.goa-holidays.info/Dances_Goa.htm |archive-date=2013-01-11 }}</ref>
*[[Khol]]{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
*[[Mussoll]]
Samayi Nrutya

==Gujarat==
[[File:Folk dance Timli Performed by Adivasi children of Tejgadh tribe academy.jpg|thumb|alt=Colourfully-dressed dancers and a young boy with a bow and arrow|Timli, a Gujarati folk dance performed by Adivasi children in [[Kaleshwari Group of Monuments|Kaleshwari]], [[Mahisagar district|Mahisagar]]]]

*[[Dandiya Raas]] is an energetic, vibrant dance which originated in [[Gujarat]]. Often called the "stick dance" because it uses polished sticks ''(dandiya)'', it represents a mock fight between the goddess [[Durga]] and the demon king [[Mahishasura]]. It is nicknamed "the sword dance" because the ''dandiya'' represent Durga's swords and are struck together.<ref name="garba"/><ref name="raas">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianwedding.com/dandia-dandiya-sticks-1-293.html | title=Dandiya / Dandiya Sticks | work=Indian Wedding | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309014504/http://www.indianwedding.com/dandia-dandiya-sticks-1-293.html | archive-date=2008-03-09 }}</ref> The combination of garba and raas has become popular at the collegiate level in the United States, and garba-raas competitions are increasing in number. Popular competitions include Raas Chaos (in Washington D.C.),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.raaschaos.com | title=Raas Chaos Website}}</ref> and Raas Rodeo (in Austin, TX).
*[[Garba (dance)|Garba]] is customarily performed by both sexes, and sometimes includes the stick dance. With circular movements and rhythmic clapping, it is often performed during [[Navratri]]. Its name comes from ''garbha deep'', which means "light in the inner temple" or "lamp in a perforated earthen pot" (often used in the dance).<ref name="garba">{{cite web |url=http://www.bestonhealth.com/travel/india/gujarat/Dances/dances.asp?id==9 | title=Dances of gujarat | work=Best on Health }}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="dance garba">{{cite web | url=http://www.webindia123.com/GUJARAT/ARTS/danmusic2.htm | title=Arts | work=WEBINDIA123}}</ref> Garba which is the renowned folk dance of Gujarat is an integral part of Navratri Celebrations.It has earned the 'Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (ICH) tag from [[UNESCO|Unesco]]. The garba of Gujarat is the 15th ICH element from India to be inscribed on the Unesco list.<ref name="Unesco">{{cite news |last1=Rupera |first1=Prashant |title=Gujarat's garba gets Unesco's intangible cultural heritage tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/gujarats-garba-gets-unescos-intangible-cultural-heritage-tag/articleshow/105799681.cms |access-date=7 December 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=7 December 2023}}</ref>
*The [[Tippani]] dance originated in the Chorwad region of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. Working women take a wooden rod (sometimes tipped with iron at one end) and beat the floor with it.<ref name="Tippani dance">{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Tippani-Dance-27970.htm|title=Tippani Dance in India|website=india9.com|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref>
*The [[Padhar dance]] is performed by the [[Padhar]] community.

==Himachal Pradesh==
[[Nati (dance)|Nati]] is the traditional dance of [[Himachal Pradesh]]'s [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]], [[Kullu district|Kullu]] and [[Shimla district]]s. The dance is listed in ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' as having "the greatest number of people attending and participating in a Nati dance lesson at a single venue".<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 February 2016|title=Kullu nati gets Guinness world record certificate {{!}} Chandigarh News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/kullu-nati-gets-guinness-world-record-certificate/articleshow/50827926.cms|access-date=2021-02-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest Nati dance lesson|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/435723-largest-nati-dance-lesson|access-date=2021-02-11|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-12|title=Kullu Nati folk dance of Himachal Pradesh registered in Guinness Book of World Records|url=https://www.india.com/education/kullu-nati-folk-dance-of-himachal-pradesh-registered-in-guinness-book-of-world-records-1572622/|access-date=2021-02-11|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref>
Jhanjar folk dance of Himachal pradesh mainly in Chamba District

==Haryana==
Dances in [[Haryana]] include:<ref name=harcu3>{{cite web|url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journalfall04.html|title=Journal of Punjab Studies - Centre for Sikh and Punjab Studies - UC Santa Barbara|website=www.global.ucsb.edu|access-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213237/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journalfall04.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=harcu2>Sachchidananda'' Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes'' Volume 1 - 1996 817141298X p416.</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Theatrical
** [[Saang]]: Pioneering artists were [[Baje Bhagat]], [[Dayachand Mayna]] and [[Lakhmi Chand]].
** [[Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system|Ragini]]
* Devotional
** [[Chaupai (poetry)|Chaupaiya]] (in verse)
** Raslila
** [[Raga#Rāga-Rāgini system|Ragini]]
* Seasonal
** [[Gogaji]] and [[Gugga]]
** [[Phalgun|Phaag]],
** [[Shravana|Sawan]]
** [[Teej]]
* Legendary courage
** [[Punjabi Qisse|Kissa]]
* Love and romance
** [[Pungi|Been]] (including its variant [[Nāginī]] dance)
* Ceremonial
** [[Chang dance|Dhamal dance]]
** [[Ghoomar]]
** [[Jhumar|Jhoomar]]
** Khoria dance
** Loor dance
** [Khoria]
{{Div col end}}

==Karnataka==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}

*[[Bharatnatyam]] is performed in the Mysuru region.
*[[Buta Kola]] (spirit worship) is usually practiced at night.
*[[Dollu Kunitha]] is a drum dance.
*[[Hulivesha]] is performed by men in the coastal region. The dancers are painted like tigers and perform like angry tigers.
*[[Kamsale]], performed by devotees of [[Male Mahadeshwara Hills|Male Madeshwara]] on pilgrimages to the [[Biligiriranga Hills]], is popular throughout the state.
*[[Kangilu]], Mandal community spiritual dance.
*[[Kolata]]
*[[Lavani]] is performed in the northern border regions.
*[[Lingada Birana Kunitha]] is widespread in the southern parts of Karnataka state.
*[[Veeragase]] is performed by women. Based on Hindu mythology, it is performed during festivals primarily during the Hindu months of [[Shravana]] and [[Kartika (month)|Karthika]].
*[[Yakshgana]], the state dance, has a number of forms which vary from region to region.
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lambani%20Celebration%20Dance.webm Lambani Folk songs & Dance]

==Jammu and Kashmir==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
The Jammu and Kashmir region is blessed with natural and cultural beauty. The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir has many folk dances performed on different occasions.

The main folk dance performed in the Jammu region are- Kud Dance, Chajja Dance, Crow Dance, Dogri Bhangra etc.

[[Dumhal]] is a ceremonial dance performed by men of the [[Wattal]] tribe. Dancers wear long, colourful robes and tall, conical caps studded with beads and shells. They move in a procession, carrying a banner. The banner is buried and the men dance, forming a circle, accompanied by singing and a drum.

==Jharkhand==
*[[Jhumair|Jhumar]] is a popular dance, performed during the harvest season and its festival.
*[[Mardani Jhumar]], a [[Nagpuri culture|Nagpuri]] dance, is primarily performed by men.
*[[Janani Jhumar]] is a Nagpuri dance mainly performed by women.
*[[Domkach]] is a dance performed during a marriage ceremony by the bride and groom's family.
*Fagua is performed during the festival of [[Holi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tourism.jharkhand.gov.in/content/explore/art|title=Welcome :: Jharkhand Tourism Development Corporation Ltd.|website=tourism.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>
*[[Paiki dance|Paiki]] is a nagpuri martial dance.
*[[Chhau dance]] is a semi-classical Indian dance with folk traditions which originated in the eastern states of Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha. It has three styles, named for the locations where they are performed: Purulia Chau in Bengal, Seraikella Chau in Jharkhand, and Mayurbhanj Chau in Odisha.
*[[Firkal dance|Firkal]] is a martial dance, performed in some parts of Jharkhand and Odisha.

==Kerala==
[[File:Thirayattam (Karumakan Vallattu).JPG|thumb|alt=Two colourfully-dressed dancers with spears, masks and headdresses|Thirayattam dancers]]
*[[Duffmuttu]] is performed by the Muslim community. Originated by the [[Chaush (India)|Arabs]], it is accompanied by Arabic music. The name ''Duffmuttu'' is attributed to a drum known as a ''daff'' or ''tap''.
*[[Margamkali]] is performed by the state's Syrian Christians, primarily by women during marriage ceremonies.
*[[Oppana]], another Muslim dance, is usually a bridal group dance performed the day before the wedding and is particularly popular on the [[Malabar Coast]]. Young female relatives of the bride sing and dance around her, clapping their hands.
*[[Theyyam]] is a form of ritual dance worship. ''Theyyam'' is derived from the Malayalam ''Daivam'' (god), and the dance is part of ritual, music, painting, sculpture, and literature. It is performed to worship the goddess Kali, often by men from the [[scheduled castes and tribes]] who have inherited the right to perform it.<ref>{{Cite web|last=KeralaTourism.Holiday|date=2019-11-20|title=Theyyam Festival — A Complete guide about Theyyam festival in Kerala|url=https://medium.com/@incrediblekerala2018/theyyam-festival-a-complete-guide-about-theyyam-festival-in-kerala-8f305e2e92f0|access-date=2021-01-30|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Thirayattam]], performed in northern Kerala, is part of theatre, music, satire, face and body painting, masking, martial art, and ritual. It is performed in [[South Malabar]]'s ''kaavukal'' (sacred groves) and village shrines.<ref>"Thirayattam" ( Folklore Text-Malayalam), State Institute of Language, Kerala, {{ISBN|978-81-200-4294-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thirayattam.com/home.html|title=Thirayattam|website=www.thirayattam.com|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref>
*[[Thitambu Nritham]] is primarily performed by the [[Nambudiri]]s of northern Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wonderfulkerala.com/kerala-dances.html|title=Kerala Dance, Dances of Kerala, Dance Form of Kerala, Dances in Kerela, Kerala in India Travel Tours|website=www.wonderfulkerala.com|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref>
*[[Ottan Thullal]] ("to jump about playfully") emerged during the 18th century and is a solo performance combining dance and recitation of tales from the [[Puranas]] in verse.
*[[Padayani]] is a ritual theatre art form associated with Goddess temples in Kerala's Central Travancore region. The Padayani rituals are performed at night in the temple premises to appease Goddess Bhadrakali, whose fury has not abated since her victory over a mythical demon named Darikan. Each festival lasts seven to 28 days, depending on the number of villages participating and organizing it. In Malayalam, Padayani is composed of the words Pada and ani, which mean a group of soldiers and rows, respectively. It is believed that Padayani was performed by warriors trained in Kalaripayattu to frighten their enemies from the southern part of Travancore. As a result, this art form can be traced back to Kalaripayattu's rich martial art heritage.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.keralatourism.org/padayani/padayani/1 | title=What is Padayani? Why it is a ritual art form | Kerala Tourism }}</ref>

== Lakshadweep ==

*[[Kolkali]] is a popular dance, rooted from [[Malabar Coast|Malabar coast]] and [[Kerala]], also being practiced by people of [[Lakshadweep]].
*[[Parichamuttukali]] (or Paricha Kali) is a popular martial-arts dance form of [[Kerala]] which is also practiced by people of [[Lakshadweep]].
*Maliku Bandiya–a dance performed only by the people of [[Minicoy]], is a variant of the Bandiya dance originally from the [[Maldives]].

==Madhya Pradesh==
[[File:Jal Mahotsav Dance.jpg|thumb|alt=A costumed woman balancing pots on her head on stage|Matki dancer at Jal Mahotsav 2016]]
*[[Grida dance]] - Performed when the [[rabi crop]]s are in bloom, the dance continues from morning to evening by village groups. It has three phases:
** Sela – Slow, stiff foot movements
** Selalarki – The foot movements become faster.
** Selabhadoni – As the tempo accelerates, hands and legs move vigorously.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grida Dance |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Grida-Dance-43196.htm |website=India9 |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925002229/https://www.india9.com/i9show/Grida-Dance-43196.htm |archive-date=25 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Matki dance]] is performed in the [[Malwa]] region, primarily for weddings. A veiled woman performs the dance with an earthen pot (''matki'') balanced on her head, sometimes joined by other women. Variations are the [[Aada]] and [[Khada Nach]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Matki Dance |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Matki-Dance-43181.htm |website=India9 |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112020/https://www.india9.com/i9show/Matki-Dance-43181.htm |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*The [[Phulpati dance]] is performed by semi-rural, unmarried women in celebration of nature.<ref>{{cite web |title=Phulpati Dance |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Phulpati-Dance-43186.htm |website=India9 |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001008/https://www.india9.com/i9show/Phulpati-Dance-43186.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Tertali]] is a ritual dance performed by the [[Kamar language|Kamar]] tribe. It is generally performed by two or three veiled women who sit on the ground, sometimes with small swords clenched in their teeth and an ornamental pot on their heads. [[Manjira]] (small, metal cymbals) are tied to the body{{snd}}primarily to the legs{{snd}}and the dancers rhythmically strike them with a hand-held cymbal, accompanied by drums and singing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tertali Dance |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Tertali-Dance-29350.htm |website=India9 |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406213625/https://www.india9.com/i9show/Tertali-Dance-29350.htm |archive-date=6 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Maharashtra==
* [[Pavri Nach]] (or Tarpha Nach) is a [[Kokna]] tribal dance performed in the hills of north-western [[Maharashtra]], accompanied by the tarpha or pavri: a wind instrument made from a dried gourd.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Dances |url=https://www.webonautics.com/ethnicindia/dances/folk_dances6.html |website=Webonautics |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302095101/https://www.webonautics.com/ethnicindia/dances/folk_dances6.html |archive-date=2 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Lavani]] is a combination of traditional song and dance which is performed to the [[dholki]] drum. Noted for its powerful rhythm and eroticism, Lavani has contributed to the development of Marathi folk theatre.the famous songs are "[[Apsara Aali]], "Wajle Ki Bara".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-02|title=Decoding the lavani: A symposium in the city will look into the history of the performance art|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/decoding-the-lavani-a-symposium-in-the-city-will-look-into-the-history-of-the-performance-art/story-SpsyObPLc99r3oww9u0fNJ.html|access-date=2021-01-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In Maharashtra and southern Madhya Pradesh, it is performed by women wearing nine-yard-long saris.<ref name=express>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-06|title=In pandemic, Lavani dancers are reclaiming the performing art form|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/in-pandemic-lavani-dancers-are-reclaiming-the-performing-art-form-7132628/|access-date=2021-01-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The songs are sung at a quick tempo.<ref name="express" />

==Nagaland==
[[Chang Lo]] (also known as Sua Lua) is performed by the [[Chang Naga]] of [[Nagaland]], originally to celebrate victory in war. It is presently a part of community celebrations, such as Poanglem, a three-day festival preceding the harvest. Costumes include the traditional Naga warrior and female finery.<ref>{{cite web |title=Folk Dances |url=https://www.webonautics.com/ethnicindia/dances/folk_dances1.html |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302095053/https://www.webonautics.com/ethnicindia/dances/folk_dances1.html |archive-date=2 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Odisha==
{{Main article|Folk dance forms of Odisha}}

===Laudi Khela===
Laudi Khela, traditionally performed by young [[Gopal (caste)|Gopal]] men during the Dola festival, has been waning in popularity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nanda |first1=Kanhu |title=Odihsa's folk dance 'Laudi Khela' during Dola fest loses its fame and charm |url=https://www.odishaviews.com/odihsas-folk-dance-laudi-khela-during-dola-fest-loses-its-fame-and-charm/ |website=Odisha Views |access-date=12 March 2021 |date=6 April 2013}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Baagh Naach or Tiger Dance}}Bagha Nacha===
[[Bagha Nacha]], a tiger dance, is performed during festivals. Male dancers paint their skin with yellow and black stripes, like a tiger, and attach a tail.<ref>{{cite web |title=10 Unique Dance Forms Of Odisha Which Are Spectacular In Their Distinctive Ways |url=https://mycitylinks.in/10-unique-dance-forms-of-odisha-which-are-spectacular-in-their-distinctive-ways/ |website=My City Links |access-date=13 March 2021 |date=15 September 2016}}</ref>

===Ghumra===
[[Ghumura dance#Ghumura in folk tradition|Ghumra dance]], originally performed during wars to encourage soldiers, is accompanied by a drum and is popular in [[Kalahandi district]].

==={{anchor|Karma Naach}}Karma dance===
The [[Sambalpuri culture|Sambalpuri]] [[Karma Naach|karma dance]] is performed during the harvest festival of [[Karam (festival)|Karma]] in the month of [[Bhadra]].<ref name=orissa>{{cite web |title=Orissa |url=http://ezccindia.org/orissa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520124721/http://ezccindia.org/orissa.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 May 2012 |website=Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre |access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref>

===Jhumar===
[[Jhumair|Jhumar]] is performed in northern and western Odisha during festivals and the harvest season.<ref name="orissa" />

===Keisabadi===
[[Keisabadi]], performed by men, is based on the story of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] and accompanied by singing in [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]].

== {{anchor|Puducherry also known as Pondicherry}}Puducherry ==
[[Garadi]], a well-known dance in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], is performed at festivals. Its origin is a product of mythology; when [[Rama]] (hero of the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'') defeated [[Ravana]], the ''vanars'' (monkeys) danced to celebrate his victory. Garadi is usually performed for five to eight hours. Dancers wear ''vanar'' masks, carry sticks and wear ten chiming ''anjali'' (iron rings) as they dance, accompanied by singing and two large ''ramadolu'' drums.<ref>{{cite web |title=Garadi Dance |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Garadi-Dance-29576.htm |website=India9 |access-date=13 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120070025/https://www.india9.com/i9show/Garadi-Dance-29576.htm |archive-date=20 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Punjab ==

===Bhangra===
[[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]] is one of [[Punjab, India|Punjab's]] most popular dances, and has become part of Asian culture. Originally associated with [[Sikhs|Sikh]] farmers celebrating the harvest and accompanied by a [[dhol]], bhangra is now danced at any celebration with a variety of instruments; a number of regional variations exist.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhangra History |url=https://gurdeep.ca/bhangra/bhangra-history/ |website=Gurdeep Pandher of Yukon |access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Malwai Giddha}}Giddha===
[[Giddha]], danced by women in colourful costumes, is derived from ring dancing and includes the singing of [[couplet]]s (known as [[bolliyan]]) in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Giddha |url=https://www.utsavpedia.com/cultural-connections/evergreen-folk-dance-from-punjab-giddha/ |website=Utsavpedia |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref> [[Malwai Giddha]] is danced by men in [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]].

===Kikkli===
[[Kikkli]] is performed by two colourfully dressed girls who hold crossed hands and twirl each other in a circle (balancing their positions), accompanied by folk songs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dances of Punjab |url=http://folkpunjab.com/encyclopedia/dances-of-punjab/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130123124120/http://folkpunjab.com/encyclopedia/dances-of-punjab/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2013 |access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref>

==Rajasthan==

===Ghoomar===
[[Ghoomar]] is a traditional women's dance in [[Rajasthan]] and [[Haryana]]. It is performed by groups of women in swirling skirts, accompanied by men and women singing. The dance gets its name from ''ghoomna'', the spinning which displays the colourful, flowing ''ghaghara'' (the long Rajasthani skirt).<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghoomar |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/-Rajasthan/Ghoomar-26321.htm |website=India9 |access-date=13 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402061625/https://www.india9.com/i9show/-Rajasthan/Ghoomar-26321.htm |archive-date=2 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> ghoomer dance
'

===Kalbelia===
The [[Kalbelia#Kalbeliya dance|Kalbelia dance]] is performed by women in black, swirling skirts (as snakes), accompanied by male [[snake charming|snake charmers]] playing [[Pungi|beens]] and other instruments. The [[Kalbelia]] folk songs and dances were added to [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists#Representative list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity|UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kalbelia-folk-songs-and-dances-of-rajasthan-00340 |website=Intangible Cultural Heritage |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref>

===Kachchhi Ghodi===
The [[Kachchhi Ghodi dance]] is primarily performed in the [[Shekhawati]] region of north-eastern [[Rajasthan]]. The costumed horse and bandit dancers have mock fights while a singer narrates tales of local bandits. It is performed during weddings and other social occasions.<ref name=discovered>{{cite web |title=Dance |url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/rajasthan/culture-in-rajasthan/dance-in-rajasthan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409190818/http://www.discoveredindia.com/rajasthan/culture-in-rajasthan/dance-in-rajasthan/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=9 April 2015 |website=Discovered India |access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref>

'''Suisini'''

Suisini is a dance from Rajasthan originating from mediaeval India, in recent times it has almost disappeared.

=={{anchor|Maruni}}Sikkim==
[[Maruni]], also popular in [[Nepal]], [[Darjeeling]], [[Assam]], [[Bhutan]] and [[Myanmar]], is accompanied by musicians playing the [[Naumati Baaja|Naumati Baja]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nepal |first1=Anand |title=Musical instruments in Panche Baja and Naumati Baja – traditional Nepali music |url=https://xnepali.net/musical-instruments-in-panche-baja-and-naumati-baja-traditional-nepali-music/ |website=Xnepali |date=14 March 2011 |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref>
There are so many other dances like Ghantu dance,chu fauat,sikmari,Denzongcnenha,
Khukhuri naach,chutkeynaach.

==Tamil Nadu==
{{main|Dance forms of Tamil Nadu}}

===Bommalattam===
[[File:Tamil nadu, burattini del bommalattam.jpg|thumb|[[Marionette|Doll marionette]]s used in Bommalattam]]
[[Bommalattam]] (puppet shows) is held in villages during festivals and fairs. Many kinds of puppets (such as cloth, wood, and leather), and they are manipulated with strings or wires. The puppeteers stand behind a screen, and the puppets are in front; the stories are from the puranas, epics, and folklore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnadu.com/arts/dance-bommalattam.html|title=Bommalattam Tamilnadu|publisher=Tamilnadu.com|date=28 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411220231/http://tamilnadu.com/arts/dance-bommalattam.html|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>

=== Kai silambattam ===
[[Silambu]] is a hollow anklet made up of a metal filled with beads that produce noise when the wearer moves or dances.<ref>{{cite book|last=Banerji|first=Projesh|url=https://archive.org/details/FolkDanceOfIndia/page/n106/mode/1up|title=The Folk-Dance of India|date=1959|publisher=Kitabistan|location=Allahabad|pages=189–190}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Marcuse|first=Sibyl|title=Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary|date=1975|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company|Norton]]|location=New York|page=476|chapter=Silambu|isbn=978-0-39300-758-9|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/musicalinstrumen00marcu/page/476/mode/1up}}</ref> In [[Kai silambattam]], the dancers wear anklets and hold a silambu in their hands to make noises while dancing.<ref name="Samba">{{cite book|last=Sambamoorthy|first=P.|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.chennai.82|title=Catalogue of Musical Instruments Exhibited in the Government Museum, Chennai|date=1976|publisher=Principal Commissioner of Museums, [[Government Museum, Chennai|Government Museum]]|location=Chennai}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Karagattam or Karagam}}Karakattam===
[[Karakattam]] is danced to praise [[Mariamman]], the Hindu rain goddess. Dancers balance pots of water on their heads. There are two types of Karakattam. Aatta Karagam is danced with decorated pots on the dancers' heads and symbolises joy and happiness; Sakthi Karagam is danced in temples to praise Mariamman. Drums, singing and pipe instruments accompany the dancers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abraham |first1=Sonu |title=A Cure for The Drought: Rain Dance |url=https://tamilnadu.com/arts/karakattam.html |website=Tamil Nadu |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828161142/https://tamilnadu.com/arts/karakattam.html |archive-date=28 August 2018 |date=12 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Kavadiattam ===
[[File:Kavadi dancer 6039398.jpg|thumb|[[Kavadi Aattam|Kavadiattam]]]]

[[Kavadi Aattam|Kavadiattam]] is a often a ceremonial act of sacrifice and offering to Hindu gods especially [[Murugan]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kent|first=Alexandra|title=Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-8-79111-489-2}}</ref> ''Kavadi'' (meaning "burden" in Tamil) consists of two semicircular pieces of wood or steel which are bent and attached to a cross structure that can be balanced on the shoulders of the carrier and decorated with flowers and peacock feathers. By bearing the kavadi, the dancer implores the gods for assistance as a means of balancing a spiritual debt.<ref name="Kavadi">{{cite book|title=Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses|first=Lynne|last=Hume|year=2020|isbn=978-1-00018-987-2|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref>

===Kummi===
[[Kummi]], one of [[Tamil Nadu]]'s oldest folk dances, is accompanied by hand-clapping rather than musical instruments. Women form a circle and dance; one sings, with the other dancers taking turns. A number of varieties exist. Kummi is danced at festivals and other special occasions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kummi |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/kummi.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729113554/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/kummi.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 July 2009 |website=Know India |access-date=14 March 2021}}</ref>

==={{anchor|[[Mayilattam|Mayil Attam]] or Peacock dance}}Mayilattam===
[[File:MayilattamDSC_0024.resized.JPG|thumb|A Mayilattam performer]]

[[Mayilattam]], or the peacock dance, is performed by girls dressed as peacocks at village festivals. Similar dances are Kaalai Attam (bull dance), Karadi Attam (bear dance), and Aali Aattam (demon dance) which are performed in the villages during village get-togethers. Vedala Aattam is danced in a demon mask.<ref name=carnatica>{{cite web |title=Folk Dances of Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.carnatica.net/special/folkdances.htm |website=Carnatica |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309164345/http://www.carnatica.net/special/folkdances.htm |archive-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Oyilattam===
Although [[Oyilattam]] (dance of beauty) was traditionally performed by men, women have also begun dancing. Participants wearing ankle bells dance in a row, with musical accompaniment; the row lengthens as dancers join in. Oyilattam is most popular in the southern districts and the [[Kongu Nadu]] region, and the dance has a variety of styles.<ref name="carnatica" />
f>

==={{anchor|Paambhu attam or Snake Dance}}Paambaatam===
Snakes are viewed as protectors. The snake dance is performed by girls dressed in a costume designed like a snake-skin. The dancers move like a snake, making quick biting movements with their head and hands; raised hands, held together, resemble the head of a snake.<ref name="carnatica" />

===Paraiattam or Thappattam===
[[File:Parai attam.jpg|thumb|alt=Smiling, costumed man with a drum|Traditional ''parai attam'' performer]]
''[[Parai Attam]]'' is a [[Tamils|Tamil]] dance which is accompanied by a [[parai]] drum.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Latagajanan |first1=Nikhil |title=The Sound of the Fury: How an ancient art form became a symbol of resistance |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/lede/ancient-art-form-became-symbol-resistance |website=[[The Caravan]] |access-date=14 March 2021 |date=1 August 2019|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Puliyattam===
[[Puliyattam]] is a tiger dance in which young men paint their bodies and costume themselves as tigers, dancing to drums. The dancers sometimes pretend to capture a goat. A popular dance, Puliyattam is performed during temple festivals.<ref name="carnatica" />

===Poikal Kudirai Attam===
Poikal attam is known as the false-leg dance. Dancers are attached to a dummy horse at the waist, with the dancer's two legs and their body prop resembling a rider on a horse. The dance illustrates stories from popular folklore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilnadu.com/arts/poikkal-kuthirai-aatam.html |title=Poikkal Kuthirai Aatam - Tamilnadu|publisher=Tamilnadu.com|date=11 December 2012}}</ref>

===Theru Koothu===
[[Koothu|Theru Koothu]] is normally performed by men in an intersection during village festivals in the months of [[Tamil calendar#Months|Panguni and Aadi]]. The performance consists of story-telling, dialogues, songs, and dance. Its stories are taken from the puranas, epics such as the ''Ramayana'' and the ''Mahabharata'', and local folklore. The play begins in the late evening, and lasts for several hours. Theru Koothu is popular in northern Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnadu.com/arts/therukoothu.html |title=Therukoothu |publisher=Tamilnadu.com |date=16 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411213929/http://tamilnadu.com/arts/therukoothu.html |archive-date=11 April 2013 }}</ref>

=={{anchor|Perini Shivatandavam}}Telangana==
[[Perini Shivatandavam]] or Perini Thandavam is an ancient dance form which has been recently revived.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/16/stories/2010101653780700.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020152919/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/16/stories/2010101653780700.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 October 2010 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Telangana Natyam, Perini dance in temples across State | date=16 October 2010}}</ref>

==Tripura==
[[Hojagiri]] is danced by the Tripuri reang(Bru) clan in [[Tripura]]. Four to eight women dance acrobatically, while men provide most of the music; the women sing in chorus. The dancers twist and turn, sometimes dancing on an earthen pitcher or balancing a bottle on their heads with a lighted lamp on it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hojagiri Dance |url=http://www.tripura.org.in/hojagiri.htm |access-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806004211/http://www.tripura.org.in/hojagiri.htm |archive-date=6 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Sangraing Dance]] is dance by the Mog community clan in [[Tripura]]. many boys and girls dance together and signging together.

=={{anchor|Raslila}}Uttar Pradesh==
The [[Raslila]], danced in [[North India]] (primarily [[Uttar Pradesh]]), is based on the life of [[Krishna]]. Individuals and groups dance, accompanied by singing, chants and instruments. The audience claps and sings along, and the length of each performance varies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rāslīlā |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/raslila |website=Britannica.com |access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>

==West Bengal==
*[[Gombhira|Gambhira]] originated among the Hindu community of [[Malda, West Bengal]]. After the [[partition of India]], [[Chapai Nawabganj District]] in [[Rajshahi]] became its centre.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hasan |first1=Rabiul |title=Mango festival and cultural programme in Chapainawabganj |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-93439 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |access-date=16 March 2021 |date=20 June 2009}}</ref> Gambhira has undergone many changes in terms of the theme and style of its presentation. [[Muslims]] also became custodians of the dance, which became an integral part of their culture. Gambhira's themes include contemporary social problems and human weakness.
*[[Bengal]], especially in Rajshahi, [[Murshidabad]] and [[Malda district]] and [[Jharkhand]]'s [[Rajmahal]] hills. The song-and-dance performance is associated with the mid-April [[Gajan (festival)|Gajan]] [[Shiva]] festival. The largely improvised performances, presented on an open stage late at night under lantern light, feature ribald humour and audience participation. Each Alkap group consists of ten to twelve performers led by a ''sorkar'' (master). It includes two or three young male ''chhokras'', one or two ''gayen'' (singers).<ref>{{cite web |title=Alkap Gan |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Alkap_Gan |website=[[Banglapedia]] |access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>
*[[Domni]], performed in [[Malda district]], begins with prayers. Its dances are known as ''nachari'' or ''lachari''. The plays are extracts from small events of everyday life, presented satirically. Due to social changes, domni is waning in popularity.
*''[[Dhunuchi Nritya|Dhunuchi nritya]]'' is danced during the [[Durga Puja]] at [[Vijayadashami]]. Women and men wear traditional Bengali dress and dance with a mud pot filled with burnt coconut shavings in praise of [[Durga]].

== State wise summary ==
{| class="wikitable"
!State
!Folk dances
!Classical dance
|-|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Ghantamardala, Ottam Thedal, Mohiniattam, Kummi, Siddhi, Madhuri, Chhadi. Vilasini Natyam, Bhamakalpam, Veeranatyam, Dappu, Tappeta Gullu, Lambadi, Dhimsa, Kolattam, Butta Bommalu
|Kuchipudi
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|Chham, Mukhauta Nritya, Buiya, Chalo, Wancho, Pasi Kongki, Ponung, Popir, Bardo, Chong, Khaiva, Lim, Nuralim
|
|-
|[[Assam]]
|Bihu, Bichhua, Natpuja, Maharas, Kaligopal, Bagurumba, Naga dance, Khel Gopal, Tabal Chongli, Canoe, Jhumura Hobjanai
|Sattriya
|-
|[[Bihar]]
|Jata-Jatin, Bakho-Bakhain, Panwariya, Sama-Chakwa, Bidesia, Jatra .
|
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|Gaur Maria, Panthi, Raut Nacha, Pandwani, Vedamati, Kapalik, Chandaini, Bharthari Charit, Goudi, Karma, Jhumar, Dagla, Pali, Tapali, Navrani, Diwari, Mundari, Jhumar
|
|-
|[[Goa]]
|Fugdi, Dhalo, Kunbi, Dhangar, Mandi, Jhagor, Khol, Dakni, Tarangamel, Shigmo, Ghode, Modni, Samayi nrutya, Jagar, Ranmale, Amayi Nrutya, Tonnya Mell
|
|-
|[[Gujarat]]
|Garba, Dandiya Ras, Bhavai, Tippani Juriun, Bhavai.
|
|-
|[[Haryana]]
|Jhumar, Phag Dance, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khor, Gagor
|
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Kinnauri, Thoda, Jhora, Jhali, Chharhi, Dhaman, Chhapeli, Mahasu, Dangi, Chamba, Thali, Jhainta, Daf
|
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]
|Karma, Agni, Jhumar, Janani Jhumar, Mardana Jhumar, Paika, Phagua, Chhanu, Sarahul, Jat-Jatin, Karma, Danga, Bidesia, Sohrai, Hunta Dance, Mundari Dance, Sarhul, Barao, Jhitka, Danga, Domkach, Ghora Naach
|Chhau
|-
|[[Karnataka]]
|Yakshagana, Huttari, Suggi, Kunitha, Karga, Lambi
|
|-
|[[Kerala]]
|Ottam Thulal, Kaikottikali, Tappatikali, Kali Aattam
|Kathakali, Mohiniyattam
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Tertali, Maanch, Matki, Gaur Maria, Ahirai, Bhadam, Aada, Khada Nach, Phulpati, Grida Dance, Selalarki, Selabhadoni, Jawara
|
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|Lavani, Nakata, Koli, Lezim, Gafa, Dahikala Dasavtar or Bohada, Tamasha, Mauni, Powara, Gouricha
|
|-
|[[Manipur]]
|Thang Ta, Lai Haraoba, Pung Cholom, Rakhal, Nat Rash, Maha Rash, Raukhat, Dol Cholam, Khamba Thaibi, Nupa Dance, Raslila, Khubak Ishei, Lhou Sha.
|Manipuri
|-
|[[Meghalaya]]
|Laho, Baala, Ka Shad Suk Mynsiem, Nongkrem,
|
|-
|[[Mizoram]]
|Cheraw Dance, Khuallam, Chailam, Sawlakin, Chawnglaizawn, Zangtalam, Par Lam, Sarlamkai/ Solakia, Tlanglam, Khanatm, Pakhupila, Cherokan
|
|-
|[[Nagaland]]
|Bamboo Dance, Temangnetin, Hetaleulee.Rangma, Zeliang, Nsuirolians, Gethinglim
|
|-
|[[Odisha]]
|Ghumara, Ranappa,Savari, Ghumara, Painka, Munari, Chhau, Chadya Dandanata, Savari, Painka, Munari
|Odissi, Chhau
|-
|[[Punjab]]
|Bhangra, Giddha, Daff, Dhaman, Bhand, Naqual
|
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|Ghoomar, Suisini, kalbeliya, Chakri, Ganagor, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Suisini, Ghapal, Panihari, Ginad
|
|-
|[[Sikkim]]
|Chu Faat, Yak Chaam Sikmari, Singhi Chaam or the Snow Lion, Yak Chaam, Denzong Gnenha, Tashi Yangku, Khukuri Naach, Chutkey Naach, Maruni Dance
|
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|Karagam, Kummi, Kolattam, Kavadi, Koothu, Paraiattam, Pampaattam, Oyilaattam, Mayilaattam, Puravaiattam, Kai silambattam
|Bharatnatyam
|-
|[[Telangana]]
|Perini Shivatandavam, Keisabadi
|
|-
|[[Tripura]]
|Hojagiri
|
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Nautanki, Raslila, Kajri, Jhora, Chappeli, Jaita
|Kathak
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|Chappeli, Gadhwali, Kumayuni, Kajari, Jhora, Raslila
|
|-
|[[West Bengal]]
|Purulia Chhau, Alkap, Kathi, Gambhira, Dhali, Jatra, Baul, Marasia, Mahal, Keertan,Santhali Dance, Mundari dance, Gambhira, Gajan, Chaibari Nritya
|Chhau
|}

==See also==
* [[Dance in India]]
* [[Folk dances of Sourashtra]]
* [[List of Indian classical dance and music events]]
* [[Indian classical dance]]

==References==
{{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=State Wise Folk Dance Of India PDF {{!}}{{!}} Folk Dance of Indian State - IndJobAspirant.in|url=https://indjobaspirant.in/folk-dance-of-india-pdf/|access-date=2021-07-31|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Dance in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Folk Dances, List Of}}
[[Category:Indian folk dances| ]]
[[Category:Indian culture-related lists]]
[[Category:India dance-related lists]]

Our Lady of Grace Church (Chorão Island)

2026-02-19T14:39:02Z

Svetlhdm: Made first info more to come

{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}
{{coord|15.523254351230351|73.86894671911932|display=title}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Church
| image = Our_Lady_of_Grace_Church_(Nossa_Senhora_de_Graça),_Chorão_Island.jpg
| caption =
| name = Our Lady of Grace Church
| fullname =
| location = [[Chorão (Island)|Chorão]], [[Goa]]
| country = India
| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| status = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| architect =
| dedication = Our Lady of Grace
| client =
| archdiocese = [[Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]]
| engineer =
| years built = 1544
| founded date = 1551
| date_demolished =
| cost =
| structural_system =
| style = Baroque
| size =
}}

'''Our Lady of Grace Church''' is a [[Roman Catholic]] church in [[Chorão (island)|Chorão]], [[Goa]], India. It is bounded on its north and west by the [[Mapusa River]], with [[Salvador do Mundo]] remaining exactly opposite to it. To the south is the [[Mandovi River|river Mandovi]] with [[Ribandar]] opposite to it and to its east is the [[St Bartholomew's Church (Chorão Island)|St Bartholomew's Church]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Lady of Grace Church – Chorao|url=https://goanchurches.info/church/our-lady-of-grace-church-graca-chorao-goa/|website=goanchurches.info}}</ref>

== History ==
The Our Lady of Grace Church was built by Jesuits in 1551. The church has three altars dedicated to Our Lady of Grace (Main Altar), Bom Jesus and Saint Roque. The first diocesan priest to be confirmed as Vicar of Our Lady of Grace Church was Fr. Bernard Coutinho (1598–1648), who retained this position for 50 years. He died on 14 December 1648. There is still an epitaph of the grave of Fr. Bernard Coutinho in the church.

== Feast ==
The Feast of Our Lady of Grace Church is celebrated on the third Sunday of May every year. During Portuguese times the affluence of the people of Chorão Island attracted merchants even from foreign lands who came with their merchandise luxury goods, and the Feast of Nossa Senhora da Graça was an occasion for such gathering at a grand fair.

== Seminary ==
A seminary called the [[Real Colégio de Educação de Chorão]] was established in April 1761. It belonged of the Parish of Our Lady of Grace Church.

==See also==
* [[Real Colégio de Educação de Chorão]]
* [[Chapel of St. Jerome (Chorão Island)]]
* [[St Bartholomew's Church (Chorão Island)]]
* [[Capela de Nossa Senhora da Saúde (Chorão Island)]]
* [[Chorão (Island)|Chorão]]
* [[Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Chorão (island)]]
[[Category:Portuguese colonial architecture in India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Goa]]

Jawaharlal Nehru University (disambiguation)

2026-02-17T00:50:51Z

Svetlhdm: Started New Article

'''Jawaharlal Nehru University''' may refer to:

* [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], a central university in New Delhi, India
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (disambiguation)]]
** [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur]], a technical university in Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
** [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]], a technical university in Hyderabad, Telangana, India
** [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada]], a technical university in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University]], an arts university in Hyderabad, Telangana, India

== See also ==
* [[Nehru (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Kanamachi (TV series)

2026-02-16T20:46:22Z

Svetlhdm: Started New Details

{{short description|Indian Bengali TV series}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
}}
| director = {{Plainlist|
* [[Suman Das]]
* Tamal Maity
}}
| creative_director = [[Abhimanyu Mukherjee]]
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Abhimanyu Mukherjee]]
* [[Koushik Bhattacharya]]
* [[Prasenjit Maity]]
}}
| story = [[Padmanabha Dasgupta]]
| editor = Dipanjan De, Srimanta
| cinematography = Paritosh Singh
| creator = [[Raj Chakraborty Productions]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| related = {{Plainlist|
* Sokhi
* Shob Choritro Kalponik
}}
| opentheme =
| voices = Madhura Bhattacharya
| network = [[Star Jalsha]]
| country = India
| company = [[Raj Chakraborty Productions]]
| producer = [[Raj Chakraborty]]
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* Anindya
* Lopamudra ([[Star Jalsha]])
* Siddhartha
* Arijit
}}
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 240
| first_aired = {{Start date|2014|06|9|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2015|03|14|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Kanamachi''''' was a Kolkata-Bengali TV series that premiered on 9 June 2014 on the channel [[Star Jalsha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.in.com/tv/shows/star-jalsha-119/kanamachi-58527.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701074058/http://www.in.com/tv/shows/star-jalsha-119/kanamachi-58527.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-07-01 |title=Kanamachi |work=In.com India}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2017}}
The series starred Farhan Imroze and [[Joyeeta Goswami]] in lead roles and [[Anindita Bose]], [[Sudip Mukherjee]], [[Monoj Ojha]] and [[Mohua Halder]] in supporting roles.<ref name="toi9Jun2014">{{cite news |title=Farhan of Care Kori Na back with Kanamachi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/bengali/Farhan-of-Care-Kori-Na-back-with-Kanamachi/articleshow/36301543.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 June 2014 |access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="toi19Apr2014">{{cite news |date=19 April 2014 |title=Raj Chakraborty takes Kanamachi to the small screen |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/tv/Raj-Chakrabarty-takes-Kanamachi-to-the-small-screen/articleshow/33913912.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref> It was directed by [[Suman Das]] and Tamal Maity.

==Plot==
{{long plot|date=March 2015}}
The series stars a young [[Indian Police Service|IPS officer]] Abhimanyu (Farhan Imroze) and a young girl Kotha ([[Joyeeta Goswami]]) from the Robin Hood Gang. The Robin Hood Gang is a team of Seven members led by the Master, Indrajit Roy (Sudip Mukherjee). The squad was formed by the Master specifically to exact severe retribution against particular people from the past, even though it was intended to serve the interests of underprivileged people. Abhi's task was to apprehend the Robin Hood Gang, and by discovering the way to join the squad, he almost succeeds. Abhi, eventually realizes that the team was full of mystery, and his curiosity fastened him to disguise as a member of the team until he is accomplished in revealing the truth that the team members are actually good people with a tragic past and they are not hardcore criminals. Delaying of the arrest sent threat to Abhi from the police department, and finally the order comes to killing all the members of the team. Abhi does not do so – rather he keeps on finding the mystery behind the team. As a result, the department suspends Abhi. In fact, the act of suspending was committed by a Minister.

The Minister, a lawyer (Ramen Shikder) and a doctor (Kamalesh Chatterjee) was once involved in a crime of framing two persons, one was the father of Kotha (Shounak Mitra) and the other was the Master himself. As a matter of fact, Master was an IPS officer who was assigned to investigate the incidents of the Banerjee NGO where secret antisocial activities were being done by the evil minister and the lawyer. Indrajeet tried to expose the real truth behind the conspiracy act against Kotha's father as well, but the three of the master-villain framed him in an act of molestation over a woman, which results in execution. But fortunately Master survives and undergrounds himself for a while and creates the Robin Hood team for retribution.

Abhi tried to help find Kotha's mother, who was lost from her when she was a child. As the case was related of Kotha's father and the Master was the same, Abhi seems to reach to uncover the truth at an astonishing pace. The whole mystery was related to the Banerji NGO. Master tries to scare the three villains by untraceable threat calls, which leads to a thought to the Minister that the whole problem of prank was done by Abhi due to suspending him, consequently trying to kill him. But every time he tries to do so, he fails to accomplish because of Abhi's quick-witted talents. Eventually Doctor Kamalesh, one of the three villains, was killed by the Minister. Furthermore, he killed Jiban Shomaddar (uncle to Kotha), who was the only evidence of the Banerji NGO in Abhi's opinion – later Abhi realizes that that was not the only option. Minister's wishes to kill Abhi and Kotha brings an officer Bhashkor in the series, who constantly attempts to do so for in vain.

Eventually Abhi solves the whole mystery and learns what actually instigated Master to form Team Robinhood. Abhi's paternal aunt, Malabika Banerjee, who was the head of the Banerjee-NGO, along with the Minister, the Lawyer (Ramen) and the dead doctor (Kamalesh) was engaged in trafficking. Sounak Mitra, Kotha's father, had somehow learnt the truth and so the three had caused ample harassment to him – got him arrested on false charges of molestation, following which Sounak had committed suicide. The three had also molested Amrita Das Majumder, a woman working in the NGO. Indrajit Roy (Master), who was then an honest police officer was investigating the case but the minister and his troops had even trapped Indrajit and Indrajit was prosecuted. But Indrajit somehow escaped death and formed team Robinhood in order to punish the Minister and help the common masses. Later we come to know that Master is Abhi's real father and Abinash Mukherjee had saved him before Master's (Back then Indrajeet) house was burned down and adopted him as his own son.

After completing the investigation, Abhi vows to punish the actual criminals and give justice to Master. Master disguises as an old man and visits abinash mukherjee's house where he discovers that Abhi is an IPS officer and he had undercovered himself to be a part of the robinhood gang, an infuriated master returns to his hideout and reveals the truth to the team leaving katha and others heartbroken of abhi's betrayal.Eventually master realizes that they cannot hide anymore and they flee their hideout and go to another one. Master wears his old uniform and prepares the team for a final showdown against the minister and the lawyer. Minister and lawyer are eventually caught on road by the robinhood gang and master holds both his offenders at gun point. Eventually IPS abhimanyu arrives with full police force and asks the gang to surrender but master and the entire team refuses. Abhi convinces the master that killing the minister would make the entire team face death penalty which ofc master doesn't want. Master and the entire team surrenders and Abhi is forced to arrest them and everyone is presented at the court. Meanwhile, Abhi interrogates the team but soon realizes that ramen's life is at stake because minister is about to kill him as ramen's death will remove all evidence against the minister, but Abhi tricks the minister and succeeds to gather evidence against him.In the court the minister and ramen are eventually proven guilty and they get sentenced to lifetime imprisonment. Leela, Kotha's mother, who, after her husband's death, had been forced to take up prostitution, shoots the Minister to death. At the end the entire robinhood gang sentenced to 1 – 2 years of imprisonment for their petty crimes and robberies and Abhi introduces Kotha to her mother.

Kotha, after a year, gets released from the jail, which brings a new plot to the story. While returning to her convent school in [[Darjeeling]], she comes across Anindya and Tanaya. They meet with a car accident and so by twist of fate (in which Tanaya dies), Kotha has to come back to Kolkata as Tojo's (Tanaya's son) governess. There she wins the heart of everyone. In the meantime, Ananya (sister to Tanaya) and Shima (mother to Tanaya) tries to trigger conspiracy on Kotha, but Kotha is intelligent enough to fight back. Meanwhile, Anindo falls for Kotha and wants to marry her, to which Kotha agrees for Tojo's sake, although she loves Abhi. But later, Anindya sacrifices Kotha after realizing her love for Abhi and then, Abhi finally marries Kotha. However, the actual identity of Master, that is, Master or Indrajit Roy is himself Abhi's real father was not revealed to Abhi.
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotstar.com/#!/kanamachi-1337-s |title=Kanamachi}}Based on the chapters of the serial episodes as made by Star India.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bengali.serialzone.in/star-jalsha/5592-kanamachi |title=Watch Online Kanamachi Serial |website=SerialZone|date=20 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tv.burrp.com/series/kanamachi/138120 |title=Kanamachi |website=Burrp TV |access-date=16 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141830/http://tv.burrp.com/series/kanamachi/138120 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Cast==
* Farhan Imroze as IPS officer Abhimanyu<ref name="toi9Jun2014" />
* [[Joyeeta Goswami]] as Katha<ref name="toi9Jun2014" />
* [[Anindita Bose]]<ref name="toi19Apr2014" /> as Sania
* Sudip Mukherjee<ref name="toi19Apr2014" /> as Master / Indrajeet roy
* [[Manoj Ojha]]<ref name="toi19Apr2014" /> as Anindya Mukherjee
* [[Mohua Haldar]]<ref name="toi19Apr2014" /> as Tanaya Mukherjee
* [[Swagata Mukherjee]]<ref name="toi19Apr2014" /> as Leela
* [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] as Minister Koushik Bhattacharya
* .Supriyo Dutta as Ramen Sikdar
* Sandeep Dey as Dr. Kamalesh

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/kanamachi/1337 ''Kanamachi''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* http://www.startv.in/channel/star-jalsha/15{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* http://www.startv.in/show/kanamachi/887 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016235957/http://www.startv.in/show/kanamachi/887 |date=16 October 2014 }}
* http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Farhan-jealous-of-Raj-Chakrabortys-gift-to-his-heroine/articleshow/40006084.cms

[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]

Varun Prabhudayal Gupta

2026-02-12T03:23:06Z

Svetlhdm: Data - done

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date = March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Varun Prabhudayal Gupta
| image = Varun Prabhudayal Gupta portrait.jpg
| alma_mater = [[XLRI Jamshedpur]], ICFAI University
| occupation = [[Film director]], [[Record producer|music producer]], content curator
| notable_works = ''Guzar Jayega''
}}

'''Varun Prabhudayal Gupta''' is an Indian film director, producer and [[Music supervisor|supervisor]] who works in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Music Producer Varun Prabhudayal Gupta Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/music-producer/varun-prabhudayal-gupta |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=nettv4u |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323160217/https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/music-producer/varun-prabhudayal-gupta |url-status=live }}</ref> He is known for the song ''Guzar Jayega''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=Guzar Jayega: Amitabh Bachchan, Sunny Leone, Sania Mirza, Bhaichung Bhutia and Others Reunite For an Inspirational Song About Hope in the Times of COVID-19 Pandemic {{!}} 🎥 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/bollywood/guzar-jayega-amitabh-bachchan-sania-mirza-bhaichung-bhutia-and-others-reunite-for-an-inspirational-song-about-hope-in-the-times-of-covid-19-pandemic-1744481.html |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=LatestLY |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516170439/https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/bollywood/guzar-jayega-amitabh-bachchan-sania-mirza-bhaichung-bhutia-and-others-reunite-for-an-inspirational-song-about-hope-in-the-times-of-covid-19-pandemic-1744481.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Varun Prabhudayal Gupta completed his schooling from Jaswant Modern Senior Secondary School in 2000. He joined [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]] to pursue [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree in [[brand management]]. Then he pursued [[Master of Business Administration]] in marketing in [[XLRI Jamshedpur]]. Later he did [[Pgdm|Post-Graduation Diploma]] in Brand Management & International Marketing from ICFAI University in Tripura. He worked as brand manager in [[Dainik Jagran]] for three years.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Varun Prabhudayal Gupta started his career as a media professional. In 2020 he worked as a [[music supervisor]] in a Hindi web series, ''[[Bebaakee]]''. Gupta founded a content curation company and [[music label]], Republik of Musik<ref>{{Cite web |title=Releasing Shortly |url=https://republikofmusik.com/ |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Republik of Musik |language=en-IN |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222183024/http://republikofmusik.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and The Ampliify Times in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-20 |title=Amplify headed by Ad Filmmaker Varun Prabhudayal Gupta to relaunch with a fresh look and new approach |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/amplify-headed-by-ad-filmmaker-varun-prabhudayal-gupta-to-relaunch-with-a-fresh-look-and-new-approach/ |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=MediaNews4U |language=en-US |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305130018/https://www.medianews4u.com/amplify-headed-by-ad-filmmaker-varun-prabhudayal-gupta-to-relaunch-with-a-fresh-look-and-new-approach/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He works as a [[Content curation|content curator]] for [[Balaji Telefilms]] and [[ZEE5|Zee5]].<ref name=":0" /> Amidst the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]] in 2020, Gupta created and produced a motivational song ''Guzar Jayega'' (in English; this too shall pass) which featured 115 artistes, including [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sunny Leone]] and [[Raveena Tandon]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-26 |title=Amitabh Bachchan's Guzar Jayega set to be enlisted in the Guinness Book of Records |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-s-guzar-jayega-set-to-be-enlisted-in-the-guinness-book-of-records/story-qAIwuowdTVDlOyZ5fNGFBP.html |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627083303/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-s-guzar-jayega-set-to-be-enlisted-in-the-guinness-book-of-records/story-qAIwuowdTVDlOyZ5fNGFBP.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ians |date=2020-05-11 |title=COVID-19: Amitabh Bachchan and 60 celebs in 'Guzar Jayega', a new motivational song |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/covid-19-amitabh-bachchan-and-60-celebs-in-guzar-jayega-a-new-motivational-song/article31556925.ece |access-date=2022-03-23 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130143646/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/covid-19-amitabh-bachchan-and-60-celebs-in-guzar-jayega-a-new-motivational-song/article31556925.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It was sung by [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-26 |title=With 51 artistes, one voice, Big B's Guzar Jayega to enter record books |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/with-51-artistes-one-voice-amitabh-bachchans-guzar-jayega-to-enter-record-books-22806241 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=www.mid-day.com |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323194947/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/with-51-artistes-one-voice-amitabh-bachchans-guzar-jayega-to-enter-record-books-22806241 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guzar Jayega: Bachchan, Leander Paes, over 60 celebrities come together for new motivational song |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/may/11/guzar-jayega-bachchan-leander-paes-over-60-celebrities-come-together-for-new-motivational-song-2142006.html |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=The New Indian Express |date=11 May 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623035038/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/may/11/guzar-jayega-bachchan-leander-paes-over-60-celebrities-come-together-for-new-motivational-song-2142006.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The song was submitted for [[Guinness World Records]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amitabh Bachchan lends his voice to a song of hope amidst #CoronaCrisis - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/amitabh-bachchan-lends-his-voice-to-a-song-of-hope-amidst-coronacrisis/articleshow/75662562.cms |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=The Times of India |date=11 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219130222/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/amitabh-bachchan-lends-his-voice-to-a-song-of-hope-amidst-coronacrisis/articleshow/75662562.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> After ''Guzar Jayega'', he directed ''Zaroorat'', another music video that included [[Shatrughan Sinha]] and [[Sonakshi Sinha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-01 |title=Zaroorat: Shatrughan Sinha, Sonakshi Sinha's new song brings hope |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/zaroorat-shatrughan-sinha-sonakshi-sinhas-new-song-brings-hope-23021265 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=www.mid-day.com |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323160313/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/zaroorat-shatrughan-sinha-sonakshi-sinhas-new-song-brings-hope-23021265 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-28 |title=Sonakshi Sinha and Shatrughan Sinha join hands for an upcoming musical initiative 'Zaroorat', song to be out soon : Bollywood News - Bollywood news » TTN NEWS |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shatrughan-sinha-and-sonakshi-sinha-join-hands-for-an-upcoming-musical-initiative-zaroorat-song-to-be-out-soon/ |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=TTN NEWS |language=en-US |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126041743/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shatrughan-sinha-and-sonakshi-sinha-join-hands-for-an-upcoming-musical-initiative-zaroorat-song-to-be-out-soon/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Varun Gupta talks about how he got Sonakshi and Shatrughan Sinha on board for the song 'Zaroorat' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-gupta-talks-about-how-he-got-sonakshi-and-shatrughan-sinha-on-board-for-the-song-zaroorat/articleshow/78446920.cms |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=The Times of India |date=2 October 2020 |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323160218/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varun-gupta-talks-about-how-he-got-sonakshi-and-shatrughan-sinha-on-board-for-the-song-zaroorat/articleshow/78446920.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, he directed and produced, ''Meherbaniyan,'' a single music video by [[Simran Choudhary]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singer Simran Choudhury drops her new single, Meherbaniyan |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/feb/20/singer-simran-choudhury-drops-her-new-single-meherbaniyan-31844.html |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |date=20 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228035002/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2021/feb/20/singer-simran-choudhury-drops-her-new-single-meherbaniyan-31844.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Simran Choudhary releases her latest single Meherebaniyan |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/simran-choudhary-releases-her-latest-single-meherebaniyan-222902 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323160220/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/simran-choudhary-releases-her-latest-single-meherebaniyan-222902 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the remake of ''Ek Ladki Bheegi Bhaagi Si'' with [[Urvashi Rautela]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |date=2021-03-03 |title=URVASHI RAUTELA ON TRYING TO RECREATE MADHUBALA'S MAGIC IN A MUSIC VIDEO |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/urvashi-rautela-on-trying-to-recreate-madhubalas-magic-in-a-music-video/ |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=The Daily Guardian |language=en-US |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411185644/https://thedailyguardian.com/urvashi-rautela-on-trying-to-recreate-madhubalas-magic-in-a-music-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribute to the legends |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/vivacity/tribute-to-the-legends.html |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=The Pioneer |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323160220/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/vivacity/tribute-to-the-legends.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of April 2022, Gupta along with [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]], is directing a musical film, ''Jeena Abhi Baaki Hai'', about women empowerment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suthar |first=Author: Manisha |date=2021-09-22 |title=Exclusive: Divyanka Tripathi, Vivek Dahiya, Anupria Goenka, Madhurima Tuli in Imtiaz Ali's project Jeena Abhi Baaki Hai? |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/exclusive-divyanka-tripathi-vivek-dahiya-anupria-goenka-madhurima-tuli-in-imtiaz-alis-project-jeena-abhi-baaki-hai/2021/09/22 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924060247/https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/exclusive-divyanka-tripathi-vivek-dahiya-anupria-goenka-madhurima-tuli-in-imtiaz-alis-project-jeena-abhi-baaki-hai/2021/09/22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Rasha Kirmani roped in for Varun Prabhudayal Gupta's Jeena Abhi Baaki Hai |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-rasha-kirmani-roped-varun-prabhudayal-gupta-s-jeena-abhi-baaki-hai-220312 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323160220/https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-rasha-kirmani-roped-varun-prabhudayal-gupta-s-jeena-abhi-baaki-hai-220312 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeena Abhi Baaki Hai (2022) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jeena-abhi-baaki-hai-49536 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516122949/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jeena-abhi-baaki-hai-49536 |url-status=live |archive-date=16 May 2022 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> ''Tiraha'', a film based on the [[Uttarakhand statehood movement|1994 Uttarakhand statehood movement]]; the sacrifices and sufferings of people during the movement. The film was announced in the [[Dehradun Literature Festival]] by [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]] [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=CineBlitz |first=Team |date=2022-04-08 |title=Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami and Prasoon Joshi announce Varun Prabhudayal Gupta's debut film 'Tiraha' in Dehradun Literature Festival |url=https://cineblitz.in/news-gossip/chief-minister-pushkar-singh-dhami-and-prasoon-joshi-announce-varun-prabhudayal-guptas-debut-film-tiraha-in-dehradun-literature-festival/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=CineBlitz |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
|-
|2022
|Jeena Abhi Baaki Hai
|Director
|}

=== Music ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Music
!Role
|-
|2020
|[[Bebaakee]]
|[[Music supervisor]]
|-
|2020
|It Happened In Calcutta
|Music supervisor
|-
|2020
|Guzar Jayega
|Producer
|-
|2020
|Zaroorat
|Director
|-
|2020
|Ek Ladki Bheegi Bhaagi Si
|Director
|-
|2021
|Meherbaniyan
|Director, producer
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|nm11515148}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:XLRI – Xavier School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Music video producers]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]

Subramaniam Ramakrishnan

2026-02-12T02:55:28Z

Svetlhdm: New - done

{{Short description|Indian polymer chemist, professor and designer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Subramaniam Ramakrishnan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|8|27}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Polymer chemistry]] }}
| workplaces = [[File:IISc Bangalore.jpg|thumb|Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]]
{{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[University of Florida]] | [[Eindhoven University of Technology]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] | [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]] | [[University of Mumbai]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| J. C. W. Chien }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on design and synthesis of controlled polymer structures
| awards = {{ublist | 2002 [[Chemical Research Society of India|CRSI]] Bronze Medal | 2002 MRSI Medal | 2005 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}

'''Subramaniam Ramakrishnan''' (born 1960) is an Indian [[Polymer chemistry|polymer chemist]], a professor at the Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry<ref name="Inorganic and Physical Chemistry">{{Cite web |url=http://ipc.iisc.ac.in/raman.php |title=Inorganic and Physical Chemistry |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> and the designer at the Macromolecular Design and Synthesis Group of the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="Macromolecular Design & Synthesis Group">{{Cite web |url=http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~raman/ |title=Macromolecular Design & Synthesis Group |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> He is known for his studies on design and synthesis of controlled polymer structures<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=254 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Ramakrishnan,_Prof._Subramaniam |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2005, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Mumbai university,admin block,Tamil Nadu490.jpg|thumb|235px|left|Mumbai University]]
Subramaniam Ramakrishnan, born on 27 August 1960, graduated in chemistry from the [[SIES College of Arts, Science & Commerce]] of [[Mumbai University]] in 1980. He joined the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]] to complete his master's degree in 1982.<ref name="Designer">{{Cite web |url=http://ipc.iisc.ernet.in/~raman/resume.html |title=Designer |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> Moving to the US, he secured a PhD from the [[University of Massachusetts, Amherst]] in 1988, working under the guidance of J. C. W. Chien, and did his post-doctoral studies at the Corporate Research Laboratory of the [[Exxon Research and Engineering Company]], New Jersey during 1988–90.<ref name="Distinguished Alumnus">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitb.ac.in/alumni/en/awards/2015/distinguished-alumnus/prof-s-ramakrishnan |title=Distinguished Alumnus |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science Alumni}}</ref> Returning to India, he started his career at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] the same year as a lecturer where he heads the Macromolecular Design and Synthesis Group as the chief designer.<ref name="Macromolecular Design & Synthesis Group" /> http://ipc.iisc.ac.in/~rk/ During his tenure at the IISc, he held the positions of an assistant professor (1993–99) and an associate professor (1999–2005) before becoming a professor of the department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry in 2005.<ref name="Inorganic and Physical Chemistry" /> In between, he had two stints abroad, first as a visiting scientist at the [[University of Florida]] (2000) and the next, as a Philips Visiting Professor at [[Eindhoven University of Technology]] (2001).<ref name="Designer" /> Prof. Ramakrishnan also served as the deputy director<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iisc.ac.in/about/administration/deputy-directors/|title=Indian Institute of Science|website=www.iisc.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2018-06-04}}</ref> at the Indian Institute of Science (2017-2019).

== Legacy and honors ==
Ramakrishnan's research is focused on the study of molecularly designed polymeric materials and the development of synthetic routes such as the transetherification route developed by his team for preparing segmented [[polyethylene oxide]] and their analogues to be used as solid [[polymer electrolytes]].<ref name="Inorganic and Physical Chemistry" /> He is known to have succeeded in designing and synthesizing controlled polymer structures with predetermined properties.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research}}</ref> His team has also demonstrated that the physical properties of [[conjugated polymers]] can be modulated by tuning the average molecular conjugation length. He has documented his research by way of chapters in books edited by others<ref name="RaoMüller2006">{{cite book|author1=C. N. R. Rao|author2=Achim Müller|author3=Anthony K. Cheetham|title=The Chemistry of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjB43Kt-HXYC&pg=PR20|date=24 January 2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-3-527-60417-3|pages=20–}}</ref><ref name="Chapter 15. Nanostructured Polymers">{{Cite book |title=Chapter 15. Nanostructured Polymers |pages=476–517 |date=2004 |publisher=Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH |doi=10.1002/352760247X.ch15|chapter = Nanostructured Polymers|last1 = Ramakrishnan|first1 = S.|isbn=9783527602476 }}</ref> and as peer-reviewed articles;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Ramakrishnan=3ASubramaniam=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[Google Scholar]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 121 of them.<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=Iz8zEQ4AAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2016 |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref>

Ramakrishnan received the Bronze Medal of the [[Chemical Research Society of India]]<ref name="CRSI Bronze Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.crsi.org.in/index.php/crsi-awards/year-1999-2008 |title=CRSI Bronze Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Chemical Research Society of India}}</ref> and the MRSI Medal of the Material Research Society of India in 2002.<ref name="Awards and honors">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrsi.org.in/awardshonours.php |title=Awards and honors |date=2016 |publisher=Material Research Society of India}}</ref> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2005<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | title=Chemical Sciences | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> and he was elected as a fellow by the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 2006.<ref name="Fellow profile" />

== See also ==
* [[C. N. R. Rao]]
{{Portal|India|Chemistry}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishnan, Subramaniam}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Indian polymer scientists and engineers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:University of Florida faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Eindhoven University of Technology]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Raja Ramanna

2026-02-03T01:51:23Z

Svetlhdm: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raja Ramanna
| image = RajaRamannaPic.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1925|1|28}}
| birth_place = [[Tiptur]], [[Princely State of Mysore]], [[British India]] (now in [[Tumkur district]], [[Karnataka]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2004|09|24|1925|01|28}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| citizenship = India
| nationality = Indian
| office = Director General of [[Defence research and development organisation]]
| term = 1978-1982
| predecessor = [[MGK Menon]]
| successor = [[VSR Arunachalam]]
| module = {{Infobox scientist
| embed = yes
| fields = [[Nuclear Physics]]
| workplaces = {{ubl|[[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]]|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]|[[International Atomic Energy Agency]]|[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]|[[National Institute of Advanced Studies]]}}
}}
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Bishop Cotton Boys School]]|[[Madras Christian College]]|[[University of Madras]]|[[University of Mumbai]]|[[King's College London]]}}
| known_for = {{ubl|[[Indian nuclear programme|India's nuclear program]]|[[Operation Smiling Buddha]]|[[Pokhran-II|Operation Shakti]]}}
| awards = {{ubl|[[Padma Shri]] (1968)|[[Padma Bhushan]] (1973)|[[Padma Vibhushan]] (1975)}}
}}
'''Raja Ramanna''' (28 January 1925 – 24 September 2004) was an Indian [[nuclear physicist]]. He was the director of [[India and weapons of mass destruction|India's nuclear program]] in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which culminated in [[Smiling Buddha]], India's first successful [[nuclear weapon]] [[Nuclear weapons testing|test]] on 18 May 1974.

Ramanna obtained his bachelor's degree in [[Physics]] at [[Madras University]] and [[PhD]] from [[King's College, London]]. He joined the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] and later the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) to work on [[nuclear physics]]. Ramanna worked under [[Homi Jehangir Bhabha]], whom he had met earlier in 1944. He joined the [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear program]] in 1964, and later became the director of this program in 1967. Ramanna expanded and supervised scientific research on nuclear weapons and was in charge of the team of scientists at [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) that designed and carried out the testing of the first nuclear device in 1974. Ramanna was associated with India's nuclear program for more than four decades, and also facilitated research for the [[Indian Armed Forces]].

He served in various roles such as Secretary for Defence Research, [[Government of India]] (1978–81), Scientific Adviser to the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] (1978–81), Director-general of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (1978–82), Chairman of [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] (1983–87) and Secretary of the [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)|Department of Atomic Energy]] (1983–87). He later became the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of state for defence]] in 1990. He served as a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1997 to 2003. Towards the later part of his career, he advocated against [[nuclear proliferation]] and testing.

Ramanna was associated with various academic institutions. He was the founder-director of [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]] and served as the chairman of board of governors at [[IIT Bombay]]. He has been awarded multiple [[honorary doctorate]]s by various universities. He was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest civilian decoration, in 1975. Ramanna died in [[Mumbai]] in 2004 at the age of 79.

== Early life and education ==
Raja Ramanna was born on 28 January 1925 to Rukmini and Ramanna in [[Tiptur]], [[Princely State of Mysore]], [[British India]] (now in [[Tumkur district]], [[Karnataka]], India).<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|title=Raja Ramanna, 79, Indian Nuclear Scientist, Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/26/world/asia/raja-ramanna-79-indian-nuclear-scientist-dies.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=1 April 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 September 2004}}</ref> His father was working in the judicial department. Ramanna claimed to have been influenced by his mother's sister Rajamma, who was a government teacher. He did his early schooling at Dalvoy School and Good Shepherd Convent in [[Mysore]] before moving to [[Bishop Cotton Boys School|Bishop Cotton Boys' School]] in [[Bangalore]]. Ramanna was interested in music from a young age and began taking [[piano]] lessons at the age of six. He auditioned in front of the [[Maharaja of Mysore]] at the age of 12.<ref name="Gov"/>

He later attended [[Madras Christian College]], where he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] in [[physics]] from the [[University of Madras]] in 1945.<ref name="Brit">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raja-Ramanna|title=Raja Ramanna|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Ramanna obtained his master's degree from [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.mu.ac.in/alumni.html|title=Distinguished Alumni|publisher=[[Mumbai University]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1949, he completed his [[PhD]] in [[nuclear physics]] from [[King's College London|King's College]] in [[London]] on a scholarship from [[Tata Group]].<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2004/oct/01/guardianobituaries.obituaries|title=Raja Ramanna, Scientific mastermind behind India's nuclear tests|work=Guardian|access-date=1 December 2023|date=2004}}</ref><ref name="IT">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20080421-the-energiser-735987-2008-04-10|title=The energiser|work=[[India Today]]|date=10 April 2008|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Early career (1949-59) ===
Ramanna had met [[Homi J. Bhabha]] in 1944 and was inspired by his work.<ref name="Gov"/> In 1949, Ramanna joined [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] to work under Bhabha. In 1952, he started working on the [[Indian nuclear programme]] at the Atomic Energy Establishment in [[Trombay]] (later renamed as [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC)).<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="IT"/> In 1957, the first research [[nuclear reactor]] ''Apsara'' became operational at BARC and Ramanna was part of the team working on the same. He was working on [[neutron emission]] studies and research on [[nuclear fission]].<ref name="Gov"/> In July 1958, then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] authorized "Project Phoenix" to produce [[Weapons-grade nuclear material|weapon grade Plutonium]].<ref name="History">{{cite web|last=Sublette|first=Carey|title=Origins of Indian nuclear program|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaOrigin.html|publisher=Nuclear weapon Archive|access-date=13 November 2011}}</ref> In 1957, Ramanna established a training school at BARC to facilitate training of scientists in [[nuclear physics]].<ref name="IT"/>

=== Heading the nuclear programme (1960-69) ===
In the early 1960s, he was involved in learning and development of know-how to manufacture nuclear weapons. After Bhabha's unexpected death in 1966, the design work on the [[atomic bomb]] proceeded under Ramanna, who took charge of the nuclear weapons technology research.<ref name="Program">{{cite web|title=On to Weapons Development, 1960–67|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaWDevelop.html|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|access-date=14 January 2013|date=30 March 2001}}</ref> When [[Indira Gandhi]] became the prime minister in 1966, the project for the design and manufacturing of the nuclear device proceeded secretly.<ref name="Kanavi">{{cite web|last=Kanavi|first=Shivanand|title=How Indian PMs reacted to nuclear bombs|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-an-interview-with-k-subrahmanyam/20110210.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115120835/https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-an-interview-with-k-subrahmanyam/20110210.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The program employed 75 scientists with Ramanna heading the project and [[P. K. Iyengar]] serving as his deputy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/facilities/861/|title=Purnima I-II-III|date=1 September 2003|access-date=8 September 2014|work=[[Nuclear Threat Initiative]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909004708/http://www.nti.org/facilities/861/|archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> Later, the weapons programme was directed towards the production of [[Plutonium-239|plutonium]] rather than [[Uranium-237|uranium]] and in 1969, enough plutonium had been accumulated for the production of a single nuclear bomb.<ref name="Program"/> In 1968–69, a plutonium fueled [[fast breeder reactor]] named ''Purnima'' was established at BARC.<ref name="Bomb">{{cite web|title=India's First Bomb: 1967-1974|url=https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaFirstBomb.html|date=30 March 2001|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Richelson|first=Jefferey T|author-link=Jeffrey T. Richelson|title=Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea|date=March 1999|publisher=WW Norton|page=[https://archive.org/details/spyingonbombamer00rich/page/233 233]|isbn=978-0-393-05383-8|url=https://archive.org/details/spyingonbombamer00rich/page/233}}</ref>

=== First nuclear test (1970-75) ===
In July 1970, physicist [[Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri|B. D. Nagchaudhuri]] was appointed as the scientific adviser to the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defense Minister]] and as Director of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO). Nagchaudhuri and Ramanna worked together to recruit the team and set up the requirements necessary for a [[nuclear weapons testing|nuclear weapon test]]. In 1971, [[Homi Sethna]] succeeded [[Vikram Sarabhai]] as the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, completing the leadership group.<ref name="Bomb"/> After India gained military and political initiative over Pakistan in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]], the work on building a nuclear device continued with Ramanna being appointed as the chairman of BARC in 1972.<ref name="Ramanna">{{cite web|url=http://www.barc.gov.in/leaders/rammana.html|title=Dr. Ramanna, profile|publisher=Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|access-date=11 November 2012|archive-date=23 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523095007/http://barc.gov.in/leaders/rammana.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Brit"/>

The hardware for the bomb began to be built in early 1972 and the Prime Minister authorized the development of a nuclear test device in September 1972.<ref>{{cite book|last=Perkovich|first=G.|title=India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation|publisher=University of California Press|series=ACLS Humanities E-Book|year=1999|isbn=978-0-520-23210-5|page=172}}</ref> The nuclear test was planned for May 1974 with tight control being maintained on all aspects of the preparations of the test, which was conducted in extreme secrecy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chengappa|first=Raj|title=Weapons of peace : the secret story of India's quest to be a nuclear power|year=2000|publisher=Harper Collins Publishers, India|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7223-330-2}}</ref> The test was code named ''[[Smiling Buddha]]'' and called as a [[Peaceful nuclear explosions|Peaceful Nuclear Explosive]] (PNE).<ref name="Smiling Buddha">{{cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaSmiling.html|work=India's Nuclear Weapons Program|title=Smiling Buddha, 1974|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive}}</ref> A [[nuclear fission]] device was successfully detonated on 18 May 1974 at 8.05 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref name="Pahuja">{{cite book|first=Om Parkash|last=Pahuja|title=India: A Nuclear Weapon State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiI_Yt7SOA8C&pg=PT63|access-date=29 June 2012|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-87100-69-0|pages=63–|year=2001}}</ref><ref name="Nuclear files archives">{{cite web|url=http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/timeline_page.php?year=1974|title=1974 Nuclear files|work=Nuclear Age Peace Foundation|publisher=Nuclear files archives|access-date=14 January 2013|archive-date=2 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702032049/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/timeline_page.php?year=1974|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1975, Ramanna was honored with the ''[[Padma Vibhushan]]'', India's second highest civilian award.<ref name="Pause">{{cite web|title=Reaction and Long Pause|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaPause.html|publisher=Reaction and Long Pause|access-date=15 January 2013}}</ref>

=== Intermediate years (1975-87) ===
Ramanna served as Vice President of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] from 1977 to 1979 and as President of [[Indian National Science Academy]] in [[New Delhi]] from 1977 to 1978.<ref name="Gov"/> Post the test, Indira Gandhi authorized preliminary work to commence on the development of a [[nuclear fusion|fusion]] boosted fission bomb. Differences in opinion arose between Sethna and Ramanna, which affected the progress of the program.<ref name="Pause"/> In 1978, then Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]] moved Ramanna from BARC to made him the secretary of defense research and scientific advisor to the [[Ministry of Defense (India)|Ministry of Defense]].<ref name="Pause"/> Later, he was also appointed as the Director General of DRDO.<ref name="DRDO">{{cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/our-luminaries|title=Our Luminaries|publisher=DRDO|access-date=27 August 2023|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826215911/https://www.drdo.gov.in/our-luminaries|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, then [[President of Iraq]] [[Saddam Hussein]] approached Ramanna for help in building a nuclear bomb when Ramanna visited [[Baghdad]]. Ramanna refused and returned to India.<ref name="Guardian"/>

With the return of Indira Gandhi in 1980, the nuclear program gained momentum and Ramanna was re-appointed as the director of BARC.<ref name="Brit"/> She authorized Ramanna to prepare for further nuclear tests and two new shafts were constructed at the [[Pokhran|Pokhran test range]] in 1984. Ramanna pushed forward with a [[Uranium enrichment]] program and ''Dhruva'', a new reactor with a capability to produce larger quantities of weapon grade material, was constructed.<ref name="Pause"/> As a part of the nuclear programme, components for a nuclear fusion bomb were developed but no testing took place. In 1983, Ramanna was made as the secretary of Department of Atomic Energy.<ref name="DAE">{{cite web|url=https://dae.gov.in/former-secretaries/|title=Secretaries of DAE|publisher=Department of Atomic Energy|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In 1984, he was made the chairman of Atomic Energy Commission, which he held for three years.<ref name="Brit"/> In the same year, Ramanna represented the South Asian and Middle Eastern bloc at the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA).<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/gc/gc28or-257_en.pdf|title=28th Regular Session|publisher=[[International Atomic Energy Agency]]|date=28 September 1984|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Later, he served as the chairman of the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Director General of IAEA and as president of the 30th General Conference in 1986.<ref name="Gov"/> In late 1985, a study group commissioned by the Prime Minister of India consisting of Ramanna and few others, outlined a plan for the production of 70 to 100 nuclear warheads and a strict no first use policy.<ref name="Pause"/>

=== Later years (1988-2003) ===
In 1990, Ramanna was made [[Minister of State (India)|Union minister of State]] for defence in the [[V. P. Singh ministry|V. P. Singh administration]], but the government collapsed a short while later.<ref name="Brit"/> Later in his career, Ramanna advocated for strict policies to prevent nuclear proliferation and argued against further nuclear testing.<ref name="Momentum">{{cite web|url=https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaMomentum.html|title=The Momentum Builds: 1989-1998|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> He held various academic positions including the chairman of board of Governors at [[IIT Bombay]], chairman of the governing council at [[Indian Institute of Science]] and founder director of [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="Brit"/><ref name="Gov">{{cite web|url=https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/ramanna-raja/|title=Raja Ramanna|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> He was a nominated member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Indian Parliament]] from 1997 to 2003.<ref name="Rajya">{{cite report|url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Nominated_%20Members_1952_2002.pdf|title=Nominated members of Rajya Sabha (1952-2002)|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

==Death==
Ramanna died on 23 September 2004 at the age of 79 due to gastronomical issues.<ref name="NYT"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Scientist Raja Ramanna no more| work=Rediff.com|date=24 September 2004|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/sep/23raja.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dae.nic.in/?q=node/223|title=Dr. Raja Ramanna's death news|publisher=Department of Atomic Energy|access-date=13 November 2012|archive-date=18 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418233819/http://dae.nic.in/?q=node%2F223|url-status=dead}}</ref> Then [[President of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] said, "The passing away of Dr. Ramanna is a deep personal loss for me as he was a mentor, guide and teacher to me over the years. A towering and multi-faceted personality Dr. Ramanna was always keen to contribute to national development with a sense of mission in any capacity, which was evident in his role as a Union Minister and a Member of Parliament. For us in the science and technology community, he was always a source of inspiration and a guide."<ref>{{cite press release|title=English Releases|work=Press Information Bureau|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=4013}}</ref> P. K. Iyengar wrote "more important legacy is his uncompromising belief in intellectual clarity and rational thinking in every facet of life, and his unwavering belief (which he inherited from Jawaharlal Nehru and Homi Bhabha) that the nation could progress only by embracing science and scientific thinking. The best way to honour his memory is not through eulogies, but by rededicating ourselves to his policies and belief."<ref name="Gov"/>

== Personal life ==
Ramanna had a keen interest in music and trained as a [[musician]]. He played [[musical instruments]] such as the [[piano]].<ref name="Guardian"/> In 1952, he married Malathi and the couple had three children, two daughters and a son.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rrcat.gov.in/newsletter/NL/nl2006/issue1/pdf/N10.pdf|title=Dr. Raja Ramanna: A brief Bio-memoir|publisher=Raja Ramanna centre for advanced technology|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> He was one of the survivors of the [[Air India Flight 403]] that crashed in 1982.<ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Chander Uday |date=15 July 1982 |title=Air-India Boeing 707 crash-lands at Bombay airport, 17 killed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820715-air-india-boeing-707-crash-lands-at-bombay-airport-17-killed-771963-2013-10-08 |access-date=12 June 2025 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref>

== Positions held ==
* Director, [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (1972–78, 1981–83)<ref name="Brit"/>
* Chairman, Board of Governors, [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]] (1972–78)<ref name="Gov"/>
* Vice-president, [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (1977–79)<ref name="Gov"/>
* President, [[Indian National Science Academy]] (1977–78)<ref name="Gov"/>
* Secretary for Defence Research, [[Government of India]] (1978–81)<ref name="Brit"/>
* Scientific Adviser to the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] (1978–81)<ref name="Pause"/>
* Director-general, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (1978–82)<ref name="DRDO"/>
* Chairman, [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] (1983–87)<ref name="Brit"/>
* President, General Conference of [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (1986)<ref name="Gov"/>
* Secretary, [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)|Department of Atomic Energy]] (1983–87)<ref name="DAE"/>
* [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of state for defence]] (1990)<ref name="Brit"/>
* [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]] (1997–2003)<ref name="Rajya"/>
* Founder-Director, [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]] (1988–89, 1990–97)<ref name="Guardian"/>

== Awards and honors ==
Ramanna was awarded multiple [[honorary doctorate]]s by various universities. His major awards include:<ref name="Gov"/>
* [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] (1963)
* [[Padma Shri]] (1968)
* [[Padma Bhushan]] (1973)
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1975)
* [[Indian National Science Academy|Meghnad Saha Medal]] (1984)
* [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|R. D. Birla Memorial Award]] (1985–86)
* [[Indian Science Congress|Asutosh Mookerjee Gold Medal]] (1996)

== Books ==
Ramanna has authored two books:<ref name="Guardian"/>
* ''Years of Pilgrimage'' (Autobiography) (1991)
* ''The Structure of Music in Raga and Western Systems'' (1993)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
# {{cite journal|author=Valangiman Subramaniam Ramamurthy|year=2005|title=Raja Ramanna|journal=[[Physics Today]]|volume=58|issue=7|pages=81–82|doi=10.1063/1.2012481|bibcode = 2005PhT....58g..81R }}
# Ramanna, Raja. Years of Pilgrimage: An Autobiography. New Delhi: Viking, 1991.
# Srinivasan, M. R. From Fission to Fusion: The Story of India's Atomic Energy Programme. New Delhi: Viking, 2002.
# Singh, Jagjit. Some Eminent Indian Scientists. New Delhi: Publications Division, Govt. of India.
# Sundaram, C.V., L. V. Krishnan, and T. S. Iyengar. Atomic Energy in India: 50 Years. Mumbai: Department of Atomic Energy, 1998.
# Parthasarathy, K. S. Ramanna: a doyen among scientists, The Hindu, September 30, 2004.
# Srinivasan, M. R. Ramanna & the nuclear programme, The Hindu, September 28, 2004.
# Sreekantan, B.V. Raja Ramanna–Down the Memory Lane. Current Science, Vol. 87, No. 8, pp. 1150–51, 2004.
# Rao, K. R. Raja Ramanna-A Personal Tribute. Current Science, Vol. 87, No. 8, pp. 1152–54, 2004.
# Profiles in Scientific Research: Contributions of the Fellows. Vol.1. pp. 460–62. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy, 1995.
# Iyengar, P.K. Remembering Ramanna. The Hindu, September 25, 2004.
# Ramanna, R., Jain, S. R., Pramana vol. 57, 263, 2001.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041231161131/http://www.cat.ernet.in/newsletter/news/oct0101.html Interview with Raja Ramanna]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120313220218/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/RRamanna.htm Biography in Vigyan Prasar Science Portal]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055056/http://www.iitk.ac.in/directions/march2005/14_RajaRamanna.pdf Raja Ramanna]

{{s-start}}
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{{s-end}}

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramanna, Raja}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Indian nuclear physicists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Indian institute directors]]
[[Category:People from Tumkur]]
[[Category:International Atomic Energy Agency officials]]
[[Category:Bishop Cotton Boys' School alumni]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]
[[Category:Survivors of aviation accidents or incidents]]

Maldhanchaur

2026-01-31T06:46:17Z

Svetlhdm: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Nainital district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Ashokan (film director)

2026-01-29T00:54:28Z

Svetlhdm: Starting a post basic info

{{Short description|Film Director (1962–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashokan
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age text|28 May 1961}}
| birth_place = [[Varkala]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater =
| death_date = 25 September 2022
| death_place =
| known for = ''[[Varnam (1989 film)|Varnam]]'' ''[[Mookilla Rajyathu]]''
| occupation = [[Film director]] [[screenwriter]] [[Information technology management|IT Head]]
| yearsactive = 1983 – 2003
| spouse = Seetha
| parents =
| relatives = Abhirami PhD (daughter)
}}

'''Raman Ashok Kumar''' (28 May 1961 – 25 September 2022), better known as '''Ashokan''', was an Indian filmmaker from [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Malayala Chalachithram |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?d=2723 |website=Malayala Chalachithram}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MSIDB |url=https://en.msidb.org/movies.php?tag=Search&director=Ashokan&limit=4 |website=MSIDB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Letterboxd |url=https://letterboxd.com/director/ashokan |website=Letterboxd}}</ref> He was also the Managing director of ''Auberon Technology'', an IT firm operating in Abu Dhabi and Kochi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malayalam filmmaker Ashokan dies at 60 after prolonged illness |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/malayalam-filmmaker-ashokan-dies-at-60-after-prolonged-illness-101664193848211.html |access-date=12 October 2022 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 September 2022}}</ref>

Joining as an assistant director in ''[[Aattakalasam]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=പൂമുഖം - അശോകൻ|url=https://m3db.com/ashokan-director |access-date=13 October 2022 |publisher=M3DB}}</ref> he mastered the skills in directing feature films during his seven-year tutelage with Malayalam film director [[J. Sasikumar]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Malayalam film director Ashokan dies |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/09/26/malayalam-film-director-ashokan-dies.html |access-date=12 October 2022 |publisher=[[Onmanorama]] |date=26 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Director sets trends in Malayalam hit movies|last=Prabhavathi|first=Nair|date=10 March 1995|work=Straits Times, Singapore}}</ref> Ashokan is known for his debut directorial ''[[Varnam (1989 film)|Varnam]]'' (1989), a commercial success<ref>{{cite news |title=Malayalam director Ashokan passes away at 60 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/malayalam-director-ashokan-passes-away-60-168283 |access-date=12 October 2022 |publisher=[[The News Minute]] |date=26 September 2022}}</ref> and ''[[Mookilla Rajyathu]]'', ''the terrific classic comedy that you won't get bored even if you watch it countless times'', as reviewed by [[The Times of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Weekend Recommendation! 5 Mollywood comedy films to watch this weekend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/weekend-recommendation-5-mollywood-comedy-films-to-watch-this-weekend/photostory/89662032.cms?picid=89662123 |access-date=14 October 2022 |issue=18 February 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Ashokan has also directed ''Kanappurangal'', which won the second best tele film at Kerala State television awards 2001.<ref>{{cite news |title=Television Awards - Kerala Culture.org |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/files/television%20award.pdf |access-date=12 October 2022 |publisher=www.keralaculture.org/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malayalam filmmaker Ashokan passes away at 60 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-filmmaker-ashokan-passes-away-at-60-8173659/ |access-date=12 October 2022 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=26 September 2022}}</ref>

Ashokan died in [[Kochi]] on 25 September 2022, at the age of 60.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Srijita |title=Noted Malayalam Filmmaker Ashokan Passes Away at 60 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/noted-malayalam-filmmaker-ashokan-passes-away-at-60-6043111.html |access-date=12 October 2022 |publisher=[[News 18]] |date=26 September 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==
; Films

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Actors !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Varnam (1989 film)|Varnam]]'' || Suresh Gopi, Jayaram, Ranjini|| Malayalam ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Saandram]]'' || Suresh Gopi, Parvathy, Innocent || Malayalam || Thaha as co-director
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Mookilla Rajyathu]]'' || Thilakan, Mukesh, Siddhique, Jagathy || Malayalam || Thaha as co-director
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Aacharyan]]'' || Thilakan, Sreenivasan, Suresh Gopi || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Kanappurangal'' || || Malayalam || Tele film
|-
|}

== References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2794076}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashokan}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]

Gangaram Tiwari

2026-01-24T08:43:45Z

Svetlhdm: adding initial info first draft.

{{Short description|Indian politician and trade unionist}}
'''Gangaram Tiwari''' (born 1920) was an Indian politician and trade unionist. Tiwari was an active organizer of the Indore Mill Mazdoor Sangh (IMMS), a union of textile workers in [[Indore]], in the 1940s and 1950s. He was a Member of the Legislative Assembly of [[Madhya Pradesh]] from 1962 to 1972, and served as Minister for Public Works and Minister of Labour and Housing in the state government.

==Youth==
Gangaram Tiwari was born in Inayati village ([[Karauli State]]) on December 25, 1920, the son of Ramprasad Tiwari.<ref name=infa73/><ref name=swa>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=f7AeAAAAMAAJ Madhyapradeśa ke svatantratā saṅgrāma sainika: Indaura, Ujjaina, evaṃ Gvāliyara sambhāga]''. Bhāshā Sañcālanālaya, Madhyapradeśa Śāsana. p. 16</ref> He hailed from a [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]] family from [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=rwjo278/> His family were ''[[Katha (storytelling format)|kathavachaks]]'', folk musicians who performed ''[[bhajan]]s'' (hymns) and musical story-telling rooted in Hindu religious traditions.<ref name=rwjo278/> Growing up in humble conditions, he was unable to finish his secondary education.<ref name=rwjo278>Rodney W. Jones. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Mxe6EAAAQBAJ Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System]''. Univ of California Press, 2023. p. 278</ref>

He took part in the 1941 Kotawali Todo movement.<ref name=swa/> Tiwari also took part in the 1942 [[Quit India]] movement.<ref name=infa73/> He was arrested and sentenced to 6 years of rigorous imprisonment.<ref name=infa73>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=cGVmAAAAMAAJ India Who's who]''. INFA Publications, 1973. p. 259</ref> In jail Tiwari befriended trade unionists [[V.V. Dravid]] and [[Ramsingh Bhai Verma]], who recruited Tiwari to their cause.<ref name=rwjo274>Rodney W. Jones. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Mxe6EAAAQBAJ Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System]''. Univ of California Press, 2023. p. 274</ref> Tiwari was held at [[Indore]] and [[Mandleshwar]] jails between August 20, 1942 and November 29, 1943, being released after 15 months of imprisonment.<ref name=infa73/><ref name=swa/>

==Indore labour leader and local Congress politician==
After being released from jail Tiwari helped Dravid and Verma to rebuild the Indore Mill Mazdoor Sangh trade union of textile workers in Indore.<ref name=rwjo274/> Tiwari emerged as the most important of the second-tier leaders of the IMMS, playing a key role in field organizing and political education.<ref name=rwjo278/> In his role as IMMS labour organizer he benefited from being familiar with public performances from his family upbringing.<ref name=rwjo278/> Workers appreciated his use of humour in speeches.<ref name=rwjo278/>

Tiwari was the Indian workers delegate at the 1954 [[International Labour Conference]] in [[Geneva]].<ref name=infa73/>

Ahead of the 1955 municipal election, Tiwari was active in the Mohalla Sudhar Samiti movement which was an initiative to build an IMMS-linked parallel Congress organization to seize the Indore City Congress Committee.<ref name=rwjo168>Rodney W. Jones. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Mxe6EAAAQBAJ Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System]''. Univ of California Press, 2023. p. 168</ref> Tiwari was installed as the Indore City Congress Committee president in 1955, and retained the role in 1856.<ref name=rwjo87>Rodney W. Jones. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Mxe6EAAAQBAJ Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System]''. Univ of California Press, 2023. p. 87</ref>

Tiwari contested the labour seat (Indore City East) in the [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=rwjo89>Rodney W. Jones. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Mxe6EAAAQBAJ Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System]''. Univ of California Press, 2023. p. 89</ref><ref name=ecimp57/> Tiwari was defeated by communist candidate [[Homi F. Daji]], finishing in second place with 10,903 votes (39.50%).<ref name=rwjo89/><ref name=ecimp57>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150424113813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_MP_1957.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1957 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH]''</ref> Tiwari was the sole Congress Party candidate defeated in Indore.<ref name=rwjo89/> Daji won in 39 out of 58 polling stations, with similar vote-shares in both labour and non-labour areas.<ref name=rwjo295>Rodney W. Jones. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Mxe6EAAAQBAJ Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System]''. Univ of California Press, 2023. p. 295</ref>

==1962 elections and split with Verma==
Tiwari won the Indore City East seat in the [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], obtaining 18,617 votes (48.80%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150509125904/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_MP_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH]''</ref> In parallel Verma had contested the [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore Lok Sabha (parliament) seat]], and lost. Tiwari got more votes than Verma in the Indore labour area.<ref name=dbro>Donald B. Rosenthal. ''[https://ia601306.us.archive.org/23/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.121352/2015.121352.The-City-In-Indian-Politics.pdf The City in Indian Politics]''. Thomson Press (India), 1976. p. 86</ref> After Verma's parliamentary bid failure, conflict emerged between Verma and Dravid-Tiwari factions in IMMS.<ref name=rwjo302>Rodney W. Jones. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Mxe6EAAAQBAJ Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System]''. Univ of California Press, 2023. pp. 302-303</ref>

An issue that aggravated conflict between Verma and Dravid-Tiwari was a secret deal struck between Verma and [[R.C. Jall]] (representing mill owner interests), whereby a 'four-loom system' would be introduced (the 'four-loom system' entailed higher pay managing more looms, but the introduction of the system also implied the dismissal of thousands of workers).<ref name=rwjo302/> Dravid and Tiwari vehemetly opposed the deal, and as Labour Minister Dravid took steps to introduce legislation that would allow fired workers to seek assistance in courts even without the assistance of the Verma-led IMMS.<ref name=rwjo302/>

After the Verma-Jall pact, Tiwari began raising concerns on Verma's behaviour.<ref name=rwjo302/> Tiwari's critique centred around alleged behavioural issues of Verma during the preparations of a June 1963 exhibition of the Mahila Vikas Mandir (a women's organization linked to IMMS).<ref name=rwjo302/> Verma responded by organizing a number of fierce public meetings, challenging the reputation of Tiwari.<ref name=rwjo302/> There were four key accusations raised against Tiwari - that he conspired with leading communists, that he mixed religion and politics (by making references to the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' on morals, including in the attacks against Verma), that he had failed to pay his dues from his Member of Legislative Assembly salary to the union and that he had defamed Verma by saying the latter had consorted with girls ahead of the Mahila Vikas Mandir exhibit (and managed to circulate the claims, via communist interlocutors, to the leftist weekly newspaper ''Sputnik'').<ref name=rwjo302/> On June 5, 1963 Verma brought a no-confidence motion to remove Tiwari as the IMMS secretary.<ref name=rwjo302/> Verma failed to get enough votes to oust Tiwari at the June 5, 1963 meeting, but managed to get a committee formed (stacked with Verma confidants) to investigate Tiwari.<ref name=rwjo302/>

On June 23, 1963 Verma organized an IMMS Pratinidhi Mandal (Delegates Meeting), seeking to oust Tiwari as IMMS secretary. Tiwari himself was allowed to be present at the meetings, but others seen as Tiwari confidants were blocked from participating. Fourteen accusations against Tiwari were read out at the meeting, with Tiwari's personal diary (which had been stolen the previous week) being used as evidence. The meeting decided to expel Tiwari from the union.<ref name=rwjo304>Rodney W. Jones. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Mxe6EAAAQBAJ Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System]''. Univ of California Press, 2023. pp. 304-305, 308, 312</ref> Tiwari responded by going to the Industrial Court, which issued a stay order on Tiwari's expulsion from the IMMS. The court ordered that Tiwari remain as the IMMS secretary until the Court had taken a decision.<ref name=rwjo304/>

During the ensuing months there were violent clashes between Verma and Tiwari supporters.<ref name=rwjo304/> Initially it appeared that Verma had the upper hand in the conflict, and Verma controlled Shram Shibir (the IMMS headquarters). But Tiwari's influence among the Indore textile workers gradually grew. On December 13, 1963 Tiwari led a public rally of 5,000 workers to the gates of Shram Shibir, demanding the payment of a bonus and shouting anti-Verma slogans.<ref name=rwjo304/>

The central leadership of the [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]] (INTUC) sought to mediate between the warring Indore factions, sending [[Kashi Nath Pandey]] as the arbitrator. On January 19, 1964, the day that Pandey was set to arrive, the Verma faction was organizing a Pratinidhi Sabha (Assembly of Delegates). Tiwari on the other hand mobilized 7,000 workers to the streets, blocking traffic. The rally was the largest public gathering of the IMMS factional conflict. The Dravid-Tiwari faction besieged Shram Shibir, which Pandey had reportedly entered through a rear door. Pandey came out of the gates to speak with the protestors. The January 19, 1964 showed to the INTUC central leadership that it was Dravid and Tiwari that had a real mass base in Indore, which tipped the scales to their favour. The central leadership intervened, and Verma resigned from his post as IMMS president.<ref name=rwjo317>Rodney W. Jones. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Mxe6EAAAQBAJ Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System]''. Univ of California Press, 2023. p. 317</ref> In February 1964 the central leadership of INTUC dissolved the INTUC Madhya Pradesh and IMMS committees.<ref name=rwjo321/> Dravid was installed as the new president of INTUC Madhya Pradesh State Committee and Tiwari was installed as the new president of IMMS.<ref name=rwjo321/>

From 1963 onward Tiwari emerged as the protégé of the new Chief Minister [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]] (also a [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]]) within the Indore labour movement.<ref name=rwjo278/> As Mishra side-lined Dravid in favour of Tiwari, tensions would gradually grow between Dravid and Tiwari (eventually leading to the pro-Congress Indore labour movement being divided into three factions - Verma, Dravid and Tiwari factions).<ref name=rwjo91/><ref name=rwjo321>Rodney W. Jones. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Mxe6EAAAQBAJ Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System]''. Univ of California Press, 2023. pp. 320-321</ref> After the ousting of Verma from the IMMS leadership and Tiwari having become an ally of Mishra, Tiwari was made a trustee of the Indore Improvement Trust in 1963 (and remained in this role until 1967).<ref name=rwjo245>Rodney W. Jones. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Mxe6EAAAQBAJ Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System]''. Univ of California Press, 2023. pp. 245-246</ref> Tiwari was the first sitting Member of Legislative Assembly to hold this position.<ref name=rwjo245/>

During his tenures as Member of Legislative Assembly Tiwari studied to complete his high school and college credits, eventually obtaining a M.A. degree in [[Hindi literature]] from the [[University of Indore]].<ref name=rwjo278/>

On November 9, 1966, in the wake of the [[1966 anti-cow slaughter riot|anti-cow slaughter riot in Delhi]], Tiwari and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] prant sanghchalak Ram Narayan Shastri led 5,000 strong ''gauraksha'' ('cow protection') rally in Indore.<ref>[[Christophe Jaffrelot]]. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PA210 The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)]''. Penguin Books India, 1999. p. 210</ref>

==Minister==
Tiwari was the sole Indore INTUC faction candidate in the [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=dbro/><ref name=rwjo91>Rodney W. Jones. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Mxe6EAAAQBAJ Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System]''. Univ of California Press, 2023. pp. 91-92</ref> Tiwari won the Indore labour seat ([[Indore-2 Assembly constituency|Indore-II]]), obtaining 19,735 votes (43.87%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150509130951/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madhya%20Pradesh%201967.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH]''</ref><ref name=dbro/> Tiwari narrowly defeated the prominent communist Mill Mazdoor Union leader Harisingh.<ref name=rwjo91/><ref name=rwjo321/> Notably, Tiwari had wished for a safer seat to contest.<ref name=dbro/> He ended up being the sole Congress Party candidate winning in Indore.<ref name=dbro/><ref name=rwjo91/> Tiwari was sworn in as Minister of Public Works Department (Buildings and Roads) on March 8, 1967.<ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=4EykDYgsw80C Indian Recorder and Digest, Vol. 13]''. 1967. p. 23</ref>

Tiwari held various leadership roles in the Indian National Congress and INTUC - He served as general secretary of INTUC in Madhya Pradesh, and was a member of the District Congress Committee, [[Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee]] and the [[All India Congress Committee]].<ref name=swa/><ref name=infa73/> Tiwari became the Indore City Congress Committee president again in 1968 and 1969.<ref name=rwjo87>Rodney W. Jones. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Mxe6EAAAQBAJ Urban Politics in India: Area, Power, and Policy in a Penetrated System]''. Univ of California Press, 2023. p. 87</ref> He would go on to be named Minister of Labour and Housing in the Madhya Pradesh state cabinet.<ref name=infa73/> The relationship between Dravid and Tiwari worsened after the latter was named Labour Minister.<ref name=comm/> Reportedly Tiwari gathered INTUC leaders at his ministerial residence in Bhopal for an informal meeting to plot the removal of Dravid from the post as president of INTUC in Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=comm/>

==Fall from grace==
On the eve of December 23, 1969 Tiwari went to the house of a female nurse in the [[BHEL Township, Bhopal|Heavy Electricals Township]] in [[Bhopal]].<ref name=iwi/> The events that followed would be subject to dispute. Reportedly police rescued Tiwari from the site the next morning, as community members were lynching him after he had assaulted the nurse.<ref name=iwi/> The nurse filed a complaint against Tiwari at the Govindpura police station at Bhopal in the morning of December 24, 1969.<ref name=iwi/><ref name=ird/> In her statement, the nurse stated that Tiwari had threatened her with engineering his dismissal from the BHEL Hospital unless she had sex with him.<ref name=link70/>

Another complaint filed with the police, done by a group of trade unionists, claimed that Tiwari was being blackmailed and had been tricked into going to the house through a fake Christmas Eve party invitation.<ref name=iwi/> Later the nurse changed her narrative in an filed before the Additional Civil Judge of Indore, stating that her complaint lodged at the Bhopal police had been done under pressure.<ref name=ird/> She stated that her house had been stormed by two armed individuals who had forced her to be photographed with Tiwari in a 'compromising position' at gunpoint.<ref name=iwi/> The incident became publicly known as the 'nurse episode'.<ref name=ird/><ref name=link70/>

Tiwari tendered his resignation on January 2, 1970.<ref name=ird/> According to the magazine ''Link'' Tiwari had been reluctant to tender his resignation, but had been pressured by others in the government.<ref name=link70/> Chief Minister [[Shyama Charan Shukla|S.C. Shukla]] publicly expressed that he suspected that Tiwari had been framed by political opponents.<ref name=link70>''Madhya Pradesh - Tiwari Tenders Resignation'', in ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=4eoxAQAAIAAJ Link: Indian Newsmagazine, Vol. 12, Part III]''. 1970. p. 18</ref> The Chief Minister did not accept Tiwari's resignation, pending the conclusion of the investigation into the case.<ref name=iwi>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=LWc6AQAAIAAJ The Illustrated Weekly of India, Vol. 91]''. Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press, 1970. p. 12</ref><ref name=ird/> On January 9, 1970 the opposition brought a no-confidence motion against the Shukla cabinet over the nurse episode, as well as other issues of complaints of corruption and misuse of funds.<ref name=ird>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=_qIvAAAAMAAJ Indian Recorder and Digest, Vol. 16]''. 1970. p. 23</ref> There were rumours that Cooperation Minister K.N. Pradhan, who had previously brokered a truce between Dravid and Tiwari, had been the architect of the 'nurse episode' plot.<ref name=comm/>

Tensions between Tiwari and Dravid eventually led to an open split in INTUC.<ref name=comm>''Congress split tells on INTUC'', in ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=F8MRAQAAMAAJ Commerce, June 13, 1970, issue 3084, Vol. 120]''. Commerce Publications, 1970. p. 1232</ref> Tiwari was accused of fomenting labour unrest in [[Ujjain]], where INTUC had entered into an agreement with the textile mill owners. At a INTUC meeting in [[Nagda]] in early June 1970 Tiwari and four others walked out in protest.<ref name=comm/> Tiwari then organized a parallel session, and accused Dravid of dictatorial management of INTUC and being opposed to [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=comm/> Dravid held a press conference in Bhopal, accusing Tiwari of anti-labour and anti-INTUC policies.<ref name=comm/> But as Tiwari's group was limited to Ujjain, the national INTUC leadership never gave it any recognition.<ref name=comm/>

Eventually Chief Minister Shukla had to cave to the pressure from the Dravid-led INTUC to get Tiwari out of the cabinet.<ref name=link71/> In May 1971 Tiwari was removed from the post of Minister of Labour.<ref name=link71>''MADHYA PRADESH Cabinet Reshuffle'', in ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=WGxDAAAAYAAJ Link, May 23, 1971]''. United India Periodicals, 1971. pp. 20-21</ref> K.N. Pradhan was given the Labour portfolio.<ref name=link71/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Tiwari, Gangaram. [https://indianlabourarchives.org/handle/20.500.14121/788?mode=full इंदौर के मज़दूर आंदोलन का संक्षिप्त इतिहास] (Short History of the Labour Movement of Indore). Indore Mill Mazdoor Sangh Prakashan, 1967
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Gangaram}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Indore]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1967–1972]]

Prithivishena II

2026-01-22T07:31:58Z

Svetlhdm: Made the post w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Mahārāja
| image =
| caption =
| succession = Vakataka king of Nandivardhana-Pravarapura
| reign = c. 480 – 500 CE
| predecessor = [[Narendrasena]]
| successor =
| spouse =
| issue =
| house = [[Vakataka]]
| father = Narendrasena
| mother = Ajjhitabhattarika
}}
{{Vakataka Infobox}}
'''Prithivishena II''' ([[IAST]]: ''Pṛthivīṣeṇa''; {{reign|{{circa|480}}|500/505 CE}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=Ajay Mitra |title=Vakatakas: Sources and History |date=1997 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=9788173051234 |page=188}}</ref>) was a ruler of the Nandivardhana-Pravarapura branch of the [[Vakataka dynasty]]. He succeeded his father [[Narendrasena]] as Maharaja. Prithivishena II is the last known king of the main Vakataka line, which is no longer attested after his reign.

==Early life==
Prithivishena was born to Narendrasena and his wife Ajjhitabhattarika, a princess of [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]].<ref name = "sircar">{{cite book |author1=D.C. Sircar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |title=The Classical Age |date=1997 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=184 |edition=Fifth}}</ref> He was probably born while his father was still a Crown Prince during the reign of [[Pravarasena II]], Prithivishena's grandfather. [[Anant Sadashiv Altekar|A.S. Altekar]] suggests that when Prithivishena was a youth of about 20 years, he aided his father in repulsing the [[Nala dynasty|Nalas]] of the [[Bastar state|Bastar]] region who had invaded the Vakataka kingdom.<ref name = "altekar">{{cite book |author1=A.S. Altekar |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R.C. |editor2-last=Altekar |editor2-first=A.S. |title=The Vakataka-Gupta Age |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsi Dass |isbn=9788120800434 |page=110}}</ref>

==Reign==
Prithivishena's inscriptions refer to him twice rescuing the "sunken fortunes of his family".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2016 |publisher=Pearson India Education Services |isbn=9788131716779 |page=483}}</ref> It is unclear what these two instances were. Altekar suggests that the first instance was the aforementioned repulsion of the Nalas during the reign of Prithivishena's father, and the second instance relates to war with the aggressive [[Traikutaka dynasty|Traikutaka]] king Dahrasena, who is known to have performed an ''[[ashwamedha]]'' horse sacrifice and whose growing kingdom bordered the Vakataka realm on the west.<ref name = "altekar" /> [[Dineshchandra Sircar|D.C. Sircar]] agrees with Altekar that an invasion by the Nalas constituted the first instance when Prithivishena had to retrieve the family's fortunes, and suggests that the second instance relates to a conflict with [[Harishena]] of the Vatsagulma branch of the [[Vakataka dynasty]].<ref name = "sircar" /> Notably, the seals on Prithivishena's charters reveal a more militant character than that of his predecessors, as they indicate that the king was "desirous of conquering".<ref name = "bakker">{{cite book |last1=Bakker |first1=Hans |title=The Vakatakas: An Essay in Hindu Iconology |date=1997 |publisher=Egbert Forsten |location=Groningen |isbn=9069801000 |page=51}}</ref> However, we have no details of any of the wars which might have involved Prithivishena.

Prithivishena was a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] who was described as a ''Parama-bhagavata'' or devout worshipper of Bhagavat (i.e. [[Vishnu]]).<ref name = "sircar" /> This represented a reversion from the avowed [[Shaivism]] of his illustrious grandfather Pravarasena II. Prithivishena might have been inspired by the Vaishnavite faith of his great-grandmother [[Prabhavatigupta]], because just like his great-grandmother Prithivishena issued his first public charter from the Vaishnavite religious sanctuary of Ramagiri.<ref name = "bakker" />

==Successors==
Prithivishena had no known successors from his own line, which seems to come to an end following his death. It is possible that Harishena of the Vatsagulma branch took over the leadership of the Vakataka family after Prithivishena's death. An inscription at [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] describes Harishena as the conqueror of many countries including [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]], [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti]], [[Lata (region)|Lata]], [[Dakshina Kosala|Koshala]], [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], and [[Andhra]], and it is unlikely that Harishena could have extended his influence so widely without first securing the possession of some territories of the main Vakataka branch.<ref name = "altekar" />

There also exists abundant evidence that the [[Vishnukundins]] had a significant presence in parts of [[Vidarbha]] following the reign of Prithivishena. A hoard of loose coins found at Paunar in the [[Wardha district]] contain some coins which can be assigned to the reign of Prithivishena II, but a majority of them seem to be struck by the Vishnukundins.<ref name = "vishnukundin">Bakker (1997), p. 56</ref> Vishnukundin coins have also been found at Vakataka sites in the [[Gondia district]]. On the basis of this evidence, [[Ajay Mitra Shastri]] believes that the Vishnukundin king [[Madhava Varma II|Madhavavarman II Janashraya]], who is known to have married a Vakataka princess, took control of a large portion of the former Vakataka kingdom and extended his conquests as far as the [[Narmada River]] immediately after the death of Prithivishena.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=Ajay Mitra |title=Early History of the Deccan: Problems and Perspectives |date=1987 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=9788185067063 |pages=132-137}}</ref> [[Hans Bakker]] has a similar view and holds that Prithivishena had to accept a significant Vishnukundin presence in his realm to resist the Nalas, and those Vishnukundins became politically dominant over parts of the erstwhile Vakataka kingdom following Prithivishena's death.<ref name = "vishnukundin" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Vakataka kings]]
[[Category:5th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:6th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:5th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:6th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Date of death unknown]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vakataka, Prithivishena II}}

Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad

2025-12-26T07:14:51Z

Svetlhdm: fixed issues

{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = Deshaavathaaram4 narasimham.jpg
| caption = [[Narasimha]] [[avatar]]
| alt =
| name = Nrisimha Tapaniya
| Devanagari = नृसिंह तापनीय
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Nṛsiṁha-Tāpanīya
| meaning = Asceticism for the Man-Lion
| composition_date = before 7th-century CE
| type = Vaishnava
| Veda = [[Atharvaveda]]
| chapters = Two Upanishads - Purva Tapaniya and Uttara Tapaniya
| verses = Five divisions in the first, and nine chapters in the second Upanishad
| philosophy = [[Vaishnava]]
| commentary =
}}{{Short description|Hindu Vaishnava scripture}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
The '''''Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad''''' (नृसिंह तापनीय उपनिषद्) is a [[Upanishad]]ic text written in [[Sanskrit]]. It is one of the 31 Upanishads attached to the [[Atharvaveda]],{{Sfn|Prasoon|2008|p=82}} and classified as one of the [[Vaishnava Upanishads]].{{Sfn|Tinoco |1997|p=87}} It is presented in two parts, the Purva Tapaniya Upanishad and the Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad, which formed the main scriptures of the [[Narasimha]] sect of the [[Vaishnavas]] dated prior to the 7th century.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=809-858}}{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191}}{{Sfn|Farquhar|1920|p=188}}

The text is notable for asserting at fourfold identity, that [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul, self) is the same as [[Om]], [[Brahman]] (Absolute Reality) and [[Vishnu]] Man-Lion avatar, ''[[Narsimha|Nrisimha]]''.{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191}}{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|p=835}} The Upanishad opens with verses of the [[Rigveda]].{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191}} Its foundation of monism philosophy, as well its style is also found in other Vaishnava Upanishads such as those dedicated to [[Rama]].{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191}}{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=809-810, 835, 859-861}}

The Nrisimha Mantra, with its four supplementary mantras, is enunciated with the epithet "mantraraja" (king of hymns). It has "[[Om]]" as the foremost hymn which is repeatedly emphasized throughout this Upanishad. The text discusses Nrisimha Mantra and related hymns.{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191}}

The text is also referred to as '''''Narasimha-tapani Upanishad''''' and '''''Nrisimhatapanopanishad''''' ({{langx|sa| नृसिंहोत्तरतापनीयोपनिषत्}}).

==Date==
The century in which Nrsimha-tapani Upanishad text was composed is unclear. Farquhar dates it to be complete before the 7th century CE, because [[Gaudapada]] mentioned it.{{Sfn|Farquhar|1920|p=188-189, 266 with footnotes}} It is also commented upon by Adi Shankaracharya and his commentary on it is mentioned in the Shankara Digvijaya of Vidyaranya. Sayana, the famous commentator of the Vedas quotes it to explain the 5th mantra of the Purusha Sukta in his commentary on the Rig Veda.

Lamb dates the text to "well before the 7th-century".{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191}}

==Contents==
The Upanishad's invocation and concluding hymns are prayers to the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], [[Indra]], [[Surya]], and [[Garuda]] as destroyers of evil, seeking blessings of eyes to see, and offer obeisance to enjoy a life span that the divine being ordains. [[Brihaspati]], the deity of prayer or devotion, is also invoked to bestow health, prosperity, and peace.<ref name= Ramachander>{{Cite web|last= Ramachander |first= P. R. |url=http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/atharva_veda/nrisimhapoorvatapaniya.html|title=Nrisimha Poorva Tapaniya Upanishad|access-date=29 June 2015|publisher=Vedanta Spiritual Library}}</ref><ref name=Rahasya>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vedarahasya.net/nrisimha.htm|title=Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad (Part of the Atharva Veda)|access-date=2 May 2015|publisher=Vedarahasya.net}}</ref>

The Upanishad is presented in two parts, ''Poorva Tapaniya Upanishad'', which has five sub divisions that are also called Upanishads, and the ''Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad'', which consists of nine sections.{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

===Nrsimha Purva Tapaniya Upanishad===
{{Quote box
|quote ='''{{large|ॐ, Atman, Brahman}}'''
<poem>
[[Om]]! This syllable is the whole world.
Its explanation is as follows:
The past, the present and the future,
all this is the sound Om.
And besides, what still lies beyond the three times,
that also is the sound Om.
All this, verily, is [[Brahman]],
but Brahman is this [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]].
</poem>
|source = —''Nrisimha '''Purva''' Tapaniya Upanishad'' 4.1{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=825}} —''Nrisimha '''Uttara''' Tapaniya Upanishad'' 1.1{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=837-838}}
|width = 39%
| bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
In the first part of this Upanishad, Nrisimha, also spelled Narasimha, is described as an avatar or incarnation of Lord Vishnu born in the [[anthropomorphic]] form of half human and half lion and seen in two colours of black and golden red. He takes this form to put an end to the evil deeds of the demon who had a boon that he cannot be killed by a human nor by an animal. The demon was also the father of [[Prahlada]], who was persecuting his own son for being a Vishnu devotee. {{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}<ref name=Rahasya/>

In the second part, a long chapter, the significance of the Nrisimha Mantra as an important hymn to recite to overcome death and enjoy family life is emphasized.{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}} The key words used in the Nrisimha Mantra to worship Nrisimha are: "''Ugra'' (fierce), ''Veera'' (heroic), [[Mahavishnu|Maha Vishnu]], ''Jwalantham'' (burning), Nrisimha (half man and half lion), [[Trivikrama]] (one who measures the world in three steps), ''Bheeshanam'' (fear full), ''Bhadram'' (safe), and ''Mruthyu-Mruthyum'' (death and deathlessness).”<ref name= Ramachander/>

In the third long section of the Purva Tapaniya, the Devas appeal to Brahma to teach them the meaning and benefits of Nrisimha Mantra, known as the king of all chants, which is set in ''anushtap'' meter (eight lettered rhythmic structure), which Brahma agrees to explain.{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}} Brahma explains that [[Maya (illusion)|illusion]] or ''maya'' is personified by Nrisimha which in turn is identified as Om.<ref name= Ramachander/>

In the fourth division, another long chapter, Brahma explains that the benefits of the Nrisimha Mantra, all of which is extracted from the Vedas,{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=825-828}} as a combination of: [[Pranava]] that is Om or [[Om|AUM]]; [[Gayatri Mantra|Savitri]] an eight lettered hymn, which gives prosperity and wealth; Yajur Lakshmi, a twenty four lettered hymn which will usher fame and prosperity; and ''Nrisimha Gayathri'' hymn in which [[Vedas]] and Devas are imbibed.{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

In the fifth division of this Upanishad, Brahma explains the importance of the [[Sudarshana Chakra]], also known as Maha Chakra, which would fulfill one's wishes and opens the way to ''moksha'' or liberation. Reciting this mantra daily without any aspirations would help overcome "fire, wind, sun, moon, devas, plants and poison".{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}} At the center of this Sudarshana Chakra, Om as the Taraka mantra of Nrisimha are inscribed.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=829-831}} These are: [[Sudarshana]] (on six petals), [[Narayana]] (on eight petals), [[Vasudeva]] (on 12 petals), and ''mathruka'' (on 16 petals). The old Vedic gods are placed in the realm of Maya, that is outside the circle.{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|pp=829-831}}

===Nrsimha Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad===
[[File:Attendants of Vishnu (with Sudarshana Chakra) (6124500291).jpg|thumb|The Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad describes Sudarshana chakra mandala, which developed into protective amulets, a weapon (11th century, above), but also a means to meditate on Atman.<ref>D Dennis Hudson (2008), The Body of God, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195369229}}, page 482</ref>]]
The Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad which has nine sections, and starts with a request made to Brahma by the devas to enlighten them on the aspects of AUM and the soul or [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]]. He explains that soul is an aspect of God which is more than all knowledge.<ref name=Rahasya/><ref name=Vedanta>{{Cite web|url=http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/atharva_veda/nrisimhauttaratapaniya.html|title= Nrisimha Uttara Tapaniya Upanishad|access-date=29 June 2015 |publisher=Vedanta Spiritual Library}}</ref> {{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

In the second section Brahman's four divisions, which match with the four letters of OM, are explained. The letters of AUM and reciting the Nrisimha Mantra would also enable understanding of the [[Turiya]] or fourth state of pure consciousness.<ref name=Rahasya/>{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

In the third section explanation is provided on intense meditation of Om and subsuming everything in pure consciousness.{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

In the fourth section, the meditation upon the soul as [[Om]]kara and Parabramha with pure consciousness of Pranava sound is elaborated.<ref name=Rahasya/> {{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

The fifth section explains that one who meditates using the Om symbol exists as [[Brahman]] and attains Brahman. It is also stated that worship of the soul is the same as reciting the letter AUM, which will result in realization of Brahman in the form of Nrisimha. Such a meditation will also make a person realize Parabramha as Parabramha Nrisimha.{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

In the sixth section importance of the worship of Nrisimha by devas to over come the evil qualities within them is emphasized. Its four effects on them are explained. The
seventh section deals with aspects of [[meditation]].{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}} The eighth section pertains to the soul or Nrisimha. The soul is stated to be fully entwined with state of Turiya or pure consciousness.<ref name=Vedanta/>{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

In the ninth section [[Prajapati]] explains the meaning of "AUM", that is the soul and its presence as a mere witness. The lion form is stated to be an illusion, a form beyond thought, which is seen in different forms due to ignorance. The sensory organs are not able to perceive it and hence it is not known even when it is apparently known. Prajapati tells the devas to perceive "Atma" as "I am it and it is me". The devas obeyed the commands of Prajapati and as a result all their illusions vanished.<ref name=Vedanta/>{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=399}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last= Deussen|first=Paul| title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA809|year= 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Farquhar|first=John Nicol |title=An Outline of the Religious Literature of India|url=https://archive.org/stream/outlineofreligio00farqrich#page/n9/mode/2up |year=1920| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-89581-765-5}}
*{{cite book|last= Lamb |first=Ramdas |title=Rapt in the Name: The Ramnamis, Ramnam, and Untouchable Religion in Central India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dv1nxyOTgN0C&pg=PA191|date=29 August 2002|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-5386-5}}
*{{cite book|last= Prasoon |first=Prof.S.K. |title=Indian Scriptures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvmAwVXPKbQC&pg=PT82|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1007-8}}
*{{cite book|last= Nair |first=Shantha N. |title=Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzFvE0IR7rkC&pg=PT399|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1020-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Tinoco |first=Carlos Alberto |title=Upanishads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xoNEM63hZEC&pg=PA87|year=1997|publisher=IBRASA|isbn=978-85-348-0040-2}}

==External links==

{{Mukhya Upanishads}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]

2002–03 Durand Cup final

2025-12-25T18:06:07Z

Svetlhdm:

{{Short description|Football competition in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2002–03 Durand Cup final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[Durand Cup|2002–03 Durand Cup]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| team1score = 3
| team2 = [[Army Red (football team)|Army XI]]
| team2score = 0
| details =
| date = 10 January 2003
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
| city = [[Delhi]]
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Tushar Rakshit]]
| attendance = 10,000 (approx.)
| weather =
| previous = 2001–02
| next = 2003
}}
The '''2002–03 Durand Cup final''' was the 115th final of the [[Durand Cup]], the oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giant [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] and [[Army Red (football team)|Army XI]] on 10 January 2003 at the [[Ambedkar Stadium]] in Delhi.<ref name=ifa2000>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india03.html|title=115th "Pepsi" Durand Cup 2002/03 |work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=5 Nov 2021}}</ref><ref name=ifa2000a>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2002-03durandcup.html|title=115th "Pepsi" Durand Cup 2002/03|work=indianfootball.de|accessdate=5 Nov 2021}}</ref>

East Bengal won the final 3–0 to claim their 15th Durand Cup title. [[Mike Okoro]], [[Kalia Kulothungan]] and [[Douglas Silva (footballer, born 1974)|Douglas Silva]] scored three goals in the second half as East Bengal won the title.<ref name=final>{{cite web|first=Novy|last=Kapadia|date=11 January 2003|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-destroy-army-in-nine-minute-blitz-durand-cup-l-tushar-rakshit-turns-saviour-as-calcutta-giants-romp-to15th-title/cid/1032047|title=East Bengal destroy Army in nine-minute blitz - durand cup l Tushar Rakshit turns saviour as Calcutta giants romp to15th title|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=5 Nov 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=East Bengal win Durand Cup for 15th time|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/durand/20030110.htm|access-date=2021-08-04|website=Rediff|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804133810/https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/durand/20030110.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Route to the final==
{{see also|IFA Shield}}

===East Bengal===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;"

!scope=col width="120" | Date
!scope=col width="80" | Round
!scope=col width="120" | Opposition
!scope=col width="80" | Score
|-
| 4 January 2003
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| [[Air India FC|Air India]]
| 4–0
|-
| 6 January 2003
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| MEG
| 0–1
|-
| 8 January 2003
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi Final
| [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]]
| 1–0
|}

East Bengal entered the 2002–03 Durand Cup as one of the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] teams. They were allocated into Group B alongside MEG FC and [[Air India FC|Air India]]. In the opening game East Bengal defeated Air India 4–0. [[Mike Okoro]] scored a brace, Sashti Duley scored one and Osberne D'Souza scored an own-goal. In the second game, East Bengal suffered a 0–1 defeat to MEG, Bangalore as Ajith Kumar scored the only goal of the game. East Bengal still topped the group with a better goal difference and progressed into the last four. In the semi-final, East Bengal defeated [[Salgaocar S.C.|Salgaocar]] 1–0 courtesy of a solitary strike by Mike Okoro as East Bengal reached the final.<ref name=ifa2000/><ref name=ifa2000a/>

===Army XI===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;"

!scope=col width="120" | Date
!scope=col width="80" | Round
!scope=col width="120" | Opposition
!scope=col width="80" | Score
|-
| 1 January 2003
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| Indian Telephone Industries
| 2–2
|-
| 3 January 2003
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
| 1–0
|-
| 7 January 2003
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi Final
| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
| 1–1 (5–3 pen)
|}

[[Army Red (football team)|Army XI]] entered the 2002–03 Durand Cup as one of the regimental teams and were allocated into Group C alongside [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]] and Indian Telephone Industries. In the opening game, Army XI drew 2–2 with Indian Telephone Industries. Raghu Kumar and Johny Gangmei scored for Army XI while Ibrahim Karim and Ignatious (own-goal) scored for ITI. In the second game, Army XI defeated Vasco 1–0 as Bikash Gurung scored the only goal and Army reached the last four In the semi-final, Army XI defeated [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] 5–3 in the penalty shootout after the game ended 1–1 after added extra time to reach the final for the first time. Saroj Gurung equalised for Army in the injury time for Army XI after [[Dipendu Biswas]] had scored for Mohammedan Sporting.<ref name=ifa2000/><ref name=ifa2000a/>

==Match==
===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=10 January 2003
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|report= [https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-destroy-army-in-nine-minute-blitz-durand-cup-l-tushar-rakshit-turns-saviour-as-calcutta-giants-romp-to15th-title/cid/1032047 Report]
|team2=[[Army Red (football team)|Army XI]]
|score= 3–0
|goals1=[[Mike Okoro]] {{goal|67}} [[Kalia Kulothungan]] {{goal|72}} [[Douglas Silva (footballer, born 1974)|Douglas Silva]] {{goal|77}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Delhi]]
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|attendance=10,000 (est.)
|referee=Binod Kumar Singh (Bihar)}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_b = _EastBengal_02_03_Home
| pattern_la = _goldshoulders
| pattern_ra = _goldshoulders
| pattern_so = _goldtop
| leftarm = ED1C24
| rightarm = ED1C24
| shorts = 000000
| socks = FF0000
| title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_b = _collarred 2
| pattern_la = _redborder
| pattern_ra = _redborder
| pattern_sh = _red_stripes_adidas
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = ffffff
| body = ffffff
| rightarm = ffffff
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = FFFFFF
| title = Army XI
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} VP Satish Kumar
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Surya Bikash Chakraborty
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Arun Malhotra
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Subashish Roy Chowdhury
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Y. Raju Singh
|-
|RM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shylo Malsawmtluanga]]
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Chandan Das ([[Captain (association football)|c]]) || || {{suboff|65}}
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Douglas Silva (footballer, born 1974)|Douglas Silva]]
|-
|LM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sasthi Duley
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Trijit Das || || {{suboff|36}}
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Mike Okoro]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kaustav Ghosh || || {{subon|36}} || || {{suboff|70}}
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tushar Rakshit]] || || {{subon|65}}
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kalia Kulothungan]] || || {{subon|70}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Bhowmick]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Abungobi Singh
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} S. Ramesh
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} S. Ignatius
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} L. Angan Sangai
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Johnny Gangmei
|-
|LM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Saroj Gurung
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Irudayaraj
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Bikash Gurung ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|RM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Preetam Bahadur
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Raghu Kumar
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Pradip Debnath
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} Tushar Kanti Majumdar
|}
|}
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"
|
'''Hero of the Match:''' [[Tushar Rakshit]] (East Bengal)

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.
*[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level.
|}

==See also==
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india03.html 115th "Pepsi" Durand Cup 2002/03], rsssf.com
* [http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2002-03durandcup.html 115th "Pepsi" Durand Cup 2002/03], indianfootball.de

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Durand Cup}}
{{SC East Bengal}}
{{2002-03 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2002-03 Durand Cup Final}}
[[Category:Durand Cup finals]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:2002–03 in Indian football]]
[[Category:Football competitions in New Delhi]]

1970–71 Durand Cup final

2025-12-25T18:05:08Z

Svetlhdm:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 1970–71 Durand Cup final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[Durand Cup|1970–71 Durand Cup]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan]]
| details =
| team1score = 2
| team2score = 0
| date = 4 February 1971
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]]
| city = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| referee = Trilok Lao
| attendance = 15,000 (estd.)
| weather =
| previous = 1969
| next = 1971
}}

The '''1970–71 Durand Cup final''' was the 66th final of the [[Durand Cup]], the oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giants [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan]] on 4 February 1971 at the [[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]].

East Bengal won the final 2–0 to claim their 6th Durand Cup title. [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]] scored both the goals in the final as East Bengal lifted their sixth Durand Cup title.<ref name=rsssf>{{cite web|first=Neil|last=Morrison|date=11 October 2022|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html|title=India - List of Durand Cup Finals|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=25 November 2022}}</ref>

==Route to the final==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
!Round
!colspan="2"| [[Mohun Bagan]]
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|Round
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''bye''
|colspan="1"|–
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|First round
|style="text-align:left"|Modernities
|colspan="1"|5–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan Police|Rajasthan Armed Constabulary]]
|colspan="1"|3–2
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Second round
|style="text-align:left"|LRDI Bengaluru
|colspan="1"|2–1
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Sikh Regimental Centre
|colspan="1"|4–2
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Quarter-final
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madras Regiment|Madras Regimental Centre]]
|colspan="1"|2–1
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Mafatlal
|colspan="1"|0–0; 1–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Semi-final
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|colspan="1"|1–1; 3–0
|-
|}

==Match==
===Summary===
The Durand Cup final began at the [[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]] on 4 February 1971 in front of a packed crowd as Kolkata giants [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan]] faced each other in a [[Kolkata Derby]]. East Bengal reached their eighth Durand Cup final after defeating Mafatlal 1–0 in the semi-final, having won the tournament five times previously in 1951, 1952, 1956, 1960, and 1967. Mohun Bagan reached their ninth Durand Cup final after they defeated another Kolkata giant [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] 3–0 in the semi-final, having won the tournament six times previously in 1953, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1964, and 1965.<ref name=rsssf/> -

East Bengal started the game with a positive intent and made multiple attacks at the Mohun Bagan goal and took the lead in the tenth minute when [[Ashok Chatterjee]] found [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]] open inside the box and the latter made no error to make it 1–0. East Bengal kept on attacking in the first half however, failed to increase their lead as the teams went onto halftime break. The second half began in the same way like the first and East Bengal doubled their lead in just ten minutes of the half when Mohammed Habib once again scored with a brilliant header from a cross by Swapan Sengupta to make it 2–0. East Bengal defence led by Sudhir Karmakar, [[Syed Nayeemuddin]], Sunil Bhattacharya and Santo Mitra managed to hold onto the lead as East Bengal lifted their sixth Durand Cup title.<ref name=rsssf/><ref name=final>{{cite news |date=5 February 1971 |title= ইস্টবেঙ্গলের ডুরান্ড বিজয় |trans-title=East Bengal are the champions of the Durand Cup |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ritabrata |last=Banerjee |date=7 April 2020|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-down-the-memory-lane-east-bengal-golden-era-1970/sm5c7t807v011wmkp5wjj6zvs|title=Indian Football: Down the memory lane - East Bengal’s ‘Golden era’ of 1970s|work=Goal|accessdate=28 November 2022}}</ref>

===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=4 February 1971
|time=15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|report=
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 2–0
|goals1=* [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Habib]] {{goal|10||55}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=15,000 (est.)
|referee=Trilok Lao}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _collar_buttons_2
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 234f1e
| body = 800000
| rightarm = 234f1e
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
| title = Mohun Bagan
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kanai Sarkar
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sudhir Karmakar
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shanto Mitra ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Syed Nayeemuddin]]
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sunil Bhattacharya
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prasanta Sinha]]
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kajal Mukherjee]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Swapan Sengupta
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashok Chatterjee]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shyam Thapa]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Hussain
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Balai Dey]]
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Chandreshwar Prasad
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Bhabani Ray
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kalon Saha
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shankar Sarkar
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shyamsundar Manna
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Priyalal Mazumdar
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahabir Prasad (footballer)|Mohabir Prasad]] || {{suboff|}}
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Bhowmick]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Pranab Ganguly || {{suboff|}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Debi Dutta || {{subon|}}
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Chandan Gupta || {{subon|}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun Ghosh]]
|}
|}

{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*Replay if scores still level.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html Durand Cup Finals]

{{Durand Cup}}
{{East Bengal Club}}

[[Category:Durand Cup finals]]
[[Category:1970–71 in Indian football]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:Football competitions in New Delhi]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:1970-71 Durand Cup Final}}

Eight Finger Eddie

2025-12-08T12:22:31Z

Svetlhdm: adding first post with sources.

{{Short description|American hippie (1924–2010)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Eight Finger Eddie
| image = Eight Finger Eddie.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Yertward Mazamanian
| birth_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|3|8}}
| death_date = {{dda|2010|10|18|1924|3|8}}
| death_place = [[Goa]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Businessman|bass player}}
| resting_place = [[Anjuna]], Goa, India
}}

'''Yertward Mazamanian''' (March 8, 1924 – October 18, 2010), better known as '''Eight Finger Eddie''', was an American businessman and former bass player. A [[hippie]], he was credited with popularizing the coastal state of [[Goa]], India as a hippie destination from the mid-1960s onward.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Earthman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_LbjgEACAAJ|title=Eight Finger Eddie: The Hippie History of Goa and Kathmandu|date=2015-12-11|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|isbn=978-1-5176-3442-1|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mazamanian was born with only three fingers on his right hand, and was one of seven children of Armenian immigrants from [[Istanbul]] who apparently settled near [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]. In his memoirs, he claimed to have been a [[Scout (Scouting)|Boy Scout]], a regular churchgoer and an "honors student" at school.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
During [[World War II]], he convinced an [[United States Army|Army]] psychiatrist that he was unfit for military service, and worked for a while for the [[General Electric Company plc|General Electric Company]] before being fired. He later wrote:<ref name=telegraph>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/8097614/Eight-Finger-Eddie.html Obituary, ''The Daily Telegraph'', 29 October 2010]</ref>

<blockquote>I abhor work, begrudging every moment I've wasted as a wage earner. My aim in life is to get through life doing what I want to do.</blockquote>

He performed occasionally as a [[Double bass|bass]] player in jazz bands, consumed large quantities of [[Prohibition of drugs|illegal drugs]], married, and divorced, before moving to [[Southern California]] around 1950. In the 1950s, he lived for a time in [[Mexico]], and in the early 1960s was based in [[Copenhagen]], traveling to [[Spain]], [[Morocco]] and elsewhere with friends in a [[camper van]]. Around 1964 he made his first trip to [[Iran]], [[India]] and [[Nepal]], eventually settling for a period at [[Colva]] in Goa. Around 1966, he settled at [[Anjuna]] beach in Goa, at that time "a tiny hamlet with a few tea stalls and houses dotting a pristine sandy beach".<ref name=ap>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101031095325/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gGTqHupYvRUlfX-p2M6pHONNlVpQ?docId=31013082db644eb09c6511326f76134d Associated Press, ''Goa's hippie pioneer dies in India's tourism mecca'']</ref> Mazamanian once stated:<ref name=telegraph/>

<blockquote>I was the first [[freak]] in Goa. I turned up and liked it so much, I just wanted to stay. And then others started coming. In those days, they came overland from Europe in camper vans and no one had any money ...</blockquote>

He started a soup kitchen at Anjuna, to assist the growing numbers of western travelers who came to the area as a final stopping place on the "[[hippie trail]]", and, in 1975, set up a [[flea market]] mainly for the foreign hippies wanting to barter their unwanted possessions and "hang out". The presence of Eddie and his companions was tolerated by locals, who would watch as the visitors "consulted the ''[[I Ching]]'', performed [[yoga|yogic exercises]], sucked earnestly on [[hashish]] pipes or argued over the true meaning of [[Bob Dylan]]'s [[Sad-Eyed Lady of the Lowlands]]."<ref name=telegraph/> Local writer Dominic Fernandes commented that "[T]hey were in love with this place. And we fell in love with them, because of the way they lived."<ref name=ap/>

Apart from regular visits to [[Kathmandu]], and to [[Bombay]] to renew his American passport, Eight Finger Eddie remained in Goa for the remainder of his life. The area gradually became a top tourist destination with hotels and [[casino]]s catering for a commercial tourist market quite different from its origins in the 1960s and 1970s. The market at Anjuna itself turned into a thriving retail center. In 1991, he commented:<ref name=ap/>

<blockquote>Some people say it's not like it used to be, and it's not. But I like it here now. I like the parties. And I like the music. It's good to dance to.</blockquote>

==Illness and death==
When he became ill, a Norwegian journalist, Øystein Krogsrud, launched a campaign to raise money for his medical bills. After his death, he was [[cremation|cremated]] according to [[Hindu]] rites, and his ashes scattered at Anjuna.<ref name=ap/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://gatelessgate.wordpress.com/category/8-finger-eddie/ 2008 interview at GateLessGate Magazine]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazamanian, Yertward}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:American people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:Hippies]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Mexico]]
[[Category:American expatriate musicians in Denmark]]
[[Category:American expatriates in India]]

Attoor Ravi Varma

2025-12-04T21:28:47Z

Svetlhdm: improved article

{{Short description|Indian poet and translator (1930–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Attoor Ravi Varma
| image = ആറ്റൂർ രവിവർമ്മ.jpg
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1930|12|27}}
| birth_place = [[Attoor (Kerala)|Attoor]], [[Trichur]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2019|7|26|1930|12|27}}
| death_place = Trichur, [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| occupation =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| alma_mater = [[Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College|Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College, Calicut]] [[University College, Trivandrum]] [[Malabar Christian College|Malabar Christian College, Calicut]]<ref name="Death"/>
| genre = Poetry, translation
| subject =
| movement =
| influences =
| spouse =
| awards = {{Unbulleted list||1996 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]]|1997 [[Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram]]|1997 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation]]|2001 [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Malayalam|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]]|2005 [[Malayalam Literary Awards#P. Kunhiraman Nair Award|P. Kunhiraman Nair Award]]|2012 [[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram]]|2015 Vani Samnvay Distinguished Translator Award|2017 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]|[[Sahitya Akademi|Kendra Sahitya Akademi]] Translation Prize|Premji Award|E. K. Divakaran Potti Award|Mahakavi Pandalam Kerala Varma Kavitha Award}}
| website =
}}
'''Attoor Ravi Varma''' (27 December 1930 – 26 July 2019)<ref name="Death">[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/poet-attur-ravi-varma-passes-away/article28726258.ece "Poet Attur Ravi Varma passes away"]. Chennai: ''The Hindu''. July 26, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019.</ref> was an Indian poet and translator of [[Malayalam literature]]. One of the pioneers of modern [[Malayalam]] [[poetry]], Ravi Varma is a recipient of [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]], [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]] and [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation]], besides many other honours. The [[Government of Kerala]] honoured him with their highest literary award, the [[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram]], in 2012 and the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] inducted him as their [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship|distinguished fellow]] in 2017.

== Biography ==
Attoor Ravi Varma was born on 27 December 1930 in [[Attoor (Kerala)|Attoor]], a small village in [[Thrissur district|Trichur district]] of the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Cochin]] (now part of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]]) to Krishnan Namboothiri and Ammini Amma.<ref name="കവിക്കും റിട്ടയര്‍മെന്റുണ്ട്; പക്ഷേ മനസ്സില്‍ കവിത വന്നുകൊണ്ടേ ഇരിക്കും">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/attoor-ravivarma-interview--1.3163999|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406181026/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/attoor-ravivarma-interview--1.3163999|archive-date=April 6, 2019|title=കവിക്കും റിട്ടയര്‍മെന്റുണ്ട്; പക്ഷേ മനസ്സില്‍ കവിത വന്നുകൊണ്ടേ ഇരിക്കും |last=കെ വിശ്വനാഥ്|first=ആറ്റൂര്‍ രവിവര്‍മ|website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref> He joined [[Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College]], [[Calicut]] for his pre-university course but was expelled from college due to his involvement in [[left-wing politics]].<ref name="സഹ്യനൊപ്പം തലപ്പൊക്കമുള്ള ആറ്റൂർ കവിതകൾ">{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2019/01/25/attoor-ravi-varma-kerala-sahitya-akademi-award.html |title=സഹ്യനൊപ്പം തലപ്പൊക്കമുള്ള ആറ്റൂർ കവിതകൾ |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref> Later, he continued studies at [[Malabar Christian College]] before graduating in Malayalam with [[Honours degree|honours]] from the [[University College, Trivandrum]].<ref name="Attoor Ravi Varma - Veethi profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/attoor_ravi_varma-profile-8757-25.htm |title=Attoor Ravi Varma - Veethi profile |website=veethi.com |access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref> Subsequently, he joined [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College, Madras]] Malayalam department<ref>{{Cite web|last=ലേഖകന്‍|first=സ്വന്തം|title=ആറ്റിക്കുറുക്കിയ കവിതകളുടെ ആറ്റൂര്‍|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/attoor-ravi-varma-poet-and-translator-of-malayalam-literature-1.3989129|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516063011/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/attoor-ravi-varma-poet-and-translator-of-malayalam-literature-1.3989129|url-status=dead}}</ref> as a faculty where he had the opportunity to be in touch with [[M. Govindan]], the noted writer, which helped him in the studies of [[Tamil language]]. He started his career as a teacher in [[Madras]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=ആറ്റിക്കുറുക്കിയ കവിതകളുടെ ആറ്റൂര്‍...|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/web-specials-magazine/attoor-ravi-varma-pv9433|access-date=2021-05-16|website=www.asianetnews.com}}</ref> but returned to Kerala to work at [[Sree Neelakanta Government Sanskrit College Pattambi]]<ref name="Back Matter">{{Cite journal |title=Back Matter |journal = Journal of South Asian Literature|volume = 15|issue = 2|date=1980 |jstor = 40861198}}</ref> before joining the [[Government Brennen College, Thalassery|Brennen College, Tellicherry]] where prominent politicians [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] and [[A. K. Balan]] were his students.<ref name="കവിക്കും റിട്ടയര്‍മെന്റുണ്ട്; പക്ഷേ മനസ്സില്‍ കവിത വന്നുകൊണ്ടേ ഇരിക്കും" /> Ravi Varma was married to Sree Devi and the couple resided in Trichur.<ref name="സഹ്യനൊപ്പം തലപ്പൊക്കമുള്ള ആറ്റൂർ കവിതകൾ" /><ref name="A nostalgic journey into Thrissur's past">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/02/15/stories/2003021503970300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318135247/http://www.hindu.com/2003/02/15/stories/2003021503970300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-03-18 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=A nostalgic journey into Thrissur's past |date=2003-02-15 |access-date=2011-11-04 }}</ref> Ravi Varma died on 26 July 2019. He was 88 and was undergoing treatment for pneumonia in a private hospital in Trichur.<ref name="Death"/>

== Legacy ==
Ravi Varma's poems ignored the metre and used free verse<ref name="Datta1988">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1326|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|pages=1326–}}</ref> and he was one among the group of poets who pioneered modernism in Malayalam literature.<ref name="Attoor Ravi Varma - Veethi profile" /> His oeuvre consists of several poems compiled under three anthologies, translation of four novels from Tamil which include two of [[Sundara Ramaswamy]] and one of [[Salma (writer)|Rajathi Salma]],<ref name="Contemporary social novel">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2010/02/09/stories/2010020950761403.htm |title=Contemporary social novel |access-date=2011-11-04 |newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 February 2010 }}</ref> two books of translation of Tamil poetry and an edited work of poems of young writers. It was Ravi Varma who translated the ''Bhakthi poems'' on the Malayalam calendar in [[Vatteluttu script|vattezhuthu script]] published by Moozhikulam Sala.<ref name="Malayalam calendar with new features">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article2321553.ece |title=Malayalam calendar with new features |access-date=2011-11-04 |newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 August 2011 |author=Staff Reporter }}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
Attoor Ravi Varma received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]] for his poetry anthology, ''Attoor Ravi Varmayute Kavitakal'' in 1996<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/poetry.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry |date=2019-04-06 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626195512/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/poetry.htm |archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and he received the [[Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram]] in 1997,<ref name="Asan Puraskaram - list of awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://asaneducation.com/asan_association/awards.html#list |title=Asan Puraskaram - list of awardees |date=2019-04-07 |website=asaneducation.com |access-date=2019-04-07 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145952/http://asaneducation.com/asan_association/awards.html#list |url-status=dead }}</ref> the same year as he received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation]] for ''Oru Pulimarathinte Katha'',<ref name="oru pulimarathinte katha">{{Cite web |url=http://keralaliterature.com/old/book.php?bukid=1654 |title=oru pulimarathinte katha |website=keralaliterature.com |access-date=2019-04-07 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407181539/http://keralaliterature.com/old/book.php%3Fbukid%3D1654 |url-status=dead }}</ref> his translation of the debut novel by [[Sundara Ramaswamy]].<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/others_contd.htm#Vivarthanam |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation |date=2019-04-07 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705044712/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/others_contd.htm#Vivarthanam |archive-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Sahitya Akademi]] chose the anthology, ''Attoor Ravi Varmayute Kavitakal'', for their [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Malayalam|annual award]] in 2001<ref name="Kendra Sahitya Academy Awards (Malayalam)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm |title=Kendra Sahitya Academy Awards (Malayalam) |publisher=Public Relations Department, [[Government of Kerala]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524212356/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm |archive-date=24 May 2007 |url-status = dead|access-date=11 April 2011}}</ref> and the second part of ''Attoor Ravi Varmayute Kavitakal'' fetched him the [[Malayalam Literary Awards#P. Kunhiraman Nair Award|P. Kunhiraman Nair Award]] in 2005.<ref name="Winners list of P. Kunhiraman Nair Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/kunhiraman-nair-award/577 |title=Winners list of P. Kunhiraman Nair Award |date=2019-04-07 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-04-07}}</ref> The Government of Kerala honoured Ravi Varma with their highest literary award of [[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram|Ezhuthachan Award]] in 2012<ref name="Ezhuthachan award for Attur Ravi Varma">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ezhuthachan-award-for-attur-ravi-varma/article4124096.ece |title=Ezhuthachan award for Attur Ravi Varma |date=2012-11-23 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref><ref name="എഴുത്തച്ഛന്‍ പുരസ്‌കാരം ആറ്റൂര്‍ രവിവര്‍മ്മയ്‌ക്ക്">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/2012/11/22/kerala-ezhuthachan-award-attoor-ravi-varma-writer-minister-106113.html |title=എഴുത്തച്ഛന്‍ പുരസ്‌കാരം ആറ്റൂര്‍ രവിവര്‍മ്മയ്‌ക്ക് |last=Aarif |first=Shabnam |date=2012-11-22 |website=malayalam.oneindia.com |language=ml |access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref> and three years later, he received the 2015 ''Vani Samnvay Distinguished Translator Award''.<ref name="Attoor Ravi Varma Wins The Debut Vani-Samanvay Distinguished Translator Award">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cityairnews.com/content/attoor-ravi-varma-wins-debut-vani-samanvay-distinguished-translator-award |title=Attoor Ravi Varma Wins The Debut Vani-Samanvay Distinguished Translator Award |website=www.cityairnews.com |access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref><ref name="Award Winner - Attoor Ravivarma">{{Cite web |url=https://ilfsamanvay.org/2015/award-winner-attoor-ravivarma/ |title=Award Winner - Attoor Ravivarma |website=ILF Samanvay 2015 |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref><ref name="Vani Foundation">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vanifoundation.org/award-winner.asp |title=Vani Foundation |website=www.vanifoundation.org |access-date=2019-04-06 |archive-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406182836/http://www.vanifoundation.org/award-winner.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] inducted him as a [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship|distinguished fellow]] in 2017.<ref name="K N Panikkar, Attoor Ravi Varma bag Kerala Sahitya Akademi fellowships">{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/jan/24/k-n-panikkar-attoor-ravi-varma-bag-sahitya-akademi-fellowships-1929182.html |title=K N Panikkar, Attoor Ravi Varma bag Kerala Sahitya Akademi fellowships |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2019-04-06 |archive-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406173403/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/jan/24/k-n-panikkar-attoor-ravi-varma-bag-sahitya-akademi-fellowships-1929182.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi awards announced">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-announced/article26073815.ece |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi awards announced |date=2019-01-24 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-07}}</ref> He is also a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] by [[Sahitya Akademi|Kendra Sahitya Akademi]],<ref name="A gush of poetry and paeans in documentary on Malayalam writer Attoor Ravi Varma">{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/reel/803241/a-gush-of-poetry-and-paeans-in-documentary-on-malayalam-writer-attoor-ravi-varma |title=A gush of poetry and paeans in documentary on Malayalam writer Attoor Ravi Varma |last=Basu |first=Bubla |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-07}}</ref> Premji Award,<ref name="Ezhuthachan Puraskaram for Attoor">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/nov/23/ezhuthachan-puraskaram-for-attoor-427481.html |title=Ezhuthachan Puraskaram for Attoor |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2019-04-07}}</ref> E. K. Divakaran Potti Award,<ref name="Ezhuthachan Puraskaram for Attoor" /> [[Deviprasadam Trust Award]] (2010),<ref name="Deviprasadam Trust">[https://www.namboothiri.com/articles/awards.htm "Awards, Trusts and Scholarships: 2. Deviprasaadam Trust"]. Namboothiri.com. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</ref> and Mahakavi Pandalam Kerala Varma Kavitha Award.<ref name="Attoor Ravi Varma - Veethi profile" /> ''Maruvili'' is a documentary film made on the life and work of Ravi Varma, directed by Anvar Ali.<ref name="Maruvili: A picture of Attoor Ravivarma's poetic word">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Arrackistan/maruvili-a-picture-of-attoor-ravivarmas-poetic-word/ |title=Maruvili: A picture of Attoor Ravivarma's poetic word |date=2016-03-17 |website=Times of India Blog |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-07}}</ref><ref name="Attoor Ravivarma's poetry is a ticking bomb: Anvar Ali">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Arrackistan/attoor-ravivarmas-poetry-is-a-ticking-bomb-anvar-ali/ |title=Attoor Ravivarma's poetry is a ticking bomb: Anvar Ali |date=2016-03-16 |website=Times of India Blog |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-07}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

=== Poetry===
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=86364&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Attoor%2520Ravi%2520Varma |title=Kavitha |last=Ravi Varma Attoor |publisher=Poorna Publications |location=Calicut}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=327145&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Attoor%2520Ravi%2520Varma |title=Attoor Ravi Varmayude Kavithakal (1957–1994) |last=Attoor Ravi Varma |date=1995 |publisher=D. C. Books |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=83561&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Attoor%2520Ravi%2520Varma |title=Attoor Ravi Varmayude Kavithakal (1995–2003) |last=Ravi Varma Attoor |date=1995 |isbn=9788171305438 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=114657&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Attoor%2520Ravi%2520Varma |title=Malayalathinte priya kavithakal |last1=Ravi varma |first1=Attoor |last2=Surendran |first2=V. U. |date=2016 |publisher=Green Books |isbn=9789386120212 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=308161&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Attoor%2520Ravi%2520Varma |title=Attoor kavithakal |last=Ravi Varma |first=Attoor |date=2012 |publisher=D.C.Books |isbn=9788126434473 |location=Kottayam}}

=== Translation from Tamil to Malayalam ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/j-j-chila-kurippukal#; |title=J. J. Chila Kurippukal |last=Sundara Ramaswamy |publisher=DC Books |year=1998 |isbn=9788171308873 |translator-last=Attoor Ravi Varma |quote=translation of J. J. Silakuripukal |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=17 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917144231/http://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/j-j-chila-kurippukal#; |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |title=Oru Pulimarathinte Katha |last=Sundara Ramaswamy |publisher=SPCS |year=2014 |isbn=978-9384571399 |translator-last=Attoor Ravi Varma |quote=translation of Oru Pulimarathin Kathai}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://anjalilibrary.com/malayalam-book/833-%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A5 |title=Randaam Yaamangalute Katha |last=Rajathi Salma |publisher=DC Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-264-2311-8 |quote=translation of the Tamil novel, Irandaam Jaamangalin Kathai}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.gustobee.com/categories/regional/gb-nale-mattoru-nal-matram-9788126402304?sort=pd.name&order=DESC&limit=25 |title=Nale Mattoru Nal Mathram |last=G. Nagarajan |publisher=DC Books |year=2000 |translator-last=Attoor Ravi Varma }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85811&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Attoor%2520Ravi%2520Varma |title=Puthunaanooru: Tamizh kavithakalude mozhimaattam |date=2003 |publisher=Current Books |isbn=9788122602975 |editor-last=Ravi Varma |editor-first=Attoor |location=Thrissur}}
* ''Bhakti kavyam (Translation of Nayanars and Azhvars)''

=== Edited poems ===
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=326576&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Attoor%2520Ravi%2520Varma |title=Puthumozhi vazhikal |date=1999 |publisher=Current Books |editor-last=Attoor Ravi Varma |location=Thrissur}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://geocities.com/kavitayan/attoorravi.html |title=Poems of Attoor Ravi Varma |access-date=8 October 2010 |url-status = unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026172848/http://www.geocities.com/kavitayan/attoorravi.html |archive-date=26 October 2009 }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lox-qhfzmE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/1lox-qhfzmE |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=Documentary film on veteran poet Attoor Ravi Varma by Anvar Ali |last=MediaoneTV Live |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2015-08-08 |access-date=2019-04-06}}{{cbignore}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2figa3LuyUI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/2figa3LuyUI |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=Atoor Ravi Varma with K.R.Tony - Manam Thurannu |last=MediaoneTV Live |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2013-07-07 |access-date=2019-04-06}}{{cbignore}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Malayalam}}
{{Ezhuthachan Puraskaram}}
{{Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Attoor Ravi}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ezhuthachan Award]]
[[Category:University College Thiruvananthapuram alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]

Alamanda, Vizianagaram district

2025-11-17T05:32:29Z

Svetlhdm: enhance content for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
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| name = Alamanda
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| image_skyline = 18463 Prashanti Express at Alamanda with WAP-4 Loco.JPG
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| image_caption = Prashanti Express at Alamanda Train station
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
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| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
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| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Alamanda''' is a village [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] in [[Jami, Vizianagaram|Jami]] mandal of [[Vizianagaram district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. There is a [[railway station]] in Alamanda in Waltair division of [[East Coast Railway]], [[Indian Railways]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} census, the village demographics are as follows:<ref>[http://ourvillageindia.org/Place.aspx?PID=16201 Alamanda at Our Village India.org]</ref>
* Total Population - 6,563 in 1,397 households.
* Male Population - 3,346
* Female Population - 3,217
* Children under 6 years of age - 750 (Boys - 375 and Girls - 375)
* Total Literates - 2,967

==Popular culture==
Alamanda Railway station was shown in the movie Narasimha NaiDu.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Vizianagaram district}}

[[Category:Villages in Vizianagaram district]]

Terminalia bellirica

2025-11-15T22:58:38Z

Svetlhdm: cleanup content further and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Distinguish|Bahera|text=[[Bahera]], a town in the state of [[Bihar]], India}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Terminalia bellirica.jpg
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn | author = Plummer, J. | title = ''Terminalia bellirica'' | article-number = e.T61989645A61989649 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T61989645A61989649.en | year = 2021 | access-date = 6 February 2023}}</ref>
|genus = Terminalia
|species = bellirica
|authority = ([[Joseph Gaertner|Gaertn.]]) [[Roxb.]]
}}

'''''Terminalia bellirica''''', known as '''bahera''', '''beleric''' or '''bastard myrobalan''',<ref name=EPPO>{{cite web |title=''Terminalia bellirica'' |url=https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/TEMBL |publisher=[[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] (EPPO) |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref> is a large deciduous tree in the family [[Combretaceae]]. It is common on the plains and lower hills in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], where it is also grown as an [[street tree|avenue tree]]. The [[basionym]] is ''Myrobalanus bellirica'' Gaertn. (Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 90, t. 97. 1791). [[William Roxburgh]] transferred ''M. bellirica'' to ''Terminalia'' as "''T. bellerica'' (Gaertn.) Roxb.". This spelling error is now widely used, causing confusion. The correct name is ''Terminalia bellirica'' (Gaertn.) Roxb.<ref>[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=170982-1 IPNI database]</ref>

== Leaves and seeds ==
[[File:Bahera (Terminalia bellirica) fruits.jpg|thumb|left|Bahera (''Terminalia bellirica'') fruits]]
The [[Leaf|leaves]] are about 15 cm long and crowded toward the ends of the branches. It is considered a good fodder for cattle. ''Terminalia bellirica'' seeds have an oil content of 40%, whose [[fatty acid]] [[methyl]] [[ester]] meets all of the major [[biodiesel]] requirements in the US (ASTM D 6751-02, ASTM PS 121-99), Germany (DIN V 51606) and European Union (EN 14214).<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.05.001 | volume=29 | title=Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India | journal=Biomass and Bioenergy | year=2005 | pages=293–302| last1=Mohibbeazam | first1=M. | last2=Waris | first2=A. | last3=Nahar | first3=N. | issue=4 | bibcode=2005BmBe...29..293M }}</ref> The seeds are called '''bedda nuts'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/FC/Full/TEM_BE.htm |title=Terminalia bellirica |website=www.cabicompendium.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222105413/http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/FC/Full/TEM_BE.htm |archive-date=2007-12-22}}</ref>
[[File:Terminalia bellirica 2.jpg|thumb|''Terminalia bellirica'' saplings]]

The [[seed|kernels]] are eaten by the [[Lodha people]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]] for their [[Psychoactive drug|mind-altering]] qualities.<ref>D. C. Pal, S. K. Jain, "Notes on Lodha medicine in Midnapur District, West Bengal, India", Economic Botany, October–December 1989, Volume 43, Issue 4, pp 464-470</ref>

The nuts of the tree are rounded but with five flatter sides. It seems that are used as dice in the epic poem [[Mahabharata]] and in [[Rigveda]] book 10 hymn 34. A handful of nuts would be cast on a gaming board and the players would have to call whether an odd or even number of nuts had been thrown.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bennett|first=Deborah|title=Randomness|year=1999|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Boston|isbn=0-674-10746-2|page=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdgPEhJh5tUC&q=editions:CdgPEhJh5tUC}}</ref> In the [[Nala]], King Rituparna demonstrates his ability to count large numbers instantaneously by counting the number of nuts on an entire bough of a tree.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nala & Damayanti 5: Nala learns the science of numbers|url=http://mathormagic.com/nala_learns_the_science_of_numbers_from_king_rituparna|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112073539/http://mathormagic.com/nala_learns_the_science_of_numbers_from_king_rituparna|url-status=usurped|archive-date=January 12, 2011|work=Math or Magic|access-date=12 February 2011}}</ref>

== Medicinal use ==
In traditional Indian [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] medicine, beleric is known as "bibhitaki" ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: "behada" or "bhenda") (''Terminalia bellirica''). Its fruit is used in the popular Indian herbal [[rasayana]] treatment [[triphala]]. In [[Sanskrit]] it is called ''bibhītaka'' बिभीतक. In India, [[Neemuch]], a town in the Malwa region of [[Madhya Pradesh]] is a major trading centre of skinless baheda and entire fruits of ''T. bellirica''. The fruits are widely collected in the wild in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

According to Dymock, Warden, Hooper: ''Pharmacographia Indica'' (1890):
<blockquote>This tree, in Sanskrit Bibhita and Bibhitaka (fearless), is avoided by the Hindus of Northern India, who will not sit in its shade, as it is supposed to be inhabited by demons. Two varieties of ''T. belerica'' are found in India, one with nearly globular fruit, 1/2 to 3/4 inch in diameter, the other with ovate and much larger fruit. The pulp of the fruit (Beleric myrobalan) is considered by ayurvedic physicians to be astringent and laxative, and is prescribed with salt and long pepper in infections of the throat and chest. As a constituent of the triphala (three fruits), i.e., emblic, beleric and chebulic myrobalans, it is employed in a great number of diseases, and the kernel is sometimes used as an external application to inflamed parts. On account of its medicinal properties the tree bears the Sanskrit synonym of Anila-ghnaka, or "wind-killing." According to the [[Nighantu]]s the kernels are narcotic.<ref>''Pharmacographia Indica. History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin, Met with in British India'', by William Dymock, 1890. pp. 5, 6 [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36339#16]</ref></blockquote>

In the [[Charaka Samhita]], the ancient Ayurvedic text, bibhitaki fruits are mentioned as having qualities to alleviate disease, and bestow longevity, intellectual prowess and strength. There are several "rasaayan" described in the Charaka Samhita, that use bibhitaki.

A description of the Fourth Amalaka Rasaayan, which includes bibhitaki as one of the fruits: "By this treatment, the sages regained youthfulness and attained disease-free life of many hundred years, and endowed with the strength of physique, intellect and senses, practiced penance with utmost devotion."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Caraka Samhita|last=Sharma|first=P. V.|publisher=Chaukhamba Orientalia|year=1998|isbn=81-7637-011-8}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Harra (Terminalia chebula) trunk at 23 Mile, Duars, WB W IMG 59023.jpg|Trunk of ''T. bellirica''
File:Harra (Terminalia chebula) hanging fruit at 23 Mile, Duars, WB W IMG 5902.jpg|Fruit of ''T. bellirica''
File:Harra (Terminalia chebula) fallen fruit at 23 Mile, Duars, WB W IMG 5900.jpg|A fallen fruit
File:Terminalia bellirica 1z .jpg|''T. bellirica'' tree
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Terminalia bellirica}}
*{{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=0-7234-3410-7 }} Contains a detailed monograph on Terminalia belerica (Bibhitaki) as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20110515075816/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/389-bibhitaki

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1983629}}

[[Category:Terminalia (plant)|bellirica]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Yunnan]]

Potluck (Indian web series)

2025-10-20T15:42:05Z

Svetlhdm: Made the page w/ refs

{{short description|2021 Indian comedy-drama web television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date = October 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Potluck season 2.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Sitcom]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = {{ubl|Gaurav Lulla|Bharat Misra|Ashwin Lakshmi Narayan}}
| director = [[Rajshree Ojha]]
| creative_director =
| starring = [[#Cast|see below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 16
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Rohan Barhate}}
| producer = {{ubl|Gaurav Lulla|Vivek Gupta|Pavneet Gakhal|Kunal Dasgupta}}
| editor = Pranav Mistry
| cinematography = {{ubl|Dhirendra Shukla|Athit Naik}}
| camera =
| runtime = 25 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Sony Liv|SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|9|10}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Potluck''''' is a 2021 Indian [[comedy-drama]] web [[television series]] that premiered on [[SonyLIV]] on 10 September 2021. It is directed by [[Rajshree Ojha]] and the series has an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Kitu Gidwani]], Jatin Sial, [[Cyrus Sahukar]], [[Ira Dubey]], Harman Singha, Salonie Patel, Shikha Talsania and [[Siddhant Karnick]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/potluck/seriesreview/85978266.cms|title=Potluck web series review by Times of India|website=Times of India|author=TOI|accessdate=October 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/shestars/potluck-cast-shikha-talsania-cyrus-sahukar-ira-dubey/|title=Potluck Cast|website=She The People}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/potluck-review-an-easy-breezy-family-dramedy-7499599/|title=Potluck review an easy breezy family dramedy|accessdate=October 29, 2021}}</ref>

The dated teaser of the second season was released on 10 February 2023. The second season was premiered on [[Sony LIV]] on 24 February 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title='Potluck' Season 2Trailer: Cyrus Sahukar, Harman Singha and Ira Dubey starrer 'Potluck' Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/potluck-season-2trailer-cyrus-sahukar-harman-singha-and-ira-dubey-starrer-potluck-official-trailer/videoshow/98119619.cms |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Synopsis==

Potluck is a heartwarming and amusing depiction of the Shastri family trying to build a strong, lasting bond with each other. As the name suggests, each character brings a unique flavour in this Potluck of emotions through their varied opinions, views and life situations.

While the first season introduces us to the Shastris and how their regular potlucks originated, the second season dives deeper into the lives of the Shastri clan and explores some new-age conundrums that are faced by all modern families.

===Season 1===

The first season of Potluck introduces Govind and Pramila Shastri and their kids, Vikrant, Dhruv and Prerna. While Vikrant and Dhruv are married to Akansha and Nidhi, respectively, Prerna meets Aalim on a blind date.

We first meet the Shastris at Dhruv and Nidhi Shastri’s brand new home, where his brother Vikrant realises he too needs to purchase a bigger place. But his thoughts are not supported by his wife Akansha and also create a rift between Dhruv and Nidhi. While Pramila hears what her kids think about her, Prerna meets Aalim on a blind date. It is then revealed how Govind persuaded his family for the potluck, a truth which Dhruv stumbled upon. Nidhi tries to hold a potluck alone and Vikrant-Akansha spend some quality time together. Tensions arise when Aalim meets the Shastris and Govind’s lies are spilled out by Dhruv, leading to an intense confrontation. The family gets back together after an unfortunate accident, leading to a sweet reunion.

====Episodic Synopsis====

'''Episode 1''' - Meet the Shastris as they attempt to organise a potluck at Dhruv and Nidhi's opulent new home. Vikrant starts to understand that his family needs a larger home, and Govind gets a shock when he surprises Dhruv with a TV as a welcome present.

'''Episode 2''' - The next Potluck is hosted by Vikrant and Akansha Shastri. Tension arises as a result of Vikrant's hunt for a new residence not just with Akansha but also between Nidhi and Dhruv. Playing matchmakers for Prerna, Govind and Pramila get surprising outcomes.

'''Episode 3''' - At Govind and Pramila's anniversary costume party, the Shastris exhibit both their best and worst sides. Hearing what her kids think of her hurts Pramila. While Vikrant and Dhruv attempt to "control" their better halves, Prerna and Aalim investigate their recent connection.

'''Episode 4''' - The Shastri siblings recall the precise circumstances surrounding the origin of this "Potluck." With the help of a long-lost buddy, Govind tells how he persuaded the family to attend the potluck.

'''Episode 5''' - Nidhi tries to host the Potluck by herself, but things don't go as planned. While on a business trip, Dhruv meets some surprising people by chance, and Akansha and Vikrant attempt to rekindle their romance.

'''Episode 6''' - Prerna arranges a meet-the-folks with Aalim at the weekly potluck. However, Pramila and Govind respond in divergent ways, while Nidhi continues to be angry with Dhruv over his major deception. But, Dhruv is not the only one who lies…or who gets caught.

'''Episode 7''' - As Vikrant and Akansha experience nostalgia as they prepare to move into their new home. A web of lies has ensnared Dhruv and is now impairing his wellbeing. The unappealing food at the Potluck is the least of Govind's problems as he takes on the day's cooking duties.

'''Episode 8''' - When Shastris are astonished to learn the reality. It takes an accident for the entire family to come together and confront one another.

===Season 2===

The second season of Potluck delves deeper into the Shastri family's lives and examines some contemporary dilemmas that affect many families today.

Nothing seems to be the same as it was before, whether it’s Pramila striving to rediscover herself at the age of 60 or Vikrant taking on the role of a household manager. On one hand, Nidhi is perplexed by the predictability of her existence, while Akansha struggles to balance work and home. When Dhruv loses his job, he finds himself on uncharted grounds, and Prerna has trouble moving her and Aalim’s relationship forward. Yet as is customary for this family, they come together and ensure that "It's all okay."

====Episodic Synopsis====

'''Episode 1''' - A brand-new aspect of the Shastri Savannah is explored. As the Shastris encounter a few twists in life, Pramila has a surprise in store for everyone.

'''Episode 2''' - The Shastri men decide to unite to cheer up Dhruv while the Shastri women organise a girls' day out. Govind is thrilled to support Pramila's decision, but she doesn't seem to be overly thrilled about it. Dhruv finally shares an unexpected news with his father, Govind, who to his surprise, handles it well.

'''Episode 3''' - Every Shastri is on board to support one another. Prerna's surprise for Aalim gets help from Nidhi. Govind assists Dhruv in adjusting to his job loss, and Aalim recruits Jacob to assist Pramila. Using Vikrant's tips, Akansha makes an effort to make new friends at work.

'''Episode 4''' - As Jacob starts training Pramila, Govind seems unable to handle this external help. Prerna and Aalim have a disagreement, setting off a confrontation. Thanks to Dhruv, Vikrant's Super Dad avatar vanishes too soon. Nidhi learns that a visitor she wasn't anticipating is going to be arriving in the meanwhile.

'''Episode 5''' - Pramila's newfound enthusiasm divides the Shastris, and chaos ensues. Dhruv realises what his true calling is while Nidhi is finding it difficult to accept her mother's new appearance. Akansha believes she is being stereotyped at work and is unhappy about it.

'''Episode 6''' - The family gathers for a potluck unlike any other to celebrate Govind and Pramila's anniversary. Nidhi learns to accept her mother's viewpoint. Prerna attempts to make amends after realising her mistake with Aalim.

'''Episode 7''' - To spend some time alone, Vikrant and Akansha decide to skip their parental responsibilities for one day. Govind assists Dhruv in developing his new business plan, but things don't turn out as expected. By the end of the day, Nidhi decides to take up a new hobby and enlists Prerna's help.

'''Episode 8''' - The Shastri family is taken over by the spectacular grand event's conclusion. But as usual, nothing goes as expected when the Shastris are involved. Despite difficulties, Pramila succeeds with her loved ones by her side. Aalim, however, is the one who wins the prize of a lifetime.

==Cast==
* Jatin Sial as Govind Shastri
* [[Kitu Gidwani]] as Pramila Shastri
* [[Cyrus Sahukar]] as Vikrant Shastri
* [[Ira Dubey]] as Akanksha Shastri
* [[Harman Singha]] as Dhruv Shastri
* [[Saloni Patel]] as Nidhi Shastri
* [[Shikha Talsania]] as Prerna Shastri
* [[Siddhant Karnick]] as Aalim
* [[Varun Sood (actor)|Varun Sood]] as Jacob

==Release==
Potluck was premiered on [[SonyLIV]] globally on 10 September 2021. The first trailer was released on 12 August 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1002728/potluck-trailer-in-comedy-series-a-family-plans-a-special-gathering-as-a-bonding-exercise|title=Potluck trailer is a comedy series, a family plans a special gathering as a bonding exercise|website=Scroll IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebeyondnews.com/Entertainment/Potluck-Web-series%3A-release-date-cast-story-teaser-trailer-first-look-rating-reviews-box-office-collection-and-preview/1711|title=Potluck web series|website=The Beyond News}}</ref>

The season 2 was released on 24 February 2023.

==Reception==

The second season of Potluck opened with fairly positive reviews.

Dhaval Roy from ''[[The Times of India|Entertainment Times]]'' gave the series 3 out of 5 stars and remarked, ‘With no intense or dark drama and heavily character-driven plots, 'Potluck Season 2' is as binge-worthy as its predecessor.’<ref>{{cite news |title=Potluck Season 2 Review : Maintains the breezy vein while delving into individual tracks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/potluck/potluck-season-2/seasonreview/98119846.cms |access-date=24 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

''KoiMoi's'' Shubham Kulkarni gave the second season 3 out of 5 stars, citing, ‘Potluck season 2 does progress in its own best way but there are problems one cannot ignore. It is a harmless watch that can make your day a bit joyous.’<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Shubham |title=Potluck Season 2 Review: An Harmless Drama That Exists In Its Bubble But Is Also Enjoyable |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/potluck-season-2-review-an-harmless-drama-that-exists-in-its-bubble-but-is-also-enjoyable/ |access-date=24 February 2023 |work=Koimoi |date=23 February 2023}}</ref>

Moumita Bhattacharjee of Latest LY said, ‘Potluck season 2, it seems, was put together to let everyone know how the Shastris are doing after the events of the last season. It doesn't have any reasonable conflict. But even with its flaws, it does leave a smile on your face.’<ref>{{cite news |title=Potluck Season 2 Review: The Shastris Are Back In An Ordinary, Flawed Yet Feel-Good Sequel (LatestLY Exclusive) {{!}} LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/potluck-season-2-review-the-shastris-are-back-in-an-ordinary-flawed-yet-feel-good-sequel-latestly-exclusive-4877637.html |access-date=24 February 2023 |work=LatestLY |date=24 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' called the series refreshing, stating, ‘this show is far removed from the gratuitous gore and expletives that have become the driving force of most series out there.<ref>{{cite news |title=Potluck season 2 review: Rajshree Ojha's series walks on familiar terrain but finishes with a smile |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/potluck-season-2-review-rajshree-ojhas-series-walks-on-familiar-terrain-but-finishes-with-a-smile-12204822.html |access-date=2 March 2023 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=25 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

''Gadgets 360°'' gave the series 4.1 stars while Jagran gave it a rating of 3 stars.<ref>{{cite news |title=Potluck Season 2 Web Series (2023) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at SonyLIV |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/potluck-season-2-web-series-115881 |access-date=2 March 2023 |work=Gadgets 360 |language=en}}</ref>

''[[OTTPlay]]’s'' Shaheen Irani gave the series 3.5 out of 5 stars and said, ‘This cute family drama will make you laugh, smile and give you hope that there’s more to life even in the saddest moments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Potluck season 2 review: The crazy family is back and they are a joy to watch! |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/potluck-season-2-review-the-crazy-family-is-back-and-they-are-a-joy-to-watch/8c96719dfb818 |access-date=2 March 2023 |work=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

With 3 out of 5 stars, Kunal Kothari of ''India Forums'' stated that the situations in the series are ‘genuinely funny, the humor is crisp and sophisticated and even in the more slapstick situations, it lands.’<ref>{{cite news |title=Review: 'Potluck' S2 relives the humor amid the adorable dysfunctionality of Shastris |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/review-potluck-s2-relives-the-humor-amid-the-adorable-dysfunctionality-of-shastris_194513 |access-date=2 March 2023 |work=India Forums |language=en}}</ref>

''Binged'' called the series ‘A warm hug on a cold winter day’ while giving it 5.5 stars out of 10.<ref>{{cite news |title=Potluck Season 2 Review - A Warm Hug On A Cold Winter Day |url=https://www.binged.com/reviews/potluck-season-2-series-review/ |access-date=2 March 2023 |work=Binged |date=24 February 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15215854/ Potluck] on [[IMDb]]

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi television content related lists]]