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Kannur Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T19:35:23Z

Svetlanazrc: new the stub from scratch!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kannur
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 11
| map_image = ഗാന്ധി സെർക്കിൾ,കാൽടെക്സ്.jpg
| map_caption = [[South Bazar (Caltex Junction)|South Bazar]], the central commercial area of [[Kannur]] city.
| established = 1965
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,73,961 (2021)
| mla = [[T.O Mohanan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
}}
'''Kannur Legislative Assembly Constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven state legislative assembly constituencies included in [[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://kannur.nic.in/constituencies
|website = kannur.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kannur district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026
Assembly elections]], the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] is T.O Mohanan of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

==History==
Kannur Assembly Constituency, Unlike Kannur District Is A Tradional Bastion Of [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF.]]For the first election conducted to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] in 1957, Kannur city had two Assembly constituencies - Cannanore-I and Cannanore-II. Following the [[Delimitation Commission of India|1965 delimitation]], Cannanore-I Assembly constituency was renamed to Kannur while Cannanore-II was replaced by the newly formed [[Edakkad Assembly constituency]].

In the 2008 delimitation of constituencies, a major portion of the erstwhile Kannur Assembly constituency was replaced by [[Azhikode Assembly constituency]]. Edakkad Assembly constituency became defunct in 2011. A major portion of the erstwhile Edakkad Assembly constituency is now a part of Kannur Assembly constituency. Currently, the [[Kannur Municipal Corporation]] has two assembly constituencies: Kannur and Azhikode.

==Local self-governed segments==
Kannur Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kannur District
|access-date = 6 March 2021
|archive-date = 23 April 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160037/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Local Body Type
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Kannur Municipal Corporation|Kannur]] (40 wards out of the 55 wards) Wards{{Collapsible list|bullets=yes
| title =
| 1 = '''Wards''' 14 - 53}}
|[[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
|[[Kannur taluk|Kannur]]
|-
|2
|[[Kannur East|Munderi]]
|[[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
|[[Kannur taluk|Kannur]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

===As Cannanore-I===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Name
! colspan=2|Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
|Kannan Chaliyoth
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|1957 – 1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|[[R. Sankar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1960 – 1965
|}

===As Kannur===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Name
! colspan=2|Party
!Tenure
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
|[[E. Ahamed]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|N. K. Kumaram
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
| rowspan="4" |[[P. Bhaskaran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=7|Indian National Congress}}
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|[[N Ramakrishnan|N. Ramakrishnan]]
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|rowspan="3" |[[K. Sudhakaran]]
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|2006 – 2009
|-
|2009*
|12th
| rowspan="2" |[[A. P. Abdullakutty]]
|2009 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
| rowspan="2" |[[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Congress (Secular)|dab=y}}
|2016 - 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|2021 - 2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|T. O. Mohanan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Incumbent
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>by-election

== Election results ==

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kannur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=T. O. Mohanan|votes=70,620|percentage=50.26|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Congress (Secular)|candidate=[[Kadanappalli Ramachandran]]|votes=52,069|percentage=37.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=C. Raghunath|votes=16,144|percentage=11.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=705|percentage=0.5|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 18,551
|percentage = 13.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Congress (Secular)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,73,961 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, One India|url=https://www.oneindia.com/kannur-assembly-elections-kl-11/}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kannur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Congress (Secular)|candidate=[[Kadannapalli Ramachandran]]|votes=60,313|percentage=44.98|change={{increase}}1.82|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate= [[Satheeshan Pacheni]]|votes=58,568|percentage=43.68|change={{increase}} 1.57|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Archana Vandichal|votes=11,581|percentage=8.64|change={{decrease}}1.83|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=B Shamsudheen Moulavi|votes=2,069|percentage=1.54|change={{decrease}}0.48|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=504|percentage=0.38|change={{decrease}}0.48|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Satheesan P|votes=147|percentage=0.11|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Ramachandran P V|votes=107|percentage=0.08|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=N K Surendran|votes=84|percentage=0.06|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=1,745|percentage=1.3|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,34,089|percentage=74.87|change={{decrease}} 2.51}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Congress (Secular)|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,63,205 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kannur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Congress (Secular)|candidate=Kadannapalli Ramachandran|votes=54,347|percentage=43.06|change={{decrease}}0.15|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate= [[Satheeshan Pacheni]]|votes=53,151|percentage=42.11|change={{decrease}} 6.78|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. G. Babu|votes=13,215|percentage=10.47|change={{increase}}6.44|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Sufira K. P.|votes=2,551|percentage=2.02|change={{decrease}}0.22|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=N. P. Sathar|votes=755|percentage=0.60|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=517|percentage=0.41|change=-}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. Sudhakaran|votes=223|percentage=0.18|change={{decrease}}0.79}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Satheesan Pazhayadath|votes=97|percentage=0.08|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Satheesan Edathil Veedu|votes=79|percentage=0.06|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Ramachndran Thayale Purayil|votes=77|percentage=0.06|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Ramachandran Potheravalappil|votes=73|percentage=0.06|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=1,196|percentage=0.95|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,26,219|percentage=77.34|change={{increase}} 1.48}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Congress (Secular)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,43,828 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kannur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=A. P. Abdullakutty|votes=55,427|percentage=48.89|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Kadannapalli Ramachandran|votes=48,894|percentage=43.21|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=U. T. Jayandan|votes=4,568|percentage=4.03|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=P. C. Noushad|votes=2,538|percentage=2.24|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=M. P. Abdullakutty|votes=1,100|percentage=0.97|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. Sudhakaran|votes=517|percentage=0.46|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=S. Noorudeen|votes=226|percentage=0.20|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=6,443|percentage=5.68|change=}}{{Election box turnout||votes=1,13,360|percentage=78.82|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|swing=}}

{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kannur]]
* [[Kannur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kannur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1965]]
[[Category:Kannur]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Kerala]]

John Kenneth Galbraith

2026-04-30T03:28:52Z

Svetlanazrc: new the bio basic info!

{{short description|Canadian-American economist and diplomat (1908–2006)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|OC|size=100%}}
| image = John Kenneth Galbraith from the back cover of "The Affluent Society".jpeg
| caption = Galbraith in 1958
| order = 7th
| ambassador_from = United States
| country = India
| term_start = April 18, 1961
| term_end = July 12, 1963
| president = [[John F. Kennedy]]
| predecessor = [[Ellsworth Bunker]]
| successor = [[Chester Bowles]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1908|10|15}}
| birth_place = [[Iona Station, Ontario]], Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|04|29|1908|10|15}}
| death_place = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| citizenship = {{unbulleted list | Canada | United States (from 1937)}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Catherine Galbraith|Catherine Merriam Atwater]]|1937}}
| children = 4, including [[Peter Galbraith|Peter]] and [[James K. Galbraith|James]]
| module = {{Infobox Economist
|embed=yes
| school_tradition = [[Institutional economics]]
| institution = {{unbulleted list | [[Harvard University]] | [[Princeton University]] | University of California, Berkeley}}
| alma_mater =
| influences = {{cslist|[[Thorstein Veblen|Veblen]]|[[Adam Smith|Smith]]|[[Karl Marx|Marx]]|[[John Maynard Keynes|Keynes]]|[[Michał Kalecki|Kalecki]]|[[Gardiner Means|Means]]|[[Adolf A. Berle|Berle]]}}
| contributions = {{cslist|[[Countervailing power]]|[[technostructure]]|[[conventional wisdom]]}}
| awards = {{unbulleted list | [[Lomonosov Gold Medal]] (1993) | [[Officer of the Order of Canada]] (1997) | [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (2000) | [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2001) |}}
}}
| education = {{unbulleted list | [[Ontario Agricultural College]] ([[Bachelor of Science in Agriculture|BSAg]]) | [[University of California, Berkeley]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[PhD]])}}
}}
{{liberalism US|intellectuals}}
'''John Kenneth Galbraith'''{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|ɡ|æ|l|ˈ|b|r|eɪ|θ}} {{respell|gal|BRAYTH|'}}.}} (October 15, 1908 – April 29, 2006), also known as '''J. K. Galbraith''' or '''Ken Galbraith''', was a Canadian-American economist, diplomat, public official, and intellectual. His books on economic topics were bestsellers from the 1950s through the 2000s. As an economist, he leaned toward [[post-Keynesian economics]] from an [[institutional economics|institutionalist]] perspective.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Keller, Robert R. |title=Keynesian and Institutional Economics: Compatibility and Complementarity? |journal=Journal of Economic Issues|volume=17|issue=4 |year=1983|pages=1087–95|jstor=4225383|doi=10.1080/00213624.1983.11504189 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Davidson, Paul |title=Galbraith and the Post Keynesians |journal=Journal of Post Keynesian Economics|volume=28|issue=1 |year=2005|pages=103–13|jstor=4225383}}</ref> He served as the deputy director of the powerful [[Office of Price Administration]] (OPA) during World War II in charge of stabilizing all prices, wages and rents in the American economy, to combat the threat of inflation and hoarding during a time of shortages and rationing, a task which was successfully accomplished.

Galbraith was a long-time [[Harvard]] faculty member and stayed with Harvard University for half a century as a professor of economics.<ref name="Harvard Gazette">{{cite web | url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/02/john-kenneth-galbraith/ | title=John Kenneth Galbraith | work=Harvard Gazette | date=February 7, 2008 | access-date=July 2, 2013 |author1=Marglin, Stephen A. |author2=Parker, Richard |author3=Sen, Amartya |author4=Friedman, Benjamin M.}}</ref> He was a prolific author and wrote four dozen books, including several novels, and published more than a thousand articles and essays on various subjects. Among his works was a trilogy on economics, ''[[American Capitalism]]'' (1952), ''[[The Affluent Society]]'' (1958), and ''[[The New Industrial State]]'' (1967).

Galbraith was active in [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party politics]], serving in the administrations of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Harry S. Truman]], [[John F. Kennedy]], and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. He served as [[United States Ambassador to India]] under the [[Kennedy administration]]. His political activism, literary output and outspokenness brought him wide fame during his lifetime.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/obituary/2006/05/04/john-kenneth-galbraith | title=John Kenneth Galbraith | newspaper=The Economist | date=May 4, 2006 | access-date= July 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name="thecrimson.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/4/30/john-kenneth-galbraith-longtime-economics-professor/ |title= John Kenneth Galbraith, Longtime Economics Professor, Dies at 97 | work=Harvard Crimson|date=April 2006| access-date= July 3, 2013}}</ref> Galbraith was one of the few to receive both the World War II [[Medal of Freedom (1945)|Medal of Freedom]] (1946) and the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (2000) for his public service and contributions to science. During the Watergate scandal, Galbraith discovered that he had been placed on the [[Master list of Nixon's political opponents]].<ref>Ken Gewerzt, [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2002/05/galbraith-a-life-of-service/ Galbraith: A life of service], The Harvard Gazette, May 16, 2002</ref>

==Life==
===Early life===
Galbraith was born on October 15, 1908, to Canadians of [[Scottish Canadian|Scottish]] descent, Sarah Catherine (Kendall) and Archibald "Archie" Galbraith, in [[Iona Station, Ontario]], Canada, and was raised in [[Dutton/Dunwich, Ontario|Dunwich Township, Ontario]].<ref>Galbraith, John Kenneth. ''The Scotch''. Toronto: Macmillan, 1964.</ref> He had three siblings: Alice, Catherine, and Archibald William (Bill). By the time he was a teenager, he had adopted the name Ken, and later disliked being called John.<ref name=Dunn2005>{{Cite journal|last1=Dunn |first1=Stephen P. |last2=Pressman |first2=Steven |year=2005 |title=The Economic Contributions of John Kenneth Galbraith |journal=Review of Political Economy |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=161–209 |doi=10.1080/09538250500067254 |s2cid=153867413 |url=http://www.bib.uab.cat/socials/exposicions/galbraith/docs/dunn.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129032112/http://www.bib.uab.cat/socials/exposicions/galbraith/docs/dunn.pdf |archive-date=November 29, 2013 }}</ref> Galbraith grew to be a very tall man, attaining a height of {{convert|6|ft|9|in|cm}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/john-kenneth-galbraith/|title=John Kenneth Galbraith|date=August 16, 2012}}</ref>

His father was a farmer, school teacher, president of a cooperative insurance company, and local official of the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]]. His mother, a homemaker and a community activist, died when he was fourteen years old.<ref name=Dunn2005 /> The family farm was located on Thomson Line. Both of his parents were supporters of the [[United Farmers of Ontario]] in the 1920s.

His early years were spent at a [[one-room school]] which is still standing, on 9468 Willey Road, in Iona Station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.duttondunwich.on.ca/sites/default/files/Dutton%20Heritage%20Register%20November%202018%20WEBSITE%20VERSION.pdf|title=DUTTON DUNWICH HERITAGE REGISTER - AS OF NOVEMBER 2018|website=Duttondunwich.on.ca|access-date=July 1, 2022|archive-date=January 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121194509/https://www.duttondunwich.on.ca/sites/default/files/Dutton%20Heritage%20Register%20November%202018%20WEBSITE%20VERSION.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later, he went to Dutton High School and St. Thomas High School. In 1931, Galbraith graduated with a [[Bachelor of Science in Agriculture]] from the [[Ontario Agricultural College]], which was then an associate agricultural college of the [[University of Toronto]]. He majored in animal husbandry. He was awarded a Giannini Scholarship in Agricultural Economics (receiving $60 per month)<ref name=Dunn2005 /> that allowed him to travel to Berkeley, California, where he received masters and [[Doctor of Philosophy]] degrees in [[agricultural economics]] from the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. Galbraith was taught economics by Professor George Martin Peterson, and together they wrote an economics paper titled "The Concept of Marginal Land" in 1932 that was published in the ''American Journal of Agricultural Economics''.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/ajae/14/2/10.2307/1230112/2/14-2-295.pdf?Expires=1490628957&Signature=J1fFLg11KnVT1w8N5sMmUIt7GI59j~wIpDhvqpJtyKiaoXELL1-wpp2YNdCAMz-ibjj1ruVejpnZ9EIhqD35qorh9FGqKy41GmKou21Q~szz~iAE7KX6f1~aqdHh-okFzDSS5UgXKg6bUlnfSMISAtNTpdbtBolpqCEJurKiiLcLkZdyw1MfJOlYyKim8yrXNPHE3eTH435I6IJkTGvNi9ceY1jMXmZX-8kKYptmeOE9z4l~KHsHY6-MGyIi5HZgr6vECyC0-a79qSZw3rLQBz-x1SdjTj4RHUc1giLrwxHAutQ7PKOMaxxi9s1n0IXeT1HuWOSN7o6IIbtTHc54sA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIUCZBIA4LVPAVW3Q|title=Am. J. Agric. Econ. (1932) 14 (2): 295-310 (link last visited 23 March 2017).|journal=Journal of Farm Economics|volume=14|issue=2|page=295|doi=10.2307/1230112|jstor=1230112|year=1932|last1=Peterson|first1=G.M.|last2=Galbraith|first2=J.K.}}</ref>

After graduation in 1934, he started to work as an instructor at [[Harvard University]]. Galbraith taught intermittently at Harvard in the period 1934 to 1939.<ref name="thecrimson.com"/> From 1939 to 1940, he taught at [[Princeton University]]. In 1937, he became a citizen of the United States and was no longer a [[British subject]].{{efn|{{citation needed span|date=July 2022|text=Canada did not have its own citizenship at the time, but later the United States and Canada acknowledged that their citizens, who had taken out citizenship in the others' countries, were recognized as having also retained their original citizenship, and Galbraith died as he had been born—a Canadian, although he had previously been amply honored as a Canadian as well as an American.}}}} In the same year, he took a year-long fellowship at the [[University of Cambridge]], England, where he was influenced by [[John Maynard Keynes]]. He then traveled in Europe for several months in 1938, attending an international economic conference and developing his ideas.<ref>[[#Galbraith1981|Galbraith (1981)]] ch. 6.</ref> He served for a few months in summer 1934 in the U.S. Department of Agriculture.<ref>Galbraith, ''Name-Dropping: From F.D.R. On'' (1999) pp. 14–15.</ref> As a Harvard teacher in 1938 he was given charge of a research project for the National Resources Planning Board.<ref>Galbraith, ''A Life in Our Times'', pp. 90, 93.</ref><ref>He wrote National Resources Planning Board, ''The economic effects of the federal public works expenditures, 1933–1938'' (1940) [https://archive.org/details/economiceffectso1940rich online]</ref> From 1943 until 1948, he served as an editor of ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine. In 1949, he was appointed professor of economics at Harvard. He also taught at the [[Harvard Extension School]].<ref name=gates>{{Citation | title = The Gates Unbarred: A History of University Extension at Harvard, 1910–2009| year = 2010 | author = Shinagel, Michael | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0674051355|page=52}}</ref>

===World War II===
[[File:JohnKennethGalbraithOWI.jpg|thumb|right|Photograph was taken between 1940 and 1946 "I react pragmatically. Where the market works, I'm for that. Where the government is necessary, I'm for that. I'm deeply suspicious of somebody who says, 'I'm in favor of privatization,' or, 'I'm deeply in favor of public ownership.' I'm in favor of whatever works in the particular case." — C-SPAN, November 13, 1994<ref>Albalate, D. (2014). The privatisation and nationalisation of European roads: Success and failure in public-private partnerships. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, p. YIII.</ref>]]The United States went into WWII with an economy still not fully recovered from the [[Great Depression]].<ref>Rockoff, Hugh (2012) ''America's Economic Way of War: War and the U.S. Economy from the Spanish–American War to the Persian Gulf War''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0521676738}}.</ref> Because wartime production needs mandated large budget deficits and an accommodating monetary policy, inflation and a runaway wage-price spiral were seen as likely.<ref>Digests of Interpretation of the General Maximum Price Regulation. Washington, DC: [[Office of Price Administration]], 1942.</ref> As a part of a team charged with keeping inflation from damaging the war effort, Galbraith served as a deputy administrator of the [[Office of Price Administration]] (OPA) during [[United States home front during World War II|World War II]] in 1941–1943. The OPA directed the process of stabilization of prices and rents.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/1884653| jstor = 1884653| title = The Tactics of Retail Price Control| journal = The Quarterly Journal of Economics| volume = 57| issue = 4| pages = 497–521| year = 1943| last1 = Miller | first1 = J.P.}}</ref>

On May 11, 1941, President Roosevelt created the Office of Price Administration and Civilian Supply (OPACS). On August 28, 1941, it became the Office of Price Administration (OPA). After the US entered the war in December 1941, OPA was tasked with rationing and price controls. The [[Emergency Price Control Act of 1942|Emergency Price Control Act]] passed on January 30, 1942, legitimized the OPA as a separate federal agency. It merged OPA with two other agencies: Consumer Protection Division and Price Stabilization Division of the Advisory Commission to the Council of National Defense.<ref>Mansfield, Harvey C. ''et al.'' (1948) [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015043513608 ''A Short History of OPA''], Office of Temporary Controls, Office of Price Administration.</ref> The council was referred to as the National Defense Advisory Commission (NDAC), and was created on May 29, 1940.<ref name="Gale">Carson, Thomas, and Mary Bonk. Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History. Detroit: Gale Group, 1999. [http://www.answers.com/topic/office-of-price-administration]</ref> NDAC emphasized voluntary and advisory methods in keeping prices low. [[Leon Henderson]], the NDAC commissioner for price stabilization, became the administrator of OPACS and of OPA in 1941–1942. He oversaw a mandatory and vigorous price regulation that started in May 1942 after OPA introduced the General Maximum Price Regulation (GMPR). It was much criticized by the business community. In response, OPA mobilized the public on behalf of the new guidelines and said that it reduced the options for those who were seeking higher rents or prices. OPA had its own Enforcement Division, which documented the increase of violations: a quarter million in 1943 and more than 300,000 during the next year.<ref name="Gale" />

Historians and economists differ over the assessment of the OPA activities, which started with six people, but then grew to 15,000 staffers.<ref>[http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/60409-1/John+Kenneth+Galbraith.aspx ''Booknotes'' interview with Galbraith] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215326/http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/60409-1/John%2BKenneth%2BGalbraith.aspx |date=March 3, 2016 }} on ''A Journey Through Economic Time'', November 13, 1994.</ref><ref name="Guardian Profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2002/apr/06/socialsciences.highereducation | title=Last of the old-style liberals | work=The Guardian Profile: John Kenneth Galbraith | date=April 5, 2002 | access-date=July 4, 2013 | author=Steele, Jonathan }}</ref> Some of them point to the fact that price increases were relatively lower than during the [[First World War]], and that the overall economy grew faster. [[Steven Pressman (economist)|Steven Pressman]], for example, wrote that "when the controls were removed there was only a small increase in prices, thereby demonstrating that inflationary pressures were actively managed and not just kept temporarily under control."<ref>{{cite book|author=Pressman, Steven |title=Leading Contemporary Economists: Economics at the Cutting Edge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbUwqHAE4XQCpg|location=London|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2009|page=286}}</ref> Galbraith said in an interview that he considered his work at the OPA as his major life achievement, since prices were relatively stable during WWII.<ref name="Guardian Profile" /> The role of the OPA, however, as well as the whole legacy of the US government wartime economic stabilization measures from a long-term perspective, remains debated. [[Richard Parker (economist)|Richard Parker]], who earlier had written a well regarded biography of Galbraith had this to say about Galbraith's efforts during the war:

<blockquote>[H]e had first gone to work in the nation's capital in 1934 as a 25-year-old, fresh out of graduate school and just about to join the Harvard faculty as a young instructor. He had returned to Washington in mid-1940, after Paris fell to the Germans, initially to help ready the nation for war. Eighteen months later, after Pearl Harbor, he was then appointed to oversee the wartime economy as "price czar," charged with preventing inflation and corrupt price-gouging from devastating the economy as it swelled to produce the weapons and materiel needed to guarantee victory against fascism. In this, he and his colleagues at the Office of Price Administration had been stunningly successful, guiding an economy that quadrupled in size in less than five years without fanning the inflation that had haunted World War I, or leaving behind an unbalanced post-war collapse of the kind that had done such grievous damage to Europe in the 1920s.<ref name=parker>[http://www.johnkennethgalbraith.com/index.php?page=articles&display=7 "Richard Parker : The Legacy of John Kenneth Galbraith"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629020127/http://www.johnkennethgalbraith.com/index.php?page=articles&display=7 |date=June 29, 2017 }}. johnkennethgalbraith.com.</ref></blockquote>

Opposition to the OPA came from conservatives in Congress and the business community. It undercut Galbraith and he was forced out in May 1943, accused of "communistic tendencies".<ref>[[#Parker|Parker]], pp. 132–52.</ref> He was promptly hired by [[Henry Luce]], a conservative Republican and a dominant figure in American media as publisher of ''Time'' and ''Fortune'' magazines. Galbraith worked for Luce for five years and expounded Keynesianism to the American business leadership.<ref>[[#Parker|Parker]], pp. 156–71.</ref> Luce allegedly said to President Kennedy, "I taught Galbraith how to write—and have regretted it ever since."<ref name="RES Newsletter">{{cite web | url=http://www.res.org.uk/SpringboardWebApp/userfiles/res/file/obituaries/galbraith.pdf | title=J K Galbraith | publisher=Royal Economic Society | work=RES Newsletter, July 2006, no.132 | access-date=July 3, 2013 | archive-date=October 13, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013050823/http://www.res.org.uk/SpringboardWebApp/userfiles/res/file/obituaries/galbraith.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Galbraith saw his role as educating the entire nation on how the economy worked, including the role of big corporations. He was combining his writing with numerous speeches to business groups and local Democratic party meetings, as well as frequently testifying before Congress.<ref>{{cite book|author=Waligorski, Conrad |title=John Kenneth Galbraith: The Economist As Political Theorist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1gJyodX2WEC&pg=PA8|year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|page=8|isbn=978-0742531499}}</ref>

During the late stages of WWII in 1945, Galbraith was invited by [[Paul Nitze]] to serve as one of the "Officers" of the [[Strategic bombing survey|Strategic Bombing Survey]], initiated by the [[Office of Strategic Services]]. It was designed to assess the results of the aerial bombardments of Nazi Germany.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/ | title=United States Strategic Bombing Survey Reports | website=Ibiblio.org | access-date=July 3, 2013}}</ref> The survey found that German war production went up rather than down as German cities were being bombed. Henderson (2006) wrote, 'Galbraith had to fight hard to have his report published without it being rewritten to hide the essential points. "I defended it," he wrote, "with a maximum of arrogance and a minimum of tact."' Those findings created a controversy, with Nitze siding with others of the "Officers" managing the survey and with [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] officials, who declared the opposite. Later, Galbraith described the willingness of public servants and institutions to bend the truth to please the Pentagon as the "Pentagonania syndrome".<ref>Carroll, James (2006). ''House of War: The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. {{ISBN|0618872019}}. p. 178. {{cite Q|Q114772547}}</ref>

===Postwar===
In February 1946, Galbraith took a leave of absence from his magazine work for a senior position in the State Department as director of the Office of Economic Security Policy where he was nominally in charge of economic affairs regarding Germany, Japan, Austria, and South Korea. Distrusted by senior diplomats, he was relegated to routine work, with few opportunities to make policy.<ref>[[#Galbraith1981|Galbraith (1981)]] ch. 16.</ref> Galbraith favored [[détente]] with the Soviet Union, along with Secretary of State [[James F. Byrnes]] and General [[Lucius D. Clay]], a military governor of the US Zone in Germany from 1947 to 1949,<ref name="RES Newsletter" /> but they were out of step with the [[containment]] policy then being developed by [[George F. Kennan|George Kennan]] and favored by the majority of the US major policymakers. After a disconcerting half-year, Galbraith resigned in September 1946 and went back to his magazine writing on economics issues.<ref>[[#Galbraith1981|Galbraith (1981)]] pp. 247, 255</ref><ref>[[#Parker|Parker]], pp. 203, 216.</ref> Later, he immortalized his frustration with "the ways of [[Foggy Bottom]]" in a [[satire|satirical]] novel, ''The Triumph'' (1968).<ref>Galbraith, John Kenneth. ''The Triumph: A Novel of Modern Diplomacy''. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin, 1968.</ref> The postwar period also was memorable for Galbraith because of his work, along with [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] and [[Hubert Humphrey]], to establish a progressive policy organization [[Americans for Democratic Action]] (ADA) in support of the cause of economic and social justice in 1947. In 1952, Galbraith's friends [[Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.]] and [[George Ball (diplomat)|George Ball]] recruited him to work as a speechwriter for the Democratic candidate, [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]].{{sfn|Parker|2005|pp=253-54}} The involvement of several intellectuals from the ADA in the Stevenson campaign attracted controversy as the Republican Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] accused the ADA intellectuals as being "tainted" by "well documented Red associations"; Galbraith later said one of his regrets was that McCarthy failed to condemn him as one of Stevenson's "red" advisers.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=263}}

=== Kennedy administration ===
[[File:JKGalbraith JFK.jpg|right|thumb|230px|Galbraith at left, as US ambassador to India, with President John F. Kennedy, Vice-President Lyndon B. Johnson, and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India, 1961]]
During his time as an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]], Galbraith was appointed [[United States Ambassador to India]] from 1961 to 1963. His rapport with Kennedy was such that he regularly bypassed the State Department and sent his diplomatic cables directly to the president.<ref name="Rediff India Abroad" /> Galbraith disliked his superior, Secretary of State [[Dean Rusk]], writing to Kennedy that trying to communicate via Rusk was "like trying to fornicate through a mattress".{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=351}} In India, he became a confidant of Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and extensively advised the Indian government on economic matters.

Kennedy considered India to be important not just in its own right, but also because an Indian diplomat always served as the chief commissioner of the [[International Control Commission]] (ICC). Thus, Galbraith came to be involved in American policy towards Southeast Asia from his perch as an ambassador in New Delhi.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=354}} In 1961, when Kennedy considered intervening in the civil war in Laos, Galbraith strongly advised him not to, warning him that the disastrous [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] had been caused by Kennedy taking the advice offered by the hawkish [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], who had assured him that the invasion could not fail and were now saying the same about the proposed intervention in Laos.{{sfn|Parker|2005|pp=355-356}} Galbraith also noted that the ICC was also responsible for Laos as well as the two Vietnams, and he had Nehru's word that the Indian diplomats on the ICC were willing to serve as honest brokers for a peace deal to make Laos neutral in the Cold War.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=356}}

In May 1961, the Indian ICC members had been able to broker a ceasefire in Laos and Kennedy decided to go for the neutralization option instead of war.{{sfn|Parker|2005|pp=356-57}} During the talks in Geneva to discuss a solution to the Lao crisis, the chief American delegate, [[W. Averell Harriman]], discovered the Chinese foreign minister, [[Chen Yi (marshal)|Chen Yi]], was willing to meet him in private.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|pp=132-33}} However, Rusk forbade Harriman to talk to Chen under any circumstances, fearful of Republican attacks against the Democrat Kennedy if the meetings should come out to the media, causing Harriman to explode in rage that during World War II, Roosevelt had allowed him to meet whoever was necessary.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=133}} Unable to change Rusk's mind, Harriman appealed to Galbraith, who in his turn appealed to Kennedy.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=133}} Kennedy granted permission for Harriman to meet Chen, provided that it was done under the strictest secrecy, but by that time, Chen had returned to Beijing.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=133}} In May 1961, when Vice President Lyndon Johnson visited India, Galbraith had the duty of escorting him around various sites in India and attempting to explain some of his Texas mannerisms such as his shouts of "yee-hah!" that he made when he saw the Taj Mahal, which confused the Indians.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=359}}

From the embassy in New Delhi, Galbraith emerged as a critic of the increasing American involvement in Vietnam. In November 1961, he visited [[South Vietnam]] where he presented an unflattering picture of the regime of President [[Ngo Dinh Diem]], saying "we are now married to failure". He advised finding a new South Vietnamese leader, saying "nothing succeeds like successors".{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=157}} In May 1962, Galbraith cabled Kennedy, stating that according to the most recent statements made by [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Robert McNamara]], Diem had about 170,000 men under arms at present, while claiming that his country was in major danger from 20,000 lightly armed [[Viet Cong]] guerrillas.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=172}} Galbraith proceeded to do a statistical comparison, under which he calculated that in proportional terms, Diem had an army that was approximately the ratio to the population that was equivalent to that of the U.S Army to the American people after the Civil War, while the Viet Cong had a ratio equivalent to that of the Sioux vs the American people, leading Galbraith to sarcastically ask why Diem needed more American support.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=172}} He concluded his cable to Kennedy: "Incidentally, who is the man in your administration who decides what countries are strategic? I would like to have his name and address and ask him what is so important about this real estate in the Space Age".{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=172}}

In January 1963, when Polish Foreign Minister [[Adam Rapacki]] visited New Delhi, Galbraith met with him to declare to him his "despair" about Kennedy's Vietnam policies and to ask that Poland, as one of the three members of the ICC, try help find a diplomatic solution to the Vietnam War.{{sfn|Gnoinska|2005|p=6-7}} Galbraith told Rapacki that he favored an agreement to neutralize the two Vietnams similar to the neutralization agreement signed for Laos in 1962.{{sfn|Gnoinska|2005|p=6}} On February 5, 1963, [[Przemysław Ogrodziński]], the Polish ambassador in New Delhi, was ordered by his superiors in Warsaw: "As far as the Vietnam matter, we are discussing it. It was received with interest. Deliberations will continue. As for now, we suggest inviting Galbraith to lunch and sounding [him] out, without committing ourselves, in order for him to see that we are looking into this matter".{{sfn|Gnoinska|2005|p=351}}

Although Galbraith had acted on his own in approaching Rapacki, he had some support from Kennedy, who told him "to pursue the subject immediately."<ref name="McMath">{{cite news |last1=McMath |first1=Philip |title=Ken Burns, JFK and the unopened door |url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2017/oct/15/ken-burns-jfk-and-the-unopened-door-201/ |publisher=Arkansas Democrat-Gazette |date=October 15, 2017}}</ref> This was the origin of the "Maneli affair", named after [[Mieczysław Maneli]], the Polish Commissioner to the ICC who, together with [[Ramchundur Goburdhun]], the Indian Commissioner on the ICC, approached leaders in both North and South Vietnam with a proposal to make both Vietnams neutral in the Cold War.<ref name="McMath"/>

On April 1, 1963, Galbraith flew to Washington to discuss the peace proposal with Kennedy, where the president told him "to be prepared to seize upon any favorable moment to reduce our commitment [in Vietnam]", though it "might yet be some time away."<ref name="McMath"/> In September 1963, Maneli met with [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], the younger brother and right-hand man of President Diem, to discuss neutralization, a meeting that was leaked to the right-wing American columnist [[Joseph Alsop]].<ref name="McMath"/> At that point Kennedy lost interest in the "Maneli affair", instead deciding to back an alternative option he had been considering since August: a coup against the Ngo brothers.<ref name="McMath"/>

While in India, he helped establish one of the first computer science departments, at the [[Indian Institute of Technology]] in [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Rediff India Abroad">{{cite news | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/28spec.htm | title=India-China war 'accidental:' Galbraith | work=The Rediff Special | date=July 28, 2003 | agency=Rediff India Abroad | access-date=July 4, 2013 | author=Athale, Anil }}</ref> (Even after leaving office, Galbraith remained a friend and supporter of India.)
Because of his recommendation, [[First Lady of the United States]] [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy]] undertook her 1962 [[Jacqueline Kennedy's 1962 goodwill tour of India and Pakistan|diplomatic missions in India and Pakistan]].


=== Johnson administration ===
After leaving the American embassy in India, Galbraith continued to advise Johnson, now president, against escalating American involvement in Vietnam. In 1965, he advised Johnson that he should "instruct officials and spokesmen to stop saying the future of mankind, the United States, and human liberty is being decided in Vietnam. It isn't; this merely builds up a difficult problem out of all proportion. It is also terrible politics".{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=383}} During the 1966 Buddhist crisis in South Vietnam, Galbraith wrote Johnson a letter on April 3 saying he now had "an opportunity only the God-fearing deserve and only the extremely lucky get", saying that if the government of Air Marshal [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] should fall, Johnson should use the occasion to pull all Americans out of Vietnam.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=427}}

On June 16, 1966, Galbraith offered to write Johnson a speech that would set out an orderly withdrawal of American forces over the next year.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=427}} Galbraith advised Johnson the beginning of the [[Cultural Revolution]] in China represented an opportunity for a diplomatic settlement of the Vietnam war, predicting that [[Mao Zedong]] would lose interest in Vietnam now that he had launched his Cultural Revolution.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=428}} The National Security Adviser, [[W.W. Rostow]], wrote the reply to Galbraith that was signed by Johnson, curtly declaring: "I have never doubted your talent for political craftsmanship, and I am sure you could devise a script that would appear to justify our taking an unjustifiable course in South Vietnam".{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=427}} On June 28, 1966, Galbraith made his final attempt to change Johnson's mind, warning that the Vietnam War would ruin his presidency and that he should stop taking the advice of Rostow.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=427}} Galbraith stated that Johnson had the potential to be one of the greatest presidents if only he find a way out of Vietnam, and concluded: "The people who want to invest more and more in this war have nothing to lose. They will end up working for a foundation".{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=427}}

In 1966, when he was no longer ambassador, he told the United States Senate that one of the main causes of the 1965 Kashmir war was American military aid to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sundararajan, Saroja |title=Kashmir Crisis Unholy Anglo Pak Nexus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xntfrAZkbsC&pg=PA299|year=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|pages=299–|isbn=978-8178358086}}</ref>

[[File:American Ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy at the U. S. Chancery, New Delhi.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Galbraith and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy at the US Chancery, New Delhi]]

In early 1968, Galbraith endorsed Senator [[Eugene McCarthy]], who ran against Johnson on an anti-war platform.{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=480}} During the New Hampshire Democratic primary, Galbraith toured the Granite State, giving pro-McCarthy speeches in churches, union halls, campuses and house parties.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=456}} As McCarthy had the reputation of being strange and frivolous, Galbraith's support and campaigning for him was important, as McCarthy needed the endorsement of mainstream figures to give him credibility.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=454}} When the New Hampshire Democratic primary was held on March 12, 1968, Johnson defeated McCarthy by only about 300 votes, a humiliation for an incumbent president with a well funded campaign running against a senator widely considered to be too eccentric to be president, and who had only a fraction of the campaign money that Johnson had.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=456}}{{sfn|Karnow|1983|p=558}} Though Johnson won the primary, the very narrow margin of his victory was widely considered to be a defeat. On the night of the primary, Galbraith celebrated the result at McCarthy campaign headquarters as if it were an outright victory.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=456}} The day after the New Hampshire primary, Galbraith was widely cheered by his students when he entered his lecture hall at Harvard.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=456}}

The results of the New Hampshire primary showed that Johnson was vulnerable. On March 16, 1968, Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] announced he was entering the presidential race. Kennedy asked Galbraith to withdraw his endorsement of McCarthy and to endorse him instead, a request that Galbraith refused.{{sfn|Parker|2005|pp=456-57}} The historian [[Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.]], who campaigned with Galbraith in New Hampshire for McCarthy, switched his support to Kennedy, on the grounds that Kennedy was a far more electable candidate than the eccentric McCarthy, a man most people found to be too silly to be president.{{sfn|Parker|2005|pp=456-57}} Schlesinger strongly urged Galbraith to support Kennedy, but Galbraith chose to continue to campaign for McCarthy, partly because McCarthy's liberalism was closer to his own politics, and partly out of a personal revulsion for Kennedy, who had only opportunistically entered the presidential race when it became clear that Johnson was not invincible.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=457}} Galbraith had been friends with John Kennedy, but his relations with Robert were more difficult, as Galbraith found Robert too rigid, utterly convinced that he was always right.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=457}} Galbraith later said that with Robert Kennedy "You were either for the cause or against it, with the Kennedys or a leper".{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=457}}

After Kennedy was assassinated, McCarthy became so depressed that he almost dropped out of the election, and Galbraith visited several times to urge him to continue, through Galbraith later admitted "...I don't believe Eugene McCarthy's heart was ever wholly in the battle".{{sfn|Parker|2005|pp=469-70}} At the chaotic and violent Democratic National Convention in August 1968 in Chicago, Galbraith attended as the floor manager for the McCarthy campaign.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=469}} Amid what was later called a "police riot", as the Chicago police fought in the streets with anti-Vietnam war protesters, Galbraith held an impromptu speech outside the Hilton Hotel before a group of demonstrators, urging them to reject violence and to have patience, while assuring them that the American system was capable of reform and change.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=470}} Galbraith pointed to the armed Illinois National Guardsmen standing in the background and said that they, unlike the Chicago police, were not the enemy, as he maintained that most of the young men who joined the Illinois National Guard had only done so to avoid being drafted to fight in Vietnam.{{sfn|Parker|2005|pp=470-71}} After finishing his speech, a National Guard sergeant approached Galbraith, who froze up in fear as he believed he was about to be arrested. Instead the sergeant wanted to shake hands, saying: "Thank you, sir. That was the first nice thing anyone has said about us all week".{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=471}}

At the convention, supporters of Johnson challenged Galbraith's right to serve as a delegate, and sought to expel him from the building.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=471}} Galbraith quarreled with Johnson supporters on the convention floor as he sought to add a peace plank to the Democratic platform, which Johnson saw as an insult to himself, and ordered the delegates to reject.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=471}} The Mayor of Chicago, Richard Daley, a Johnson supporter, had imposed such stringent security conditions that it was impossible to walk across the convention hall without jostling somebody else, which added to the tension of the convention as pro-war and anti-war Democrats fiercely argued about the platform, all of which was captured live on national television.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=471}} Adding to the tension were televisions on the convention floor that showed what was happening outside, as the Chicago police attacked and beat anti-war demonstrators.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=471}} On Daley's orders, the Chicago police searched Galbraith's room at the Hilton hotel, alleging that he was hiding anti-war protesters.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=471}} None were found.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=471}} After Vice President Hubert Humphrey won the Democratic nomination, Galbraith reluctantly endorsed Humphrey as preferable to the Republican candidate, Richard Nixon.{{sfn|Parker|2005|p=472}}

===Later life and recognition===
In autumn 1972, Galbraith was an adviser and assistant to Nixon's rival candidate, Senator [[George McGovern]], in the election campaign for the American presidency. During this time (September 1972) he travelled to China in his role as president of the [[American Economic Association]] (AEA) at the invitation of [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[communism|communist]] government, together with fellow economists [[Wassily Leontief]] and [[James Tobin]]. In 1973, Galbraith published an account of his experiences in ''A China Passage'', writing that there was "no serious doubt that China is devising a highly effective economic system," "[d]issidents are brought firmly into line in China, but, one suspects, with great politeness," and "Greater Shanghai ... has a better medical service than New York,". He considered it not implausible that Chinese industrial and agricultural output was expanding annually at a rate of 10 to 11%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hayashi |first1=Stuart K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LjW_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 |title=Hunting Down Social Darwinism: Will This Canard Go Extinct? |date=2015 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0739186718 |page=253 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1972 he served as president of the [[American Economic Association]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Past AEA Officers |url=http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AEA/officerspast.htm |publisher=American Economic Association |access-date=October 10, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920103459/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AEA/officerspast.htm |archive-date=September 20, 2008 }}</ref> The ''Journal of Post Keynesian Economics'' benefited from Galbraith's support and he served as the chairman of its board from its beginning.<ref name=Dunn2005/>

During the shooting of ''[[The World at War]]'', a British television documentary series (1973–74), Galbraith described his experiences in the Roosevelt war administration. Among other things, he spoke about the initial confusion during the first meeting of the major departmental leaders about [[Ceiba pentandra|kapok]] and its use.{{relevance inline|date=August 2021}} Galbraith also talked about rationing and especially about trickery during fuel allocation.

In December 1977, he met the Palauan senator [[Roman Tmetuchl]] and eventually became an unpaid adviser to the Palau Political Status Commission. He advocated for minimal financial requirement and infrastructure projects. In 1979 he addressed Palau's legislature and participated in a seminar for the delegates to the Palau Constitutional Convention. He became the first person to earn [[honorary citizenship]] of Palau.<ref name="Shuster 2002">{{cite book |title=Roman Tmetuchl: A Palauan Visionary |publisher=Roman Tmetuchl Family Trust |isbn=978-9829064011 |last=Shuster |first=Donald R. |year=2002 |pages=209–13}}</ref>

In 1984, he visited the USSR, writing that the Soviet economy had made "great material progress" as, "in contrast to Western industrial economy," the USSR "makes full use of its manpower."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gvosdev|first1=Nikolas K.|title=The Strange Death of Soviet Communism: A Postscript|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1351473200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj4rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Milo|last2=Silberzahn|first2=Philippe|title=Constructing Cassandra: Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947–2001|date=2013|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0804787154|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVYTAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102|language=en}}</ref>

In 1985, the [[American Humanist Association]] named him the Humanist of the Year. The [[Association for Asian Studies]] (AAS) conferred its 1987 Award for Distinguished Contributions to Asian Studies.<ref>Association for Asian Studies (AAS), [http://www.aasianst.org/publications/distinguished.htm 1987 Award for Distinguished Contributions to Asian Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517022119/http://www.aasianst.org/publications/distinguished.htm |date=May 17, 2008 }}; retrieved May 31, 2011</ref>
{{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?192803-1/memorial-service-john-kenneth-galbraith Memorial service for Galbraith at Memorial Church in Harvard Yard, Cambridge, May 31, 2006], [[C-SPAN]]}}
In 1997 he was made an Officer of the [[Order of Canada]].<ref name=order>{{cite web|url=http://www.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=3766|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070517165119/http://www.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=3766|url-status=dead|title=Order of Canada|date=May 17, 2007|archive-date=May 17, 2007}}</ref> In 2000 he was awarded the US [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]. He also was awarded an honorary doctorate from [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]] at the fall convocation of 1999,<ref>{{Cite news|title=John Kenneth Galbraith in St. John's |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/john-kenneth-galbraith-in-st-john-s-1.184858 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702225207/http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/1999/10/21/nf_galbraith991021.html |url-status=live |archive-date=July 2, 2009 |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=October 12, 2008 | date=October 21, 1999}}</ref> another contribution to the impressive collection of approximately fifty academic honorary degrees bestowed upon Galbraith. In 2000, he was awarded the [[Leontief Prize]] for his outstanding contribution to economic theory by the [[Global Development and Environment Institute]]. The library in his hometown of [[Dutton/Dunwich, Ontario|Dutton, Ontario]] was renamed the ''John Kenneth Galbraith Reference Library'' in honor of his attachment to the library and his contributions to the new building.

On April 29, 2006, Galbraith died in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], of natural causes at the age of 97, after a two-week stay in a hospital. He is interred at [[Indian Hill Cemetery]] in [[Middletown, Connecticut]].

===Family===
On September 17, 1937, Galbraith married [[Catherine Galbraith|Catherine Merriam Atwater]], whom he met while she was a [[Radcliffe College|Radcliffe]] graduate student. Their marriage lasted for 68 years. The Galbraiths resided in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], and had a summer home in [[Townshend, Vermont]]. They had four sons: J. Alan Galbraith was a partner in the Washington, DC, law firm [[Williams & Connolly]] (now retired); Douglas Galbraith died in childhood of leukemia; [[Peter W. Galbraith]] has been an American diplomat who served as Ambassador to [[Croatia]] and is a commentator on American foreign policy, particularly in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]]; [[James K. Galbraith]] is a progressive economist at the [[University of Texas at Austin]] [[Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs]]. The Galbraiths also had ten grandchildren.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F15FE3A5B0C738FDDAD0894DE404482 | title=John Kenneth Galbraith, 97, Dies; Economist Held a Mirror to Society | work=The New York Times | date=April 30, 2006 | access-date=July 3, 2013 |author1=Noble, Holcomb B.|author2=Martin, Douglas}}</ref>

A memorial plaque stands adjoining a stone [[inukshuk]] overlooking the Galbraith family farm on the Thompson (Hogg) Line just east of Willey Road, just north of the one room school he attended. The family home—a large white farm house—still stands, as do many of the original farm buildings.

==Writings==
Even before becoming a president of the American Economic Association, Galbraith was considered as an [[iconoclasm|iconoclast]] by many economists. This is partly because he rejected the technical analysis and mathematical modelling of [[neoclassical economics]] as being divorced from reality. Following [[Thorstein Veblen]], he believed that economic activity could not be distilled into inviolable laws, but rather was a complex product of the cultural and political milieu in which it occurs. In particular, he posited that important factors, such as the separation between corporate ownership and management, [[oligopoly]], and the influence of government and military spending had been largely neglected by most economists because they are not amenable to axiomatic descriptions. In this sense, he worked as much in [[political economy]] as in [[classical economics]].

His work included several best selling books throughout the fifties and sixties. His major contribution to the field of economics is the so-called ''American capitalism'' trilogy: The ''Affluent Society'' (1958), ''The New Industrial State'' (1967), and ''Economics and the Public Purpose'' (1973). Written in a clear and concise style, they were comprehensible to lay readers, not just economists.

After his retirement from Harvard as the Paul M. Warburg Professor of Economics, Emeritus,<ref name="Harvard Gazette" /> he remained in the public spotlight by continuing to write 21 new books, as well as completing a script in 1977 for a major series on economics for [[PBS]] and [[BBC]] television—''[[The Age of Uncertainty]]'', broadcast in 38 countries.<ref name="Harvard Gazette" />

In addition to his books, he wrote hundreds of essays and a number of novels. Among his novels, ''[[A Tenured Professor]]'' achieved particular critical acclaim. Galbraith wrote book reviews, e.g., of ''[[The Report from Iron Mountain]] on the Possibility and Desirability of Peace'', a 1967 political satire, under the pen name of ''Herschel McLandress'', a name of a fictional Scottish mentor featured in the ''Tenured Professor''.<ref>Collins, Phillip Darrell and Collins, Paul David (2004) ''The Ascendancy of the Scientific Dictatorship: An Examination of Epistemic Autocracy from the 19th to the 21st Century''. New York: IUniverse. {{ISBN|0595311644}}. p. 125.</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Galbraith, John Kenneth |encyclopedia=encyclopedia.com |year=2009}}</ref> He also used the pseudonym, Mark Épernay, when he published ''The McLandress Dimension'' in 1963.<ref>Galbraith, John Kenneth (1963). ''The McLandress Dimension''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</ref>

===Economics books===
Galbraith was an important figure in 20th-century [[institutional economics]], and provided an exemplary ''institutionalist'' perspective on [[economic power]].<ref>Stilwell, Frank J.B. (2002) ''Political Economy: The Contest of Economic Ideas''. South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0195575016}}</ref> Among his numerous writings, Galbraith cherished ''The New Industrial State'' and ''The Affluent Society'' as his two best.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adams|given=Philip|title=Interview on Radio National, Late Night Live|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|year=1999|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/lnl/stories/s64155.htm|access-date=January 17, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214063133/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/lnl/stories/s64155.htm|archive-date=February 14, 2006|url-status=dead}}. Accessed January 17, 2006.</ref> As for the later works, economist and Galbraith friend Mike Sharpe visited him in 2004, on which occasion Galbraith gave Sharpe a copy of what would be Galbraith's last book, ''[[The Economics of Innocent Fraud]]''. Galbraith confided in Sharpe that "this is my best book", an assertion Galbraith delivered "a little mischievously."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharpe|given=Mike|title=John Kenneth Galbraith, 1908–2006|journal=[[Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs]]|volume= 49 |issue=4|page=7|year=2006 |doi= 10.2753/cha0577-5132490401 |s2cid=153529393}}</ref>

After the beginning of the [[Great Recession in the United States|Great Recession of 2008]], Galbraith's ''[[The Great Crash, 1929]]'' (1955) and other books containing warnings about the dangers of an unrestrained speculative mood without proper government oversight found an attentive readership again. In 2010, the [[Library of America]] published a new edition of Galbraith's major works, edited by his son, [[James K. Galbraith]]: ''The Affluent Society & Other Writings, 1952–1967'': ''American Capitalism'', ''The Great Crash, 1929'', ''The Affluent Society'', and ''The New Industrial State''.<ref>Galbraith, John Kenneth (2010). ''The Affluent Society & Other Writings, 1952–1967''. New York: [[The Library of America]]. {{ISBN|978-1598530773}}</ref> On this occasion, [[Bill Moyers]] interviewed James K. Galbraith about his father, his works, and his legacy.<ref>{{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxDmw7rCfeQ | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211113/JxDmw7rCfeQ| archive-date=November 13, 2021 | url-status=live| title=The Unconventional Wisdom of John Kenneth Galbraith: A Conversation with Bill Moyers and James K. Galbraith. Part 1–4. | publisher=The Library of America | date=February 22, 2011 | people=Moyers, Bill and Galbraith, James K. | medium=Video | location=The Grolier Club, New York City. November 17, 2010.}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

====American economy====
In ''[[American Capitalism|American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power]]'', published in 1952, Galbraith concluded that the American economy was managed by a triumvirate of big business, big labor, and an activist government. Galbraith defined the actions of the industry lobby groups and unions as ''countervailing power''. He contrasted this arrangement with the period prior to the previous Depression, when big business had relatively free rein over the economy.

His 1955 bestseller ''[[The Great Crash, 1929]]'' describes the Wall Street meltdown of stock prices and how markets progressively become decoupled from reality in a speculative boom. The book is also a platform for Galbraith's humor and keen insights into human behavior when wealth is threatened. It has never been out of print.

In ''[[The Affluent Society]]'' (1958), which became a bestseller, Galbraith outlined his view that to become successful, post–World War II America should make large investments in items such as highways and education, using funds from general taxation.

Galbraith also critiqued the assumption that continually increasing material production is a sign of economic and societal health. Because of this Galbraith is sometimes considered one of the first [[post-materialism|post-materialists]]. In this book, he popularized the old phrase "[[conventional wisdom]]".<ref>(Galbraith, 1958 The Affluent Society: Chapter 2 "The Concept of Conventional Wisdom")</ref> Galbraith worked on the book while in Switzerland and had originally titled it ''Why The Poor Are Poor'', but changed it to ''The Affluent Society'' at his wife's suggestion.<ref name="Rediff India Abroad"/> ''The Affluent Society'' contributed (likely to a significant degree, given that Galbraith had the ear of President Kennedy<ref name="NY Times">Noble, Holcomb B. and Martin, Douglas (April 30, 2006) [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/30/obituaries/30galbraith.html John Kenneth Galbraith, 97, Dies; Economist, Diplomat and Writer]. ''The New York Times''.</ref>) to the [[War on Poverty]], the government spending policy introduced by the administrations of Kennedy and Johnson.

====New industrial state====
In 1966, Galbraith was invited by the BBC to present the Reith Lectures,<ref name="BBC Reith Lectures">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00729d9 | title=The Reith Lectures | publisher=BBC Radio 4 | access-date=July 3, 2013}}</ref> a series of radio broadcasts, which he titled ''The New Industrial State''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00h3y23 | title=The Reith Lectures, J K Galbraith: The New Industrial State (1966) | publisher=BBC Radio 4 | access-date=July 3, 2013}}</ref> Across six broadcasts, he explored the economics of production and the effect large corporations could have over the state.

In the print edition of ''[[The New Industrial State]]'' (1967), Galbraith expanded his analysis of the role of power in economic life, arguing that very few industries in the United States fit the model of [[perfect competition]]. A central concept of the book is the revised sequence. The 'conventional wisdom' in economic thought portrays economic life as a set of competitive markets governed, ultimately, by the decisions of sovereign consumers. In this original sequence, the control of the production process flows from consumers of commodities to the organizations that produce those commodities. In the revised sequence, this flow is reversed and businesses exercise control over consumers by advertising and related salesmanship activities.

The revised sequence concept applies only to the industrial system—that is, the manufacturing core of the economy in which each industry contains only a handful of very powerful corporations. It does not apply to the market system in the Galbraithian dual economy. In the market system, composed of the vast majority of business organizations, price competition remains the dominant form of social control. In the industrial system, however, composed of the 1,000 or so large corporations, competitive price theory obscures the relation to the price system of these large and powerful corporations. In Galbraith's view, the principal function of market relations in this industrial system is, not to constrain the power of the corporate behemoths, but to serve as an instrument for the implementation of their power. Moreover, the power of these corporations extends into commercial culture and politics, allowing them to exercise considerable influence upon popular social attitudes and value judgments. That this power is exercised in the shortsighted interest of expanding commodity production and the status of the few is both inconsistent with democracy and a barrier to achieving the quality of life that the new industrial state with its affluence could provide.

''The New Industrial State'' not only provided Galbraith with another best-selling book, it also extended once again, the currency of ''institutionalist'' economic thought. The book also filled a very pressing need in the late 1960s. The conventional theory of monopoly power in economic life maintains that the monopolist will attempt to restrict supply in order to maintain price above its competitive level. The social cost of this monopoly power is a decrease in both allocative efficiency and the equity of income distribution. This conventional economic analysis of the role of monopoly power did not adequately address popular concern about the large corporation in the late 1960s. The growing concern focused on the role of the corporation in politics, the damage done to the natural environment by an unmitigated commitment to economic growth, and the perversion of advertising and other pecuniary aspects of culture. ''The New Industrial State'' gave a plausible explanation of the power structure involved in generating these problems and found a very receptive audience among the rising American counterculture and political activists.

A third related work was ''[[Economics and the Public Purpose]]'' (1973), in which he expanded on these themes by discussing, among other issues, the subservient role of women in the unrewarded management of ever-greater consumption, and the role of the [[technostructure]] in the large firm in influencing perceptions of sound economic policy aims.

====Financial bubbles====
In ''A Short History of Financial Euphoria'' (1990), he traces speculative bubbles through several centuries, and argues that they are inherent in the free market system because of "mass psychology" and the "vested interest in error that accompanies speculative euphoria." Also, financial memory is "notoriously short": what currently seems to be a "new financial instrument" is inevitably nothing of the sort. Galbraith cautions: "The world of finance hails the invention of the wheel over and over again, often in a slightly more unstable version." Crucial to his analysis is the assertion that the common factor in boom-and-bust is the creation of debt to finance speculation, which "becomes dangerously out of scale in relation to the underlying means of payment."

===Legacy===
Galbraith's main ideas focused around the influence of the [[market power]] of large corporations.<ref name=Dunn2005/> He believed that this market power weakened the widely accepted principle of consumer sovereignty, allowing corporations to be price makers, rather than price takers,<ref name=Galbraith1970>{{Cite journal|last=Galbraith|first=John K|year=1970|title=Economics as a System of Belief|journal=American Economic Review|volume=60|issue=2|pages=469–78|url=http://cas.umkc.edu/econ/AFEE/EconomicsAsaSystemofBelief.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326030041/http://cas.umkc.edu/econ/AFEE/EconomicsAsaSystemofBelief.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 26, 2009}}</ref> allowing corporations with the strongest market power to increase the production of their goods beyond an efficient amount. He further believed that market power played a major role in inflation.<ref name=Dunn2005/> He argued that corporations and trade unions could only increase prices to the extent that their market power allowed. He argued that in situations of excessive market power, price controls effectively controlled inflation, but cautioned against using them in markets that were basically efficient such as agricultural goods and housing.<ref name=Money>Galbraith JK. (1977). ''Money: Where It Came, Whence It Went''. Houghton Mifflin.</ref> He noted that price controls were much easier to enforce in industries with relatively few buyers and sellers.<ref name=Money/>{{Rp|244}} Galbraith's view of market power was not entirely negative; he also noted that the power of US firms played a part in the success of the US economy.

In ''[[The Affluent Society]]'' Galbraith asserts that classical economic theory was true for the eras before the present, which were times of "poverty"; now, however, we have moved from an age of poverty to an age of "affluence", and for such an age, a completely new economic theory is needed.

Galbraith's main argument is that as society becomes relatively more affluent, private business must create consumer demand through [[advertising]], and while this generates artificial affluence through the production of commercial goods and services, the public sector becomes neglected. He points out that while many Americans were able to purchase luxury items, their parks were polluted and their children attended poorly maintained schools. He argues that markets alone will under-provide (or fail to provide at all) for many public goods, whereas private goods are typically "over-provided" due to the process of advertising creating an artificial demand above the individual's basic needs. This emphasis on the power of advertising and consequent over-consumption may have anticipated the drop in savings rates in the US and elsewhere in the developing world.<ref name=Dunn2005/>

Galbraith proposed curbing the consumption of certain products through greater use of [[pigovian tax]]es and [[land value tax]]es,<ref>{{cite web|last=Bourke|first=Joe|title=Opinion: Land Value Tax – an old idea with lots of modern supporters|url=http://www.libdemvoice.org/opinion-land-value-tax-an-old-idea-with-lots-of-modern-supporters-28459.html|access-date=September 24, 2013}}</ref> arguing that this could be more efficient than other forms of taxation, such as labor taxes. Galbraith's major proposal was a program he called "investment in men"—a large-scale, publicly funded education program aimed at empowering ordinary citizens.

An International Symposium to honor John Kenneth Galbraith, sponsored by the l'Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque and the Institut de Gestion Sociale, Paris, France, was held in September 2004 in Paris.<ref>Laperche, Blandine and [[Dimitri Uzunidis]]. ''John Kenneth Galbraith and the Future of Economics''. Papers from the International Symposium Honoring John Kenneth Galbraith Held in Paris in September 2004. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.</ref>

A special issue ''Commemorating John Kenneth Galbraith's Centenary'' of the ''Review of Political Economy'' was dedicated in 2008 to Galbraith's contribution to economics.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/crpe20/20/4 | title=Special Issue of the Review of Political Economy: Commemorating John Kenneth Galbraith's Centenary | newspaper=Taylor & Francis | volume=20 |issue=4 |year=2008 | access-date=July 2, 2013}}</ref>

Three days before his death, Galbraith urged his son, economist [[James K. Galbraith]], to "write a short book on corporate predation"; the younger Galbraith completed ''[[The Predator State]]'' in 2008.

===Reception===
Galbraith's work in general, and ''The Affluent Society'' in particular, have drawn sharp criticism from [[laissez-faire]] supporters since the time of their publications. Nobel Prize-winning economist [[Milton Friedman]] in "Friedman on Galbraith, and on curing [[the British disease]]" views Galbraith as a 20th-century version of the early-19th-century [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] radical of Great Britain. He argues that Galbraith believes in the superiority of aristocracy and in its paternalistic authority, that consumers should not be allowed choice, and that all should be determined by those with "higher minds", commenting: "Many reformers—Galbraith is not alone in this—have as their basic objection to a free market that it frustrates them in achieving their reforms, because it enables people to have what they want, not what the reformers want. Hence every reformer has a strong tendency to be averse to a free market."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Milton |title=Friedman on Galbraith and on Curing the British Disease |publisher=The Fraser Institute |year=1977 |isbn=0889750157}}</ref>

Nobel Prize-winning economist [[Robert Solow]], in a review of ''[[The New Industrial State]]'', points at Galbraith's lack of [[empiricism]] and selectiveness in his use of evidence. He points out that "It may be unjust and pointless to consider the degree of literal truth of each of the assertions that make up this argument. One would hardly discuss Gulliver's Travels by debating whether there really are any little people, or criticize the Grande Jatte because objects aren't made up of tiny dots. Nevertheless, it may help to judge the truth of Galbraith's."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationalaffairs.com/public_interest/detail/the-new-industrial-state-son-of-affluence|title=The New Industrial State: Son of Affluence|access-date=September 26, 2017}}</ref>

[[Richard Parker (economist)|Richard Parker]], in his biography, ''John Kenneth Galbraith: His Life, His Economics, His Politics'', characterizes Galbraith as a more complex thinker. Galbraith's primary purpose in ''Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power'' (1952) was, ironically, to show that [[big business]] was now necessary to the American economy to maintain the technological progress that drives [[economic growth]]. Galbraith knew that the "countervailing power", which included [[government regulation]] and collective bargaining, was necessary to balanced and efficient markets. In ''The New Industrial State'' (1967), Galbraith argued that the dominant American corporations had created a [[technostructure]] that closely controlled both [[consumer demand]] and [[Market (economics)|market]] growth through [[advertising]] and [[marketing]]. While Galbraith defended government intervention, Parker notes that he also believed that government and big business worked together to maintain stability.<ref>Madrick, J. (May 26, 2005) [http://www.johnkennethgalbraith.com/index.php?page=press&display=40 "A Mind of His Own: Review of ''John Kenneth Galbraith: His Life, His Economics, His Politics.''"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309031525/http://johnkennethgalbraith.com/index.php?display=40&page=press |date=March 9, 2016 }} ''The New York Review of Books''.</ref>

[[Paul Krugman]] downplayed Galbraith's stature as an academic economist in 1994. In ''[[Peddling Prosperity]]'', he places Galbraith as one among many "policy entrepreneurs"—either economists, or think tank writers, left and right—who write solely for the public, as opposed to those who write for other academics, and who are, therefore, liable to make unwarranted diagnoses and offer over-simplistic answers to complex economic problems. Krugman asserts that Galbraith was never taken seriously by fellow academics, who instead viewed him as more of a "media personality". For example, Krugman believes that Galbraith's work, ''The New Industrial State'', is not considered to be "real economic theory", and that ''Economics in Perspective'' is "remarkably ill-informed".<ref>Krugman, Paul (1994) ''[[Peddling Prosperity]]''. Scranton, Pennsylvania: W.W. Norton. {{ISBN|978-0393312928}}. pp. 10–15.</ref>

[[Thomas Sowell]] in his 1995 book ''[[The Vision of the Anointed]]'', criticized Galbraith's claims in ''The Affluent Society'' and ''The New Industrial State'' that large corporations are invincible to competition, by citing [[Toyota]] and [[Honda]]'s takeover of the [[United States]]' automobile market at the expense of [[General Motors]], the decline of [[Life (magazine)|''Life'']] magazine, and overall, the displacement of almost half of the firms in 1980's [[Fortune 500]] in the 1990 edition. Sowell also criticized Galbraith's assertion that successful corporate management was immune to corporate shake-ups. Sowell believed Galbraith's contemptuousness towards the idea of a lone entrepreneur starting up a new, powerful company to not have stood up to the test of time; Sowell used [[Steve Jobs]] and [[Bill Gates]] as counterexamples.<ref>Sowell, Thomas (1995) ''[[The Vision of the Anointed]]''. Basic Books. {{ISBN|978-0465089956}}. pp. 64-65.</ref>

===Memoirs===
{{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?170027-1/john-kenneth-galbraith Discussion with Galbraith and biographer Richard Parker, May 9, 2002], [[C-SPAN]]| video2 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?186530-1/john-kenneth-galbraith Discussion with Parker on ''John Kenneth Galbraith: His Life, His Politics, His Economics'', April 17, 2005], [[C-SPAN]]}}
The first edition of ''The Scotch'' was published in the UK under two alternative titles: as ''Made to Last'' and ''The Non-potable Scotch: A Memoir of the Clansmen in Canada''.<ref>Galbraith, John Kenneth (1964). ''The Scotch''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</ref> It was illustrated by Samuel H. Bryant. Galbraith's account of his boyhood environment in [[Elgin County, Ontario|Elgin County]] in southern [[Ontario]] was added in 1963. He considered it his finest piece of writing.<ref>[[#Parker|Parker]], p. 435.</ref>

Galbraith memoir, ''A Life in Our Times'' was published in 1981.<ref>[[#Galbraith1981|Galbraith (1981)]]</ref> It contains discussion of his thoughts, his life, and his times. In 2004, the publication of an authorized biography, ''John Kenneth Galbraith: His Life, His Politics, His Economics''<ref name=parker/> by a friend and fellow progressive economist [[Richard Parker (economist)|Richard Parker]] renewed interest in Galbraith's life journey and legacy.

==Honors==
John Kenneth Galbraith was one of the few people to receive both the World War II [[Medal of Freedom (1945)|Medal of Freedom]] and the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]; respectively in 1946 from President Truman and in 2000 from President [[Bill Clinton]].<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4959302.stm Liberal thinker JK Galbraith dies], an April 2006 [[BBC]] article</ref> He was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1952<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Kenneth Galbraith |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/john-kenneth-galbraith |access-date=June 15, 2022 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> and the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=John+Kenneth+Galbraith&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=June 15, 2022 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> He was a recipient of [[Lomonosov Gold Medal]] in 1993 for his contributions to science. He also was appointed to the [[Order of Canada]] in 1997<ref name=order/> and, in 2001, awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest civilian award, for his contributions to strengthening ties between India and the United States.<ref>[http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/06.14/05-galbraith.html Galbraith receives prestigious award] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063724/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/06.14/05-galbraith.html |date=March 4, 2016 }}, a June 2001 [[Harvard]] News Gazette article</ref> The government of France made him a [[Legion of Honour|Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur]].
* [[Lomonosov Gold Medal]] in 1993
* [[Order of Canada]] (Officer) in 1997
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] (India) in 2001

In 2010, he became the first economist to have his works included in the [[Library of America]] series.<ref>John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society and Other Writings 1952–1967 (ed. James K. Galbraith, New York: The Library of America, 2010) {{ISBN|978-1598530773}}</ref>

Minor Planet (4089) Galbraith is named in his honour.

===Honorary degrees===
John Kenneth Galbraith received fifty [[Honorary Degree]]s from institutions around the world:

;Honorary Degrees
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:20%;"| Location
! style="width:20%;"| Date
! style="width:40%;"| School
! style="width:20%;"| Degree
|-
| {{Flagu|New York}} || '''1958''' || [[Bard College]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bard.edu/catalogue/index.php?aid=278&sid=59&pid=|title=Bard College Catalogue|first=Bard|last=College|website=Bard.edu}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || '''1961''' || [[University of Toronto]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.)<ref>[http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/Assets/Governing+Council+Digital+Assets/Boards+and+Committees/Committee+for+Honorary+Degrees/degreerecipients1850tillnow.pdf University of Toronto Honorary Degree Recipients, 1850–2014. Sorted Alphabetically by Name of Recipient (June, 2014)]. governingcouncil.utoronto.ca</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|India}} || '''1961''' || [[Annamalai University]] || [[D. Litt.]]<ref>Galbraith, John Kenneth. Ambassador's Journal. p. 211. New American Library. New York, NY. 1970.</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Massachusetts}} || '''October 6, 1963''' || [[Brandeis University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brandeis.edu/trustees/hdr/recipients.html|title=Honorary Degree Recipients - Board of Trustees - Brandeis University|website=Brandeis.edu}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || '''May 1965''' || [[University of Guelph]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uoguelph.civicweb.net/filepro/documents/2273?preview=2272|title=University of Guelph - Document Center|website=uoguelph.civicweb.net}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Saskatchewan}} || '''May 20, 1965''' || [[University of Saskatchewan]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.)<ref>[http://library.usask.ca/archives/campus-history/honorary-degrees.php?id=163&view=detail&keyword=&campuses= "Honorary Degrees"]. December 23, 2014.</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Michigan}} || '''1966''' || [[University of Michigan]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2018/01/Honorary-Degrees-1836-Present.pdf |title=Honorary Degrees|website=president.umich.edu}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Massachusetts}} || '''1967''' || [[Boston College]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.)<ref>[http://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/publications/factbook/pdf/98_99/fb99-degree-conf-hondgr.pdf Honorary Degrees Awarded by Boston College, 1952–1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226231439/http://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/publications/factbook/pdf/98_99/fb99-degree-conf-hondgr.pdf |date=December 26, 2017 }}. bc.edu</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|New York}} || '''1967''' || [[Hobart and William Smith Colleges]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hws.edu/alumni/remarkable/honoraries.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195259/http://www.hws.edu/alumni/remarkable/honoraries.asp|url-status=dead|title="Hobart and William Smith Colleges :: Honorary Degree Recipients"|archive-date=March 4, 2016|access-date=July 1, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || '''1967''' || [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.queensu.ca/registrar/sites/webpublish.queensu.ca.uregwww/files/files/HDrecipients.pdf |title=Honorary Degrees|website=Queensu.ca}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || '''May 31, 1968''' || [[University of Western Ontario]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.)<ref>University of Western Ontario Honorary Degrees Awarded, 1881 – present [http://www.uwo.ca/univsec/senate/honorary_degrees_by_surname.pdf PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212182410/http://www.uwo.ca/univsec/senate/honorary_degrees_by_surname.pdf |date=February 12, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Massachusetts}} || '''1968''' || [[Tufts University]] || [[Doctor of Humane Letters]] (DHL)<ref>[http://trustees.tufts.edu/data/degrees/ "Honorary Degrees"]. trustees.tufts.edu</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Michigan}} || '''1968''' || [[Albion College]] || [[Doctor of Letters]] (D.Litt.)<ref name="National Archives">{{cite web|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/~/media/assets/Archives/Documents/Personal%20Papers/fa_Galbraith_John_Kenneth.pdf |title=The Personal Papers of John Kenneth Galbraith (1908–2006): Biographical Note |publisher=National Archives and Records Administration: John F. Kennedy Library |access-date=July 3, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040131/http://www.jfklibrary.org/~/media/assets/Archives/Documents/Personal%20Papers/fa_Galbraith_John_Kenneth.pdf |archive-date=January 6, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Illinois}} || '''1970''' || [[Knox College (Illinois)|Knox College]] || <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110617074529/http://www.knox.edu/about-knox/we-are-knox/our-history/honorary-degrees/honorary-degrees-1900-1999.html Honorary Degrees]. Knox College. knox.edu</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knox.edu/about-knox/our-history/honorary-degrees/honorary-degrees-1900-1999|title=Honorary Degrees: 1900–1999 - Knox College Honorary Degrees - Knox College|website=Knox.edu}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Michigan}} || '''Fall 1971''' || [[Michigan State University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121157/http://commencement.msu.edu/files_msucommencement/imce/list_speakers_baccdeg.pdf Michigan State University: Commencement speakers]. commencement.msu.edu</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vprgs.msu.edu/honorary-degree-recipients-chrono|title=Honorary degree recipients, 1885–2015 - Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies|website=Vprgs.msu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vprgs.msu.edu/msu-honorary-degree-recipients-alphabetical-list#G|title=MSU Honorary Degree Recipients: Alphabetical List - Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies|website=Vprgs.msu.edu}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || '''Spring 1976''' || [[York University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://secretariat.info.yorku.ca/senate/sub-committee-on-honorary-degrees-and-ceremonials/honorary-degree-recipients/#G|title=Honorary Degree Recipients - University Secretariat|website=Secretariat.info.yorku.ca}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Minnesota}} || '''1977''' || [[Carleton College]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.carleton.edu/events/commencement/degrees/recipients/|title=Honorary Degree Recipients - Honorary Degrees - Carleton College|website=Apps.carleton.edu |date=December 17, 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|New Jersey}} || '''1979''' || [[Rutgers University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.)<ref>[http://ruweb.rutgers.edu/governance/secretary/degrees-year.shtml "Past Honorary Degree Recipients"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214172602/http://ruweb.rutgers.edu/governance/secretary/degrees-year.shtml |date=February 14, 2012 }}.</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Iowa}} || '''1983''' || [[Grinnell College]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100528160903/http://www.grinnell.edu/car/confops/commencement/sp_awards/hd Grinnell College: Honorary degrees]. grinnell.edu</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grinnell.edu/about/offices-services/confops/commencement/honorary-degrees|title=Past Honorary Degrees - Grinnell College|website=Grinnell.edu|access-date=February 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223214944/https://www.grinnell.edu/about/offices-services/confops/commencement/honorary-degrees|archive-date=February 23, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || '''November 1984''' || [[McMaster University]] || [[Doctor of Letters]] (D.Litt.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcmaster.ca/univsec/reports_lists/S_HD_Recipients.pdf |title=Honorary Degree Recipients (Chronological)|website=Mcmaster.ca}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Massachusetts}} || '''June 1988''' || [[Harvard University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.)
|-
| {{Flagu|Massachusetts}} || '''1989''' || [[Smith College]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smith.edu/about-smith/smith-history/honorary-degrees|title=Honorary Degrees - Smith College|website=Smith.edu}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Poland}} || '''1992''' || [[Warsaw School of Economics]] || Doctorate<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120905140409/http://www.sgh.waw.pl/ogolnouczelniane/100lat/Varia/doktorzy_hc/ Doktorzy honoris causa (rok nadania tytułu)]. Warsaw School of Economics</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|United Kingdom}} || '''June 28, 1999''' || [[London School of Economics]] || [[Doctor of Science]] (D.Sc.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/1999/press-release_galbraith.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422042850/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/1999/press-release_galbraith.aspx|url-status=dead|title="Professor Galbraith to receive honorary degree"|archive-date=April 22, 2013|access-date=July 1, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Newfoundland and Labrador}} || '''Fall 1999''' || [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]] || [[Doctor of Letters]] (D.Litt.)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191112/http://www.mun.ca/president/99-00report/honor/honorary_galbraith.html John Kenneth Galbraith]. Memorial University of Newfoundland</ref>
|}

==Works==
{{external media| float = right | video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?33779-1/the-culture-contentment Presentation by Galbraith on ''The Culture of Contentment'', October 27, 1992], [[C-SPAN]]| video2 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?60409-1/a-journey-economic-time ''Booknotes'' interview with Galbraith on ''A Journey Through Economic Time'', November 13, 1994], [[C-SPAN]]| video3 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?71544-1/the-good-society Presentation by Galbriath on ''The Good Society'', May 1, 1996], [[C-SPAN]]| video4 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?106542-1/letters-kennedy Presentation by Galbraith on ''Letters to Kennedy'', May 26, 1998], [[C-SPAN]]| video5 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?124629-1/name-dropping-fdr-on Presentation by Galbraith on ''Name-Dropping: From FDR On'', June 8, 1999], [[C-SPAN]]}}
{{colbegin|colwidth=32em}}
* ''Modern Competition and Business Policy'' (with [[Henry S. Dennison]]), 1938
* National Resources Planning Board, ''The economic effects of the federal public works expenditures, 1933–1938'' (1940) [https://archive.org/details/economiceffectso1940rich online]
* ''A Theory of Price Control'', 1952
* ''[[American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power]]'', 1952
* ''[[The Great Crash, 1929]]'', 1954
* ''Economics and the Art of Controversy'', 1955
* ''[[The Affluent Society]]'', 1958
* ''Journey to Poland and Yugoslavia'', 1958
* ''Perspectives on Conservation'', 1958
* ''The Liberal Hour'', 1960
* ''Economic Development in Perspective'', 1962
* ''The Scotch'', 1963
* ''The McLandress Dimension'' (under the pseudonym Mark Épernay), 1963
* ''Economic Development'', 1964
* ''The New Industrial Estate'' (BBC Reith Lectures),<ref name="BBC Reith Lectures" /> 1966
* ''[[The New Industrial State]]'', 1967 [https://archive.org/details/newindustrialsta0000galb online]
* ''Beginner's Guide to American Studies'', 1967
* ''How to get out of Vietnam'', 1967
* ''The Triumph (novel)'', 1968
* ''Ambassador's Journal'', 1969
* ''How to control the military'', 1969
* ''Indian Painting'' (with Mohinder Singh Randhawa), 1969
* ''Who needs democrats, and what it takes to be needed'', 1970
* ''[https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/Documents/Detail/the-american-left-and-some-british-comparisons-1971/110035 The American Left and Some British Comparisons]'', 1971
* ''Economics, Peace and Laughter'', 1972
* ''Power and the Useful Economist'', 1973
* ''[[Economics and the Public Purpose]]'', 1973
* ''A China Passage'', 1973
* ''John Kenneth Galbraith introduces India'' (Editor), 1974
* ''Money: Whence It Came, Where It Went'', 1975
* ''Socialism in rich countries and poor'', 1975
* ''The Economic effects of the Federal public works expenditures, 1933-38'' (with G. Johnson), 1975
* ''[[The Age of Uncertainty]]'' (PBS and BBC 13 part television series), 1977
* ''The Galbraith Reader'', 1977
* ''Almost Everyone's Guide to Economics'' (with Nicole Salinger), 1978
* ''Annals of an Abiding Liberal'', 1979
* ''[[The Nature of Mass Poverty]]'', 1979
* ''A Life in Our Times'', 1981 [https://archive.org/details/lifeinourtimesme0000galb online]
* ''The Voice of the Poor'', 1983
* ''[[The Anatomy of Power]]'', 1983
* ''Essays from the Poor to the Rich'' (with Paul McCracken), 1983
* ''Reaganomics: Meaning, Means and Ends'', 1983
* ''A View from the Stands'', 1986
* ''Economics in Perspective: A Critical History'', 1987
** ''A History of Economics: The Past as the Present'', 1987 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120773 online]
* ''Capitalism, Communism and Coexistence'' (with [[Stanislav Menshikov]]), 1988
* ''Unconventional Wisdom: Essays on Economics in Honour of John Kenneth Galbraith'' (Editor), 1989 [https://archive.org/details/unconventionalwi00bowl online]
* ''[[A Tenured Professor]]'', 1990
* ''[[The Culture of Contentment]]'', 1992 [https://archive.org/details/cultureofcontent0000galb online]
* ''Recollections of the New Deal: When People Mattered'' (Editor), 1992
* ''A Journey Through Economic Time'', 1994
* ''The World Economy Since the Wars: A Personal View'', 1994 [https://archive.org/details/worldeconomysinc0000galb online]
* ''A Short History of Financial Euphoria'', 1994
* ''The Good Society: the humane agenda'', 1996
* ''Letters to Kennedy'', 1998
* ''The socially concerned today'', 1998
* ''Name-Dropping: From F.D.R. On'', 1999
* ''The Essential Galbraith'', 2001
* ''[[The Economics of Innocent Fraud]]'', 2004
{{colend}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Economics|Liberalism|Politics}}
* [[List of liberal theorists]]
* [[Modern liberalism in the United States]]
* ''[[The Best and the Brightest]]''
* [[The bezzle]] (Term)

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book|ref=Galbraith1981|author=Galbraith, John Kenneth|title=A Life in Our Times: Memoirs|place=Boston|publisher= Houghton Mifflin|year=1981|isbn=978-0345303233}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gnoinska |first1=Margaret |title=Poland and Vietnam, 1963: New Evidence on Secret Communist Diplomacy and the "Maneli Affair" |journal=Cold War International History Project Working Paper |date=March 2005 |volume=45 |pages=2–83}}
* {{cite book|last=Karnow |first=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Karnow |title=Vietnam: A History|location=New York |publisher=Viking |date=1983 |isbn=0670746045}}
* {{cite book|last=Langguth |first=A.J. |author-link=A. J. Langguth |title=Our Vietnam: The War 1954–1975|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|date=2000|isbn=0743212444}}
* {{cite book|last=Parker |first=Richard|title=John Kenneth Galbraith: His Life, His Politics, His Economics|url=https://archive.org/details/johnkennethgalbr00park|url-access=registration|place=New York|publisher= Farrar, Straus, and Giroux|year= 2005|isbn=978-0226646770}}

====Obituaries====
* {{cite news| title = John Kenneth Galbraith, writer, economist, dies | date = April 30, 2006 | newspaper = [[The Boston Globe]] | url = https://archive.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/2006/04/30/john_kenneth_galbraith_writer_economist_dies/ | first1=Mark | last1=Feeney
}}
* {{cite news| title = John Kenneth Galbraith, 97, Dies; Economist Held a Mirror to Society | date = April 30, 2006 | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/30/obituaries/30galbraith.html | first1=Holcomb B. | last1=Noble | first2=Douglas | last2=Martin | access-date=May 6, 2010
}}
* {{cite news| title = John Kenneth Galbraith; Popularized Modern Economics | date = May 1, 2006 | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/30/AR2006043000422.html | first=Bart | last=Barnes | access-date=May 6, 2010}}
* {{cite news| title = Famed economist John Kenneth Galbraith dies at 97 | date = April 30, 2006 | newspaper = [[USA Today]] | url = http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-04-30-galbraith_x.htm | access-date=July 11, 2013}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/4/30/john-kenneth-galbraith-longtime-economics-professor/ |title= John Kenneth Galbraith, Longtime Economics Professor, Dies at 97 | work=Harvard Crimson|date=April 30, 2006| access-date= July 3, 2013}}
* {{cite web | title = John Kenneth Galbraith, economist, professor, and author: Harvard icon dies at 97 | date = May 4, 2006 | website = [[Harvard University Gazette]] | url = http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2006/05.04/30-galbraith.html | first = Ken | last = Gewertz | access-date = July 11, 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110208210648/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2006/05.04/30-galbraith.html | archive-date = February 8, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}
* {{cite Q|Q114796509}}
* {{cite news| title = Professor J. K. Galbraith: Author of 'The Affluent Society' and one of the 'action intellectuals' of mid-20th-century America | date = May 1, 2006 | newspaper = [[The Independent]] | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-j-k-galbraith-476341.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101011120449/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-j-k-galbraith-476341.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = October 11, 2010 | first=Godfrey | last=Hodgson | access-date=July 11, 2013}}
* {{cite news| title = Obituary: John Kenneth Galbraith | date = April 30, 2006 | work = BBC News | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/330355.stm | access-date=July 11, 2013}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=John Kenneth Galbraith (1908–2006) |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Galbraith.html |encyclopedia=[[The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |edition=2nd |series=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |publisher=[[Liberty Fund]] |year=2008|isbn=978-0865976665 |editor-first=David R.|editor-last=Henderson |editor-link=David R. Henderson |pages=535–36}}
* {{Cite book| publisher = New American Library| last = Hession| first = Charles H| title = John Kenneth Galbraith & his critics| location = New York| date = 1972|lccn=78176428}}
* {{Cite book| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0415212922| editor-last= Keaney| editor-first=Michael |title = Economist with a public purpose: essays in honour of John Kenneth Galbraith| location = London; New York| series = Routledge frontiers of political economy| date = 2001}}
* {{Cite book| publisher = Palgrave Macmillan| isbn = 978-1403996169| editor1-last= Laperche|editor1-first=Blandine |editor2=Uzunidis |editor2-first=Dimitri | title = John Kenneth Galbraith and the future of economics| location = Basingstoke [England]; New York| date = 2005}} (Papers from the International Symposium Honoring John Kenneth Galbraith Held in Paris in September 2004)
* {{Cite book| publisher = New York University Press| isbn = 978-0814773802| last = Reisman| first = David A.| title = Galbraith and market capitalism| location = New York| date = 1980| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_v5z0}}
* {{Cite book| publisher = Free Press| isbn = 978-0029297803| last = Sobel| first = Robert| title = The worldly economists| location = New York| date = 1980}}
* {{Cite book| edition = 1st| publisher = Doubleday| last = Stone| first = Irving| title = There was light: Autobiography of a university: Berkeley, 1868–1968| location = Garden City, N.Y| date = 1970|lccn=77078738}}
* Thacker, Innes (1980), ''Ideological Control and the Depoliticisation of Language'', in Bold, Christine (ed.), ''[[Cencrastus]]'' No. 2, Spring 1980, pp. 30–33, {{issn|0264-0856}}
* {{Cite book| publisher = Rowman & Littlefield| isbn = 978-0742531482| last = Waligorski| first = Conrad| title = John Kenneth Galbraith: the economist as political theorist| location = Lanham, Md| series = 20th century political thinkers| date = 2006| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/johnkennethgalbr0000wali}}

===Primary sources===
* {{Cite book| publisher = Houghton Mifflin| isbn = 978-0618119639| last1 = Galbraith| first1 = John Kenneth| editor-last1 = Williams| editor-first1 = Andrea D.| title = The essential Galbraith| location = Boston| date = 2001| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618119639}}
* {{Cite book| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-1107019881 | last1 = Galbraith| first1 = John Kenneth| editor-last1 = Holt| editor-first1 = Richard P.F.| title = The selected letters of John Kenneth Galbraith| location = New York, NY| date = 2017}}
* {{Cite book| publisher = University Press of Mississippi| isbn = 978-1578066100| last1 = Galbraith| first1 = John Kenneth| editor-last1 = Stanfield| editor-first1 = J. Ron| editor-last2 = Stanfield| editor-first2 = Jacqueline Bloom| title = Interviews with John Kenneth Galbraith| location = Jackson| series = Conversations with public intellectuals series| date = 2004}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/82835 Speech by John Kenneth Galbraith on March 22, 1968, discussing the impact of Vietnam on American life.] Audio recording from [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/18388 The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname= John Kenneth Galbraith}}
* {{C-SPAN|1877}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0301764|name=John Kenneth Galbraith}}

{{John Kenneth Galbraith|state=expanded}}
{{Keynesians}}
{{instecon}}
{{US Ambassador to India}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Presidents of the American Economic Association}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Galbraith, John Kenneth}}
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[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Boston]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]

Tehran (2025 film)

2026-04-28T11:42:43Z

Svetlanazrc: Started article

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Arun Gopalan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tehran
| image = Tehran film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Arun Gopalan
| writer = {{ubl | [[Ritesh Shah]] | Ashish P. Verma | Bindni Karia}}
| producer = {{ubl| [[Dinesh Vijan]] | Shobhna Yadav | Sandeep Leyzell }}
| starring = {{ubl | [[John Abraham]] | [[Neeru Bajwa]] | [[Manushi Chhillar]] }}
| cinematography = {{ubl | Ievgen Gubrebko | Andre Menezes}}
| editing = Akshara Prabhakar
| music = '''Score:''' Ketan Sodha '''Songs:''' [[Tanishk Bagchi]] [[Dhruv Ghanekar]]
| studio = {{ubl|[[Maddock Films]]|Bake My Cake Films}}
| distributor = [[ZEE5]] [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|08|14}}
| runtime = 116 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2025 |title=''Tehran'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/tehran-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmyndez |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Tehran''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Spy film|spy]] [[Action-thriller|action thriller film]] directed by Arun Gopalan and produced by [[Dinesh Vijan]], Shobhna Yadav and Sandeep Leyzell. It stars [[John Abraham]], [[Neeru Bajwa]] and [[Manushi Chhillar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tehran Movie {{!}} Review, Cast, Trailer |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/tehran-movie-115204 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |access-date=9 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The film was based on the [[2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Tehran' trailer out: John Abraham takes on a life-threatening mission across borders|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tehran-trailer-out-john-abraham-takes-on-a-life-threatening-mission-across-borders/articleshow/123043134.cms |access-date=9 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=John Abraham calls Tehran 'a relevant geo-political film': 'If you're invested in Russia-Ukraine crisis…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/john-abraham-to-begin-tehran-in-june-after-wrapping-up-pathaan-7852739/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=4 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The film premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 14 August 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=28 March 2025 |title=John Abraham, Manushi Chhillar starrer Tehran to premiere on ZEE5 this Independence Day: A spy thriller rooted in real events|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/john-abraham-manushi-chhillar-starrer-tehran-premiere-zee5-independence-day-spy-thriller-rooted-real-events/ |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> and on [[Netflix]] on 27 August 2025.<ref name=NF>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/tehran-ott-release-john-abraham-film-lands-on-another-streaming-platform-within-two-weeks-article-152533883|title=Tehran OTT Release: John Abraham Film Lands On Another Streaming Platform Within Two Weeks|website=[[Times Now]]|access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref>

== Plot==
[[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Rajeev Kumar, an officer in Delhi’s Special Cell, investigates a bomb blast in 2012 that kills a young girl he personally knew. Deeply shaken, he takes the case forward with a personal motive.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tehran (2025) now streaming on ZEE5|url=https://www.timesprime.com/blog/tehran-2025--spy-thriller-now-streaming-on-zee5-123363309|website=Times Prime|date=15 August 2025|access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

The trail of evidence draws him into international espionage involving India, Iran, and Israel. As he pursues the truth, Rajeev finds himself deserted by his own country and targeted by Iranian intelligence forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tehran movie review: John Abraham rides a subdued, biting thriller|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/review/2025/Aug/15/tehran-movie-review-john-abraham-rides-a-subdued-biting-thriller|website=Cinema Express|date=15 August 2025|access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

Forced to act independently, he goes rogue, balancing professional duty with personal grief. His journey spans several countries, exposing betrayals and fragile alliances in the backdrop of a geopolitical power struggle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tehran audience review: John Abraham, Manushi Chhillar’s spy thriller impresses internet|url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/tehran-audience-review-john-abraham-manushi-chhillars-spy-thriller-impresses-internet-dont-waste-time-on-war-2-11755333123228.html|website=Mint|date=16 August 2025|access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[John Abraham]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Rajeev Kumar, Vandana's husband
* [[Neeru Bajwa]] as Sheilaja
* [[Manushi Chhillar]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Divya Rana
* Hadi Khanjanpour as Afshar Hosseini
* [[Madhurima Tuli]] as Vandana Kumar, Rajeev's wife
* [[Alyy Khan]] as Neeraj
* [[Elnaaz Norouzi]] as Layla
* Dinkar Sharma as SI Vijay
* [[Qaushiq Mukherjee|Quashiq Mukherjee]] as Himadri
* Adam Karst as Tamir
* Ido Samuel as Yusuf
* Ashwin Kaushal as Dharmesh Jain
* Sushil Khatri as Police Commissioner
* Allon Sylvain as Syed Ali
* Farhad Kholgi as Mahmoud Alavi
* Aaradhya Tiwari as Flower Girl

== Production ==
The film was announced on 11 July 2022 by the makers through an announcement video featuring the first look of [[John Abraham]] from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/john-abraham-unveils-first-look-tehran-commences-shoot/ |title=John Abraham unveils first look of Tehran, commences shoot |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=11 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=John Abraham reveals first look from new film Tehran, watch video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/john-abraham-reveals-first-look-from-new-film-tehran-watch-video-101657514403192.html |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=11 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> On 19 July 2022 [[Manushi Chhillar]] was announced as the leading female actor of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/manushi-chhillar-joins-john-abraham-dinesh-vijans-tehran-see-photos/ |title=Manushi Chhillar joins John Abraham in Dinesh Vijan's Tehran, see photos |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bhat |first=Mumtaz Hussain |title=John Abraham refuses to work with Sajid Khan, rejects offer |url=https://www.siasat.com/john-abraham-refuses-to-work-with-sajid-khan-rejects-offer-2570654/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] |date=17 April 2023}}</ref> Manushi joined the casting in July 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar joins John Abraham's action thriller 'Tehran' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/manushi-chhillar-joins-john-abrahams-action-thriller-tehran/article65657329.ece |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |url-access=subscription |date=19 July 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Anindita |title=Manushi Chhillar in short hair, gun in hand, joins John Abraham's Tehran shoot. See BTS pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/manushi-chhillar-in-short-hair-gun-in-hand-joins-john-abraham-s-tehran-shoot-see-bts-pics-1977310-2022-07-19 |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=19 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] commenced in July 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |title=John Abraham begins shooting for Tehran, film to clash with SRK's Pathaan in theatres |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/john-abraham-begins-shooting-for-tehran-film-to-clash-with-srk-s-pathaan-in-theatres-1974371-2022-07-11 |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=11 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Tehran Shoot Begins {{!}} John Abraham {{!}} Dinesh Vijan {{!}} Arun Gopalan {{!}} Video Trailer - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/tehran-shoot-begins-john-abraham-dinesh-vijan-arun-gopalan/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=9 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Filming began on 11 July 2022 in [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/john-abraham-reveals-first-look-from-new-film-tehran-watch-video-101657514403192.html |title=John Abraham reveals first look from new film Tehran, watch video |date=11 July 2022 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The second schedule began in August 2022 and the third schedule began in September.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/manushi-chhillar-kicks-off-second-schedule-tehran-interesting-film-different-role/ |title=Manushi Chhillar kicks off second schedule of Tehran: 'It's an interesting film and a different role for me' |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 August 2022}}</ref> Filming wrapped up in October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/john-abraham-says-its-a-wrap-as-he-finishes-shooting-for-tehran-watch-video-2285704-2022-10-15 |title=John Abraham says 'it's a wrap' as he finishes shooting for Tehran. Watch video |website=India Today |date=15 October 2022 }}</ref> The film has been extensively shot in [[Glasgow]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Nicole |title=Filming continues for Bollywood film Tehran |url=https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/scottish-news/20284220.filming-continues-glasgow-bollywood-film-tehran/ |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=[[Glasgow Times]] |date=16 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/manushi-chhillar-goes-sleepless-15-nights-john-abraham-starrer-tehran-calls-enriching-experience/ |title=Manushi Chhillar goes sleepless for 15 nights for John Abraham starrr Tehran; calls it an 'enriching experience' |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=14 October 2022}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tehran
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Tanishk Bagchi]] and [[Dhruv Ghanekar]]
| released = 29 August 2025
| recorded = 2024–2025
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=17|s=01}}
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|XJlrKgICt7g|Tehran - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Tanishk Bagchi]] and [[Dhruv Ghanekar]] lyrics written by [[Irshad Kamil]] and [[Ishitta Arun]] while the [[background score]] is composed by Ketan Sodha.

The first single titled "Ishq Bukhaar" was released on 7 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran song Ishq Bukhaar: Elnaaz Norouzi brings heat, power & glam in John Abraham starrer|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tehran-song-ishq-bukhaar-elnaaz-norouzi-brings-heat-power-glam-in-john-abraham-starrer-13921840.html |access-date=9 August 2025 |work=Firstpost}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 17:01
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ishq Bukhaar
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[B Praak]]
| length1 = 3:07
| title2 = Yaar Bichhda
| extra2 = [[Afsana Khan]]
| length2 = 4:03
| title3 = Tehran Theme Track
| extra3 = Instrumental
| length3 = 2:47
| title4 = Hasraton Ke Baazar
| note4 = Music by [[Dhruv Ghanekar]] and lyrics by [[Ishitta Arun]]
| extra4 = Niranjan Menon
| length4 = 2:41
| title5 = Yaar Bichhda
| note5 = Male Version
| extra5 = Ashok Maskin
| length5 = 4:23
}}

==Release==
The film was initially scheduled for a theatrical release on 26 January 2023, but was later postponed to April 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2023 |title=From 'Stree 2' to ' Tehran', a look at the Maddock Films' exciting line-up |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/from-stree-2-to-tehran-a-look-at-the-maddock-films-exciting-lineup/articleshow/104146023.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 August 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> After several delays, it was eventually released on 14 August 2025 on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Abraham's action-packed Tehran set to drop on OTT: Check out similar intense action thrillers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/john-abraham-s-action-packed-tehran-set-to-drop-on-ott-check-out-similar-intense-action-thrillers-ottplay-101754132169013.html |access-date=3 August 2025 |work=Hindustan Times|date=2 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Two weeks later, it premiered on [[Netflix]] as well.<ref name=NF/>

==Reception==
Tushar Joshi from ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, noting that it sensitively portrayed ordinary people caught in the crossfire of war. He highlighted that the screenplay emphasized the human cost of conflict while also praising the action sequences and cinematography.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/john-abraham-tehran-movie-review-geopolitical-thriller-india-iran-israel-conflict-2771280-2025-08-14|title=Tehran review: John Abraham's geopolitical thriller is a terrific watch|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref> Ronak Kotecha from [[The Times of India|''The Times Of India'']] rated the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Overall, Tehran is a worthwhile watch for fans of geopolitical thrillers who are willing to pay attention and follow a layered narrative. It doesn't always clarify every thread, but its realism, strong performances and relentless pace make it an engaging spy drama."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran Movie Review: A tense and timely spy thriller rooted in real events |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/tehran/ottmoviereview/123287597.cms |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Lachmi Deb Roy from ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, commending its portrayal of the geopolitical tension between Iran and [[Israel]], as well as Abraham's performance, the script, and the cinematography. However, she also noted that the film's slow-burn nature may lead some viewers to perceive it as documentary-like.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tehran-movie-review-john-abraham-and-manushi-chhillars-spy-thriller-is-intense-engaging-and-sharp-13924581.html|title='Tehran' Movie Review: John Abraham, Manushi Chhillar's spy thriller is intense, engaging and sharp|website=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "What John Abraham, whose impassivity helps his character feel as real as it can when done with reel-drama, manages to pull off here is noteworthy."<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2025 |title=Tehran review: This John Abraham-starrer is a compelling spy drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/tehran-movie-review-this-john-abraham-starrer-is-a-compelling-spy-drama-10189537/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5, commending the action, production design, costumes, visual effects, and editing. However, the review noted that Chhillar was underutilized, and while Abraham excelled in action sequences, his emotional performance was described as average.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tehran/critic-review/tehran-movie-review/tehran-is-a-decent-espionage-drama/|title=Tehran Movie Review: TEHRAN is a decent espionage drama.|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt21818782}}

* [https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/tehran/0-0-1z5797649 ''Tehran''] on [[ZEE5]]

* [https://www.netflix.com/in/title/81577018 ''Tehran''] on [[Netflix]]

*{{Bollywood Hungama movie|Tehran}}
{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}

[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
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[[Category:2025 films]]
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[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Delhi Police]]
[[Category:Films about international relations]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
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[[Category:Spy thriller films based on actual events]]

Omerga Assembly constituency

2026-04-27T14:07:21Z

Svetlanazrc: Made Initial Post From Scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Umarga
| constituency_no = 240
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 240-Umarga.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Dharashiv Lok Sabha constituency|Osmanabad]]
| district = [[Dharashiv district|Osmanabad]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Pravin Virbhadrayya Swami|Pravin Swami]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| electors =316,046
}}
'''Umarga Assembly constituency''' ''(formerly Omerga)'' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|access-date=5 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=18 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Overview==
Umarga (constituency number 240) is one of the four Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Dharashiv district]]. It covers the entire [[Lohara Tahsil|Lohara]] and Umarga [[tehsil]]s of this district. It is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalits|Scheduled Castes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=271}}</ref> The number of electors in 2009 was 266,557 (male 140,491, female 126,066).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|access-date=5 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Umarga is part of [[Dharashiv Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies, namely [[Paranda Assembly constituency|Paranda]], [[Tuljapur Assembly constituency|Tuljapur]] and [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Dharashiv]] in Osmanabad district, [[Barshi Assembly constituency|Barshi]] in the [[Solapur district]] and [[Ausa Assembly constituency|Ausa]] in [[Latur district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=278}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Gandhi Phoolchand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Vishwambhar Namdeo
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Vijaysing Shivram || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | Bhaskarrao Chalukya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Chalukya Bhaskarrao Shivram Pant
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Patil Rajaram Premnath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | Kazi Abdul Khalek A. Kadar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || [[Ravindra Gaikwad]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Basavraj Madhavrao Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Ravindra Gaikwad]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan="3" | [[Dnyanraj Chougule|Dnyanraj Dhondiram Chougule]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Pravin Virbhadrayya Swami]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarga }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pravin Virbhadrayya Swami]] |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 96,206 |percentage = 48.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dnyanraj Chougule|Dnyanraj Dhondiram Chougule]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 92,241 |percentage = 46.96% |change = {{decrease}}4.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ram Saida Gaikwad |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 4,087 |percentage = 2.08% |change = {{decrease}}2.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,330 |percentage = 0.68% |change = {{decrease}}0.17 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,965 |percentage = 2.02% |change = {{decrease}}13.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 197,773 |percentage = 62.58% |change = {{increase}}5.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 196,443}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 316,046 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.12 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena (UBT) |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}2.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarga <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dnyanraj Chougule|Dnyanraj Dhondiram Chougule]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 86,773 |percentage = 51.70% |change = {{increase}}11.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhalerao Dattu Rohidas |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 61,187 |percentage = 36.46% |change = {{increase}}8.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jalindar Shravan Kokane |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 7,835 |percentage = 4.67% |change = {{increase}}3.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramakant Laxman Gaikwad |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 7,476 |percentage = 4.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,425 |percentage = 0.85% |change = {{increase}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Tanaji Vaijanath |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,199 |percentage = 0.71% |change = {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,586 |percentage = 15.24% |change = {{increase}}2.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 169,274 |percentage = 56.84% |change = {{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 167,837}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 297,829 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}11.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarga <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dnyanraj Chougule|Dnyanraj Dhondiram Chougule]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 65,178 |percentage = 40.29% |change = {{decrease}}4.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kisan Nagnath Kamble |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,736 |percentage = 27.65% |change = {{decrease}}10.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Kailas Chintamanrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,521 |percentage = 18.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Gaikwad Sanjay Atmaram |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 15,569 |percentage = 9.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Datta Laxman Gaikwad |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,675 |percentage = 1.04% |change = {{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. Vijay Maruti Kshirsagar |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,459 |percentage = 0.90% |change = {{decrease}}7.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,211 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,442 |percentage = 12.63% |change = {{increase}}6.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 163,304 |percentage = 57.68% |change = {{decrease}}1.65 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,789}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 283,117 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}4.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarga <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dnyanraj Chougule|Dnyanraj Dhondiram Chougule]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 70,806 |percentage = 44.79% |change = {{increase}}1.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Gaikwad Baburao Pandurang |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 60,474 |percentage = 38.25% |change = {{decrease}}3.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mhanttyya Kalyya Swami |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 13,954 |percentage = 8.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ram Saida Gaikwad |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,062 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. Dattatrya Krishnaji Kamble |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,823 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. Dr. Umesh Shambhaji Murumkar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,759 |percentage = 1.11% |change = {{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Popatrao Khanderao Sonkamble |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 1,720 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. Mohan Kamble Gugalgaonkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,536 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,332 |percentage = 6.54% |change = {{increase}}4.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 158,151 |percentage = 59.33% |change = {{decrease}}11.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 158,097}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 266,557 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}1.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarga }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ravindra Gaikwad]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 64,401 |percentage = 43.36% |change = {{increase}}7.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavraj Madhavrao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 61,848 |percentage = 41.64% |change = {{decrease}}5.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshav Alias Baba Rajarambapu Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,279 |percentage = 8.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ram Saida Gaikwad |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,160 |percentage = 2.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Chandrakant Rajaram |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,094 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babu Vithoba Chavan |party = Hindustan Janta Party |votes = 1,488 |percentage = 1.00% |change = {{increase}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Umaji Pandurang |party = Independent politician |votes = 912 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,553 |percentage = 1.72% |change = {{decrease}}9.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,532 |percentage = 70.49% |change = {{decrease}}2.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 148,520}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,728 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.26 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavraj Madhavrao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 56,245 |percentage = 46.87% |change = {{increase}}4.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ravindra Gaikwad]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 43,232 |percentage = 36.03% |change = {{decrease}}15.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Keshav Rajarambapu |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 17,989 |percentage = 14.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Shivshankar Krishnaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 903 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,013 |percentage = 10.84% |change = {{increase}}1.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,279 |percentage = 73.24% |change = {{decrease}}5.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,996}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,785 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}4.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ravindra Gaikwad]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 68,343 |percentage = 51.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavraj Madhavrao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 56,410 |percentage = 42.55% |change = {{increase}}5.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Buwa Navnath Vishvanath |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 4,739 |percentage = 3.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhanudas Tukaram Dhotre |party = Janata Dal |votes = 987 |percentage = 0.74% |change = {{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,933 |percentage = 9.00% |change = {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 135,525 |percentage = 78.53% |change = {{increase}}16.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,580}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,577 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.22 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}14.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kazi Abdul Khalek A. Kadar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,277 |percentage = 37.17% |change = {{decrease}}12.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Balbhim Bhaurao |party = Independent politician |votes = 27,310 |percentage = 27.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravindra Vishvanathrao Gaikawad |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,102 |percentage = 23.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathod Manikrao Hanmantrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,947 |percentage = 3.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sheshrao Madhavrao Mohite |party = Janata Dal |votes = 2,190 |percentage = 2.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Ganapati Hakke |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,942 |percentage = 1.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ronge Sadashivnagorao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,519 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Daware Harish Mahadu |party = Independent politician |votes = 733 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,967 |percentage = 9.19% |change = {{increase}}6.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,552 |percentage = 61.85% |change = {{decrease}}3.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,605}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,956 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kazi Abdul Khalek A. Kadar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,925 |percentage = 50.16% |change = {{increase}}6.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Birajdar Bhalchandra Ramrao |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 38,834 |percentage = 47.59% |change = {{decrease}}6.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohan Kamble |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,033 |percentage = 1.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Dnyandeo Bhivaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 805 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,091 |percentage = 2.56% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,983 |percentage = 65.52% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,597}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,655 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing = {{decrease}}4.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1982 elections in India#Maharashtra|1982 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Umarga <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. B. Ramrao |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 34,301 |percentage = 54.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Vishwambhar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,471 |percentage = 43.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Nivarti |party = Independent politician |votes = 656 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. B. Bhimrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 545 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,210}}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing = {{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Rajaram Premnath |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 38,968 |percentage = 54.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap (Patil) Dattatraya Narsingrao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,771 |percentage = 40.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Byale Vishwanath Shranappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,644 |percentage = 3.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Govind Sugrav |party = Independent politician |votes = 666 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,197 |percentage = 14.35% |change = {{increase}}6.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,409 |percentage = 64.26% |change = {{decrease}}8.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,049}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,684 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.74 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chalukya Bhaskarrao Shivram Pant |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,327 |percentage = 46.69% |change = {{decrease}}17.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kasture Vishwanath Baslingappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 29,560 |percentage = 39.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Surwase Annarao Premnath |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,431 |percentage = 5.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mane Vinayakrao Balwantrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,369 |percentage = 4.45% |change = {{decrease}}24.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Belurkar Hanmant Yashwantrao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,975 |percentage = 3.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,767 |percentage = 7.62% |change = {{decrease}}28.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,783 |percentage = 72.30% |change = {{increase}}11.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,662}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,585 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaskarrao Chalukya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,867 |percentage = 64.64% |change = {{increase}}11.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vinaykraao Mane |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 15,562 |percentage = 28.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shantappa Varakale |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,133 |percentage = 3.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sirsat Digamber Subhana |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,377 |percentage = 2.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,305 |percentage = 35.79% |change = {{increase}}23.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,951 |percentage = 60.93% |change = {{decrease}}8.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,939}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,823 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaskarrao Chalukya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,581 |percentage = 53.48% |change = {{increase}}9.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Y. Belurkar |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 21,423 |percentage = 41.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Sonkamble |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,568 |percentage = 4.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,158 |percentage = 11.94% |change = {{increase}}9.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,681 |percentage = 69.15% |change = {{increase}}6.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,572}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,520 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.03 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}7.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vijaysing Shivram |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 18,722 |percentage = 45.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tatayarao Madhavrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,846 |percentage = 43.65% |change = {{decrease}}6.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sayabanna Mallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,925 |percentage = 7.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baswanappa Ersangappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,391 |percentage = 3.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 876 |percentage = 2.14% |change = {{decrease}}17.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,312 |percentage = 62.41% |change = {{increase}}8.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,884}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,398 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.94 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vishwambhar Namdeo |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,699 |percentage = 49.83% |change = {{decrease}}4.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhakar Jiwadhan |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 9,419 |percentage = 29.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annarao Sadashiv |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,388 |percentage = 20.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,280 |percentage = 19.93% |change = {{decrease}}4.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,506 |percentage = 54.00% |change = {{decrease}}4.73 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,506}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,347 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Omerga <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gandhi Phoolchand |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,282 |percentage = 54.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sambhogir |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 10,223 |percentage = 30.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanasaheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,043 |percentage = 15.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,059 |percentage = 24.02% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,548 |percentage = 58.73% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,548}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,124 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]
* [[Umarga]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Osmanabad district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|17.84|76.62|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Osmanabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Early Nationalists

2026-04-26T14:52:01Z

Svetlanazrc: adding basic biography v1

{{Other uses|Moderate Party (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Indian National Congress
| colorcode =
| leader = [[Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee|W.C. Bonnerjee]]<ref name="Indian National Congress">{{cite web| title=Indian National Congress UK| url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/indian-national-congress}}</ref> [[Rash Behari Ghosh]] 
 Moderates 
[[Surendranath Banerjee]] R. C. Dutt [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] [[Pherozeshah Mehta]] [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]] P. R. Naidu [[S. Subramanian Iyer]] Ananda Charlu [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] [[A.O. Hume]] [[William Wedderburn]]
| foundation = {{Start date|1885}}
| ideology = Regain [[Self-government]] without violation
| headquarters =
| country = India
| name_native =
| party_logo =
| founder = [[Allan Octavian Hume|A.O. Hume]]<ref>{{cite web
|url =http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g?display=all
|title =Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress
|last =Bevir
|first =Marks
|date =9 February 2013
|publisher =[[University of California, Berkeley]]
|access-date=1 January 2003
}}</ref>
| dissolution = {{End date|1907}}
| position =
| slogan =
| newspaper = ''{{lang|hi|Dharma Marg Darshak}}'' (magazine)
| predecessor = [[Zamindari Association|Landholders' Society]]
| student_wing =
| youth_wing =
| membership =
| successor = [[Assertive Nationalism in India|Assertive Nationalists]]
| colors =
}}

The '''Early Nationalists''',<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Ralhan |editor-first=Om Prakash |title=Encyclopedia of Political Parties – India – Pakistan – Bangladesh – National – Regional – Local |volume=23. Moderate phrase in India |location=New Delhi |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=1995 |pages=29–36 |quote=The phase from 1885 to 1905 is known as the period of the Early Nationalists.}}</ref> also known as the '''Moderates''',<ref>{{cite book |first=Robin J. |last=Porter |chapter=Imperial India, 1858–1914 |title=Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century |year=2001 |pages=345, 434}}</ref> were a group of [[political leaders]] in India active between 1885 and 1907. Their emergence marked the beginning of the organised national movement in India. Some of the important moderate leaders were Pherozeshah Mehta and Dadabhai Naoroji.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burke| first1=S. M. |first2=Salim |last2=Al-Din |title=The British Raj in India: An Historical Review |location =USA |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |pages =325–332 |quote=One of the most distinguishing features of the second half of the 19th century was the birth of national awakening in India. It originated from the concepts of nationalism and right of self-determination initiated by the French Revolution, the socio-religious reform movement, the spread of western education and the reaction of Indians to British Raj. The political awareness generated by these trends gave birth to various political associations. This trend culminated in the establishment of the Early Nationalists in 1885, which was the starting point of the organised national movement in India |date=1997| isbn =978-0195-7773-45}}</ref> With members of the group drawn from educated middle-class professionals including lawyers, teachers and government officials, many of them were educated in England.

They are known as "Early Nationalists" because they believed in demanding reforms while adopting [[constitutional]] and peaceful means to achieve their aims.<ref name="TotalModerates">{{cite book |title=History & Civics |first1=Dolly Ellen |last1=Sequeira |first2=S. Irudaya |last2=Raj |year=2009 |pages=27, 35–41, 45|publisher=Morning Star Publishers|isbn=978-8131-7033-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A History of India|location=New Delhi|first=Burton|last=Stein|date=21 September 2023 |author-link=Burton Stein|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=I|pages=254–255|isbn=978-0-19-565446-2|quote=Avoiding confrontations, the early Congress leaders were patient, moderate and conciliatory in their demands}}</ref> The Early Nationalists had full faith in the British sense of justice, fair play, honesty, and integrity while they believed that [[British rule]] was a boon for India.<ref name="TotalModerates2">{{cite book |title=History & Civics PART II |first=D. N. |last=Kundra |pages=91, 93, 98–106, 111|year=2012 |publisher=Goyal Brothers Prakashan}}</ref> The Early Nationalists were staunch believers in open-minded and moderate politics.<ref name="Politics of Moderates">{{cite journal| title=Rewriting Histories of Nationalism; The politics of "Moderate Nationalism" in India |first=Sanjay |last=Seth |pages=102, 115 |year=1999 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=104 |issue=1 |jstor=2650182 |doi=10.2307/2650182 }} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref name="Ludden">{{cite book |first=David |last=Ludden |title=India and South Asia: a Short history |year=2002 |pages=135–197}}</ref>

Their successors, the "Assertives", existed from 1905 to 1919 and were followed by nationalists of the [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhian era]], which existed from 1919 until [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]] in 1947.

== Origins of the name "Moderates" ==
[[File:1st INC1885.jpg|right|300px|thumb|The first session of the Early Nationalists of India in 1885]]
Focusing on demands for reform, the Early Nationalists adopted a constitutional and peaceful approach to achieve their objectives. They remained friendly towards the British Empire but believed that Indians should have a proper and legitimate role in the government of the country. Although they asked for constitutional and other reforms within the framework of British rule, they had full faith in that nation's sense of justice and fair play.<ref name="IndianHistory">{{cite book
| last1=Bhattacharya| first1=D. C.
| first2=K. K.| last2=Ghai |year=2009|pages= 55, 60–61, 88, 92 |title=Indian History |publisher=Dayal publishers}}</ref> They further believed that continuation of the British connection with India was in the interests of both countries. At an early stage, the nationalists considered their association with England an advantage by considering British rule had done much good by removing various anomalies. Influenced by [[Western philosophy|western thought]], culture, education, literature and history, the demands of the early nationalists were not considered extreme but of a relatively moderate nature.<ref name="TotalModerates" /><ref name="TotalModerates2" />

== Methodology ==
[[File:HumeWedderburnNaoroji.jpg|thumb|left|upright| The founder of Early Nationalism [[A. O. Hume]] (left) with [[William Wedderburn|Sir William Wedderburn]] (right) and [[Dadabhai Naoroji]]]]
The Early Nationalists believed in patience and conciliation rather than confrontation, adopting orderly progress and [[constitutional]] means to realise their aims. To educate the people, to arouse political consciousness, and to create powerful public opinion in favour of their demands they organised annual sessions. Processions and meetings were held, speeches delivered and discussions held on various economic, social and political questions. Following these discussions, resolutions were adopted. They also drafted petitions and memorandums before submitting them to the government.
The Early Nationalists wanted to convey their feelings to the government, so as to gradually bring the authorities around to their viewpoint. To influence the British government and to enlighten the British public and its political leaders, the Early Nationalists sent deputations of leading Indian leaders to England. In 1889, a British Committee of the [[Indian National Congress]] was founded and followed by a journal called ''India'' started by the Committee in 1890.<ref name="Ludden" />

== Achievements ==
[[Image:A O Hume.jpg|thumb|[[A. O. Hume]], the founder of [[Indian National Congress]] (Moderates)]]
In spite of their role as the most progressive force of the time, the Early Nationalists received widespread criticism over their lack of success. They were treated with contempt by the colonial administration and their demands were not fulfilled.<ref>{{cite book |last=James |first=Lawrence |title=Raj: The Making and unmaking of British India |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |volume=I |year=2000 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/raj00lawr/page/323 323–324] |isbn=0312263821 |url=https://archive.org/details/raj00lawr/page/323 }}</ref>

In spite of such criticism, the Early Nationalists did achieve some of their goals. They created a national awakening among the people that made Indians conscious of the bonds of common political, economic, and cultural interests that united them. They also trained people in politics by popularising the ideas of democracy, civil liberties, secularism and nationalism . The Early Nationalists did pioneering work by exposing the true nature of British rule in India. They made the people realise the economic content and character of [[British Empire|British colonialism]]. In doing so, they weakened the foundations of British rule in India. Their political and economic programmes established the idea that India must be ruled in the interest of the Indians. The efforts of the Early Nationalists also led to the implementation of various social reforms such as the appointment of a Public Service Commission. A resolution of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] (1893) allowing for simultaneous examination for the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] in London and India. Appointment of the [[Welby Commission]] on Indian Expenditure (1895). They also passed the [[Indian Councils Act 1892]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Making of India: A Historical Survey |first=Ranbir |last=Vohra |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/makingofindiahis00vohr/page/56 56]|isbn=9780765607126 |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofindiahis00vohr|url-access=registration }}</ref>

These achievements served as the basis for nationalist movements in later years by extremist leaders.<ref name="Books2">{{cite book| last=Guha| first=Ramachandra| title=India after Gandhi:The History of the World's largest Democracy| quote=The achievements by the early Congress leaders urged the development and basic foundation of the extremist leaders.| pages=98–99}}</ref>

== Objectives ==
The Early Nationalists wanted certain political and economic reforms with the view to unify the people of India.

=== Constitutional reforms ===
Believing that India should eventually move towards democratic [[self-government]], the Early Nationalists wanted a larger share in the governing of India. They did not seek immediate attainment of their goal as they feared that the government would suppress their activities. Instead they aimed at winning freedom through a gradual process.<ref name="Jim" />

Their constitutional demands were:
# Abolition of the [[India Council]] Act.
# Expansion of the legislative council and [[Legislative Assemblies]], both Central and Provincial.
# Increase in the membership of Indians by including some members elected by local bodies like chambers of commerce, universities, etc. in these councils and by giving greater powers to them. They demanded Indian control over the public purse and raised the slogan "No taxation without representation".
# By the beginning of the 20th century, they demanded for [[Swaraj]] (self-rule) within the [[British Empire]] similar to the self-governing colonies in Canada and Australia.
# Adequate representation of Indians in the executive council of the [[Viceroy]] and those of the governors.<ref name="IndianHistory" />
#Reformation and expansion of the legislative councils created by the act of 1861. They demanded an increase in the membership of these councils and all legislative and financial matters including the Budget should be submitted to these councils.
#The members of the legislative councils to be directly elected by the people of India.
#A complete separation of the executive and judicial branches of administration.
#Complete self government modelled on self governing British colonies like Australia and Canada.

=== Administrative reforms ===
The Moderates made the following demands in the administrative sphere:
# Demand for simultaneous [[Indian Civil Service]] examinations in England and India.
# Complete separation of the executive and the judiciary. They made this demand to protect Indians from arbitrary acts by the police and the bureaucracy.
# Increase in the powers of the municipal bodies and reduction of official control over them.
# Repeal of the [[Arms Act, 1959|Arms Act]] and [[License Act]].
# Wider employment of Indians in the higher grades of administrative services.
# Spread of primary education among the masses.
# Improvement of the police system to make it honest, efficient and popular.<ref name="IndianHistory" />

=== Defence of civil rights ===
The Early Nationalists defended [[civil rights]] whenever the British government tried to curtail them. Their struggle for freedom became an integral part of the national movement from the very beginning. In 1897, [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Tilak]] and many other leaders were arrested and tried for making provocative speeches.<ref name="TotalModerates2" /><ref name="IndianHistory" /> The Early Nationalists demanded the Abolition of the [[Preventive Detention Act]] and restoration of individual liberties and right to assemble and to form associations. They also wanted the Removal of the restrictions imposed by the British Government on the freedom of speech, and the freedom of the press.<ref name="TotalModerates2" />

== Criticism ==
The methods used by the Early Nationalists of passing resolutions and sending petitions were seen as inadequate by critics who argued that they depended on the generosity of the British instead of relying on their own strength and directly challenging colonial rule. Some historians have argued that the Early Nationalists misunderstood the British government and believed the fundamentally diametric interests of both the colonial administration and the nationalist movement could be resolved in favor of the latter.<ref name="TotalModerates" /><ref name="TotalModerates2" /> The Early Nationalists failed to draw the masses into the mainstream of the national movement such that their area of influence remained limited to urban educated Indians. In particular, their leadership comprised only members of professional groups such as lawyers,<ref>{{cite web| title=Lawyers are drawn for the formation of Moderates| url=http://www.barcouncilofindia.org/about/about-the-legal-profession/lawyers-in-the-indian-freedom-movement/}}</ref> doctors, journalists and teachers.

== Response from the colonial administration ==
[[File:Lord Dufferin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]]]]

In the beginning, the British colonial administration looked upon the actions of the Early Nationalists favourably, and expressed no animosity towards them. Furthermore, a few government officials attended the first session of the Early Nationalists and took part in its deliberations. The Nationalists were invited to a garden party held by the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]] in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1886 and another hosted by the Governor of Chennai in 1887. Official attitudes soon changed; Lord Dufferin tried to divert the National Movement by suggesting to [[A. O. Hume|Allan Hume]] that the Early Nationalists should devote themselves to social rather than political affairs.<ref name="riddick2006">{{Cite book| title=The history of British India: a chronology| author=John F. Riddick| year=2006| pages=122 –123 and 55, 136| publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group| isbn=0-313-32280-5| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC}}</ref>

However, rather than emerging as a useful tool in the hands of the colonial administration, the Early Nationalists gradually became the focus of Indian nationalism.<ref name="TotalModerates" /> In 1887, Dufferin attacked the Early Nationalists in a speech and ridiculed it as representing only a microscopic minority of the Indian people. Colonial officials in India criticised the Nationalists and characterised its leaders as "disloyal babus" and "violent villains". The next year Lord Dufferin published the ''Report on the Conditions of the Lower Classes of Population in Bengal'' (known as the Dufferin Report), which highlighted the plight of the poor in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], which was then used by the Early Nationalists to counter the claim that British rule had been beneficial to the poorest members of Indian society.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Dufferin, Lord |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dufferin,_Lord |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Finally, in 1890 government employees were forbidden to participate in deliberations with the Early Nationalists or attend their meetings.<ref name="riddick2006" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Robb |first=Peter |title=A History of India|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia00pete|url-access=registration|edition=1st |year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave}}</ref>

== Failure ==
Some of the younger elements within the Indian National Congress were dissatisfied with the achievements of the Early Nationalists and vociferous critics of the methods of peaceful constitutional agitation that they promulgated.<ref name="Politics of Moderates" /> Young members advocated the adoption of European revolutionary methods to counter British colonial rule while mainstream Early Nationalists remained loyal to [[the Crown]], with their desire to regain self-government lacking conviction. The Early Nationalists failed to attain their objectives, giving rise to another group of leaders known as Assertive or Extremist Nationalists.<ref name="TotalModerates" /><ref name="TotalModerates2" /> The most prominent leaders of the Assertive Nationalists were [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], who are known collectively as the ''[[Lal-Bal-Pal]]'' trio.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashalatha |first1=A. |first2=Pradeep |last2=Koropath |first3=Saritha |last3=Nambarathil | title = Social Science: Standard VIII Part 1 | chapter = Chapter 6 – Indian National Movement | publisher = Government of Kerala • Department of Education, State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) | year = 2009 | pages = 72 | url = https://www.itschool.gov.in/pdf/Std_VIII/Social%20Science/SS_VIII_Engpart1.pdf | access-date = 13 October 2011}}</ref>

== Prominent leaders who fought for independence ==

=== Surendranath Banerjee ===
{{Main|Surendranath Banerjee}}
[[File:Surendranath Banerjee.jpg|100px|right|Surendranath Banerjee]]
To create an all-India political organisation, Banerjee convened the Indian National Conference in 1883 at [[Kolkata]]. Banerjee merged the Indian National Conference with the Indian National Congress in 1886 as both organisations had similar objectives. He presided over two sessions of the Congress in 1895 and 1902.<ref name="TotalModerates" />

=== Gopal Krishna Gokhale ===
{{Main|Gopal Krishna Gokhale}}
[[File:GKGokhale.jpg|100px|right|Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]
Gopal Krishna Gokhale, known as "''The Political Guru of [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi"]]'' as he was the one who guided Mahatma Gandhi to travel around India in order to fight against the British, was one of the social and political leaders during the Indian Independence Movement against the British Empire in India. Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and founder of the Servants of India Society. Through the Society as well as the Congress and other legislative bodies he served in, Gokhale campaigned for Indian self-rule and also social reform. He was the leader of the moderate faction of the Congress party that advocated reforms by working with existing government institutions.

=== A. O. Hume ===
{{main|Allan Octavian Hume}}

While the Early Nationalists moved towards the formation of an all-India political body, Englishman [[Allan Octavian Hume|A. O. Hume]], a retiree from the [[Indian Civil Service]], saw the need for an organisation that would draw the government's attention to current administrative drawbacks and suggest the means to rectify them. In 1884 Hume, in consultation with the Indian leaders, laid the foundations of Indian National Union but it was postponed due to an outbreak of plague in [[Pune]]. Later on, at the suggestion of Dadabhai Naoroji, the name was changed to "[[Indian National Congress]]" and the foundation of the organisation laid on 28 December 1885.<ref name="riddick2006" />

=== Dadabhai Naoroji ===
{{main|Dadabhai Naoroji}}
[[File:Dadabhai Naoroji, 1892.jpg|100px|right|Dadabhai Naoroji in 1892.]]
[[Dadabhai Naoroji]], popularly known as the "Grand Old Man of India",<ref name="Dada" /> took an active part in the foundation of the Indian National Congress and was elected its president thrice, in 1886, 1893 and after the Moderate phase in 1906.<ref name="TotalModerates" /><ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news| title=Story of the Congress – Three pivotal moments that shaped early nationalism in India |first=Mukul |last=Kesayan |date=29 May 2008 |publisher=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050529/asp/opinion/story_4798753.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919080944/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050529/asp/opinion/story_4798753.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 September 2012}}</ref> He spent a major part of his life in Britain.He founded the London Indian Society which he used to create the awareness among the British people about the plight of the Indians. His book ''Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India'' explored how India was economically exploited by the British government.

== Sessions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="left center" style="width:65%;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Year of session
! style="width:5%;"|Session
! style="width:20%;"|Place
! style="width:20%;"|Name of the president

|-
|1885
|1st
|[[Mumbai]]
|W. C. Banerjee<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Indian Biography|page=48| year=1906 |last=Buckland |first=C. E.|publisher=Swan Sonnenshein & Co.|location=London |url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buck#page/48/mode/1up}}</ref>
|-
|1886
|2nd
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[Dadabhai Naoroji]]<ref name="Dada">{{cite book|title=Dadabhai Naoroji:The Grand Old Man|author=S. R. Bakshi|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=1991|pages=12, 45|location=Delhi|isbn=81-7041-426-1}}</ref>
|-
|1887
|3rd
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Badruddin Tyabji|Justice Badruddin Tyabji]]<ref name="Presidents" />
|-
|1888
|4th
|[[Allahabad]]
|[[George Yule (businessman)|George Yule]]<ref name="Presidents">{{Cite web|url=http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/pastpresidents.htm |title=Past Presidents of Indian National Congress |publisher=Indian National Congress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020115121118/http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/pastpresidents.htm |archive-date=15 January 2002 |df=dmy }}</ref>
|-
|1889
|5th
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[William Wedderburn|Sir William Wedderburn]]<ref>{{Cite IBD1915|wstitle= Wedderburn, Sir William |volume= 24.2|pages=460-461 |year=1915|short=}}</ref>
|-
|1890
|6th
|Kolkata
|[[Pherozeshah Mehta|Mr. Pherozeshah Mehta]]<ref>{{Cite web|year=2009|url=http://www.geocities.com/dakshina_kan_pa/art25/topleft.htm|title=Presidents of Indian National Congress|access-date=23 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026232349/http://www.geocities.com/dakshina_kan_pa/art25/topleft.htm|archive-date=26 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

|-
|1891
|7th
|[[Nagpur]]
|P Ananda Charlu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ananda Charlu the seventh congress president|url=http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/p_ananda_charlu.htm|access-date=23 April 2014|archive-date=9 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909111225/http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/p_ananda_charlu.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|1892
|8th
|Allahabad
|W. C. Banerjee
|-
|1893
|9th
|[[Lahore]]
|Mr. Dadabhai Naoroji
|-
|1894
|10th
|Chennai
|[[Alfred Webb]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/alfred_webb.htm|title=Alfred Webb President – Madras, 1894|work=Past presidents of Indian National Congress|publisher=Indian National Congress|access-date=23 April 2014|archive-date=14 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514203942/http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/alfred_webb.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|1895
|11th
|[[Poona]]
|Surendranath Banerjee<ref>{{Cite web|title=As congress president|url=http://www.aicc.org.in/surendranath_Banerjee.htm}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|1896
|12th
|Kolkata
|Rahmatullah Sayani<ref>{{Cite web|title=President of congress|url=http://www.congress.org.in/new/past-president-detail.php?id=10|access-date=23 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928212120/http://www.congress.org.in/new/past-president-detail.php?id=10|archive-date=28 September 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
|1897
|13th
|[[Amraoti]]
|M. C. Shankaran Nair<ref>{{Cite web|title=13th President of congress|url=http://www.congress.org.in/new/past-president-detail.php?id=11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906202647/http://www.congress.org.in/new/past-president-detail.php?id=11|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 September 2010}}</ref>
|-
|1898
|14th
|Chennai
|A. M. Bose<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ananda Mohan Bose|publisher=Britannica.com|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/74627/Ananda-Mohan-Bose}}</ref>
|-
|1899
|15th
|[[Lucknow]]
|[[Romesh Chunder Dutt#Politics|Romesh Chunder Dutt]]
|-
|1900
|16th
|Lahore
|N. G. Chandarverkar<ref>{{cite web |title= Former Justices |url= http://www.bombayhighcourt.nic.in/cjshow.php?auth=amdldGlkPTE0JnBhZ2Vubz0y |publisher=Bombay High Court, Bombay}}</ref>
|-
|1901
|17th
|Kolkata
|[[D. E. Wacha]]{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}
|-
|1902
|18th
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Surendranath Banerjee]]
|-
|1903
|19th
|Chennai
|[[Lalmohan Ghosh]]
|-
|1904
|20th
|Mumbai
|[[Henry John Stedman Cotton|Sir Henry Cotton]]
|-
|1905
|21st
|[[Banaras]]
|[[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]<ref name="Jim">{{Cite book |author=Masselos |first=Jim |author-link=Jim Masselos |title=Indian Nationalism: An History |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1991 |location=[[Bangalore]] |pages=122–123, 125–129, 157–158}}</ref>
|-
|1906
|22nd
|Kolkata
|Dadabhai Naoroji
|}

== See also ==
* [[Surat Split]]
* [[History of the Indian National Congress]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |first=D. |last=Argov |title=Moderates and Extremists in the Indian Nationalist Movement, 1883–1920 |location=Bombay |year=1967}}
*{{cite book |title=Modern India: 1885–1947 |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |author-link=Sumit Sarkar |year=1983 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |location=Madras |isbn=0-333-90425-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/modernindia1885100sark }}

[[Category:Political history of India]]

Simanchal Patro

2026-04-25T13:25:04Z

Svetlanazrc: Started new info

{{Short description|Indian performing artist (born 1927)}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Simanchal Patro
| image = Guru Simanchal Patro, Prahallada Nataka.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Patro at his village Bamakei, 2020
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1927|2|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Bamakei, [[Ganjam district]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| origin =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| genre = [[Prahallada Nataka]]
| occupation =
| instrument =
| years_active =
| label =
| website =
| associated_acts =
}}

'''Simanchal Patro''' (Odia: ସୀମାଞ୍ଚଳ ପାତ୍ର; born 2 February 1927) is an Indian performing artist and exponent of ''[[Prahallada Nataka]]'', a traditional ritual theatre form of Odisha. He is best known for his portrayal of the lead character Hiranyakasipu, a role he has performed for over five decades. Patro is a recipient of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1990)<ref name=":1" /> and is widely credited with preserving and popularizing the ''Prahallada Nataka'' tradition in the [[Ganjam district]]. He has been selected for the [[Padma Shri]] in January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards 2026 honour unsung heroes from across India; list announced on Republic Day eve |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/padma-awards-2026-honour-unsung-heroes-from-across-india-list-announced-on-republic-day-eve20260125170002 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.aninews.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Simanchala Patro was born on 2 February 1927 in the village of Bamakei (Bomakei) in the Digapahandi block of Ganjam district, Odisha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rath |first=Shantanu Kumar |title=Odia Lokanatya Parampara O Prahlada Nataka |publisher=Orissa Book Store |year=2021 |isbn=9788174003409 |edition=2nd |location=Cuttack |pages=224-5 |language=or |script-title=or:ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲୋକନାଟ୍ୟ ପରମ୍ପରା ଓ ପ୍ରହ୍ଲାଦ ନାଟକ |trans-title=Odia Folk Art Tradition and Prahallada Nataka}}</ref> He was born to Sura Patro and Bangari Debi. His family had a traditional affinity for the arts; his father, Sura Patro, was also a ''Prahllada Nataka'' guru and artist.

== Artistic areer ==
=== Training ===
Patro's father trained him in Prahallada Nataka, and Patro learned the initial role of Prahallada and later the songs of the ''Sutradhara''. He later underwent rigorous training for 20 years under second-generation ''Prahallada Nataka'' masters, including Sri Kora Patra, Sri Laxman Satapathy, and later Sri Trinath Pradhan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1749469766_Simanchal.pdf |title=Akademi Awards 1990 |date= |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |year=1990 |location=New Delhi |pages=30 |language=en |access-date=2026-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260125141128/https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1749469766_Simanchal.pdf |archive-date=2026-01-25}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Under their tutelage, he mastered various aspects of the art form, including dialogue delivery, ''Raga'' (melodic framework), ''Tala'' (rhythm), ''Thani'' (stylized poses), and acting techniques.

=== Performance ===
Patro rose to prominence at the age of 20 when he performed the lead role of ''Hiranyakashipu'' in a play organized in his village, Bamakei. He established the ''Lakshmi Nrusimha Natya Kala Sansad'' troupe in his village Bamakei and taught several students at his ''akhada''.<ref name=":0" />

He is renowned for his powerful vocal ability and physical stamina. ''Prahlad Natak'' performances traditionally last up to 12 hours, requiring the protagonist to sing over 300 songs composed in more than 35 ragas of classical [[Odissi music]]. Patro's high-pitched, sonorous voice and commanding stage presence made his portrayal of the demon king definitive, earning him the moniker "The Hiranyakashipu" in the region.<ref name=":1" /> He has performed extensively across India, including in major cities like Delhi, Calcutta (Kolkata), and Madras (Chennai).<ref name=":0" />

== Contribution and legacy ==
Patro played a significant role in the preservation of ''Prahallada Nataka'' amid the decline of traditional folk arts. To ensure the continuity of the tradition, he established several ''akhadas'' (traditional training centers) across the Ganjam district, including in Nalabanta, Humma, Khajipalli, Sundhipalli, Padmapur, and Badagada.<ref name=":0" />

== Awards and recognition ==

* 1990: [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], presented by the President of India for his contribution to ''Prahlad Natak''. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Biswajit |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Theatre |date=2004 |publisher=Raj Publications |isbn=978-81-86208-35-9 |page=359 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Padma Shri Award]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ganjam district]]

Nimmaka Jaya Krishna

2026-04-24T13:24:19Z

Svetlanazrc: Made Some Pg Nd Citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nimmaka Jaya Krishna
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Viswasarayi Kalavathi]]
| constituency = [[Palakonda Assembly constituency|Palakonda]]
| party = [[Janasena Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Nimmaka Jaya Krishna''' (born 1979) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janasena announces candidate for Palakonda Assembly constituency |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/04/09/elx34-assembly-ap-janasena.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> He is a member of [[Janasena Party]].<ref name=":0" />

== Early life and education ==
Jaya Krishna was born in Rajapuram village, Veeraghattam mandal, Palakonda revenue division, in the erstwhile [[Srikakulam district]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Chowdari Lakshmana |date=2024-07-07 |title=Political legacy proves a boon for Palakonda MLA |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/political-legacy-proves-a-boon-for-palakonda-mla-889940 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It is presently in [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]]. He is the son of late Nimmaka Gopala Rao, a four time MLA representing Telugu Desam party.<ref name=":1" /> His wife is a government employee. He completed his Master of Science degree in 2006 at [[Osmania University]], Hyderabad.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Jayakrishna Nimmaka(Janasena Party):Constituency- PALAKONDA (ST)(SRIKAKULAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1059 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
He has been elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Palakonda Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for ST community in [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayakrishna Nimmaka, JSP Candidate from Palakonda Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/jayakrishna-nimmaka-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a010e2024c002/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Palakonda, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Highlights: JSP's Jayakrishna Nimmaka with 75208 defeats YSRCP's Viswasarayi Kalavathi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/palakonda-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548192-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Palakonda Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/palakonda-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916950.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> representing [[Janasena Party]] which had a pre poll alliance with [[Telugu Desam Party]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=TDP registers spectacular victories in Srikakulam district, Ministers taste defeat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-registers-spectacular-victories-in-srikakulam-district-ministers-taste-defeat/article68251477.ece |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He polled 75,208 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Viswasarayi Kalavathi]] of [[YSR Congress Party|YSR Congress party]], by a margin of 13,291 votes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Palakonda (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024: Palakonda (ST) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/palakonda |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

After the death of his father in 2010, he contested on TDP ticket in the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] and lost to [[Viswasarayi Kalavathi]] of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a narrow margin of 1,620 votes.<ref name=":1" /> He lost again in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] to the same candidate by a margin of 17,980 votes.<ref name=":2" /> Just before the 2024 Assembly election he shifted to [[Janasena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Chowdari Lakshmana |date=2024-06-07 |title=Srikakulam: Alliance wave gives chance to novices |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/srikakulam-alliance-wave-gives-chance-to-novices-883208 |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaya Krishna, Nimmaka}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Jana Sena Party politicians]]
[[Category:Praja Rajyam Party politicians]]

Kolkata Metro rolling stock

2026-04-20T11:49:53Z

Svetlanazrc:

{{short description|Rolling stock used in Kolkata Metro}}
{{Main|Kolkata Metro}}
{{Kolkata Metro sidebar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
The rolling stock of [[Kolkata Metro]] consists of five classes, three classes for [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue]] and [[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow]] Lines, one of which is also used for [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple]] and [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange]] Lines, and one class for [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]].

All trains receive 750 V DC using [[third rail]] electrification system. Trains can operate up to eight (Blue, Purple, Orange and Yellow Lines) and six (Green Line) cars in length.

Since Kolkata Metro was constructed in 1970s, there were some technical limitations. Due to the tunnel dimensions, and being under Indian Railways, Kolkata Metro opted Indian metre gauge shell ({{Cvt|22.7|m|ftin}}) with {{Track gauge|1676 mm|allk=on}} tracks for Blue Line, which was later used for Purple, Orange and Yellow Lines. So the options of rake manufacturers for Blue, Purple, Orange and Yellow Lines are very limited. On the other hand, Green Line uses the {{Track gauge|1435 mm|allk=on}} tracks similar to most other Indian metro networks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/8am-on-valentines-day-your-date-with-east-west-metro/articleshow/73944004.cms|title=8am on Valentine's Day; Your date with East-West Metro|last1=Chakraborty|first=1Ajanta|date=5 February 2020|first2=Jayanta|last2=Gupta|website=The Times of India|access-date=2020-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205180500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/8am-on-valentines-day-your-date-with-east-west-metro/articleshow/73944004.cms|archive-date=2020-02-05|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:ICF Medha Rake Mr 418 During the Inauguration Day of Line 3 at Joka Metro Station.jpg|thumb|ICF MEDHA rake MR-418 During the Inauguration Day of Purple Line at Joka Metro Station]]
==Operational==
=== ICF/BHEL rake===
{{Infobox train
| background = #CFD5D7
| name = [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]]/[[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]] rake
| image = KolkataMetro3000siries.JPG
| imagesize = 255px
| caption =
| service = 2010–present
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]], [[Integral Coach Factory]] and [[Knorr-Bremse]]
| designer = [[Integral Coach Factory]]
| assembly = [[Chennai]]
| family = ICF 3000 series
| numberbuilt = 13
| numberservice = 13
| successor = 4000 series
| code = '''Old:''' AC''n/n+1'' '''New:''' MR-30''n''
| capacity = 3,136 passengers
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| depots = [[Noapara depot]], [[Tollygunge depot]] and [[New Garia depot]]
| lines = {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|blue|croute}} {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|yellow|croute}}
| doors = [[Sliding door]]s
| powersupply = [[750 V DC]]
| hvac = Air conditioned
| electricsystem = [[Third rail]]
| collectionmethod = [[Contact shoe]]
| bogies = [[ICF coach#Bogie frame|ICF bogie]]
| seating = Longitudinal facing seats
| gauge = {{Track gauge|Indian|al=on}}
}}
These are the first AC trains that were passed into service in 2010, after the elevated corridor from [[Mahanayak Uttam Kumar metro station|Mahanayak Uttam Kumar]] to [[Kavi Nazrul metro station|Kavi Nazrul]] was completed. Later, as the last extension from [[Kavi Nazrul metro station|Kavi Nazrul]] to [[Kavi Subhash metro station|Kavi Subhash]] was finished, more 3000 series rakes were introduced. These trains are manufactured by ICF in collaboration with [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]]. Presently there are 13 (3000 series) rakes, which are operating on Blue Line. These rakes are numbed AC''n/n+1'' (where (''n+1)/2'' is the rake number). The rolling stocks numbers are now being changed to MR-30''n'' (where ''n'' is the rake no.; 1, 2, 3....18) as they are being gradually repainted to white and violet. Some rakes are also used in [[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow Line]].<ref name="First look: your swank AC Metro" />
{{clear}}

===ICF/MEDHA rake ===
{{Infobox train
| background = #0033FF
| name = [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]]/MEDHA rake
| image = File:Kolkata metro at Dakshineswar metro station.jpg
| imagesize = 255px
| caption = MEDHA metro rake at Dakshineswar metro station
| stocktype =
| service = 2019–present
| manufacturer = [[Integral Coach Factory]] and Medha Servo Drives Private Limited
| designer = [[Integral Coach Factory]]
| assembly = [[Chennai]], India
| family = ICF 4000 series
| numberconstruction = 1
| numberbuilt = 18
| numberservice = 18
| formation = 2DTC+4MC+2TC
| code = MR-40''n''
| capacity = 3,520 passengers
| lines = {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|blue|croute}} {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|purple|croute}} {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|orange|croute}} {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|yellow|croute}}
| trainlength =
| carlength = 19.5 m
| width = 2.74 m
| height = 3.625 m
| doors = [[Sliding door]]s
| maxspeed = 90 kmph
| traction motors = 204 kW /[[ 3 phase ]]
| poweroutput = 3264 HP
| acceleration = 0.85 m/s2
| deceleration = 1.1 m/s2
| hvac = Air conditioned
| collectionmethod = [[Contact shoe]]
| bogies = [[ICF coach#Bogie frame|ICF bogie]]
| brakes = Regenerative braking
| coupling = [[Scharfenberg coupler]]
| seating = Longitudinal facing seats
| gauge = {{Track gauge|Indian|al=on}}
}}
2 prototype rakes manufactured by ICF Chennai and Medha and were supplied to Kolkata Metro by September 2017. These trains were extremely snagprone and Kolkata Metro officials took 2 years to fix the snags and to bring these trains into operation. Some of these trains were sent back to ICF during testing phase. These trains are completely different from existing AC trains made by ICF, BHEL, Knorr-Bremse. These trains have 3 phase alternating current motors, [[regenerative braking]], stainless steel body, CCTV cameras (not present in rakes, numbered as MR-401 & MR-402), and better passenger information system. 14 rakes were delivered by April 2021.On 3 April 2019, the first ICF MEDHA rake ran between Noapara and New Garia, after 20 months. Gradually followed by 2 more rakes. After the initial hiccups these trains are praised by passengers for their comfort during braking and acceleration. Metro expressed satisfaction over the performance of the rakes as these rakes are more energy efficient. These rakes are numbed MR-40''n'' (where ''n'' is the rake no.; 1, 2, 3....18). As of 2025, 18 such trains operate on Blue line. The last 3 trains of this type are compatible with both [[Communications-based train control|CBTC]] and the present [[Distance to go|DTG]] signalling system, although CBTC is not used on Blue line.<ref>{{Citation|title=Kolkata Metro to run trains at every 90 Seconds on North–South Corridor!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qnZdwa5RsCQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/qnZdwa5RsCQ |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|access-date=2019-08-11}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medha.com/index.php/applications/metros|title=Kolkata Metro}}</ref>

As of 2025, two sets of [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]] MEDHA rakes with the rake numbers MR-417 and MR-418 have been brought to the Joka Depot and are currently operational on [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]].

As of 2025, two sets of ICF MEDHA rakes are also currently operational on [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]] similar to Purple Line. Some rakes are also used in [[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow Line]].
{{Clear}}

=== CRRC Dalian rake ===
{{Infobox train
| background = white
| name = [[CRRC Dalian]] rake
| image = Kolkata Metro CRRC Dalian rake 5.jpg
| imagesize = 255px
| caption = The first rake at [[Noapara depot]]
| stocktype =
| manufacturer = [[CRRC|China Railway Rolling Stock Corporation]]
| assembly = [[Dalian]], China
| family =
| numberbuilt = 14<ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/two-new-metro-rakes-from-china-arrive-in-kolkata-to-be-used-on-north-south-route/cid/2077319</ref>
| numberservice = 11
| code = MR-50''n''
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| depots =
| lines = {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|blue|croute}}
{{rcb|Kolkata Metro|yellow|croute}}
| carlength = 19.5 m
| width = 2.74 m
| height = 3.65 m
| floorheight = 1.13 m
| wheeldiameter = 860 mm
| maxspeed = 80 kmph
| axleload = 17 tons
| powersupply = [[750 V DC]]
| hvac = Air conditioned
| electricsystem = [[Third rail]]
| collectionmethod = [[Contact shoe]]
| seating = Longitudinal facing seats
| gauge = {{Track gauge|Indian|al=on}}
| notes = Passenger operation Started on 17th march 2023
}}

There was a need to replace non-AC rakes on Blue Line and so during mid 2015 it was announced that Indian Railways for the first time would rope an international train-maker, [[CRRC|China Railway Rolling Stock Corporation (CRRC)]] based in [[Dalian]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/modern-chinese-rakes-for-kolkata-metro-115061700716_1.html|title=Modern Chinese rakes for Kolkata Metro|last1=Basak|first1=Probal|date=20 June 2015|website=Business Standard India|access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref> As per the tender, 14 rakes composed of 8 coaches each were to be supplied to Kolkata metro by CNR Dalian Locomotive company, a subsidiary of CRRC, which will be running on Blue Line. These rakes will be of ultra-modern technology. They will have doors that will be {{Cvt|20|cm}} wider than any other metro rails in India. They will have wide vestibules, {{Convert|2|ft|6|in}} wider than the existing trains. The design consists of the aerodynamic front with large doors and LED lights, and violet colored stripe on silver color body. These rakes are capable of a top speed of {{Cvt|80|km/h}}. The first of the 14 rakes from Chinese firm Dalian was slated to arrive by December 2017 but got delayed due to various reasons. The first rake finally arrived in Kolkata on 3 March 2019 on a vessel at Netaji Subhas Dock (NSD).<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/metro-rake-from-china-off-vessel/cid/1686223|title=Metro rake from China off vessel|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043437/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/metro-rake-from-china-off-vessel/cid/1686223|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Each of the 8 coaches of the rake weigh nearly 45 tonnes. The rake was unloaded and taken to [[Noapara, India|Noapara]] carshed after which trial runs and inspection would be carried out before commencing operations. Other 13 rakes are ready, but the shipment got delayed due to the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic|coronavirus pandemic]].

These rakes were under performance trials for more than 20 months as serious problems related to performance of the rake were identified during trials. Some of the issues related to insufficient power to climb up the slopes in the tunnels and higher oscillation in the bogie.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.crrcgc.cc/dl/g8425/s16347/t282022.aspx|title=印度加尔各答地铁车辆_产品中心_城轨_大连公司|website=www.crrcgc.cc|access-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812123646/http://www.crrcgc.cc/dl/g8425/s16347/t282022.aspx|archive-date=2019-08-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2020|first=Jayanta |last=Gupta|title=Kolkata: With Chinese signal system deal off the table, fate of 13 Dalian Metro rakes hangs in balance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/with-chinese-signal-system-deal-off-the-table-fate-of-13-dalian-metro-rakes-hangs-in-balance/articleshow/76591021.cms|access-date=2020-09-06|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

On 17th March 2023, the first Dalian rake was inducted into service. In August 2024, two more Dalian rakes were introduced on the Blue line - MR513 and MR514. Till August 2025, MR-504, MR-512, MR-507, MR-508, MR-509, MR-510 joined the fleet. MR-508 and MR-510 are specifically allotted for the Yellow Line. {{clear}}

=== BEML rake ===
{{Infobox train
| background = #7700DF
| name = [[BEML Limited|BEML]] rake
| image = East_West_Metro_Kolkata_rake.jpg
| imagesize = 255px
| stocktype =
| service = 2020–present
| manufacturer = [[BEML Limited]]
| designer = [[BEML Limited]]
| assembly = [[Bengaluru]]
| ordernumber = KMRCL/RS (3R)/2016
| factory = [[BEML Limited]]
| family = BEML RS (3R)
| yearconstruction = 2016–2020
| yearservice = 2020–present
| numberservice = 17
| formation = 2 DMC + 2 TC + 2 MC
| code = MR-60''n''
| capacity = 2,002 passengers
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| depots = [[Central Park depot]]
| lines = {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|green|croute}}
| carbody = [[Stainless steel]]
| trainlength = 124.8 m
| carlength = 20 m
| width = 2.88 m
| height = 3.84 m
| doors = [[Sliding door]]s
| maxspeed = 95 kmph
| powersupply = [[750 V DC]]
| hvac = Air conditioned; Roof mounted ventilation
| collectionmethod = [[Contact shoe]]
| brakes = Regenerative and pneumatic brakes
| light = [[LED]] based
| seating = Longitudinal facing seats
| gauge = {{Track gauge|standard|al=on}}
}}
The bidding by the Spanish company [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]] for Green Line was cancelled due to funding related problems. Re-bidding was done and BEML was given the contract for 14 rakes of 6 coaches each at a cost of {{INR}}900 crore. Another 3 rakes were ordered in 2022, increasing the total to 17 rakes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata Metro inks deal with BEML for 3 more rakes initially |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/kolkata-metro-inks-deal-with-beml-for-3-more-rakes-initially/35436 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}</ref> The rakes are microprocessor controlled with [[3 phase]] AC motors and CBTC system. The rakes were supplied to Kolkata from 2017.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Central-PSU-wins-Rs-900-crore-Metro-rake-order/articleshow/50661128.cms|title=Central PSU wins Rs 900-crore Metro rake order – Times of India|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122095904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Central-PSU-wins-Rs-900-crore-Metro-rake-order/articleshow/50661128.cms|archive-date=2016-01-22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kmrc.in/admin/uploads/Tender_award_notice.pdf|title=Tender Award Notice}}</ref> They are numbered MR-60''n'' (where ''n'' is the rake no.; 1, 2, 3....17).<ref>{{Cite web|date=Oct 2019|title=Rail & Metro Product Brochure|url=https://www.bemlindia.in/Writereaddata/Downloads/Rail&Metro_Product_Brochure.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711182832/https://www.bemlindia.in/Writereaddata/Downloads/Rail%26Metro_Product_Brochure.pdf|archive-date=11 July 2020|access-date=8 Jul 2020|website=bemlindia.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bemlindia.in/writereaddata/Downloads/20170822073940catalogue3.pdf|title=Standard Gauge Metro Car (750V DC)|access-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812123646/https://www.bemlindia.in/writereaddata/Downloads/20170822073940catalogue3.pdf|archive-date=2019-08-12|url-status=live}}</ref>

===ICF/MEDHA rake ===
{{Infobox train
| background = #0033FF
| name = [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]]/MEDHA rake
| image = File:ICF MEDHA 80n SERIES CBTC.jpg
| imagesize = 255px
| caption = MEDHA Metro Rake at Noapara Carshed
| stocktype =
| service = 202x–20xx
| manufacturer = [[Integral Coach Factory]] and Medha Servo Drives Private Limited
| designer = [[Integral Coach Factory]]
| assembly = [[Chennai]], India
| family = ICF 8000 series
| numberconstruction = 1
| numberbuilt = 20
| numberservice = 00
| formation = 2DTC+4MC+2TC
| code = MR-80''n''
| capacity = 3,520 passengers
| lines = {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|purple|croute}} {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|orange|croute}}
| trainlength =
| carlength = 19.5 m
| width = 2.74 m
| height = 3.625 m
| doors = [[Sliding door]]s
| maxspeed = 90 kmph
| traction motors = 204 kW /[[ 3 phase ]]
| poweroutput = 3264 HP
| acceleration = 0.85 m/s2
| deceleration = 1.1 m/s2
| hvac = Air conditioned
| collectionmethod = [[Contact shoe]]
| bogies = [[ICF coach#Bogie frame|ICF bogie]]
| brakes = Regenerative braking
| coupling = [[Scharfenberg coupler]]
| seating = Longitudinal facing seats
| gauge = {{Track gauge|Indian|al=on}}
}}
1 prototype rake and one new rake manufactured by ICF Chennai and Medha and were supplied to Kolkata Metro by February 2026. These trains were newly built and based upon CBTC System.Kolkata Metro officials suggested changes in 1st prototype rake which was MR - 801, to change the interior layout along with new stainless steel gates from MR - 803 onwards. These rakes are numbed MR-80''n'' (where ''n'' is the rake no.; 1, 2, 3....20). As of 2026, 04 such trains arrived at Kolkata and on which 03 rakes especially (MR - 802, 803 & 804) are alloted to Purple line. These trains of this type are compatible with [[Communications-based train control|CBTC]] signalling system only.

==Scrapped or retired==
===ICF/BHEL rake (1984–2019) ===
{{Infobox train
| background = #FFDB65
| name = [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]]/[[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]] rake
| image = KolkataMetroOldCoaches.jpg
| imagesize = 255px
| service = 1984–2019
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] and [[Integral Coach Factory]]
| designer = [[Integral Coach Factory]]
| assembly = [[Chennai]], India
| factory = [[Integral Coach Factory]]
| family = ICF 1000 series
| yearservice = 1984–1988
| numberbuilt = 9
| numberservice = 0
| numberpreserved = 1
| numberscrapped = 8
| successor = 3000 series
| formation = 6 MC + 2 TC
| code = B''n''
| capacity = 2,400 passengers
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| depots = [[Noapara depot]], [[Tollygunge depot]] and [[New Garia depot]]
| lines = {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|blue|croute}}
| trainlength = 156 m
| carlength = 19.5 m
| width = 2.74 m
| height = 3.7 m
| doors = [[Sliding door]]s
| maxspeed = 80 kmph
| poweroutput = 3036 [[Horse power|HP]]
| acceleration = 1.1 m/s2
| deceleration = 1.3 m/s2
| powersupply = [[750 V DC]]
| hvac = Non AC, forced ventilation with washed and cooled air
| electricsystem = [[Third rail]]
| collectionmethod = [[Contact shoe]]
| bogies = [[ICF coach#Bogie frame|ICF bogie]]
| brakes = Eddy current and electro-pneumatic brakes
| seating = Longitudinal facing seats
| gauge = {{Track gauge|Indian|al=on}}
}}
9 rakes were manufactured by [[Integral Coach Factory]] (ICF), [[Chennai]] and were passed into service in the first phase when the metro initially ran from [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]] to Bhawanipur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,391,400|title=Salient Data on rolling stock|access-date=2013-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806115610/http://www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,391,400|archive-date=2013-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref> These trains were yellow in colour and had a brown stripe at the bottom. Later the colour was changed to white with a maroon stripe. Lastly, they were yellow with a wide red band at the bottom. These rakes were numbed B''n'' (where ''n'' was the rake no.; 1, 2,...., 9)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/kolkata-metro-to-get-40-new-ac-rakes-first-of-the-lot-arrives/articleshow/59661245.cms | title=Kolkata Metro to get 40 new AC rakes, first of the lot arrives | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719075226/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/kolkata-metro-to-get-40-new-ac-rakes-first-of-the-lot-arrives/articleshow/59661245.cms |archive-date=2017-07-19 | newspaper=The Economic Times | agency=PTI | date=19 July 2017 | url-status=dead | access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rolling Stock|url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1579075732839-website%20updated%20information.pdf|date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="First look: your swank AC Metro">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100716/jsp/calcutta/story_12690099.jsp|title=First look: your swank AC Metro|access-date=2013-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601181604/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100716/jsp/calcutta/story_12690099.jsp|archive-date=2015-06-01|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-08-06|title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal|url=http://www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,391,400|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806115610/http://www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,391,400|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-08-06|access-date=2020-08-07}}</ref>
{{clear}}

=== ICF/NGEF rake (1988–2021)===
{{Infobox train
| background = #50D1FF
| name = [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]]/[[NGEF]] rake
| image =
| imagesize = 255px
| service = 1988–2021
| manufacturer = [[NGEF]] and [[Integral Coach Factory]]
| assembly = [[Chennai]]
| family = ICF 2000 series
| yearservice = 1988–1992
| numberbuilt = 9
| numberservice = 0
| numberscrapped = 6
| successor = 3000 series
| formation = 6 MC + 2 TC
| code = 8N
| capacity = 2,400 passengers
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| depots = [[Noapara depot]], [[Tollygunge depot]] and [[New Garia depot]]
| lines = {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|blue|croute}}
| trainlength = 156 m
| carlength = 19.5 m
| width = 2.74 m
| doors = [[Sliding door]]s
| wheeldiameter = {{convert|860|mm|m|abbr=on}}
| wheelbase = 2.45 m
| maxspeed = 80 kmph
| axleload = 20.32 MT
| traction motors = 566 kW
| poweroutput = 5221 [[Horse power|HP]]
| acceleration = 1.1 m/s2
| deceleration = 1.3 m/s2
| powersupply = [[750 V DC]]
| hvac = Non AC, forced ventilation with washed and cooled air
| electricsystem = [[Third rail]]
| collectionmethod = [[Contact shoe]]
| bogies = [[ICF coach#Bogie frame|ICF bogie]]
| brakes = Eddy current and electro-pneumatic brakes
| seating = Longitudinal facing seats
| gauge = {{Track gauge|Indian|al=on}}
}}
By 1988–90, 9 more rakes manufactured by ICF were procured and put in service when the system expanded. These rakes were tougher and had higher acceleration than the previous ones. The colors of these trains were dark green with a yellow stripe at the bottom, later they were repainted in white with a blue stripe and lastly, they were sky blue with a deep blue band at the bottom. In 2017–18, these were refurbished and put into service in a phased manner. In 2021, the rakes were scrapped. However later in 2022, 2 rakes were used for trial runs on Purple and Orange Lines and one motor car is kept at Howrah rail museum. The rakes were marked with 8N symbols.<ref>「[https://www.urbantransportnews.com/kolkata-metro-plans-to-replace-old-fleets-with-modern-metro-trains/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127202623/https://www.urbantransportnews.com/kolkata-metro-plans-to-replace-old-fleets-with-modern-metro-trains/|date=2020-01-27}}」urbantransportnews 12 February 2020</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-29|title=Titagarh Group|url=http://titagarh.in:80/metro.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929133846/http://titagarh.in:80/metro.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-09-29|access-date=2020-08-05}}</ref><ref name="First look: your swank AC Metro" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/ Metro Railway, Kolkata]
{{Kolkata Metro|state=collapsed}}{{Indian Railways}}

[[Category:Kolkata Metro|rolling stock]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]

Vandre Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:42Z

Svetlanazrc: Started data

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vandre
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Vandre''' ''(formerly Bandra)'' was one of the constituencies of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] in India. It was made defunct after the constituency map of India was redrawn in 2008.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{|class=wikitable
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan=3 | Purushottam Ganesh Kher || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Jorge D. Souza
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Ahmed B. Zakaria || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Varde Sadanand Shankar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Qureshi Shamim Rashid || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Salim Zakaria
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Jayashree Ramdas Nayak || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | [[Baba Siddique]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''2008 onwards: See [[Vandre East Assembly constituency|Vandre East]] & [[Vandre West Assembly constituency|Vandre West]]''}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bandra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Baba Siddique]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 44,517 |percentage = 56.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaina Nana Chudasama |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,877 |percentage = 32.66% |change={{increase}}13.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Edwin Brito |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,482 |percentage = 6.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Singh Chandrashekhar (Mannubhai) |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,945 |percentage = 2.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salvador Henry Swami (Edward) |party=Independent politician |votes = 485 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Way Prithyani (Archie) |party=Independent politician |votes = 476 |percentage = 0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,640 |percentage = 23.53% |change= {{increase}}7.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,227 |percentage = 43.17% |change= {{increase}}5.50 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,227}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,83,536|ref = |change= {{increase}}47.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}8.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vandre<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Baba Ziauddan Siddique |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,380 |percentage = 47.89% |change={{increase}}20.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deepak S. Padwal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,476 |percentage = 36.78% |change={{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Fernandis Steven |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,501 |percentage = 9.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salim Zakaria |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 4,198 |percentage = 5.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,904 |percentage = 11.11% |change= {{increase}}1.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,032 |percentage = 46.89% |change= {{decrease}}8.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,137}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,74,948|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.25 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vandre<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jayashree Ramdas Nayak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,887 |percentage = 36.64% |change={{decrease}}3.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salim Zakaria |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,621 |percentage = 27.43% |change={{decrease}}18.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Oliver Andrade Paixao |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,936 |percentage = 11.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babu Qureshi |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 8,562 |percentage = 9.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Advocate Tasneem Khan |party=Janata Dal |votes = 6,447 |percentage = 7.18% |change={{decrease}}6.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Maj. Gen. (Retd. ) Eustace D'Souza |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,600 |percentage = 2.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shyam Dhondbaji Gajbhiye |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,012 |percentage = 2.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,266 |percentage = 9.21% |change= {{increase}}3.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 90,785 |percentage = 55.25% |change= {{increase}}6.81 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,755}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,64,322|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vandre<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Salim Zakaria |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,251 |percentage = 45.44% |change={{decrease}}13.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramdas Nayak |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,086 |percentage = 39.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahmed B. Zakaria |party=Janata Dal |votes = 10,215 |percentage = 13.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,165 |percentage = 5.53% |change= {{decrease}}18.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,084 |percentage = 48.26% |change= {{increase}}8.08 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,373}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,57,654|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}13.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vandre<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Qureshi Shamim Rashid |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,293 |percentage = 58.56% |change={{increase}}43.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudha Varde |party=Janata Party |votes = 18,085 |percentage = 34.96% |change={{decrease}}33.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kuldeep Makhni |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,050 |percentage = 2.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Choudhry Usman Gani Hussein |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,023 |percentage = 1.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. V. Fernandis |party=Independent politician |votes = 587 |percentage = 1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaiwant Malhari Kirtikar |party=Independent politician |votes = 316 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,208 |percentage = 23.60% |change= {{decrease}}29.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,353 |percentage = 40.21% |change= {{decrease}}15.97 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,733}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,30,213|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bandra<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ahmed B. Zakaria |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 22,440 |percentage = 48.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadanand Shankar Varde |party=Janata Party |votes = 14,986 |percentage = 32.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pai Prabhakar Sanjiv |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,833 |percentage = 18.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lav Ramchandra Malik |party=Independent politician |votes = 292 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,454 |percentage = 15.95% |change= {{decrease}}9.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,230 |percentage = 38.07% |change= {{decrease}}24.64 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,732}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,24,077|ref = |change= {{decrease}}7.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vandre<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Varde Sadanand Shankar |party=Janata Party |votes = 44,245 |percentage = 67.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pai Prabhakar Sanjeev |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,882 |percentage = 15.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Awale Premchand Vithal |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 8,593 |percentage = 13.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zakaria Saleem A. Razzak |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,083 |percentage = 3.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,363 |percentage = 52.78% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,060 |percentage = 56.51% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,110}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,901|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Janata Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bandra<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jorge D. Souza |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 44,434 |percentage = 53.19% |change={{increase}}13.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadanand Shankar Varde |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 23,316 |percentage = 27.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhukar R. Sarpoidar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 9,196 |percentage = 11.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Danjibhai Raghavji Tank |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,499 |percentage = 4.19% |change={{decrease}}2.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadanand Devaram Powar |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 2,015 |percentage = 2.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohamed George |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,080 |percentage = 1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,118 |percentage = 25.28% |change= {{increase}}13.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,194 |percentage = 63.54% |change= {{decrease}}2.92 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,540}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,34,089|ref = |change= {{increase}}25.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bandra<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Purushottam Ganesh Kher |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,817 |percentage = 40.00% |change={{decrease}}24.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadanand Shankar Varde |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 19,454 |percentage = 27.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. A. Mumbarkar |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 8,895 |percentage = 12.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. A. H. Kasam |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 8,494 |percentage = 12.22% |change={{decrease}}8.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. Y. Deolekar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,876 |percentage = 7.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,363 |percentage = 12.03% |change= {{decrease}}31.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,056 |percentage = 67.58% |change= {{increase}}2.62 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,536}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,06,620|ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}24.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Bandra<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Purushottam Ganesh Kher |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,235 |percentage = 64.33% |change={{increase}}6.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arthur William Felix Menezes |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 14,548 |percentage = 20.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Keshao Nikanth Jolekar |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 10,529 |percentage = 14.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,687 |percentage = 43.64% |change= {{increase}}18.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,196 |percentage = 64.27% |change= {{decrease}}4.53 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,312}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,12,330|ref = |change= {{increase}}68.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bandra<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Purushottam Ganesh Kher |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,806 |percentage = 57.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bagwe Gajanan Shridhar |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 14,560 |percentage = 32.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Peerbhoy Yusuf Shabanally |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,947 |percentage = 6.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Limaye Madhu |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,531 |percentage = 3.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,246 |percentage = 25.08% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,844 |percentage = 67.12% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,844}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,811|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.061|72.841|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Alauli Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:19:40Z

Svetlanazrc: stub!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Alauli Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 148-Alauli constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Ram Chandra Sada]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| preceded_by = [[Ramvriksh Sada]], {{small|{{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}}}
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]
| division = [[Munger]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]]
| constituency_no = 148
| established = 1962
| electors = 266,664
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
}}
'''Alauli''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Khagaria district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. The seat is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]] and previously has been part of Munger subdivision after independence. Alauli is a Nagar Panchayat from December 2020. There are 12 wards in Alauli Nagar Panchayat. Jayanti Shekhar became the first chairman of this town. Chini Lal Mandal became the first deputy chairman of this town.

==Overview==
The constituency comprises the Alauli [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]] Baraiy, Rani Larhi, Goriyami, Haripur, Roun, Saharbanni, Bhikharighat, Bahadurpur, Budhaura, Sonihar, Sumbha, Sakar-Pura, Belasimri, Olapur Gangour, Tetarabad, Jalkoura, Janhagira and Dhusmuri Bishanpur [[gram panchayat]]s of Khagaria CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India |work = Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 |archive-date = 5 October 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Alauli Assembly constituency is part of No. 25 [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Alauli Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/alauli-bihar-assembly-constituency |access-date=2020-10-09 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Mishri Sada
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Mishri Sada
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Pashupati Kumar Paras]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Mishri Sada
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Pashupati Kumar Paras]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Lok Jan Shakti Party}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Ram Chandra Sada]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|Chandan Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Ramvriksh Sada]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Ram Chandra Sada]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: Alauli<ref name="Bihar Assembly Election Results 2025 - Alauli">{{cite news |title=Bihar Assembly Election Results 2025 - Alauli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04148.htm |access-date=19 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219033500/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04148.htm |archive-date=19 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramchandra Sada
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:93208}}
|percentage = 51.94
|change = +21.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramvriksh Sada]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:57476}}
|percentage = 32.03
|change = -0.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Yash Raj Paswan]]
|party = Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:14261}}
|percentage = 7.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abhishank Kumar
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:7476}}
|percentage = 4.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dashrath Ram
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:3073}}
|percentage = 1.71
|change = +0.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3953}}
|percentage = 2.2
|change = +0.28
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35732}}
|percentage = 19.91
|change = +17.99
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:179447}}
|percentage = 67.29
|change = +10.21
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Alauli Assembly constituency<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ramvriksh Sada]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:47183}}
|percentage = 32.69
|change = -18.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sadhna Devi
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:44410}}
|percentage = 30.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ram Chandra Sada
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:26386}}
|percentage = 18.28
|change = -15.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Bodhan Sada
|votes = {{formatnum:5614}}
|percentage = 3.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Sada
|votes = {{formatnum:5353}}
|percentage = 3.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nilam Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2866}}
|percentage = 1.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Wakil Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2348}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jagnandan Sada
|votes = {{formatnum:1894}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2767}}
|percentage = 1.92
|change = -0.89
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2773}}
|percentage = 1.92
|change = -15.98
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:144350}}
|percentage = 57.08
|change = -2.63
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Alauli<ref name="Alauli Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Alauli Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/alauli |access-date=19 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219033504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/alauli |archive-date=19 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Chandan Kumar
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:70519}}
|percentage = 51.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]]
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:46049}}
|percentage = 33.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Manoj Sada
|votes = {{formatnum:7087}}
|percentage = 5.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Prasad Sada
|votes = {{formatnum:4335}}
|percentage = 3.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Phuleshwar Sada
|votes = {{formatnum:1813}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3843}}
|percentage = 2.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24470}}
|percentage = 17.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:136755}}
|percentage = 59.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Bihar elections}}
{{Munger Division topics}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Begusarai district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Bihar]]
{{coord|25|38|30|N|86|24|05|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

Rajaram College

2026-04-15T15:02:31Z

Svetlanazrc: Made Some Article Basic Info

{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

'''Rajaram College, Kolhapur''' is a government college affiliated to [[Shivaji University]] in [[Kolhapur]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-29 |title=Class XI admissions: First merit list out; cut-offs rise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/class-xi-admissions-first-merit-list-out-cut-offs-rise/articleshow/122145612.cms |access-date=2026-04-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It offers junior college-level courses such as 11th & 12th, bachelor degree level courses such as ([[BSc]] and [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) in science, humanities, languages and arts and offers an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in [[Psychology]] and Home science. It also runs MSc in Analytical Chemistry It also has a popular junior college offering higher secondary education courses in science and arts.

==History==
Rajaram college was established in 1880 by the [[Maharaja of Kolhapur]]. It is the oldest college in the Kolhapur city and one of the famous college in the Maharashtra. It was affiliated to the [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]] and then with [[Pune University]]. [[Shivaji University]] was established in 1962 and since then it is affiliated with Shivaji University in [[Kolhapur]]. Many undergraduate and post graduate courses were available in the past which were later moved to the Shivaji university after establishment of the university. Rajaram college had played a key role in the establishment of the Shivaji University Kolhapur and first Vice chancellor of the university was Principal of Rajaram college Dr. A. G. Pawar. Rajaram college has given many great leaders in politics. It is alma mater of many famous scientists, writers, historians, educationists, army officers, and civil servants ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] and [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]] officers). It celebrated its 125th anniversary in 2005.

The college is located near Shivaji University. Many students from nearby villages study there. It is located somewhat on the outskirts of Kolhapur city. It has a large area of campus where many people from nearby areas come for pleasure walks.

The Maharashtra State supported [[Union Public Service Commission|U.P.S.C.]] and [[Maharashtra Public Service Commission|M.P.S.C.]] institute is also present in the same campus.

The college has a picturesque campus of around 75 acres. Its 13 independent buildings include a 2000 capacity auditorium. The Dr. Balkrishna Library has more than 125,000 volumes, some of which are rare and out of print books.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2021 |title=Preserve and enhance the rare book collection of Rajaram College |url=https://www.lokmat.com/kolhapur/preserve-and-nurture-rare-bibliography-rajaram-college-satej-patil-a696/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Lokmat}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Abhay Ashtekar]], scientist, [[quantum gravity]] and [[cosmology]]
*[[Vishnu Vasudev Narlikar]], Indian physicist<ref name="narlikarr2012">{{cite book |last=Narlikar |first= Jayant Vishnu |year=2012 |page=5 |title=Chaar Nagaraantale Maajhe Vishwa(चार नगरांतले माझे विश्व) |publisher=Mouj Prakashan Gruha, Khatau Wadi, Girgaon, Mumbai}}</ref>
* [[Shivram Bhoje]], nuclear scientist
* [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] CM, Maharashtra
* [[Balasaheb Desai]], politician
* [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], politician
* [[Vasant Gowarikar]], scientist
* [[Khashaba Jadhav]], wrestler, Olympic medalist
* [[Basappa Danappa Jatti]], former [[President of India]]
* [[Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar]], attorney and dramatist
* [[B. G. Kher]], chief minister of [[Bombay]] state
* [[Kusumagraj]] (Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar), writer and poet
* [[G. D. Yadav]], Noted chemical engineer, researcher and educator
* [[R. Madhavan]], Tamil and Bollywood star
* [[Master Vinayak]] (Vinayak Karnataki), film actor and producer
* [[S. B. Mujumdar]], founder of Symbiosis Pune
* [[Dnyaneshwar Mulay]], diplomat, author, and columnist
* [[Arun Nigavekar]], chairman of University Grants Commission; vice chancellor, member of science & technology committee to the Prime Minister; founder director of National Assessment & Accreditation Council
* [[Shalinitai Patil]], politician
* [[D. C. Pavate]], educationist
* [[Govindrao Tembe]], music composer
*[[Ranjit Desai]], Marathi writer
*Dr. [[Ratnappa Kumbhar]], freedom fighter and social worker
*[[Indira Sant]], famous poet
*[[Vijaya Rajadhyaksha]], writer
*[[Ramesh Mantri]], writer
*[[Vinda Karandikar]], Marathi poet awarded by Gyanpeeth Award
*[[Siddeshwar Swami|Siddheshwar Swami]], Indian religious leader<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-04 |title=Siddeshwar Swami studied philosophy at Rajaram College |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/siddeshwar-swami-studied-philosophy-at-rajaram-college/articleshow/96725607.cms |access-date=2026-04-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Notable teachers==
* [[H. P. Gandhi]], diatomist; worked at the college as a biology lecturer during the 1950s
* [[Vinayaka Krishna Gokak]] (Awarded by Gyanpeeth)
* [[V. T. Patil]], founder of Mouni Vidyapeeth
* [[Vasantrao Ghatge]], founder of Ghatge Patil Transports Pvt. Ltd.
* Dr. Balkrishna, historian and Fellow of the [[Royal society of london|Royal Society of London]]
* [[Narayan Sitaram Phadke]], writer
* Madhav Patwardhan, poet also known as Madhav Julian
* Barr. [[Balasaheb Hanumantrao Khardekar|Balasaheb Khardekar]], educationist, member of [[Lok Sabha]] and founder of Gokhale College Kolhapur

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Literacy in India]]
*[[Bachelor's degree#India|Degrees in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Rajaram College}}
*{{Official website|http://www.rajaramcollege.com}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070214070338/http://www.unishivaji.ac.in/unicolleges.htm See No. 14]

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Kolhapur district topics}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Education in Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1880]]
[[Category:1880 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Shivaji University]]

Siddharth Kharat

2026-04-12T12:10:07Z

Svetlanazrc: Started details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Siddharth Kharat
| image =
| caption =
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| 1namedata =
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2024|11|23|df=y}}
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar constituency]]
| majority1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Sanjay Raimulkar]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
| other_party =
| birth_place = Budhana [[Maharashtra]], India
| father = Rambhau Kharat
| birth_date =
| profession = Bureaucrat, [[Politician]]
| education = MA (English)
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University|BAMU University]]
}}

'''Siddharth Kharat''' is an Indian politician from the state of Maharashtra. Kharat became first time [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] by winning the [[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar constituency]] from Buldhana district in the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]]s. He represented [[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] and defeated the sitting MLA [[Sanjay Raimulkar]] of [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Mehkar, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: SHS (UBT)'s Kharat Siddharth Rambhau with 104242 defeats SHS's Sanjay Bhaskar Raymulkar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/mehkar-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638125-2024-11-23 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he worked as joint secretary in the state government and took voluntary retirement in July 2024.<ref name="Bureaucrat-turned-politician Siddharth Kharat wins Maharashtra assembly poll">{{cite news|last1=The Week|title=Bureaucrat-turned-politician Siddharth Kharat wins Maharashtra assembly poll|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/11/23/bom73-mh-poll-kharat.html|accessdate=29 November 2024|date=23 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129163029/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/11/23/bom73-mh-poll-kharat.html|archivedate=29 November 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra Assembly Polls 2024: Bureaucrat-turned-politician Siddharth Kharat wins from Mehkar">{{cite news|title=Maharashtra Assembly Polls 2024: Bureaucrat-turned-politician Siddharth Kharat wins from Mehkar|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/maharashtra/maharashtra-assembly-polls-2024-bureaucrat-turned-politician-siddharth-kharat-wins-from-mehkar-3288906|accessdate=29 November 2024|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=23 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129163232/https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/maharashtra/maharashtra-assembly-polls-2024-bureaucrat-turned-politician-siddharth-kharat-wins-from-mehkar-3288906|archivedate=29 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena (UBT) politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Khetwadi Assembly constituency

2026-04-07T11:51:52Z

Svetlanazrc:

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khetwadi
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1967
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''[[Girgaon|Khetwadi]] Vidhan Sabha seat''' was one of the seats in [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] in India. It was made defunct after the constituency map of India was redrawn in 2008.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{|class=wikitable
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| M. N. Gogate
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Anant Namjoshi]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Khaleeq Ahmed Khan
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| [[Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Prem Kumar Sharma]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="5"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Mohan Raichura
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Atul Shah
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Bhai Jagtap]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''2008 onwards: Constituency does not exist''}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khetwadi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bhai Jagtap|Ashok Arjunrao Alias Bhai Jagtap]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,650 |percentage = 52.09% |change={{increase}}18.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Atul Shah |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,876 |percentage = 43.78% |change={{increase}}1.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammed Hanif Abbas Mansuri |party=Independent politician |votes = 735 |percentage = 1.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rakesh Mahadeo Gadekar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 305 |percentage = 0.67% |change={{decrease}}19.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Taiyeb Ali Ebrahim Dhorajiwala |party=Independent politician |votes = 289 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,774 |percentage = 8.31% |change= {{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,488 |percentage = 44.12% |change= {{increase}}0.67 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,401}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,03,099|ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khetwadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Atul Shah |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 20,404 |percentage = 42.72% |change={{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Sahebrao Ramchandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,252 |percentage = 34.03% |change={{increase}}10.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yaqoob Memon |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 9,845 |percentage = 20.61% |change={{decrease}}6.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Harishchandra Mayekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 377 |percentage = 0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahesh Vasant Kadam |party=The Humanist Party of India |votes = 322 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hakiqallah Khan |party=National Minorities Party |votes = 289 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,152 |percentage = 8.69% |change= {{decrease}}11.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,763 |percentage = 43.45% |change= {{decrease}}17.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,757}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,917|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.89 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khetwadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Raichura Mohan D. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,305 |percentage = 46.61% |change={{decrease}}1.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Memon Yaqoob Jan Mohamed |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 17,419 |percentage = 26.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kisan Jadhav |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,219 |percentage = 23.41% |change={{decrease}}12.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khalid Kureshi |party=Janata Dal |votes = 686 |percentage = 1.06% |change={{decrease}}13.80 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,886 |percentage = 19.82% |change= {{increase}}7.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,000 |percentage = 61.73% |change= {{increase}}14.55 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,013}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,06,913|ref = |change= {{decrease}}12.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.36 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khetwadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Premkumar Shankardatt Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,006 |percentage = 47.98% |change={{increase}}5.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prakash Binsale |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,135 |percentage = 35.77% |change={{decrease}}6.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sayyed Mohammed Bakar |party=Janata Dal |votes = 8,360 |percentage = 14.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. H. Quraishi |party=Independent politician |votes = 565 |percentage = 1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,871 |percentage = 12.21% |change= {{increase}}12.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,817 |percentage = 46.69% |change= {{increase}}3.25 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,289}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,687|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khetwadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Premkumar Shankardatt Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,354 |percentage = 41.99% |change={{decrease}}5.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Qureshi M. Ismail Abdul Karim |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,267 |percentage = 41.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Asad Khan Abdul Ghaffar |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,962 |percentage = 15.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 87 |percentage = 0.19% |change= {{decrease}}0.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,612 |percentage = 43.50% |change= {{increase}}10.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,093}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,166|ref = |change= {{decrease}}10.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khetwadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Premkumar Shankardatt Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 18,475 |percentage = 47.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Qureshi M. Ismail Abdul Karim |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 18,335 |percentage = 46.65% |change={{increase}}30.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shah Ambrish Bhanukant |party=Janata Party |votes = 1,665 |percentage = 4.24% |change={{decrease}}50.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Samdani Hassam Kasam |party=Independent politician |votes = 684 |percentage = 1.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 140 |percentage = 0.36% |change= {{decrease}}38.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,718 |percentage = 33.07% |change= {{decrease}}19.93 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,306}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,20,099|ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khetwadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Khan Khaleeq Ahmed |party=Janata Party |votes = 36,246 |percentage = 55.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Sahebrao Ramchandra |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 10,594 |percentage = 16.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padwal Chandrakant Shankar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 9,820 |percentage = 14.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gandhi Ibrahim Peer Mohammad |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 8,940 |percentage = 13.58% |change={{decrease}}46.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,652 |percentage = 38.97% |change= {{decrease}}1.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,891 |percentage = 53.50% |change= {{decrease}}7.50 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,833}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,25,021|ref = |change= {{increase}}54.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khetwadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Anant Namjoshi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 29,075 |percentage = 59.69% |change={{increase}}24.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lakh Ni Jivanlal Mulchand |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 9,171 |percentage = 18.83% |change={{increase}}9.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gangaram Laxman Reddy |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 4,373 |percentage = 8.98% |change={{decrease}}16.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dwarkadas Varjlal Vora |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 3,062 |percentage = 6.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baba Dinanath Kalgutkar |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 2,566 |percentage = 5.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdul Rasulmiya Malik |party=Independent politician |votes = 459 |percentage = 0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,904 |percentage = 40.87% |change= {{increase}}30.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,625 |percentage = 61.30% |change= {{decrease}}5.86 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,706}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,958|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}24.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khetwadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=M. N. Gogate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,538 |percentage = 35.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. L. Reddy |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 13,175 |percentage = 25.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. V. Mandlik |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 10,749 |percentage = 20.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. R. Shroff |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 5,066 |percentage = 9.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. L. Bhatt |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,966 |percentage = 9.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,363 |percentage = 10.22% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,347 |percentage = 68.36% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,494}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,504|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|18.96|72.82|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Kupia language

2026-04-04T09:43:20Z

Svetlanazrc: made the entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in India}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Kupia|Kupiah}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Kupia
|altname=Valmiki, Balmiki
|states=[[India]]
|region=[[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|ethnicity=79,000 (2007)<ref name=e18/>
|speakers=6,600
|date=2007
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|fam4=[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
|fam5=[[Odia language|Odia]]
|script=[[Odia script|Odia]], [[Telugu script|Telugu]]
|iso3=key
|glotto=kupi1238
|glottorefname=Kupia
}}
'''Kupia''', or '''Balmiki''', is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] related to [[Odia language|Odia]] and spoken by Valmiki people in the Indian state of [[Odisha]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The Valmiki are a tribal group, concentrated in the districts of [[Koraput district|Koraput]] of Odisha and [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="balmiki" >{{citation |title=An Ethnolinguistic Repositioning of the Balmiki Language of Odisha: A Bibliographic Appraisal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346966868_An_Ethnolinguistic_Repositioning_of_the_Balmiki_Language_of_Odisha_A_Bibliographic_Appraisal |last1=Pattanayak |first1=Subrat Kalayan |last2=Dash |first2=Biswanandan |publisher=Centurion University of Technology and Management |date=December 2020 }}</ref>

== Script ==
Kupia language is usually written in [[Odia script|Odia]] or [[Telugu script|Telugu]] script depending on the region where the community lives.<ref name="balmiki" /> A new Kupia alphabet was also created by [[Sathupati Prasanna Sree]].{{cn|date=April 2026}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Odia language}}

[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Odia language]]

Mangalorean Catholics

2026-03-29T09:02:59Z

Svetlanazrc: started data - done

{{short description|Latin Christian ethno-religious community in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Mangalorean Catholics ''Kōdiyālcheñ Kathōlikā''
| image = Monti_Fest_Pune.jpg
| image_caption = Mangaloreans partaking in the occasion of [[Monti Fest]] at [[Poona (Pune)]].
| region1 = [[India]]
| region2 = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Diocese of Mangalore]]
| pop2 = 360,000<ref name = "MD"/>
| region3 = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Udupi|Diocese of Udupi]]
| pop3 = 106,000 (approx)
| langs = [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Kanarese]], [[Hindi-Urdu]], [[Indian English]] & [[Bombay Mahratti]]. Previously: [[Goan Portuguese]].
| rels = [[Latin Church in India]]
| related = [[Christianity in Maharashtra#Kudali Catholics|Kudali Catholics]], [[Goan Catholics]], [[Karwari Catholics]], [[Bombay East Indian Catholics]], [[Damanese people|Damanese Catholics]], [[Mangalorean Protestants]], [[Latin Catholics of Malabar]], [[Koli Christians]], [[Kunbi]]s, [[Gauda and Kunbi|Gaodi Christian]]s, [[Christian Brahmin]]s, [[Christian Cxatria]]s, [[Daivadnya]]s, [[Vaishya Vani]]s, [[Anglo-Indians]] & [[Luso-Indian]]s
}}
'''Mangalorean Catholics''' ({{langx|kok|Kōdiyālcheñ Kathōlikā|italic=yes}}) are an [[ethno-religious]] community of [[Latin Church in India|Latin Christian]]s from the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Diocese of Mangalore]] and the erstwhile [[South Canara]] area; by the southern coast of present-day [[Karnataka, India]].<ref name="spo">{{harvnb|Pai|Supriya|1981|loc=p. 203: "This city (Mangalore) has a very influential proportion of Roman Catholics, numbering over a good quarter of the total population. It is the seat of the Diocese of Mangalore, a [[Latin Church]] jurisdiction, and hence when we speak of the Mangalorean Catholics, we do not limit ourselves only to the roughly 60,000 Catholics within the city limits, but to a total of much over {{formatnum:200000}} Catholics spread over the whole diocese, which is co-terminous with the civil district of South Kanara."}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=299}}: "Four centuries of living in South Kanara gave these Catholics an identity of their own. Thus they are commonly known as ''Mangalorean Catholics''."</ref>

Contemporary Mangalorean Catholics descend mainly from the [[New Christian]]s of [[Portuguese Goa]], who migrated to the [[Keladi Kingdom]] 1560-1763,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/125-years-still-growing-2415303 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926165441/https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/125-years-still-growing-2415303 | archive-date=26 September 2024 | title=125 years and still growing }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://milagres.church/full-history | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926163139/https://milagres.church/full-history | archive-date=26 September 2024 | title=Full History - Milagres Church }}</ref> throughout the courses of the [[Goan Inquisition]], the [[Portuguese–Adil Shahi War]]s & the [[Mahratta Invasion of Goa and Bombay|Mahratta Invasions of Goa and Bombay]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.caskmangalore.org/original-settlements-roots-mangalore-catholic-families-kanaramangalore-communitys-socio-economic-evolution-transition-recent-times | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211141547/https://www.caskmangalore.org/original-settlements-roots-mangalore-catholic-families-kanaramangalore-communitys-socio-economic-evolution-transition-recent-times | archive-date=11 December 2024 | title=Original settlements ('roots') of mangalore catholic families in kanara/Mangalore and the community's socio-economic evolution and transition in recent times. – Catholic Association of South Kanara }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-26 |title=Monti Fest: Feast of the Nativity of Blessed Virgin Mary: The Cultural Identity of Konknni Catholics - Daijiworld.com |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusiveDisplay?articlesID=6473 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926165003/https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusiveDisplay?articlesID=6473 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2024-09-26 |access-date=2024-10-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/UPFRONT/Did-Shivaji-think-of-conquering-Portuguese-Goa/157309 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409160610/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Edit/UPFRONT/Did-Shivaji-think-of-conquering-Portuguese-Goa/157309 | archive-date=9 April 2022 | title=Did Shivaji think of conquering 'Portuguese' Goa? | date=22 February 2020 }}</ref> They learned [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Kanarese]] whilst in [[Canara]], but retained the [[Konkani language]] and preserved much of their [[Konkani people|Konkani way of life]], which had undergone [[Christianisation in Goa]]. The "Canara Christians" suffered a [[Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam|15-year-long captivity]] at [[Seringapatam]], that was imposed by [[Tippu Sultan]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOs1MwEACAAJ | title=The Captivity of Canara Christians Under Tippu in 1784, Etc | date=1933 }}</ref> Following Tippu's defeat and death at the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)]] by the [[English East India Company]], the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] & other allies; most of them resettled in and around South Canara; also in areas such as [[Chikmagalur (Chickmangalore)]] & [[Coorg (Kodagu)]] during the [[Company rule in India]]. A lesser number was shipped to the [[Seven Islands of Bombay]] & the [[Bombay metropolitan area]] in the northern [[Konkan region]].

Historically, an agrarian community,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> there were migrations of the working and educated class in the early 20th century, to bigger cities such as the [[Bombay (Mumbai)]], [[Poona (Pune)]] & [[Bangalore (Bengaluru)]]. Later, more migrations led to the formation of a [[Indian diaspora|Mangalorean diaspora]] in the [[Persian Gulf countries]] and the [[Anglosphere]];<ref name=":1" /> thus the younger generation outside of historical locales of South Canara, is mostly an English-speaking [[Anglo-americanisation|Anglo-Americanised]] sub-culture. Also, intermarriages with non-[[Mangalorean]]s has caused a decline in "Mangalore stores" and the culture of [[Mangalorean Catholic cuisine]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/mumbai-food/article/Mumbai-Mangalore-stores-slow-business-Food-Mumbai-Food-17654199 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922154325/https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/mumbai-food/article/Mumbai-Mangalore-stores-slow-business-Food-Mumbai-Food-17654199 | archive-date=22 September 2024 | title=Mumbai's Mangalore stores are slowly dying | date=2 October 2016 }}</ref>

==Ethnic identity==
The community gets its name from the [[Mangalore Diocese|Mamgalore diocesan]] adherents of the [[Latin Church in India]],<ref name="spo"/> located by the southwestern [[coast of India]]. Most of their hometowns lie in present day civil districts of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi district]]s in Karnataka state and [[Kassergode]] in the present-day Kerala state. This area was collectively referred to as South Canara in [[British India]], and then from the [[partition of India|partition]] until the [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganisation (1956)]] of the [[states and territories of India]].<ref name="MD"/>

In 1526, [[Portuguese in Goa and Bombay]] arrived in [[Mangalore]], and the number of local converts to [[Christianity]] slowly increased. However, a sizeable Christian population did not exist there until the second half of the 16th century, when there was a large-scale immigration of Christians from [[Portuguese Goa and Damaon|Goa]] to South Canara. They were reluctant to learn the local languages of South Canara<ref name="sf6"/> and continued to speak [[Konkani language|Konkani]], so that local Christians (''[[Padval]]s'') had to learn Konkani to converse with them.<ref name="sf6">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=6}}</ref> After this migration, these skilled agriculturists were offered various land grants by the native [[Keladi Nayaka|Bednore]] rulers of [[South Canara]].<ref name="sf6"/> They observed their Eastern cultural [[Hindu]] customs in conjunction with the newfound [[Western Catholic]] faith, and preserved their much of their Konkani lifestyle.<ref>{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|pp=4–5}}</ref>

Most migrants were people from the lower economic strata who had been left out of government and economic jobs; their lands had been confiscated due to heavy taxation under the Portuguese in Goa. As a consequence of the wealth and privileges which these migrants enjoyed in Mangalore, they began feeling superior to their landless kindred in Goa. Their [[Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam|captivity at Seringapatam]] (1784–1799), where many died, were killed, or were converted to [[Sunni Islam]], led to the formation of a separate and common cultural identity among members of the group, who had previously considered themselves an extension of Goans. They no longer self-identified as Goan Catholics after the captivity.<ref name="mloreans"/> Alan Machado Prabhu estimates that almost 95 per cent of Mangalorean Catholics have origins in Goa.<ref name="jp0687">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=154}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Mangalorean Catholics}}

===Pre-migration era===
[[File:Stmarys udupi 1.JPG|thumb|left|St Mary's Islands in [[Udupi]], where the Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] landed in 1498]]
All records of an early existence of Christians in South Canara were lost at the time of their deportation by [[Tipu Sultan]] in 1784. Hence, it is not known exactly when [[Christianity]] was introduced in [[South Canara]], although it is possible that [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]] settled in [[South Canara]], just as they did in [[Kerala]], a state just south of Canara.<ref name="sf4">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=4}}</ref> The [[Italians|Italian]] traveller [[Marco Polo]] recorded that there were considerable trading activities between the [[Red Sea]] and the Canara coast in the 13th century. It can be surmised that foreign Christian merchants were visiting the coastal towns of South Canara during that period for commerce; it is possible some Christian priests might have accompanied them for evangelistic work.<ref name="sc101">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=101|Ref=sc}}</ref>

In April 1321 the French [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] friar [[Jordan Catala|Jordanus Catalani]] of Severac (in south-western [[France]]) landed at [[Thane|Thana]] with four other friars.<ref name="mc3">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=78}}</ref> He then travelled to [[Bhatkal]] in [[North Canara]], a port town on the coastal route from Thana to [[Quilon]].<ref name="jor">{{harvnb|Catalani|Yule|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nhcH4E3li3AC&pg=RA1-PA40 M1 40]}}</ref><ref name="mc2"/> Being the first bishop of [[India]] and the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon|Quilon Diocese]], he was entrusted the spiritual nourishment of Christian community in [[Mangalore]] and other parts of [[India]] by [[Pope John XXII]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quilondiocese.org/former%20prelates%20of%20diocese.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618161814/http://quilondiocese.org/former%20prelates%20of%20diocese.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 June 2006 |title=The great prelates who shaped the history of Diocese of Quilon |access-date=14 January 2008 |publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon|Diocese of Quilon]] }}</ref> According to historian Severine Silva, no concrete evidence has yet been found that there were any permanent settlements of Christians in South Canara before the 16th century. It was only after the advent of the Portuguese in the region that Christianity began to spread.<ref name="sc101"/>

In 1498 the Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] landed on a group of islands in South Canara on his voyage from Portugal to India. He named the islands ''El Padron de Santa Maria''; they later came to be known as [[St Mary's Island, Karnataka|St Mary's Islands]].<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/life/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600170300.htm
|title = Where rocks tell a tale
|author = J. Kamath
|date = 16 September 2002
|access-date = 8 July 2008
|newspaper = [[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130922134826/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/life/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600170300.htm
|archive-date = 22 September 2013
|df = dmy
}}</ref> In 1500, Portuguese explorer [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] arrived at [[Anjadip Island|Anjediva]] in North Canara with eight Franciscan missionaries. Under the leadership of Frei Henrique Soares de Coimbra, the missionaries converted 22 or 23 natives to [[Christianity]] in the [[Mangalore]] region.<ref name="mc2">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=81}}</ref> During the early part of the 16th century, [[Krishnadevaraya]] (1509–1529), the ruler of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], granted commercial privileges to the Portuguese on the Canara coast. There was complete freedom of worship, belief, and propagation of religious tenets in the Vijaynagara Empire.<ref name="sc101"/> In 1526, under the viceroyship of [[Lopo Vaz de Sampaio]], the Portuguese took possession of Mangalore.<ref name="sch52">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=52|Ref=sch}}</ref>

The Portuguese Franciscans slowly started propagating Christianity in Mangalore.<ref name="sch52"/> The most prominent local convert was the Brahmin ''[[mahant]]'' Shankarayya, who in 1751 travelled with his wife from [[Kallianpur]] to Goa and was baptised, with the Portuguese viceroy assuming the role of his godfather. The honoured ''mahant'' took the name of Francisco de Távora, after the Viceroy [[Francisco de Távora|Marques de Távora]].<ref name="ft0687">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=155}}</ref><ref name="Shankarayya">{{harvnb|Shastry|Borges|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=raLL0A3Pb_0C&pg=PA260 260]}}</ref> Their properties were subsequently taken over by their Hindu relatives, but the viceroy instructed his factor of Mangalore to get their property restored.<ref name="Shankarayya"/><ref>{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|p=152}}</ref> In 1534, Canara was placed under the ecclesiastic jurisdiction of the Bishop of Goa, where the Portuguese had a strong presence. Missionaries soon arrived and gained converts. The number of local converts in South Canara continually increased until 1546.<ref name="sf4"/> During the mid-16th century, the Portuguese faced resistance from [[Abbakka Rani]] of [[Ullal]], the Queen of the Bednore dynasty. This put a halt to conversions. The first battle between Abbakka Rani and the Portuguese was fought in 1546; she emerged victorious and drove the Portuguese out of South Canara.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://hindu.com/2007/10/23/stories/2007102350570200.htm |last=Raghuram |first=M |title=Abbakka's legacy being revived |access-date=24 August 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |date=23 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226082815/http://hindu.com/2007/10/23/stories/2007102350570200.htm |archive-date=26 February 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Migration era===
{{see also|Christianisation of Goa}}
[[File:Saint Francis Xavier taking leave of King John III (1635) - José Avelar Rebelo.png|thumb|Jesuit missionary [[Francis Xavier]] taking leave of [[John III of Portugal]] before his departure to Goa in 1541, by [[José de Avelar Rebelo|Avelar Rebelo]] (1635).]]

In 1510, a Portuguese fleet under [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], sent by [[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel I of Portugal]], [[Portuguese conquest of Goa|wrested the region of Goa]] from ''Sultan'' [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mathew|first=K. M.|year=1988|title=History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497–1600|publisher=Mittal Publication|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-7099-046-8|page=123}}</ref> In 1534, the [[Archdiocese of Goa|Diocese of Goa]] was established. Soon missionaries were sent to Goa, which led to conversion of a sizeable population to [[Roman Catholicism]].<ref>{{harvnb|Shastry|Borges|2000|p=256}}</ref> The bulk of Christian settlers came in three major migration waves towards South Canara. These migrations occurred in periods of great unrest: the [[Goa Inquisition]] occurred from 1560 onwards; the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]]–Adil Shahi wars were between 1570 and 1579; and the Portuguese–[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] wars occurred between 1667–83 and 1737–40.<ref name="amp16"/> Other factors that led to mass migrations were disease epidemics, famines, natural calamities, overpopulation, poor living conditions, heavy tax burdens, and social discrimination by the Portuguese.<ref>{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|p=183}}</ref>

In 1542, the [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarrese]] Jesuit Francis Xavier, co-founder of the Society of Jesus; arrived in Goa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schurhammern|first=Georg|title=Francis Xavier; His Life, His Times: India, 1541–1545|page=148|publisher=Jesuit Historical Institute|isbn=978-0-8294-0355-8|year=1982}}</ref> He discovered that the newly converted Christians were practising their old Hindu customs and traditions. He requested the Portuguese king [[John III of Portugal|João III]] to install an [[Inquisition]] in Goa in 1545.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baring-Gould S (Sabine)|year=2009|title=The Lives of the Saints, Volume XIV|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|page=629|isbn= 978-1-110-73420-7}}</ref> Many of the Goan ancestors of the present Mangalorean Catholics fled Goa after the Inquisition began in 1560. [[Sebastian of Portugal|King Sebastião I]] decreed that every trace of Hindu customs should be eradicated through the Inquisition. Many Goan Christians of upper-caste Hindu origins were attached to their caste practices, and did not want to abandon them.<ref name="rod">{{Cite journal
|author=Rodrigues, Vernon
|title=Mangalorean Pagan Catholics 
|volume=18
|issue=9
|date=2 March 2009
|journal=The Secular Citizen
|id=[[The Office of the Registrar of Newspapers for India|RNI]] No. 56987/92, Registered No. 139/2009-11
|page=12
|editor1-last=Myaboo
|editor1-first=Philip
}}</ref> Those converts who refused to comply were forced to leave Goa and to settle outside the Portuguese dominion,<ref name="sf4"/> which resulted in the first major wave of migrations towards South Canara.<ref name="migration">{{cite book|last1= Kanjamala|first1=Augustine|author2=Commission for Proclamation and Communication ([[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India]])|year=1997|title=Paths of Mission in India Today|publisher=St Pauls|location=Bandra, India|isbn=978-81-7109-286-4|page=160}}</ref>

The Christians who left Goa were for the most part skilled agriculturists who abandoned their irrigated fields in Goa to achieve freedom.<ref name="Mercury"/> The remainder were skilled carpenters, goldsmiths, artisans, and merchants.<ref name="Pius">{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|p=150}}</ref> At the time of migration, Canara was ruled by the [[Keladi Nayaka|Keladi]] king [[Shivappa Nayaka]] (1540–60). He evinced great interest in the development of agriculture in his empire and welcomed these agriculturists to his kingdom, giving them fertile lands to cultivate.<ref name="Mercury"/> They were recruited into the armies of the Bednore dynasty.<ref name="sc102">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=102|Ref=sc}}</ref>{{ref label|a|a|none}} This was confirmed by [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Francis Buchanan]], a Scottish physician, when he visited Canara in 1801. In his book ''A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar'' (1807), he stated that "The princes of the house of Ikkeri had given great encouragement to the Christians, and had induced 80,000 of them to settle in [[Tulu Nadu|Tuluva]]."<ref name="buc23">{{harvnb|Buchanan|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bK4Ba6824koC M1 23]}}</ref><ref name="buc24">{{harvnb|Buchanan|1988|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bK4Ba6824koC M1 24]}}</ref> Later, this was identified as a probable mistake and should have read "8,000". This figure included the second emigration of Christians from Goa.<ref name="Mercury">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=5}}</ref> The taxation policies of the Keladi Nayakas during 1598–1763 enabled the Goan Catholic migrants to emerge as prominent landowning gentry in South Canara.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} These migrants usually brought their own capital from Goa, which they invested in their new lands, thereby indirectly contributing to the prosperity of the Keladi kingdom.<ref name="Pius"/>

Under the provisional treaties between the Portuguese and the Bednore rulers, and the [[Padroado]], the Christians were allowed to build churches and help foster the growth of Christianity in South Canara.<ref name="sc102"/> The arrival of the British and the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] halted the activity of the Portuguese, and they were gradually unable to send the required number of missionaries to Mangalore.<ref name="dm"/> Shivappa Nayaka had previously expelled the Portuguese from their forts a little before 1660, which brought about considerable changes in the ecclesiastical situation.<ref>{{harvnb|George|2010|p=128}}</ref> The appointment of the [[Vicar Apostolic]] of Mangalore was felt by the [[Holy See]] to be of critical importance. Nayaka pressured the church authorities to appoint a native priest as the Vicar Apostolic, which resulted in the appointment of Fr. Andrew Gomez to the post; however, he died before the nomination papers could reach [[Mangalore]].<ref name="ver"/>

[[File:Aliadilshah.jpg|thumb|left|Ali Adil Shah I's attack on [[Goa]] in 1571 precipitated the second wave of [[Goan Catholic]] migrations towards [[South Canara]].]]
At the recommendation of the [[Vicar General]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Verapoly]], Mons. Joseph Sebastiani, Pope [[Clement X]] appointed [[Thomas de Castro|Bishop Thomas de Castro]], a Goan [[theatines|Theatine]] and Bishop of Fulsivelem, as the Vicar Apostolic of [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Propaganda Fide]] in the [[Apostolic vicariate|Vicariate]] of Canara on 30 August 1675, for the purpose of providing spiritual leadership to the Canara Christians.<ref name="ver">{{cite web |url=http://www.verapolyarchdiocese.org/history.htm |title=Brief history of the Archdiocese of Verapoly |publisher=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Archdiocese of Verapoly]] |access-date=22 December 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316132507/http://www.verapolyarchdiocese.org/history.htm |archive-date=16 March 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="Propaganda">{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|p=208}}</ref> After his consecration, he first went to [[Zamorin|Calicut]] and then moved to Mangalore, where he served from 1677 to 1684.<ref>{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|p=209}}</ref> In 1677, Bishop de Castro entered into a conflict with the Archbishop of Goa, Dom Frei {{Interlanguage link|António Brandão|pt|António Brandão, Arcebispo de Goa e Primaz das Índias}} for disregarding the Padroado. Consequently, they did not cede the jurisdiction to him despite the Pope's letter of appointment.<ref name="Vicar"/> The Padroado–Propaganda conflict which ensued divided the Catholics of Canara into two sides—those who recognised the authority of the Padroado Archbishop in Goa versus those who supported de Castro.<ref name="Propaganda"/>

The Portuguese refused to recognise Bishop de Castro's appointment and vigorously opposed his activities. Archbishop Brandão's sudden death on 6 July 1678 further complicated matters, and the [[Cathedral chapter]] administering the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Archdiocese of Goa]] following the vacancy created by his death, forbade the Canara Catholics from receiving the sacraments from the bishop or from priests appointed by him. In his turn, Bishop de Castro excommunicated those Catholics who were obedient to the Padroado authorities in Goa and their priests.<ref name="Propaganda"/> In 1681, the Holy See appointed another Goan priest [[Blessed Joseph Vaz|Fr. Joseph Vaz]], as the [[Archpriest|Vicar Forane]] of Canara; he was asked not to submit to Bishop de Castro unless he showed the letter of appointment.<ref name="Vicar">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=158}}</ref> However, after being convinced of its legitimacy, Fr. Vaz submitted to Bishop de Castro and brought about a truce. He further managed to persuade the bishop to delegate his jurisdiction to him while retaining the post.<ref name="amp17"/> In 1700, the Catholics of Canara were again brought under the jurisdiction of the Padroado Archbishop of Goa.<ref>{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|p=212}}</ref>

The [[Milagres Church (Mangalore)|Milagres Church]], one of the oldest churches in South Canara, was built in 1680 by Bishop Thomas de Castro.<ref name="dm"/><ref name="sf 9">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/30/stories/2005113018370300.htm
|title = Jubilee celebrations at Milagres Church on Tuesday
|author = Raviprasad Kamila
|date = 30 November 2005
|access-date = 1 March 2009
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|location = Chennai, India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103222636/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/30/stories/2005113018370300.htm
|archive-date = 3 November 2012
|df = dmy
}}</ref> In 1568, the Church of ''[[Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Mangalore]]'' (Our Lady of Rosary of Mangalore) was erected by the Portuguese at [[Bolar (Location)|Bolar]] in Mangalore. The Churches of ''[[Nossa Senhora de Mercês de Velala]]'' (Our Lady of Mercy of [[Ullal]]) and ''[[Church of St. Francis of Assisi, Farangipet|São Francisco de Assis]]'' (St. Francis of Assisi) at Farangipet were erected by the Portuguese in South Canara at around the same time. These three churches were mentioned by the Italian traveller [[Pietro Della Valle]], who visited Mangalore in 1623.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/27/stories/2004112702480100.htm
|title = The holy heritage
|author = Raviprasad Kamila
|date = 27 November 2004
|access-date = 23 August 2008
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|location = Chennai, India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103043155/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/27/stories/2004112702480100.htm
|archive-date = 3 November 2012
|df = dmy
}}</ref>

In 1570, the ''[[Sultan]]'' of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]], [[Ali Adil Shah I]], entered into an alliance with the ''Sultan'' of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]], Murtaza Nizam Shah, and the ''[[Zamorin]]'' of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] for a simultaneous attack on the Portuguese territories of Goa, [[Chaul]], and Mangalore.<ref name="amp16"/> He [[War of the League of the Indies|attacked Goa in 1571]] and ended Portuguese influence in the region. The Bijapur ''Sultans'' were especially renowned for their loathing of Christianity.<ref name="pra"/> Fearing persecution, many Goan Catholics fled to South Canara during this second wave of migrations, and settled in [[Barkur|Barcoor]], [[Kallianpur]], [[Kundapura|Cundapore]], and [[Basrur|Basroor]].<ref name="amp16">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=157}}</ref><ref name="pra"/> For the next century, there was continual migration of Goan Catholics southwards, so that by 1650, a considerable number of Catholics were settled around Mangalore, [[Mulki, Karnataka|Moolki]], [[Shirva, India|Shirva]], Pezar, [[Bantval]], Cundapore, Kallianpur, and Kirem.<ref name="amp16"/> The Christian Goud Saraswat Brahmins who came during this wave belonged mostly to the [[Shenoy|Shenvi]] subcaste.<ref name="Mercury"/>

[[File:Sambhaji painting late 17th century.png|thumb|left|The Maratha ruler [[Sambhaji]]'s onslaught was responsible for the third and final great wave of migrations to South Canara.]]
The [[Maratha invasion of Goa (1683)|attacks of the Maratha Empire on Goa]] during the mid-17th century precipitated the third major wave of migrations. In 1664 [[Shivaji]], the founder of the Maratha empire, attacked [[Kudal]], a town north of Goa, and began his campaign for Goa. After Shivaji's death on 3 April 1680, his son [[Sambhaji]] ascended to the throne.<ref name="pra"/> The onslaught of Sambhaji along the northern territories of Goa drove nearly all the Christians from their homelands, and most of them migrated to South Canara. Migration increased with the fall of the Portuguese "Province of the North" (which included [[Vasai|Bassein]], [[Chaul]] and [[Salsette]]) and a direct threat to the very existence of Goa in 1738–40.<ref name="amp17"/>

According to one estimate, emigrations from the [[Salcete]] district of Goa were around the rate of 2,000 annually. Jesuit priests estimated that 12,000 Christians emigrated from the [[Bardez]] district of Goa between 1710 and 1712, most of them going southward. A Goa government report of 1747 presently in the [[Panjim]] archives records that around 5,000 Christians fled from the Bardez and [[Tiswadi]] districts of Goa during the Maratha invasion.<ref name="mc22">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=132}}</ref> During the Maratha raids on Goa, about 60,000 Christians migrated to South Canara.<ref>{{harvnb|Kurzon|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=p5iK3CmIW6EC M1 77]}}</ref> These new migrants were given lands at [[Shirva, India|Shirva]], Kirem, [[Mundkur]], Pezar, and [[Hosabettu]] by the [[Chowta]] kings of [[Moodbidri]] and at Milagres, Bondel, and Cordel by the Banghel kings of Mangalore.<ref name="amp17">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=159}}</ref>
During later years, migration slowed because of the Maratha–[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] wars, and some 10,000 Christians returned to Goa.<ref name="pra">{{cite book
|title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians
|author=Prabhu, Alan Machado
|year=1999
|publisher=I.J.A. Publications
|location=Bangalore
|isbn=978-81-86778-25-8}} Material available in the [http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28:sarasvatis-children&catid=13:english-fiction&Itemid=37 Sarasvati's Children] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713152653/http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28%3Asarasvatis-children&catid=13%3Aenglish-fiction&Itemid=37 |date=13 July 2011 }} article, written by Joe Lobo, the President of the Goan Catholic Association in Florida, was borrowed mainly from Alan Machado's book.</ref> According to Alan Machado Prabhu, Mangalorean Catholics numbered about 58,000 by 1765.<ref name="mc65">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=167}}</ref>

Subsequent to this steady rise in South Canara's Catholic population, the Portuguese took advantage of every opportunity to extend their control over the Mangalorean Catholics, who came to be identified with Portuguese interests.<ref name="D'Mello"/>
The Portuguese sought to expand the power of the priests, as from the beginning of their empire, priests had accompanied Portuguese delegations on diplomatic missions and on occasion were the principal negotiators. Treaties they signed with the Keladi Nayakas progressively incorporated clauses which increased the authority of the priests over the local Catholic population, making them obedient to the priests in matters of Christian laws as well as granting priests the authority to punish violations.<ref name="D'Mello">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=160}}</ref> The Portuguese promised to refrain from slaughtering cows and to halt forcible conversions in their [[Factory (trading post)|factories]].<ref name="D'Mello"/> The terms of these treaties were not always honoured by the Portuguese, with the result that whenever hostilities broke out between the Keladis and the Portuguese, the Catholic settlers were often harassed or arrested by the Nayakas.<ref>{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=162}}</ref>

===Post-migration era and captivity===
{{main|Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam}}
[[File:Tipu Sultan BL.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tipu Sultan]] (1750–1799), the architect of the Seringapatam captivity]]
In 1686, [[Srirangapatna|Seringapatam]], the capital of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], had a community of more than 400 Catholics. The community was severely harassed in the following two decades, with the churches destroyed and the priest's house confiscated. The destruction was undertaken under the name of the [[Wodeyar]] king, [[Kanthirava Narasaraja I]], by his finance minister. The priest's house was returned to the church in 1709.<ref name="George">{{harvnb|George|2010|p=132}}</ref> Relations between the Wodeyars and the Mangalorean Catholics improved until 1717, when there was an anti-Christian outburst. The resident priest was expelled and forbidden to preach. Several more anti-Christian outbursts followed. By 1736, there were better relations between the two groups.<ref name="Shirvagar">{{harvnb|George|2010|p=134}}</ref>

From 1761 onwards, [[Hyder Ali]], a distinguished soldier in the Mysore army, took ''de facto'' control of the throne of the Kingdom of Mysore through the Wodeyar dynasty. Hyder occupied Mangalore in 1763.<ref name="sch62"/> The Mangalorean Catholics numbered 80,000 in 1767.<ref>{{harvnb|Rural Industrialization in Backward Areas|2006|p=37|Ref=more}}</ref> In February 1768 the British captured Mangalore from Hyder.<ref name="sch62">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=62|Ref=sch}}</ref> Toward the end of 1768, Hyder and his son Tipu Sultan defeated the British and recaptured Mangalore fort. After the conquest, Hyder was informed that the Mangalorean Catholics had helped the British in their conquest of Mangalore. Hyder believed that this behaviour of the Christians amounted to treachery against the sovereign.<ref>{{harvnb|Silva|1957|loc=N. 6, p. 90}}</ref>

The Christians were alleged to have helped General Mathews with a sum of Rs. 3,30,000/-.<ref>{{harvnb|Jayadev|1996|p=66}}</ref> Hyder summoned a Portuguese officer and several Christian priests from Mangalore to suggest the punishment for the Mangalorean Catholics for treachery. The Portuguese officer suggested the death penalty for those Catholics who helped the British, because it was a fitting punishment for people who betrayed the sovereign. But Hyder exhibited a diplomatic stance and imprisoned the Christians, rather than killing them.<ref>{{harvnb|Tour|1855|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5ryCAAAAIAAJ&dq=history%20of%20hyder%20sha&pg=PA236 p. 236]: As soon as Hyder was informed of this, he caused these merchants to appear before him, with the chief of the Portuguese factory, and several Christian priests belonging to the three churches at Mangalore. He then demanded of the Portuguese chief and the priests, what punishment the Christians inflict on those who should presume to betray their sovereign, by giving assistance to his enemies. The Portuguese officer having without hesitation answered that such a crime deserved death, Hyder replied, "I do not judge in that manner, for our laws are milder. Since they have made themselves English by engaging to serve them, their property shall be adjudged to belong to Englishmen; and themselves shall be thrown into prison till I make peace with that nation."}}</ref>

Later, he opened negotiations with the Portuguese. As a result of the agreement, the suspicion against the clergy and the Christians was removed.<ref>{{harvnb|Silva|1957|loc=N. 6, pp. 103–104}}</ref> During Hyder's regime, the Mangalorean Catholic community continued to flourish.<ref>{{harvnb|Silva|1957|loc=N. 6, p. 105}}</ref> After Hyder's death in the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] on 7 December 1782, the British captured the fort again. Hyder was succeeded by his son Tipu Sultan.<ref name="sch63">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=63|Ref=sch}}</ref> Tipu laid several assaults on the Mangalore fort until January 1784, all of which resulted in failure. The fort was finally delivered to Tipu when [[Siege of Mangalore|the British capitulated]] on 30 January 1784.<ref name="sch64">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=64|Ref=sch}}</ref>

Tipu received highly exaggerated reports about the role of the Mangalorean Catholics and their help to the British in the Second Anglo-Mysore War.<ref name="s116">{{harvnb|Silva|1957|loc=N. 6, p. 116}}</ref> To minimise the British threat to his kingdom and in the ''Sultan-ul-Tawarikh'', due to "the rage of Islam that began to boil in his breast",<ref name="jnp1">"In Tipu's own writings, he justified his action as arising from "the rage of Islam that began to boil in his breast" for something that the Portuguese had done centuries before."{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=191}}</ref> Tipu banished the Mangalorean Catholic community from their lands, and imprisoned them at Seringapatam, the capital of his empire.<ref name="s7">{{harvnb|Silva|1957|loc=N. 6, p. 117}}</ref> The captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam, which began on 24 February 1784 and ended on 4 May 1799, remains the most disconsolate memory in their history.<ref name="dajser">{{cite web
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=28
|title=Deportation & The Konkani Christian Captivity at Srirangapatna (1784 Feb. 24th Ash Wednesday)
|access-date=29 February 2008
|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129233351/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=28
|archive-date=29 January 2008
|df=dmy
}}</ref>

Soon after the [[Treaty of Mangalore]] in 1784, Tipu gained control of Canara.<ref>{{harvnb|Forrest|1887|pp=[https://archive.org/stream/bombaysecretar02forruoft#page/314/mode/2up 314–316]}}</ref> He issued orders to seize the Christians in Canara, confiscate their estates,<ref>{{harvnb|The Gentleman's Magazine|1833|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSrSlq_ckcC M1 388]|Ref=ge}}</ref> and deport them to Seringapatam, through the Jamalabad fort route.<ref name="dm">{{cite web|url=http://www.dioceseofmangalore.org/history.asp|title= Christianity in Mangalore|access-date=30 July 2008|publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Diocese of Mangalore]]|url-status=usurped|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080622155343/http://www.dioceseofmangalore.org/history.asp |archive-date = 22 June 2008}}</ref> All this was accomplished in a secret and well-planned move on [[Ash Wednesday]] (24 February 1784).<ref name="mc690">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=183}}</ref> Accounts of the number of captives differ, ranging from 30,000 to 80,000.<ref name="mc687">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=231}}</ref> The generally accepted figure is 60,000, as per Tipu's own records.<ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=76}}</ref> They were forced to climb nearly {{convert|4000|ft|m}} through the dense jungles and gorges of the [[Western Ghats|Western Ghat]] mountain ranges along two routes; one group travelled along the [[Bantwal]]-[[Belthangadi]]-[[Kulshekar]]-[[Virajpet]]-[[Coorg]]-[[Mysore]] route,<ref name="mloreans"/><ref>{{harvnb|Prasad|1980|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4nUx8ZzIHBsC M1 20]}}</ref><ref name="ds48">{{harvnb|D'Souza|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aAli0XqprNMC M1 48]}}</ref> and the other along the [[Jog Falls|Gersoppa falls]] ([[Shimoga]]) route.<ref name="far73">{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=73}}</ref> It was {{convert|200|mi|km}} from Mangalore to Seringapatam, and the journey took six weeks.<ref name="s128">{{harvnb|Silva|1957|loc=N. 6, p. 128}}</ref>

[[File:Dungeon dwelling of Seringapatam.jpg|thumb|right|A dungeon at Seringapatam. Many Mangalorean Catholics who refused to embrace Islam were imprisoned in such dungeons.]]

According to the ''Barcoor Manuscript'', written in [[Kannada]] by a Mangalorean Catholic from [[Barkur|Barcoor]] after his return from Seringapatam, 20,000 of them (one-third) died on the march to Seringapatam due to hunger, disease, and ill treatment by the soldiers.<ref name="gyu">{{harvnb|Farias|1999|loc=p. 74: "More than one third of the number succumbed before the party reached Seringapatam. This account of the siege and captivity of the Kanara Catholics is taken from old Kanarese manuscript written by a Catholic of the Barkur ''taluka'' after his return from Seringapatam at the defeat and death of Tipu."}}</ref> At the camp at Jamalabad fort, Mangalorean Catholic leaders were thrown down from the fort.<ref name="ds48"/> All Christian churches in South Canara, except the [[Hospet Church]] at Hospet and the [[Monte Mariano Church]] at Farangipet,<ref name="escdemo"/> were razed to the ground and all land owned by the captured Christians was taken over by Tipu and distributed among his favourites.<ref name="Farangipet"/> After they were freed, all their belongings had disappeared and their deserted lands were being cultivated by the [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]]s.<ref name="Farangipet">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=2}}</ref>

After arriving at Seringapatam, the Christian captives were made to forcibly embrace Islam, were tortured, or sentenced to death.<ref>{{harvnb|Chetti|1897|p=94}}</ref> The young men who refused to embrace Islam were disfigured by cutting their noses, upper lips, and ears. They were seated on asses, paraded through the city, and thrown into the dungeons of Seringapatam.<ref name="ds49">{{harvnb|D'Souza|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aAli0XqprNMC M1 49]}}</ref> Historian Praxy Fernandes, author of ''Storm over Seringapatam: The Incredible Story of Hyder Ali & Tippu Sultan'', states that contrary to popular belief, 40,000 Christians were not kept manacled in the dungeons of Seringapatam.<ref>{{harvnb|Fernandes|1969|p=249}}</ref>

[[Ludwig von Pastor]], a German historian, claimed "countless" Mangalorean Catholics were hanged, including women with their children clinging around their necks. Others were trampled or dragged by elephants.<ref name="p397"/> The able-bodied young men were drafted into the army after being circumcised and converted to Islam.<ref name="mc0687">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=213}}</ref> The young women and girls were distributed as wives to Muslim officers and favourites living in Seringapatam.<ref name="gyu"/> According to Mr. Silva of [[Gangolli]]m, a survivor of the captivity, if a person who had escaped from Seringapatam was found, Tipu had ordered the cutting off of the ears, nose, the feet, and one hand as punishment.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090201151859/http://geocities.com/prakashjm45/seringapatnam2.html Account of a Surviving Captive, A Mr. Silva of Gangollim] (Letter of a Mr. L.R. Silva to his sister, copy of which was given by an advocate, M.M. Shanbhag, to the author, Severine Silva, and reproduced as Appendix No. 74: ''History of Christianity in Canara'' (1965))</ref> The persecutions continued until 1792.<ref name="p397">{{harvnb|Pastor|1978|p=[https://archive.org/stream/historyofpopesfr39past#page/397/mode/1up/search/peace 397]}}</ref> This was followed by a brief relaxation period from 1792 to 1797, during which a few Catholic families managed to escape to Coorg, [[Kannur|Cannanore]], and [[Tellicherry]].<ref>{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=226}}</ref> The persecutions resumed in 1797.<ref>{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=230}}</ref>

===British and modern eras===
{{see also|Participation of Mangalorean Catholics in the Indian Independence Movement}}
[[File:Tipu death.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Last Effort and Fall of Tippoo Sultaun]]'' by [[Henry Singleton (painter)|Henry Singleton]]]]
In the [[Battle of Seringapatam]] on 4 May 1799, the British army, under officers [[George Harris, 1st Baron Harris|George Harris]], [[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|David Baird]], and [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]], [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|stormed the fortress]] and breached the town of Seringapatam, with Tipu being killed in action.<ref name="dis39">{{harvnb|Wellington|Gurwood|1837|p=[https://archive.org/stream/dispatchesindex01welluoft#page/40/mode/1up 40]}}</ref> After his death in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]], the Mangalorean Catholics were freed from his captivity.<ref name="free">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=381 |title=Canara Catholics in Freedom Quest |author=John B Monteiro |date=15 August 2006 |publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]] |access-date=22 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825220037/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=381 |archive-date=25 August 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> Of the 60,000–80,000 Mangalorean Catholics taken captive, only 15,000–20,000 made it out as Christians.<ref name="mc33">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=xiv}}</ref>

Historian Alan Machado Prabhu mentions that only 11,000 survived the captivity as Christians.<ref name="pra"/> British general Arthur Wellesley helped 10,000 of them return to South Canara and resettle on their lands.<ref name="dis39"/><ref name="fe">{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=81}}</ref> Of the remaining Christians freed, about a thousand went to [[Malabar District|Malabar]], and some hundreds settled in Coorg.<ref>{{harvnb|Saldanha|1938|p=79}}</ref> According to [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Francis Buchanan]], 15,000 of them returned to Mangalore and its vicinity, while 10,000 of them migrated to Malabar.<ref name="buc24"/> The ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency'' (1883) mentions that 15,000 persons returned, of which 12,000 were from South Canara and 3,000 from [[North Canara]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|1883|p=381|Ref=gz}}</ref> According to genealogist [[Michael Lobo]], the present Mangalorean Catholic community is descended almost entirely from this small group of survivors.<ref name="lobo1"/>

Later, the British took over South Canara. In 1800, they took a census of the region. Of the {{formatnum:396672}} people living in South Canara,<ref>{{harvnb|A Gazetteer of the World|1856|p=254|Ref=rgs}}</ref> 10,877 were Christians.<ref>{{harvnb|Pai|Supriya|1981|p=217}}</ref> Thomas Munro was appointed the first [[District collector|collector]] of Canara in June 1799.<ref name="sch65">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=65|Ref=sch}}</ref> He passed three orders in respect of the estates of the Christians, which were taken over by non-Christians during the captivity.<ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=85}}</ref> Through the assistance of the church and with the support of Munro, the Christians were able to recover their lands and estates.<ref>{{harvnb|Indica|1997|p=146|Ref=xav}}</ref> Fr. José Miguel Luis de Mendes, a Goan Catholic priest, was appointed Vicar of Our Lady of Rosary of Mangalore on 7 December 1799. He took interest in the re-establishment of the community from 1799 to 1808.<ref name="si"/> Later, British general John Goldsborough Ravenshaw was appointed collector of [[South Canara]]. He took an active part in the restoration of the Catholic community's former possessions and the recovery of its estates. He constructed a church for them, which was completed in 1806.<ref>{{harvnb|The Gentleman's Magazine|1833|p=389|Ref=ge}}</ref>

[[File:Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Bt by Sir Martin Archer Shee.jpg|thumb|[[Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet|Thomas Munro]] helped the Mangalorean Catholics recover their lands after their return from captivity.]]
In 1800, there were 2,545 Catholic households with a population of 10,877.<ref>{{harvnb|Paths of mission in India today|1997|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dzU9NyOycG4C&dq=Mangalorean%20Catholics&pg=PA161 161–162]|Ref=dio}}</ref> Their population almost doubled by 1818. According to various parish books, Mangalorean Catholics numbered 19,068 in South Canara (12,877 in Mangalore and [[Bantwal|Bantval]],<ref name="orx">{{harvnb|The Oriental Herald|1824|p=14|Ref=or}}</ref> 3,918 in [[Mulki, India|Moolki]], 2,273 in [[Kundapura|Cundapore]] and [[Barkur|Barcoor]]).<ref name="ory">{{harvnb|The Oriental Herald|1824|p=15|Ref=or}}</ref> Most of the churches which were earlier destroyed by Tipu were rebuilt<ref name="or16">{{harvnb|The Oriental Herald|1824|p=16|Ref=or}}</ref> by 1815.<ref>{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=245}}</ref> The community prospered under the British, and the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Goa recommenced.<ref name="si">{{harvnb|Silva|1961|p=165}}</ref>

The opening of the Protestant German [[Basel Mission]] of 1834 in Mangalore brought many handicraft industries, such as cotton weaving and tile-manufacturing, to the region and led to a large-scale rise in employment.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=400
|title=Mangalore: Comtrust Carries On Basel's Mission
|access-date=28 November 2009
|first=John B.
|last=Monteiro
|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928062532/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=400
|archive-date=28 September 2011
|df=dmy
}}</ref><ref name="sc103">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=103|Ref=sc}}</ref> In 1836–37, the political situation in [[Portugal]] was in [[History of Portugal (1834–1910)#Setembrismo and Cartismo|turmoil]]. Antonio Feliciano de Santa Rita Carvalho, a Portuguese priest, was appointed Archbishop-elect of Goa in September 1836 without authorisation from the then Pope, [[Pope Gregory XVI|Gregory XVI]].<ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=91}}</ref> Many Mangalorean Catholics did not accept the leadership of Carvalho but instead submitted to the [[Vicar Apostolic]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Verapoly]] in [[Travancore]], while some of them continued to be under the jurisdiction of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]]. The parishes in South Canara were divided into two groups—one under Goa and the other under Verapoly.<ref name="dm"/>

Under the leadership of Joachim Pius Noronha, a Mangalorean Catholic priest, and John Joseph Saldanha, a Mangalorean Catholic judge, the Mangalorean Catholics sent a petition to the Holy See in 1840 to establish Mangalore as a separate Vicariate.<ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=92}}</ref> Conceding to their request, [[Pope Gregory XVI]] established Mangalore as a separate Vicariate on 17 February 1845 under the Verapoly [[Carmelites]]. The Mangalore Mission was transferred to the French Carmelites by a bull dated 3 January 1870.<ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=108}}</ref> During the regime of Carmelites, the Mangalorean Catholics constantly sent memorandums to the Holy See to send Jesuits to Mangalore to start institutions for higher education, since students frequently had to go to Bombay and Madras for educational purposes.<ref>{{harvnb|Indica|1988|p=144|Ref=xav2}}</ref> [[Pope Leo XIII]], by the Brief of 27 September 1878, handed over the Mangalore mission to the Italian Jesuits of [[Naples]], who reached Mangalore on 31 December 1878.<ref name="dm"/><ref name="i15">{{harvnb|The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_367.gif 361]|Ref=imp}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=113}}</ref>

The Italian Jesuits played an important role in education, health, and social welfare of the community.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://hindu.com/2004/01/08/stories/2004010810180300.htm
|title = College all set to celebrate 125th anniversary
|date = 8 January 2004
|access-date = 30 October 2008
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121007090741/http://hindu.com/2004/01/08/stories/2004010810180300.htm
|archive-date = 7 October 2012
|df = dmy
}}</ref> They built [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College]] in 1880,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.staloysius.ac.in/campus/aboutus/index.php |title=About St. Aloysius College |access-date=5 September 2008 |publisher=[[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527101359/http://www.staloysius.ac.in/campus/aboutus/index.php |archive-date=27 May 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> [[St Aloysius Chapel]] in 1884,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://staloysius.edu.in/web/guest/st.-aloysius-chapel |title=About Chapel |access-date=5 September 2008 |publisher=[[St. Aloysius' College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223212740/http://staloysius.edu.in/web/guest/st.-aloysius-chapel |archive-date=23 December 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref> [[St. Joseph's Seminary (Mangalore)|St. Joseph's Seminary]]<ref name="seminary">{{cite web|url=http://stjosephseminary.org/aboutus.aspx |title=About St. Joseph's Seminary (Mangalore) |publisher=[[St. Joseph's Seminary (Mangalore)|St. Joseph's Seminary]] |access-date=22 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728060721/http://stjosephseminary.org/aboutus.aspx |archive-date=28 July 2011 }}</ref>
and many other institutions and churches. On 25 January 1887, [[Pope Leo XIII]] established the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Diocese of Mangalore]], which is considered to be an important landmark in the community's history.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} By the later half of the 19th century, many Mangalorean Catholics were involved in the [[Mangalore tile]] industry, coffee plantations, and trade in plantation products.<ref name="rod"/> They prospered under the British and competed with the local Brahmins for offices in the service of the British.<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{harvnb|Sardesai|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&pg=PA291 291]}}</ref> The overwhelming majority of Mangalorean Catholics continued to remain agriculturists.<ref name="bobo">{{harvnb|Lobo|2000|p=vi}}</ref>

[[File:St. Aloysius Church Mangalore.jpg|thumb|left|The St. Aloysius Chapel in Mangalore was built by [[Antonio Moscheni]] in 1884, after Mangalore was transferred to the Italian Jesuits in 1878.]]

During the later 19th century, they started migrating to other urban areas, especially [[Bombay]],{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} [[Bangalore]],{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} [[Calcutta]], [[Karachi]], [[Madras]], [[Mysore]] and [[Poona]]. The Mangalorean Catholics came to Bombay out of economic necessity.<ref name="narain">{{harvnb|Research in sociology|1989|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0yED5k62TsC&pg=PA88 88]|Ref=na}}</ref> The first permanent settlement of Mangalorean Catholics in Bombay was recorded in the 1890s.<ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|loc=p. 286: "A link is thus maintained in the Community's contact with and contribution to the hometown. The Christians had migrated to urban areas especially cities like Bangalore, Bombay, Calcutta, Karachi, Madras, Mysore and Pune in search of greener pastures just as other agrarian communities from other parts of India had done."; "The earlier of the Christians to leave South Kanara were the Protestants of the Basel Mission, a few men who left in the 1880s and landed in Bombay. The Catholics comprising a few men came into Bombay almost a decade later."}}</ref> The first Mangalorean Catholic settlement in Madras was recorded in the 1940s.<ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=295}}</ref> [[Joachim Alva]], a Mangalorean Catholic politician, actively participated in uniting the Mangalorean Catholic community against the British during the [[Indian Independence Movement]].<ref name="ja">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/23/stories/2008012352390300.htm|title=Minister recalls contribution of Joachim Alva|date=23 January 2008|author=|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=26 November 2009|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129120930/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/23/stories/2008012352390300.htm|archive-date=29 January 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Mangalorean Catholic Doctors in a elite gathering at Milagres Church Complex in 2023.jpg|thumb|Mangalorean Catholic doctors in a gathering in 2023 at Milagres Church, Mangalore]]
In 1901, Mangalorean Catholics accounted for 76,000 of the total 84,103 Christians in South Canara.,<ref name="i14">{{harvnb|The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_366.gif 360]|Ref=imp}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Oddie|1991|p=127}}</ref> while in 1962, they numbered {{formatnum:186741}}.<ref>{{harvnb|D'Sa|1972|p=1}}</ref> During the mid-20th century, [[Bishop Victor R. Fernandes|Victor Fernandes]], Bishop of Mangalore from 1931 to 1955, erected a large [[Christian cross|cross]] at [[Nanthoor]], near [[Padav hills]], on the former outskirts of Mangalore, in honour of the memory of Mangalorean Catholic martyrs who died on the march and during their 15-year captivity at Seringapatam.<ref name="mloreans">{{cite news
|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19990503/iex03030.html
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629130029/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/19990503/iex03030.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=29 June 2013
|title=We the Mangaloreans
|date=3 May 1999
|access-date=25 May 2013
|first=Maxwell
|last=Pereira
|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]
}}</ref> During the 1970s, coastal communication increased between Bombay and Mangalore with the introduction of ships by the London-based trade firm Shepherd. These ships facilitated the entry of Mangalorean Catholics to Bombay.<ref>{{harvnb|Indica|1983|p=113|Ref=xav}}</ref> In 1993, the Mangalore Diocese estimated the population of Mangalorean Catholics to be {{formatnum:325510}} out of a total South Canara population of {{formatnum:3528540}}. This amounts to 9.23 per cent of the population.<ref name="dio159">{{harvnb|Paths of mission in India today|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dzU9NyOycG4C&dq=Mangalorean%20Catholics&pg=PA159 159]|Ref=dio}}</ref> A notable post-independence era event pertaining to the Mangalorean Catholics that occurred in southern Karnataka, and made national headlines, were the [[2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka|attacks on Christian religious institutions in September 2008]].

==Geographical distribution==
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore estimates the population of Mangalorean Catholics in the areas that comprise historical South Canara to be {{formatnum:360000}} out of a total population of {{formatnum:3957071}}, or approximately 9.5 per cent of the population.<ref name="MD">{{cite web
|url = http://www.dioceseofmangalore.org/
|title = Statistics
|publisher = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Diocese of Mangalore]]
|access-date = 12 January 2011
|url-status = usurped
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725235407/http://www.dioceseofmangalore.org/
|archive-date = 25 July 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Other regions of India having a significant proportion of Mangalorean Catholics, characterised by the presence of Mangalorean Catholic organisations or celebration of the unique Mangalorean Catholic ''[[Monti Fest]]'' festival, are [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai metropolitan area|Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[Chikkamagaluru district|Chikkamagaluru]], [[Hassan district|Hassan]], and [[Ranchi]].<ref name="dajworld">{{cite web
|url = http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=955
|title = Nativity Fest Around the World
|access-date = 30 October 2008
|publisher = [[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080925083944/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=955
|archive-date = 25 September 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="lobo"/><ref name="mad">{{harvnb|Oddie|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qbf83q7MjlYC&pg=PA140 140]}}</ref><ref name="calc">{{harvnb|Nair|2004|p=88}} "There are about 200 Catholics hailing from Mangalore and its surroundings living in Calcutta for the past one hundred years or so."</ref> A few Mangalorean Catholics are found in [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]] and [[Kerala]], where there are tiny pockets concentrated in [[Thalassery]], [[Kasargod district|Kasargod]], [[Kannur]] and [[Kochi]]. They are mainly descended from those Catholics who fled the persecution and roundup by Tipu Sultan.<ref name="knk0687">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=156}}</ref> The Mangalorean Catholic diaspora is scattered across the globe.<ref name="lobo1">{{harvnb|Lobo|1999|loc=p. ix: "Members of our community may now be found all over the world – from Norway in the north to Chile in the Southwest and New Zealand in the Southeast. There are Mangaloreans in virtually every country in Europe and in virtually every state of the United States. There are Mangaloreans in unusual and exotic locations like Korea, the Bahamas and Papua New Guinea. What binds these diverse and far-flung members of the Mangalorean community is that they commonly descend from a small group of families who returned to their homeland in 1799."}}</ref> Many Mangalorean Catholics are found in [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf Arab states]] in the Middle East. The Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney (MCAS) has estimated that around 300 Mangalorean Catholic families live in Sydney, Australia, with a lot of second generation families. Many of these are multi-racial, being married into Anglo-Saxon, Spanish, Italian, Greek, and other ethnicities.<ref name="SYD">{{cite web|url=http://mangalorecatholicsyd.com/history/mcasbirth.pdf |title=The Birth of the Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney Inc. (MCAS) |format=PDF, 15.8 [[Kilobyte|KB]] |publisher=Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney (MCAS) |access-date=29 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714025513/http://mangalorecatholicsyd.com/history/mcasbirth.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2011 }}</ref> Mangalorean [[Genealogy|genealogist]] [[Michael Lobo]] has estimated that approximately half of the Mangalorean Catholics still reside in Mangalore and the other towns in the South Canara district. As for the remaining half, about 15 per cent reside in other parts of [[Karnataka]] (mostly [[Bangalore]]), 15 per cent reside in [[Mumbai]] and its neighbouring areas, 10 per cent reside in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf countries]], 5 per cent reside in other parts of India, and the remaining 5 per cent reside in other parts of the world.<ref name="lobo">{{harvnb|Lobo|1999|loc=p. xiii: "If a comprehensive survey of the South Kanara Catholic community, as a whole, were to be attempted, my guess is that about half would still be residing either in Mangalore itself or in one of the smaller towns or villages of the district. Of the remaining half, about 15% would be residing in other parts of Karnataka (mainly Bangalore and the Ghats), another 15% in Bombay and its surrounding areas, another 10% in the Persian Gulf countries, another 5% in other parts of India, and the remaining 5% in other parts of the world."}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{main|Culture of Mangalorean Catholics}}

===Architecture===
{{main|Architecture of Mangalorean Catholics}}
[[File:Mangalorean Catholic house.jpg|thumb|left|A traditional Mangalorean Catholic house]]

The German missionary [[Georg Plebst]] set up the first tile factory at Mangalore in 1860. It was called the [[Basel Mission tile factory]].<ref name="tile"/> Mangalorean Catholics learnt the technique of preparing [[Mangalore tiles]].<ref name="rod"/> The [[Albuquerque tile factory]], the first Indian Mangalore tile factory, was started in South Canara by Pascal Albuquerque at [[Panemangalore, Karnataka|Panemangalore]] in 1868. Since then, Mangalorean Catholics have been actively involved in manufacturing the tiles. The [[Alvares tile factory]] was established in Mangalore by Simon Alvares, a Mangalorean Catholic from Bombay, in 1878.<ref name="sm2">{{harvnb|Somerset|Bond|Wright|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC M1 511]}}</ref> In 1991–1992, out of twelve Mangalore tile manufacturing factories in Mangalore, six were owned by Christians.<ref>{{harvnb|Giriappa|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k8j7tyiCAFkC M1 62]}}</ref> These tiles, prepared from hard clay, were in great demand throughout India, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka, and were even shipped to East Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Australia. These were the only tiles to be recommended for Government buildings in India,<ref name="sm1">{{harvnb|Somerset|Bond|Wright|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC&pg=PA509 M1 510]}}</ref> and still define Mangalore's skyline and characterise its urban setting.<ref name="tile">{{cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/02/17/stories/2007021701030100.htm
|title = Tiles for style
|first = Savitha Suresh
|last = Babu
|date = 17 February 2007
|access-date = 4 April 2008
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110212135016/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/02/17/stories/2007021701030100.htm
|archive-date = 12 February 2011
|df = dmy
}}</ref> Urban and rural housing follows the traditional variety of [[laterite]] brick structures with Mangalore tile roofing on steeply sloped roofs. Inside the house, a spacious hall is present while a large verandah is present in front of the house.<ref name="sc118">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=118|Ref=sc}}</ref> The traditional houses tend to have spacious porticos, red cement or [[terracotta]] floors, and have fruit trees outside the house.<ref name="Panikkar"/> The old Catholic houses of South Canara bear traces of Portuguese influence. The tall windows, pointed roofs, and verandahs are some of the [[Architecture of Portugal|Portuguese influenced architectural features]] of the century-old houses.<ref name="Panikkar">{{harvnb|Panikkar|1929|p=183}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{main|Mangalorean Catholic cuisine}}
[[File:Kuswar (Bombay).jpg|thumb|''[[Kuswar]]'' are sweet delicacies prepared at Christmas, and include around 22 varieties of sweets.]]

Coconut and curry leaves are common ingredients to most curries.<ref name="food">
{{Citation
|author = Amrita Nayak
|url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm
|title = Typically home
|date = 11 August 2007
|location = Mangalore
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103043142/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm
|archive-date = 3 November 2012
|access-date = 16 August 2017
|df = dmy
}}
</ref> ''Sanna-Dukra Maas'' (''[[Sanna (dish)|Sanna]]'' is ''[[idli]]'' fluffed with toddy or yeast; ''Dukra Maas'' is pork) is one of the most popular dishes of the Mangalorean Catholic community.<ref name="DAJ">
{{Citation
|author = Stephan D'Souza
|url = http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726
|title = What's in a Name?
|date = 8 January 2008
|publisher = [[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd]]
|location = Mangalore
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120208022637/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726
|archive-date = 8 February 2012
|access-date = 16 August 2017
|df = dmy
}}
</ref> ''Rosachi Kadi'' (''Ros'' Curry), a fish curry made with coconut milk (''ros''), is a traditional curry served during the ''Ros'' ceremony.<ref name="foodkadi">
{{Citation
|author = Arun Bhatia
|url = http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/17/stories/2002061701160400.htm
|title = Anyone for shark curry?
|date = 17 June 2002
|access-date = 18 August 2017
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|df = dmy
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041125171400/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/17/stories/2002061701160400.htm
|archive-date = 25 November 2004
}}
</ref> ''[[Patrode]]'', a dish of colocasia leaves stuffed with rice, ''[[dal]]'', [[jaggery]], coconut, and spices is popular.<ref>{{Harvnb
| Sen
| 2004
| p= 110
}}
</ref> ''[[Kuswar]]'' are sweet delicacies prepared during Christmas and include around 22 varieties of sweets.<ref>
{{Citation
|url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/11/25/stories/2006112500760100.htm
|title = Santa, cakes and kuswar
|access-date = 29 August 2008
|date = 25 November 2006
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20240525193701/https://www.webcitation.org/66KX9CPBY?url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/11/25/stories/2006112500760100.htm
|archive-date = 25 May 2024
|df = dmy
}}</ref> Fish and rice form the staple diet of most Mangalorean Catholics.<ref name="sc121">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=121|Ref=sc}}</ref> Par-boiled rice, known as red rice, is the traditional rice eaten<ref>{{Citation
|url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/17/stories/2002061700920300.htm
|title = Taste of Mangalore
|access-date = 3 November 2008
|date = 17 June 2002
|work = [[The Hindu]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120105012222/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/17/stories/2002061700920300.htm
|archive-date = 5 January 2012
|df = dmy
}}</ref> and is preferred over raw rice.<ref name="sc121"/>

===Names and surnames===
{{main|Mangalorean Catholic names and surnames}}
[[File:Maxwell Pereira.JPG|thumb|Maxwell Kaamath-Pereira, popularly known as {{Ill|Maxwell Pereira|id}}, is a senior-ranking [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer from [[Delhi]].]]

Bilingual names, having variants in both Konkani and English, like ''Zuãuñ'' (from Portuguese ''João'', meaning [[John (first name)|John]]) and ''Mornel'' ([[Magdalene (given name)|Magdalene]]) are common among Mangalorean Catholics who still use Konkani as the [[first language]].<ref name="maff"/><ref name="maffei"/> Most Mangalorean Catholic names for males follow the second [[declension]]. Among women, the names follow the first declension, while among young girls, the names follow the second declension.<ref name="maff"/> [[List of Portuguese surnames|Portuguese surnames]] like [[De Souza|D'Souza]], [[Coelho]], and [[Pinto (disambiguation)|Pinto]] are common among Mangalorean Catholics,<ref name="sc103"/><ref name="maff8">{{harvnb|Maffei|1882|p=[https://archive.org/stream/akonkanigrammar00maffgoog#page/n33/mode/1up/search/coel 8]}}</ref> and generally follow the second declension.<ref name="maff9"/> Rarely, other European surnames are found as well.<ref name="maff9">{{harvnb|Maffei|1882|p=[https://archive.org/stream/akonkanigrammar00maffgoog#page/n64/mode/1up 39]}}</ref> Mangalorean Catholics also use Konkanised forms of their surnames in Konkani conversations, such as ''Soza'', ''Kueli'', ''Piint'' & so on;<ref name="maff9"/> instead of the Portuguese forms of De Souza, Coelho, Pinto etc.<ref name="maff8"/> Some families of [[Christian Cxatria]] and [[Christian Brahmin]] origin use surnames such as [[Prabhu|Porbu]], [[Kamath]], [[Nayak (title)|Naik]], [[Shenoy]] & [[Shett]].<ref name="sc103"/><ref name="pin">{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|p=168}}, "The Konkani Christians had names of saints like Peter, John, James, Jacob and Portuguese surnames like Saldanha, Britto, Coelho, Pinto, Vas and others. Some did have Hindu surnames: Shet, Shenoy, Kamath, Padival, etc."</ref> These original surnames are actually the names of five classes of persons: lord, cultivator, merchant, warrior, and writer.<ref>{{harvnb|Maffei|1882|p=[https://archive.org/stream/akonkanigrammar00maffgoog#page/n242/mode/1up/search/porbu 217]}}</ref> At least one of these are [[Saraswat Brahmin]] surnames, with the exception of [[Padval|Padival]] and Shett; Shett is used by those who trace their origins to [[Daivadnya]]s.{{cn|date=February 2025}} These ancestral pre-Christian surnames are called ''paik'' in Konkani.<ref name="md0687">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=137}}</ref> A few have reverted to their ''paik'' surnames.<ref>{{harvnb|Sharma|1996|p=282}}</ref> While a few others use both, they use Konkani surnames which are hyphenated with the Portuguese ones.{{cn|date=October 2020}} [[Mudartha]] is a rare and unique Konkani and Gaud Saraswat Brahmin surname found among a few Catholics who hail from [[Udupi]].<ref name="Mudartha">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=1150 |title=Prof Wilfred D'Souza – Third Generation Teacher Who Achieved Greater Heights |last=D'Souza |first=Dr. Eugene |date=5 September 2009 |publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]] |access-date=19 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427025714/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=1150 |archive-date=27 April 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Mangalorean Catholic variant
!English variant
!Portuguese variant
!Meaning
!Sex
|-
|Mâri
|[[Mary (given name)|Mary]]
|''Maria''
|Beloved
|Female
|-
|Monku
|[[Monica (given name)|Monica]]
|''Mónica''
|To advise
|Female
|-
|Motes
|[[Matthew (name)|Matthew]]
|''Mateus''
|Gift from God
|Male
|-
|Nâtu
|[[Natalia (given name)|Natalia]]
|''Natália''
|Birthday
|Female
|-
|Pedru
|[[Peter (given name)|Peter]]
|''Pedro''
|Stone
|Male
|-
|Šila
|[[Sylvester]]
|''Silva''
|Wooded
|Male
|-
|Zâbel
|[[Elizabeth (given name)|Elizabeth]]
|''Isabel''
|My God is my oath
|Female
|-
|Zoze
|[[Joseph (name)|Joseph]]
|''José''
|The Lord will add
|Male
|-
| colspan=5 style="text-align:center;"|Source: ''An English–Konkani Dictionary'' (1882)<ref name="maffei">{{harvnb|Maffei|1882b|pp=[https://archive.org/stream/anenglishkonkan00bygoog#page/n555/mode/2up/search/iliana 540–541]}}</ref> and ''A Konkani Grammar'' (1882)<ref name="maff">{{harvnb|Maffei|1882|p=[https://archive.org/stream/akonkanigrammar00maffgoog#page/n63/mode/1up/search/baptismal 38]}}</ref>
|}

===Language and literature===
[[File:Michael Lobo.jpg|thumb|[[Michael Lobo]] published the first genealogical encyclopaedia of the Mangalorean Catholic community in 1999.]]
{{main|Konkani Language|Literature of Mangalorean Catholics}}

Mangalorean Catholics speak the [[Konkani language]], which they have retained as their mother tongue despite the migration; the language is central to the community's identity.<ref name="buc24"/> They speak a dialect known as Mangalorean Catholic Konkani, which the ''[[Ethnologue]]'' broadly identifies as the ''Mangalore'' dialect.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gom
|title=Ethnologue report for Konkani, Goan (ISO 639–3: gom)
|access-date=25 September 2008
|publisher=[[Ethnologue]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009164936/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gom
|archive-date=9 October 2008
|df=dmy
}}</ref>

The Mangalorean Catholic dialect has [[Sanskrit]] influences, and preserves many features of the [[Maharashtri]], [[Shauraseni]], and [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadhi]] dialects of [[Prakrit]].
It also has [[loanword]]s from the [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] languages.<ref name="mir97">{{harvnb|Miranda|1977|p=[http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=jl2250500582hg17&size=largest 247]}}</ref> It is written in the [[Kanarese script]].<ref>{{harvnb|Cardona|2003|p=731}}</ref> The dialect does not distinguish between the nouns of Kannada and Konkani and has developed into a language that is very practical for business.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} Some Kannada root words which have disappeared from the Goan dialects due to the influence of Portuguese have re-entered the Mangalorean lexicon.<ref name="mir97"/> 350–400 Portuguese lexical items are found in the Mangalorean Catholic dialect, of which more than half are related to religious terminology. The influence of Portuguese syntax is only found in some sets of phrases and prayers which have come down from the pre-migration era.<ref>{{harvnb|Abbi|Gupta|Kidwai|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tcfJY7kANo8C M1 53]}}</ref>

The Mangalorean Catholic dialect is largely derived from the ''Bardeskaar'' ([[North Goa]]n) dialect and bears a good degree of [[mutually intelligible|intelligibility]] with the modern ''Bardeskaar'' dialect (spoken by North [[Christianity in Goa|Goan Christians]]) and to a slightly lesser extent with the standard Konkani dialect.<ref name="knk0687"/><ref>{{harvnb|Miranda|1978|pp=77–78}}</ref> It consequently differs from the dialect spoken by the [[Goud Saraswat Brahmin]]s in South Canara, which is copiously derived and bears a good degree of intelligibility with the modern ''Sashtikaar'' (South Goan) dialect spoken by South Goan Christians and North Canara Konkani Hindus.<ref name="knk0687"/><ref>{{harvnb|Asiatic Society of Bombay|Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain|Ireland Bombay Branch|1853|p=[https://archive.org/details/journalasiatics00bombgoog/page/n337 300]|Ref=as}}</ref> It is much closer to the dialects of the Goan Hindus than to that of the [[Goan Catholics]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kelley|Dimock|Kachru|1992|p=219}}</ref>

The Italian Jesuits who arrived in Mangalore in 1878, devoted themselves to the study and development of Konkani, and were thus responsible for the revival of the Konkani language in Mangalore.<ref>{{harvnb|George|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA210 210]}}</ref> The origin of their literature dates to 1883, when Angelus Francis Xavier Maffei, an Italian Jesuit, published the first ''An English–Konkani Dictionary'' in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/02/stories/2007020212980400.htm|title=New English-Konkani dictionary ready|author=Nagesh Prabhu|date=2 February 2007|access-date=7 September 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105190542/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/02/stories/2007020212980400.htm|archive-date=5 January 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He published a book on Konkani grammar in 1882, with a revised version in 1893.<ref name="ds2">{{harvnb|D'Souza|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aAli0XqprNMC&q=Louis+Mascarenhas+Konkani%2C&pg=PA4 M1 4]}}</ref> In 1912 the first Konkani periodical, ''Konknni Dirvem'' (Konkani Treasure), was published in Mangalore by Louis Mascarenhas.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=32675&n_tit=News+headlines |title= Rich Tributes Paid to Pioneer Konkani Poet Louis Mascarenhas |access-date= 1 March 2008 |author= Melka Miyar |publisher= Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090825221419/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=32675&n_tit=News+headlines |archive-date= 25 August 2009 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> Popular Konkani periodicals published in Mangalore include ''Raknno'' (Guardian) (1938) by Mons. Sylvester Menezes,<ref name="geo216">{{harvnb|George|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C M1 216]}}</ref> ''Konkan Daiz'' (Heritage of Konkani) (1958),<ref name="sar288">{{harvnb|Sardesai|2000|p=288}}</ref> and ''Kannik'' (Donation) (1965) by Raymond Miranda.<ref name="sar289">{{harvnb|Sardesai|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&pg=PA290 M1 289]}}</ref> The twentieth-century literature focused on themes like the suffering of the Mangalorean Catholics during their 15-year captivity at Seringapatam and the oppression of Goan Catholics during the [[Goa Inquisition]].<ref name="ds1">{{harvnb|D'Souza|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aAli0XqprNMC M1 1]}}</ref><ref name="sar256-7">{{harvnb|Sardesai|2000|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&pg=PA256 256–257]}}</ref> The first Konkani novel in Karnataka ''Aangel'' (1915), was written in the Kannada script by Joachim Santan Alvares.<ref>{{harvnb|George|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA217 217]}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|D'Souza|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aAli0XqprNMC&pg=PA5 5]}}</ref> In Bombay—which had a small Mangalorean Catholic community—periodicals like ''Sukh-Dukh'' (Ups and Downs) (1948) by G.M.B. Rodrigues, ''Konknni Yuvak'' (Konkani Youth) (1949) by [[George Fernandes]], ''Poinnari'' (Traveller) (1950) by [[V.J.P. Saldanha]],<ref name="geo216"/> and ''Divo'' (Lamp) (1995) by J.B. Moraes were published.<ref name="gka">{{cite web
|url=http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm
|title=Konkani Language and Literature
|publisher=Goa Konkani Akademi
|access-date=14 September 2008
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171254/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm
|archive-date=28 August 2008
|df=dmy
}}</ref>

[[File:Richard Crasta.jpg|thumb|[[Richard Crasta]] is best known for his work ''The Revised Kamasutra'', a novel on sexual desires.]]

Modern literature is diverse and includes themes such as [[Politics of India|Indian politics]] in books like ''What Ails the Socialists'' by George Fernandes,<ref name="gf">
{{cite web
|url = http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok12/biodata/12bi34.htm
|publisher = [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]]
|title = Biographical Sketch (George Fernandes)
|access-date = 14 September 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060505050044/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok12/biodata/12bi34.htm
|archive-date = 5 May 2006
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> historical awakening, in books such as ''Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians'' by Alan Machado Prabhu,<ref name="prabhu">"Migration, Myths And Mangalore: A Writer Pieces Together The Story", [[Frederick Noronha]], ''South Asia Religious News''</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=I.J. Saldanha-Shet|date=5 December 2011|url=http://www.mangaloretoday.com/mt/index.php?action=opinion&type=74&cat=2|title="SHADES within SHADOWS" – Delving into the History of Mangalore|publisher=Mangalore Today|access-date=11 December 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406183924/http://www.mangaloretoday.com/mt/index.php?action=opinion&type=74&cat=2|archive-date=6 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and sexual desires, in ''The Revised Kama Sutra: A Novel of Colonialism and Desire'' by Richard Crasta.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_17-years-later-this-kama-sutra-gets-a-fresh-launch_1435581
|title = 17 years later, this Kama Sutra gets a fresh launch
|access-date = 14 September 2008
|newspaper = dnaindia.com
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120930125317/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_17-years-later-this-kama-sutra-gets-a-fresh-launch_1435581
|archive-date = 30 September 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> Genealogist Michael Lobo published the first genealogical Encyclopedia of the Mangalorean Catholic community in 1999. This genealogical encyclopaedia, which exceeds 6,000 pages, covers over a thousand families, each of which is researched as far as its ancestry can be traced. Three offshoots have thus far been launched, which include ''Mangaloreans Worldwide – An International Directory'' (1999), ''Distinguished Mangalorean Catholics'' (2000), and ''The Mangalorean Catholic Community – A Professional History / Directory'' (2002).<ref name="DAJlobo">{{cite web
|url = http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=10
|title = Dr. Michael Lobo: Probing family roots and history
|author = Richie Lasrado
|publisher = [[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|access-date = 20 October 2008
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120303180800/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=10
|archive-date = 3 March 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> William Robert da Silva translated the first complete Bible from English into Konkani. The work entitled ''Baibol'' (Bible) was written in the Kannada script, and published by the Mangalore-based Konkani Bible committee in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Pratap Naik|Fr. Pratap Naik, S.J.]] |date=5 June 2006 |url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=29346 |title=Bible and Konknni |publisher=Mangalorean.com |access-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209070936/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=29346 |archive-date=9 December 2014 }}</ref> In 2000, the Mangalore Diocese also released a Konkani Bible in Kannada script entitled ''Pavitr Pustak'' (Holy Book), which was made available online on 26 July 2007.<ref>[https://archive.today/20121209094156/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.konkanicatholics.com/press-release.htm Entire Konkani Bible is available online] – Indian Catholic. Retrieved 30 October 2011</ref>

===Customs and festivals===
Mangalorean Catholics have retained many Indian customs and traditions; these are especially visible during the celebration of a marriage.<ref name="Saraswati"/> Their culture is more traditional and Indian.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} Though the Portuguese traded quite frequently in Mangalore, and most of the priests arriving in the area were Portuguese,
there did not develop a community identified with Portugal and Portuguese culture.{{cn|date=October 2020}} Their marriage rites have similarities with the Shenvi sub-caste of the [[Saraswat Brahmin]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=11}}</ref> It was mainly these pre-Christian marriage rites that the Portuguese found objectionable and prohibited during the Goan Inquisition.<ref name="rod"/><ref>{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=12}}</ref>

The ''roce''{{ref label|b|b|none}} ([[ritual bath]]ing) ceremony, conducted one or two days before a wedding, celebrates the last day of virginity of the bride and the groom; it involves the parents' blessing the bride and groom, who are bathed in ''roce'' ([[coconut milk]]),<ref>{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=25}}</ref> while a cross is inscribed on the bride's forehead.<ref name="rod"/><ref name="catholicroce">{{cite web|last=D'Souza |first=Anil |title=Catholic Roce –- Is it an Extinct Ceremony ? |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=1123 |publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]] |access-date=12 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418183243/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=1123 |archive-date=18 April 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|D'Sa|1972|p=79}}</ref> The ethnic Konkani marriage rituals include ''soirik'' ([[betrothal]]),<ref name="sar73"/> exchange of ''paan pod''{{Ref label|c|c|none}} ([[betel leaves]]) during the marriage ceremony,<ref name="sf18">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=18}}</ref> which known as ''badalchen'' (changing hands; formal acceptance of the promise made by the bride's father to the bridegroom's father that he will give his daughter in marriage).<ref>{{harvnb|D'Sa|1972|p=74}}</ref>{{Ref label|d|d|none}}<ref name="sar73"/> The bride is adorned with the ''sado'' (wedding ''[[sari]]'')<ref name="sf19"/> and ''pirduk''{{Ref label|f|f|a}} (wedding necklace).<ref name="sf19">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=19}}</ref> Other rites include the ''onpnni'' or ''{{transliteration|kok|vopsun diunche}}'' (giving away the bride formally by the father or the guardian of the bride),<ref name="dsa86"/> ''porthoponn'' (re-invitation to the bride's house),<ref name="dsa86">{{harvnb|D'Sa|1972|p=86}}</ref> and singing of ''honvious'' (hymns).<ref name="sar73"/> Some other customs include ''novemjeevon'' (partaking of the food prepared from new corn) and ''novem'' (blessing of new harvests).<ref name="sar73">{{harvnb|Sardesai|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&pg=PA73 M1 73]}}</ref>

[[File:Monti Fest.jpg|thumb|A [[Monti Fest]] celebration near the Milagres Church in [[Hampankatta]], Mangalore]]
In addition to common Christian festivals like Christmas, [[Great Friday]], and Easter, the community celebrates many other festivals of religious and historical significance. ''[[Monti Fest]]'' is one of the major festivals, celebrated on 8 September. It combines the [[Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary]] and blessing of ''novem'' (new crops). The festival derives its name from the [[Monte Mariano Church]] at Farangipet, and was initiated by Fr Joachim Miranda, a [[Goan Catholics|Goan]] priest at Farangipet, in 1763. Although Tipu Sultan destroyed the churches of Canara, he spared Monte Mariano Church in deference to the friendship of his father Hyder Ali with Fr Miranda.<ref name="escdemo">{{cite web
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=129
|title=Monti Fest Originated at Farangipet – 240 Years Ago!
|access-date=15 January 2008
|author=John B. Monteiro
|publisher=Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125132305/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=129
|archive-date=25 January 2008
|df=dmy
}}</ref> ''Attur Jatre'' or ''Attur Fest'' (Attur festival) is the feast of [[Lawrence of Rome|St Lawrence]], celebrated at the [[St. Lawrence Shrine]] on the outskirts of [[Karkala]].<ref name="DAJ"/> This shrine, in existence since 1759, is said to have a history of miracles.<ref name="DAJ"/> ''Evkaristik Purshanv'' ([[Eucharist]]ic Procession) is an annual religious procession led by the Bishop of Mangalore from [[Milagres Church (Mangalore)|Milagres Church]] to [[Rosario Cathedral, Mangalore|Rosario Cathedral]].<ref name="DAJ"/> The procession, held on the first Sunday of the New Year of the Gregorian calendar, seeks blessings for the new year.<ref name="DAJ"/>

===Costumes and ornaments===
{{main|Attire of Mangalorean Catholics}}
[[File:Mangalorean Catholic wedding costumes.jpg|thumb|A Mangalorean Catholic couple dressed in traditional wedding costumes. The bride is wearing a wedding ''sari'' (''sado''); while the groom is wearing a ''todop'' (golden hem), ''kutanv'' (coat), ''pudvem'' (''[[dhoti]]'') & ''urmaal'' (turban).]]

Mangalorean Catholic men traditionally white or black coats known as ''kutanv'' (similar to the [[bandhgala]]s), while the ''pudvem'' (''[[dhoti]]''), a piece of unstitched cloth, usually around {{convert|7|yd}} long, was wrapped around the waist and the legs and knotted at the waist. The turban called ''mundaas'' or ''urmal'', were usually flattened like the ''[[Coorgi]]'' turbans.<ref name="sf31"/> It was a long white piece of cloth with a ''todop'' (golden hem) tied around the head like a turban in a particular manner by which they could be easily identified as Catholic Christians.<ref name="sf31"/><ref>{{harvnb|D'Souza|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aAli0XqprNMC&dq=Pudvem&pg=PA9 9]}}</ref> In modern times however, this mode has changed. Only a few older men can be seen wearing this traditional dress on church-going occasions.<ref name="sc119">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=119|Ref=sc}}</ref>

Before marriage, women used to wear a ''kirgi'' (''[[half sari]]'') and ''baju'' (''[[kurti top|kurti]]''). The ''kirgi'' is a piece of cloth not longer than four feet, and about three feet wide. It was wrapped around the body from the waist down. A jacket with long sleeves called a ''baju'', was used to cover the upper part of the body. This dress was a sign of the bride's virginity and was worn during the ''roce'' or ''ros'' ceremony.<ref name="sf31">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=31}}</ref><ref name="dsa77">{{harvnb|D'Sa|1972|p=77}}</ref> The ''kirgi'' was wrapped around the waist, but the end of the ''sari'' is not thrown over the shoulder.<ref name="dsa77"/> To wear the full ''sari'' with its end thrown over the shoulder, known as ''worl'', it was the exclusive right of a married woman.<ref name="sf40">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=40}}</ref> Married women used to wear sarees the general way.<ref name="sc120">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=120|Ref=sc}}</ref> The ''[[salwar kameez]]'' and the [[lungi]] are forms of popular clothing among present-day Mangaloreans. The Mangalorean Catholic bride's wedding ''sari'' is known as a ''sado''.{{ref label|e|e|none}}<ref name="sf32">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=32}}</ref> It is usually a red-coloured ''[[Banarasi|Benaresi sari]]'' which is made of finely woven silk and is decorated with elaborate engravings.<ref name="sf19"/> In olden days, the bride wore on her head a red cloth, three feet square. Gold ornaments were absent in those days: the bride went to the church dressed as a virgin girl. In modern times, the bride wears (in place of the ''kirgi'') a red sari, but the end of the ''sari'' is not thrown over the shoulder; it is wrapped around the waist. The bride wears a few gold ornaments, some rings on the fingers, earrings, and at least two of the ''dantoni'' (golden combs).<ref name="sf32"/> Other ornaments worn by the bride in the olden days included ''kanti'', ''chakrasar'', ''kap'', ''karap'', ''mugud'', ''kanto'', and ''dantoni''.<ref name="dsa77"/>

[[File:Mangalorean Catholic sado.JPG|thumb|left|A Mangalorean Catholic wedding ''sari'' (''sado'').]]
''Dantoni'' consist of two ordinary combs with the upper part of each one plated with gold; they are worn in the hair on both sides of the head over the ears. On the way to church the bride wears some white and red flowers stuck in the hair. In the centre of the forehead, a ''bang'' (gold chain) was placed with a pendant.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=21}}</ref> The ''pirduk'' (''[[mangalsutra]]''){{Ref label|f|f|b}} is a necklace made of black beads strung on gold wire as either as a single chain or double chain, with a connecting pendant.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} This necklace is worn as long as the husband is alive; a widow is expected to take it off.<ref name="sf40"/> It is highly prized by women
as the symbol of their married state.<ref name="sf20">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=20}}</ref> A widow is expected to wear a black ''sari'' for the remainder of her life, and is not allowed to wear ornaments.<ref name="Saraswati">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=52}}</ref> The bridegroom's dress in early times consisted of a breechcloth (''[[dhoti]]''), with a red and gold hem (''todop''), a coat (''kutanv'') & a towel (''urmal'') on the head.<ref name="sf31"/><ref name="dsa77"/> The bridegroom wore a ''chakrasar'' (neck chain) around his neck. He wore a pair of sandals or at least a pair of socks.<ref name="dsa78">{{harvnb|D'Sa|1972|p=78}}</ref> Presently, most Mangalorean Catholic couples opt for a [[white wedding]], where the groom wears a [[suit|black suit]], while the bride wears a [[dress|white dress]].<ref name="DAJAnilds">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=1019 |title=Weddings then, now and in Future... |last=D'Souza |first=Anil |date=27 January 2009 |publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]] |access-date=20 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401002651/http://daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=1019 |archive-date=1 April 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> The traditional style of wedding is becoming exceedingly rare.<ref name="todop">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=46715 |title=Hassan: CSI Grounds hosts First-ever Traditional Konkani Marriage |last=Veigas |first=Praveen |date=27 January 2009 |publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]] |access-date=20 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011192936/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=46715 |archive-date=11 October 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Historical society===
[[File:Cajetan Lobo Prabhu.jpg|thumb|A Mangalorean Catholic gentleman belonging to the ''Bamonn'' caste, c. 1938]]

Catholics were divided into three broad divisions: the higher classes of Catholics were landlords, merchants and public servants. The middle classes were traders, cultivators; the lower classes were agricultural laborers, tailors and domestic servants.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Pinto |first=Vishanz |date=2009-12-31 |title=Migration of the catholics of South Canara and its socio-economic dimensions 1900 to 1980 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/132249 |journal=Mangalore University |hdl=10603/132249 |language=English}}</ref> Mangalorean Catholics retained the same caste system as their Konkani ancestors in Goa. They were mainly divided into four castes: ''[[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bamonns]]'', ''[[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Charodis]]'', ''Sudirs'', and ''Gaudis''.<ref name="sf7">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=7}}</ref> There were also local converts from [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]], [[Beary]], [[Koraga people|Koragas]], [[Holeya]], [[Mogaveera]], [[Billava|Billavas]], [[Adi Dravida|Mansa]] and other communities due to the social reform and missionary activities of the [[Jesuits]] and [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchins]] in the 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=Royston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3c0BQAAQBAJ |title=The Indefatigable Crusader |date=2014-05-01 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-93-84049-55-3 |page=8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Converts from Brahmin sub-castes such as the [[Saraswat Brahmins]], [[Padye]]s, [[Daivadnya]] goldsmiths/ merchants etc;<ref name=":0" /> were merged into the Christian caste of ''Bamonn''.<ref name="Mercury" /><ref name="bhat">{{harvnb|Gomes|1987|p=77}}</ref> The ''Bamonns'' were further divided into other subcastes or classes according to rank. In Mangalore, they were sub-divided into ''Sirudhegars'' (the highest class), ''Alhdhengars'', ''Cutdhnangars'', ''Dhivodegars'', ''Nathnolegars'', ''Sashragars'', ''Puruvargars'', and ''Maidhegars''. These names are taken from the villages to which they once belonged.<ref>{{harvnb|Maffei|1885|p=[https://archive.org/stream/anenglishkonkan00bygoog#page/n730/mode/1up/search/sirudegar 155]}}</ref> According to John B. Kutinha of the Karnataka Second Backward Classes Commission, the Bamon Christians and Sarodi Christians were akin to [[Vaishyas]] and [[Shudra]]s, and the [[Gauda and Kunbi|Gaudi]] Christians were akin to [[dalit|untouchables]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=L. G. Havanur |first1=Chairman |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.2681/page/n230/mode/1up |title=Report of the Karnataka Backward Classes Commission |last2=Y. Ramachandra |first2=Member |last3=K. R. Srinivasulu Nayudu |first3=Member |last4=K. M. Naganna |first4=Member |last5=A. Masana Chetty |first5=Member |last6=Dharamsingh |first6=Member |last7=P. T. Habib |first7=Member |date=1975 |publisher=Bangalore, Government Press |page=211}}</ref>

The ''Charodis'' were converts from the [[Kshatriya]] (warrior class) and [[Vaishya]] (merchant class) castes.<ref name="sf7"/> They were generally engaged in farming, trade, and commercial vocations.<ref name="merchant">{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|p=165}}</ref> The artisan converts formed the third group who were known as ''Sudirs'' (the Konkani word for [[Shudra]]s who were the labour class).<ref name="sf7"/> They were workers and agricultural labourers engaged in service professions.<ref name="merchant"/> The converts from the fisher caste residing around [[Ullal]], Kuloor, and other places around the seacoast were called ''Gaudis'', and formed the fourth group.<ref name="Mercury"/> They cultivated the lands of the ''Bamonns'' and the high-caste Hindus.<ref name="land">{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|p=177}}</ref> Other minor castes included the ''[[Padval]]s'', whom historian Severine Silva found to be native [[Tulu Jains|Tulu Jain Bunt]] converts.<ref name="Mercury"/>

[[File:Pais Prabhu.JPG|thumb|left|An extended Catholic family in Mangalore belonging to the ''Bamonn'' caste, year 1929.]]
The Mangalorean Catholics constituted a small community widely scattered across the [[South Canara|South Canara district]]. Rather than being a closely knit and united group, the Goan Catholic immigrants and their progeny did not associate with the native Catholics on account of caste, origin, and language, and even among themselves were strongly divided by caste.<ref name="sf6"/> The Hindu uppercastes, including the indigenous Brahmins (mostly belonging to the [[Shivalli Brahmins|Shivalli]], [[Havyaka Brahmin|Havyaka]], and [[Kota Brahmin|Kota]] sub-groups) and [[Bunt (community)|Bunts]] did not associate with the Catholic Christians and would not admit them into their houses on account of their religion.<ref name="Saraswati"/> However, a close contact was kept by the Catholic Christians with the Hindus of the same caste who were migrants from Goa. Catholic Christians would invite their Hindu cousins to festivities such as birth celebrations, weddings, and funeral feasts. The Hindus accepted such invitations.<ref name="Saraswati"/> Unlike the Hindu counterpart, a high-caste Mangalorean Catholic did not consider himself polluted upon physical contact with a member of the lower castes, but members of different castes did not fraternise or invite each other home for dinner.<ref name="Canon"/> According to sociologist Vinay Rajath D, the relationship between caste and occupation was very tenuous among Catholic Christians, as Bamons as well as Sudirs consisted of cultivators, agricultural labourers, traders, masons, and cooks.<ref name=":0" />

Marriage between members of the various castes was not permitted, and such matches were strictly discouraged by the elders. For instance, a ''Bamonn'' boy would only marry a ''Bamonn'' girl and a ''Charodi'' boy would only marry a ''Charodi'' girl.<ref>{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=15}}</ref> The ''Bamonns'' and ''Charodis'' would invite neighbours and friends belonging to the ''Sudir'' and ''Gaudi'' castes to special occasions such as weddings and baptisms, although the latter would have to observe certain restrictions with regards to sitting and eating. The lower castes felt honoured if they were invited and usually accepted such invitations.<ref>{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=22}}</ref> The upper castes usually did not attend the ceremonies of the lower castes, even if expressly invited.<ref>{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=23}}</ref>

[[File:Salvador Barboza.jpg|thumb|left|The [[sacristan]] of St Lawrence Church, [[Moodubelle]], gives his blessings to his granddaughter during her ''Ros'' ceremony, year 1975. He wears a short kurta and a [[dhoti]].]]

It was difficult for the few priests who had accompanied the Christian emigrants to South Canara to look after them properly. Thus, the ''gurkar'' system came into existence. ''Gurkars'' were Mangalorean Catholic men of good moral character who were selected as headmen in Christian settlements. They were entrusted with the social and religious supervision of the community.<ref name="sf 9"/> After migration, the only possible occupation of a Mangalorean Catholic was agriculture, since they were skilled farmers.<ref name="Mercury"/> Every farmer practised carpentry, but it was quite primitive and unskilled, and other crafts and industries were non-existent.<ref name="sf16">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=16}}</ref> The [[Eucharist in the Catholic Church|mass]] was celebrated in Latin; but the [[sermon]], the [[catechism]], and the explication of the mysteries were delivered to the congregation in Konkani.<ref>{{harvnb|The Oriental Herald|1824|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihgYAAAAYAAJ M1 17]|Ref=or}}</ref>

The parishes were grouped into deaneries called ''varados''. Every parish was divided into wards, while [[Pastoral Council|parish council]]s were present in most parishes.<ref name="dio159"/> About 15 percent of the households in the parishes were literate.<ref>{{harvnb|Paths of mission in India today|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dzU9NyOycG4C&dq=Mangalorean%20Catholics&pg=PA160 160]|Ref=dio}}</ref> A widow had to remain indoors, practically for the rest of her life. Since high-caste Hindu widows cannot remarry after the death of their husbands, the high-caste Christians too considered the remarriage of a widow as something unnatural. [[Canon law]] did allow remarriage for widows and therefore there was no direct prohibition for widows to remarry in the society of the Christians of South Canara. Few women had the courage to go against the strict conventions of their community. A widow who remarried was looked down upon, pitied, and shunned as unlucky. But she was not ill-treated or made an outcast, and no stigma was attached to her husband.<ref name="Saraswati"/><ref name="Canon"/> Succession to property was practised as per the Hindu laws.<ref name="Canon">{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|p=168}}</ref>

By the end of the 20th century however, social categorization and differentiation became manifested not on various factors apart from caste. Catholic Christians who belonged to the lower economic classes and were tenants in former times now have become land owners, due to the land reforms.<ref name=":0" /> Mangalorean Catholic society had become very mobile owing to factors such as education, job affiliation, non-agricultural jobs, acquisition of wealth, cultivation of cash crops, inter-caste marriages, inter-religious marriages, and migration to metropolitan cities.<ref name=":0">{{cite thesis |author=D, Vinay Rajath |title=Social structure and stratification among the catholics of Dakshina Kannada |date=2000 |type=Phd |publisher=Mangalore University |page=[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/131282/12/12_chapter%204.pdf 58] |hdl=10603/131282}} Pg 201, 202.</ref>

===Songs and music===
[[File:Konkani Nirantari.jpg|thumb|''Konkani Nirantari'', a Konkani cultural event, entered the Guinness Book of World Records for non-stop singing of Konkani hymns.]]

On 26 and 27 January 2008, a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] cultural event, ''Konkani Nirantari'', held in Mangalore by the Mangalorean Catholic organisation ''Mandd Sobhann''; entered the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]] for non-stop singing of Konkani hymns.<ref name="GUI"/> ''Mandd Sobhann'' members sang for 40 hours, surpassing the old record of 36 hours held by a Brazilian musical troupe, ''Communidade Evangelica Luterana São Paulo'' (Lutheran Evangelical Community of [[São Paulo]]) of [[Universidade Luterana do Brasil]] (Lutheran University of Brazil).<ref name="GUI">{{cite news
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=42855&n_tit=Mangalore:
|title=Mangalore: Guinness Adjudicator Hopeful of Certifying Konkani Nirantari
|access-date=1 February 2008
|date=25 January 2008
|publisher=Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120728235422/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=42855&n_tit=Mangalore:+Guinness+Adjudicator+Hopeful+of+Certifying+Konkani+Nirantari
|archive-date=28 July 2012
|df=dmy
}}</ref> The Silver Band, started in 1906 by Lawrence D'Souza in Mangalore, is one of the oldest and most popular brass bands in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/12/10/stories/2005121001110100.htm
|title = Golden notes from Silver Band
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|date = 10 December 2005
|access-date = 14 September 2008
|author = M. Raghuram
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20240525184045/https://www.webcitation.org/65qYMOpQ9?url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/12/10/stories/2005121001110100.htm
|archive-date = 25 May 2024
|df = dmy
}}</ref> The well-known Konkani hymn ''Riglo Jezu Molliant'' (Jesus entered the Garden of Gethsemene) was written by Fr. Joachim Miranda, an 18th-century Goan Catholic priest, when he was held captive by Tipu Sultan on his Canara mission.<ref>{{harvnb|Ayyappapanicker|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=RA1-PA277 277]}}</ref>
Mons. Minguel Placid Colaco wrote the devotional hymn ''Jezucho Mog'' (Jesus' Love)<ref>{{harvnb|Sardesai|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&dq=Jezucho+Mog&pg=PA20 20]}}</ref> in 1905,<ref name="gka"/> and translated the Latin hymn ''[[Stabat Mater]]'' into Konkani under the title ''Khursa Mullim'' (Bottom of the Holy Cross).<ref name="sar253">{{harvnb|Sardesai|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&dq=Jezucho%20Mog&pg=PA253 253]}}</ref> Joseph Saldanha's ''Shembor Cantigo'' (100 Hymns)<ref name="sar253"/> and Raimundo Mascarenhas' ''Deva Daia Kakultichea'' (O Compassionate Master) were popular.<ref>{{harvnb|George|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA216 216]}}</ref> Other popular Konkani hymns composed by Mangalorean Catholics are ''Aika Cristanv Jana'' (Listen, O' Christian People), ''Utha Utha Praniya'' (Wake up, Creatures), and ''Sorgim Thaun'' (From Heaven).<ref name="sar251">{{harvnb|Sardesai|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&pg=PA290 M1 251]}}</ref>

Konkani [[pop (music)|pop music]] became popular after [[Indian Independence Movement|Indian Independence]] in 1947. Henry D'Souza and Helen D'Cruz are known for the Konkani love duet ''Kathrina'' in 1971<ref>{{Harvnb|Rodrigues|2009|p=64}}</ref> and the love Ballad ''Garacho Divo'' (Lamp of the House) in the 1970s,<ref>{{Harvnb|Rodrigues|2009|p=106}}</ref> while Wilfy Rebimbus' [[sonnet]] ''Mog Tuzo Kithlo Axelom'' (How I Have Loved Thee) from 1977 is popular.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rodrigues|2009|p=172}}</ref> Konkani plays, especially religious ones, were written and staged in Mangalore in the 20th century by prominent playwrights such as Pedru John D'Souza, Pascal Sequeira and Bonaventure Tauro.<ref name="books.google.co.in"/> The ''[[Ghumot|Ghumat]]'' was a popular musical instrument played especially during weddings.<ref name="sf47">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=47}}</ref> The instrument has the form of an earthen pot but is open at both sides. One end is covered with the skin of some wild animal, and the other is left open.<ref>{{harvnb|Naimpalli|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z63zvthhbhAC M1 18]}}</ref> The traditional theatre form is called ''Gumat'', and is performed on the eve of the marriage or in connection with the marriage celebrations in the decorated ''pandal'' (stage).<ref name="gumat"/> The play is conducted by males belonging to both the brides' and bridegrooms' parties, and usually takes place for two or three nights.<ref name="gumat"/> The plays performed are usually those of Biblical stories, and their morals are presented with the purpose of educating the bride and bridegroom.<ref name="gumat"/> This tradition has almost completely died out among the present generation.<ref name="gumat">{{harvnb|Choondal|1984|p=39}}</ref>

The tradition of ''Voviyo'' (wedding songs), sung by women during a ''Ros'', is important to this community. The procedure is that an elderly lady, usually the ''{{transliteration|kok|yejman}}'' (wife of the master of ceremonies, who is known as ''{{transliteration|kok|yejmani}}'') who knows the ''{{transliteration|kok|voviyos}}'', leads the song while the rest of the women sing along. Only women whose husbands are still living may sing. In ancient times, the wedding songs expressed very lofty sentiments and gave vent to the feelings of the people about the marriage partners and their families, invoking the blessing of God on them.<ref>{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=26}}</ref>

{{cquote|''Aprosachi vatli, kasgran petli, ruzai mai betli, hea rosalagim.'' The ''Ros'' brass plate is made by brass smith, our Lady of Rosary is here at this ros ceremony.

''Dimbi ami galeam, santa kuru kadeam, kurpa ami magieam amchea Jezulagim.'' Let us kneel, make sign of the cross, and pray for God's grace.

''Akashim mod, narl kubear telacho kuris hokleachea kopalar.'' Clouds in the sky, coconut on the tree, oily sign of cross on the forehead of the bride.
|author=''Voviyos'' taken from ''The Tradition of Voviyo'' article by Maurice D'Mello<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.konkanifoundation.com/ancy/vovio.doc
|title = The Tradition of Voviyo
|format = [[DOC (computing)|DOC]], 77 [[Kilobyte|KB]]
|publisher = Konkani Sahitya Kala Foundation
|access-date = 12 March 2008
|author = Maurice D'Mello
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713164325/http://www.konkanifoundation.com/ancy/vovio.doc
|archive-date = 13 July 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>}}

===Castes===
Konkani Christians of the erstwhile South Kanara area belong to multiple castes, that correspond to the Hindu castes they converted from. These include: [[Gauda and Kunbi|Gowdis]], [[Christian Cxatria|Charodis]], [[Christian Brahmins|Bahmons]], [[Shudra|Sudirs]], [[Kharvi]], [[Dalit|Dalits]], [[Madval|Madivals]], [[Bhandari (caste)|Renders]], [[Kumhar|Kumbars]], [[Koraga people|Koragas]], etc. Other communities in the region treated the Catholic Christians of Dakshina Kannada as a single jati or caste group but the Catholics were not a monolithic block. Historically, they had internal divisions and inter-marriages between these castes were not forbidden, but rarely took place.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=A priest who reached out to the underserved |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/a-priest-reached-underserved-2024186 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=MLA Lobo sees amicable outcome to Jeppu Compound residents-Bishop dispute |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/MLA-Lobo-sees-amicable-outcome-to-Jeppu-Compound-residents-Bishop-dispute.html |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref> Caste differences among Mangalore catholics have reduced because of advancing education, inter-caste marriages, inter-religious marriages, migration to the gulf, and land reforms in the 1970s.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Elroy |date=2021-07-29 |title=Bombay Catholics and the question of caste |url=https://thesatyashodhak.com/bombay-catholics-and-the-question-of-caste/ |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=The Satyashodhak |language=en-US}}</ref> As Christians in Karnataka, they are classified under Category III(B) of [[Other Backward Class|other backward classes]] in Karnataka and are eligible for reservations in education and government employment for non [[Creamy layer|creamy-layer]] sections, while [[Dalit Christian|scheduled caste converts to Christianity]] are classified under Category I.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caste List of Other Backward Classes- Karnataka State List |url=https://bcw.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/caste%20list.new.pdf |access-date=Oct 1, 2024 |website=bcw.karnataka.gov.in |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110113355/https://bcw.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/caste%20list.new.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Order No SWD 225 BCA 2000 Dated 30th March 2002 |url=https://kscbc.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Article%2015%20(4)%20&%2016%20(4).pdf |website=Karnataka State Commission For Backward Classes - Official Website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hegde |first=M. Dinesh |date=2002-12-31 |title=Making of the backward class constituency in Karnataka |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/131772 |journal=University |language=English |pages=138|hdl=10603/131772 }}</ref>

==Organisations==
Many organisations cater to the community in South Kanara. The most notable are ''Mandd Sobhann'', which broke the Guinness record for non-stop singing, and the Catholic Association of South Kanara (CASK).<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=51519&n_tit=M
|title=Catholic Association of South Kanara Condemns Attacks on Christians
|access-date=20 October 2008
|date=23 September 2008
|publisher=Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928063049/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=51519&n_tit=M%5C
|archive-date=28 September 2011
|df=dmy
}}</ref> The first session of the Canara Konkani Catholic World Convention took place on 26 December 2004 in Mangalore.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/29/stories/2004022909620300.htm
|title = Konkani Catholic convention in December
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|date = 29 February 2004
|access-date = 5 December 2008
|location = Chennai, India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103141439/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/29/stories/2004022909620300.htm
|archive-date = 3 November 2012
|df = dmy
}}</ref> The convention aimed to establish institutions to conduct research on the history of Mangalorean Catholics.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/01/19/stories/2005011912670300.htm
|title = 'Future Foundation' may document heritage of Konkan Catholics
|author = Jaideep Shenoy
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|date = 19 January 2005
|access-date = 5 December 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090820081523/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/01/19/stories/2005011912670300.htm
|archive-date = 20 August 2009
|df = dmy
}}</ref>

In India, the Kanara Catholic Association, Mumbai, (KCA Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kcamumbai.org|title=KCA Mumbai|website=kcamumbai.org|access-date=2017-06-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620081205/http://kcamumbai.org/|archive-date=20 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> established in 1901), the Kanara Catholic Association, ([[KCA Bangalore]], established in 1955)<ref name="kcab">{{cite web
|url=http://kcab.fkca.net/
|title=KCA Bangalore History
|access-date=23 August 2008
|publisher=Kanara Catholic Association, [[Bangalore]] (KCA Bangalore)
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723130045/http://kcab.fkca.net/
|archive-date=23 July 2011
}}</ref> and Mangalore Catholic Association, ([[Pune]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990920/ile20150.html|title=Little Mangalore in Pune|date=20 September 1999|publisher=Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Ltd.|access-date=13 March 2008|author=S Raye|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815111942/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990920/ile20150.html|archive-date=15 August 2009}}</ref> (MCA, established on 10 February 1996) in are well known. Also the [[Kanara Entrepreneurs, Bangalore]] (established in 2007) a non profit group to promote skill development and success among Mangalorean Catholic Entrepreneurs, students and catholic institutions are part of the efforts to help the community.<ref>[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=58952 Dubai: 'KE Global' Launched to Unite Kanara Entrepreneurs Worldwide, Friday, April 17, 2009, Daijiworld News, Mangalore] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303194659/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=58952 |date=3 March 2018 }}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, Mangalorean United Konkani Association (MUKA) in [[Nottingham]] is popular.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=37814&n_tit=News
|title=Nottingham: Mangalorean United Konkani Association (MUKA) celebrates Monthi Fest
|access-date=5 December 2008
|date=9 September 2007
|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323061322/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=37814&n_tit=News+headlines
|archive-date=23 March 2012
|df=dmy
}}</ref>

In Australia, The Mangalorean Catholic Association of Victoria (MCAV) established in [[Melbourne]] was the first organisation for the community in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=25697&n_tit=Australia: |title=Mangalorean Catholic Association of Victoria (MCAV) |access-date=29 February 2008 |date=3 September 2006 |publisher=Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323061208/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=25697&n_tit=Australia:+Mangaloreans+Celebrate+Nativity+Feast+in+Melbourne |archive-date=23 March 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> In 2006 the Mangalorean Catholic Association of Sydney (MCAS) was established in Australia.<ref name="SYD" />

In Singapore, the Singapore Mangalorean and Goan Association (SingManGo) group caters to the needs of those who have migrated there.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

In North America, the Mangalorean Association of Canada<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=37829&n_tit=Canada:
|title=MAC Canada
|access-date=5 September 2008
|author=Nishita D'Mello
|date=10 September 2007
|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323061213/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=37829&n_tit=Canada:+MAC+Celebrates+Nativity+Feast+-+Photo+Album
|archive-date=23 March 2012
|df=dmy
}}</ref> and the Mangalorean Konkan Christian Association (MKCA) in Chicago<ref>{{cite press release
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=37940&n_tit=USA:
|title=MKCA – USA
|access-date=5 September 2008
|date=13 September 2007
|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323061220/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=37940&n_tit=USA:+MKCA+Celebrates+Nativity+Feast+-+Pictures
|archive-date=23 March 2012
|df=dmy
}}</ref> are well known.

In the Middle East, the Mangalore Cultural Association (MCA) in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]]; was established in March 2008.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mcaqatar.org/mcaqatar/subpage.html
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415075117/http://www.mcaqatar.org/mcaqatar/subpage.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=15 April 2013
|title=About MCA
|access-date=20 September 2008
|publisher=Mangalore Cultural Association (MCA)
}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Joachim Alva]], member of the ''[[Rajya Sabha]]'', the upper house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]], from 1968 to 1974<ref>{{harvnb|Kamath|2002|p=6}}</ref>
*[[Margaret Alva]], member of ''Rajya Sabha'' from 1972 to 1998; appointed Governor of [[Uttarakhand]] in 2009<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.mangaloretoday.com/mt/index.php?action=mn&type=2202
|newspaper=Mangalore Today
|title=Uttarakhand Governor Margaret Alva felicitated in city
|date=18 December 2010
|access-date=18 December 2010
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714030039/http://www.mangaloretoday.com/mt/index.php?action=mn&type=2202
|archive-date=14 July 2011
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
* [[Adline Castelino]], winner of [[Miss Diva|Miss Diva Universe]] [[Miss Diva 2020|2020]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2020/02/25/ent11-adline-miss%20universe.html|title=Stakes are high but passion is stronger - Adline Castelino on Miss Universe|date=25 February 2020|work=The Week|access-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225213609/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2020/02/25/ent11-adline-miss%20universe.html|archive-date=25 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Janalynn Castelino]], Indian-Italian pop singer, songwriter and doctor
* [[Blasius D'Souza]], Politician in the [[Indian National Congress]] and first [[Roman Catholic]] minister in the Karnataka state government<ref name="Blasius">{{cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/27/stories/2008012756640400.htm
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|title = Blasius D'Souza passes away
|access-date = 14 September 2008
|location = Chennai, India
|date = 27 January 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121026075111/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/27/stories/2008012756640400.htm
|archive-date = 26 October 2012
|df = dmy
}}</ref>
*[[Faye D'Souza]], Indian journalist and television news anchor
*[[Jerome D'Souza]], Jesuit priest, educationist, writer, and member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Indian Constituent assembly]] from 1946 to 1950<ref>{{harvnb|Hoehn|1952|p=145}} "Born on 6 August—the Feast of the Transfiguration—1897, of Brahmin Catholic parents in Mangalore, South Kanara, India, ..."</ref>*
*[[Tony D'Souza]], American novelist<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.khaasbaat.com/nov2007/books.htm
|title = A guest column Sarasota novelist throws spotlight on the 'Konkans'
|access-date = 2 November 2008
|author = Tony D'Souza
|publisher = Khaasbaat
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081020033604/http://www.khaasbaat.com/nov2007/books.htm
|archive-date = 20 October 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
*[[Erica Fernandes]], television actress<ref>{{Citation | author = Kavya Christopher | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Puneeth-is-very-down-to-earth-Erica-Fernandes/articleshow/24297464.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131021144622/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-18/news-interviews/43145010_1_erica-fernandes-kannada-film-industry-kannada-debut | url-status = live | archive-date = 21 October 2013 | title = Puneeth is very down to earth: Erica Fernandes | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | date = 18 October 2013 | access-date = 18 August 2017 }}</ref>
*[[George Fernandes]], former [[Defence Minister of India]] from 1998 to 2004
*[[Oscar Fernandes]], member of ''[[Lok Sabha]]'', the lower house of the Indian Parliament, from 1980 to 1998<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/kiosk/whoswho/alpha_f2.htm
|publisher=[[Rajya Sabha|Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India]]
|title=Biographical Sketch (Oscar Fernandes)
|access-date=23 August 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080611193706/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/kiosk/whoswho/alpha_f2.htm |archive-date = 11 June 2008}}</ref>
*[[Terence Lewis (choreographer)]], Indian dancer, singer and choreographer
*[[John Richard Lobo]], former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of Mangalore South constituency<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=173014
|title = Mangalore: J R Lobo humbles four-time MLA, N Yogish Bhat
|publisher = [[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|date = 8 May 2013
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160821002930/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=173014
|archive-date = 21 August 2016
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
*[[Michael Lobo]], Indian writer, scientist and genealogist<ref name="DAJlobo"/>
*[[Rita Lobo]], Indian former actress and singer
*[[Malishka Mendonsa]], Indian radio personality and actress
*[[Sonal Monteiro]], Indian actress - Tulu, Kannada, Konkani language
*[[Betty Naz]], Indian former actress and singer
*[[Ester Noronha]], Indian actress and singer - Telugu, Kannada, Konkani language
*[[Brian J. G. Pereira]], veteran biopharmaceutical and healthcare leader
*{{Ill|Maxwell Pereira|id}}, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=34
|title=Achievers: Maxwell Francis Joseph Pereirakamath
|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|access-date=2 October 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628215917/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=34
|archive-date=28 June 2009
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
*[[Freida Pinto]], Hollywood actress known for her role in ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=53994
|title=The Newest Star on the Mangalorean Horizon—Freida Pinto
|date=20 November 2008
|access-date=25 November 2008
|author=Gerry D'Mello
|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221091957/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=53994
|archive-date=21 February 2009
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
*[[Pius Fidelis Pinto]], Indian historian, researcher and scholar on Christianity<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=50819&n_tit=London:
|last=Periera
|first=Raj Francis
|title=London: Nativity Feast Celebrations – Report & Pictures
|date=30 August 2009
|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|access-date=2 October 2009
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405121103/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=50819&n_tit=London:+Nativity+Feast+Celebrations+-+Report+&+Pictures
|archive-date=5 April 2012
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
*[[Viren Rasquinha]], captain of India's national [[field hockey]] team<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=31
|title=A Mangalorean in India's Olympic Squad (Viren Rasquinha)
|access-date=5 December 2008
|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|author=Gerry D'Mello
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628215609/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=31
|archive-date=28 June 2009
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
*[[Mabel Rebello]], member of Parliament Bhopal
*[[Wilfy Rebimbus]], Konkani singer and lyricist<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=172260
|title=Wilfy Rebimbus – The Voice Lives on!
|access-date=5 December 2008
|publisher=Mangalorean.com
|author=Team Mangalorean
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325092040/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=172260
|archive-date=25 March 2012
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
*[[Jemimah Rodrigues]], Indian professional cricketer - [[India women's national cricket team]]
*[[Melvyn Rodrigues]], [[Sahitya Akademi]] award (2011) winning Konkani poet<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=125368
|title = Mangalore: Melvyn Rodrigues Bags Central Sahitya Akademi Award
|publisher = [[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|date = 21 December 2012
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151123054508/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=125368
|archive-date = 23 November 2015
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
*[[Victor Rodrigues]], Konkani novelist and short story writer<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=80767&n_tit=Mangalore:
|title=Mangalore: Thousands Bid Adieu to Konkani Litterateur Victor Rodrigues
|access-date=5 December 2008
|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|author=Edward Nazareth
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012034741/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=80767&n_tit=Mangalore:+Thousands+Bid+Adieu+to+Konkani+Litterateur+Victor+Rodrigues+
|archive-date=12 October 2012
|df=dmy
}}</ref>
*[[Lawrence Saldanha]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lahore|Lahore Archdiocese]] from 2001 to 2011<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=418
|title=Meet Joseph Periera – A Prominent Pakistani of Mangalorean Origin
|publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]]
|access-date=22 February 2007
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101160413/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=418
|archive-date=1 November 2006
|df=dmy
}} "In Pakistan, the present Catholic Archbishop of Lahore, Larry Saldanha, is a third cousin of Joseph."</ref>
*[[V.J.P. Saldanha]], Konkani litterateur, dramatist, musician, and poet<ref name="Saldanha">{{harvnb|D'Souza|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aAli0XqprNMC&pg=PA59 M1 59]}}</ref>
*[[Aarti Sequeira]], Indian American cook and television personality

==Notes==
<div>
: '''a''' {{note label|a|a|none}} Most of the Christian soldiers in the [[Keladi Nayaka]] army belonged to the ''[[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Charodi]]'' caste.<ref>{{harvnb|Pinto|1999|p=178}}</ref>
: '''b''' {{note label|b|b|none}} The ''Ros'' is a ceremony similar to the ''Tel'' ceremony performed by the Goan Hindus.<ref name="ros">{{harvnb|da Silva Gracias|1996|p=[https://archive.org/details/kaleidoscopeofwo0000silv/page/62 62]}}</ref> The ''Tel'' is an auspicious ceremony during which the Hindu bride wears a yellow [[sari]], while ladies from the family would rub the body with [[turmeric]] and oil. They would apply it with the help of two leaves of a mango tree over the forehead, neck, chest, shoulder arms and legs of the bride.<ref>{{harvnb|da Silva Gracias|1996|p=[https://archive.org/details/kaleidoscopeofwo0000silv/page/57 57]}}</ref> A similar pattern was followed wherein the Christian bride was smeared with turmeric paste, coconut milk, rice flour with the leaves of ''ambolim'' to make the skin smooth, fair and prepare the bride for marriage. In 1736, this practice was banned by the Holy Inquisition in Goa.<ref name="ros"/>
: '''c''' {{note label|c|c|none}} ''Bido'' is the small packet of pieces of [[areca nut]] wrapped into a betel leaf with the addition of several spices. ''Pan-pod'' is the same, but loosely placed on a plate, so that each guest can prepare his own pan. The areca nut, uncut, is called ''popal'', cut into small pieces it is ''pod''.<ref name="sf18"/>
: '''d''' {{note label|d|d|none}} In the past, [[Kanara|Canara]] was famous for its [[spices]]. And so, ''[[paan]]'' (betel leaf) and ''pod'' (areca nut cut into small pieces), the seed of the tropical palm ''[[Areca catechu]]'' were generously supplied on all festive occasions. The spices were not mixed with ''chuno'' ([[Quick lime]]). In fact, in every house a copper or brass plate was always kept ready for a ''pan-pod'' party. Whenever a guest arrived at the house, it was customary to offer him this plate with a fresh betel leaf just picked from the vine. A [[betel nut]] known as ''tobak'' or ''dumti'' (Tobacco) was prepared and placed on the brass plate.<ref name="sf18"/>
: '''e''' {{note label|e|e|none}} After the wedding was over, the ''sado'' was well preserved and worn only on high feast-days or for weddings. Sometimes, a particularly precious sado was handed down from mother to daughter and considered a valuable heirloom. The cost of a sado was reckoned in ''varahas''. Saris are known for their variety by special names, such as ''Katari'', ''Shilari'', ''Gulabi'', etc.<ref name="sf19"/> Both the ''Sado'' and ''Dharma sado'' were costly saris, while the ''Sado'' was the most expensive, the ''Dharma Sado'' was the second most expensive.<ref name="dsa77"/>
: '''f''' {{note label|f|f|a}}{{note label|f|f|b}} The Hindus call it ''[[mangalsutra]]'' or ''[[mangala sutra]]'' (the auspicious necklace). It is the symbol of the married state.<ref name="sf19"/> In the olden days, the Mangalsutra was made of black glass beads strung on a thread made of the fibres of dried [[pineapple]] leaves.<ref name="sf40"/> The ordinary crude pattern of the {{transliteration|kok|pirduk}} was improved in the course of time. Later longish beads of gold were inserted between the black glass beads and a pendant was added. The earliest pendant was a round disk of silver. It was called ''thali''. Later it was changed into a golden pendant.<ref name="sf20"/>
</div>

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism}}
*[[2008 anti-Christian attacks in Carnataca]]
*[[Catholic Church in India]]
*[[Chickmangalore district|Chickmangaloreans]]
*[[Christianity in Karnataka]]
*[[Christianity in India]]
*[[Mangalorean Protestants]]
*[[Mangaloreans]]
*[[Monti Fest]]
*[[Roman Catholicism in Mangalore]]
*[[World Konkani Centre]]

{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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{{refend}}

===Further reading===
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book
|title=The Mangalorean Catholic Community – A Professional History / Directory
|year=2000
|location=Mangalore
|publisher=Camelot Publishers
|isbn=978-81-87609-02-5
|last=Lobo
|first=Michael
|ref=none}}
*{{cite book
|publisher=Samanvaya Prakashan
|title=Canaranthle Konknni Catholic (The Konkani Catholics of Canara)
|year=2004
|last=Pinto
|first=Pius Fidelis
|author-link=Pius Fidelis Pinto
|location=[[Mangalore]]
|language=kok
|ref=none}}
*{{cite book
|publisher=Samanvaya Prakashan
|title=Desaantar Thaun Bandhadek – Karavali Karnatakantle Konkani Kristanv (From Migration to Captivity – The Konkani Christians of Canara)
|last=Pinto
|first=Pius Fidelis
|location=[[Mangalore]]
|year=1999
|language=kok
|ref=none}}
*{{cite book
|title=Konkani Christians of Coastal Karnataka in Anglo-Mysore Relations 1761–1799
|publisher=Samanvaya Prakashan
|location=Mangalore
|year=1999
|last=Pinto
|first=Pius Fidelis
|ref=none}}
*{{cite book
|title=Ancient and Pre-Modern History of the Mangalorean Catholic Community
|last=Prabhu
|first=Mohan
|ref=none}}
*{{cite book
|title=The captivity of 1784: Re-Appraising Causes & Conclusions
|last=Prabhu
|first=Alan Machado
|isbn=978-81-86778-30-2
|year=1999
|publisher=I.J.A. Publications
|location=Bangalore
|ref=none}}
*{{Cite book
|last=D'Souza
|first=A.B.
|year=1993
|title=Popular Christianity: A Case Study among the Catholics of Mangalore
|publisher=PhD thesis. [[University of Delhi]]
|ref=none}}
*{{cite book
|title=History of the Catholic Community of South Kanara
|first=A. L. P.
|last=D'Souza
|publisher=Desco Publishers
|location=Mangalore
|oclc=11536326
|year=1983
|ref=none}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.mkcausa.org/ Mangalorean Konkan Christian Association (MKCA), USA]
*[http://www.macsaunsar.com/ Mangalorean Association of Canada (MAC)]

{{Christianity footer}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{Communities in Mangalore}}
{{Asia in topic|Roman Catholicism in}}
{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan}}

{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangalorean Catholics}}
[[Category:Mangalorean Catholics| ]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Christianity in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Konkani]]
[[Category:Mangalorean society|Catholics]]
[[Category:Christian communities of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in India]]
[[Category:Catholic ethnoreligious groups]]

Jagannath Temple, Puri

2026-03-28T23:52:28Z

Svetlanazrc: further rework references to improve readability also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Hindu temple at Puri, Odisha, India}}
{{Redirect|Jagannath Temple}}
{{For|the Indian filmmaker|Puri Jagannadh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Jagannath Temple
|image = Shri Jagannath temple.jpg
|alt = Jagannath Temple, Puri
|caption =
|map_type = Odisha#India
|coordinates = {{coord|19|48|17|N|85|49|6|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes =
|map_caption = Location in Odisha
|native_name = 
|country = India
|state = [[Odisha]]
|district = [[Puri district|Puri]]
|locale = [[Puri]]
|elevation_m = 65.47
|elevation_footnotes =
|deity = [[Jagannath]]
|festivals = {{hlist|[[Ratha Yatra]]|[[Chandan Yatra]]|[[Snana Yatra]]|[[Nabakalebara]]}}
|architecture = [[Kalinga Architecture]]
|temple_quantity = 31
|year_completed = 1161 CE{{sfn|Suryanarayan Das|2010|pp=49–50}}
|creator = [[Indradyumna]]
|temple_board = Shree Jagannath Temple Managing Committee, Puri
|governing_body = Shree Jagannath Temple Office, Puri
|website = https://www.shreejagannatha.in
|height_max = 214 feet 8 inches<ref name=PattnayakStatisticsRef>{{Cite book |last=Pattnayak |first=Pramod Chandra |title=Some Vital Statistics of Jagannath Temple Complex |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2010/July/engpdf/45-47.pdf |date=July 2010 |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |pages=1 |language=English}}</ref>
|site_area = 10 acres<ref name=PattnayakStatisticsRef/>
|length = 650 feet (east to west)<ref name=PattnayakStatisticsRef/>
|width = 644 feet (north to south)<ref name=PattnayakStatisticsRef/>
|materials = *Stone for the temple
*Neem wood for the idols<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohanty |first=Subashish |date=6 May 2025 |title=Wood used for Digha Jagannath Temple idols has no connection with Puri: Odisha |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/wood-used-for-digha-jagannath-temple-idols-has-no-connection-with-puri-odisha-government-prnt/cid/2097698 |access-date=12 October 2025 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
The '''Jagannath Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Jagannath]], a form of [[Vishnu]]. It is located in [[Puri]], [[Odisha]], on the eastern coast of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha The Jagannath Temple |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/odisha/puri/sri-jagannath-temple |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> As per temple records, King [[Indradyumna]] of [[Avanti (region)|Avanti]] built the main temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/3725372/Dainik-Statesman/28TH-JUNE-2023|title=পুরীধাম ও জগন্নাথদেবের ব্রহ্মরূপ বৃত্তান্ত|page=4|language=bn|date=28 June 2023|access-date=28 June 2023|website=dainikstatesmannews.com|publisher=[[Dainik Statesman]] (The Statesman Group)|location=Kolkata|first=Yogabrata|last=Chakraborty|trans-title=Puridham and the tale of lord Jagannath's legendary 'Bramharup'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628053933/https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/3725372/Dainik-Statesman/28TH-JUNE-2023#page/1/1|archive-date=28 June 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The present temple complex was rebuilt from the eleventh century onwards on the site of the earlier shrines, excluding the main Jagannath temple, and was begun by [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]], the first ruler of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.asianart.com/articles/patachitra/index.html#4 |title=Bernard Cesarone: Pata-chitras of Odisha |first=Bernard |last= Cesarone|work=asianart.com |year=2012 |quote=This temple was built in approximately 1135–1150 by Codaganga, a king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty |access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> Many of the temple rituals are based on Shabari Tantras which are evolved from tribal beliefs respectively.<ref name=":0" /> The local legends link the idols with Nilamadhaba deva worshipped by tribala and the daitapatis (servitors) claim to be descendants of the tribes.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Kanungo |first=Archana|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/jul/engpdf/58-67.pdf |title=Unity in Diversity: The Uniqueness of Jagannath Culture of Odisha |publisher=Government of Odisha |date=July 2013 |location=Bhubaneshwar}}</ref> The temple is one of the 108 ''[[Abhimana Kshethram]]'' of the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnavite]] tradition.

The temple is renowned for its annual [[Ratha Yatra]], chariot festival, which honors the three deities - [[Jagannath]], [[Balarama|Balabhadra]] and [[Subhadra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishatourism.gov.in/content/tourism/en/experience/event/ratha-jatra-2025.html|title=The Divine Journey of Rath Yatra: Where Faith Moves on Wheels|access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref> During the festival, the three principal [[Murti|deities]] are pulled on large and elaborately decorated ''raths'', or [[temple car]]s. The worship is performed by the [[Bhil]] [[Sabar people|Sabar]] tribal priests, as well as priests of other communities in the temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Dr Chandrapal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzryDwAAQBAJ&dq=Magadha+Bhil&pg=PT153 |title=Ank Chakra : Indian Culture and Basic Numbers |date=21 July 2020 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-90287-27-7 |language=en}}</ref> Unlike the stone or metal icons found in most Hindu temples, the image of [[Jagannath]] is carved from margosa wood and is ceremoniously replaced every 12 or 19 years with an identical replica, with an elaborate month long ceremony called nabakalebar.<ref name="Nugteren 2010 159–172">{{cite journal |last=Nugteren |first=Albertina |title=Weaving Nature into Myth: Continuing Narratives Of Wood, Trees, And Forests In The Ritual Fabric Around The God Jagannath In Puri |journal=[[Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture]] |year=2010 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=159–172 |doi=10.1558/jsrnc.v4i2.159}}</ref> The temple is one of the [[Char Dham]] pilgrimage sites. It is also famous because many legends believe that [[Krishna]]'s heart was placed here, and it is the true Jagannath within the wooden idol. Since wood deteriorates, they have to change it every several years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gautam |first1=Mitali |date=7 November 2022 |title=Thus Lord Krishna's amazing heart lived on for posterity |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/lifestyle/thus-lord-krishnas-amazing-heart-lived-on-for-posterity-1503129194.html |work=The Statesman |access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>

The temple is sacred and holy to all Hindus, and especially in those of the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] traditions. Many great Vaishnava saints, such as [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], [[Ramanujacharya]], [[Madhvacharya]], [[Nimbarkacharya]], [[Vallabhacharya]] and [[Ramananda]] were closely associated with the temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=Introducing Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZgdAAAAMAAJ|page=84|author=Balaram Mohanty|publisher=Konarka Prakasani|year=1979}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsgoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT297|title=Guru: The Universal Teacher|page=297|author=Swami B. P. Puri|publisher=Simon and Schuster|date=1 August 2017|isbn=9781683832454}}</ref> Ramanuja established the [[Emar Matha]] in the south-eastern corner of the temple, and [[Adi Shankaracharya]] established the [[Govardhan Math]], which is the seat of one of the [[Shankaracharya#Establishment of the tradition|four Shankaracharyas]]. It is also of particular significance to the followers of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], whose founder, [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], was attracted to the deity, Jagannath, and lived in Puri for many years.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temple Art, Icons and Culture of India and South-East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vb2fAAAAMAAJ|page=138|author=K. V. Raman|publisher=Sharada Publishing House|year=2006|isbn = 9788188934317|quote=Similarly, places like Srirangam associated with Ramanuja, Udupi (in Karnataka) with Madhvacharya, Pandharpur with the Maharashtra saints like Jnanesvar and Tukaram and Puri Jagannath with Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQWQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT292|title=The Spiritual Heritage of India|author=Swami Prabhavananda|publisher=Routledge|date=9 April 2019|page=292|isbn=9780429627552}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|Jagannath#Origins}}
The temple was rebuilt by the King of the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]], [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]], in the 11th century CE, as described by the Kendupatna copper-plate inscription of his descendant, Narasimhadeva II and [[Rajendra Chola]] from the mother side.{{sfn|Suryanarayan Das|2010|pp=49–50}} Anantavarman was originally a [[Shaivite]], and became a [[Vaishnavite]] sometime after he conquered the [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]] region, in which the temple is located, in 1112 CE. A 1134–1135 CE inscription records his donation to the temple. Therefore, the temple construction must have started sometime after 1112 CE.{{sfn|Suryanarayan Das|2010|p=50}}

[[File:Indika. The country and the people of India and Ceylon (1891) (14767897094).jpg|thumb|Engraving sketch of front gate of Jagannath Temple, 1891]]

According to a story in the temple chronicles, it was founded by [[Anangabhima Deva III|Anangabhimadeva II]]. Different chronicles variously mention the year of construction as 1196, 1197, 1205, 1216, or 1226.{{sfn|Suryanarayan Das|2010|pp=50–51}} This suggests that the temple's construction was completed or that the temple was renovated during the reign of Anantavarman's son, Anangabhima.{{sfn|Suryanarayan Das|2010|p=51}} The temple complex was further developed during the reigns of the subsequent kings, including those of the Ganga dynasty and the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati dynasty]].{{sfn|Suryanarayan Das|2010|pp=51–52}}

The temple annals, the [[Madala Panji]], records that the Jagannath temple has been invaded and plundered eighteen times.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dash |first1=Abhimanyu |date=July 2011 |title=Invasions on the Temple of Lord Jagannath, Puri |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/july/engpdf/82-89.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Orissa Review |pages=82–89 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714125621/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/july/engpdf/82-89.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=4 July 2014}}</ref> The temple is believed to have been attacked by Kalapahad, a Muslim convert general, in the 16th century.<ref name="temple attacked by islamic invaders">{{cite news |date=February 2020 |title=Chausath Yogini Temple Hirapur – A 9TH CE GEM OF ODISHA |url=https://www.inditales.com/chausath-yogini-temple-hirapur-odisha/ |publisher=Anuradha Goyal}}</ref>

==Deities==
Jagannath, Subhadra and Balabhadra are the principal deities worshipped in the temple. The inner [[garbhagriha|sanctum]] of the temple houses images of them, carved from sacred [[neem]] wood (''daru),'' placed on the jewelled platform (''ratnabedi).'' The sanctum also contains the deities [[Sudarshana Chakra]], [[Krishna|Madanmohan]], [[Lakshmi|Sridevi]] and [[Bhudevi|Vishwadhatri]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jagannathtemplepuri.com/article/id/711/deities-in-lord-jagannath-temple |title=Deities in Lord Jagannath Temple – Jagannath Temple |work=jagannathtemplepuri.com |year=2012 |quote=along with Balabhadra, Subhadra, Sudarshan, Madhaba, Sridevi and Bhudevi on the Ratnabedi or the bejewelled platform. |access-date=26 June 2012}}</ref> The deities are adorned with different clothing and ornaments according to the season. Their worship predates the construction of the temple and may have originated in an ancient tribal shrine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/nindia/orissa/jaganath.htm|title=Juggernaut of Puri|access-date=20 September 2006}}</ref> The earliest known reference to Jagannath appears in the [[Oddiyana]] [[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna Tantric]] text ''Jñānasiddhi'' by [[Indrabhuti]], which begins with an invocation of the deity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Donaldson |first= Thomas E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&pg=PA11 |title=Iconography of the Buddhist sculpture of Orissa Volume 1 |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] |year=2001 |location=London |page=11 |isbn=978-8170173755}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Pranipatya Jagannatham Sarvajina Vararchitam.
Sarva Buddha Mayam Siddhi Vyapinam Gaganopamam.<ref>{{cite web|title=JÑĀNASIDDHI|url=https://www.dsbcproject.org/canon-text/content/860/2988|year=2019|publisher=Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon}}</ref>}} In ''Sarala Mahabharata'', [[Sarala Das]] presents Lord Jagannath in multiple forms, emphasizing his connection to Krishna. He also described Lord Jagannath as being one with Krishna, Rama, and Buddha, reflecting a synthesis of the different faith traditions.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Information and Public Relations Department |url=https://archive.org/details/orissa-review-2008-07 |title=Orissa Review (July 2008) |last2=Government of Odisha |date=2008 |others=Government of Odisha Information and Public Relations Department |pages=49}}</ref>

===Legends===
According to legends recorded in ''[[Madala Panji]]'', the construction of the first Jagannath temple was commissioned by King [[Indradyumna]], a [[Malava Kingdom|Malava]] king mentioned in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the ''[[Puranas]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Amalananda Ghosh|title=An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&pg=PA161 |publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-09264-1 |pages=161 |date=December 1990}}</ref>

Indradyumna commissioned the construction of a monument for Jagannath that was intended to be the tallest in the world. The construction was said to measure 1,000 [[cubit]]s (457.2 meters) in height. He invited [[Brahma]], the [[Creator deity#Monolatrism|cosmic creator]], to consecrate the temple and its images.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jagannathpuri-info.net/storypuri.php |title=Sri Jagannath Puri Dham Information – Jagannath |work=jagannathpuri-info.net |year=2012 |quote=The King wanted Lord Brahma to consecrate the temple |access-date=26 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704050957/http://www.jagannathpuri-info.net/storypuri.php |archive-date=4 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to traditional accounts, the origins of the Jagannath temple trace back to the end of the ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'', when the original image of Jagannath was said to have manifested near a banyan tree by the shore in the form of the [[Sapphire|Indranila Mani]] (the Blue Jewel). It was said to be so dazzling that it could grant instant ''[[moksha]].'' The god [[Yama|Dharma]] sought to conceal it within the earth and succeeded. In the ''[[Kali Yuga]]'', Indradyumna wanted to find that mysterious image. To achieve that he performed severe [[Tapas (Indian religions)|penance]]. Vishnu then instructed him to go to the seashore at [[Puri]], where he would find a floating log from which the image could be carved.<ref name="a">{{cite book |last1=Mahanti (Retd) |first1=Col J. C. |title=The Saga of Jagannatha and Badadeula at Puri (Story of Lord Jagannatha and his Temple) |date=1 May 2014 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-82652-45-8 |pages=14–15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QweqCQAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Patra |first1=Avinash |title=Origin & Antiquity of the Cult of Lord Jagannath |date=23 June 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlwTCwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>

Indradyumna then discovered the log of wood. He performed a [[yajna]], from which [[Narasimha]] appeared and instructed that [[Narayana]] be manifested as a [[Caturvyūha|fourfold expansion]]: ''[[Paramatman|Paramatma]]'' as Vasudeva (Krishna),''[[Vyūha|Vyuha]]'' as Samkarshana (Balabhadra), ''[[Yogamaya]]'' as Subhadra, and ''[[Vibha]]va'' as [[Sudarshana Chakra#Etymology|Sudarshana]]. After this, [[Vishwakarma]] appeared in the form of an artisan and prepared images of Jagannath, Balabadra and Subhadra from the tree.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.templenet.com/Orissa/puri.html|title=Jagannath Temple at Puri|access-date=12 September 2006}}</ref>

When this log, radiant with light, was seen floating in the sea, [[Narada]] told the king to make three deities out of it and place them in a pavilion. Indradyumna got Vishwakarma, the architect of gods, to build a magnificent temple to house the deities, and Vishnu himself appeared in the guise of a carpenter to make the deities, on condition that he was to be left undisturbed until he finished the work.<ref name="a"/><ref name="b">{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Suryanarayan |title=Lord Jagannath |date=2010 |publisher=Sanbun Publishers |isbn=978-93-80213-22-4 |pages=42–44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC |language=en}}</ref>

But just after two weeks, the queen of Indradyumna became very anxious. She took the carpenter to be dead as no sound came from the temple. Therefore, she requested the king to open the door. Thus, they went to see Vishnu at work, at which the latter abandoned his work, leaving the deities unfinished. The deity was devoid of any hands. But a divine voice told Indradyumna to install them in the temple. It has also been widely believed that in spite of the deity being without hands, it can watch over the world and be its lord. Thus, the idiom.<ref name="a"/><ref name="b"/>

==Entry and ''Darshan''==
Non-[[Hinduism|Hindus]] (excluding [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Sikhism|Sikhs]], [[Buddhism|Buddhists]]) and foreigners are not permitted to enter the temple.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2014/Jun/engpdf/85-89.pdf|title=Lord Buddha in the Cult of Lord Jagannath|magazine=Odisha Review|date=June 2014|author=Abhimanyu Dash|pages=85–89}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://medium.com/@ashishsarangi/jagannatha-the-jain-connection-2cc1d447d588 | title=Jagannatha — — the Jain Connection | date=7 January 2018 }}</ref> Such a rule is believed to have existed since the temple was built, and at present, it often becomes a subject to controversy and debates that have lasted for several decades.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2009/June/engpdf/107-108.pdf|title=Holy Pilgrimage of Guru Nanak to Puri|first=Jagannath|last=Mohanty|date=June 2009|magazine=Orissa Review|pages=107–108}}</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/puri-temple-in-hindu-gaffe/cid/669426 Puri temple in Hindu gaffe] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115618/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071108/asp/nation/story_8524891.asp |date=4 March 2016 }}, ''The Telegraph, Calcutta'' – 8 November 2007</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iskcon.com/culture/holy_places/j_puri.html|title=Jagannatha Puri|access-date=12 September 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060715031144/http://www.iskcon.com/culture/holy_places/j_puri.html  |archive-date = 15 July 2006}}</ref> According to [[Ganeshi Lal]], the former [[List of governors of Odisha|Governor of Odisha]], foreigners can enter the temple only if he/she can meet the [[Gajapati (title)|Gajapati]] servitors and the [[Shankaracharya]], then he/she could also be allowed to witness Jagannath. But, this theory has not wielded influence yet, and continues to be a subject of longstanding debate.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bisoyi |first=Sujit|title=Puri's Jagannath Temple: Why non-Hindus and foreigners can't enter here|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/jagannath-temple-and-curbs-on-non-hindus-8398182/|work=The Indian Express |date=24 January 2023|access-date=13 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> The temple is open everyday from 5:00 am to 10:30 pm.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jagannath Darshan |url=http://jagannath.nic.in/old/rituals.asp |website=jagannath.nic.in. |publisher=Jagannath Temple Administration |access-date=27 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305013143/http://jagannath.nic.in/old/rituals.asp }}</ref>

==Cultural integrity==
[[File:PURI JAGANATHA TEMPLE, PURI, ORISSA, INDIA, ASIA.jpg|thumb|The Jagannath Temple at night]]
According to historical traditions, Jagannath is believed to have originated as a tribal deity venerated by the Bhil and Sabar communities as a form of Narayana. Another legend identifies him as [[Neela Madhava|Nilamadhava]], a blue-stone image of Narayana that was worshipped by these tribal groups. He was brought to [[Nilagiri]], the blue mountain, or Nilachala, and installed there as Jagannath, in company with [[Balabhadra]] and [[Subhadra]]. Worship of wooden images at the Jagannath temple is claimed to have a distant connection with the Vanvasi, or forest dwellers, who traditionally worship wooden poles. The Daitapatis, who are responsible for performing certain temple rituals, are claimed to be descendants of the [[List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha|hill tribes of Odisha]] and are also believed to be closely related to Jagannath. The cultural history of ''Shrikshetra'', regarded as the [[Culture of Odisha|cultural capital of Odisha]], is traced to the traditions of Hindu tribes. The three deities came to be regarded as the symbols of ''Samyak Darshan'', ''Samyak Jnana,'' and ''Samyak Charita'', together known as [[Ratnatraya]], the triple gems of the [[Jain]] culture, whose assimilation is believed to lead to [[omniscience]] and ''[[moksha]]'' ([[salvation]]).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Barak |first=Pabitra Mohan |date=July 2005 |title=Jainism and Buddhism in Jagannath Culture |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/jul2005/engpdf/jainism_budhism_in_joga-culture.pdf |magazine=magazines.odisha.gov.in |access-date=30 September 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326220258/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/jul2005/engpdf/jainism_budhism_in_joga-culture.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Acharyas and Jagannatha Puri===
Many renowned ''[[acharya]]s'', including [[Madhvacharya]], are believed to have visited this ''[[Kshetram|kshetra]]''. [[Adi Shankara]]charya established the [[Govardhan Math]] here. [[Guru Nanak]] had visited this place with his disciples Bala and Mardana. [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] the founder of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] resided here for 24 years and taught that the love of God can be spread by chanting the [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna mantra]]. [[Vallabha]] is traditionally believed to have visited the temple, where he performed a seven-day recitation of the ''[[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad Bhagavata]]''. His sitting place, known as his ''baithakji'', (literally "seat") remains a notable site and is regarded as evidence of his visit to [[Puri]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Srimandir/srimandirenglish/Epdf/Ech1.pdf |title=Shrikshetra: A Replica of Indian Culture |access-date=8 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410074454/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Srimandir/srimandirenglish/Epdf/Ech1.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2009 }}</ref>

Some of the [[pandit]]s who participated in the recitation said to become jealous of the young Vallabha and sought to test him. The following day was [[Ekadashi]], a fasting observance during which devotees abstain from grains. The pandits offered Vallabha rice ''[[Prasada|prasad]]'' of Lord Jagannath, for which the temple remains renowned. Accepting it would break his vow of fasting, while refusing it would have been seen as disrespectful to Jagannath. Vallabha, with due honor and respect, accepted the prasad in his hand. He remained in the temple, spending the rest of the day and night explaining the [[shloka]]s that extolled the greatness of prasad, and consumed it the following morning after sunrise.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Mad Vallabhacharya Mahaprabhuji {{!}} Shrinathji Temple, Nathdwara|url=https://www.nathdwaratemple.org/shrimahaprabhuji/shri-mad-vallabhacharya-mahaprabhuji|access-date=25 September 2021|website=www.nathdwaratemple.org}}</ref>

The [[Sikh]] [[Arti (Hinduism)|''aarti'']] "''[[Gagan mein thaal]]"'' was recited by the [[Sikh gurus#The gurus|first Sikh guru]], [[Guru Nanak]], in 1506 or 1508,<ref>{{Cite news |title=गुरु नानक देव और उनके द्वारा प्रवर्तित मार्ग |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/tayaarinews/tayaarinews/article1-story-67-67-199585.html |access-date=22 June 2023 |work=Hindustan |date=7 November 2011 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="orgov">{{cite web |url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2012/Feb-March/engpdf/1-6.pdf |title=Orissa Review – Feb–March 2012 |website=orissa.gov.in |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="barusahib">{{Cite web|url = http://www.barusahib.org/Assets/Publications/Natures_Own_Arti.pdf|title = Home|date = 13 November 2013|access-date = 28 September 2023|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023317/http://www.barusahib.org/Assets/Publications/Natures_Own_Arti.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="sikh-heritage">{{Cite web |title=Shree Guru Granth Sahib Ji |url=http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/Scriptures/Guru%20Granth/Guru%20Granth.htm |website=sikh-heritage.co.uk |access-date=22 June 2023}}</ref> during his [[udasi]] (spritiual journey) to [[east India|eastern India]],<ref name="orgov"/><ref name="barusahib"/> at the revered Jagannath Temple, Puri. Unlike traditional ''aarti,'' it is sung without the use of platters, lamps or other ritual implements.

===Char Dham===
{{Char Dham}}
{{Wide image|Bird view of Jagannath Temple, Puri.jpg|500px|Bird's eye view of Jagannath Temple}}
The temple is one of the four [[Vaishnava]] [[Hindu]] pilgrimage sites collectively known as the ''[[Char Dham]]'', the others being [[Rameswaram]], [[Badrinath]] and [[Dwarka]].{{sfn|Mahadev Chakravarti|1986|p=140}} The origins of the Char Dham are uncertain, but the [[Advaita]] school of [[Hinduism]] propagated by [[Adi Shankaracharya]], who established Hindu monastic institutions across India, attributes the origin of Char Dham to the seer.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mittal|first=Sushil|title=The Hindu World|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0-203-64470-0|page=482}}</ref> The four temples are located at the [[Cardinal direction|cardinal points]] of India: [[Badrinath Temple]] in the north at [[Badrinath]], Jagannath Temple in the east at [[Puri]], [[Dwarkadheesh temple, Gujrat|Dwarakadheesh Temple]] in the west at [[Dwarka]] and [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] in the south at [[Rameswaram]]. Although the temples are ideologically associated with different sections of Hinduism, namely [[Shaivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]], the four pilgrimage sites are regarded as integral to [[Hinduism]] as a whole.{{sfn|Norbert C. Brockman|2011|pp=94–96}} The pilgrimage to the four cardinal points of India is regarded as sacred by Hindus, who aspire to visit these temples at least once in their lifetime. Traditionally, the pilgrimage begins at Puri in the east and proceeds clockwise, following the customary practice of [[circumambulation]] in Hindu temples.{{sfn|Paul Gwynne|2017|p=296}}

==Architectural description==
[[File:1910 sketch of plan, Jagannath Temple, Puri Odisha.jpg|thumb|320px|Site plan of Jagannath Temple, {{circa|1910}}
{{Image key
|'''A'''. Main Sanctum (''Garbha-Griha, Deul'')
|'''B'''. Audience Hall (''Jagamohana, Pidha Deul'')
|'''C'''. Dancing Hall (''Nat-Mandap, Nata Mandir'')
|'''D'''. Offering Hall (''Bhoga-Mandap, Bhog Mandir'')
|'''E'''. Main Gate (''Singha Dwara'')
|'''F'''. (''[[Aruna Stambha]]'')
}}]]

The temple complex, which contains at least 120 temples and [[shrine]]s, covers more than {{convert|400000|sqft|m2|order=flip}} and is enclosed by a high fortified wall. The wall, {{convert|20|ft|m|order=flip}} high, is known as ''Meghanada Pacheri''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://samsepuja.in/about-puri.php |title=About Sakhigopal |work=samsepuja.in |year=2012 |quote=The outermost is called 'Meghanad Pacheri' which has a length of 650ft from east to west and breadth of 644ft from north to south direction. The height of Meghanad Pacheri is 20ft and thickness of 6ft |access-date=26 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224200629/http://samsepuja.in/about-puri.php |archive-date=24 February 2015 }}</ref> Another wall, called ''kurma bedha,'' surrounds the main temple.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissa.oriyaonline.com/inside_the_temple.html?page=2 |title=Lord Jagannath:Inside the temple of the lord, Jagannath Puri, Jagannath Temple, Orissa |work=orissa.oriyaonline.com |year=2012 |quote=and kurma Bedha (the inner wall) or the inner enclosure of the Jagannath temple i |access-date=26 June 2012 |archive-date=27 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527144258/http://www.orissa.oriyaonline.com/inside_the_temple.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> With its sculptural richness and the fluidity of [[Kalinga architecture]], it is regarded as one of the most magnificent temples in India.<ref name="odissi">{{cite web|url=http://www.odissi.com/orissa/jagannath.htm|title=Sri Jagannath|access-date=12 September 2006|archive-date=24 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724193307/http://www.odissi.com/orissa/jagannath.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> he temple comprises four distinct sections: the ''deula''; the ''vimana'' (''garbhagriha'' or sanctum sanctorum), where the triad deities are placed on the ''ratnavedi'' (“throne of pearls”); the ''mukhashala'' (frontal porch); the ''natamandapa'', also known as the ''jagamohan'' (audience or dancing hall); and the ''bhogamandapa'' (offerings hall). In the ''Rekha Deula'' style, these elements appear in sequence, with the ''vimana'' forming the main tower and the associated halls extending westward.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.7wonders.org/wonders/asia/india/puri/jagannath-temple.aspx |title=Jagannath Temple, India – 7 wonders |work=7wonders.org |year=2012 |quote=The temple is divided into four chambers: Bhogmandir, Natamandir, Jagamohana and Deul |access-date=2 July 2012 |archive-date=12 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612083058/http://www.7wonders.org/wonders/asia/india/puri/jagannath-temple.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The main temple is curvilinear in design, and its summit is crowned by the ''Nila chakra'', an eight-spoked wheel associated with [[Vishnu]]. It is crafted from [[Ashtadhatu|a''shtadhatu'']], an [[alloy]] of eight metals, and is regarded as sacrosanct.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.orissatourism.org/jagannath-temple/architecture-of-temple.html |title= Architecture of Jagannath Temple, Jagannath Puri Architecture, Puri Jagannath Temple India. |work= orissatourism.org |year= 2012 |quote= wheel on top of the Jagannath Temple made of an alloy of eight metals ([[astadhatu]]). It is called the Nila Chakra (Blue Wheel) |access-date= 2 July 2012 |archive-date= 12 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121012013150/http://www.orissatourism.org/jagannath-temple/architecture-of-temple.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> Among the temples of Odisha, the Jagannath temple is the tallest. Its tower, constructed on a raised stone platform, rises {{convert|214|ft|m|order=flip}} above the inner sanctum where the deities reside and dominates the surrounding landscape. The [[pyramidal]] roofs of the surrounding temples and adjoining halls, or [[mandapa]]s, rise in tiers toward the tower, resembling a ridge of mountain peaks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultureholidays.com/Temples/jagannath.htm|title=Jagannath Temple, Orrisa|access-date=20 September 2006|archive-date=17 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517022040/http://www.cultureholidays.com/Temples/jagannath.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===''Nila Chakra''===
The ''Nila [[Chakram|Chakra]]'' (lit. "blue discus") is mounted atop the [[shikhara]] of the Jagannath temple. By custom, a different flag is hoisted on the Nila Chakra each day. The flag hoisted on the Nila Chakra is called the ''[[Patita Pavana]]'' (lit. "Purifier of the Fallen"), and is equivalent to the image of the deities placed in the sanctum sanctorum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gopaljiu.org/excerpts/kk_13_history_pp_40-43.pdf |title= Jagannatha's British 'Guardian' |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225323/http://gopaljiu.org/excerpts/kk_13_history_pp_40-43.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>

The ''Nila Chakra'' is a disc with eight [[Navagunjara|''Navagunjaras'']] carved along its outer circumference, all facing the flagpost above. It is made of ''ashtadhatu'' and measures {{convert|3.5|m|ft}} in height, with a circumference of about {{convert|11|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://puriwaves.nirmalya.in/photo_news/nilachakra-is-now-repairing-by-archaeological-survey-of-india,%20https://puriwaves.nirmalya.in/photo_news/nilachakra-is-now-repairing-by-archaeological-survey-of-india|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312070559/http://puriwaves.nirmalya.in/photo_news/nilachakra-is-now-repairing-by-archaeological-survey-of-india|url-status=dead|title=Nilachakra is now repairing by Archaeological Survey of India — PURIWAVES|date=15 July 2010|archivedate=12 March 2016}}</ref>

===The ''Singhadwara''===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:Singhadwara.jpg|The ''Singhadwara'' in 1870, with lion sculptures and the [[Aruna Stambha]] in the foreground
File:Jagannath Temple View,Puri.jpg|The ''Singhadhwara'' of the temple complex, with the main temple spire in the background
File:ସିଂହଦ୍ଵାର ଗୁମୁଟ.jpg|Statue of [[Aruna (Hinduism)|Aruna]], charioteer of [[Surya]], atop the Aruna Stambha in front of the ''Singhadwara''
File:Jagannath Temple - Lions Gate (26653368174).jpg|The ''Singhadwara'' of the temple at present
</gallery>
The ''Singhadwara'' ([[Sanskrit]] for "Lion Gate") is one of the four gates of the temple, and serves as the main entrance. It is named for the large statue of crouching lion positioned on either side of the gateway. The gate faces east, opening onto the ''Bada Danda'' (the "Grand Road").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fullodisha.com/about-temple/ |title=About Temple – Devotee Care Center |work=devoteecare.fullorissa.com |year=2012 |quote=Two colossal lions flank the Purba Dwara (Eastern Gate) also known as Singha Dwara. This is a mini tower and the main entrance to the temple |access-date=28 September 2012 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The ''Baisi Pahacha'', a flight of twenty-two steps, leads into the temple complex. A representation of Jagannath known as ''Patita Pavana'' (Sanskrit for "savior of the downtrodden and the fallen") is painted on the right side of the entrance. In ancient times, when untouchables were not allowed inside the temple, they could pray to the Patita Pavana. The statues of the temple guards, [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya and Vijaya]], stand on either side of the doorway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odissi.com/orissa/jagannath.htm|title=Sri Jagannath Temple|access-date=20 September 2006|archive-date=24 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724193307/http://www.odissi.com/orissa/jagannath.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shortly before the commencement of the [[Ratha Yatra]], the deities Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra are taken out of the temple through this gate. On their return from the [[Gundicha Temple]], they must ceremonially placate [[Lakshmi|Goddess Lakshmi]], whose image is carved atop the door, for neglecting to take her with them on the Yatra. Only then does the goddess grant them permission to enter the temple. A sixteen-sided monolithic pillar, known as the [[Aruna Stambha]], stands in front of the main gate. At its top is an idol of [[Aruna (Hinduism)|Aruna]], the charioteer of the [[Solar deity|sun god]] [[Surya]]. Prior to its current location, the Aruna Stambha stood at the [[Konark Sun Temple]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_konark_maintemple.asp|title=Main Temple Complex – Sun Temple, Konarak – Archaeological Survey of India|work=asi.nic.in|year=2011|quote=To the front of the eastern staircase of the porch, once stood the free-standing chlorite pillar, the dhvaja-stambha, with Aruna, the charioteer of Surya as the crowning element|access-date=5 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108041519/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_konark_maintemple.asp|archive-date=8 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://puriwaves.nirmalya.in/feature-article/aruna-stambha |title=Aruna Stambha | PURIWAVES |work=puriwaves.nirmalya.in |year=2012 |quote=this Pillar was a part of Sun Temple Of Konark and was located in front of Sun Temple |access-date=5 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605232509/http://puriwaves.nirmalya.in/feature-article/aruna-stambha |archive-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was later brought from [[Konark]] by the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha guru]] Brahmachari Gosain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jun2004/englishpdf/pillar.pdf |title=The Pillars of Homage to Lord Jagannatha |first=Prajna Paramita |last=Behera |work=Orissa Review |year=2004 |access-date=5 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222061656/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jun2004/englishpdf/pillar.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>

===Other entrances===
[[File:Ashwadwara (Horse Gate) of Jagannath temple, Puri.JPG|thumb|150px|right|The Ashwadwara Gate]]
Apart from the Singhadwara, the temple's main entrance, there are three other entrances facing north, south and west. Named for the animal sculptures that guard them, they are the ''Hathidwara (''Elephant Gate), the ''Vyaghradwara (''Tiger Gate) and the ''Ashwadwara'' (Horse Gate).<ref name="official">{{cite web |title=THE TEMPLE OF JAGANNATHA |url=http://jagannath.nic.in/pdf/THE%20TEMPLE%20OF%20JAGANNATHA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530073442/http://jagannath.nic.in/pdf/THE%20TEMPLE%20OF%20JAGANNATHA.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2013 |access-date=25 November 2012 |work=Official site of Jagannath temple |publisher=Shree Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri }}</ref>

===Minor temples===
[[File:Minor temples in Jagannath Puri.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Cluster of minor temples in the southern part of Jagannath temple complex, including the [[Vimala Temple]] (extreme right), c. 1890]]
Within the temple complex, there are about thirty smaller temples and shrines where active worship is regularly conducted.<ref name="official" /> Several of these are considered significant and are generally visited before entering the main Jagannath temple.<ref name="official" /> Notable examples include the [[Ganesha]] Temple near the ''kalpavata'' [[Banyan|banyan tree]], [[Vimala Temple]], Nilamadhaba Temple, Gopalaballava Temple and Lakshmi Temple.

The [[Vimala Temple]] (Bimala Temple) is regarded as one of the most important of the [[Shakta pithas]].<ref name="official" /> It is situated near [[Pancha Tirtha of Puri|Rohini Kund]] within the temple complex. The food offered to Jagannath is not considered [[Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)|Mahaprasad]] until it is offered to Goddess Vimala.<ref name="official" /> The [[Lakshmi]]<nowiki/>temple, dedicated to the consort of Jagannath, plays an important role in the rituals of the main temple.<ref name="official" />

There are additional shrines within the complex dedicated to [[Uchchhishta Ganapati|Kanchi Ganesha]], [[Shiva]], [[Surya]], [[Saraswati]], [[Bhuvaneshwari]], [[Narasimha]], [[Rama]], and [[Hanuman]].<ref name="official" />

===The Mandapas===
[[File:Dola Mandap.jpg|thumb|150px|right|The ''[[Dol Purnima#Etymology and references in literature|Dola Mandapa]]'' in 1890, where the annual ''[[Dol Purnima#Etymology and references in literature|Dol Yatra]]'' is held.]]
There are many [[mandapa]]s, or pillared halls on raised platforms, within the temple complex that serves as venues for religious congregations. The most prominent is the [[Mukti Mandapa]], the congregation hall associated with the holy seat of selected learned Brahmins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jagannath.orissaculture.com/Jagannath%20Temple/Sanctuary.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711135903/http://jagannath.orissaculture.com/Jagannath%20Temple/Sanctuary.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2012 |title=JAGANNATH TEMPLE, SANCTUARIES, MANDAPS OF LORD JAGANNATH TEMPLE PURI |work=jagannath.orissaculture.com |year=2009 |quote=It is allowed only for Sankaracharya, Brahmins of 16 sasans and for Jhulan yatra. |access-date=26 June 2012 }}</ref>

==Daily food offerings==
{{Main|Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)}}
Daily offerings are made to the deity six times a day. These include:
* The ''Gopala Vallabha Bhoga'', the morning offering regarded as the deity's breakfast. It consists of seven items: ''[[Khoa]]'', ''Lahuni'', sweetened coconut grating, coconut water, and rice grain sweetened with sugar known as ''Khai'', curd and ripe bananas.
** The next offering, ''Sakala Dhupa'', is made at about 10 am. It generally includes thirteen items, including the ''[[Enduri pitha]]'' and the ''Mantha puli''.
* The next offering, ''Bada Sankhudi Bhoga'', consist of ''[[Pakhala]]'' with curd and ''[[Kanji (food)|Kanji]] payas''. The offerings are made in the ''Bhog Mandapa'', located about {{convert|200|ft|m|order=flip}} from the ''Ratnabedi''. This ritual is called the ''Chatra Bhog'', and is traditionally attributed to [[Adi Shankaracharya]], who is believed to have introduced it in the eighth century to enable pilgrims to share the temple food.
* ''Madhyanha dhupa'' forms the next offering at the noon.
* The evening offering to the deity, ''Sandhya Dhupa'', is performed at around 8 p.m.
* The final offering of the day to the deity is called ''Bada Singhara Bhoga''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jagannath.nic.in/old/rituals.asp |title=Rituals of LORDS |work=jagannath.nic.in |quote=This is the last bhoga of the day. |access-date=25 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209023113/http://jagannath.nic.in/old/rituals.asp |archive-date=9 December 2012 }}</ref>

== Shopping in Swargadwar Market ==
Swargadwar Market in Puri is known for its vibrant collection of souvenirs and local handicrafts. Visitors can find a variety of items, including Jagannath murtis (idols), sankhs (conch shells), Pattachitra paintings, seashell crafts, and Odisha handlooms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shopping in Puri |url=https://www.odishatourism.gov.in |publisher=Odisha Tourism |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref> Bargaining is common in the market, allowing travellers to negotiate prices for unique mementos of their trip.

==Rosaghara==
{{Main|Rosaghara}}
The temple's kitchen is the second largest in the world.<ref name="odissi"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gods-own-kitchen-vies-for-no-record/27113-3.html |title=God's own kitchen vies for no record – India News – IBNLive |first=Jajati |last=Karan |work=ibnlive.in.com |year=2009 |quote=the Jagannath temple in Puri has the world's largest kitchen that can feed more than one lakh people at a time |access-date=2 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228095851/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gods-own-kitchen-vies-for-no-record/27113-3.html |archive-date=28 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/06-11/features2128.htm |title=The Sampradaya Sun – Independent Vaisnava News – Feature Stories – June 2011 |work=harekrsna.com |year=2011 |quote=Not only is it the largest temple kitchen in the world |access-date=26 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nilachakra.org/AmazingOrissa.htm |title=Amazing Orissa |work=nilachakra.org |year=2011 |quote=The Jagannath temple kitchen at Puri is reputed to be the largest kitchen in the world |access-date=2 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326065319/http://nilachakra.org/AmazingOrissa.htm |archive-date=26 March 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to tradition, all ''[[Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)|Mahaprasad]]'' cooked in the temple kitchen is supervised by [[Lakshmi|Goddess Lakshmi]], regarded as the empress of the temple. It is believed that if the food contains any fault in it, a [[Dogs in religion#Hinduism|shadow dog]] appears near the kitchen as a sign of her displeasure. When the shadow dog is sighted, the food is promptly buried and a new batch is prepared.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fullodisha.com/shree-jagannath/ |title=Kitchen of Lord Jagannath – Devotee Care Center |work=devoteecare.fullorissa.com |year=2012 |quote=If the dog is seen, all the food must be buried and prepared again |access-date=28 September 2012 |archive-date=18 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318040703/http://www.fullodisha.com/shree-jagannath/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> All fifty-six varieties of food are vegetarian and cooked without onions or garlic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitodisha.net/jagannath-temple.html |title=Jagannath Temple, Jagannath Puri, Jagannath Temple Puri, Jagannath Temple of Puri, Jagannath Temple Odisha, Jagannath Temple Orissa |work=visitodisha.net |year=2012 |quote=The Prasad is prepared in a very traditional way, without using onion, garlic, chillies |access-date=28 September 2012 |archive-date=26 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926180616/http://www.visitodisha.net/jagannath-temple.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Festivals==
{{main|List of festivals observed at Jagannatha Temple, Puri}}
[[File:Puri Rath Yatra by Fergusson.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Ratha Yatra]] festival in [[Puri]], a painting by [[James Fergusson (architect)|James Fergusson]]]]
Numerous festivals are held in the temple complex each year, attracting millions of people. Some of the principal festivals celebrated include Anavasara, ''Ratha Yatra, Niladri Bije, Gupta Gundicha,'' ''Nabakalebara,'' and ''Pana Sankranti'' (or [[Vishuva Sankranti]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fullodisha.com/puri/temple_festivals.htm |title=Festivals of lord jagannath, puri festivals |work=fullorissa.com |year=2010 |quote=Pana Sankranti or Mahabishuba sankranti: |access-date=16 May 2012 |archive-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524154218/http://www.fullodisha.com/puri/temple_festivals.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Anavasara or Anasara===
{{main|Snana Yatra}}
Every year, the principal deities -[[Jagannath]], [[Balabhadra]], [[Subhadra]] and [[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudarshan]]- retire to a secluded chamber called ''Anavasara Ghar'' after the holy ''Snana Yatra'' on ''[[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]] [[Purnima (day)|Purnima]]'', where they remain for the following dark fortnight, or ''[[Krishna Paksha]]''. According to tradition, the deities are believed to fall ill after undergoing the ceremonial bathing ritual, and they are tended for fifteen days by the special servitors known as ''Daitapatis''. During this period, cooked food is not offered to the deities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nilachakra.org/Temple/festivals.htm |title=Festivals of Lord Sri Jagannath |work=nilachakra.org |year=2010 |quote=suffer from fever on the account of elaborate bath and for that they are kept in dietary provisions (No cooked food is served) and are nursed by the Daitas |access-date=16 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022015102/http://nilachakra.org/Temple/festivals.htm |archive-date=22 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hence, devotees are not permitted to view the deities, and instead offer worship at the nearby temple of [[Alarnatha Mandira|Alarnath]] at [[Brahmagiri, Odisha|Brahmagiri]], where a four-armed [[Vishnu]] is revered as a manifestation of Jagannath.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=Alarnatha – Articles – Jagannath Dham |url=http://www.jagannathdham.com/alarnatha/ |access-date=16 May 2012 |work=jagannathdham.com |quote=peoples believe that Lord Jagannath during this time manifests as Alarnath Dev,}}</ref> Devotees received their first glimpse of the deities on the day before [[Ratha Yatra]], an occasion known as ''Navayouvana''.

===Ratha Yatra at Puri===
{{Main|Ratha Yatra (Puri)}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:Procession at the Temple of Jagannath in July, 1818.jpg|Artwork depicting the Ratha Yatra in Puri, 1818
File:Rath Yatra, Puri, 1895 sketch.png|Drawing of Ratha Yatra, Puri, from the book, ''Account Of The Temple Of Jagannath, 1895''
File:Rath Yatra Puri 07-11027.jpg|The Ratha Yatra in Puri in modern times, showing the three ''raths'' with the temple in the background
</gallery>
[[File:Jagannath 4 - Pahandi bije.jpg|thumb|''Pahandi Bije'' during the Ratha Yatra at Puri]]
The [[Jagannath]] triad is usually worshipped in the [[sanctum sanctorum]] of the Puri temple. However, during the month of [[Ashadha]], the monsoon month that usually falls in June or July, the deities are brought out onto the ''Bada Danda'' (Grand Road) and taken in huge chariots (''[[ratha]]'') to the [[Gundicha Temple]], about 3 km away, allowing the public to have the ''[[Darshana (Indian religions)#In Hinduism|darshana]]'', or the holy view, of the deities. This festival is known as Ratha Yatra, meaning the journey (''[[yatra]]'') of the chariots (''raths''). The ''rathas'' are large wheeled wooden structures that are newly constructed each year and are pulled by devotees using ropes. Jagannath's ''ratha'' is approximately {{convert|45|ft|m|order=flip}} high and {{convert|35|ft|m|order=flip}} wide, and requires about two months to build.{{sfn|O. M. Starza|1993|p=16}} The artists and painters of Puri decorate the chariots with painted flower petals and other motifs on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the panel behind the throne.{{sfn|Das|1982|p=40}} The massive chariots of Jagannath pulled during Ratha Yatra are the etymological origin of the English word '[[Juggernaut]]'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Juggernaut-Definition and Meaning|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/juggernaut|publisher=Merriam Webster Dictionary|access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref> The Ratha Yatra is also known as ''Shri Gundicha Yatra''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Patra |first1=Avinash |title=Origin & Antiquity of the Cult of Lord Jagannath |date=23 June 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlwTCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Gundicha+yatra%22&pg=PA8}}</ref>

The most significant ritual associated with the Ratha Yatra is the ''Chhera Pahara'' (literally, "sweeping with water"). During the festival, the [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati king]] dresses as a sweeper and ceremonially sweeps around the deities and their chariots. The king cleanses the road before the chariots with a gold-handled broom and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder with devotion. According to custom, although the Gajapati King is regarded as the most exalted person in the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] kingdom, he still performs menial service to Jagannath. The ritual signifies that under the lordship of Jagannath, there is no distinction between the powerful sovereign and the most humble devotee.<ref>{{cite news|last=Karan|first=Jajati|title=Lord Jagannath yatra to begin soon|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lord-jagannath-yatra-to-begin-soon/68263-3-2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215117/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lord-jagannath-yatra-to-begin-soon/68263-3-2.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2014|access-date=28 November 2012|newspaper=IBN Live|date=4 July 2008}}</ref>

Moreover, the ruling [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty|dynasty]] instituted the Ratha Yatra upon the completion of the great temple around 1150 CE. This festival was among the earliest Hindu festivals that was reported to the [[Western world]]. [[Odoric of Pordenone]], a [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] [[friar]] from what is now [[Pordenone]] in [[Italy]], visited India between 1316 and 1318, about twenty years after [[Marco Polo]] had dictated the account of [[The Travels of Marco Polo|his travels]] while imprisoned in [[Genoa]].{{sfn|O. M. Starza|1993|p=133}}{{sfn|Partha Mitter|1992|p=3}} In his 1321 account, Odoric described how the people placed the deities on chariots, and how the king, queen and the populace drew them from the "church" accompanied by song and music.{{sfn|O. M. Starza|1993|p=129}}{{sfn|Das|1982|p=48}}

===''Niladri Bije''===
Celebrated on ''[[Ashadha]] [[Thrayodashi|Trayodashi]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nilachakra.org/Temple/festivals.htm |title=Festivals of Lord Sri Jagannath |work=nilachakra.org |year=2010 |quote=NILADRI BIJE – Celebrated on 13th day of bright fortnight of Asadha. |access-date=3 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022015102/http://nilachakra.org/Temple/festivals.htm |archive-date=22 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Niladri Bije'' marks the concluding day of Ratha Yatra. On this day, the deities return to the ''Ratnabedi''.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.oneindia.com/2007/07/26/ocean-of-devotees-on-grand-road-to-witness-sunavesh-1185471289.html |title=Ocean of devotees on Grand road to witness Sunavesh |work=Oneindia |year=2012 |quote=entering in to the sanctum sanctorum popularly called Niladri Bije |access-date=3 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://puriwaves.nirmalya.in/rathyatra2011/niladri-bije-lord-jagannath-returning-to-shree-mandir |title=Niladri Bije – Lord Jagannath Returning to Shree Mandir | PURIWAVES |work=puriwaves.nirmalya.in |year=2012 |quote='Niladri Bije', the return journey to Shree Mandir. It is the welcome festival of Lord Jagannath to Shree Mandir |access-date=3 July 2012}}</ref> At this point, Jagannath offers ''[[rasgulla]]'' to Goddess Lakshmi in order to reenter the temple.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/chandigarh/77507-lord-jagannath-placates-angry-mahalakshmi-reenters-temple.html |title=Lord Jagannath placates angry Mahalakshmi, reenters temple |work=The Pioneer|location=India |year=2012 |quote=Jagannath then offers Mahalakshmi rasgullas to placate her and to forgive him |access-date=3 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Rasagola Dibasa: Day Lord Jagannath offered Goddess Laxmi Rasgulla to please her |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/rasagola-dibasa-odisha-goddess-laxmi-lord-jagannath-rath-yatra-1022726-2017-07-06 |access-date=30 September 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=7 July 2017}}</ref>

===Gupta Gundicha===
It is celebrated for sixteen days from [[Dvitiya|''Krishna Dwitiya'']] of the month of [[Ashvin (month)|''Ashwin'']] to ''[[Vijayadashami]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101011/jsp/orissa/story_13041645.jsp |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120619092615/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101011/jsp/orissa/story_13041645.jsp |url-status= dead |archive-date= 19 June 2012 |title=The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) | Gupta Gundicha attracts devotees |first= Namita |last=Panda |work=The Telegraph|quote=Beginning from Ashwina Krishna dwitiya to the last day of Dusherra, |access-date=20 December 2012 |location=Calcutta, India |date=11 October 2010}}</ref> As per tradition, [[Madhava (Vishnu)|''Madhava'']], along with ''[[Durga]]'' (known as ''Durgamadhaba'') is taken on a procession around the temple premises. The procession within the temple is observed for the first eight days. During the following next eight days, the deities are carried outside the temple on a palanquin to the nearby [[Yogamaya|''Narayani'']] Temple located in the Dola mandapa lane. After the rituals are completed, they are brought back to the temple.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://puriwaves.nirmalya.in/festivals/gupta-gundicha-in-srikhetra |title=Gupta Gundicha in Srikhetra – Start of Durga Madhab worshiping | PURIWAVES |work=puriwaves.nirmalya.in |quote=The Vimanbadu servants ( who carry the chariot) carry Sri Durga – Madhab ( Sri Jagannath & Jaya Durga ) in a chariot to the temple of Narayani at Dolamandap Sahi. |access-date=20 December 2012}}</ref>

===Nabakalebara===
{{main|Nabakalevara}}

[[Nabakalevara|''Nabakalabera'']] is a ritual associated with Jagannath,<ref>{{cite web |title=Showing posts with label Jagannatha Nabakalebara |url=https://www.divinechariots.com/search/label/Jagannatha%20Nabakalebara?&max-results=10 |website=Divine Chariots |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809073148/https://www.divinechariots.com/search/label/Jagannatha%20Nabakalebara?&max-results=10 |archive-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> obsereved every eight, twelve or nineteen years, when one [[lunar month]] of ''[[Ashadha]]'' is followed by another. Meaning "new body", the ritual involves installation of new images in the Jagannath Temple and the burial of the old images at the temple at ''Koili Vaikuntha''. The festival is attended by millions of people and its budget exceeds {{INRConvert|41000000}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/30988-puri-gearing-up-for-2015-nabakalebar.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162629/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/30988-puri-gearing-up-for-2015-nabakalebar.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 14 July 2014 |title=Puri gearing up for 2015 Nabakalebar |work=The Pioneer|location=India |year=2011 |quote=Nabakalebar ritual of Lord Jagannath to be held in 2015, |access-date=4 January 2013}}</ref> More than three million devotees are estimated to have visited the temple during the ''Nabakalevara'' of 2015, making it one of the most widely attended festivals in the world.<ref>{{cite news|title=Plans afoot to manage Nabakalebar crowd|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Plans-afoot-to-manage-Nabakalebar-crowd/articleshow/38249498.cms|access-date=13 July 2014|work=The Times of India|date=12 July 2014}}</ref>

==Management==
[[File:Shri Jagannath Temple,Puri.jpg|thumb|The backside of the Jagannath temple with the ''Koili Baikuntha'' garden in the foreground]]
After independence, the [[Government of Odisha]], with a view to getting better administrative system, passed "The Puri Shri Jagannath Temple (Administration) Act, 1952".<ref name="Google books">{{cite book|last1=Manti|first1=J.C.|title=The Saga of Jagannatha and Badadeula at Puri|page=100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKUkLzqNv64C&q=Jagannath+temple+administration%2F+act&pg=PA169|access-date=1 July 2015|isbn=9788176257473|year=2007|publisher=Sarup & Sons }}</ref>

[[Dibyasingha Deba]], the incumbent [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati king]] of [[Puri]], serves as the ''adhyasevak'' (chief servitor) of the temple.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.oneindia.com/2007/12/15/jagannath-temple-servitors-oppose-untimely-iskon-rathyatra-1197709383.html |title=Jagannath temple servitors oppose untimely ISKON Rathyatra |work=Oneindia |year=2012 |quote=Gajapati King, who is considered as the chief ''servitor'' of the temple |access-date=28 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissa.oriyaonline.com/jagannath_sevayats.html?page=show |title=Lord Jagannath:Sevayats, complete list of servitors of Lord Jagannath, Jagannath Puri, Jagannath Temple, Orissa |work=orissa.oriyaonline.com |quote=The Gajapati (The King of Puri) is treated as the first and foremost Servitor of the Temple |access-date=28 September 2012 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102183608/http://www.orissa.oriyaonline.com/jagannath_sevayats.html?page=show |url-status=dead }}</ref> He assumed the role in 1970 at the age of 17, following the death of his father, Birakishore Deb, the then King of Puri.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/I-can-walk-and-not-take-the-palanquin/articleshow/9055604.cms |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130216065140/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-30/bhubaneswar/29721576_1_car-festival-jagannath-temple-grand-road |url-status= live |archive-date= 16 February 2013 |title=I can walk and not take the palanquin' |year=2011|quote=I ascended the throne in July 1970 when my father Gajapati Birakishore Deb died in the midst of the car festival. I was then only 17 |work= [[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 January 2013}}</ref>

==Security==
The security at the temple has increased ahead of [[Ratha Yatra]], the homecoming festival of the deities of Jagannath temple. In the wake of terror alert on 27 June 2012, the security forces were increased to ensure smooth functioning of the crowded Ratha Yatra and [[Suna Besha]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Terror-alert-in-Puri-security-tightened/articleshow/14431660.cms | title=Terror alert in Puri, security tightened| date=27 June 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref> As part of the modernisation of the temple premises and surroundings, the temple's security force has been further advanced, such as 44 police platoons with 30 police officers each, and 135 CCTV cameras with advanced face-scanning technology have been installed in the premises, to cater to more pilgrims and visitors and provide them with enhanced security.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohapatra|first=Debabrata|title=Iconic Puri Jagannath corridor equipped with advanced CCTV facial recognition cover|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/iconic-puri-jagannath-corridor-equipped-with-advanced-cctv-facial-recognition-cover/articleshow/106781469.cms|work=The Times of India|date=12 January 2024|access-date=15 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> To enhance aerial security and prevent unauthorized drone flights, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) on 25 September 2025 declared a “Red Zone,” a more stringent category than the earlier “No‑Fly Zone” classification.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karim |first=Mohammed |date=11 October 2025 |title=DGCA declares Puri Jagannath Temple as 'Red Zone' for 3 years; anti-drone systems deployed |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/dgca-declares-puri-jagannath-temple-as-red-zone-for-3-years-anti-drone-systems-deployed-10550975 |access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref>

==Shree Jagannath Heritage Corridor==
{{Main|Shree Jagannath Heritage Corridor, Puri}}
[[File:Gajapati Maharaja Dibyasingha Deb 2.jpg|thumb|Shri Dibyasingha Deb, the incumbent Chief Servitor of the Temple]]
The ''Shree Mandir Parikrama'', also known as the Shree Jagannath Heritage Corridor (SJHC), is a 75-metre-wide corridor surrounding the Jagannath temple.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title=Puri's Jagannath Temple Gets Approval For Heritage Corridor Project |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/puris-jagannath-temple-gets-approval-for-heritage-corridor-project-2371826 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref> It was developed to create an expansive and unobstructed pathway around the ''Meghanad Pacheri,'' allowing devotees and pilgrims to have better view, ''[[Darshana (Indian religions)#In Hinduism|darshan]],'' of the Temple, ''Nila Chakra'' and ''Meghanad Pacheri.''<ref name=":1" /> The project is conceptually similar to the Kashi Vishwanath Corridor that surrounds the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] in [[Varanasi]]. The corridor provides a range of facilities and amenities to offer pilgrims and visitors a hassle-free experience while enhancing the safety and security of the temple and the devotees.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Shreemandira Parikrama|url=https://shreemandiraparikrama.org/about#heritageCorridor|website=Shree Jagannatha Temple Administration|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115152233/https://shreemandiraparikrama.org/about#heritageCorridor|url-status=dead}}</ref> Construction began after [[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister]] [[Naveen Patnaik]] and [[Dibyasingha Deba]] -the incumbent King of the [[Gajapati Empire]] of Puri and the ''adhyasevak'' (chief servitor) of the Jagannath temple- laid the [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] in November 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=Foundation stone laid for Rs 331 cr heritage corridor project in Puri|url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-infrastructure/foundation-stone-laid-for-rs-331cr-heritage-corridor-project-in-puri/87904375|work=ET Infra|date=17 November 2021|access-date=15 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> The corridor was inaugurated and opened to the public by Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik and King Dibyasingha Deba on 17 January 2024.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohanty|first=Debabrata|title=Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik inaugurates Jagannath temple corridor project|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/odisha-cm-naveen-patnaik-inaugurates-jagannath-temple-corridor-project-101705492113716.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=17 January 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|language=en}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==See also==
*[[Jagannath Temple, Digha]]
* [[History of Odisha]]
* [[Historic sites in Odisha|List of historic sites in Odisha]]
* [[Jagannath]]
* [[Indradyumna]]
* [[Char Dham]]
* [[Vaishnavism]]
* [[Chanakya]]
* [[Guru Nanak]]
* [[Kalinga architecture]]
* [[Gajapati Empire]]
* [[Dibyasingha Deba]]
* [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
* [[Shree Jagannath Heritage Corridor, Puri]]
* [[Konark Sun Temple]]
* [[Lingaraj Temple]]
* [[Kashi Vishwanath temple]]
* [[Chari Kshetra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Avinash Patra |title=Origin & Antiquity of the Cult of Lord Jagannath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlwTCwAAQBAJ |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}
* {{cite book |first=J. P. |last=Das |title=Puri Paintings: The Chitrakara and His Work |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvzVAAAAMAAJ |year=1982 |publisher=Prafulla |isbn=978-81-901589-7-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Mahadev Chakravarti |title=The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through the Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMFwMHH4HzMC |year=1986 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0053-3 }}
* {{Cite book |author=Norbert C. Brockman |title= Encyclopedia of Sacred Places |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=California |isbn=978-1-59884-655-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNZ15Oow8XcC&q=char+dham&pg=PA94 }}
* {{cite book |author=O. M. Starza |title=The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art, and Cult |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4bV3beb0n8C&pg=PA72 |year=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-09673-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Partha Mitter |title=Much Maligned Monsters: A History of European Reactions to Indian Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mv59F9FoY2MC |year=1992 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53239-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Paul Gwynne |title=World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sU8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA296 |year=2017 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-97228-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Suryanarayan Das |title=Lord Jagannath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC&pg=PA49 |year=2010 |publisher=Sanbun |isbn=978-93-80213-22-4 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jagannath Temple, Puri}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikivoyage|Jagannath Temple}}

* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc370720.html Puruṣottama-kṣetra-māhātmya, Skanda Purana]
* {{Official website}}
* [https://puri.nic.in/tourist-place/shreejagannath/ Sri Jagannath Temple – Jagannath Dharma] (Official website of the Puri district administration)
* [https://www.google.com/maps/@19.8046193,85.8193112,3a,75y,275.12h,83.01t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sAF1QipOSoOv73JbJAKBMyrQ-l8hUnoOMoNpo7KZmHgJj!2e10!7i5376!8i2688 Street View around Jagannath Temple]

{{Jagannath}}
{{Vishnu temples}}
{{Krishna}}
{{Hindu temples in Odisha}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jagannath Temple Complex]]
[[Category:Char Dham temples]]
[[Category:Jagannath temples]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Odisha]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Puri]]
[[Category:Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]

Yendluri Sudhakar

2026-03-26T09:40:46Z

Svetlanazrc: Started new details

{{Short description|Telugu Dalit writer}}
{{Expand Telugu|ఎండ్లూరి సుధాకర్|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox author
| name = Yendluri Sudhakar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1958|1|21}}
| birth_place = Pamula Basti, [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]], Telangana, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2022|1|28|1958|1|21}}
|education = {{Plainlist|
* [[Osmania University]] (MA, Phil)
* [[Potti Sriramulu Telugu University]] (PhD)
}}
| occupation = Professor
| notable_works = Speaking Sandals: Narratives from the Madigawadas of Ongole
| image =
}}

'''Yendluri Sudhakar Rao''' (21 January 1958 – 28 January 2022) was a prominent [[Dalit literature|Dalit writer]] and academic. He was a member of the jury of the [[Sahitya Akademi]] and a member of the Telugu Advisory Council.

== Early life ==
Yendluri was born on 21 January 1959 in his grandmother's house in Pamula Basti, [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=28 January 2022 |title=Dalit writer passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/dalit-writer-passes-away/article38340000.ece |access-date=2025-06-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was the first child of Devaiah and Shantabai. He had two younger brothers and two younger sisters. His education began in a street school in [[Hyderabad]]. He studied Oriental Studies at Nallakunta Oriental College. Later, he pursued his MA and MPhil at [[Osmania University]]. He completed his PhD at [[Potti Sriramulu Telugu University]].{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Career ==
Sudhakar worked as a Telegu pandit at Wesley Boys' High School in [[Secunderabad]] from 1985 to 1990.<ref name=":0" /> He was the assistant editor of the literary magazine Vajmayi published by the Telegu University. From 2009 until his death, he served as the Professor and Dean of the Literary Chair. He was then working as a professor in the Department of Telugu at the [[University of Hyderabad]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |last2= |date=28 January 2022 |title=Prof. Yendluri Sudhakar passes away |url=https://herald.uohyd.ac.in/prof-endluri-sudhakar-passes-away/ |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=University of Hyderabad Herald |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Writings ==
Sudhakar was considered amongst the contemporary Telegu Dalit writers accomplishing the uncommon feat of writing everyday Dalit lives in regional dialect without Sanskrit influence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Purushotham |first=K |date=2010 |title=Evolution of Telugu Dalit Literature |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27807079 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=45 |issue=22 |pages=55–63 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> His ''Mallemoggala Godugu'' is a re-creation of the history of [[Madiga]] ancestors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Satyanarayana |first=K. |date=2014 |title=Dalit reconfiguration of caste: representation, identity and politics |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/criq.12137 |journal=Critical Quarterly |language=en |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=46–61 |doi=10.1111/criq.12137 |issn=0011-1562|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Set in Raviguntapalli village, in [[Prakasam district]] of Andhra Pradesh, the short stories in the book are written in first-person and documents the everyday lives and experiences of the 'untouchable' caste.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Adsule |first=Nikhil Sanjay-Rekha |date=27 April 2024 |title='Speaking Sandals': Stories about sociological realities of 'untouchable' Madigas of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://scroll.in/article/1066467/speaking-sandals-stories-about-sociological-realities-of-untouchable-madigas-of-andhra-pradesh |website=Scroll}}</ref> One of the stories in the book notes the community's expertise in handling ''dappu'', a small drum used in folk dance and music traditions.<ref name=":1" /> He further explored dappu in his poem 'Drumbeat' to exemplify the celebratory remaking of Madiga self and a reimagining of thecommunity rooted equality and respect for all untouchable castes.<ref name=":1" />

''Mallemoggala Godugu'' was later translated into English by K. Purushotham as ''Speaking Sandals'' and published posthumously.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-24 |title=Speaking Sandals |url=https://indianculturalforum.in/2023/08/24/speaking-sandals/ |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=Indian Cultural Forum |language=en-US}}</ref> Nikhil Sanjay-Rekha Adsule in his review of the book notes, "[the book] is a timely intervention and a stark reminder that socio-economic justice in democracy is still a mirage." The stories implicitly explain how caste inequality is an outcome of economic conditions, ideology, and politics.<ref name=":2" />

He also did extensive research on the writings of [[Gurram Jashuva]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Selected books ===

* ''Vartamanam.''<ref name=":0" />
* ''Kotha Gabbilam.''<ref name=":4" />
* ''Mallemoggala Godugu'' (Narratives of Madiga Life).
* ''Atajani Ganache.''

=== Translations ===

* [[Sharankumar Limbale]]'s ''Akkarmasi'' from Hindi to Telegu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhakar |first=Yendluri |date=2021 |title=Faculty Profile: Yendluri Sudhakar Rao |url=https://soh.uohyd.ac.in/telugu/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2021/11/Faculty-Profile-Yendluri-Sudhakar.pdf |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=University of Hyderabad}}</ref>

=== Poems ===

* Drumbeat<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sudhakar |first=Yendluri |date=2007 |title=Drumbeat |journal=Little Magazine |volume=6 |issue=495}}</ref>
* Gosangi<ref name=":4" />

=== Translated works ===

* 1999. ''Karuvu'' (Famine). (translated into English by Alladi Uma, M. Sridhar).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sudhakar |first=Yendluri |last2=Uma |first2=Alladi |last3=Sridhar |first3=M. |date=1999 |title=Famine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23342498 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=43 |issue=4 (192) |pages=97–99 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>
* 2023. ''Speaking Sandals: Narratives from the Madigawadas of Ongole.'' (translated into English by K. Purushotham).<ref name=":3" />

== Death ==
Sudhakar died of heart attack on 28 January 2022.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Om Prakash Valmiki|Omprakash Valmiki]]
* [[Imayam (writer)|Imayam]]
* [[P. Sivakami]]
* [[Kancha Ilaiah]]
* [[Annabhau Sathe]]

== References ==

<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudhakar, Yendluri}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Dalit writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from Nizamabad, Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Telangana]]

Thikse Monastery

2026-03-25T23:23:13Z

Svetlanazrc:

{{Short description|Tibetan Buddhist monastery near Leh, Ladakh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name =Thiksey Monastery
|image = Thikse Monastery .jpg
|alt =
|caption =Thiksey Monastery
|map_type = India Ladakh
|coordinates = {{coord|34|03|20.41|N|77|39|59.4|E|type:landmark_region:IN-LA|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location within Ladakh
|location=Thiksey, [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
|founded_by =
| founded = {{start date and age|1433}}
|sect = [[Gelug]]
|lineage=
|dedicated_to =
|head_lama =
|architecture =Fort monastery in the Central Tibetan pattern
|festivals=
|footnotes =
}}
'''Thiksey Monastery''' or '''Thiksey [[Gompa]]''' (also transliterated from [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] as '''Thikse''', '''Thiksay''' or '''Tikse''') is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monastery affiliated with the [[Gelug]] school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. It is located on top of a hill in [[Thiksey]] approximately {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=out}} east of [[Leh]], in the [[Ladakh]] region of northern [[India]].<ref>Singh (2006), p. 91</ref> It is noted for its resemblance to the [[Potala Palace]] in [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], and is the largest monastery in central Ladakh, notably containing a separate set of buildings for female renunciates that has been the source of significant recent building and reorganization.<ref name=history>{{cite web|url=http://thiksey-monastery.org/history2.html|title=Thicksey Monastery|access-date=2009-12-04}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><ref name=Willis>{{cite web|last1=Willis|first1=Jan|title=The Cho-mos of Ladakh: From Servants to Practitioners|url=http://archive.thebuddhadharma.com/issues/2004/summer/willis.htm|publisher=Buddhadharma: The Practitioner's Quarterly|access-date=29 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140929170643/http://archive.thebuddhadharma.com/issues/2004/summer/willis.htm|archive-date=29 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The monastery is located at an altitude of {{convert|3600|m|ft}} in the [[Indus Valley]]. It is a twelve-storey complex and houses many items of [[Buddhist art]] such as [[stupa]]s, statues, [[thangka]]s, wall paintings and swords. One of the main points of interest is the [[Maitreya]] Temple installed to commemorate the visit of the [[14th Dalai Lama]] to this monastery in 1970; it contains a {{convert|15|m|ft}} high statue of Maitreya, the largest such statue in Ladakh, covering two stories of the building.<ref name="bhasin"/><ref name=Bandhu>{{Cite book|last=Bandhu|first=Desh|title=Thiksey Monastery|page=112|access-date=2009-12-04|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPLDUVNeLXMC&q=Thiksey&pg=PA112|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=1997|isbn= 9788173870699}}</ref>

==History==
In the early 15th century, [[Je Tsongkhapa]], the founder of the Gelug School—often called "the Yellow Hats"—sent six of his disciples to remote regions of [[Tibet]] to spread the teachings of the new school. Tsongkhapa gave one of his disciples, [[Jangsem Sherap Zangpo]] ({{bo|w=shes rab bzang po}}), a small statue of Amitayus (the [[saṃbhogakāya]] form of [[Amitābha]]), containing bone powder and a drop of Tsongkhapa's own blood. Tsongkhapa directed him to meet the King of Ladakh with a message seeking his help in the propagation of Buddhism.<ref name=Malik>{{Cite book|last=Malik|first= Abdul Hamid| title= Ladakh Region|work=Thiksey|page=87|access-date=2009-12-04|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MCoLAQAAIAAJ&q=Thiksey|publisher= Gazetteers Dep., Gov. of Jammu and Kashmir|year=1984}}</ref><ref name="Jina, p.319-320">Jina, pp. 319–320</ref>

The King, who was then staying in the [[Nubra Valley]] near [[Shey]], loved the gift of the statue. After this meeting, the King directed his minister to help Sherab Zangpo to establish a monastery of the Gelug order in Ladakh. As a result, in 1433, Zangpo founded a small village monastery called Lhakhang Serpo "Yellow Temple" in Stagmo, north of the Indus. In spite of his efforts, the lamas who embraced the Gelug order were initially few, although some of his disciples became eminent figures over the years.<ref name=Malik/><ref name="Jina, p.319-320">Jina, pp. 319–320</ref><ref>Rizvi, pp. 231–232</ref><ref name= thicksey>{{cite web|url=http://thiksey-monastery.org|title=Thicksey Monastery|access-date=2009-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731073537/http://thiksey-monastery.org/|archive-date=31 July 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Tsong khapa with prayer wheel Tikshe.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Je Tsongkhapa]] pictured behind a prayer wheel, in a painting near the steps that lead to the main part of Thikshe monastery]]

In the mid 15th century, Palden Zangpo continued the monastic work started by his teacher, Sherab Zangpo. He decided to build a larger monastery here that was dictated by an unusual event that occurred while choosing a site. Legends narrate that Tsongkhapa had predicted that his doctrine would prosper on the right bank of the Indus River. This prediction came true when the Thiksey Monastery was established. This was followed by others such as [[Spituk Monastery]] and [[Likir Monastery]], which are also situated on the right bank of the Indus.<ref name =history/>

According to legend, Sherab Zangpo and Palden Zangpo were performing sacred rituals near the Yellow Temple. The [[torma]] offerings were then taken to a rock outcrop to be thrown down to the valley. As they were about to throw the torma into the valley, two crows appeared and carried away the ceremonial plate with the offering of torma. They then placed the torma at a location on the other side of the hill. When Palden Zangpo and his disciples began looking for the torma, they reached Thiksey, where they found that the crow had placed the ''torma'' on a stone in perfect order and in an undisturbed condition. Palden took this finding as a divine directive to build the monastery there.<ref name =history/><ref name="Jina, p.320">Jina, p. 320</ref>
{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Thikse view1.jpg
| width1 = 160
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Thiksey, Indus River Valley, Landscape of Ladakh, North India.jpg
| width2 = 180
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: View of the monastery from across the valley. Right: Panoramic view of the valley from Thikse monastery
}}
The new Thiksey monastery was located a few kilometres away from Stagmo, on a sacred hill above a village of the same name. The monastery is believed to have been built on the site of an earlier [[Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)|Kadam]] establishment or as a daughter house of the small chapel of Stakmo about {{convert|7|km|mi}} to the north.<ref name="Jina, p.320"/><ref>Rizvi (1996), pp. 231–232</ref> [[Rinchen Zangpo]] is also known to have built a temple named Lakhang Nyerma at Thiksey dedicated to the protector [[vajra|Dorje]] Chenmo. Today, all that can be seen are some ruins.

Thiksey grew in prominence in Ladakh, second only to [[Hemis Monastery]], administering ten other monasteries in the region, such as [[Diskit Monastery|Diskit]], Spituk, Likir and [[Stok Monastery|Stok]]. The monastery came to own or control {{convert|1327|acre|ha}} of land and some 25 villages became attached to the monastery.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}
In around 1770, the lama of [[Hanle Monastery]] dictated that his elder son should inherit the throne of Ladakh while other princes should be lamas at Thikse and Spituk. As a result, princes such as Jigsmet Namgyal served as lamas at Thikse.<ref name="kaul">{{cite book|last=H. N. Kaul|title=Ladakh through the ages, towards a new identity|publisher=Indus Publishing|pages=58, 61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8J3YdskW00sC&q=thikse&pg=PA44 | isbn=978-81-85182-75-9|date=1992-01-01}}</ref>
[[File:Thiksey Monastery, Ladakh 03.jpg|thumbnail|Entrance of Thiksey Monastery]]

===Modern history===
Restoration of the old monasteries in Ladakh, including the Thiksey Monastery, is being carried out by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], at the request of the concerned monastery administration. This, however, has not been without its controversy.<ref name= outlook>{{Cite book|last=Outlook|title= Outlook 3 November 2008|work=Broken Hemisphere: Touch of Synthetic|pages=28–29|access-date=2009-12-04|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDEEAAAAMBAJ&q=Thiksey&pg=PA38|publisher= Outlook Publishing|year=2008}}</ref> It is said that the traditional mud and stone courtyards changed to granite, which has marred the brightness of the place.<ref name= outlook/> Similarly, restoration of the right wing of the monastery, involving construction of a new kitchen and a dining hall for the monks, replacing the old traditional central courtyard, has caused dissonance to the entire old edifice of the monastery.<ref name= outlook/> As a result, a balance to the restoration and renovation works has been sought to retain the old order in consonance with the new works.<ref name= outlook/>

==Structure==

===Exterior===
[[File:Thiksey Monastery, Ladakh 08.jpg|thumb|right|The courtyard and view from the monastery]]

Thikse Monastery is the largest such structure in central Ladakh.<ref name= Graetz>{{Cite book|last= Graetz|first= Stéphanie de Windisch-|author2=Ghislaine de Windisch-Graetz |title= Himalayan kingdoms: gods, people & the arts|access-date=2009-12-04|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rl2gAAAAMAAJ&q=Thiksey|publisher= Roli Books International|year=1982}}</ref> Located on a hill slope, its buildings are arranged in ascending order of importance and are well spaced, from the foot of the hill housing the dwelling units to the top of the hill enshrining the monasteries and 'pho brang' (official residence) of the chief lama.<ref name= Graetz/> The architecture strongly resembles that of the [[Potala Palace]] in [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet]], the former official seat of the [[Dalai Lama]]s.<ref>Kaur, p.94</ref> Thus, Thikse Monastery is also known as 'Mini Potala'.<ref name =history/> The motorable access road<ref>Bhasin (2006), p.106</ref> from the valley passes the east side of the Thikse Monastery's main building. There is a statue of the Tibetan protective deity on this path at the entrance at the lower level. The highest level of the complex has a [[stupa]] (chorten).<ref name="Jina, p.320"/>

The monastery precinct at the foot of the hill has a courtyard from which a flight of steps leads to the main monastery (one of the 10 temples here), which is 12 stories in height. It has two main chambers. The monastery is painted in red, ochre and white and houses 60 lamas.<ref>"Handa (1987), p. 149">Handa (1987), p. 149</ref> It has an attached nunnery. Like Likir and [[Rangdum Monastery|Rangdum]] monasteries, it was built as a fort monastery in the Central Tibetan pattern.<ref>"Handa (1987), p. 149"</ref><ref>Handa (1987), p. 149</ref> There are excellent views across the Indus Valley flood plain both east and west of it, from which the gompa at [[Matho]] (to the east), the royal palace at [[Stok]] (across the valley to the south) and the former royal palace at [[Shey]] (to the west) are clearly visible.

===Maitreya Buddha===
[[File:Maitreya buddha Thikse.jpg|thumb|upright|The statue of Maitreya Buddha at Thikse is two storeys tall.]]
One of the main points of interest is the [[Maitreya]] (future Buddha) Temple erected to commemorate visit of the [[14th Dalai Lama]] to this monastery in 1970. It contains a {{convert|15|m|ft|adj=on}} high statue of Maitreya Buddha, the largest such statue in Ladakh, covering two stories of the building.<ref name="bhasin">{{cite book|last=Bhasin|first= Sanjeev Kumar|title=Amazing land Ladakh: places, people, and culture|publisher=Indus Publishing|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IZloNzI8BgC&pg=PA106 | isbn=978-81-7387-186-3|date= 2006-01-01}}</ref> Unusually, he is portrayed as seated in the lotus position rather than in his usual representations, standing or in a sitting posture on a high throne. It is the largest Buddha statue in the monastery, and took four years to build. It was made by local artists under the master Shilp Guru Nawang Tsering of the Central Institute of Buddhist Studies (Leh) - in clay, gold paint and copper.<ref name="pjina">{{cite book|last=Prem Singh Jina|title=Recent researches on the Himalaya|publisher=Indus Publishing|pages=118–9, 202|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3-McU06Y28C&pg=PA202 | isbn=978-81-7387-069-9|year=1997}}</ref>

===Assembly Hall===
[[File:Tikse.jpg|thumb|left|220px|The yellow building has the assembly hall. The red building has the guardian deity shrine.]]
A wall at the entrance to the assembly hall or main prayer hall depicts murals of the [[Tibetan calendar]] with the [[Bhavacakra]] (Wheel of Life). This wheel has insignia images of a snake, a bird and a pig that signify ignorance, attachment, and aversion. The purpose of this depiction is meant to remind that these earthly ties need to be overcome in order to get enlightenment in life and to prevent the cycle of death and rebirth.
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Tikse shakyamuni Buddha.jpg
| width1 = 160
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Tikse 2.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = The assembly hall. Left: Buddha in inner sanctum. Right: Throne of Dalai lama and head lama.
}}

The main prayer room next to this wall has many handwritten and painted books. Behind this prayer hall is the small inner sanctum of [[Gautama Buddha]] flanked by [[bodhisattva]]s, [[Manjushri|Mañjuśrī]] to the right and [[Maitreya]] to the left.<ref name="bhasin"/> The assembly hall also has an image of the [[Avalokiteśvara#Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara|Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara]] with [[Padmasambhava]]. The centre of the assembly hall has a seat for the Dalai Lama and to its right, for the head lama and to its left, another deity is pictured. The hall also has murals of the deities [[Mahakala]] and [[Sitatapatra|Sitātapatrā]]. Stored on wooden shelves in the hall are 225 volumes of the [[Tengyur]], wrapped in silk.<ref name="bhasin"/>

===Tara temple===
A temple is also dedicated to goddess [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] with her 21 images placed in glass-covered wooden shelves.<ref name="bhasin"/> Also, small shrines devoted to several guardian divinities including Cham-spring - the protector deity of Thikse - can also be seen between the main courtyard and the staircase.<ref name="bhasin"/> The Chi-khang has an image of the Buddha with two of his disciples and the deity [[Yamantaka]].<ref name="bhasin"/> The courtyard mural depicts Tsong Khapa, the Buddha, [[Padmasambhava]], [[Palden Lhamo]] and [[Mahakala]].

===Lamokhang temple and quarters===
{{multiple image
| align = left
| footer = Courtyard mural (left), Tara shrine (centre), Protector deity shrine (right)
| width = 100
| image1 = Tsong khapa -shakymuni-rinpoche-shri devi-mahakala Tikse.jpg
| alt1 =
| image2 = Tikse altar.jpg
| alt2 =
| image3 = Thikse protector.jpg
| alt3 =
}}

The top floor of the monastery houses the Lamokhang temple, which is a repository of numerous volumes of scriptures including [[Kangyur]] and Stangyur. Only men are allowed to enter this floor.<ref name="bhasin"/> There are big stupas and ''mani'' walls at the entry to the monastery.<ref name="Jina, p.320"/> A small room above the temple is exclusively used as a schoolroom to teach local boys of the villages and some of these boys are chosen as lamas. The top floor is also the official residence of the incarnate lama of the monastery. A large pillar engraved with the Buddha's teachings is also located here. The monastery complex has a number of white washed huts, which house the lamas.<ref name=Bindoloss>{{Cite book|last=Bindoloss|first=Joe|author2=Sarina Singh |title= India|work=Thiksey Monastery|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari/page/381 381]–382|access-date=2009-12-04|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|url-access=registration|quote=Thiksey.|publisher= Lonely Planet|year=2007|isbn=9781741043082}}</ref>
{{clear}}
==Nyerma Nunnery==
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name = Nyerma Nunnery
|image =
|alt =
|caption =
|map_type = India Ladakh
|coordinates = {{coord|34.03906|N|77.68427|E|type:landmark_region:IN-LA|display=inline}}
|map_caption = Location within Kashmir region
|location = [[Nyerma]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
|founded_by =
|sect = [[Gelug]]
|lineage =
|dedicated_to =
|head_lama = Padma Dechen<ref>"Padma Dechen Bezoekt Nederland", in [https://www.ladakhnuns.com/pdf/nieuwsbrief2018.pdf Dutch Foundation for Ladakhi Nuns: Nieuwsbref 2018], NFLN 2018.</ref><ref>"Bezoek Padma Dechen aan Europa", in [https://www.ladakhnuns.com/pdf/nieuwsbrief2020.pdf Dutch Foundation for Ladakhi Nuns: Nieuwsbref 2020], NFLN 2020.</ref>
|architecture =
|festivals =
|footnotes =
|nocat_wdimage = yes
}}
The nunnery or the school for the community of nuns is located within the precincts of the monastery and is managed by the monastery administration. In Ladakh, nunneries were held in a grossly inferior status and Buddhist nuns in particular lived in appalling conditions.<ref name=nuns>{{cite web|url=https://www.lionsroar.com/the-cho-mos-of-ladakh-from-servants-to-practitioners/|title= The Cho-mos of Ladakh: From Servants to Practitioners|access-date=2024-04-16|author= Jan Willis|publisher= Buddhadharma: The Practitioners Quarterly|date=1 June 2004}}</ref> In the 1990s, awareness was raised on the status of the nuns in Ladakh, and Thiksey received a degree of international attention and support.<ref name=nuns/> In 1995, the Sakyadhita Conference of Buddhist Women was held in Leh, leading to the establishment of the [[Ladakh Nuns Association]] in 1996. This was important in raising the status of the nuns in Ladakh, to ensure a shift in their functional role of "servitude and to one of true spiritual practice".<ref name=nuns/> The Chief Lama, Thiksey [[Rinpoche]] of Thiksey Monastery was also important in these positive developments in the betterment of nuns. The monastery donated the land for a new nunnery at Nyerma, near Thiksey, at the same place where the very first monastic seat was established by Rinchen Zangpo, the Tibetan translator, in the tenth century. The nunnery is now under the patronage of Thiksey Monastery.<ref name=nuns/>

Today the nunnery houses 26 nuns, ranging from the ages of 43 to 87.<ref name=nuns/> The nuns themselves had taken steps to assert their position in the society by changing their traditional name of ‘ani’ (literal meaning "aunt" – a derogatory connotation of a servant) to "cho-mos", the "female religious practitioners".<ref name=nuns/> They even adopted the testament of [[Mahaprajapati]] on this issue, expressed by Buddha's aunt and nun as their anthem.<ref name=nuns/> Under the influence of the 14th Dalai Lama's words, Thiksey Rinpoche Nawang Jamyang Chamba Stanzin and Tsultrim Tharchin, a geshe became nuns’ activists at Thiksey.<ref name=nuns/> The Dutch Foundation for Ladakhi Nuns (DFLN), a charitable organisation also operates in Nyerma, providing monetary and individual services to support the Buddhist nuns of Ladakh.<ref name=Dutch>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladakhnuns.com/nieuws_en.php?id=4 |title=News Letter Spring 2005 |access-date=2009-12-04 |publisher=Dutch Foundation for Ladakhi Nuns |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201043747/http://ladakhnuns.com/nieuws_en.php?id=4 |archive-date=1 February 2009 }}</ref>

As of 2020, the abbess of Nyerma Nunnery was [[Padma Dechen]].<ref>"Padma Dechen Bezoekt Nederland", in [https://www.ladakhnuns.com/pdf/nieuwsbrief2018.pdf Dutch Foundation for Ladakhi Nuns: Nieuwsbref 2018], NFLN 2018.</ref><ref>"Bezoek Padma Dechen aan Europa", in [https://www.ladakhnuns.com/pdf/nieuwsbrief2020.pdf Dutch Foundation for Ladakhi Nuns: Nieuwsbref 2020], NFLN 2020.</ref>

==Festivals==
The annual festival held in the monastery precincts is known as the [[Gustor Festival|Gustor ritual]], which is held from the 17th to 19th day of the ninth month of the [[Tibetan calendar]] (October–November). Sacred dances such as the mask dance or [[Cham dance]] are performed as a part of this ritual.<ref name=Bindoloss/><ref name=Buddhist>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-monastery/ladakh/thiksey.html|title=Thiksey Gompa|access-date=2009-12-02}}</ref> Another special feature is the trade fair held at the base of the monastery, in which villagers from all over Ladakh assemble to barter and trade items and socialize. Sand [[mandala]]s are made for smaller festivals.<ref name=Bindoloss/> The morning prayers at 07:00, with synchronized chanting of [[sūtra]]s at this monastery, attract many worshippers to the services.<ref name =history/><ref name=Bindoloss/>

==See also==

* [[All Ladakh Gonpa Association#List|List of buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
* [[Geography of Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

==Notes==

{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
{{Commons category|Thiksey Monastery}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bhasin|first=Sanjeev Kumar|title=Amazing Land Ladakh: Places, People, and Culture|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=2006|isbn=81-7387-186-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Jina|first=P. S.|title= Ladakh Himalaya: past and present|work=Thiksey Monastery|pages=316, 319–347|access-date=2009-12-04|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qej5T-uE88C&q=Thiksey&pg=PA319|publisher= Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year= 2006|isbn= 9788126125791}}
*Handa, O. C. (1987). ''Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-85182-03-5}}.
*{{Cite book|last=Kaur|first=S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOwHzKqbXuEC&q=Thikse+Monastery|title=Ladakh Mountains Of Adventure|publisher=Children's Book Trust|isbn=81-7011-979-0|year=2006}}
*Rizvi, J. (1996). ''Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia''. 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-564546-4}}.
*{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Lipika|title=The World of Buddhism, Volume 2|publisher=Shubhi Publications|year=2006|isbn=81-8290-048-4}}

{{Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Gelug monasteries]]
[[Category:Maitreya]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]

Ramdas Athawale

2026-03-20T07:56:27Z

Svetlanazrc:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Ramdas Athawale in 2018.jpg
| caption = Athawale in 2018
| office = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Union Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment]]
| term_start = 5 July 2016
| term_end =
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit]]
| minister = [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]] (till 2021) [[Virendra Kumar Khatik]] (from 2021)
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 3 April 2014
| term_end1 =
| 1blankname1 = Chairman
| 1namedata1 = *[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]
*[[Venkaiah Naidu]]
*[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
*[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| predecessor1 = [[Prakash Javadekar]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 6 October 1999
| term_end2 = 16 May 2009
| predecessor2 = [[Sandipan Thorat]]
| successor2 = ''Constituency abolished''
| constituency2 = [[Pandharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pandharpur, Maharashtra]]
| office3 =
| term_start3 = 10 March 1998
| term_end3 = 26 April 1999
| predecessor3 = [[Narayan Athawale]]
| successor3 = [[Manohar Joshi]]
| constituency3 = [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Central, Maharashtra]]
| office4 = [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] [[Maharashtra Council of Ministers|Minister of Social Welfare, Transport, Sports and Youth Welfare, and Employment Guarantee]]
| term_start4 = 1990
| term_end4 = 1995
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[Sharad Pawar]] [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
| office5 = [[Member of Legislative Council|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start5 = 1990
| term_end5 = 1996
| birth_name = Ramdas Bandu Athawale
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|12|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sangli district|Agalgaon]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| party = [[Republican Party of India (A)]] (since 1990)
| otherparty = [[National Democratic Alliance]] (since 2014) [[Republican Party of India]] (until 1990)
| occupation = {{hlist|Trade unionist|social worker}}
| office11 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Republican Party of India (A)]]
| term_start11 = 25 May 1999
| preceded11 = ''Office established''
| residence = {{ubl|11, [[Safdarjung Road]], [[New Delhi]]}}
}}

'''Ramdas Bandu Athawale''' ({{IPA|mr|aːʈʰʋəle}}; born 25 December 1959) is an Indian politician, social activist and trade unionist from [[Maharashtra]]. Since 1999, he is the president of the [[Republican Party of India (A)]], a splinter group of the [[Republican Party of India]], which has its roots in the [[Scheduled Castes Federation]] led by Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. Since 2016, he has served as the Minister of State in the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]], [[Government of India]] and represented Maharashtra in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of [[India's Parliament]] since 2014. Previously, he was [[Lok Sabha]] MP from [[Pandharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pandharpur]] from 1999 to 2009 and from [[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency]] from 1998 to 1999. He was also [[Cabinet minister]] of [[Maharashtra]] from 1990 to 1995 and a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] from 1990 to 1996.

==Early life==
Athawale was born on 25 December 1959 in Agalgaon, [[Sangli district]], [[Bombay State]], which is now Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2019-04-15|title=Ramdas Athawale extends a hand of alliance to Prakash Ambedkar|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-ramdas-athawale-extends-a-hand-of-alliance-to-prakash-ambedkar-2739671|access-date=2020-06-15|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> His parents were Bandu Bapu and Honsabai Bandu Athawale. He attended [[Siddharth College of Law, Mumbai]] and married to Seema Athawale, on 16 May 1992. He has a son.<ref name=bio>{{cite web|title=Shri Ramdas Athawale: Minister of State for Social Justice & Empowerment|url=http://disabilityaffairs.gov.in/content/minister/shri-ramdas-athawale.php|publisher=Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> Ramdas Athawale is a practitioner of [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dalits-should-embrace-buddhism-says-ramdas-bandu-athawale-interview-cow-slaughter-vigilante-rpi-2943349/|title=Dalits should embrace Buddhism, says Ramdas Bandu Athawale|date=30 July 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

Athawale has been editor of a weekly magazine called ''Bhumika'' and is a founder member of Parivartan Sahitya Mahamandal. He has served as president of Parivartan Kala Mahasangha, the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Foundation and the Bauddha Kalawant Academy (Buddhist Artists Academy) and was founder president of Bauddha Dhamma Parishad (Buddhism conference). He played the title role in a Marathi film, ''Anyayacha Pratikar'', and also had a small role in another Marathi film, ''Joshi ki Kamble'', as well as roles in Marathi dramas such as ''Ekach Pyala''.<ref name=bio/>

==Political career==
[[File:The Minister of State for Social Justice & Empowerment, Shri Ramdas Athawale addressing at the presentation of the Essays Competition awards under Dr. Ambedkar Foundation, in New Delhi on October 11, 2017.jpg|thumb|left|The Minister of State for Social Justice & Empowerment, Ramdas Athawale addressing at the presentation of the Essays Competition awards under Dr. Ambedkar Foundation, in New Delhi on October 11, 2017]]
Athwale was inspired by B. R. Ambedkar, the Indian polymath. Following a split in the [[Dalit Panther]] movement in 1974, Athawale joined [[Arun Kamble]] and [[Gangadhar Gade]] in leading a rump in Maharashtra. His involvement with a faction of the Republican Party of India, despite the Panther's general disdain for its leadership, eventually led to an association with the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC).<ref>{{cite book |title=Civility against Caste: Dalit Politics and Citizenship in Western India |first=Suryakant |last=Waghmore |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |year=2013 |isbn=978-8-13211-813-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zRdBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63 |page=63}}</ref>

Athawale was member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] from 1990 to 1996<ref name=bio/> and was Cabinet Minister for Social Welfare and Transport, Employment Guarantee Scheme and Prohibition Propaganda in the [[Government of Maharashtra]] between 1990 and 1995.<ref name=bio/>

He represented the [[Pandharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pandharpur]] constituency of Maharashtra and is the president of the Republican Party of India (Athawale) (RPIA).{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Athawale represented [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Central]] in the [[12th Lok Sabha]] during 1998-99 and was elected to serve a second term in the [[13th Lok Sabha]] of 1999–2004. A third term, in the [[14th Lok Sabha]], followed from 2004 to 2009.<ref name=bio/> Considered something of a lightweight in state politics, he has been courted at various times by various parties because of a perception that he might assist in mobilising the scattered Maharashtrian [[Dalit]] vote in their favour.<ref name="mid-day"/> He left the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]-INC alliance in 2011{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} after having lost in the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 Lok Sabha election]],<ref name=bio/> when he contested the reserved [[Shirdi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shirdi constituency]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Civility against Caste: Dalit Politics and Citizenship in Western India |first=Suryakant |last=Waghmore |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |year=2013 |isbn=978-8-13211-813-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zRdBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT196 |page=196}}</ref> This defeat was despite a subsequent report by [[Social Watch]] which ranked him as the second-best performing member of the 14th Lok Sabha, based on an analysis of various data points.<ref>{{cite book |title=Citizens' Report on Governance and Development 2010 |author=Social Watch |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2011 |isbn=978-8-13210-627-2 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zRAsMgw1QgC&pg=PA11}}</ref> Athawale led the RPI party, joined the alliance of [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shivsena]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in 2011 and contested [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] elections together.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

In 2014, Athawale was elected to the Rajya Sabha, which is the upper house of parliament.<ref name=bio/> He became Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment on 6 July 2016, working under [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Shri Ramdas Athawale Assumes Charge as MoS Social Justice & Empowerment|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=146863|date=6 July 2016|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

His RPI(A) organisation is a part of the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] led by the BJP.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Tribune|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/union-minister-ramdas-athawale-s-mother-passes-away/498649.html|title=Union minister Ramdas Athawale's mother passes away|date=16 November 2017|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=5 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405090318/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/union-minister-ramdas-athawale-s-mother-passes-away/498649.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Devyani Khobragade]] was proposed for the role of Personal Secretary to Athawale in July 2016 but the appointment was refused by Gehlot, who saw a conflict of interest because her father, [[Uttam Khobragade]], was the national executive president of the RPI(A).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ramdas-athawales-request-for-devyani-khobragade-as-private-secretary-turned-down-1435988|title=Ramdas Athawale's Request For Devyani Khobragade As Private Secretary Turned Down|publisher=NDTV|work=Press Trust of India|date=25 July 2016|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

When Athawale established a children's wing of the RPI(A) in September 2017, he appointed his son, then aged 12, to be its leader.<ref name="mid-day">{{cite news|title=Mumbai: Ramdas Athawale forms children's wing to launch 12-year-old son in politics|date=6 September 2017|agency=PTI|work=Mid-day|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/ramdas-athawale-childrens-wing-minor-son-politics-union-minister-dalit-leader-mumbai-news/18557174|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

In May 2019, Athawale continued his position as Minister of State for [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Social Justice and Empowerment]].<ref>{{citation |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 }}</ref>

In March 2020, a video of Athawale chanting 'Go Corona!' at a rally went viral and became a popular meme.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Mar 2020|first1=Mirror Now {{!}} 10|last2=Ist|first2=08:17 Pm|title=Video of Ramdas Athawale chanting 'go corona, go corona' goes viral|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/video-of-ramdas-athawale-chanting-go-corona-go-corona-goes-viral/videoshow/74565649.cms|access-date=2020-09-29|website=The Economic Times|date=10 March 2020 }}</ref>

During a 3-day tour of Bihar, on 29 March 2025, Athawale asserted that Prime Minister Narendra Modi will "break the record of Jawahar Lal Nehru" and retain power for the fourth consecutive term.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/modi-will-break-nehru-s-record-retain-power-for-fourth-consecutive-term-athawale/ar-AA1BUbXu?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=f7e73aec107049ef8eed8f3d6a3d3841&ei=16 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

==Social activism==
[[File:Narendra Modi paying respects to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, at the foundation stone laying ceremony of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial, at Indu Mills Compound, Mumbai. The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Devendra Fadnavis.jpg|thumb|Ramdas Athawale with [[Narendra Modi]], [[Nitin Gadkari]] and [[Devendra Fadnavis]] paying tribute to [[B. R. Ambedkar]].]]
In 2015, following attacks on Dalits in the state of [[Haryana]], Athawale said that if the police were to continue turning a blind eye to their plight then special protection squads led by senior police officers should be formed from among members of the community and they should be granted [[firearm]]s licenses so that they could protect themselves.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Athawale-demands-arms-for-Dalits/articleshow/49510947.cms|title=Athawale demands arms for Dalits|work=The Times of India|date=24 October 2015|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/let-dalits-possess-arms-for-their-safety-athawale-tells-maha-govt/20160128.htm|title=Let Dalits possess arms for their safety: Athawale tells Maha govt|work=Rediff|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> In December 2017, he suggested that Dalits should renounce Hinduism in favour of Buddhism in order to stop being subject to "atrocities". He also criticised the record of the Hindu-centric BJP and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) in dealing with issues relating to discrimination of not only Dalits but also other disadvantaged communities in India.<ref>{{cite news |work=Outlook |date=14 December 2017|title=Union Minister Ramdas Athawale Asks Dalits To Renounce Hinduism, Embrace Buddhism |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/union-minister-ramdas-athawale-asks-dalits-to-renounce-hinduism-embrace-buddhism/305520|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> In March 2018, echoing remarks he had made soon after becoming Minister of State in 2016<ref>{{cite news|work=Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/promote-inter-caste-marriages-to-end-casteism-ramdas-athawale/articleshow/53318929.cms|title=Promote inter-caste marriages to end casteism: Ramdas Athawale|agency=PTI|date=21 July 2016|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> and reacting in particular to recent atrocities against Dalits in [[Saharanpur]], [[Unnao]] and [[Allahabad]], Athawale advocated [[inter-caste marriage]] as the best way to minimise such events and noted that he had married a [[Brahmin]] "to set an example". As he had done in December 2017, he attacked [[Mayawati]], a Dalit former [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], on this occasion for what he perceived as a lack of action to help Dalits during her four terms in office. He said that this had caused the community to shift their support to the BJP and RPI, while refuting charges that he was a puppet under BJP control.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Daily Pioneer|title=Yogi government should ensure that Dalits too live a respectful life : Ramdas Athawale|date=1 March 2018|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/lucknow/yogi-government-should-ensure-that-dalits-too-live-a-respectful-life--ramdas-athawale.html|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

Although described as a Dalit leader, Athawale has caused controversy among Dalits. In January 2018, around 130 people were arrested when some Dalit activists protested against him during a speech.<ref>{{cite news|work=Financial Express|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/union-minister-ramdas-athawale-heckled-during-speech-by-protesters/1015945/|title=Union minister Ramdas Athawale heckled during speech by protesters|agency=PTI|date=15 January 2018|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

Aside from his involvement in Dalit affairs, Athawale has also advocated [[Reservation in India|reservation]] for economically disadvantaged [[Caste system in India|upper caste]] communities. He has said that the government of India should release the caste-based information collected during the [[2011 Census of India]], which is considered to be a politically sensitive dataset, in order to address inequities in the reservation system across the board. He rejects claims that doing so would lead to an increase in casteism.<ref name=economictimes>{{cite news|title=Make caste census public, says Union Minister Ramdas Athawale|date=4 April 2018|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/make-caste-census-public-says-union-minister-ramdas-athawale/articleshow/63605250.cms|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

Athawale has said that reservation quota of 25 percent for Dalits should be introduced to sports, including [[cricket]], following India's defeat in the [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy#Final|2017 ICC Champions Trophy Final against Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Union Minister Ramdas Athawale accuses Kohli, others of 'fixing' ICC final against Pakistan|agency=IANS|date=1 July 2017|work=The News Minute}}</ref> and that the armed forces should also be subject to a quota regime. He has also said that, just as the Lok Sabha has constituencies reserved for members of the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]], so too should the Rajya Sabha and the Union cabinet. In addition, he favours increasing the prevailing 50 per cent quota that exists for government jobs and places at educational institutions to 75 per cent, stressing that this would apply to all castes that are recognised as economically disadvantaged, which includes those categorised at [[Other Backwards Class]]es.<ref>{{cite news|work=One India|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/ramdas-athawale-bats-for-sc-st-quota-cabinet-rajya-sabha-2538656.html|title=Ramdas Athawale bats for SC, ST quota in Cabinet, Rajya Sabha|agency=PTI|date=7 September 2017|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

On April 28, 2025, following the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam attack]] and the [[2025 India–Pakistan border skirmishes|2025 India-Pakistan border skirmishes]] and [[2025 India–Pakistan diplomatic crisis|diplomatic crisis]], he stated that India should declare war against [[Pakistan]] if the country refuses to surrender [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-28 |title='India should declare war against Pakistan if it refuses to hand over PoK': Union minister Ramdas Athawale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/india-should-declare-war-against-pakistan-if-it-refuses-to-hand-over-pok-terrorist-activities-will-continue-union-minister-ramdas-athawale/articleshow/120688312.cms |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Positions held ==

*1990–96: Member, [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
*1990–95: Cabinet Minister, Social Welfare and Transport, Employment Guarantee Scheme and Prohibition Propaganda, [[Government of Maharashtra]]
*1998–99: Member, Twelfth Lok Sabha
*1998–99: Member, Committee on Transport and Tourism Member, Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Industry
*1999–2000: Member, Committee on Industry
*1999–2004: Member, Thirteenth Lok Sabha (second term)
*2002–2004: Member, Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
*2004–2009: Member, Fourteenth Lok Sabha (third term)
*2004: Member, Committee on Transport, Tourism and Culture April
*2014: Elected to [[Rajya Sabha]]
*Aug. 2014-past: Member, Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Sept.
*2014-past: Member, Committee on Industry Nov.
*2014-past: Member, Library Committee Freedom Fighter
*2016–past: Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment, [[Government of India]]
*2020: Reelected to [[Rajya Sabha]] unopposed.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://www.facebook.com/ramdas.athawale?fref=ts Ramdas Athawale Facebook page]

{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}
{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}
{{Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra for term 2014-2020}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Athawale, Ramdas Bandu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:People from Sangli district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Navayana Buddhists]]
[[Category:Republican Party of India (Athawale) politicians]]
[[Category:Republican Party of India politicians]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Solapur district]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Buddhist activists]]

Guddu Rangeela

2026-03-17T06:10:25Z

Svetlanazrc:

{{short description|2015 film by Subhash Kapoor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Guddu Rangeela
| image = GRKEYART POSTER.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Subhash Kapoor]]
| producer = Sangeeta Ahir
| writer = [[Subhash Kapoor]]
| starring = [[Ronit Roy]] [[Arshad Warsi]] [[Amit Sadh]] [[Aditi Rao Hydari]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140518173958/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5982/Amit+Sadh+to+play+Haryanvi+in+Guddu+Rangeela Amit Sadh as Guddu and Arshad Warsi as Rangeela]. Bollywoodhungama.com (8 December 2018). Retrieved on 12 December 2018.</ref>
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Amit Trivedi]] '''Background Score:''' Hitesh Sonik
| cinematography = Jamie Fowlds
| editing = Arindam Ghatak
| studio = Fox Star Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|07|03}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|150|m}}<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/guddu-rangeela-collects-almost-rs-9-crore-in-first-week/ ‘Guddu Rangeela’ collects almost Rs.9 crore in first week]. ''The Indian Express'' (11 July 2015). Retrieved on 12 December 2018.</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Guddu Rangeela''''' is an Indian [[Action comedy|action]] [[black comedy]] [[film]], directed by [[Subhash Kapoor]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Subhash-Kapoors-next-is-a-dramedy-called-Guddu-Rangeela/articleshow/27726824.cms Subhash Kapoor’s next is a dramedy called 'Guddu Rangeela']. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (22 December 2013). Retrieved on 12 December 2018.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Guddu-Rangeela/movie-review/47921164.cms?tabtype=spoiler Guddu Rangeela]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved on 12 December 2018.</ref> It stars [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Amit Sadh]] and [[Ronit Roy]] in the lead roles.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140303183658/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/snapshot-arshad-warsi-amit-sadh-turn-guddu-rangeela-in-subhash-kapoors-next/454392-66.html Arshad Warsi, Amit Sadh turn 'Guddu Rangeela' in Subhash Kapoor's next]. Ibnlive.in.com. Retrieved on 12 December 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Subhash-Kapoors-Guddu-Rangeela-inspired-by-the-Manoj-Babli-honour-killing-case/articleshow/47800800.cms |title=Subhash Kapoor's Guddu Rangeela inspired by the Manoj-Babli honour killing case|website=[[The Times of India]] |last1=Gupta |first1=Priya }}</ref> The film is presented by Fox Star Studios and produced by Sangeeta Ahir. Guddu Rangeela has incorporated the [[Manoj-Babli honour killing case]] in the storyline.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/guddu-rangeela-inspired-by-manoj-babli-honour-killing-case/ |title='Guddu Rangeela' inspired by Manoj-Babli honour killing case|date=26 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Guddu Rangeela' – Movie Review |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/guddu-rangeela---movie-review/16341174 |accessdate=3 July 2015 |issue=Mid-Day.com |publisher=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews upon release and was a major commercial failure at the box office.<ref>https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/guddu_rangeela</ref><ref>https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2891</ref>

==Plot==
Based in North India, Guddu Rangeela is a story about two cousins trying to make ends meet in the crime infested surroundings. Rangeela ([[Arshad Warsi]]) and Guddu ([[Amit Sadh]]) are orchestra singers by day and informants by night, acquiring measly pay offs from the information provided to local gangsters about the richest families in town, which has brought them an easy and safe way to live without getting their hands dirty in the bargain. Although cousins by blood, both are very much unlike each other. The love/hate relation of the two comes to be seen through the many dangerously funny circumstances, that they are met with and their impromptu methods of saving their skin each time. Having suffered a tragic past at the hands of the gang lord turned politician Billu Pahalwan ([[Ronit Roy]]); the antagonist of the tale; both are discreetly entangled in a 10-year-old legal battle against him through Gupta, an honest advocate fighting on their behalf.

While the unorthodox and impulsive Guddu aspires to grow out of their hand to mouth way of life by executing the loot themselves, the comparatively self-righteous and mature Rangeela despises the idea of getting onto the dark side of the city's law. Like money, women too are Guddu's poison, who is time and again seen flirting and effortlessly pulling off one night stands. Rangeela on the contrary hasn't moved on from the tragedy that consumed his only love Babli ([[Shriswara]]) years back. Rangeela's prime motto has always been to overthrow his nemesis Billo, thus undoing the injustice and cruelty that transpired years back. Lucky enough, one such opportunity comes knocking. They kidnap Baby ([[Aditi Rao Hydari]]) from [[Shimla]], looking to make an easy 1 million money in the process. In the process finds himself confronting the vicious and tyrannical Billo. What follows is a chaotic tale of redemption and payback. An ambition, a plan, a kidnapping and a To-and-Fro tale of victory and defeat leading up to a dramatic climax.

==Cast==

* [[Arshad Warsi]] as Rangeela<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/celebrity/bollywood/arshad-warsi-begins-filming-guddu-rangeela-1.1333958 Arshad Warsi begins filming ‘Guddu Rangeela’]</ref>
* [[Amit Sadh]] as Guddu<ref>[http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/amit-sadh-to-play-a-haryanvi-character-in-guddu-rangeela-466587 Amit Sadh to play a Haryanvi character in Guddu Rangeela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309211903/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/amit-sadh-to-play-a-haryanvi-character-in-guddu-rangeela-466587 |date=9 March 2014 }}. Movies.ndtv.com (3 January 2014). Retrieved on 12 December 2018.</ref>
* [[Ronit Roy]] as Billu Pahalwan, the main antagonist <ref>[http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ronit-roy-to-beef-up-for-subhash-kapoor-s-guddu-rangeela-504376 Ronit Roy to beef up for Subhash Kapoor's Guddu Rangeela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611055444/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ronit-roy-to-beef-up-for-subhash-kapoor-s-guddu-rangeela-504376 |date=11 June 2014 }}. Movies.ndtv.com (4 April 2014). Retrieved on 12 December 2018.</ref>
* [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] as Baby
* Sandeep Goyat as Chottey
* [[Shriswara]] as BabliJ
* [[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]] as Bangali
* [[Brijendra Kala]]
* [[Achint Kaur]] as CM
* [[Amit Sial]] as Police Inspector Ajay Singh
* Rajiv Gupta as Inspector Gulab Singh
* [[Virendra Saxena]] as lawyer
* [[Vishal O Sharma]]
* Naushad Abbas as a real goon
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Rakshak Bhai
* [[Aparshakti Khurana]] as Inspector Laathi
* [[Omi Vaidya]] as Anthony

==Reception==
The film grossed an estimated {{INRConvert|73.6|m}} after five days of its release and after that dropped heavily.<ref>[http://m.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-abcd-2-guddu-rangeela-business-slows-down-after-weekend-638543 Box Office Collection: 'ABCD 2', 'Guddu Rangeela' Business Slows Down After Weekend – IBTimes India]. M.ibtimes.co.in (8 July 2015). Retrieved on 12 December 2018.</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Guddu Rangeela
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Amit Trivedi]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|06|19}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:03
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The songs for ''Guddu Rangeela'' are composed by [[Amit Trivedi]] while lyrics are written by [[Irshad Kamil]]. The first single "Mata Ka Email" was released on 8 June 2015. The full audio album was released on 19 June 2015. Music rights for the film are acquired by ''[[Sony Music India]]'' & ''Zee Music Company''.

{{Track listing
|extra_column=Singers
|total_length={{Duration|m=19|s=3}}
|title1=Mata Ka Email
|extra1= Gajender Phogat
|length1=02:25
|title2=Sooiyan
|extra2= [[Arijit Singh]], [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
|length2=04:01
|title3=Sahebaan
|extra3= [[Chinmayi Sripada]], [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Shahid Mallya]]
|length3=03:23
|title4=Guddu Rangeela
| note4 = Title Track
|extra4= [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
|length4=04:41
|title5=Guddu Rangeela
| note5 = Remix
|extra5= [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], [[Shahid Mallya]]
|length5=04:33
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{BH movie|guddu-rangeela}}

{{Subhash Kapoor}}

[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Subhash Kapoor]]
[[Category:2015 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films about honor killing]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Honour killing in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Shimla]]

Shaktism

2026-03-14T17:51:40Z

Svetlanazrc: content fix

{{short description|Goddess-centric sect of Hinduism}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}

[[File:Statues of Vaishnavi, Varahi, Indrani and Camunda, National Museum, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|260px|Shaktism is a goddess-centric Hindu tradition; relief statues of [[Matrikas]]: from left to right [[Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)|Vaishnavi]], [[Varahi]], [[Indrani]], [[Chamunda]]]]
{{Saktism}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''Shaktism''' ({{langx|sa|शाक्तसम्प्रदायः| Śāktasampradāyaḥ|translit-std=IAST|engvar=gb}}) is a major [[Hinduism|Hindu]] denomination in which ''[[Shakti]]'' or the divine feminine energy is revered as the [[Para Brahman|Ultimate reality]], and is personified as [[Adi Parashakti]] (Great Goddess), whose numerous forms, with each having distinct functions and unique attributes, are worshipped.

The most prominently worshiped goddesses include [[Durga]], who vanquishes evil and restores cosmic order; [[Parvati]], the gentle yet powerful mother goddess of fertility and devotion; and [[Kali]], the primal force of time and transformation. Additionally, Shaktism reveres a broader pantheon, including goddesses like [[Saraswati]], the goddess of knowledge, wisdom, and arts; [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of wealth and prosperity; and [[Tripura Sundari]], the goddess of beauty and grace. Also honoured are the various [[Gramadevata]] (local village guardian deities), who protect and bless their communities. Following the [[decline of Buddhism in India]], elements of Hindu and Buddhist goddess worship gradually merged, culminating in the emergence of the [[Mahavidya]], a revered group of ten fierce and esoteric goddesses central to the [[Tantra#Śaiva and Śākta tantra|tantric]] traditions within Shaktism.

Shaktism encompasses various tantric subtraditions, including Vidyapitha and [[Kulamārga]]. Shaktism emphasises intense love of the deity as more important than simple obedience, thus showing an influence of the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] idea of a passionate relationship between [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] as an ideal [[Bhakti#Bhavas|bhava]]. Similarly, Shaktism influenced [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaivism]]. The goddess is considered the consort and energy (''shakti'') of the gods [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]]; they have their individual ''shakti''s, [[Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)|Vaishnavi]] for Vishnu and [[Maheshvari]] for Shiva, and consorts Lakshmi and [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]]/Parvati respectively. An adherent of Shaktism is called a ''Shakta''. In 2020, the World Religion Database (WRD) estimated that Shaktism is the third-largest [[Hindu denominations|Hindu sect]], constituting about 305 million Hindus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Sruti]] and [[Smriti]] texts of Hinduism form an important scriptural framework in Shaktism. Scriptures such as the ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]'', ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]'', ''[[Kalika Purana]]'', and [[Shakta Upanishads]] like the ''[[Devi Upanishad]]'' are revered. In Shaktism, the ''Devi Mahatmya'' is considered to be as important as the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''. The Devi (Shakti) is revered in many [[Hindu temple]]s and worshipped during a number of [[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu festivals]]. The goddess-focused tradition and its festivals, such as the [[Durga Puja]], are very popular in eastern India.

== Origins and history ==
{{main|History of Shaktism}}
The earliest archaeological evidence of what appears to be an [[Upper Paleolithic]] shrine for Shakti worship were discovered in the terminal Upper Paleolithic site of Baghor I ([[Baghor stone]]) in [[Sidhi district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. The excavations were conducted under the guidance of archaeologists [[G. R. Sharma]] of [[Allahabad University]] and [[J. Desmond Clark]] of the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]], with assistance from [[Jonathan Mark Kenoyer]] and J. N. Pal. The Baghor formation was dated to between 9000 BC and 8000 BC.{{sfn|Kenoyer|Clark|Pal|Sharma|1983|pp=88-94}} The origins of Shakti worship may also be traced to the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].{{sfn|Singh|2018}}

Among the earliest evidence of reverence for the female aspect of the deity in Hinduism is this passage in chapter 10.125 of the ''[[Rig Veda]]'', also called the [[Devīsūkta|Devi Suktam]] hymn:{{Sfn|McDaniel|2004|p=90}}{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=26}}

{{blockquote|I am the Queen, the gatherer-up of treasures, most thoughtful, first of those who merit worship. Thus Gods have established me in many places with many homes to enter and abide in. Through me alone all eat the food that feeds them, – each man who sees, breathes, hears the word outspoken. They know it not, yet I reside in the essence of the Universe. Hear, one and all, the truth as I declare it.
....I created all worlds at my will, without any higher being, and permeate and dwell within them. The eternal and infinite consciousness is I, it is my greatness dwelling in everything.|[[Devi]] Sukta, ''Rigveda 10.125.3 – 10.125.8'',<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite web |title=The Rig Veda/Mandala 10/Hymn 125 |translator=Ralph T.H. Griffith |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_10/Hymn_125 }}
|2={{cite web |url=https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.१२५ |title=for Sanskrit original see: ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १०.१२५ }} }}</ref>{{Sfn|McDaniel|2004|p=90}}{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=26}}}}

The Vedic literature reveres various goddesses, but far less frequently than the gods [[Indra]], [[Agni]] and [[Soma (deity)|Soma]]. The goddesses often mentioned in the Vedic layers of text include the Ushas (dawn), [[Vāc]] (speech, wisdom), Sarasvati (as river), Prithivi (earth), Nirriti (annihilator), Shraddha (faith, confidence).{{sfn|Melton|Baumann|2010|p=2600}} In ''[[Kena Upanishad]]'' (sections 3-4), the goddess Uma is described as another aspect of divine and the knower of ultimate knowledge (Brahman).{{sfn|Deussen|1980|pp=207–208, 211–213 verses 14–28}}{{sfn|Johnston|2014|pp=229-232}}

Hymns to goddesses are also in ''[[Mahabharata]]'', particularly in the ''Harivamsa'' section (100 to 300 CE) to the work.{{sfn|Saxena|2012|p=139}} [[Thomas B. Coburn]] notes that by about the third or fourth century, archaeological and textual evidence suggest the goddess had become as prominent as God.{{Sfn|Coburn|2002|p=7}} Shakti theology developed in ancient India, reaching its peak in one of the most important texts of Shaktism, the ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]''. C. Mackenzie Brown describes the text as both the culmination of centuries of Indian ideas about the divine woman and the foundation for the literary and spiritual focus on female transcendence in the centuries that followed.{{sfn|Saxena|2012|p=139}} The ''Devi Mahatmya'' is considered in Shaktism to be as important as the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.{{sfn|Rocher|1986|p=193}} According to Thomas Coburn, the ''Devi-Mahatmya'' is not the earliest literary fragment attesting to the devotion to a goddess figure, but "it is surely the earliest in which the object of worship is conceptualized as goddess, with a capital G".{{Sfn|Coburn|1991|p=16}}

== Theology ==
{{Quote box
| quote = [T]he central conception of Hindu philosophy is of the Absolute; that is the background of the universe. This Absolute Being, of whom we can predicate nothing, has Its ''powers'' spoken of as ''She'' — that is, the real personal God in India is She.
| author = {{emdash}} [[Swami Vivekananda]]{{sfn|Vivek|2021}}{{sfn|Maharaj|2020|p=281}}
| width = 30%
| align = right
}}
Shaktas regard Shakti as the [[Absolute (philosophy)|supreme]], ultimate, eternal reality of all existence—the same as the [[Brahman]] concept in wider Hinduism. She is simultaneously considered as the source, embodiment, and energy of the cosmos, and that into which everything ultimately dissolves.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=1}}{{sfn|Melton|Baumann|2010|p=2600}} The ''Devi Upanishad'' verse 2 states: "I am essentially Brahman".{{sfn|Dura|2016}}{{sfn|Duvm|2023}}{{sfn|Duaj|2022}}{{sfn|108u|2022}} According to V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, a professor of Indian history, in Shaktist theology, "Brahman is static Shakti and Shakti is dynamic Brahman."{{sfn|Dikshitar|1999|pp=77-78}} The ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]'' states:

{{Blockquote|I am Manifest Divinity, Unmanifest Divinity, and Transcendent Divinity.... I am Female; I am Male in the form of Shiva.{{efn|''Srimad Devi Bhagavatam'', VII.33.13-15, cited in Brown 1990.{{sfn|Brown|1990|p=186}}}} }}

Shaktism does not reject the masculine, but rejects the dualisms such as masculine-feminine, male-female, soul-body, transcendent-immanent dualism, affirming nature as divine. According to C. MacKenzie Brown, cultural concepts of the masculine and feminine among practitioners of Shaktism are aspects of the divine, transcendent reality.{{sfn|Brown|1990|p=217}} This concept is represented in Hindu iconography by [[Ardhanari]], the half-Shakti, half-Shiva deity.{{sfn|Yadav|2001}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Ardhanari.jpg
| width1 = 135
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = God marriage AS.jpg
| width2 = 160
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = In Shakta theology, the female and male are interdependent realities, represented with [[Ardhanarishvara]] icon. Left: A 5th century art work representing this idea at the [[Elephanta Caves]]; Right: a painting of Ardhanarishvara.
}}
June McDaniel notes that many Shakta texts reflect a syncretism of the [[Samkhya]] and [[Advaita Vedanta]] schools, called ''Shaktadavaitavada'' (literally, the 'path of nondualistic Shakti').{{Sfn|McDaniel|2004|pp=89–91}}

[[Swami Vivekananda]] explained that the true Shakti-worshipper sees "God is the omnipresent force in the universe and sees in women the manifestation of that Force."{{sfn|Vivek|2021a}} [[Sri Ramakrishna]] believed that all Hindu goddesses are manifestations of the same [[mother goddess]].{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}} The 18th-century Shakta [[bhakti]] poems and songs were composed by two Bengal court poets, [[Bharatchandra Ray]] and [[Ramprasad Sen]],{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}} and the Tamil collection ''[[Abhirami Anthadhi]]'' was composed by Abhirami Bhattar.{{sfn|Dalal|2014}}

=== Scriptures ===
The scriptures of Shaktism include the ''[[Shakta Upanishads]]'',{{sfn|Krishna Warrier|1999|pp=ix-x}} as well as Shakti-oriented [[Puranas|Upa Puranic literature]], such as the ''Devi Purana'', the ''[[Kalika Purana]]'',{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=164}} and the ''[[Lalita sahasranama]]'' (from the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'').{{sfn|Dikshitar|1999|pp=1–36}}{{sfn|Brown|1998|pp=8, 17, 10, 21, 320}} The ''[[Tripura Upanishad]]'' is historically the most complete introduction to Shakta Tantrism,{{sfn|Brooks|1990|pp=xiii–xiv}} distilling into its 16 verses almost every important topic in Shakta Tantra tradition.{{sfn|Brooks|1990|pp=xvi}} Along with the ''Tripura Upanishad'', the ''[[Tripuratapini Upanishad]]'' has attracted scholarly ''[[bhasya]]'' (commentary) in the second half of the 2nd millennium, such as the work of [[Bhaskararaya]]{{sfn|Brooks|1990|pp=37-38}} and Ramanand.{{sfn|Brooks|1990|p=221 with note 64}} These texts might link the Shakti [[Tantra]] tradition to the Vedas,{{sfn|Dasgupta|1996|p=3}} but this link has been contested by scholars.{{sfn|Brooks|1990|pp=xiii–xiv, xvi, 21}}{{sfn|Urban|1997|pp=1-38}} Scriptures such as the ''Devi Mahatmya'', ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]'', ''Kalika Purana'', and Shakta Upanishads, like the ''[[Devi Upanishad]]'' are also revered.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2014|p=399}}

==== Devi Gita ====
{{Quote box
| quote = '''The soul and the Goddess'''
<poem>
My sacred syllable ह्रीम्] transcends,{{efn|ह्रीम् is pronounced as hrīm, it is a tantric mantra bīja, and it identifies a "Shakti".{{sfn|Rigopoulos|1998|p=72}}{{sfn|Brooks|1992|p=94 }}}}
the distinction of name and named,
beyond all dualities.
It is whole, infinite [[satcitananda|being, consciousness and bliss]].
One should meditate on that reality,
within the flaming light of consciousness.
Fixing the mind upon me,
as the Goddess transcending all space and time,
One quickly merges with me by realizing,
the oneness of the soul and Brahman.
</poem>
| source = —''Devi Gita'', Transl: Lynn Foulston, Stuart Abbott ''Devibhagavata Purana'', Book 7{{Sfn|Foulston|Abbott|2009|pp=74-75}}
| bgcolor = #FFE0BB
| align = right
}}
The seventh book of the ''Srimad Devi-Bhagavatam'' presents the theology of Shaktism.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=170}} This book is called ''[[Devi Gita]]'' (Song of the Goddess).{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=170}}{{Sfn|Brown|1998|pp=1-2, 85-98}} The goddess explains she is the Brahman that created the world, asserting the Advaita premise that spiritual liberation occurs when one fully comprehends the identity of one's soul and the Brahman.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=170}}{{Sfn|Brown|1998|pp=12-17}} This knowledge, asserts the goddess, comes from detaching self from the world and meditating on one's own soul.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|p=170}}{{Sfn|Pintchman|2015|pp=131-138}}

The ''Devi Gita'', like the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', is a condensed philosophical treatise.{{Sfn|Brown|1990|pp=179-198}} It presents the divine female as a powerful and compassionate creator, pervader, and protector of the universe.{{Sfn|Brown|1998|pp=1-3}} She is presented in the opening chapter of the ''Devi Gita'' as the benign and beautiful world-mother, called ''[[Bhuvaneshvari]]'' (literally, ruler of the universe).{{Sfn|Pintchman|2014|pp=26-28}}{{Sfn|Brown|1990|pp=179-198}} Thereafter, the text presents its theological and philosophical teachings.{{Sfn|Brown|1998|pp=1-3}}

The ''Devi Gita'' describes the Devi (or goddess) as "universal, cosmic energy" resident within each individual. It thus weaves in the terminology of the [[Samkhya]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]].{{sfn|Brown|1998|pp=1-3}} The text is suffused with [[Advaita Vedanta]] ideas, wherein nonduality is emphasised, all dualities are declared as incorrect, and interconnected oneness of all living beings' souls with Brahman is held as the liberating knowledge.{{sfn|Brown|1998|pp=1-3, 12-17}}{{sfn|Pintchman|2015|pp=9, 34, 89-90, 131-138}}{{sfn|Foulston|Abbott|2009|pp=15-16}} However, adds Tracy Pintchman, a professor of religious studies and Hinduism, ''Devi Gita'' incorporates Tantric ideas, giving the Devi a form and motherly character rather than the gender-neutral concept of [[Adi Shankara]]'s Advaita Vedanta.{{sfn|Pintchman|2014|pp=9-10}}
=== List of 8 Shakta Upanishads ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+List of the Shakta Upanishads according to [[Muktikā]] anthology{{Sfn|Cush|2007|p=740}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! width=220px style="background" | '''Title'''
! width=60px | '''Muktika serial #'''
! width=150px | '''Attached Veda'''
|- style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px |''[[Sita Upanishad]]''
| 45
| width=40px | [[Atharva Veda]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px |''[[Tripuratapini Upanishad]]''
| 80
| width=40px |Atharva Veda
|- style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px |''[[Devi Upanishad]]''
| 81
| width=40px | Atharva Veda
|- style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px |''[[Tripura Upanishad]]''
| 82
| width=40px | [[Rigveda]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px |''[[Bhavana Upanishad]]''
| 84
| width=40px | Atharva Veda
|- style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px |''[[Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad]]''
| 105
| width=40px | Rigveda
|- style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px |''[[Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad]]''
| 106
| width=40px | [[Krishna Yajurveda]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px |''[[Bahvricha Upanishad ]]''
| 107
| width=40px | Rigveda
|}
==Principal deities==
Shaktism is a goddess-centric tradition of Hinduism{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=174-176}} in which many goddesses are regarded as various aspects, manifestations, or personifications of the supreme goddess, [[Shakti]].{{sfn|Klostermaier|2010|pp=30, 114–116, 233–245}}{{sfn|Melton|Baumann|2010|pp=2600-2602}} Shaktas worship the Devi in many forms, but all are considered as expressions of the one supreme goddess.{{sfn|Kinsley|1987}}{{sfn|Kali|2003|p=149}} The primary form of Devi worshiped by a Shakta is the ''[[Ishta-deva|ishta-devi]]'', that is a personally selected Devi.{{sfn|Monaghan|2011|pp=26, 94}} The selection of this deity can depend on many factors such as family tradition, regional practice, guru lineage, and personal resonance.{{sfn|Kinsley|1987|pp=102-104}}

[[File:Durga_Loro_Jonggrang_copy.jpg|thumb|377x377px|A 9th-century Durga Shakti idol, victorious over demon Mahishasura, at the Shiva temple, [[Prambanan]], Indonesia{{sfn|Ooi|2004|pp=1101–1102}}]]
Some forms of the goddess are widely known in the Hindu world.{{sfn|Greenberg|2008|pp=254–256}} By the mid 1st-millennium CE, deities such as Parvati, Durga, Kali, [[Yogamaya]], Lakshmi, Saraswati, [[Gayatri]], [[Radha]], and [[Sita]] were already prominent within Shaktism.{{sfn|Kinsley|1987|pp=1-5}}{{sfn|Melton|Baumann|2010|p=2600}} In eastern India, after the [[decline of Buddhism in India]], various [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] goddesses were combined to form the [[Mahavidya]], a [[Pantheon (religion)|pantheon]] of ten goddesses.{{sfn|Sanderson|2014|p=80}}

Among tantric Shaktas, rare forms of Devi include the [[Mahavidyas]], particularly Tripura Sundari, [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Tara (Devi)|Tara]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Chhinnamasta]], [[Dhumavati]], [[Bagalamukhi]], [[Matangi]], and [[Kamalatmika|Kamala]].{{sfn|Kinsley|1987|pp=161-165}}{{sfn|Kinsley|1998}}

Other major goddess groups include the ''[[Matrikas|Sapta-Matrika]]'' ("Seven Mothers"), described as the energies of different major gods who assist the supreme Devi in her battles with deamons, and the 64 ''[[Yogini]]s''. The eight forms of the goddess Lakshmi ([[Ashtalakshmi]]) and the nine forms of goddess Durga (the [[Navadurga]]s) are mainly worshipped during the [[Navratri|Navaratri]] festival.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=126}} Numerous local goddesses ([[Gramadevata]]s) are also worshipped across villages in India.{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=65}}

==Tantric traditions==
[[File:The Goddess Worshiped by Rishi Chyavana.jpeg|thumb|250x250px|A sage, Rishi [[Chyavana]], worships [[Mahadevi|Devi]], an 18th-century painting from the ''Tantrik Devi Series'', Punjab, India]]
Sub-traditions of Shaktism include "Tantra", which refers to techniques, practices and ritual grammar involving ''[[mantra]]'', ''[[yantra]]'', ''[[nyasa (ritual)|nyasa]]'', ''[[mudra]]'' and certain elements of traditional [[kundalini yoga]], typically practiced under the guidance of a qualified [[guru]] after due initiation (''[[diksha]]'') and oral instruction to supplement various written sources.{{sfn|Brooks|1990|pp=47-72}}{{sfn|Harper|Brown|2012|pp=48, 117, 40–53}} There has been a historic debate between Shakta theologians on whether its tantric practices are Vedic or non-Vedic.{{sfn|Brooks|1990|p=xii}}{{sfn|Brooks|1990|pp=xiii–xiv, xvi, 21}}{{sfn|Urban|1997|pp=1-38}}

The roots of Shakta Tantrism are unclear, probably ancient and independent of the Vedic tradition of Hinduism. The interaction between Vedic and Tantric traditions trace back to at least the sixth century,{{sfn|Brooks|1990|p=xii}} and the surge in Tantra tradition developments during the late medieval period, states Geoffrey Samuel, were a means to confront and cope with Islamic invasions and political instability in and after the 14th century CE.{{sfn|Samuel|2010|pp=60–61, 87–88, 351–356}}

Notable Shakta [[Tantras (Hinduism)|tantras]] are ''Saradatilaka Tantra'' of Lakshmanadesika (11th century), ''Kali Tantra'' ({{Circa|15th century}}), [[Yogini Tantra]], Sarvanandanatha's ''Sarvolassa Tantra'', Brahmananda Giri's ''Saktananda Tarangini'' with ''Tararahasya'' and Purnananda Giri's ''Syamarahasya'' with ''Sritattvacintamani'' (16th century), Krishananda Agamavagisa's ''Tantrasara'' and Raghunatna Tarkavagisa Bhattacarya ''Agamatattvavilasa'' (17th century), as well as works of Bhaskaracharya (18th century).{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=827}}

===Vidyāpīṭha===
The Vidyāpīṭha is subdivided into Vāmatantras, Yāmalatantras, and Śaktitantras.{{sfn|Sanderson|2014|pp=35,37}}

===Kulamārga===
The [[Kulamārga]] preserves some of the distinctive features of the [[Kāpālika]] tradition, from which it is derived.{{sfn|Sanderson|2014|pp=4-5, 11, 57}} It is subdivided into four subcategories of texts based on the goddesses Kuleśvarī, Kubjikā, Kālī and Tripurasundarī respectively.{{sfn|Sanderson|2014|pp=57-65}} The [[Trika]] texts are closely related to the Kuleśvarī texts and can be considered as part of the Kulamārga.{{sfn|Sanderson|2014|pp=59-60, 68}}

==Worship==
[[File:Adi Devi.jpg|thumb|A modern depiction of the Divine Mother as the supreme divine ultimate reality encompassing all divinities.|328x328px]]

Shaktism encompasses a nearly endless variety of beliefs and practices – from animism to philosophical speculation of the highest order – that seek to access the Shakti (Divine Energy or Power) that is believed to be the Devi's nature and form.{{sfn|Subramuniyaswami|2002|p=1211}} Its two largest and most visible schools are the ''Srikula'' (family of ''Tripura Sundari''), strongest in [[South India]], and the ''Kalikula'' (family of ''Kali''), which prevails in northern and eastern India.{{sfn|Subramuniyaswami|2002|p=1211}}

=== Srikula: family of Lalita Tripura Sundari ===
The ''Srikula'' (family of ''Sri'') tradition (''[[sampradaya]]'') focuses worship on Devi in the form of the goddess ''Lalita-Tripura Sundari''. Rooted in first-millennium. Srikula became a force in South India no later than the seventh century, and is today the prevalent form of Shaktism practiced in South Indian regions such as [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and Tamil areas of [[Sri Lanka]].{{sfn|Brooks|1992|p=back cover}}

[[File:Lalita sm.JPG|thumb|Sri Lalita-Tripurasundari enthroned with her left foot upon the [[Sri Chakra]], holding her traditional symbols, the sugarcane bow, flower arrows, noose and goad|328x328px]]

The Srikula's best-known school is [[Shri Vidya|Srividya]], "one of Shakta Tantrism's most influential and theologically sophisticated movements." Its central symbol, the ''[[Sri Chakra]]'', is probably the most famous visual image in all of Hindu Tantric tradition. Its literature and practice is perhaps more systematic than that of any other Shakta sect.{{sfn|Brooks|1990|p=xiii}}

Srividya largely views the goddess as "benign [''saumya''] and beautiful [''saundarya'']" (in contrast to Kalikula's focus on "terrifying [''ugra''] and horrifying [''ghora'']" Goddess forms such as Kali or Durga). In Srikula practice, moreover, every aspect of the goddess – whether malignant or gentle – is identified with Lalita.{{sfn|Brooks|1992|pp=59-60}}

[[File:Sri Yantra Correct Colors Johari 1974.jpg|thumb|The Sri Chakra, also known as the Shri Yantra, is a mystical diagram used in Shaktism.]]
Srikula adepts most often worship Lalita using the abstract ''Sri Chakra'' [[yantra]], which is regarded as her subtle form. The Sri Chakra can be visually rendered either as a two-dimensional diagram (whether drawn temporarily as part of the worship ritual, or permanently engraved in metal) or in the three-dimensional, pyramidal form known as the ''Sri Meru''. It is not uncommon to find a ''Sri Chakra'' or ''Sri Meru'' installed in South Indian temples, because – as modern practitioners assert – "there is no disputing that this is the highest form of Devi and that some of the practice can be done openly. But what you see in the temples is not the ''srichakra'' worship you see when it is done privately."{{efn|A senior member of Guru Mandali, Madurai, November 1984, cited in Brooks 1992.{{sfn|Brooks|1992|p=56}} }}

The Srividya ''[[parampara]]s'' can be further broadly subdivided into two streams, the ''[[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]]'' (a ''[[Vamachara|vamamarga]]'' practice) and the ''Samaya'' (a ''[[Dakshinachara|dakshinamarga]]'' practice). The ''Kaula'' or ''Kaulachara'', first appeared as a coherent ritual system in the 8th century in central India,{{sfn|White|2003|p=219}} and its most revered theorist is the 18th-century philosopher [[Bhaskararaya]], widely considered "the best exponent of Shakta philosophy."{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=209}}

The ''Samaya'' or ''Samayacharya'' finds its roots in the work of the 16th-century commentator Lakshmidhara, and is "fiercely puritanical [in its] attempts to reform Tantric practice in ways that bring it in line with high-caste [[brahmin|brahmanical]] norms."{{sfn|Brooks|1990|p=28}} Many Samaya practitioners explicitly deny being either Shakta or Tantric, though scholars argues that their cult remains technically both.{{sfn|Brooks|1990|p=28}} The Samaya-Kaula division marks "an old dispute within Hindu Tantrism".{{sfn|Brooks|1990|p=28}}

===Kalikula: family of Kali===
The ''Kalikula'' (Family of ''Kali'') form of Shaktism is most dominant in northeastern India, and is most widely prevalent in [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] and [[Odisha]] and [[Nepal]], and also previously in Kashmir (the Kaula tradition). The goddesses Kubjika, Kulesvari, [[Chamunda]], [[Chandi]], Shamshan Kali (goddess of the cremation ground), Dakshina Kali, and Siddheshwari are worshipped in the region of Bengal to protect against disease and smallpox as well as ill omens. ''Kalikula'' lineages focus upon the Devi as the source of wisdom (''vidya'') and liberation (''[[moksha]]''). The tantric part generally stands "in opposition to the brahmanic tradition," which they view as "overly conservative and denying the experiential part of religion."{{sfn|McDaniel|2004}}

[[File:Indian - Kali as the Supreme Deity - Walters W897.jpg|thumb|Kali as the supreme deity worshiped by Indra, Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva|382x382px]]

The main deities of the Kalikula tradition are ''Kali'', ''[[Chandi]]'', ''Bheema'' and ''Durga''. Other goddesses that enjoy veneration are ''Tara'' and all the other ''[[Mahavidyas]]'', [[Kaumari]] as well as regional goddesses such as ''[[Manasa]]'', the snake goddesses, ''Ṣaṣṭī'', the protectress of children, ''[[Shitala|Śītalā]]'', the smallpox goddess, and ''[[Umā]]'' (the Vedic and Bangla Language name for Parvati) — all of them, again, considered aspects of the Divine Mother.{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}}{{sfn|McDaniel|2004}}

[[File:Kali_lithograph.jpg|thumb|Kali in her ''Dakshina Kali'' form|337x337px]]

In [[Nepal]] devi is mainly worshipped as the goddess Bhavani. She is one of the important Hindu deities in Nepal.
Two major centres of Shaktism in West Bengal are [[Kalighat]] where the skull of Kali is believed to be worshipped along with her 25 forms. The kali ghat temple is located in [[Calcutta]] and [[Tarapith]] in [[Birbhum district]]. In Calcutta, emphasis is on devotion (''bhakti'') to the goddess as ''Kali''. Where the goddess (Kali) is seen as the destroyer of evil;
{{blockquote|She is "the loving mother who protects her children and whose fierceness guards them. She is outwardly frightening – with dark skin, pointed teeth, and a necklace of skulls – but inwardly beautiful. She can guarantee a good rebirth or great religious insight, and her worship is often communal – especially at festivals, such as ''Kali Puja'' and ''Durga Puja''. Worship may involve contemplation of the devotee's union with or love of the goddess, visualization of her form, chanting [of her] ''mantras'', prayer before her image or ''yantra'', and giving [of] offerings."{{sfn|McDaniel|2004}} }}
At Tarapith, Devi's manifestation as ''Tara'' ("She Who Saves") or ''Ugratara'' ("Fierce Tara") is ascendant, as the goddess who gives liberation (''kaivalyadayini''). [...] The forms of ''sadhana'' performed here are more ''[[yogic]]'' and ''tantric'' than devotional, and they often involve sitting alone at the [cremation] ground, surrounded by ash and bone. There are [[shamanic]] elements associated with the Tarapith tradition, including "conquest of the Goddess, exorcism, trance, and control of spirits."{{sfn|McDaniel|2004}}

The philosophical and devotional underpinning of all such ritual, however, remains a pervasive vision of the Devi as supreme, absolute divinity. As expressed by the 19th-century saint [[Ramakrishna]], one of the most influential figures in modern Bengali Shaktism:
{{Blockquote|Kali is none other than Brahman. That which is called Brahman is really Kali. She is the Primal Energy. When that Energy remains inactive, I call It Brahman, and when It creates, preserves, or destroys, I call It Shakti or Kali. What you call Brahman I call Kali. Brahman and Kali are not different. They are like fire and its power to burn: if one thinks of fire one must think of its power to burn. If one recognizes Kali one must also recognize Brahman; again, if one recognizes Brahman one must recognize Kali. Brahman and Its Power are identical. It is Brahman whom I address as Shakti or Kali.{{sfn|Nikhilananda|2000|p=734}} }}

===Festivals===
Shaktas celebrate most major Hindu festivals, as well as a huge variety of local, temple- or deity-specific observances. A few of the more important events are listed below:{{sfn|Pattanaik|2000|pp=103-109}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=174-176}}

====Navaratri====
{{main|Navaratri}}
The most important Shakta festival is ''[[Navratri|Navaratri]]'' ({{lit|Festival of Nine Nights}}), also known as "Sharad Navaratri" because it falls during the Hindu season of [[Sharad (Indian season)|Sharad]] (September/October/November). This is the festival that worships the [[Navadurgas]], forms of [[Devi]]. This festival – often taken together with the following tenth day, known as ''Dusshera'' or ''[[Vijayadashami]]'' – celebrates the goddess Durga's victory over a series of powerful demons described in the ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]''.{{sfn|Kinsley|1987|pp=95-115}} In [[Bengal]], the last four days of Navaratri are called Durga Puja, and mark one episode in particular: Durga's iconic slaying of [[Mahishasura]] (lit., the "Buffalo Demon").{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}}{{sfn|Durgapuja|2007}} Durga Puja also became the main religio-cultural celebration within the Bengal diaspora in the West (together with Kali and [[Saraswati Pooja|Sarasvati]] Pujas, if a community enough big and rich).{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=830}}

While Hindus of all denominations celebrate the autumn Navratri festival, Shaktas also celebrate two additional Navratris – one in the spring and one in the summer. The spring festival is known as ''Vasanta Navaratri'' or ''Chaitra Navatri'', and celebrated in the Hindu month of [[Chaitra]] (March/April). Srividya lineages dedicate this festival to Devi's form as the goddess Tripura Sundari. The summer festival is called ''Ashada Navaratri'', as it is held during the Hindu month of [[Ashadha]] (June/July). The [[Vaishno Devi]] temple in [[Jammu]], with Vaishno Devi considered an aspect of Durga, celebrates Navaratri.{{sfn|Kinsley|1987|pp=95-115}}{{sfn|Wadley|2004|pp=103-104}} ''Ashada Navaratri'', on the other hand, is considered particularly auspicious for devotees of the boar-headed Goddess [[Varahi]], one of the seven Matrikas named in the ''Devi Mahatmya''.{{sfn|Srinivasan|2007}}

====Vasant Panchami====
{{main|Vasant Panchami}}Vasant Panchami is the most important festival dedicated to Goddess Saraswati, the consort of Lord [[Brahma]] and the goddess of arts, knowledge, and wisdom, who was a significant deity in Vedic India and embodies sound and speech. The festival is celebrated in late January or early February on the fifth day of spring, when devotees perform Saraswati [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]], and it is especially significant for students, writers, musicians, and other learners, who honour her with books, pens, and learning rituals. Young children often write on their first letters on this day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-01 |title=Saraswati {{!}} Hinduism, Mythology, River, History, & Worship {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Saraswati |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Uth |first=A |url= |title=Volume 2: India: Gods & Goddesses: Saraswati, Critical Survey of Mythology & Folklore: Gods & Goddesses |date=2019 |page=682}}</ref>

====Diwali and others====
{{main|Diwali}}
[[Lakshmi Puja]] is a part of Durga Puja celebrations by Shaktas, where Laksmi symbolises the goddess of abundance and autumn harvest.{{sfn|Kinsley|1987|p=33}} Lakshmi's biggest festival, however, is ''[[Diwali]]'' (or ''Deepavali''; the "Festival of Lights"), a major Hindu holiday celebrated across India and in Nepal as Tihar. In North India, Diwali marks the beginning of the traditional New Year, and is held on the night of the new moon in the Hindu month of [[Kartika (month)|Kartik]] (usually October or November). Shaktas (and many non-Shaktas) celebrate it as another Lakshmi Puja, placing small oil lamps outside their homes and praying for the goddess's blessings.{{sfn|Diwali|2007}} Diwali coincides with the celebration of [[Kali Puja]], popular in Bengal,{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}} and some Shakta traditions focus their worship on Devi as Parvati rather than Lakshmi.{{sfn|Kalipooja|2007}}
[[File:India Meenakshi Temple.jpg|thumb|A [[gopuram]] (tower) of the [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]], a Shakta temple at Madurai, Tamil Nadu, [[India]]|250x250px]]Major Shakta temple festivals are ''Meenakshi Kalyanam'' and ''[[Ambubachi Mela]]''. The ''Meenakshi Kalyanam'' is a part of the [[Chithirai Thiruvizha]] festival in [[Madurai]] around April/May, one of the largest festivals in South India, celebrating the wedding of goddess [[Minakshi|Meenakshi]] (Parvati) and Shiva. The festival is one where both the Vaishnava and Shaiva communities join the celebrations, because Vishnu gives away his sister Parvati in marriage to Shiva.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|pp=112–113}}
''[[Ambubachi Mela]]'' or Ameti is a celebration of the menstruation of the goddess, by hundreds of thousands of devotees, in a festival held in June/July (during the monsoon season) at [[Kamakhya Temple]], Guwahati, Assam. Here the Devi is worshiped in the form of a [[yoni]]-like stone, and the site is one of Shakta Pitha or pilgrimage sites in Shaktism.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=184}}

===Animal sacrifice===
Shakti tradition practices animal sacrifice to revere goddesses such as Kali in many parts of India but particularly in the eastern and Himalayan states of India and Nepal. This is either an actual animal, or a vegetable or sweet dish substitute considered equivalent to the animal.{{sfn|McDermott|2011|pp=204–205}} In many cases, Shakti devotees consider animal sacrifice distasteful, and practice alternate means of expressing devotion while respecting the views of others in their tradition.{{sfn|Katznelson|Jones|2010|p=343}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Durga slaying the Buffalo demon Mahisuramardini LACMA M.70.42.8.jpg
| width1 = 80
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Immolation Sacrifice, Mouh Boli, Durga Puja.jpg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = In Shakti mythology, Durga slays an evil buffalo demon (left, 18th century statue).{{sfn|Fuller|2004|p=83}} Right: A buffalo about to be sacrificed by a villager during Durga puja festival. The buffalo sacrifice practice, however, is rare in contemporary India.{{sfn|Fuller|2004|p=141}}
}}
In [[Nepal]], [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]] and [[Assam]], animal sacrifices are performed at Shakti temples, particularly to mark the legend of goddess Durga slaying the buffalo demon. This involves slaying of a [[goat]] or a male [[water buffalo]]. Animal sacrifice is also an essential component as part of the [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]] [[tantra]] school of Shaktism. This practice is rare among Hindus, outside this region.{{sfn|Fuller|2004|p=83}}

In Bengal, the animal sacrifice ritual follows the guidelines as seen in texts such as ''[[Mahanirvana Tantra]]''. This ritual includes selecting the animal, then a priest offers a prayer to the animal, then recites the [[Gayatri Mantra]] in its ear before killing it.{{sfn|McDermott|2011|p=205}} The [[meat]] of the sacrificed animal is then cooked and eaten by the Shakta devotees.{{sfn|Fuller|2004|p=83}}

In Nepal, animal sacrifice ''en masse'' occurs during the three-day-long [[Gadhimai festival]]. In 2009 it was speculated that more than 250,000 animals were sacrificed during this event.{{sfn|Lang|2009}}{{sfn|Shrestha|2009}}

In Odisha, during the [[Bali Jatra]], Shakti devotees sacrifice male goats to the goddess [[Samaleswari]] in her temple in [[Sambalpur]], Orissa.{{sfn|Pfeffer|Behera|1997|p=312}}

The [[Rajput]] of [[Rajasthan]] worship their weapons and horses on [[Navaratri|Navratri]], and formerly offered a sacrifice of a [[goat]] to a goddess revered as Kuldevi – a practice that continues in some places.{{sfn|Harlan|2003|pp=45, 55, 58-59}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|Erndl|2000|p=77}} The ritual requires slaying of the animal with a single stroke. In the past this ritual was considered a [[rite of passage]] into manhood and readiness as a warrior. The ritual is directed by a priest.{{sfn|Harlan|1992|pp=61, 88}} The ''Kuldevi'' among these Rajput communities is a warrior-pativrata guardian goddess, with local legends tracing reverence for her during Rajput-Muslim wars.{{sfn|Harlan|1992|pp=107–108}}

Animal sacrifice of a buffalo or goat, particularly during smallpox epidemics, has been practiced in parts of [[South India]]. The sacrificed animal is dedicated to a goddess, and is probably related to the myth of goddess Kali in [[Andhra Pradesh]], but in [[Karnataka]], the typical goddess is [[Renuka]]. According to [[Alf Hiltebeitel]] – a professor of Religions, History and Human Sciences, these ritual animal sacrifices, with some differences, mirrors goddess - related ritual animal sacrifice found in [[Gilgamesh]] epic and in texts of [[Egypt|Egyptian]], Minoan and Greek sources.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|1980|pp=187–195, 211–214}}

In the 19th century through the early 20th century, Indian labourers were shipped by the [[British Empire]] into colonial mining and plantations operations in the Indian ocean and the Caribbean regions. These included a significant amount of Shakta devotees. While instances of Shakta animal sacrifice during Kali puja in the [[Caribbean islands]] were recorded between 1850s to 1920s, these were relatively uncommon when compared to other rituals such as temple prayers, community dancing and fire walking.{{sfn|Taylor|Case|2013|pp=285–288}}

==Shaktism versus other Hindu traditions==
[[File:1849 engraving of "the Hindoo Goddess Karle".JPG|thumb|upright|"The Hindoo Goddess Kali", an illustration from ''Dr. Scudder's Tales for Little Readers About the Heathen'', by Dr. John Scudder (London, 1849)]]
The tantra practices are secretive, subject to speculations and criticism. Scholars variously attribute such criticism to ignorance, misunderstanding or sectarian bias on the part of some observers, as well as unscrupulous practices by some Shaktas. These are some of the reasons many Hindus question the relevance and historicity of Tantra to their tradition.{{sfn|White|2003|p=262}}{{sfn|Urban|1997|pp=1-38}} The emphasis in Shaktism that love of the deity is more important than obedience shows an influence of the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] idea of passionate relationship between [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] as an ideal [[Bhakti#Bhavas|bhava]].{{sfn|McDaniel|2004|p=11}} Similarly, Shaktism influenced [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaivism]]. The goddess is considered the consort and energy (''shakti'') of the gods [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]]; they have their individual shaktis, [[Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)|Vaishnavi]] for Vishnu and [[Maheshvari]] for Shiva, and consorts [[Lakshmi]] and [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]]/[[Parvati]].{{sfn|Kinsley|1987|p=156}}

Beyond tantra, the Shakta sub-traditions subscribe to various philosophies, are similar in some aspects and differ in others. These traditions compare with Vaishnavism, Shaivism and [[Smarta tradition|Smartism]] as follows:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of Shaktism with other traditions
|-
! !! [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava Traditions]] !! [[Shaivism|Shaiva Tradition]]s !! style="background:#fc9;"|Shakta Traditions !! [[Smarta tradition|Smarta Traditions]] || References
|-
|Scriptural authority || Vedas and Upanishads || Vedas and Upanishads || Vedas, Upanishads and Tantras||Vedas and Upanishads ||{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=474}}{{sfn|Dhavamony|1999|pp=32-34}}
|-
|Supreme deity || God Vishnu || God Shiva || Goddess Devi || None ||{{sfn|Gonda|1970}}{{sfn|Partridge|2013|p=182}}
|-
|Creator || Vishnu || Shiva || Devi || Brahman principle ||{{sfn|Gonda|1970}}{{sfn|Gupta|2013|pp=65-71}}
|-
|[[Avatar]] || Key concept || Minor || Significant || Minor ||{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=474}}{{sfn|Eng|2008|p=221}}{{sfn|Dhavamony|2002|p=63}}
|-
|[[Sannyasa|Monastic]] life || Accepts || Recommends || Accepts || Recommends ||{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=474}}{{sfn|Phillips|1995|p=332 note 68}}{{sfn|Olivelle|1992|pp=4-18}}
|-
|Rituals, [[Bhakti]] || Affirms || Affirms{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=162-167}}{{sfn|Shaivas|2017}}{{sfn|Munavalli|2007|p=83}}|| Affirms || Optional{{sfn|Prakash|1998|pp=56-57}}||{{sfn|Frazier|2013}}
|-
|[[Ahimsa]] and Vegetarianism || Affirms || Recommends,{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=162-167}} Optional || Optional || Recommends, recommends Optional || {{sfn|Kemmerer|Nocella|2011|pp=27-36}}{{sfn|Simoons|1998|pp=182-183}}
|-
|[[Free will]], [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]], [[Karma]] || Affirms || Affirms || Affirms || Affirms ||{{sfn|Gonda|1970}}
|-
|Metaphysics || [[Brahman]] (Vishnu) and [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Soul, Self) || Brahman (Shiva), Atman || Brahman (Devi), Atman || Brahman, Atman ||{{sfn|Gonda|1970}}
|-
|[[Epistemology]] ([[Pramana]]) || 1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Reliable testimony || 1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Reliable testimony 4. Self-evident{{sfn|Sivaraman|1973|pp=336-340}}|| 1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Reliable testimony || 1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Comparison and analogy 4. Postulation, derivation 5. Negative/cognitive proof 6. Reliable testimony ||{{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=238}}{{Sfn|Flood|1996|p=225}}{{sfn|Deutsche|2000|pp=245-248}}
|-
|Philosophy||Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita, Visishtadvaita|| Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita || Shakti-advaita, [[Samkhya]] || Advaita ||{{sfn|McDaniel|2004|pp=177–225}}
|-
|Salvation ([[Soteriology]])|| Videhamukti, Yoga, champions householder life || Jivanmukta, [[Karma|Charya]]-[[Kriyā]]-[[Yoga]]-[[Jnana]]{{sfn|Hurley|Hurley|2012|p=5}}|| Bhakti, Tantra, Yoga || Jivanmukta, Advaita, Yoga, champions monastic life ||{{sfn|Skoog|1996|pp=63–84, 236–239}}{{sfn|Prasad|2008|p=375}}
|}

==Demography==
There is no census data available on demographic history or trends for Shaktism or other traditions within Hinduism.{{sfn|Pew|2012}} Estimates vary on the relative number of adherents in Shaktism compared to other traditions of Hinduism. According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, the Shaktism tradition is the smaller group with about 30 million or 3.2% of Hindus.{{sfn|Johnson|Grim|2013|p=400}} According to a 2020 estimate by the World Religion Database (WRD), hosted at Boston University’s Institute on Culture, Religion and World Affairs (CURA), Shaktism is the [[Hinduism#Demographics|third largest Hindu sect]], constituting about 305 million Hindus.{{sfn|Preston|2024}}

Adherents of Shaktism are referred to as Shaktas.{{sfn|Merriam|2023}} Large shakta communities are particularly found in eastern states, such as [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[Tripura]] with substantial communities also existing in [[Punjab]], [[Jammu]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Gujarat]] and Central India.{{sfn|Zeidan|2024}}{{sfn|Odisha|2018}} In West Bengal Shaktas belong to the upper [[caste]]s as well as lowest castes and tribes, while the lower middle castes are [[Vaishnava]]s.{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}}

Gavin Flood states that Shaivism and Shaktism traditions are difficult to separate, as many Shaiva Hindus revere the goddess Shakti regularly.<ref>{{harvnb|Flood|2008|p=200}}: "it is often impossible to meaningfully distinguish between Saiva and Sakta traditions".</ref> The denominations of Hinduism, states Julius Lipner, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with individuals revering gods and goddesses [[henotheism|henotheistically]], with many Shaiva and Vaishnava adherents recognising Sri (Lakshmi), Parvati, Saraswati and other aspects of the goddess Devi. Similarly, Shakta Hindus revere Shiva and goddesses such as Parvati (such as Durga, [[Radha]], [[Sita]] and others) and Saraswati important in Shaiva and Vaishnava traditions.{{sfn|Lipner|2009|pp=371-375}}

==Temples and influence==
{{Further-text|[[:Category:Shakti temples|List of Shakti Temples]] and [[Shakta pithas]]}}
{{Shakta pithas map}}
Shakta temples are found all over South Asia. Many towns, villages and geographic landmarks are named for various forms of the Devi.{{sfn|Pattanaik|2000|pages=110-114}} Major pilgrimage sites of Shaktism are called "[[Shakta pithas]]", literally "Seats of the Devi". These vary from 4 to 51.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=171}}

Some Shakta temples are also found in [[Southeast Asia]], the [[Americas]], [[Europe]], [[Australia]] and elsewhere.{{sfn|McDermott|1998|pages=281-305}} Examples in the [[United States]] include the ''Kali Mandir'' in [[Laguna Beach, California]];{{sfn|Kalimandir|2016}} and ''[[Sri Rajarajeswari Peetam]]'',{{sfn|Srividya|2016}} a ''[[Srividya]]'' temple in rural [[Rush, New York]].{{sfn|Dempsey|2006}}

Some [[Feminism|feminists]] and participants in [[New Age]] spirituality who are attracted to Goddess worship", suggest Shaktism is a "symbol of wholeness and healing, associated especially with repressed female power and sexuality."{{sfn|McDermott|1998|pp=281-305}}

===Buddhism===
There has been a significant sharing of ideas, ritual grammar and concepts between Tantric Buddhism ([[Vajrayana]] tradition) found in Nepal and Tibet and the Tantric Shakta tradition of Hinduism.{{sfn|Melton|Baumann|2010|p=2599}}{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=332}} Both movements cherish female deities.{{sfn|Keul|2012|p=119}} According to [[Miranda E. Shaw|Miranda Shaw]], "the confluence of Buddhism and Shaktism is such that Tantric Buddhism could properly be called Shakta Buddhism".{{sfn|Saxena|2012|p=137}}
[[File:Ardhanarishvara statue, Bangkok.jpg|thumb|Ardhanarishvara in Southeast-Asia (Bangkok)]]
[[File:India settentrionale, saptamatrika, X sec.JPG|thumb|''[[Matrika]]'' – mother goddesses – are found in both Shakta-Hinduism and Vajrayana-Buddhism.{{sfn|Keul|2012|pp=119-123}}{{sfn|Roberts|2011|p=715}}]]
The Buddhist [[Aurangabad Caves]] about 100 kilometers from the [[Ellora Caves]], dated to the 6th to 7th century CE, show Buddhist Matrikas (mother goddesses of Shaktism) next to the Buddha.<ref name= Brancaccio/> Other goddesses in these caves include Durga. The goddess iconography in these Buddhist caves is close, but not identical to the Hindu Shakta tradition. The "seven Goddess mothers" are found in other Buddhist caves and literature, such as their discussion in the Buddhist text ''Manjusrimulakalpa'' and ''Vairocanabhisambodhi''.<ref name= Brancaccio>{{harvnb|Brancaccio|2010|p=21, 202–207}}: "To the right of the main Buddha image, carved out of the wall of the sanctum, is an ensemble of seven female images".</ref>{{sfn|Gray|Overbey|2016|pp=47-48}}
===Jainism===
In [[Jainism]], ideas similar to Shaktism tradition are found, such as the Vidyadevis and the Shasanadevis.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=332}}

===Sikhism===
The secondary scripture of Sikhs, ''[[Dasam Granth]]'' attributed to [[Guru Gobind Singh]], includes numerous sections on Shakta goddesses, particularly [[Chandi]] – the fierce warrior form of the Hindu goddess.{{sfn|Rinehart|2011|pp=71,107–110}} According to Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh – a professor of Religious Studies, the stories about goddess Durga in the ''Dasam Granth'' are reworkings of ancient Shakti mythologies.{{sfn|Elsberg|2003|pp=37-38}} A significant part of this Sikh scripture is based on the teachings in the Shakta text ''Devi Mahatmya'' found in the ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'' of Hinduism.{{sfn|Singh|Fenech|2014|p=139}}

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Palden Lhamo}}
* {{annotated link|Tridevi}}
* [[Caribbean Shaktism]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin}}
=== Books and Journals ===
*{{cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=N. N. |title=History of the Sakta Religion |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers]] |location=New Delhi |orig-year=1974 |edition=2nd |year=1996 }}
*{{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Douglas Renfrew |title=The Secret of the Three Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Shakta Tantrism |publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-226-07569-3 }}
*{{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Douglas Renfrew |title=Auspicious Wisdom: The Texts and Traditions of Srividya Shakta Tantrism in South India |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=Albany |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-7914-1146-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Brown |first=C. MacKenzie |title=The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Issues of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana |publisher=State University of New York Press |series=SUNY Series in Hindu Studies |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-7914-0364-8}}
*{{cite book |first=Pia |last=Brancaccio |title=The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA206 |year=2010 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-18525-8 }}
*{{cite book|first=Cheever Mackenzie |last=Brown|title=The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary| year=1998| publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |isbn=978-0-7914-3939-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Coburn |first= Thomas B. |title= Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation| publisher= State University of New York Press | year= 1991 | isbn = 0791404463}}
*{{cite book|last=Coburn |first= Thomas B. |title=Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition |publisher= South Asia Books |year=2002 |isbn =81-208-0557-7}}
*{{cite book |last=Cush |first=Denise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA740 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0700712670 |display-authors=etal }}
*{{cite book|last= Dasgupta |first= S |title=Journal of the Indian Musicological Society |year=1996| volume= 27–28| publisher=Indian Musicological Society}}
*{{cite book |last=Dempsey |first=Corinne G. |title=The Goddess Lives in Upstate New York: Breaking Convention and Making Home at a North American Hindu Temple |url=https://archive.org/details/goddesslivesinup00cori |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |year=2006 }}
*{{cite book |last=Dikshitar |first=V. R. Ramachandra |title=The Lalita Cult |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=Delhi |orig-year=1942 |year=1999}}
*{{cite book|first=Mariasusai |last=Dhavamony |title=Hindu Spirituality |year=1999 |publisher=Gregorian Press |isbn=978-88-7652-818-7 }}
*{{cite book |last=Dhavamony |first=Mariasusai |title=Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives |year=2002 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=90-420-1510-1 }}
*{{cite book |first=Eliott |last=Deutsche |year= 2000 |title= Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 |editor-first= Roy |editor-last=Perrett |publisher= Routledge |isbn=978-0815336112}}
*{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Deussen |title=Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Part 1 |year=1980| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1468-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA184 |year=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT105 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |year=2014 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9788184752779 }}
*{{cite book |last=Eng |first=Lai Ah |title=Religious Diversity in Singapore |year=2008 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-754-5}}
*{{cite book |first=Constance Waeber |last=Elsberg |title=Graceful Women: Gender and Identity in an American Sikh Community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bU8rmpdIwWYC&pg=PA37 |year=2003 |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 }}
*{{cite book|last=Fuller|first=Christopher John|title=The camphor flame: popular Hinduism and society in India|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7823.html|edition=Revised and Expanded|year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12048-5}}
*{{cite book |first=Gavin |last=Flood |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |year=2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-99868-7 }}
*{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&pg=PA82 |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 }}
*{{cite journal | last=Frazier | first=J. | title=Bhakti in Hindu Cultures | journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies | publisher=Oxford University Press | volume=6 | issue=2 | year=2013 | pages=101–113 | doi=10.1093/jhs/hit028}}
*{{cite book| first1=Lynn| last1=Foulston| first2=Stuart| last2=Abbott| title=Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices| url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesbe0000foul| url-access=registration| year=2009| publisher=Sussex Academic Press| isbn=978-1-902210-43-8}}
*{{cite book |first=John A. |last=Grimes |title= A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English |year= 1996 |publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn= 978-0791430675}}
*{{cite book |first1=David B. |last1=Gray |first2=Ryan Richard |last2=Overbey |title=Tantric Traditions in Transmission and Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJWCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-990952-0 }}
*{{cite book |first=Jan |last=Gonda |title=Visnuism and Sivaism: A Comparison |year=1970 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4742-8080-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Sanjukta |title=Advaita Vedanta and Vaisnavism: The Philosophy of Madhusudana Sarasvati |year= 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-15774-7 }}
*{{cite book |first=Yudit Kornberg |last=Greenberg |title=Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-85109-980-1 }}
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=== Websites ===
*{{cite web |url=http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_9/lectures_and_discourses/the_women_of_india.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024053814/http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_9/lectures_and_discourses/the_women_of_india.htm |archive-date=2023-10-24 |title=Complete-Works/Volume 9/Lectures and Discourses/THE WOMEN OF INDIA |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=ramakrishnavivekananda.info |ref={{sfnRef|Vivek|2021}} }}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_5/epistles_first_series/006_haripada.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024053535/https://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_5/epistles_first_series/006_haripada.htm |archive-date=2023-10-24 |title=Complete-Works/Volume 5/Epistles-First Series |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=ramakrishnavivekananda.info |ref={{sfnRef|Vivek|2021a}} }}
*{{cite web |url=https://bharatabharati.in/2016/10/10/devi-upanishad-rishi-atharvan-3/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620055717/https://bharatabharati.in/2016/10/10/devi-upanishad-rishi-atharvan-3/ |archive-date=2023-06-20 |title=Devi Upanishad – Rishi Atharvan |date=10 October 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|Dura|2016}} }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.vyasaonline.com/devi-upanishad/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028162539/https://www.vyasaonline.com/devi-upanishad/ |archive-date=2023-10-28 |title=Devi Upanishad – Vyasa Mahabharata |ref={{sfnRef|Duvm|2023}} }}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.astrojyoti.com/deviupanishad.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924182345/https://www.astrojyoti.com/deviupanishad.htm |archive-date=2023-09-24 |title=Devi Upanishad |publisher=Astrojyoti.com |date=2022-05-30 |accessdate=2022-09-01 |ref={{sfnRef|Duaj|2022}} }}
*{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/1UpanishadsRigVeda/5Upanishads%20-%20Atharva%20Veda_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "108 Upanishads English Translation" |date=2022-01-14 |accessdate=2022-09-01 |ref={{sfnRef|108u|2022}} }}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Shakta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103024036/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Shakta |archive-date=2023-11-03 |title=Shakta |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary |ref={{sfnRef|Merriam|2023}} }}
*{{cite web |title=Durga Puja |website=DurgaPuja.org |url=http://www.durga-puja.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327160514/https://www.durga-puja.org/ |archive-date=2024-03-27 |access-date=2007-10-22 |ref={{sfnRef|Durgapuja|2007}} }}
*{{cite web |title=Diwali |website=Diwalifestival.org |url=https://www.diwalifestival.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419085607/https://www.diwalifestival.org/ |archive-date=2024-04-19 |access-date=2007-10-22 |ref={{sfnRef|Diwali|2007}} }}
*{{cite web |title=Kali Pooja in Bengal |website=Diwalifestival.org |url=https://www.diwalifestival.org/kali-pooja-in-bengal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109075408/https://www.diwalifestival.org/kali-pooja-in-bengal.html |archive-date=2023-11-09 |access-date=2007-10-22 |ref={{sfnRef|Kalipooja|2007}} }}
*{{cite web |title=Shaivas |url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/shaiv.html |website=www.philtar.ac.uk |series=Overview Of World Religions |publisher=Philtar: University of Cumbria |access-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024053206/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/shaiv.html |archive-date=2023-10-24 |ref={{sfnRef|Shaivas|2017}} }}
*{{cite web |title=Hindus |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/ |date=2012-12-18 |website=www.pewresearch.org |access-date=2017-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417210735/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/ |archive-date=2024-04-17 |ref={{sfnRef|Pew|2012}} }}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.historyofodisha.in/history-of-sakti-cult-in-odisha/ |title=History of Sakti Cult in Odisha |date=2018-03-11 |access-date=2021-01-28 |website=www.historyofodisha.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807061321/https://historyofodisha.in/history-of-sakti-cult-in-odisha/ |archive-date=2023-08-07 |ref={{sfnRef|Odisha|2018}} }}
*{{cite web |title=kalimandir |url=https://www.kalimandir.org/ |website=www.kalimandir.org |access-date=2016-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303113500/https://www.kalimandir.org/ |archive-date=2024-03-03 |ref={{sfnRef|Kalimandir|2016}} }}
*{{cite web |title=SriVidya |url=https://www.srividya.org/ |website=www.srividya.org |access-date=2016-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225155250/https://www.srividya.org/ |archive-date=2023-12-25 |ref={{sfnRef|Srividya|2016}} }}
*{{cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=G. |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/24/stories/2007072456270200.htm |title=Regaling Varahi with different 'alankarams' in 'Ashada Navaratri' |work=The Hindu |date=2007-07-04 |access-date=2007-10-22 |archive-date=2007-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114233110/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/24/stories/2007072456270200.htm }}
*{{cite news |first=Olivia |last=Lang |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/24/hindu-sacrifice-gadhimai-festival-nepal |title=Hindu sacrifice of 250,000 animals begins |publisher=Guardian |date=2009-11-24 |access-date=2012-08-13 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131092823/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/24/hindu-sacrifice-gadhimai-festival-nepal |archive-date=2024-01-31 }}
*{{Cite web |last=Preston |first=Charles |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations |date=2024-07-02 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en }}
*{{cite news |first=Manesh |last=Shrestha |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/11/24/nepal.animal.sacrifice/index.html |title=Ritual animal slaughter begins in Nepal |website=CNN.com |date=2009-11-24 |access-date=2012-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024053533/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/11/24/nepal.animal.sacrifice/index.html |archive-date=2023-10-24 }}
{{Refend}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last=Chatterji |first=Usha |title=Shakta and Shakti |journal=Studies in Comparative Religion |volume=2 |number=4 |year=1968 |url=http://www.studiesincomparativereligion.com/uploads/ArticlePDFs/74.pdf}}
*{{cite journal |last=Kinsley |first=David |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1463045 |title=The Portrait of the Goddess in the Devī-māhātmya |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=XLVI |number=4 |year=1978 |pages=489–506|doi=10.1093/jaarel/XLVI.4.489 |jstor=1463045 |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last=Koester |first=Hans |url=http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-JSS/shakti.htm |title=The Indian Religion of the Goddess Shakti |journal=Journal of the Siam Society |volume=23 |number=1 |year=1929 |pages=1–18}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shaktism Shaktism] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* [http://saktatraditions.org/ Śākta Traditions]
* [https://wrldrels.org/2020/06/24/women-in-hindu-shakta-tantra/ Women in Hindu Shakta Tantra]

{{Shaktism}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Shaktism| ]]
[[Category:Hindu denominations]]

Ghulam Nabi Azad

2026-03-12T11:26:20Z

Svetlanazrc:

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1949)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ghulam Nabi Azad
| honorific-suffix = [[Padma Bhushan]]
| office = [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]] in [[Rajya Sabha]]
| native_name =
| image = Ghulam Nabi Azad-cropped.JPG
| image_size =
| caption = Official portrait, 2014
| 1blankname = Chairman
| 1namedata = [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] [[Venkaiah Naidu]]
| deputy = [[Anand Sharma]]
| predecessor = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| successor = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start6 = 1980
| term_end6 = 1989
| predecessor6 = [[Vasantrao Naik]]
| successor6 = [[Anantrao Vithhalrao Deshmukh]]
| constituency6 = [[Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Washim, Maharashtra]]
| office3 = 7th [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister of Jammu & Kashmir]]
| governor3 = [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha]] [[Narinder Nath Vohra]]
| predecessor3 = [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]
| party = [[Democratic Progressive Azad Party]] (since 2022)
| office1 = [[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]
| predecessor1 = [[Anbumani Ramadoss]]
| primeminister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| successor1 = [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| successor3 = [[Omar Abdullah]]
| office7 = [[Chair (officer)|Chairperson]] of [[Democratic Progressive Azad Party]]
| predecessor7 = ''Office established''
| term_start7 = 26 September 2022
| office8 = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Parliamentary Affairs]]
| primeminister8 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term8 = 23 May 2004 – 1 November 2005
| predecessor8 = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
| successor8 = [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
| term9 = 18 January 1996 – 16 May 1996
| primeminister9 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| predecessor9 = [[Vidya Charan Shukla]]
| successor9 = [[Pramod Mahajan]]
| term10 = 21 June 1991 – 18 January 1993
| predecessor10 = [[Satya Prakash Malaviya]]
| successor10 = [[Vidya Charan Shukla]]
| primeminister10 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| birth_name = Ghulam Nabi Bhatt
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|03|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bhalessa]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Dominion of India|India]]
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (1973–2022)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Shameema Dev Azad]]|1980}}
| children = Saddam Nabi Azad (son)<ref>{{cite web|title=Who is Ghulam Nabi Azad?|url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-ghulam-nabi-azad/|access-date=18 June 2020|date=2012-10-31}}</ref> Sofiya Nabi Azad (daughter)<ref>{{cite news|title=My dad will do well, says Azad's daughter|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 November 2005 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/my-dad-will-do-well-says-azads-daughter/article27503417.ece|access-date=18 Jun 2020}}</ref>
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Government Degree Colleges in India|Government Degree Colleges, Bhadarwah]]|[[Govt. Gandhi Memorial Science College|G.G.M. Science College]]|[[University of Jammu]]|[[University of Kashmir]]}}
| term_start = {{Start date|2014|06|08|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{End date|2021|02|15|df=yes}}<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-could-replace-azad-as-leader-of-opposition-in-rs-list-of-probables-101612862440112-amp.html After Ghulam Nabi Azad, who could be the next Leader of Opposition?] Hindustan Times</ref>
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency4 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| term_start4 = {{Start date|2009|02|11|df=yes}}
| term_end4 = {{End date|2021|02|15|df=yes}}
| predecessor4 = [[Saifuddin Soz]]
| successor4 = [[Gurwinder Singh Oberoi]]
| term_start5 = {{Start date|1996|11|30|df=yes}}
| term_end5 = {{End date|2006|01|29|df=yes}}
| constituency5 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2009|05|22|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{End date|2014|05|26|df=yes}}
| term_start3 = {{Start date|2005|11|02|df=yes}}
| term_end3 = {{End date|2008|07|11|df=yes}}
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2022)
}}

'''Ghulam Nabi Azad''' (born 7 March 1949) is an Indian politician who served as Leader of Opposition in [[Rajya Sabha]] between 2014 and 2021. He also served as the Chief Minister of erstwhile state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] from 2005 to 2008. On 26 September 2022, Azad announced his own political party as [[#Democratic Progressive Azad Party|Democratic Progressive Azad Party]]. He is the chief patron cum founder of Democratic Progressive Azad Party.

Azad served as [[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/ghulam-nabi-azad.html|title=Ghulam Nabi Azad Biography – About family, political life, awards won, history}}</ref> He has served as the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs in the [[Manmohan Singh]] government until 27 October 2005, when he was appointed the [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]. On 26 August 2022, Azad resigned from [[Indian National Congress]] and mulled creating a new party at the national level.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2022 |title=Ghulam Nabi Azad quits Congress, resigns from all party positions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ghulam-nabi-azad-quits-congress/articleshow/93793181.cms |website=THE TIMES OF INDIA}}</ref>

He also led the party successfully in the [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002 Assembly election in Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was bestowed with the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian award, in 2022 by the Indian Government in the field of Public Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-26|title=Padma Awards 2022: Complete list of recipients|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/padma-awards-2022-complete-list-of-recepient-11643162439142.html|access-date=2022-01-26|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

He was a member of Committee constituted by the Government of India in September 2023 to suggest changes to the constitution for simultaneous polls in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-02 |title=Former President Ram Nath Kovind to lead panel on simultaneous elections - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/politics/story/former-president-ram-nath-kovind-to-lead-panel-on-one-nation-one-election-396625-2023-09-02 |access-date= |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ghulam Nabi Azad was born in a village named Soti of [[Gandoh]] tehsil ([[Bhalessa]]) in the formerly princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]'s [[Doda district]]. His parents were Rahamatullah Batt and Basa Begum. He attended the local school in his village. Later for higher studies he moved to [[Jammu]] and received his Bachelor's of Science degree from [[Govt. Gandhi Memorial Science College|G.G.M. Science College]].<ref>{{cite web|title=nocorruption.in|url=https://nocorruption.in/politician/ghulam-nabi-azad/|access-date=30 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Election.in|url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/ghulam-nabi-azad.html|access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=rajyasabhampbiodata|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=126|access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> Furthermore, he also received a Master's in [[Zoology]] degree from the [[University of Kashmir]], Srinagar in 1972.<ref name=bio>[http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/ghulam-nabi-azad.html Ghulam Nabi Azad Biography], Elections.in. Retrieved 25 April 2017.</ref>

==Political career==
Azad started his career soon after working as the secretary for the Block Congress Committee in [[Bhalessa]] in 1973. Two years later, he was nominated as the President of the Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Youth Congress. In 1980, he was appointed the President of the All-India Youth Congress.<ref name=bio/>

After being elected to the [[Seventh Lok Sabha]] from Maharashtra's [[Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in 1980, Azad entered into the Central government as Deputy Minister in charge of Law, Justice and Company Affairs Ministry in 1982.

Subsequently, he was elected to the [[Eighth Lok Sabha]] in 1984 and was a member (1990 - 1996) from Maharashtra in [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref name="RS-list">{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|access-date=3 October 2015}}</ref> During Rao's government, Azad took charge of Parliamentary Affairs and Civil Aviation ministries. He was subsequently elected to Rajya Sabha from Jammu and Kashmir during the term of 30 November 1996 to 29 November 2002 and 30 November 2002 to 29 November 2008, but resigned on 29 April 2006 as he became Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir on 2 November 2005.<ref name="RS-list"/>

The [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]], a coalition partner of the Indian National Congress in Jammu and Kashmir, withdrew its support for Azad's government, and rather than attempt to sustain his government by requesting a vote of confidence, Azad resigned on 7 July 2008, and later left office on 11 July 2008.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/07/kashmir.resign/ "Kashmir chief's surprise resignation"], CNN, 7 July 2008.</ref>

===Union government===
[[File:Shri Ghulam Nabi Azad assumes charge of the Union Minister for Urban Development in New Delhi on May 25, 2004 (Tuesday.jpg|thumb|Ghulam Nabi Azad assumes charge as the Union Minister for Urban Development in New Delhi on 25 May 2004|left]]
In the [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|second]] United Progressive Alliance Government, led by [[Manmohan Singh]], Azad was sworn in as the Health Minister of India. He was elected to Rajya Sabha for the fourth and fifth terms from Jammu and Kashmir during the term of 30 November 1996 to 29 November 2002.<ref name="RS-list"/> He vowed to expand the National Rural Health Mission, which has mobilized half a million health workers, all across India, and later his ministry also launched a National Urban Health Mission, to serve the slum dwelling urban poor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/azads-pat-for-nrhm-schemes/article4616625.ece|title=Azad's pat for NRHM schemes|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/nuhm-launched-to-cover-urban-areas-with-over-50000-population/article5598113.ece|title=NUHM launched to cover urban areas with over 50,000 population|author=|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-03-25}}</ref>

He has suggested a late marriage age of between 25 and 30 for population control, and has said that lack of electricity & thereby absence of TV entertainment in rural areas will cause people to produce more children.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/azad-says-watch-tv-to-check-baby-boom-51917-2009-07-11|title=Azad says watch TV to check baby boom|access-date=2017-03-25}}</ref>

===Leader of Opposition===
In June 2014, after the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] won a majority in the [[Lok Sabha]] and formed the Union government, Azad was appointed the leader of opposition in the [[Rajya Sabha]], where Congress still held the majority.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ghulam-nabi-azad-made-leader-of-congress-in-rajya-sabha-set-to-become-leader-of-opposition-576466 Ghulam Nabi Azad Made Leader of Congress in Rajya Sabha, Set to Become Leader of Opposition], NDTV News, 8 June 2014.</ref>

In 2015, Azad got re-elected to the Rajya Sabha from Jammu and Kashmir, despite the PDP-BJP alliance holding a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/congress-leader-ghulam-nabi-azad-relected-to-rajya-sabha/ Kashmir surprise: Congress leader Ghulam Nabi Azad reelected to Rajya Sabha], The Indian Express, 8 February 2015.</ref>

[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award for the year 2015 to Shri Ghulam Nabi Azad, at a function, at Parliament House, in New Delhi.JPG|thumb|[[Ram Nath Kovind]], President of India presenting the [[Outstanding Parliamentarian Award]] for 2015 to Shri Ghulam Nabi Azad, at a function, at [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House, New Delhi]] on August 1, 2018.]]

===Resignation from INC===
In August 2022, Azad resigned from the post of chairman of the Jammu and Kashmir Congress campaign committee hours after his appointment. Sonia Gandhi accepted the resignation from Azad. On 26 August 2022, he resigned from all positions including primary membership of the party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bigmirror.in/rahul-gandhi-demolished-congress-party-ghulam-nabi-azad-quits/|title= Ghulam Nabi Azad quits Congress party|publisher=Big Mirror News|date= 26 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ghulam-nabi-azad-quits-j-k-congress-campaign-committee-hours-after-his-appointment-11660698120607.html|title=Ghulam Nabi Azad quits J&K Congress campaign committee hours after his appointment|publisher=Live Mint|date= 23 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/ghulam-nabi-azad-resigns-from-all-congress-party-positions-heres-a-primer/article65813609.ece|title=Ghulam Nabi Azad resigns from all Congress party positions: Here's a primer|publisher= Frontline|date=26 August 2022}}</ref> In his resignation letter, he cited destruction of consultative process by [[Rahul Gandhi]] as a reason.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phukan |first1=Sandeep |title=Ghulam Nabi Azad quits Congress saying Rahul Gandhi destroyed party's consultative mechanism |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ghulam-nabi-azad-resignation-letter-primary-membership-positions-congress/article65813518.ece |access-date=2022-08-26 |work=The Hindu |date=2022-08-26}}</ref>

== Democratic Progressive Azad Party ==
On 4 September 2022, Azad announced the formation of a new political party after resigning from [[Indian National Congress]]. He said the people of Jammu and Kashmir will decide the name and the flag for the new party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-04 |title=Full Statehood, Jobs to Natives & More: With Big Plans for J&K, Azad Announces Own Party, Says People Will Decide its Name & Flag |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ghulam-nabi-azad-to-hold-first-rally-after-congress-exit-in-jammu-today-likely-to-announce-his-party-5886565.html |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

On 26 September 2022, Azad announced the name of his new party as [[Democratic Progressive Azad Party]]. The flag of the Democratic Azad Party has three colours: mustard, white, and blue.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Democratic Azad Party": Ghulam Nabi Azad Announces His Party's Name |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ghulam-nabi-azad-announces-his-new-outfit-democratic-azad-party-ahead-of-j-k-polls-3377894 |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Azad married [[Shameema Dev Azad]], a well known Kashmiri singer, in 1980, and they have a son Saddam Nabi Azad and a daughter Sofiya Nabi Azad.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20110815-power-girl-747114-2011-08-01|title=Power girl|work=India Today|access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-31 |title=Ghulam Nabi Azad (@ghulamnazad) |url=https://twitter.com/ghulamnazad?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sofiya-Azad-loves-talking/articleshow/2239627.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140212191430/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-28/news-interviews/27987749_1_ghulam-nabi-azad-chief-minister-foreign-university|url-status=live|archive-date=2014-02-12|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Sofiya Azad ves talking|access-date=2017-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/04/stories/2005110403291500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827224635/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/04/stories/2005110403291500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-08-27|title=My dad will do well, says Azad's daughter|author=|date=2005-03-11|access-date=2017-04-19|work=[[The Hindu]]|pages=15}}</ref>

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Description
|-
| 1980 - 1984
| Elected to [[7th Lok Sabha]]
* Deputy Minister - Law, Justice and Company Affairs (1982-82)
* Deputy Minister - Information and Broadcasting (1983–84)
|-
| 1984 - 1989
| Elected to [[8th Lok Sabha]]
* Minister of State - Parliamentary Affairs (Dec 1984 - May 1986)
* Minister of State - Home Affairs (May 1986 - Oct 1986)
* Minister of State - Food and Civil Supplies (Oct 1986 - Sept 1987)
|-
| 1991 - 1996
| Elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] From Maharashtra
* Union Minister - Parliamentary Affairs (June 1991 - Dec 1992)
* Union Minister - Parliamentary Affairs (Jan 1993 - May 1996)
* Union Minister - Civil Aviation and Tourism (Jan 1993 - May 1996)
|-
| 1996 - 2002
| Elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] From Jammu and Kashmir
|-
| 2002 - 2006
| Elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] From Jammu and Kashmir
* Union Minister - Parliamentary Affairs (May 2004 - Oct 2005)
* Union Minister - Urban Development (May 2004 - Oct 2005)
|}

==Awards==
*In March 2022, Ghulam Nabi Azad received [[Padma Bhushan]] from President [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Someone Recognised My Work": Ghulam Nabi Azad On Padma Award |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/someone-recognised-my-work-ghulam-nabi-azad-on-padma-award-2835182 |access-date=22 March 2022|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
*[[Outstanding Parliamentarian Award]] 2015, at [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House, New Delhi]] on 1 August 2018

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20051114-ghulam-nabi-azad-becomes-first-congress-cm-of-jammu-and-kashmir-in-30-years-786595-2005-11-13 Slippery slope], India Today, 14 November 2005.
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/the-new-cabinet/story/ghulam-nabi-azad-48253-2009-05-20 Ghulam Nabi Azad], India Today, 21 May 2009.

==External links==
* {{commons category inline}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]|years=2005 – 2008}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Omar Abdullah]] }}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Anbumani Ramadoss]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]]|years=2009 – 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Arun Jaitley]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha]]|years=2014 – 2021}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mallikarjun Kharge]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}
{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029}}
{{Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Cabinet of Manmohan Singh}}
{{Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad, Ghulam Nabi}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Health ministers of India]]
[[Category:Civil aviation ministers of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian Youth Congress presidents]]
[[Category:Members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Kashmiri politicians]]
[[Category:People from Doda district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:People from Washim district]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Azad Gulab Nabi]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:University of Kashmir alumni]]
[[Category:University of Jammu alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the National Cadet Corps (India)]]
[[Category:People from Bhaderwah]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]
[[Category:Presidents of Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee]]

Udaipur district

2026-03-07T23:06:39Z

Svetlanazrc: refine references and updated info after review

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Udaipur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Udaipur district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]] of [[Rajasthan]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = India-7192 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg
|photo1b = Jaisamand lake.jpg
|photo2a = Jagdish Temple - escalier d'entrée.jpg
|photo2b = India-6956 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg
|photo3a = Udaipur, India, Hilly landscape.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: View of [[Udaipur]] from [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]], [[Dhebar Lake|Jaisamand Lake]], Ghats at Udaipur, Aravalli Hills, [[Jagdish Temple, Udaipur|Jagdhish Temple]]
| image_map = Udaipur in Rajasthan (India).svg
| map_caption = Location of Udaipur district in Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|24|23|N|73|37|E|type:adm3rd_region:IN_dim:200000|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Udaipur
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Rajasthan.svg}}
[[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udaipur Division|Udaipur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Udaipur]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 1.[[Badgaon tehsil|Badgaon]] 2.[[Bhindar tehsil|Bhindar]] 3.[[Girwa tehsil|Girwa]] 4.[[Gogunda tehsil|Gogunda]] 5.[[Jhadol tehsil|Jhadol]] 6.[[Kanor tehsil|Kanor]] 7.[[Kherwara tehsil|Kherwara]] 8.[[Kotra tehsil|Kotra]] 9.[[Lasadiya tehsil|Lasadiya]] 10.[[Mavli tehsil|Mavli]] 11.[[Rishabhdeo tehsil|Rishabhdeo]] 12.[[Salumbar tehsil|Salumbar]] 13.[[Semari tehsil|Semari]] 14.[[Sarada tehsil|Sarada]] 15.[[Vallabhnagar tehsil|Vallabhnagar]]
| area_total_km2 = 11724
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3,068,420
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census_2011_B"/>
| population_urban = 19.83%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 61.82%<ref name="Census_2011_A" />
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 958
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = District spread over 2 constituencies - Udaipur and Chittorgarh
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = 9
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = National Highways 8, 76
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 554 mm
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics2_title2 = Regional
| demographics2_info2 = [[Mewari language|Mewari]]
| website = {{URL|http://udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Udaipur district''' is one of the 50 [[Districts of Rajasthan|district]]s of [[Rajasthan]] [[States and territories of India|state]] in western [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rajcensus.gov.in/admin.html|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan State Pertaining to Census-2011|website=www.rajcensus.gov.in|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref> The historic city of [[Udaipur]] is the administrative headquarters of the district.<ref name="Census_2011_A">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/UdaipurRajasthan2011CensusHandbookA|title=District Census Handbook Udaipur, Village and Town Directory Part XII-A|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations Rajasthan|year=2011|series=Series-09, Part XII-A}}</ref> The district is part of the [[Mewar]] region of Rajasthan.<ref name="Gazetteer">{{Cite book|url=http://plan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/planning-portal/en/des/publications/RAJASTHAN_GAZETTEERS/DISTRICT_GAZETTEER/UDAIPUR/ENGLISH.html|title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers Udaipur|last=Agarwal|first=B.D.|publisher=Directorate of District Gazetteers|year=1979|location=Jaipur|archive-date=31 May 2023|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531092411/https://plan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/planning-portal/en/des/publications/RAJASTHAN_GAZETTEERS/DISTRICT_GAZETTEER/UDAIPUR/ENGLISH.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
Before Udaipur district was established in independent India, it was a part of former [[Udaipur State|Mewar or Udaipur State]],<ref name="Census_2011_A" /> comprising little less than half the portion of the former state.<ref name="Gazetteer" />

With the formation of the [[United State of Rajasthan]] in 1948, parts of the erstwhile district of Girwa, Khamnor, Rajnagar, Bhim, Magra, Kherwara and [[Kumbhalgarh]], together with the [[thikanas]] of Nathdwara, Kankroli, Salumbar (excluding Sayra tehsil), Bhinder, Kanor, Bansi, Bari Sadri, Amet, Sardargarh, Deogarh and Gogunda were combined to constitute the district of Udaipur.<ref name="Census_2011_A" />

During the decadal period 1951–61, two new tehsils – Nathdwara and Gogunda – were created in the district.<ref name="Gazetteer" /> In 1991, seven tehsils of Udaipur district (Bhim, Deogarh, Amet, Kumbhalgarh, Rajsamand, Nathdwara and Railmagra) were transferred out of Udaipur district to create the new district of [[Rajsamand district|Rajsamand]].<ref name="Census_2011_A" /> Since then, several new tehsils have been created by restructuring or dividing existing tehsils; such new tehsils include [[Rishabhdeo tehsil|Rishabhdeo]] and [[Lasadiya tehsil|Lasadiya]] created in 2008,<ref name="Census_2011_A" /> Badgaon in 2012,<ref name="UdaipurNews2012">{{cite news |title=Badgaon bani tehsil |url=http://udaipurnews.in/2012/06/18/the-tehsil-budgaon/ |access-date=18 April 2019 |work=Udaipur News |date=18 June 2012}}</ref> Bhindar in 2017,<ref name="DainikBhaskar2017">{{cite news |title=Saat jilo mein nau nai tehsilo ka gathan |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JAI-HMU-MAT-latest-jaipur-news-043505-430151-NOR.html |access-date=18 April 2019 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=8 November 2017}}</ref> and [[Kanor tehsil|Kanor]] in 2018.<ref name="RevBoardNotification2018">{{cite news |title=Notification No. P9(1) Raj / Group -1 / 2018 |url=https://archive.org/details/RajasthanTehsilFormationNotification16July2018 |access-date=18 April 2019 |work=Revenue Board |agency=Government of Rajasthan |date=16 July 2018}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Udaipur district map.jpg|thumb|363x363px|Map of Udaipur district|left]]The area of Udaipur District is 11,724 square kilometres.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://plan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/planning-portal/Directorate%20of%20Economics%20and%20Statistics/Publication/DISTRICT%20PUBLICATIONS/district%20at%20a%20glance/Udaipur/District%20At%20a%20Glance%202016,%20Udaipur.pdf|title=जिला एक दृष्टी मैं, जिला उदयपुर (District at a Glance, Udaipur District)|publisher=Office of Deputy Director Economic and Statistics|year=2016|location=Udaipur}}</ref> The district is characterized by hilly terrain, with hills in the west and south, an elevated plateau in the north, and plains in the east.<ref name="Gazetteer" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Rajasthan/Udaipur.pdf|title=Ground Water Scenario, Udaipur District, Rajasthan|publisher=Central Ground Water Board|year=2013|location=Jaipur}}</ref> The western part of the district is drained by the Sabarmati, Wakal and Sei rivers, while the southeastern part of the district is drained by Jakham, Gomti and Som rivers.<ref name=":2" />

Udaipur district bounded on the northwest by the [[Aravalli Range]], across which lie the districts of [[Sirohi District|Sirohi]] and [[Pali District|Pali]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/Data/Census_2011/Map/Rajasthan/00_Rajasthan.pdf|title=Rajasthan Administrative Divisions 2011|website=Census of India|access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref> It is bounded on the north by [[Rajsamand District]], on the east by [[Chittaurgarh District]] and [[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh District]], on the south by [[Dungarpur District]], and on the southwest by the state of [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":0" />
The continental watershed, in the form of the [[Aravalli range]], passes through the district, with the northeastern part of the district draining to the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the southwestern part draining to the [[Gulf of Khambhat]].<ref name="Tahal_report">{{cite book |title=Study on Planning of Water Resources of Rajasthan |date=2014 |publisher=Tahal Group |url=http://water.rajasthan.gov.in/content/water/en/swrpdepartment/dataroom/tahaldata.html |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> 47% of the district's area lies in the [[Mahi River|Mahi]] basin, 30% in [[Sabarmati]] basin, and 23% in the [[Banas River|Banas]] basin.<ref name="Tahal_report" /> The average annual rainfall of the district is 637 mm.<ref name=":2" />

==Demographics==

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,47,896|13=1911|14=4,30,225|15=1921|16=4,56,868|17=1931|18=5,22,826|19=1941|20=6,23,505|21=1951|22=7,33,014|23=1961|24=9,09,566|25=1971|26=11,85,788|27=1981|28=15,74,876|29=1991|30=19,52,388|31=2001|32=24,81,201|33=2011|34=30,68,420|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Udaipur district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Rajasthani Muslims|Islam]]|green|3.40}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Rajasthan|Jainism]]|brown|2.56}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.51}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Udaipur district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 3,068,420,<ref name="Census_2011_B">{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Udaipur|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1032/download/3142/DH_2011_0832_PART_A_DCHB_UDAIPUR.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Oman]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2007|title=Country Comparison:Population|author=US Directorate of Intelligence|access-date=2011-10-01|quote=Oman 3,027,959}}</ref> or the US state of [[Iowa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30|quote=Iowa 3,046,355|archive-date=27 December 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 118th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="Census_2011_B" /> The district has a population density of {{convert| 242 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name="Census_2011_B" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 23.66%.<ref name="Census_2011_B" /> Udaipur has a [[sex ratio]] of 958 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name="Census_2011_B" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 62.74%. 19.83% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 6.14% and 49.71% of the population respectively.<ref name="Census_2011_B" />

Several areas of the district are classified as [[Scheduled Areas (India)|Scheduled Areas]] because of large [[scheduled tribe|tribal]] populations in these areas.<ref name="Gazette_19May2019">{{cite news |title=Gazette of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.e.2018-05-19.185561 |access-date=13 April 2019 |publisher=Government of India |date=19 May 2019}}</ref> In rural areas, tribals are 60.29% of the population.<ref name="Census_2011_B" /> Scheduled Areas in the district include the entire tehsils of [[Kotra Tehsil|Kotra]], [[Jhadol Tehsil|Jhadol]], Lasadiya, Salumbar, Sarada, [[Kherwara tehsil, Udaipur, Rajasthan|Kherwara]], [[Rishabhdeo tehsil|Rishabhdeo]], and [[Gogunda Tehsil, Udaipur, Rajasthan|Gogunda]], and portions of Girwa, Mavli, and Vallabhnagar tehsils.<ref name="Gazette_19May2019" /> Among 2,479 villages in the district, 1,945 villages (78%) are designed as being under the [[Tribal Sub-Plan]].<ref name="DainikBhaskar2018">{{cite news |title=TSP mein jude Udaipur ke 342 gaon, pahle 1612 the, ab 1954 hue |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/udaipur/news/latest-udaipur-news-071004-2176665.html |access-date=20 April 2019 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=12 July 2018}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages in Udaipur district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Mewari language|Mewari]] |value1 = 44.19 |color1 = crimson
|label2 = [[Wagdi]] |value2 = 27.00 |color2 = darkviolet
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 13.12 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] |value4 = 12.05 |color4 = firebrick
|label5 = Others |value5 = 3.64 |color5 = grey
|thumb=left}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 44.19% of the population spoke [[Mewari language|Mewari]], 27.00% [[Wagdi]], 13.12% [[Hindi]] and 12.05% [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10220/download/13332/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Rajasthan|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Administrative structure==
Udaipur district comprises fifteen sub-divisions: Sarada, Girwa, [[Gogunda]], Badgaon, Kherwara, Bhinder, Lasadiya, Mavli, [[Vallabhnagar]], Kotra, [[Jhadol]], Rishabhdev and [[Salumbar]].<ref name="Udaipur_District">{{cite web|title= Udaipur District|url=https://udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/jankalyan-category-and-entry-type/54/75/75|website=udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in|access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref> These sub-divisions are further divided into 18 tehsils.<ref name="UdaipurTelDirectory">{{cite web |title=Telephone Directory |url=http://udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udaipur/en/telephonedirectory.html |website=Official Website of Udaipur |access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> Girwa sub-division consists two tehsils: [[Girwa]] and [[Gogunda tehsil|Gogunda]].<ref name="Census_2011_A" /> Kherwada sub-division also comprises two tehsils: [[Kherwara tehsil|Kherwada]] and [[Rishabhdeo tehsil|Rishabhdeo]].<ref name="Census_2011_A" /> Each of the sub-divisions, [[Mavli tehsil|Mavli]], [[Vallabhnagar tehsil|Vallabhnagar]], Kotda and [[Jhadol tehsil|Jhadol]] comprise only one tehsil of the same name.<ref name="Census_2011_A" /> Salumbar sub-division comprises three tehsils: [[Lasadiya tehsil|Lasadiya]], [[Salumbar tehsil|Salumbar]] and [[Sarada tehsil|Sarada]].<ref name="Census_2011_A" /> There are 20 Panchayat Samitis in the district.<ref name ="Udaipur_District" />

==Economy==
The economy of Udaipur district is primarily dependent on agriculture with 61.7 percent of workers in the district engaged as cultivators or agricultural labourers.<ref name="Census_2011_A" />

In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Udaipur one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="brgf" /> It is one of the twelve districts in Rajasthan currently receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund|Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme]] (BRGF).<ref name="brgf">{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=8 September 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2012}}</ref>

Udaipur district is rich in mineral resources, and produces greater value of minerals than the rest of the state combined.<ref name="Census_2011_A" /> The important metallic minerals found in the district are ore of [[copper]], [[lead]], [[zinc]] and [[silver]].<ref name="Census_2011_A" /> Important non-metallic minerals found in the district are rock phosphate, asbestos, limestone, and marble.<ref name=IndustrialReport>{{cite web|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Udaipur District|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIPR_Udaipur.pdf|website=Dcmsme.gov.in|publisher=Government of India - Ministry of MSME|access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Tarpal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/ Udaipur district website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Udaipur district
|North = [[Rajsamand district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Chittaurgarh district]] (Western)
|Southeast = [[Pratapgarh district (Rajasthan)|Pratapgarh district]]
|South = [[Dungarpur district]]
|Southwest = [[Sabar Kantha district]], [[Gujarat]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Pali district]] [[Sirohi district]]
}}

{{Udaipur district}}
{{Districts of Rajasthan}}
{{Rajasthan}}

{{Hindu temples in Rajasthan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udaipur District}}
[[Category:Udaipur district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Districts in Udaipur division]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1948]]

Kasturchand Daga

2026-03-04T14:03:32Z

Svetlanazrc: new basic pg first draft!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Diwan Bahadur]] [[Sir]]
| name = Kasturchand Daga
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]
| image = Statue of Kasturchand Daga, Nagpur - panoramio (cropped).jpg
| landscape = 
| alt = 
| caption = Statue of Kasturchand Daga in Nagpur, which was unveiled by then Governor Sir [[Frank Sly]] in December 1924
| native_name =
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| birth_date = 1855
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| death_date = 21 January 1917
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| occupation = Businessman, Philanthropist & Owner of Rai Bahadur Bansilal Abirchand (RBBA) Company
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| spouse = Amritbai Daga
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| father = Rai Bahadur Abirchand Bansilal Daga
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[[Diwan Bahadur]] [[Sir]] Seth '''Kasturchand Daga''', [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] (1855-1917) was a businessman, landlord, philanthropist, and a pioneer who had conceptualised and implemented the [[hub-and-spoke]] model of trade. He was from [[Nagpur]].<ref name=B>{{cite news |last1=Deshpande |first1=Vivek |title=100th death anniversary: Nagpur recalls contributions of Sir Kasturchand Daga |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/100th-death-anniversary-nagpur-recalls-contributions-of-sir-kasturchand-daga-4986242/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=17 December 2017}}</ref> He was made Knight Commander of the [[Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]] by [[King George V]] at the [[1911 Delhi Durbar Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28559 |date=8 December 1911 |pages=9355–9366 }}</ref>

Kasturchand started his entrepreneurial and banking journey from Nagpur and expanded his banking business from Lahore (now in Pakistan) to [[Yangon]] (then in Burma), with transactions extending up to [[Europe]].<ref name=B/>

He was the founder of several textile mills in the then [[Central Provinces]] including the Model Mills of Nagpur, and Daga mills at [[Hinganghat]] and [[Badnera]] (now in [[Maharashtra]]). His company, Rai Bahadur Bansilal Abirchand (RBBA) Company, which had over 22 ventures in different sectors, was worth several hundred crores in those times.<ref name=B/>

He served as a Khazanchi to the [[Bank of Bengal]] and Chairman of Nagpur Electric Light and Power Co Ltd.<ref name=A>{{Cite IBD1915|wstitle= Daga, Sir Kastur Chand |volume= 5.1 |pages= 110-111 |year=1915|short=1}}</ref> Sir Kasturchand Daga died on 21 January 1917.<ref name=C>{{cite book |author1=Arnold Wright |author-link1=Arnold Wright |title=The Bombay Presidency, the United Provinces, the Punab, Etc: Their History, People, Commerce, and Natural Resources |date=1920 |publisher=Foreign and Colonial Compiling and Publishing Company |pages=537 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZ9AXZMGPpMC&q=Sir+Kasturchand+Daga+died+on+January+21,+1917.}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
[[File:Kasturchandparknagpur.jpg|thumb|The Kasturchand Park in [[Nagpur]] is named after him. He had organized Nagpur's second industrial exhibition in the park by depositing Rs 25,000 on November 12, 1908.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anparthi |first1=Anjaya |title=Kasturchand Park goes commercial |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Kasturchand-Park-goes-commercial/articleshow/11087645.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=December 13, 2011}}</ref>]]
Daga was a philanthropist and had constructed works of Public utility such as tanks, wells, schools, hospitals, [[Dharmshala]]s and markets. He established Daga Hospital in [[Nagpur]], which is now under the [[Nagpur Municipal Corporation]].

The land for Kasturchand Park was also donated by him. Lady Amritbai Daga College, a women's college, located in Nagpur, which was named after his wife, Amritbai Daga, was one of his contributions at the time when [[women's education]] was the last priorities in the society.<ref name=B/>

Kasturchand Daga had donated Rs 3.7 lakh, which facilitated the construction of the first railway line in [[Bikaner]].<ref name=B/> He alone advanced a loan of Rs 3.46 lakhs towards the expansion of the railway network in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=D.K. Takne |title=The Marwari Heritage |date=2016 |isbn=9781942322061 |pages=119 |publisher=IntegralDMS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXS2DAAAQBAJ&q=Kasturchand+Daga+rail&pg=PA128}}</ref>

== Honours and titles ==
* He received the title of [[Rai Bahadur]] from [[Bikaner State]] in 1880; [[Rai Bahadur]] from [[British Government]] in 1887; [[Dewan Bahadur]] in 1903.<ref name=A/>
* He was honoured with [[Empress of India Medal|K.I.H. Silver medal]] in 1898.<ref name=A/>
* Daga was awarded the [[Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]] in the [[1909 New Year Honours]] and then was made [[Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]] by [[King George V]] at the [[1911 Delhi Durbar Honours]].<ref name=C/>

== Kasturchand Park ==
The ground generally known as KP was part of the land ceded to East India Company by the treaty of 1818. It was under the control of British army (Madras Army) for many years. It had built few building on this ground as arsenal and had stored several tons of explosive gunpowder till late 19th century. In 1880 Nagpur Civil Station municipal committee was formed and the land was handed over to the civil authorities. Kasturchand Daga donated rupees twenty five thousand for construction of an open pavilion during the exhibition in the year 1905.the Pavilion in the center of the Arsenal Ground. This was built with pale sandstone found locally and is a permanent structure destined to be a perpetual memory of the Exhibition of 1908 in days to come. The structure is light and graceful in design,characteristically Indian in its intricate arches and elaborate pillars rising one above the other to the delicate cupolas that crown the whole. It was designed and carried out by W.B Starkey, the Superintending Engineer, the finest carving being done by local skill. A marble plaque over the central arch on the southern side of the Pavilion says that the Pavilion was constructed to commemorate the Industrial Exhibition of 1908 by Diwan Bahadur Kasturchand Daga. The plaque now lies unnoticed under a layer of whitewash.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sane |first=Hemant |title=THE SITABURDI FORT NAGPUR |url=https://www.academia.edu/38115621}}</ref>

The Bishop Cotton School completed 50 years in 1913 and its week-long celebrations were inaugurated at the ‘Diwan Kasturchand's Pavilion Ground’. It was shortened to "Kasturchand Ground" a name that has stayed with it to date, giving rise to the myth that the land was donated by Diwan Kasturchand Daga.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

Kasturchand Daga was knighted in 1911 and he died in 1917. In 1920 his business partner and friend Manekji Dadabhai erected a statue of Sir Daga in the north-east corner of this ground. But the ground has belonged to the government military or civil since 1818 and will always belong to it.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.marwar.com/tribute-to-titans/in-tribute-to-a-forgotten-legend.html In Tribute to a Forgotten Legend] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813012208/http://www.marwar.com/tribute-to-titans/in-tribute-to-a-forgotten-legend.html |date=13 August 2019 }}

[[Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]
[[Category:Businesspeople awarded knighthoods]]

Aake (film)

2026-03-03T21:18:56Z

Svetlanazrc: improved page and updated info

{{Short description|2017 film directed by K. M. Chaitanya}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aake
| image = Aake.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[K. M. Chaitanya]]
| producer = [[Sunanda Murali Manohar]] Kalai Surya
| writer = Sunanda Murali Manohar Carl Austin [[Rohit Padaki]] (dialogues)
| story = [[Ashwin Saravanan]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Maya]]'' | Ashwin Saravanan}}
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] [[Sharmiela Mandre]]
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| editing = Haridoss KGF
| studio = Nakshatra Production
| distributor = [[Eros International]] Mysore Talkies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|06|30}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Aake''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada]] language [[neo noir]] [[horror film]] directed by [[K. M. Chaitanya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfirst.in/category/cinema/aake-187335|title=KM Chaitanya hopes to recreate 'Aa Dinagalu' magic with 'Aake'|publisher=Bfirst.in|accessdate=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826234632/http://www.bfirst.in/category/cinema/aake-187335|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> It features [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] and [[Sharmiela Mandre]] in the lead.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13136-sharmila-mandre-joins-mystery-film.html|title=Sharmila Mandre Joins Mystery Film|publisher=Chitraloka|date=4 May 2016|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522112204/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/13136-sharmila-mandre-joins-mystery-film.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Achyuth Kumar]] and [[Prakash Belawadi]] play the supporting roles. The screenplay was written by Sunanda and Carl Austin. The movie is an official remake of the 2015 Tamil movie ''[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Maya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/aake-is-a-remake/articleshow/56571194.cms|title='Aake' is a remake|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=10 October 2020|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017161332/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/aake-is-a-remake/articleshow/56571194.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Aake-is-a-remake/articleshow/56592364.cms|title='Aake' is a remake|website=The Times of India|access-date=10 October 2020|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325155435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Aake-is-a-remake/articleshow/56592364.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film runs on two seemingly separate plots simultaneously. In one, a single mother in Bengaluru is trying to make a living out of her floundering acting career. In the second, an artist is in London assigned to draw illustrations for a book about a ghost that haunts a locked out mental asylum.

It is only towards the end that the two plots merge and the audience gets to understand the suspense and the missing blocks.

==Cast==
* [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] as Arjun/Shiva
* [[Sharmiela Mandre]] as Sharmila
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Madan
* [[Prakash Belawadi]] as PK
* Sneha Acharya as Swathi
* Balaji Manohar

== Production ==
The project marks the Hindi production and distribution company [[Eros International]]'s entry into Kannada cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2017/eros-ventures-into-kannada-film-industry-with-aake-251091.html|title=Eros Ventures into Kannada Film Industry With Aake|publisher=Filmibeat|date=7 January 2017|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=9 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509051521/http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2017/eros-ventures-into-kannada-film-industry-with-aake-251091.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is produced by Nakshatra Productions, United Kingdom for KS films.The original score and soundtrack for the film was composed by Gurukiran in London. The cinematography was done by UK based Ian Howes.

The film is a British production, made with technicians from United Kingdom and Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/chiranjeevi-sarjas-aake-is-completed|title=Chiranjeevi Sarja's "Aake" is completed|publisher=News Karnataka|date=24 December 2016|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908153845/http://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/chiranjeevi-sarjas-aake-is-completed|url-status=live}}</ref>

It is the second collaboration of executive producer Yogish Dwarakish, director Chaitanya, and hero Chiranjeevi trio after ''[[Aatagara]]''. The movie marked the entry of [[Eros International]] in Kannada film industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/chiru-loves-roles-with-shades-of-grey/articleshow/59375163.cms|title=Chiru loves roles with shades of grey|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=10 October 2020|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013100610/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/chiru-loves-roles-with-shades-of-grey/articleshow/59375163.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> This was also the last Kannada movie to be released before the implementation of [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/gst-jitters-for-three-films/articleshow/59375071.cms|title=GST jitters for three films|website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=10 October 2020|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105085538/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/gst-jitters-for-three-films/articleshow/59375071.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Aake
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2017
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer = Gurukiran
| prev_title = [[Chowka]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed by [[Gurukiran]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch Aake Title Song (Kannada) Full Music Video Song online {{!}} Sun NXT |url=https://www.sunnxt.com/kannada-music-aake-title-song-song/detail/64967/musicvideo/0 |website=[[Sun NXT]] |access-date=29 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aake
| length1 = 5:00
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Chandan Shetty]]
}}

==Reception==
The movie received positive reviews. A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the movie 3.5 stars and praised its script saying "The biggest victory for ''Aake'' is the script, which lingers on in one's mind, in which you try to join the dots even much after the film's ended.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/aake/movie-review/59381595.cms|title=Aake Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Aake by Times of India|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the movie 3 stars. Praising its technical brilliance, it said "Aake has an imaginary and suspense elements to builds the tension till her real face is revealed. It is the making and the technical work capturing the London's nearby creepy forest area in the dark which makes it an interesting watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/300617/aake-movie-review-watch-her-she-is-a-bit-scary.html|title=Aake movie review: Watch 'Her,' she is a bit scary|first=Shashiprasad|last=SM|date=30 June 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=10 October 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023042505/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/300617/aake-movie-review-watch-her-she-is-a-bit-scary.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "What works for ''Aake'' is that the fundamentals are all done right. So, the camera stays close-in and tightly focused, keeping an almost claustrophobic view on the film’s protagonists and antagonists. This helps ratchet the tension higher, as you’re constantly wondering what's lingering just outside the frame.The film’s soundscape is also sharply focused for the most part, staying away from the kind of cacophonous excess that turns many horror films into unintentional comedies.".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aake-review-plenty-chills-and-thrills-and-strong-story-tell-too-64440|title='Aake' Review: Plenty of chills and thrills, and a strong story to tell too|date=30 June 2017|website=The News Minute|access-date=10 October 2020|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010195035/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aake-review-plenty-chills-and-thrills-and-strong-story-tell-too-64440|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt6395782}}

* {{Official website|http://aakemovie.com}}

{{K. M. Chaitanya}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 horror films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Films set in cinemas and movie theaters]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:Indian horror film remakes]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. M. Chaitanya]]

North East Zone cricket team

2026-03-03T18:09:58Z

Svetlanazrc: Made First Stub Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = North East Zone
| image = Northeast zone cricket logo.png
| colours =
| coach =
| captain = [[Rongsen Jonathan]]
| established = 2022
| ground =
| title1 = [[Duleep Trophy]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Deodhar Trophy]]
| title2wins = 0
| website =
}}
'''North East Zone cricket team''' is a cricket team that plays [[First-class cricket|first-class]] and [[List A cricket|List A]] cricket in the [[Duleep Trophy]] and [[Deodhar Trophy]]. The team is geographically based in [[Northeast India]]. They are currently being captained by [[Hokaito Zhimomi]]. It is a composite team of players from six teams from north east India: [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]], [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]], [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]] and [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]].

== History ==
Before the 2022–23 season, inter zonal cricket in India had consisted of five teams, representing the Central, East, North, South and West zones.<ref>{{cite web |title=Duleep Trophy, 2014/15 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/duleep-trophy-2014-15/engine/current/series/775453.html |access-date=9 November 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> With the addition of [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]], [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]], [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]] and [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]] to the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) ahead of the 2018–19 season, a new zone was required when zonal cricket returned in 2022–23.<ref>{{cite web |title=Logistical nightmare on cards as BCCI announces 37-team Ranji Trophy for 2018–19 season |date=18 July 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/bcci-schedule-2018-19-domestic-games-5265019/ |access-date=7 November 2022 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref> Therefore, North East Zone cricket was formed in August 2022 for both men's and women's cricket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duleep Trophy 2022-23: Some playing for survival, some for recognition |url=https://www.cricket.com/news/duleep-trophy-2022-23-some-playing-for-survival-some-for-recognition-1662521604662 |access-date=12 April 2023 |date=7 September 2022 |publisher=Cricket.com |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412060410/https://www.cricket.com/news/duleep-trophy-2022-23-some-playing-for-survival-some-for-recognition-1662521604662 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In August 2022, BCCI announced that North East Zone would be one of the six zones to compete in the [[2022–23 Duleep Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI announces India's domestic season for 2022-23 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555906/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2022-23?type=Latest |access-date=8 August 2022 |publisher=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 7 September 2022|title=Duleep Trophy 2022-23: What the Return of the Zonal Format Means for Players |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/duleep-trophy-2022-23-return-zonal-format-means-to-players |access-date=2023-04-12 |publisher=The Quint |language=en}}</ref>

This was the first time that North East Zone participated in any competitive cricket tournament in India, with Hokaito Zhimomi being named as the captain.<ref>{{Cite web |title='We have nothing to lose, and lots to gain' - North East captain Hokaito Zhimomi |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/duleep-trophy-2022-nothing-to-lose-lots-to-gain-for-north-east-zone-captain-hokaito-zhimomi-1333405 |access-date=2023-04-12 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First-class events played by North East Zone |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/49/49854/First-Class_Events.html |access-date=2023-04-12 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> They played their inaugural [[First-class cricket|first-class]] match on 8 September 2022 and drew the match against [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=North-East show fight on Duleep Trophy debut, get time with Rahane as reward |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-domestic-duleep-trophy-2022-23-north-east-zone-show-fight-on-debut-get-time-with-ajinkya-rahane-as-reward-1334195 |access-date=2023-04-12 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> However, they could not qualify for the semi-final because of West Zone's first innings lead.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= 11 September 2022|title=West Zone & North Zone advance to semi finals courtesy first-innings lead after dull draw in both games |url=https://www.insidesport.in/duleep-trophy-quarterfinals-west-zone-north-zone-advance-to-semifinals-courtesy-first-innings-lead-after-dull-draw-in-both-games-check-highlights/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |publisher=Inside Sport |language=en-US}}</ref>

They took part in the [[2023 Deodhar Trophy]], a List A cricket competition for the first time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Duleep Trophy to kick off India's earliest ever domestic season on June 28 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/duleep-trophy-to-kick-off-india-s-2023-24-domestic-season-on-june-28-1368152 |access-date=11 April 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Squad==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Name
! Birth date
! Batting Style
! Bowling Style
! State Team
! Format
! Notes
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | Batsmen
|-
| [[Rongsen Jonathan]] || {{birth date and age|1986|10|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]] || First-class || Captain
|-
| Kishan Lyngdoh || {{birth date and age|1998|3|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]] || First-class ||
|-
| [[Nilesh Lamichaney]] || {{birth date and age|1991|9|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
| [[Langlonyamba Keishangbam]] || {{birth date and age|1997|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]] || First-class & List A || Vice-captain
|-
| Joseph Lalthankhuma || {{birth date and age|2000|9|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]] || First-class ||
|-
| Anup Ahlawat || {{birth date and age|2000|11|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
| [[Larry Sangma]] || {{birth date and age|1992|10|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]] || List A ||
|-
| Jehu Anderson || {{birth date and age|1999|11|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || || [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]] || List A ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | All-rounders
|-
| [[Palzor Tamang]] || {{birth date and age|1993|2|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
| [[Lee Yong Lepcha]] || {{birth date and age|1991|11|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]] || List A ||
|-
| [[Priyojit Singh Kangabam|Priyojit Kangabam]] || {{birth date and age|1994|11|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]] || List A ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Prafullomani Singh|Prafullomani Pukhrambam]] || {{birth date and age|1994|3|1|df=y}} ||Right-handed|| || [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]] || First-class ||
|-
| [[Kamsha Yangfo]] || {{birth date and age|1992|11|16|df=y}} ||Right-handed|| || [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]] || List A ||
|-
| [[Ashish Thapa]] || {{birth date and age|1994|1|4|df=y}} ||Right-handed|| || [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]] || List A ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | Spin bowlers
|-
| [[Kishan Singha]] || {{birth date and age|1996|12|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]] || First-class ||
|-
| [[Imliwati Lemtur]] || {{birth date and age|1991|12|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
| [[Khrievitso Kense]] || {{birth date and age|2004|3|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || [[Sikkim cricket team|Sikkim]] || List A ||
|-
! style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="7" align="center" | Pace bowlers
|-
| [[Dippu Sangma]] || {{birth date and age|1997|5|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]] || First-class ||
|-
| [[Rex Rajkumar]] || {{birth date and age|2000|8|30|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]] || First-class & List A ||
|-
| Jotin Pheiroijam || {{birth date and age|2006|3|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]] || First-class ||
|-
| [[Nagaho Chishi]] || {{birth date and age|1997|11|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]] || First-class ||
|-
| [[Akash Choudhary]] || {{birth date and age|1999|11|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]] || First-class ||
|-
| Nabam Abo || {{birth date and age|1988|10|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]] || List A ||
|-
| Abhishek Kumar || {{birth date and age|2002|5|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]] || List A ||
|}

''Updated as on 26 Jul 2023''

== Seasons ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! colspan="2" |Position
|-
! [[Duleep Trophy]]
![[Deodhar Trophy]]
|-
|2022–23
| style="background: #ffffff;" | Quarter-final (6th)
|''Did not held''
|-
|2023
|Quarter-final (6th)
|''TBD''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Duleep Trophy}}
{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Duleep Trophy]]
[[Category:Deodhar Trophy]]

Hafeez Contractor

2026-02-24T06:53:38Z

Svetlanazrc:

{{Short description|Indian architect (born 1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox architect
| name = Hafeez Sorab Contractor
| image = The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Bhushan Award to Shri Hafeez Sorabe Contractor, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 28, 2016.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Hafeez Contractor (left) in 2016
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|06|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[University of Mumbai]]|[[Columbia University]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Pearl Contractor|1962}}
| practice = Architect Hafeez Contractor
| significant_buildings = {{ubl|[[23 Marina]]|[[The Imperial (Mumbai)|The Imperial]]|[[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Goa Campus|BITS Goa ]]|[[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad Campus|BITS Hyderabad]]|[[Infosys#Training centre in Mysore|Infosys Training Centre]]|[[The 42 (Kolkata)|The 42]]|Delhi Airport Terminal 1|[[DY Patil Stadium]]}}
| significant_projects =
| significant_design =
| website = {{URL|http://www.hafeezcontractor.com/}}
| children = 2
| parents = Sorab Contractor Roshan Contractor
}}

'''Hafeez Sorab Contractor''' (born 1950) is an Indian [[architect]].<ref>{{cite news |author=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Architect-for-conserving-rare-heritage-monuments/articleshow/7119677.cms |title=Architect for conserving rare heritage monuments |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2010-12-18 |access-date=2011-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104110854/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-18/vadodara/28226048_1_city-areas-high-rise-buildings-heritage-buildings |archive-date=4 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> He has designed many [[skyscraper]]s in India, primarily in the city of [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/company/173|title=Hafeez Contractor – The Skyscraper Center|website=skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=2017-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002725/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/company/173|archive-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2019, he is the architect of the [[List of tallest buildings in India|three tallest buildings in India]] – [[The 42 (Kolkata)|The 42]] in [[Kolkata]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-42/14870|title=The 42 – The Skyscraper Center|website=skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=2017-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002244/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-42/14870|archive-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-42-in-kolkata-becomes-indias-tallest-building/articleshow/68900814.cms|title='The 42' in Kolkata becomes India's tallest building|date=16 April 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429000219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-42-in-kolkata-becomes-indias-tallest-building/articleshow/68900814.cms|archive-date=29 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and the twin towers of [[The Imperial (Mumbai)|The Imperial]] in Mumbai.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-imperial-i/889|title=The Imperial I – The Skyscraper Center|website=skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=2017-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002115210/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-imperial-i/889|archive-date=2 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-imperial-ii/890|title=The Imperial II – The Skyscraper Center|website=skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=2017-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911031137/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/the-imperial-ii/890/|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in January 2016 by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135783|title=Padma Awards 2016|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329211831/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135783|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Hafeez Contractor was born in [[Mumbai]] on 19 June 1950 into a [[Parsi]] family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Veer |first=Peter van der |title=Handbook of Religion and the Asian City: Aspiration and Urbanization in the Twenty-First Century |date=2015-05-19 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-28122-6 |pages=167}}</ref> He attended Boys' Town Public School Nasik before moving on to the University of Mumbai's [[Academy of Architecture]] in 1975. He then won a scholarship to [[Columbia University]], where he completed his master's degree.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/22/magazine/the-slumdog-millionaire-architect.html|title=The Slumdog Millionaire Architect|last=Brook|first=Daniel|date=2014-06-19|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-09-21|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622171203/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/22/magazine/the-slumdog-millionaire-architect.html|archive-date=22 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
While pursuing his architecture degree, Contractor began working in 1968 as an apprentice under the supervision of his uncle and mentor Tehmasp Khareghat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manohar |first=Prathima |title=Architect Hafeez Contractor |date=2006 |publisher=Architecture Publishing |isbn=978-81-901758-0-7 |pages=61–62}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=43832635&privcapId=49531279|title=Hafeez Contractor AIIAGD ARCH. MS ARCH. & UD (USA): Executive Profile & Biography – Bloomberg|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=2017-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922050533/https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=43832635&privcapId=49531279|archive-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He joined his uncle's company T. Khareghat in 1977 as an associate partner.<ref name=":1" />

In 1991, Contractor was enlisted to add buildings to [[Infosys]]' [[Bangalore]] campus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tfod.in/photo-space/1792/garden|title=Infosys Bangalore|date=2017-09-21|website=The Future of Design|access-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922051054/https://www.tfod.in/photo-space/1792/garden|archive-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He went on to design that firm's first software-development park outside [[Pune]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tfod.in/photo-space/1774/exterior-at-night|title=Infosys office at I T Park at Pune|date=2017-09-21|website=The Future of Design|access-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922051103/https://www.tfod.in/photo-space/1774/exterior-at-night|archive-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and its corporate educational facility near [[Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tfod.in/photo-space/1809/exterior---infosys-global-education-school--mysore|title=Exterior – Infosys Global Education School, Mysore|date=2017-09-21|website=The Future of Design|access-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922051059/https://www.tfod.in/photo-space/1809/exterior---infosys-global-education-school--mysore|archive-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> His most famous project is [[Hiranandani Gardens, Mumbai|Hiranandani Gardens]], a township in [[Powai]], a suburb of Mumbai.<ref name=":0" /> In 2005, Contractor designed the twin-tower residential skyscraper, The Imperial, whose {{convert|254|m|ft|adj=mid|-tall}} Tower I became the tallest residential buildings in India (with Tower II slightly behind) upon completion in 2010 – a distinction it held until it was displaced by [[One Avighna Park]] (266 metre) in 2017. That building was, in turn, displaced by The 42 in Kolkata, which was also designed by Contractor and [[Topping out|architecturally topped out]] at 260m.<ref name=":3" /> He also designed [[23 Marina]] in [[Dubai]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/dubai/23-marina/247/|title=23 Marina – The Skyscraper Center|website=skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=2017-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002712/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/dubai/23-marina/247/|archive-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> which was briefly the world's tallest all-residential building, and is currently third behind the nearby [[Princess Tower]] and [[432 Park Avenue]] in [[New York City]].

Contractor's other projects include the [[Domestic flight|domestic]] [[Airport terminal|terminal]] at Mumbai's [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport|Chhatrapati Shivaji Airport]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stoneworld.com/articles/85979-awardwinning-airport-renovation-relies-on-indian-granite|title=Award-winning airport renovation relies on Indian granite|website=stoneworld.com|access-date=9 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702230606/https://www.stoneworld.com/articles/85979-awardwinning-airport-renovation-relies-on-indian-granite|archive-date=2 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[DY Patil Stadium]], which serves as the home stadium for both the [[Mumbai Indians]] [[cricket]] team and [[Mumbai City FC]] [[Association football|football]] team. He also designed the [[Turbhe railway station]] in [[Navi Mumbai]] and in 2018 offered to 19 railway stations for free.<ref>{{cite news |title=Architect Hafeez Contractor Offers To Design 19 Railway Stations For Free |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/architect-hafeez-contractor-offers-to-design-19-railway-stations-for-free-1816958 |access-date=16 December 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=25 February 2018}}</ref> He was the architect for [[Chief Minister of Telangana]]'s official residence, [[Pragathi Bhavan]] completed in November 2016. He has been assigned to design the campus of Indian Institute of Petroleum & Energy, Visakhapatnam. An interview of his was published in the official<ref>CBSE</ref> Class 8 English book.

==Architectural style==
Contractor has referred to the standardized ratings used in Western countries for certifying [[green building]]s as a "joke".<ref name=":2">{{cite news | url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/chennai/Green-buildings-are-a-joke-Hafeez-Contractor/articleshow/9973928.cms | title=Green buildings are a joke: Hafeez Contractor | date=2011-09-14 | access-date=1 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021052903/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-14/chennai/30153762_1_green-buildings-rating-system-rating-agencies | archive-date=21 October 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=live }}</ref> In his view, conditions in India require a rating system that takes into account the unique problems faced by that country, such as the loss of [[Agricultural land|farmland]].<ref name=":2" />

In a ''New York Times'' profile he was described as [[Bollywood]]'s "[[Starchitect]]". The article described Contractor's style as having "no signature, save a penchant for glitz." Contractor said of his own work, "[Y]ou definitely like a woman with lipstick, rouge, eyelashes. So if you make your building more beautiful with some appliqués, there’s nothing wrong."<ref name=":0" />

== List of works ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Year
completed
!Image
!City
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|[[Apollo Hospital, Indraprastha]]
|
|[[File:Apollo Hospital Indraprastha.jpg|100x100px]]
|
|
|
|-
|Sarala Birla Academy
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| ITC Grand Central
| 2004
|
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Art Deco|Art deco]] styled Hotel skyscraper
|
|-
| [[ITC Royal Bengal]]
| 2019
| [[File:ITC_Royal_Bengalz.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[Art Deco|Art deco]] styled Hotel skyscraper
|
|-
|[[DY Patil Stadium]]
|2008
|[[File:D Y Patil Sports Stadium.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Navi Mumbai]]
|
|
|-
|[[The Imperial (Mumbai)|The Imperial]]
|2010
|[[File:The Imperial Towers SP.jpg|151x151px]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[List of tallest buildings in India|Tallest building in India]] between 2010 and 2018
|<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />
|-
|[[23 Marina]]
|2012
|
|[[Dubai]]
|
|
|-
|[[One Horizon Center]]
|2014
|
|[[Gurgaon]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=One Horizon Center – The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/one-horizon-center/27293|access-date=2022-12-04|website=skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref>
|-
|Mantri Pinnacle
|2016
|[[File:Mantri Pinnacle Bangalore.jpg|150x150px]]
|[[Bangalore]]
|[[List of tallest buildings in Bangalore|Tallest building in Bangalore]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mantri Pinnacle – The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/mantri-pinnacle/14522|access-date=2022-12-04|website=skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[The 42 (Kolkata)|The 42]]
|2019
|[[File:The 42 - Residential Building 01.jpg|133x133px]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[List of tallest buildings in India|Tallest building in India]] between 2018 and 2019
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|[[Lokhandwala Minerva]]
|
|
|[[Mumbai]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lokhandwala Minerva – The Skyscraper Center|url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/lokhandwala-minerva/10431|access-date=2022-12-04|website=skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Turbhe railway station]]
|
|[[File:Turbhe-Railway-Station.JPG|100x100px]]
|[[Navi Mumbai]]
|
|
|-
|CIDCO Spaghetti Housing
|2005
|
|[[Navi Mumbai]]
|
|
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Colaba apartments.jpg|Buckley Court in [[Colaba]], Mumbai
File:Saya Gold Aveune in Indirapuram Ghaziabad.jpg|alt=Saya Gold Avenue|Saya Gold Avenue in Indirapuram, [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]].
File:Turbhe-Railway-Station.JPG| Turbhe railway station in [[Navi Mumbai]]
</gallery>

==Awards and recognition==
* '''2016''': Hafeez was awarded India's third highest civilian award, the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Padma Awards 2016: Complete list {{!}} India News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/padma-awards-2016-complete-list-of-padma-vibhushan-padma-bhushan-and-padma-shri-awardees/articleshow/50719773.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Official website|http://www.hafeezcontractor.com/}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=IG85li6h8_0C Book: Architect Hafeez Contractor: Select works (1982-2005)]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Contractor, Hafeez}}
[[Category:Architecture firms of India]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in other fields]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]

Sayeed Seminary

2026-02-22T01:19:31Z

Svetlanazrc: Started data

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sayeed Seminary High School, Cuttack
| native_name = '''ସୟିଦ୍ ସେମିନାରୀ ସ୍କୁଲ, କଟକ'''
| image = Sayeed Seminary School.jpg
| other_name = 
| former_name = Moslem Seminary
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord| 20.466754| 85.875603 }}
| founded = {{start date and age|1913|08|8}}
| founder = [[Sayeed Mohammed]]
| type = Public High School
| motto =
| affiliation = [[Board of Secondary Education, Odisha]]
| grades = Class 4 - 10
| president =
| principal =
| colours = ''Blue'' {{color box|#89CFF0}} and ''White'' {{color box|white}}
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| gender = Boys and Girls
| head_of_school =
| dean =
| publication =
| faculty = 25+
| staff = 10+
| enrollment = 800+
| campus_type = Urban
| campus_size = 9.75 Acres
| location = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| website =
}}

'''Sayeed Seminary School''' is a public school located in the heart of [[Cuttack]] city, [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAYEED SEMINARY HS – Ward No.17, District Cuttack (Orissa) |url=https://schools.org.in/cuttack/21121801703/sayeed-seminary-hs.html |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref> It was established in 1913 by [[Sayeed Mohammed]], a prominent [[Odia people|Odia]] freedom fighter, scholar and educationist. The school is credited to be the second nationalist school of [[Odisha]] and is one of the two institutions bearing the name of [[Sayeed Mohammed]], the other one being ''Sayeed Seminary Primary School'', which is located within the campus of the former.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Manas Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCmjDwAAQBAJ&q=all+odisha+khilafat+committee&pg=PA4 |title=NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN ODISHA |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-359-78858-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=History of Sayeed Seminary |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/980758/}}</ref>

==History==

[[File:Sayeed Mohammed full image.png|thumb|[[Sayeed Mohammed]], the founder of Sayeed Seminary]]

A series of events and factors led to the establishment of the school, one being the discrimination that the Indian students were facing in the British administered schools back in the late 19th CE; the second was, under the [[British government]], education wasn't accessible for the general Indian masses, only the children from upper-class families could get an admission and the third being the marginalization of the Muslim community, since [[Indian Muslims]] did not accept English as the medium of instruction in educational institutions, they turned away from formal schools and remained illiterate which alienated them from the newly evolving modern society and relegated them to the background. [[Sayeed Mohammed]] having studied in [[Calcutta]], which was then the capital of [[British India]] and the center stage of colonial politics, had developed a good understanding of these factors.<ref name=":0" />

The immediate cause, however, surfaced when the British government, in a deliberate attempt to divide the religious communities, introduced a new policy which provided separate reservations for [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] students.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=scientifique. |first=Gayer, Laurent (1976-....). Éditeur scientifique. Jaffrelot, Christophe (1964-....). Éditeur |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1259284452 |title=Muslims in Indian cities : trajectories of marginalisation |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-231-70308-6 |oclc=1259284452}}</ref> [[Sayeed Mohammed]], who was then the assistant headmaster of Victoria high school vehemently opposed these divisive and discriminatory policies of the British government and organized mass protests against them. Since Sayeed was also a member of [[Utkal Sammilani]] and had participated in many [[Indian freedom struggle|nationalist movements]] before, the British perceived him as a threat and he was thus asked to resign from his post. Sayeed therefore got determined to start a new school where Indian students from all walks of life, communities and classes could access education and nationalist sentiments could be sowed into their young minds. Opportunity presented itself in 1909 when [[Gopabandhu Das]] established the first nationalist school of Odisha, the [[Satyabadi Bana Bidyalaya]] at [[Puri]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Mahila Bidyalaya. 57 |date=2016-12-19 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315407661-16 |work=The Englishwoman's Review of Social and Industrial Questions |pages=71 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315407661-16 |isbn=978-1-315-40766-1 |access-date=2022-07-10|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Inspired by this, Sayeed started working on establishing the Muslim Seminary at [[Cuttack]]. He mobilized the muslim community by spreading awareness about the cause initially and in 1913 he finally founded the school.<ref name=":1" />

The school formally opened on Friday, the 8th of August, 1913 with 500 students on its roll in a rented building. It was largely dependent on donations. Meanwhile, Sayeed managed to persuade a generous merchant of Madras, C. Abdul Hakeem to donate the present land. Even the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], made a monthly grant of Rs 50 to the institution. A managing committee was formed by Sayeed in 1913 and Maulavi Golam Mohammad, Mohammad Kasim Ahmad Quazi, Kameeruddin Khan, Alla Bira, Mahammad Sayeed Abdus Sakur, Babu Akshay Chandra Ray, Satyabrata Patnaik and Devendranath Ray were appointed as its members. The school strongly promoted the ideas of nationalism among its students; Sayeed had made it mandatory for all the teachers and students of the school to wear clothes made of [[Khadi]] in order to support the ongoing [[Swadeshi movement]]. He himself wore clothes only made of [[Khadi]] to set an example.<ref name=":2" />

After Sayeed's death, Moulavi Golam Mohammad was appointed as its president and Akshay Chandra Ray, its vice president. The efforts made by Sayeed Mohammed was acknowledged and appreciated by the Secretary to Government of [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], Ministry of Education and such appreciation was notified and published in the Official Gazette dated 1 December 1932.<ref name=":2" />

After the [[Partition of India|partition of 1947]], its name was changed from 'Muslim Seminary' to 'Sayeed Seminary' in the memory of its late founder, to throw a more secular light at the institution. Sayeed Seminary was recognised as a High School from 1 June 1945 as revealed in the Orissa Gazette No.30 dated 3.8.1945. The school came into the direct payment system from 1974 for teaching staff and from 1977 for the non-teaching staff.<ref name=":2" />

==Affiliation==

The school is affiliated to [[Board of Secondary Education, Odisha]]

==Notable alumni==
Sayeed Seminary became a reputed high school in the city, that offered education to both Muslim and Hindu students in [[Urdu]] and [[Odia language|Odia]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> The school has produced many distinguished alumni including,
*[[Mohammad Mohsin]], Film director and actor
*[[Syed Mustafiz Ahmed]], Minister

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Schools in Odisha]]
[[Category:Education in Cuttack]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1913]]
[[Category:1913 establishments in India]]

Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi

2026-02-21T21:52:43Z

Svetlanazrc: started a article

{{Short description|Muslim scholar of Pakistan}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi
| native_name = میر احمد نصراللہ ٹھٹوی
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thatta]], Sindh
| death_date = 1588
| death_place =
| occupation = Scholar, Writer
| language = Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Sindhi
| nationality = [[Mughal Empire]]
| notableworks = ''Tarih-i Alfi''
| influences =
}}

'''Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi''' (died 1588) was born in [[Thatta]], [[Sindh]]. He was among the renowned and widely traveled Muslim scholars at the court of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Emperor]] [[Akbar]]. He was the son of a [[Qadi|Qazi]] (Kazi) in [[Thatta]]. During his early life he was in a devoted pursuit of higher education and spiritual improvement, he traveled as a young man both to important centers of learning, particularly in [[Safavid]] [[Iran]], and the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] ruled cities of [[Mecca]], [[Medina]], and [[Jerusalem]]. He is known to have spoken four languages: [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D90001011%26ct%3D86 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121554/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D90001011%26ct%3D86 |archive-date=2016-10-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Upon his return to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] realm he was received favorably by [[Akbar]]. When the Mughal Emperor commissioned a group of scholars to compose a work on the first 1000 years of Islam, Tattavi emerged as the chief author of the work. The work was entitled ''Tarih-i Alfi''. His main contributions to the works was the chapters beginning from the 36th year after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad to the time of [[Ghazan]] (d.704 AH/1304 AD). However, Tattavi never saw the work completed he died in (996 AH/1588 AD) upon the emergence of prince [[Jahangir]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D90001011%26ct%3D86 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121554/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D90001011%26ct%3D86 |archive-date=2016-10-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Among his students was the future [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Subedar]] of [[Sindh]], [[Amir Khan I]].

==See also==
*[[Mughal Empire]]
*[[Akbar]]
*[[Sindh]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Islamic geography}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Historians from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Sindhi scholars]]
[[Category:16th-century geographers]]
[[Category:Indian historians of Islam]]
[[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]

{{Islamic-scholar-stub}}

Narasimha Nandi

2026-02-08T18:02:49Z

Svetlanazrc: started a entry - done

{{Short description|Indian film screenwriter, director, producer and playwright}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Narasimha Nandi
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| occupation = Director Screenwriter
| website =
| spouse =
| footnotes =
| children =
}}
'''Narasimha Nandi''' (born Narasimha Reddy) is an [[Indian film]], [[screenwriter]], [[Film director|director]], producer and [[playwright]] known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/1940-lo-oka-gramam-release-soon/article712998.ece ‘1940 lo oka gramam' release soon – The Hindu]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/etcetera/article4796008.ece etcetera – The Hindu]</ref> In 2008, he garnered the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] and [[Nandi Award]] for directing ''[[1940 Lo Oka Gramam]]''.<ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/56th_nff_2008.pdf|title=56th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref> In 2013, he served in the Jury for South Region-2 at the [[60th National Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/National%20Film%20Award%20(NFA)%20Booklet.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=16 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316170911/http://www.dff.nic.in/National%20Film%20Award%20(NFA)%20Booklet.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! [[Film director|Director]]
! [[Film producer|Producer]]
! [[Screenwriter]]
! [[Actor]]
! Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2008 || ''[[1940 Lo Oka Gramam]]'' ||{{yes}} || ||{{yes}} || ||[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] [[Sarojini Devi Award for a Film on National Integration]]<ref name="56thawardPDF" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2009 || ''High School'' || {{yes}}|| ||{{yes}} || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2013 || ''[[Kamalatho Naa Prayanam]]'' || {{yes}} || ||{{yes}} || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2016 || ''Lajja'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2019 || ''Degree College'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|
|-
|}

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] (director) - ''[[1940 Lo Oka Gramam]]'' (2008)

;[[Nandi Awards]]
*[[Sarojini Devi Award for a Film on National Integration]] (director) - ''[[1940 Lo Oka Gramam]]'' (2008)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7924272}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandi, Narasimha}}
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kerala State Film Development Corporation

2026-02-08T00:53:49Z

Svetlanazrc: quick add citations as per guidelines and updated info

{{Short description|State film promotion organization in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Kerala State Film Development Corporation
| bgcolor =
| fgcolor =
| image =
| image_border =
| size =
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| caption =
| map =
| msize =
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| abbreviation = KSFDC
| motto =
| formation = 1975<ref name="Official-aboutus">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ksfdc.in/aboutus.htm |title=KSFDC official web site, About us |access-date=24 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404071904/http://ksfdc.in/aboutus.htm |archive-date=4 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| extinction =
| type =
| status =
| purpose =
| headquarters = Chalachitra Kalabhavan [[Vazhuthacaud]] [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| location =
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| website = [http://www.ksfdc.in/ KSFDC.in]
| remarks =
}}

'''Kerala State Film Development Corporation''' (abbreviated as '''KSFDC'''), is an organization founded by the [[Government of Kerala]], India for promoting the film market in the state.<ref>[http://www.mysarkarinaukri.com/kerala-state-film-development-corporation-ltd mysarkarinaukri.com Kerala State Film Development Corporation]</ref> It was founded in 1975, a period when the production of [[Malayalam film]]s was centered in [[Chennai|Madras]] (now Chennai).<ref name="Official-aboutus" /> KSFDC was formed with an objective of moving the Malayalam film industry from Madras to [[Kerala]]. At the time of its inception, it was the first of its kind organization for film development under [[public sector]] in India.

KSFDC organised the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] annually until 1998, after which its management was handed over to the [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]. KSFDC is the founder of the [[Chithranjali Studio]]. KSFDC owns a cinema exhibition network of ten theatres across Kerala. KSFDC also works as a production agency which makes public interest documentary films and short films for the Government of Kerala. Currently following the demise of [[Shaji N. Karun]] the chairman position is vacant.

==History==
The demand for a studio in the public domain was first put forward by filmmaker [[Ramu Kariat]], his idea was to make one along the lines of [[Moscow Film Studio]], He, along with like minded filmmakers [[P. Bhaskaran]] and [[Thoppil Bhasi]] and many others met [[C. Achutha Menon]], the then [[Chief minister of Kerala|chief minister]] who in turn directed them to the then [[home minister]] [[K. Karunakaran]] who also looked after state's cinema. Karunakaran and the then secretary of government [[Malayattoor Ramakrishnan]] supported the demand. In 1975, the Kerala State Film Development Corporation (KSFDC) was formed with [[P. R. S. Pillai]] as its first chairman and G. Vivekanandan as the first managing director.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chandran|first=Baiju|title=The Capital of cinema|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-capital-of-cinema/article5401273.ece|accessdate=28 July 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 November 2013}}</ref>

== Subsidiaries ==
[[File:Sree KSFDC.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Sree theatre of KSFDC complex in [[Alappuzha]]]]

=== Chithranjali Studio ===
{{Main|Chithranjali Studio}}

=== Kalabhavan Digital Studio ===
A digital post processing studio owned by the KSFDC.

=== Cinemas ===
KSFDC owns an exhibition network of 17 cinemas in Kerala namely:

* Kairali, Nila and Sree theatre complex, [[Thampanoor]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
* Lenin cinemas, KSRTC Central Bus Station complex, [[Thampanoor]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
* Kalabhavan Theatre, Chalachitrakalabhavan, [[Vazhuthacaud]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
* Kairali & Sree twin theatres, Karunakaran Nambiar Road, Round North, [[Thrissur]]
* Kairali & Sree twin theatres, (I.G Road) Mavoor Road, [[Kozhikode]]
* Kairali & Sree twin theatres, Mullakkal, [[Alappuzha]]
* Kairali & Sree twin theatres, [[A.C Road Cherthala]], [[Alappuzha District]]
* Kairali & Sree twin theatres, Pullomkulam, [[North Paravur]], [[Ernakulam District]]
* Kairali & Sree twin theatres, Chittoor, [[Palakkad District]]

==Film production==
In 2022 and 2023, KSFDC has produced 3 movies namely ''[[Nishiddho]]'', ''[[Divorce (2023 film)|Divorce]]'' and ''[[Nila (2023 film)|Nila]]'' for women empowerment to uplift the works of women directors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/divorce-movie-first-look-minister-saji-cherian-released-the-first-look-poster-of-divorce-movie-126425|title=Divorce: സംസ്ഥാന സർക്കാരിൻ്റെ വനിതാ 'സംവിധായകരുടെ സിനിമ' പദ്ധതി: 'ഡിവോഴ്സ്' ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്കെത്തി|work=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/nila-story-elderly-woman-and-unusual-friendship-director-indu-tnm-174145|title=‘Nila is the story of an elderly woman and an unusual friendship’: Director Indu to TNM|author1=Cris|first2= Lakshmi |last2=Priya|date=6 March 2023|website=The News Minute}}</ref> In 2025, the corporation produced a [[Survival film|survival thriller]] film ''[[Pralayashesham Oru Jalakanyaka]]'' directed by Manoj Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Pralaya Shesham Oru Jala Kanyaka' first look unveiled: A gripping tale of survival and mystery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pralaya-shesham-oru-jala-kanyaka-first-look-unveiled-a-gripping-tale-of-survival-and-mystery/articleshow/118550970.cms |access-date=2025-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Chithranjali Studio]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:State agencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Film organisations in India]]
[[Category:Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1975]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Kerala]]

Cuthbert Bay Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-06T14:38:48Z

Svetlanazrc: adding the stub needs work.

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}{{Infobox protected area
| name = Cuthbert Bay Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = Middle Andaman Islands
| area = 5.8 km²
| established = 1997
}}

'''Cuthbert Bay Sanctuary''' is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] situated in the Indian Union territory of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/andaman_nicobar_islands|title=Unique Biodiversity of Andaman & Nicobar Islands}} {{small|(740 KB)}}</ref> It is located on the eastern coast of the [[Middle Andaman Island]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gangopadhyay |first=Uttara |date=2024-03-01 |title=5 Best Natural Reserves To Include In Your Andaman Tour |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/nature/5-best-wildlife-sanctuaries-in-andaman-nicobar-islands |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref> It covers an area of {{convert|5.8|km2|mi2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andaman & Nicobar Islands |url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/andaman_nicobar_islands |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=wii.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> It was established in 1997.<ref name=":1" />

Despite its smaller size, the sanctuary is among the most significant protected areas in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. It is a vital nesting site for three of the four species of marine turtles that visit the islands annually, with hundreds of turtles arriving here each year to lay their eggs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR CUTHBERT BAY WILDLIFE SANCTUARY 2013-2023 |url=https://forest.and.nic.in/WebPages/MgmtPlan/ManagmentPlan_Cuthbertbay_WS.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619031617/http://forest.and.nic.in/WebPages/MgmtPlan/ManagmentPlan_Cuthbertbay_WS.pdf |archive-date=2024-06-19 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=forest.and.nic.in| page=3}}</ref>

== Fauna ==
The sanctuary is a nesting ground of [[Olive ridley sea turtle|Olive Ridley turtles]], [[Leatherback sea turtle|Leather-back turtles]] and the [[Green sea turtle|Green Sea turtle]]. Other species like spotted deer, birds, butterflies etc. are also found here.<ref name=":0" />
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|12|42|33|N|92|58|06|E|type:landmark_region:IN-AN_dim:2000|display=title}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of India by state or union territory]]

{{AndamanNicobar-geo-stub}}

Suniti Chattaraj

2026-02-06T01:23:12Z

Svetlanazrc: further correct section for clarity also and updated info

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Suniti Chattaraj
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|10|30|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|09|1938|10|30|df=y}}
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Suri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA of Suri]]
| term_start1 = 1972
| term_end1 = 1987
| predecessor1 = Protiva Mukherjee
| successor1 = Tapan Roy
| term_start2 = 1996
| term_end2 = 1999
| predecessor2 = Tapan Roy
| successor2 = Braja Mukherjee
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| religion =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Kolkata University]]
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
}}

'''Suniti Chattaraj''' (30 November 1943 – 9 January 2017) was an Indian lawyer and politician belonging to [[Trinamool Congress]]. He was a former state minister of [[West Bengal Government]]. He was elected as a legislator in [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] for four times.

==Biography==
Chattaraj was born on 30 November 1943.<ref name=a/> He was a student of [[Kolkata University]]'s Law department. After finishing student he practised law.

Chattaraj lost from [[Suri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suri]] in 1971.<ref name=n/> He was elected a member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Suri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suri]] in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> After electing he was appointed as Electricity, Irrigation and Water Resource State Minister of [[West Bengal Government]].<ref name=a/><ref name=b/> He was elected again as [[Suri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA of Suri]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> He was elected from [[Suri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suri]] for consecutive three times in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>

Chattaraj lost in 1987 and 1991.<ref name=n>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/suri-west-bengal-assembly-constituency|title=Suri Assembly Constituency Election Result|access-date=14 October 2019|website=www.resultuniversity.com
}}</ref> He was elected as [[Suri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA of Suri]] in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>

Chattaraj resigned in 1998 and became a candidate in [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]] in general election but, he could not win.<ref name=r/> He joined [[Trinamool Congress]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/congress-expels-three-pro-mamata-leaders/cid/915935
|title=CONGRESS EXPELS THREE PRO-MAMATA LEADERS
|access-date=14 October 2019|website=The Telegraph|date=10 August 1999
}}</ref> He lost again from [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]] in 1999.<ref name=r>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bolpur-lok-sabha
|title=Bolpur Lok Sabha Election Result
|access-date=14 October 2019|website=www.resultuniversity.com
}}</ref>

Chattaraj lost bypoll in [[Suri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suri]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb2000/bye_WB_AC288.htm|title=BYE - ELECTIONS - FEBRUARY, 2000
|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=14 October 2019
}}</ref> He lost agrain in 2001 when he contested from [[Suri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suri]].<ref name=n/>

Chattaraj died on 9 January 2017.<ref name=a>{{cite web| url = https://www.aajkaal.in/news/state/25989 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191014160022/https://www.aajkaal.in/news/state/25989 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 14 October 2019 |title = প্রয়াত সুনীতি চট্টরাজ
|access-date = 14 October 2019|website=Aajkal|language=bn}}</ref><ref name=b>{{cite web| url =https://www.anandabazar.com/district/purulia-birbhum-bankura/former-mla-of-suri-suniti-chattaraj-passes-away-1.546329
|title = 'সোনাদা' আর নেই, মনখারাপ সিউড়ির|date=10 January 2017|access-date=14 October 2019|website=Anandabazar Patrika|language=bn
}}</ref>

==Controversy==
For Chattaraj's corruption charge he was sacked from [[West Bengal Government]].<ref name=b/> He was arrested on 12 January 2006 for another corruption charge.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Trinamool-Cong-leader-arrested-by-CBI/articleshow/1368661.cms
|title =Trinamool Cong leader arrested by CBI
|date=12 January 2006|access-date=14 October 2019|website=The Times of India
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =https://zeenews.india.com/home/cbi-arrests-tc-leader-former-customs-official_268386.html
|title = CBI arrests TC leader, former customs official
|date=12 January 2006|access-date=14 October 2019|website=Zee News
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chattaraj, Suniti}}
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]

Devipatnam mandal

2026-02-05T17:57:14Z

Svetlanazrc:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Devipatnam mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]]
| subdivision_type3 = Population according to 2011 Census
| subdivision_name3 = 28,178
| subdivision_type4 = Number of Villages
| subdivision_name4 = 46
| subdivision_type5 = Area in Sq Km
| subdivision_name5 = 517.39
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}
'''Devipatnam mandal''' is one of the 12 mandals in [[Polavaram district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per census 2011, there are 46 villages in this mandal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=212/east-godavari/|title=List of Mandals of East Godavari District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702174418/https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=212/east-godavari/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Devipatnam mandal has total population of 28,178 as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]] out of which 13,669 are males while 314,509 are females. The average sex ratio is 1061. The total literacy rate is 60%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/census/|title= According to the 2011 Census the population of Mandals Of East Godavari District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

=== Villages ===
*1. A Veeravaram
*2. Anguluru
*3. China Ramanayyapeta
*4. Chintalagudem
*5. Choppakonda
*6. Damanapalle
*7. Dandangi
*8. Devaram
*9. [[Devipatnam]]
*10. Donalanka
*11. Gangavaram
*12. Ganugulagondi
*13. Gonduru
*14. Gumpanapalle
*15. [[Indukuru]]
*16. [[Indukurupeta, Devipatnam Mandal|Indukurupeta]]
*17. Katchuluru
*18. [[Kondamodalu]]
*19. Kothagudem
*20. Kothapalle
*21. Kudakarayi
*22. Lakshmipuram
*23. Lingavaram
*24. Lothupalem
*25. Maddirathigudem
*26. Mamidivalasa
*27. Manturu
*28. Mulagalagudem
*29. Nelakota
*30. Nereduvalasa
*31. Paluru
*32. Pamugandi
*33. Peda Bheempalle
*34. Peddanuthulu
*35. Pedduru
*36. Pothavaram
*37. [[Pudipalli]]
*38. Ravilanka
*39. Rayavaram
*40. Sarabhavaram
*41. Thatiwada
*42. [[Thoyyeru]]
*43. Thummuru
*44. V Ramannapalem
*45. Velagapall
*46. Yerrametla<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|title= Villages in Mandals of East Godvari district|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|archive-date= 21 January 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Polavaram district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Polavaram district]]

Daulatsagarsuri

2026-02-02T10:34:58Z

Svetlanazrc: adding first article added tags

{{Short description|Indian Jain ascetic (1920–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific prefix = Shri Sangh Sthavir Gachchhadhipati Acharya
| honorific suffix = Maharaj Saheb
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvetāmbara]]
| father = Maldaas Bhai
| mother = Diwaliben
| birth_date = 1920
| birth_place = [[Jetpur, Navagadh]], [[Gujarat]], British India
| birth_name = Shankar Patel
| death_date = 17 February 2024
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| initiator = Acharya Anandsagarsuri
| image = [[File:Daulatsagarsuri 1.jpg|250px|Acharya Daulatsagarsuri]]
| caption = Shri Sangh Sthavir Gachchhadhipati Acharya Daulatsagarsuri Maharaj Saheb
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Daulatsagarsuri''' (1920 – 17 February 2024) was a [[Jainism|Jain]] ascetic, philosopher, and a revered saint belonging to the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect. He was the head of the monastic order ([[Gaccha]]dhipati) of the ''"Sagar Samudaay"'' of the [[Tapa Gaccha]]''.'' While he was alive, he was the preceptor of 900 monks and nuns. He was awarded the rarest of the rare and ancient title of ''"Shri Sangh Sthavir"'' based on his austerity, knowledge of the [[Jain literature|canonical scriptures]] of Jainism, and spiritual leadership, becoming the only second of the modern [[Jain ascetic]]s to have achieved this feat.<ref name="isjs-newsletter.in">{{Cite web |title=Gacchadhipati Shri Daulatsagar Ji |url=https://isjs-newsletter.in/Newsletter/2024/February/02/Gacchadhipati%20Shri%20Daulatsagar%20Ji1.html |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=isjs-newsletter.in |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423185721/https://isjs-newsletter.in/Newsletter/2024/February/02/Gacchadhipati%20Shri%20Daulatsagar%20Ji1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born in a [[Hindus|Hindu]], more specifically, a [[Patel]] family in [[Jetpur, Navagadh|Jetpur, Gujarat]]. At a young age of 14, he migrated to [[Ahmedabad]] seeking employment due to poor financial condition of his family. He began working for a [[Jain family|Jain couple]]. It was during this job that he began taking interest in [[Jainism]] when he heard the [[Namokar Mantra]] for the first time from [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|Śrāvikā Champa Ben]]. Witnessing [[Jain rituals]] regularly sowed the seeds of [[Jainism]] in him.<ref name="www.jaina.org" />

At 18 years of age, during [[Chaturmasya|Chaturmas]], he met a [[Jain ascetic]] Acharya Devendrasagarsuri, who was the disciple of Acharya Anandsagarsuri. The latter was also known with the title given to him ''"Aagam Uddhaarak"'' ''(the savior of the aagams)''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Kumarpal |title=Jainism The Cosmic Vision |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/034278/115?highlight=Sagaranand |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=jainqq.org |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423185720/https://jainqq.org/explore/034278/115?highlight=Sagaranand |url-status=live }}</ref> This event increased his interest in [[Jainism]] manifold and he started observing [[Jain philosophy|Jain principles]] in his daily life. Witnessing [[Jain ascetics]] visiting for alms, left an indelible mark on him. This was when he decided to follow their path.<ref name="HereNow4U">{{Cite web |title=07.03.2024 - JSGD - Newsletter @ HereNow4U |url=https://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=168564 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=HereNow4U: Portal on Jainism and next level consciousness |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423185720/https://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=168564 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Initiation and ascetic life ==
At 19, he renounced his family and sought refuge with Acharya Anandsagarsuri. He was initiated in the ''"Sagar Samudaay"'' of the [[Tapa Gaccha]] by Acharya Anandsagarsuri.<ref name="isjs-newsletter.in" /><ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2020-09-16 |title=Jain Gacchadhipati turns centurion today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/jain-gacchadhipati-turns-centurion-today/articleshow/78136999.cms |access-date=2024-04-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423185719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/jain-gacchadhipati-turns-centurion-today/articleshow/78136999.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite his humble beginnings, Daulatsagarsuri displayed exceptional intellectual prowess and memory. Within 12 days, he mastered the [[Pratikramana|Panch Pratikraman]], and in 6 days, the [[Karma in Jainism|Karmagranth scripture]]. He also memorized the Navsmaran (the 9 holy recitations of the [[Śvetāmbara]]s that include the [[Bhaktāmara Stotra]] and the [[Siddhasena|Kalyan Mandir Stotra]]) within 36 hours, as well as 225 verses of the Veetrag Stotra within 24 hours, demonstrating his enormous memory and an immense dedication to [[Jain scriptures]].<ref name="HereNow4U" /><ref name="daulatsagarsuriji.in">{{Cite web |title=Who We Are |url=https://daulatsagarsuriji.in/who-we-are/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423194232/https://daulatsagarsuriji.in/who-we-are/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

He is said to have spent 3 [[Chaturmasya|Chaturmas]] at his birthplace [[Jetpur, Navagadh|Jetpur]], where no Jain family resides. He installed an idol of [[Munisuvrata]] there and inspired over 150 people to visit the temple and perform [[Puja (Jainism)|puja]] daily. He inspired many people belonging to other communities to emulate Jain principles in their daily life.<ref name="HereNow4U" /> He was given the ''"Gani" padvi'' in 1965 and his ''[[Upadhyay (Jainism)|"Upadhyay"]] padvi'' in 1985. He became an [[Acharya (Jainism)|Acharya]] in 1987. He became the head of the monastic order ([[Gaccha]]dhipati) of the ''"Sagar Samudaay"'' of the [[Tapa Gaccha]] in 2009.<ref name="daulatsagarsuriji.in" />

On 8 March 2022, he was awarded with the position of ''"Shri Sangh Sthavir"'' in a grand ceremony and in the presence of monks and nuns from all the 4 existing [[Gaccha]]s of the [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbara Murtipujakas]] at [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=TRbn0hZMVHQ | title=Sangh Sthavir Padabhishek | Ach. Shri Daulatsagar Surishwar Maharaj | website=[[YouTube]] | access-date=23 April 2024 | archive-date=23 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423193200/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=TRbn0hZMVHQ | url-status=live }}</ref>

He also visited the 119 [[Panch Kalyanaka|Kalyanak Bhoomis]] (places where one or more of the [[Panch Kalyanaka]] of a [[Tirthankara]] have occurred) independently to spread the message of [[Jainism]] to diverse communities.<ref name="HereNow4U" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=Shwetambar Jain Saint 103 year old Gachchadhipati Shri Daulatsagar Surishwarji passes away |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/dhar-shwetambar-jain-saint-103-year-old-gachchadhipati-shri-daulatsagar-surishwarji-passes-away-8280175 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423185720/https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/dhar-shwetambar-jain-saint-103-year-old-gachchadhipati-shri-daulatsagar-surishwarji-passes-away-8280175 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He consecrated 37 temples and numerous idols including the 108 ft tall idol of [[Rishabhanatha]] at [[Palitana temples|Jambudweep Temple, Palitana]] and [[Palitana temples|Rohishala tirth, Palitana]].<ref name="daulatsagarsuriji.in" />[[File:Daulatsagarsuri 2.jpg|thumb|A 100-year old Acharya Daulatsagarsuri performing inspection of his rajoharan|204x204px]]

In terms of austerities, he never consumed dairy products until 70 years of age and until 80 years of age, he always walked barefoot and did not use any vehicles. He is said to have performed [[Jain rituals|''Chaityavandan'']] of every idol at [[Palitana temples]]. Until 90 years of age, he gave sermons on the [[Jain literature|canonical scriptures]].<ref name="daulatsagarsuriji.in" />

== Establishment of ''Aagam Mandirs'' ==
Daulatsagarsuri inspired and drove the movement of the establishment of ''"Aagam Mandirs",'' which are temples where all the 45 [[Agam Sutras|Aagam sutras]] are inscribed on copper plates and embedded into walls. Most ''"Aagam Mandirs"'' have [[Mahavira]] as the principal deity. He established several ''aagam mandirs,'' and the [[Katraj|Shree Vardhaman Jain Aagam Tirth, Katraj]] is one of them.<ref name="daulatsagarsuriji.in" />
[[File:Katraj jain temple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Aagam Mandir at [[Katraj]]]]
Apart from the above, he also established and consecrated 35 ''[[Kalpa Sūtra|Bārsā Sūtra Mandirs]]'' and a total of 37 temples after he became an [[Acharya (Jainism)|acharya]]''.''<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Anjanashalaka Ceremony of Jain Temple in Mumbai |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/anjanashalaakaa-ceremony-of-shankheshwarpuram-pilgrimage-concluded-with-gaiety-at-cross-maidan-mumbai-120020300400_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 23, 2024 |website=Business Standard |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423185722/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/anjanashalaakaa-ceremony-of-shankheshwarpuram-pilgrimage-concluded-with-gaiety-at-cross-maidan-mumbai-120020300400_1.html }}</ref>

He earned the title of ''"Jinagam-Sevi" (the savior of Jain Aagams)'' for his tireless devotion to studying and disseminating [[Jain literature|Jain scriptures]], spending hours daily immersed in readings.<ref name="daulatsagarsuriji.in" />

== Death and legacy ==
His life came to a peaceful end on 17 February 2024, at the age of 103 at [[Pune]] while reciting [[Namokar Mantra]]. His body was taken to the [[Katraj|Katraj Aagam Mandir]]. A sum of 1.11 crore INR was donated after a bid to perform his final rites by his followers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A bid of Rs 1.11 crore was received for the funeral pyre of Acharya Shri Daulatsagar Surishwarji, cremation took place in Pune |url=https://www.jagran.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-funeral-pyre-of-acharya-shri-daulatsagar-surishwarji-cremation-in-pune-23657049.html |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Jagran |language=hi |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423185721/https://www.jagran.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-funeral-pyre-of-acharya-shri-daulatsagar-surishwarji-cremation-in-pune-23657049.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

When he completed 100 years of age, his followers celebrated the day in a grand fashion coupled with several acts of charity.<ref name="The Times of India" /><ref name="www.jaina.org">{{Cite web |title=Sadharmik Bhakti, Reflections on COVID-19 by Anop Vora, Shrimad Rajchandra / JAINA Newsletter - JAINA-JainLink |url=https://www.jaina.org/mpage/10172020_ENewsletter |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.jaina.org |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423185720/https://www.jaina.org/mpage/10172020_ENewsletter |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-06 |title=Daulatsagarji Maharaj is great by deeds not by birth |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/neemuch-daulatsagarji-maharaj-is-great-by-deeds-not-by-birth-7082021 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423185720/https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/neemuch-daulatsagarji-maharaj-is-great-by-deeds-not-by-birth-7082021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Daulatsagarsuri with Followers.jpg|thumb|258x258px|Acharya Daulatsagarsuri with his followers at the ceremony where he was awarded with the title of "Shri Sangh Sthavir" on 8 March 2022]]Daulatsagarsuri's contributions to [[Jainism]] earned him widespread recognition and numerous accolades. He revived the ancient title of ''"Sangh Sthavir,"'' bestowed upon him after an 88-year hiatus, signifying his wisdom and spiritual leadership. Additionally, he received numerous accolades for his record 84 years of ascetic life, becoming a revered figure in the [[Jain communities|Jain community]].<ref name="isjs-newsletter.in" /> Of the 103 years of his life, 84 were spent in monkhood, which makes him one of the very few [[Jain ascetics]] who have spent 84 years of their life in monkhood.<ref name="isjs-newsletter.in" /><ref name="HereNow4U" />

''Deepratnasagar muni'', a monk he initiated, also wrote a short biography on him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muni |first=Deepratnasagar |title=Pujya Gacchadhipati Aacharya Shree Daulatsagarsurishwarji |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/249719/1 |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=jainqq.org |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423185720/https://jainqq.org/explore/249719/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> A devotional song was also released by his followers on his 100th birth anniversary.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=WWerUrywu0Y | title=Dhan Dhan Daulatsagar Suriji Tamo Chiranjeev Thao | TRIBUTE | NOT-OUT 100 | website=[[YouTube]] | access-date=23 April 2024 | archive-date=23 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423192213/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=WWerUrywu0Y | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Sources ==
* Devluk, Nandlal B. 2008. Dhanyadhara Shashwat Saurabh Part 01, Arihant Prakashan
* Aagamoddharakshishu Acharya Kanchansagarsuri, Shri Shatrunjay Giriraj Darshan in Sculptures and Architecture, Shree Aagamoddharak Granthmala series; volume 59, Aagamoddharak Granthmala; 1982; Kapadwanj, Gujarat, India (In English, and Gujarati)
* Federation of JAINA 2003, Jain Digest 2003 07 Volume 22 No 3, USA Federation of JAINA

==See also==
*[[Devardhigani Kshamashraman]]
*[[Manatunga]]
*[[Kalapurnasuri]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:20th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:Prakrit literature]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:20th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:Śvetāmbara monks]]
[[Category:21st-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]

Chitnis Bakhar

2026-01-31T18:29:26Z

Svetlanazrc: adding new stub more to come.

{{short description|Marathi language biography of Shivaji}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Chitnis Bakhar
| author = Malhar Ram Rao Chitnis
| title_orig = Shakakarte Chhatrapati Shri Shivaji Maharaj yanche Saptaprakaranatmak Charitra
| orig_lang_code = mr
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| subject = Biography of [[Shivaji]]
| genre = [[Bakhar]]
| pub_date = 1810-1811
}}
'''''Shakakarte Chhatrapati Shri Shivaji Maharaj yanche Saptaprakaranatmak Charitra''''',<ref>{{cite book |author=Prachi Deshpande |title=Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700-1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SjLgMrLX7UC&pg=PA220 |year=2007 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51143-8 |page=220 }}</ref> better known as '''''Chitnis Bakhar''''', is a [[Marathi language]] biography of [[Shivaji]], the founder of the [[Maratha Empire]]. It was written by Malhar Ram Rao Chitnis, whose ancestor Balaji Avaji held the position of ''Chitnis'' (head clerk) under Shivaji.<ref name="AD_1987"/>

The biography had been ordered to be written by king [[Shahu II of Satara]], but the work was completed after his death in 1808, during 1810–1811.<ref name="DCV_1974">{{cite book |author=Dinesh Chandra Verma |title=History of Bijapur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nq0BAAAAMAAJ |year=1974 |publisher=Indian Institute of Islamic Studies / Kumar Bros |page=282 |isbn=9780883864982 }}</ref> The author wrote seven [[bakhar]]s (chronicles) in total, including six biographies of the Maratha kings (''[[chhatrapati]]s''), and a treatise on political diplomacy.<ref name="AD_1987">{{cite book |author=Amaresh Datta |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA330 |year=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |page=330 }}</ref><ref name="Chousalkar2018">{{cite book|author=Ashok S. Chousalkar|title=Revisiting the Political Thought of Ancient India: Pre-Kautilyan Arthashastra Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baFuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|date=10 September 2018|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5280-770-3|pages=1–}}</ref><ref name="Sen1976">{{cite book|author=Surendra Nath Sen|title=Administrative System of the Marathas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jF8MAAAAIAAJ|year=1976|publisher=K. P. Bagchi|page=2|quote=His Rajniti is a treatise on polity, in which he compiles the theories of public administration from old Sanskrit works . It could not, therefore, have any bearing on the actual government of Maharashtra as it then existed}}</ref>

''Chitnis Bakhar'' is not arranged chronologically, and does not cite any sources.<ref name="DCV_1974"/> The text glorifies Shivaji with narratives of his early life, but these narratives are not substantiated by other sources.<ref>{{cite book |author=Siba Pada Sen |title=History in Modern Indian Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_gQAAAAMAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |page=148 }}</ref> Historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]] dismissed it as unreliable for the purposes of history, stating that "the book is incorrect, rambling or pure guess work in many places, with not even the idea of correct chronology."<ref>{{cite book |author=Suresh Kumar Srivastava |title=Sir Jadunath Sarkar, the Historian at Work |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4VHAAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Anamika |isbn=978-81-85150-12-3 |page=59 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Khando Ballal]], the great-grandfather of the author Malhar Ram Rao

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Khando Ballal]], the great-grandfather of the author Malhar Ram Rao

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1811 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Bakhars]]
[[Category:Biographies of Shivaji]]
[[Category:Marathi-language literature]]

{{royal-bio-book-stub}}

Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation

2026-01-21T03:09:00Z

Svetlanazrc: new a post first draft!

{{Short description|Art museum in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation
| image = Jehangir Nicholson Gallery View.jpg
| caption = Jehangir Nicholson gallery
| established = 2011
| location = [[Fort, Mumbai]]
| collections = [[Modern art]] and [[contemporary art]]
| collection_size = 800+ artworks and sculptures
| director = Puja Vaish
| website = http://jnaf.org/
}}
The '''Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation''' (JNAF) is a private, not-for-profit organization located in Mumbai, India, with its core interest in promoting the preservation, exhibition, education, and research of post-colonial Indian modern art. The collection is endowed by the personal collection of the late Jehangir Nicholson, comprising over 800 pieces of art across mediums from artists including [[M. F. Husain]], [[Vasudeo S. Gaitonde]], [[S. H. Raza]], [[K. H. Ara]]. The foundation is currently housed in the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] (CSMVS), and functions as the [[modern art|modern]] and [[contemporary art]] wing of the museum.

== History ==

Jehangir Nicholson (1915 ― 2001) was a chartered accountant and the last heir of a cotton gin and press, Breul and Co. (est.1863). Nicholson's introduction to the art world was in December 1968 when he purchased a landscape by Sharad Waykool, who was exhibiting in the Taj Art Gallery. This led Nicholson to become an active patron for two of the major galleries in Mumbai, [[Chemould Prescott Road|Chemould]] and Pundole. Not only did he build a sizeable and museum-quality personal collection, but he also formed friendships with a number of artists, especially members from the [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group]].
<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Gallery of Dreams - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-gallery-of-dreams/775892/0|access-date=2021-04-16|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghose|first=Anindita|date=2011-04-08|title=Dreaming in watercolour|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/t39wcdMy8nLoK1Z6l2uJ5N/Dreaming-in-watercolour.html|access-date=2021-04-16|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Jehangir Nicholson.jpg|thumb|Jehangir Nicholson]]

As Nicholson's collection grew throughout the 1960s, he maintained the vision of sharing his pieces with the public by building a museum dedicated to contemporary art. In 1976, he loaned part of his collection to the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]] (NCPA) in order to establish the Jehangir Nicholson Museum of Modern Art, with the help of [[V. K. Narayana Menon]], the chairman of NCPA, [[J. R. D. Tata]], and Bal Chhabda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering Jehangir Nicholson |url=https://www.saffronart.com/sitepages/articledetails.aspx?articleid=92&pageno=1 |website=Saffronart |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102153605/https://www.saffronart.com/sitepages/articledetails.aspx?articleid=92&pageno=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This venture was one of the first public-facing museums of post-colonial art in Mumbai. Additionally, Nicholson organized two public exhibitions at the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] (NGMA), in Mumbai, 1998 and in Delhi, 1999, where he displayed more than 250 works from his private collection. <ref>{{cite web |title="Beginnings, how a private collection become open to public - Park II" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CUE4_FrsM-M/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CUE4_FrsM-M |archive-date=2021-12-26 |url-access=registration|website=Instagram |publisher=JNAFMumbai |access-date=1 November 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

With the sheer number of works he collected, the space at the NGMA was simply not enough. Therefore, Nicholson furthered his quest to build a museum of contemporary art that could accommodate his growing collection by actively negotiating with the government for land to establish a free-standing museum - an effort he continued until his death in 2001 and included in his will. The Jehangir Nicholson Museum at NCPA closed down shortly after in the same year.<ref>{{cite web |title="Beginnings, how a private collection become open to public" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CT4IdpysdMS/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CT4IdpysdMS |archive-date=2021-12-26 |url-access=registration|website=Instagram |publisher=JNAFMumbai |access-date=1 November 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Nicholson's godson Cyrus Guzder and lawyer Kaiwan Kalyaniwalla established the Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation based on his will, aiming to preserve, document, and update one of the richest private collections that reflects the complexities, vitality, and crucial phases of development in modern Indian art history. In 2008, the foundation entered a partnership with the CSMVS to set up the Jehangir Nicholson Gallery (opened in 2011) as the modern and contemporary art wing in the East Annexe of the museum. The foundation also houses its office, a library, and a research center, as well as a visible storage archive for the JNAF collection. The Jehangir Nicholson Gallery celebrated its 10th year of opening in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Anuka |title=Mumbai's Jehangir Nicholson Gallery celebrates 10 years of being open at CSMVS |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/mumbais-jehangir-nicholson-gallery-celebrates-10-years-of-being-open-at-csmvs-23170128 |website=Mid-day |access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>

== Collection ==
The Jehangir Nicholson Collection has great historical interest and importance because it often covers a wide range of works chronologically for each of the artists, adding understanding to the dimension and scope of representations. It comprises over 800 works of modern and contemporary Indian art procured from 1968 to 2001 by Nicholson. The core strength of the collection lies in its comprehensiveness of the works by the [[Bombay Progressive Artists' Group|Bombay Progressive Artists]] and their contemporaries, including [[S. H. Raza]], [[K. H. Ara]], [[Vasudeo S. Gaitonde|V. S. Gaitonde]], [[Tyeb Mehta]], [[M. F. Husain]], [[Akbar Padamsee]], [[Ram Kumar (artist)|Ram Kumar]], [[Krishen Khanna]], [[F. N. Souza]], and Laxman Shreshtha.{{fact|date=June 2022}}

The collection also includes a vast number of works from artists that are often associated with the [[Baroda Group]], including [[K. G. Subramanyan]], [[N. S. Bendre]], [[Bhupen Khakhar]], [[Jayant Parikh]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayant Parikh {{!}} JNAF |url=https://jnaf.org/artist/jayant-parikh/ |website=jnaf.org}}</ref> [[Gulam Mohammed Sheikh]], [[Rekha Rodwittiya]], [[Vivan Sundaram]], and [[Nilima Sheikh]]. Other artists that are represented include Homi Patel, [[Ganesh Haloi]], Prabhakar Kolte, [[Prabhakar Barwe]], [[Jogen Chowdhury]], [[Bikash Bhattacharjee]], C. Douglas, [[Surendran Nair]], [[Nalini Malani]], and [[Arpana Caur]].{{fact|date=June 2022}}

Aside from two-dimensional pieces, the collection also contains works from sculptors such as [[Pilloo Pochkhanawala]], Adi Davierwala, [[Sankho Chaudhuri]], [[Ramesh Pateria]], Nagji Patel, and B. Vithal.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Collection |publisher=Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation |website=jnaf.org |url=https://jnaf.org/collection/ |access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref>

== Exhibitions ==

* [[Nalini Malani]]: The Fragility of Time (12 Aug 2024 ― 5 Nov 2024)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/nalini-malani-the-fragility-of-time/]
* A Forest in the City: Living within Sanjay Gandhi National Park / Aarey Colony in Mumbai (In collaboration with KRVIA, Mumbai, and Pani Haq Samiti) (26 Apr 2024 ― 24 Jul 2024)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/a-forest-in-the-city/]
* A Cinematic Imagination [[Josef Wirsching]] and the [[Bombay Talkies]] (1 Mar 2024 ― 17 Apr 2024)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/a-cinematic-imagination-josef-wirsching-and-the-bombay-talkies/]
* Out of Place: Journeys through Indian Art (18 Oct 2023 ― 19 Feb 2024)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/out-of-place-journeys-through-indian-art/]
* Mycelial Legacies II: Exhibition of women artists from the [[University of Baroda Faculty of Fine Arts|Faculty of Fine Arts, M.S. University]], Vadodara (9 Jun 2023 ― 24 Sep 2023)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/mycelial-legacies-ii/]
* [[Nasreen Mohamedi]]: The Vastness, Again & Again (31 Jan 2023 ― 28 May 2023)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/nasreen-mohamedi-the-vastness-again-again/]
* Re-citing land | [[Ganesh Haloi]]: six decades of painting (In collaboration with The CSMVS and [[Kiran Nadar Museum of Art|The Kiran Nadar Museum of Art]], New Delhi) (11 Nov 2022 ― 11 Jan 2023)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/reciting-land-ganesh-haloi-six-decades-of-painting/]
* Woman Is As Woman Does (Exhibited at the JNAF Gallery and the Premchand Roychand Gallery) (13 Aug 2022 ― 16 Oct 2022)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/woman-is-as-woman-does/]
* [[S.H. Raza]] | Zamin: Homelands (In collaboration with the CSMVS, Art Musings and [[Raza Foundation|The Raza Foundation]]) (2 Jun 2022 ― 31 Jul 2022)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/s-h-raza-zamin-homelands/]
* Ancestors | Sahej Rahal (Supported by the Sher-Gil Sundaram Arts Foundation) (19 Feb 2022 ― 11 May 2022)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/ancestors-sahej-rahal/]
* [[F.N. Souza]]: The Power and the Glory (30 Oct 2021 ― 11 Jan 2022)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Borges |first1=Jane |title=Souza from Saligao |url=https://www.mid-day.com/amp/sunday-mid-day/article/souza-from-saligao-23198940 |website=Mid-Day |access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/f-n-souza-the-power-and-the-glory/]
* [[Akbar Padamsee]]: A Tribute | Works from the Jehangir Nicholson Collection (9 Jan 2020 ― 9 Apr 2020)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/akbar-padamsee-a-tribute/]
* [[Vasudeo S. Gaitonde|V. S. Gaitonde]]: The Silent Observer (3 Aug 2019 ― 3 Nov 2019) <ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Rinky|date=2019-08-13|title=Mumbai: Jehangir Nicholson Gallery is set to present VS Gaitonde's works|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/mumbai-jehangir-nicholson-gallery-vs-gaitondes-artwork/|access-date=2021-04-21|website=Architectural Digest India|language=en-us}}</ref>[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/v-s-gaitonde/]
* Foy Nissen's Bombay: Photographs from the archive of Foy Nissen (15 Mar 2019 ― 14 Jul 2019)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johari|first=Aarefa|date=2019-03-19|title='He was the Google of Mumbai': Foy Nissen's photos reveal his intimate relationship with the city|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/916873/he-was-the-google-of-mumbai-foy-nissens-photos-reveal-his-intimate-relationship-with-the-city|access-date=2021-04-21|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/foy-nissens-bombay/]
* Still/Life: Dutch Contemporary Photography (In collaboration with [[Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam|Foam Fotografiemuseum, Amsterdam]]) <ref>{{Cite web|last=Ayaz|first=Shaikh|date=2018-12-17|title=Mumbai {{!}} This museum's new exhibition brings alive 'still life' photographs|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/mumbai-csmvs-still-life-photography/|access-date=2021-04-21|website=Architectural Digest India|language=en-us}}</ref> (30 Nov 2018 ― 10 Feb 2019)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/stilllife/]
* [[Jayashree Chakravarty]] | Earth as Haven: under the canopy of love (11 Sep 2018 ― Nov 2018)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/jayashree-chakravarty-2/]
* Songs from the Blood of the Weary (Dialogues of Peace): [[Rekha Rodwittiya]] (19 Apr 2018 ― 19 Aug 2018)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/songs-from-the-blood-of-the-weary/]
* India & The World: A History in Nine Stories (In collaboration with CSMVS, the [[British Museum]], London and the [[National Museum of India|National Museum]], New Delhi; Supported by the Ministry of Culture, the [[Sir Ratan Tata Trust|Tata Trusts]], the [[Getty Foundation]] and the Newton Bhabha Fund) (11 Nov 2017 ― 18 Feb 2018)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/india-the-world/]
* [[William Gedney|Gedney]] in India (In collaboration with [[Duke University Libraries]]) (9 Mar 2017 ― 30 Jun 2017) <ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-03-19|title=India's masculinity and sensuality|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-39284787|access-date=2021-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Subramanian|first=Samanth|date=2017-03-28|title=William Gedney's Travels in India|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/photo-booth/william-gedneys-travels-in-india|access-date=2021-04-21|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-us}}</ref>[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/gedney-in-india/]
* [[Kanu Gandhi|Kanu]]'s Gandhi (In collaboration with Nazar Foundation) (12 Jan 2017 ― 26 Feb 2017)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/kanus-gandhi/]
* Laxman Shreshtha: The Infinite Project (18 Aug ― 31 Dec 2016)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/laxman-shreshtha-the-infinite-project/]
* The Journey is the Destination: The Artist's Journey between Then and Now (15 Mar 2016 ― 31 Jul 2016)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/the-journey-is-the-destination-the-artists-journey-between-then-and-now/]
* [[Jitish Kallat]]: Covering Letter (15 Feb 2016 ― 28 Feb 2016)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/jitish-kallat-covering-letter/]
* Unpacking the Studio: Celebrating the [[Jehangir Sabavala]] Bequest (In collaboration with the CSMVS) (15 Sep 2015 ― 31 Dec 2015)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/unpacking-the-studio/]
* [[Ram Kumar (artist)|Ram Kumar]]: Works in the Jehangir Nicholson Collection (25 Apr 2015 ― 25 Aug 2015)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/ram-kumar-works-in-the-jehangir-nicholson-collection/]
* Portraits of a Collector: Photographs by Jehangir Nicholson (In collaboration with the FOCUS Photography Festival) (12 Mar 2015 ― 26 Mar 2015)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/portraits-of-a-collector/]
* [[Howard Hodgkin]]: Paintings 1984-2015, A Tribute (In collaboration with the CSMVS and [[Tate]]; Supported by [[Gagosian Gallery]], [[British Council, India|British Council India]], Pheroza and [[Jamshyd Godrej]] and other donors) (20 Feb 2015 ― 15 Apr 2015)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/howard-hodgkin/]
* [[Kekoo Gandhy|Kekoo]], Kali & Jehangir: Framing A Collection (19 Sep 2014 ― 31 Jan 2015)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/kekoo-kali-jehangir/]
* Taking The Line For A Walk (1 Mar 2014 ― 30 Aug 2014)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/taking-the-line-for-a-walk/]
* [[Mohan Samant]]: Paintings (In collaboration with the Estate of Mohan Samant) (11 Oct 2013 ― 10 Feb 2014)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/mohan-samant/]
* Nothing is Absolute: A Journey Through Abstraction (In collaboration with the CSMVS) (26 Feb 2013 ― 30 Sep 2013)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/nothing-is-absolute/]
* Voicing a Presence: Women artists from the Jehangir Nicholson Collection (27 Apr 2012 ― 14 Feb 2013)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/voicing-a-presence/]
* Six Decades: Celebrating the Bombay Artists from the Jehangir Nicholson Collection (11 Apr 2011 ― 15 Apr 2012)[https://jnaf.org/exhibition/six-decades/]

==Publications==
* ''A Forest in the City: Living within Sanjay Gandhi National Park / Aarey Colony in Mumbai'', JNAF, 2024, {{ISBN|978-81-957115-8-1}}
* ''Re-citing land: Ganesh Haloi'', JNAF, 2023, {{ISBN|978-81-957115-4-3}}
* ''Nasreen Mohamedi: The Vastness, Again & Again'', JNAF, 2023, {{ISBN|978-81-957115-5-0}}
* ''Mycelial Legacies II: Exhibition of women artists from the Faculty of Fine Arts, M.S. University, Vadodara'', JNAF, 2023, {{ISBN|978-81-957115-6-7}}
* ''Ancestors | Sahel Rahaj'', JNAF, 2022, {{ISBN|978-81-957115-1-2}}
* ''Akbar Padamsee: A Tribute | Works in the JNAF Collection'', JNAF, 2020, {{ISBN|978-81-957115-2-9}}
* ''S.H. Raza | Zamin: Homelands'', JNAF, 2019, {{ISBN|978-81-957115-0-5}}
* ''Foy Nissen’s Bombay: Photographs from the Archive of Foy Nissen'', JNAF, 2019, {{ISBN|978-81-928046-9-9}}
* ''V.S. Gaitonde: The Silent Observer'', JNAF, 2019, {{ISBN|978-81-942408-0-8}}
* ''Songs from the Blood of the Weary (Dialogues of Peace): Rekha Rodwittiya'', JNAF, 2018, {{ISBN|978-81-928046-8-2}}
* ''Laxman Shreshtha: The Infinite Project'', JNAF, 2016, {{ISBN|978-81-928046-7-5}}
* ''The Journey is the Destination: The Artist’s Journey Between Then and Now'', JNAF, 2016, {{ISBN|978-81-928046-6-8}}
* ''Ram Kumar: Works in the Jehangir Nicholson Collection'', JNAF, 2015, {{ISBN|978-81-928046-5-1}}
* ''Kekoo, Kali & Jehangir: Framing a Collection'', JNAF, 2014, {{ISBN|978-81-928046-3-7}}
* ''Voicing a Presence: Women Artists in the Jehangir Nicholson Collection'', JNAF, 2013
* ''Nothing is Absolute: A journey through Abstraction'', JNAF, 2013
* ''Jitish Kallat: Covering Letter'', JNAF, 2016

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://jnaf.org/ JNAF Website]

[[Category:Culture of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Arts organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in India]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Contemporary art galleries in India]]

Ram Nath Kovind

2026-01-17T00:55:36Z

Svetlanazrc: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|President of India from 2017 to 2022}}
{{Redirect|Kovind|his wife|Savita Kovind|text=}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Nath Kovind
| image = Ram Nath Kovind official portrait.jpg
| alt = Kovind wearing a blue suit jacket.
| order = 
| office = [[President of India]]
| term_start = 25 July 2017
| term_end = 25 July 2022
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| vicepresident = {{ubl|[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]|[[Venkaiah Naidu]]}}
| predecessor = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| successor = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| order1 = 
| office1 = [[Governor of Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 16 August 2015
| term_end1 = 21 June 2017
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor1 = [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
| successor1 = Keshari Nath Tripathi
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 3 April 1994
| term_end2 = 2 April 2006
| predecessor2 = [[Subramanian Swamy]]
| successor2 = [[Vinay Katiyar]]
| signature = Ram Nath Kovind Signature.png
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|10|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur Dehat district|Paraunkh]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Savita Kovind]]|1974}}
| residence = {{ubl|12, [[Janpath]], [[New Delhi]]}}<ref>{{cite news |title=A post-Presidential life: Sprawling 12 Janpath bungalow, pension of Rs 1.5 lakh and free travel for life awaits Ram Nath Kovind |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/a-post-presidential-life-sprawling-12-janpath-bungalow-pension-of-rs-1-5-lakh-and-free-travel-for-life-awaits-ram-nath-kovind-10952121.html |work=Firstpost |date=25 July 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>
| children = 2
| nationality =
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|lawyer}}
| awards = [[Ram Nath Kovind#Awards and honours|See below]]
| alma_mater = [[Kanpur University]] ([[B.Com.]], [[LL.B.]])
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| caption = Official portrait, 2017
| order2 = 
}}

'''Ram Nath Kovind''' ({{Indic Transl|hi|Rām Nāth Kovind|ɾɑm nɑt̪ʰ koʋɪnd̪}}{{audio|राम नाथ कोविन्द.ogg| }} ; born 1 October 1945) is an Indian politician and lawyer who served as the  [[president of India]] from 2017 to 2022. He is the first person from [[Uttar Pradesh]] as well as the first member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] to become the [[president of India]]. Prior to his presidency, he served as the [[Governor of Bihar]] from 2015 to 2017 and as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Rajya Sabha]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]] for two successive terms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/press-release-detail.htm?2993 |title=Press Releases Detail – The President of India |website=presidentofindia.nic.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/ |archive-date=27 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ram Nath Kovind resigns as Bihar Governor|title=Ram Nath Kovind resigns as Bihar Governor|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-resigns-as-bihar-governor/article19108472.ece?homepage=true|access-date=20 June 2017|agency=The Hindu|date=20 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008160043/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-resigns-as-bihar-governor/article19108472.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> Prior to entering politics, he was a lawyer and he practised in the [[Delhi High Court]] and the [[Supreme Court of India]] until 1993.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bihar Governor Ram Nath Kovind is NDA nominee for President|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-bihar-governor-is-bjps-nominee-for-president/article19102980.ece|access-date=23 July 2017|agency=The Hindu|work=The Hindu|date=19 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624084504/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-bihar-governor-is-bjps-nominee-for-president/article19102980.ece |archive-date=24 June 2017}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kovind was born to Maiku Lal and Kalawati in a [[Koli people|Koli]] family during the [[British Raj]] on 1 October 1945, in Paraunkh village in the [[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of the President |url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/profile.htm |website=presidentofindia.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205230747/https://presidentofindia.nic.in/profile.htm |archive-date=5 February 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kovind: A choice thrown up by Dalit Hindutva interface |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/21/kovind-a-choice-thrown-up-by-dalit-hindutva-interface-1619013.html |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |date=21 June 2017 |page=Ram Nath Kovind is a [[Koli people|Koli]] Dalit from [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] and a lawyer by training. He signifies the aspirational non-[[Jatav]] Dalit middle class that was not too enamoured nor overwhelmed by the anti-Hindutva Ambedkarite outlook seen in the Hindi heartland in the mid-1980s}}</ref> as the youngest of five brothers and two sisters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rashid |first1=Omar |title=Ram Nath Kovind, Paraukh and the road to Raisina Hill |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-paraukhs-celebrated-son/article19110041.ece |access-date=1 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=20 June 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/president-ram-nath-kovind-is-simple-and-soft-spoken-in-personal-life-2349065/|title=President Ram Nath Kovind is Simple And Soft-spoken in Personal Life|work=India.com|date=25 July 2017|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> His father Maikulal ran a shop and was also a farmer and a local [[vaidya]] (doctor).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/ram-nath-kovind-president-of-india-dalit-paraunkh-modi-meira-kumar-18488|title=From farmer's son to President, Ram Nath Kovind's story is a case of Dalit empowerment|work=DailyO|date=20 July 2017|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> His mother Kalawati was a homemaker.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/ram-nath-kovind-biography-1643093196-1 |title=Ram Nath Kovind Biography |work=Dainik Jagran |date=25 January 2022 |access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> Kovind was born in a mud hut, which eventually collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/president-election-2017-ground-report-celebration-at-ramnath-kovinds-house-1727150|title=कानपुर से ग्राउंड रिपोर्ट : रामनाथ कोविंद के गांव में जश्न, लोग गा रहे हैं- मेरे बाबा की भई सरकार|access-date=24 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721050114/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/president-election-2017-ground-report-celebration-at-ramnath-kovinds-house-1727150|archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hebbar|first=Nistula|date=20 July 2017|title=Ram Nath Kovind's long journey to Raisina Hill|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-from-a-low-profile-political-career-to-the-highest-office/article19318301.ece|access-date=11 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mohan|first=Archis|date=21 July 2017|title=Ram Nath Kovind's journey from mud house to Rashtrapati Bhavan|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ram-nath-kovind-s-journey-from-mud-house-to-rashtrapati-bhavan-117072100079_1.html|access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref> He was only five when his mother died of burns when their thatched dwelling caught fire. Kovind later donated the land to the community.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Ram Nath Kovind's journey from a leaking mud-house to the palatial Rashtrapati Bhavan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-elect-ram-nath-kovind-emotional-1025425-2017-07-20 |work=India Today |date=20 July 2017 |access-date=11 September 2020}}</ref>

After his elementary school education, he needed to walk each day to Kanpur village, {{Convert|8|km|abbr=on}} away, to attend junior school, as nobody in the village had a bicycle.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/nda-presidential-nominee-ram-nath-kovind-would-walk-8-km-daily-for-school-2252102/|title=NDA Presidential nominee Ram Nath Kovind would walk 8 km daily for school|last=Tiwari|first=Vaibhav|date=20 June 2017|work=India.com|access-date=25 July 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730004336/http://www.india.com/news/india/nda-presidential-nominee-ram-nath-kovind-would-walk-8-km-daily-for-school-2252102/|archive-date=30 July 2017}}</ref> He holds a [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor's]] degree in [[commerce]] and an [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] from [[DAV College, Kanpur|DAV College]] (affiliated with [[Kanpur University]]).<ref name=":et">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ram-nath-kovind-a-crusader-for-the-rights-of-weaker-sections/articleshow/59218717.cms|title=Ram Nath Kovind: A crusader for the rights of weaker sections|last=PTI|date=19 June 2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=19 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bihar-governor-ram-nath-kovind-10-facts-about-ndas-presidential-nominee/articleshow/59216836.cms|title=Bihar governor Ram Nath Kovind: 10 facts about NDA's Presidential nominee – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://governor.bih.nic.in/Governor.htm|title=Governor of Bihar|website=governor.bih.nic.in|access-date=20 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703104500/http://governor.bih.nic.in/Governor.htm|archive-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>

== Early career ==
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveils plaques for railway bridges in Bihar.jpg|thumb| Governor Kovind at a with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and senior leaders at railway flagoff ceremony in [[Bihar]], 2016]]
{{BLP sources section|date=July 2022}}

=== Advocate ===
After graduating in law from [[DAV College, Kanpur]], Kovind went to [[Delhi]] to prepare for the civil services examination. He passed this exam on his third attempt, He scored high enough to work in an allied service rather than in [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] and thus started practising law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/know-about-bjps-presidential-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-in-10-points/articleshow/59217524.cms|title=What you should know about BJP's presidential candidate Ram Nath Kovind|last=PTI|date=19 June 2017|via=The Economic Times|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170718010346/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/know-about-bjps-presidential-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-in-10-points/articleshow/59217524.cms|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kovind enrolled as an advocate in 1971 with the bar council of [[Delhi]]. He was Central Government Advocate in the Delhi High Court from 1977 to 1979. Between 1977 and 1978, he also served as the personal assistant of [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Morarji Desai]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-nath-kovind-a-lawyer-who-cracked-civils-but-lost-2-elections/articleshow/59226467.cms|title=Ram Nath Kovind, a lawyer who cracked civils but lost 2 elections – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 June 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170718010835/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-nath-kovind-a-lawyer-who-cracked-civils-but-lost-2-elections/articleshow/59226467.cms|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1978, he became an advocate-on-record of the [[Supreme Court of India]] and served as a standing counsel for the [[Central Government]] in the [[Supreme Court of India]] from 1980 to 1993. He practised in the [[Delhi High Court]] and Supreme Court until 1993. As an advocate, he provided [[pro-bono]] aid to weaker sections of society, women and the poor under the Free Legal Aid Society of [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":et" />

=== Start of political career ===
He joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in 1991.<ref name=":3" /> He was the president of the BJP Dalit Morcha between 1998 and 2002 and the president of the All-India Koli Samaj.{{when|date=July 2017}} He also served as the national spokesperson of the party.{{When|date=July 2021}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/2003/01/19/stories/2003011901650400.htm|title=Enact tougher laws to prevent crimes against dalits|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004221814/http://hindu.com/2003/01/19/stories/2003011901650400.htm|archive-date=4 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 January 2003}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2021}} He donated his ancestral home in Paraunkh to the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<ref name=":3" /> Soon after joining the BJP, he contested [[Ghatampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatampur]] assembly constituency, but lost and later contested [[Bhognipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhognipur]] in 2007 elections (both in [[Uttar Pradesh]]) assembly constituency on the BJP ticket but lost again.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind, a lawyer who cracked civils but lost 2 elections|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-nath-kovind-a-lawyer-who-cracked-civils-but-lost-2-elections/articleshow/59226467.cms|access-date=24 July 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170718010835/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-nath-kovind-a-lawyer-who-cracked-civils-but-lost-2-elections/articleshow/59226467.cms|archive-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>

In 1997, Kovind, joined the protest against certain orders from the [[Government of India|central government]] that had adverse effects on the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]] workers. Later, three amendments were made to the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] that revoked the orders, by the [[Second Vajpayee ministry|NDA government]] headed by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind is BJP's choice for president: All you need to know about the Dalit leader from UP|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/ramnath-kovind-is-bjps-presidential-pick-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-dalit-leader-form-up-3712909.html|work=Firstpost|date=20 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724070933/http://www.firstpost.com/india/ramnath-kovind-is-bjps-presidential-pick-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-dalit-leader-form-up-3712909.html|archive-date=24 July 2017|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref>

=== Rajya Sabha ===
He was elected and became a [[Rajya Sabha]] MP from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in April 1994. He served a total of twelve years, two consecutive terms, until March 2006. As a member of parliament, he served on the Parliamentary Committee for Welfare of Scheduled Castes/Tribes, [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]], [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Petroleum and Natural Gas]], [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Social Justice and Empowerment]], [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law and Justice]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} He also served as the chairman of the Rajya Sabha House Committee. During his career as a parliamentarian, under the [[Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme]], he focused on education in rural areas by helping in the construction of school buildings in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]]. As a [[member of parliament]], he visited [[Thailand]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Singapore]], [[Germany]], [[Switzerland]], [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] on study tours.<ref name=":2" />{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}

=== Other appointments ===
He has served on the Board of management of [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University|Dr. B.R Ambedkar University]], Lucknow,{{when|date=July 2017}} and on the Board of Governors of [[IIM Calcutta]].{{when|date=July 2017}} He has also represented India at the UN and addressed the United Nations General Assembly in October 2002.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ramnath-kovind-profile/1079259|title=Ramnath Kovind Profile|date=19 June 2017|work=Outlook|access-date=20 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017|url-status=live|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Governor of Bihar (2015–2017) ==
[[File:Ram Nath Kovind welcoming Pranab Mukherjee at Patna.jpg|alt=H.E the Governor of Bihar Shri Ram Nath Kovind welcoming Hon'ble President of India Shri Pranab Mukherjee at Patna on 17 April 2017|thumb|Governor Ram Nath Kovind of Bihar welcoming President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] at Patna on 17 April 2017]]
On 8 August 2015, President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] appointed Kovind as the [[governor of Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ram-nath-kovind-acharya-dev-vrat-appointed-as-bihar-and-himachal-pradesh-governors/articleshow/48402785.cms|title=Ram Nath Kovind, Acharya Dev Vrat appointed as Bihar and Himachal Pradesh governors|last=PTI|date=8 August 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> On 16 August 2015, the acting Chief Justice of Patna High Court, Iqbal Ahmad Ansari, administered the oath to Kovind as the 26th governor of Bihar, in a ceremony at Raj Bhawan in Patna.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ram-nath-kovind-sworn-in-as-new-governor-of-bihar-288556-2015-08-16|title=36th Governor of Bihar|date=16 August 2015|work=indiatoday|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817124935/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ram-nath-kovind-sworn-in-as-new-governor-of-bihar/1/458947.html|archive-date=17 August 2015|url-status=live|language=en-IN}}</ref>

Kovind's appointment was criticised by then [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]] [[Nitish Kumar]] as it came months before [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015 state Assembly elections]] and the appointment was made without consulting the state government as recommended by [[Sarkaria Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/pm-praises-new-bihar-governor-ram-nath-kovind-31860.html|title=PM Modi praises new Bihar Governor Ram Nath Kovind|last=PTI|date=19 August 2015|via=India TV News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> However, Kovind's term as the governor was praised for constituting a judicial commission to investigate irregularities in promotion of undeserving teachers, mismanagement of funds and appointment of undeserving candidates in universities.<ref name=":3" /> In June 2017, when he was announced as a [[2017 Indian presidential election#Candidates|candidate for presidential election]], Nitish Kumar backed his choice and praised him as being unbiased and working closely with the state government during his governorship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/presidential-election-2017-nitish-kumar-praises-ram-nath-kovind-remains-mum-on-party-support-3713969.html|title=Presidential Election 2017: Nitish Kumar praises Ram Nath Kovind, remains mum on party support|last=IANS|date=19 June 2017|via=First Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729002117/http://www.firstpost.com/india/presidential-election-2017-nitish-kumar-praises-ram-nath-kovind-remains-mum-on-party-support-3713969.html|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref>

== Presidential election ==
{{Main|2017 Indian presidential election}}
After nomination for the post of 14th president of India, he resigned from his post as the [[governor of Bihar]], and the President of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee]], accepted his resignation on 20 June 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 August 2015|title=Resignation as Governor of Bihar|language=en-IN|work=firstpost|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/presidential-election-2017-ram-nath-kovind-resigns-as-bihar-guv-keshari-nath-tripathi-takes-charge-3723635.html|url-status=live|access-date=20 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223418/http://www.firstpost.com/india/presidential-election-2017-ram-nath-kovind-resigns-as-bihar-guv-keshari-nath-tripathi-takes-charge-3723635.html|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> He won the election on 20 July 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind is the 14th President of India|language=en|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nda-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-is-the-14th-president-of-india/article19316904.ece|url-status=live|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720134017/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nda-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-is-the-14th-president-of-india/article19316904.ece|archive-date=20 July 2017}}</ref>

Kovind received 65.65% of the valid votes, against former [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]], [[Meira Kumar]], the presidential candidate of the [[United Progressive Alliance|Opposition]] who received 34.35%. Kovind received 2,930 votes (From MPs and MLAs) amounting to [[Electoral College (India)|Electoral College]] votes of 702,044 (65.65%) as compared to 1,844 votes with a value of 367,314 (34.35%) votes for Meira Kumar lagging far behind with 367,314 votes, and 77 votes were invalid.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 July 2017|title=With 65 percent votes, Kovind sweeps elections|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-65-65-percent-of-votes-nda-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-sweeps-presidential-poll/articleshow/59682784.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721124957/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-65-65-percent-of-votes-nda-candidate-ram-nath-kovind-sweeps-presidential-poll/articleshow/59682784.cms|archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref> He is the first [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate with RSS background to be elected to the post.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 July 2017|title=Kovind first President from Sangh, cross-voting boosts margin|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kovind-first-president-from-sangh-cross-voting-boosts-margin/articleshow/59691040.cms|url-status=live|access-date=23 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723104644/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kovind-first-president-from-sangh-cross-voting-boosts-margin/articleshow/59691040.cms|archive-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> The tally of votes (367,314) polled by Meira Kumar is only the second-highest for a losing candidate, that of [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] in the 1969 presidential elections being the highest ever; he received 405,427 votes as against 420,077 by [[V. V. Giri]], the winner.

== President of India (2017–2022) ==
[[File:The Chief Justice of India, Shri Justice J.S. Khehar administering the oath of the office of the President of India to Shri Ram Nath Kovind, at a swearing-in ceremony in the central hall of Parliament, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[J. S. Khehar]], Chief Justice of India, administering the oath of the office to President-elect Kovind, at a swearing-in ceremony in the central hall of the Samvidhan Sadan, in New Delhi in 2017]]
{{Main|Presidency of Ram Nath Kovind}}
Kovind took the oath as the 14th president of India on 25 July 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 July 2017|title=Ram Nath Kovind takes oath as India's 14th President|url=https://indtoday.com/ram-nath-kovind-takes-oath-as-indias-14th-president/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728175405/http://indtoday.com/ram-nath-kovind-takes-oath-as-indias-14th-president/|archive-date=28 July 2017|access-date=16 June 2021|website=indtoday.com}}</ref> In his 5-year term he addressed the [[Parliament of India]] five times. First address was upon taking oath, and subsequent four addresses were to joint sitting of both houses from 2018 to 2021. Kovind in his tenure administered oath of office to three [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justices of India]] and 29 other judges of [[Supreme Court of India]]. He was succeeded by [[Droupadi Murmu]] on 21 July 2022.

==Post presidency==

===Kovind Committee ===
In September 2023, the [[Government of India]] formed an 8-member committee chaired by Kovind to suggest changes to the constitution for the implementation of "[[One Nation, One Election]]". The primary objective of this committee was to examine and propose specific amendments to the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]], and any other relevant laws and regulations to enable simultaneous elections in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former President Ram Nath Kovind to lead panel on 'one nation, one election' |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/politics/story/former-president-ram-nath-kovind-to-lead-panel-on-one-nation-one-election-396625-2023-09-02 |work=Business Today |date=2 September 2023 |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>

In March 2024, his panel submitted an extensive report (over 18,000 pages) recommending synchronised elections across all government levels– [[Lok Sabha]], State Assemblies, and local bodies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phukan |first=Sandeep |date=14 March 2024 |title=Ram Nath Kovind panel for simultaneous Lok Sabha, Assembly polls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ram-nath-kovind-led-panel-on-one-nation-one-election-submits-report-to-president/article67949680.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |access-date=15 August 2025}}</ref>

===Later political life ===
On 2 October 2025, Kovind, along with RSS Sarsanghchalak [[Mohan Bhagwat]], attended the centenary event of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] at Nagpur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RSS at 100 {{!}} Former President Ram Nath KovindAt the centenary celebrations of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) on Vijayadashami |url=https://www.vsktelangana.org/Encyc/2025/10/2/former-president-of-india-ram-nath-kovind-centenary-of-the-rashtriya-swayamsevak-sangh-rss.html |access-date=13 January 2026 |website=www.vsktelangana.org |language=en}}</ref> He became the second president after [[Pranab Mukherjee]] to attend an event of the RSS.

Kovind unveiled his autobiography titled ''Triumph of the Indian Republic—My Life, My Struggles'' on his 80th birthday.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}

== Personal life ==
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind opens the annual “Udyanotsav” of the Mughal Gardens of Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on February 05, 2018. The First Lady of India, Smt. Savita Kovind is also seen (2).jpg|thumb|President Kovind with his wife [[Savita Kovind|First Lady Savita Kovind]]]]
Kovind married [[Savita Kovind|Savita]] on 30 May 1974. They have a son, Prashant Kumar, and a daughter, Swati who is an air hostess for [[Air India]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite news |title=President's Daughter Moved To Ground Duties at Air India For Security Reasons |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/presidents-daughter-swati-gets-ground-role-at-air-india-for-security-reasons-1774490 |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=12 November 2017}}</ref>

==Political positions==
In 2010, he was reported to have said that "[[Islam]] and [[Christianity]] are alien to the nation" as spokesperson of the BJP.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why is India's next president so unknown?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/amp/40344572|work=BBC |date=20 July 2017 |access-date=20 July 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721060743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/amp/40344572|archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=When NDA Presidential pick Kovind said Islam, Christianity are alien to India|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/20/when-nda-presidential-pick-kovind-said-islam-christianity-are-alien-to-india-1618873.html |date=20 June 2017 |work=The New Indian Express|access-date=20 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728210110/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/20/when-nda-presidential-pick-kovind-said-islam-christianity-are-alien-to-india-1618873.html|archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> As reported by ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' and published by ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', he made this comment in response to the [[National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities|Ranganath Misra Commission]] which recommended 15 per cent reservation for religious and linguistic minorities in government jobs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Islam, Christianity alien, so cannot get quota: BJP|url=http://hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/islam-christianity-alien-so-cannot-get-quota-bjp/story-6uQb8s0QywnDq6ib60QceK.html |date=26 March 2010 |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=20 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref> Although more recently, the issue was raised in the media if whether or not he was misquoted and that he in fact said "Islam and Christianity are alien to the notion (of [[Caste system in India|caste]])" as opposed to what was reported as 'nation'.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Nath Kovind's 'Islam, Christianity' statement triggers nation vs notion row|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-nath-kovind-s-2010-statement-on-islam-christianity-back-again-triggers-nation-vs-notion-row/story-Do2uyDIb2orE0fa1Mho7sJ.html|access-date=24 July 2017|work=Hindustan Times|date=27 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725140428/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-nath-kovind-s-2010-statement-on-islam-christianity-back-again-triggers-nation-vs-notion-row/story-Do2uyDIb2orE0fa1Mho7sJ.html|archive-date=25 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|title=ईसाइयों और मुसलमानों पर कोविन्द के चौंकाने वाले विचार|date=20 June 2017|access-date=24 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827223422/http://www.cgkhabar.com/ramnath-kovind-and-muslim-20170620/|archive-date=27 August 2017|work=Chhattisgarh Khabar}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
*{{flag|Madagascar}}:
**[[File:MDG National Order - Grand Cross 2nd Class BAR.png|50px]] [[National Order of Madagascar]], ''Grand Cross 2nd Class'' (14 March 2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/29637/press+release+on+state+visit+of+president+to+madagascar+march+1415+2018|title=Press Release on State Visit of President to Madagascar (March 14–15, 2018)|access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>
*{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}:
**[[File:Ordine dell'Indipendenza (Guinea Equatoriale).png|50px]] Order of Independence, ''Grand Collar'' (8 April 2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/outoging-visit-detail.htm?29807/IndiaEquatorial+Guinea+Joint+Statement+during+the+State+Visit+of+President+of+India+to+Equatorial+Guinea|title=India-Equatorial Guinea Joint Statement during the State Visit of President of India to Equatorial Guinea |access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref>
*{{flag|Eswatini}}:
**[[File:Royal Order of the Crown (Swaziland).gif|50px]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Eswatini|Order of the Lion]], ''Collar'' (9 April 2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/29805/IndiaSwaziland_Joint_Statement_during_State_Visit_of_President_to_Swaziland_April_910_2018|title= India-Swaziland Joint Statement during State Visit of President to Swaziland (April 9–10, 2018)|work= Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref>
*{{flag|Croatia}}:
**[[File:Ribbon of an order of king Tomislav.png|50px]] [[Grand Order of King Tomislav]] (26 March 2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/31177/press+statement+by+president+during+state+visit+to+croatia|title= Press Statement by President during State Visit to Croatia|work= Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref>
*{{flag|Bolivia}}:
**[[File:BOL Order of Condor of the Andes - Grand Cross BAR.png|50px]] [[Order of the Condor of the Andes]], ''Grand Collar'' (26 March 2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/31191/Press+Statement+by+President+during+State+Visit+to+Bolivia|title= Press Statement by President during State Visit to Bolivia|work= Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=29 March 2019}}</ref>
*{{flag|Guinea}}:
**[[File:National Order of Merit - Grand Cross (Guinea).png|50px]] [[National Order of Merit (Guinea)|National Order of Merit]], ''Grand Cross'' (3 August 2019)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-ram-nath-kovind-honoured-guinea-highest-award-1576959-2019-08-04|title=President Ram Nath Kovind honoured with Guinea's highest award|date=4 August 2019|work=India Today|access-date=21 September 2019|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108001213/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-ram-nath-kovind-honoured-guinea-highest-award-1576959-2019-08-04|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== See also ==
* [[Presidency of Ram Nath Kovind]]
* [[President of India]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-upr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Subramanian Swamy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Uttar Pradesh]]|years=1994–2006}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vinay Katiyar]]}}
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{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Bihar|Governor of Bihar]]|years=2015–2017}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Pranab Mukherjee]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of India]]|years=2017–2022}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Droupadi Murmu]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Presidents of India}}
{{Governor of Bihar}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics|Biography}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kovind, Ram Nath}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University alumni]]
[[Category:Governors of Bihar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur Dehat district]]
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Paramanandapur Jagannath Institution

2026-01-10T14:17:25Z

Svetlanazrc: Made The Article Basic Info

{{Short description|Boys' high school in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2012}}
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox university|
name = Paramanandapur Jagannath Institution|
image_name = |
Caption = |
type = Higher Secondary School|
established = 1942|
founders = Iswar Chandra Jana|
principal = Ranjit Kumar Samanta
|
city = [[Moyna, Purba Medinipur|Moyna]], [[Purba Medinipur]] |
country = [[India]] |
coor={{coord|22|14|48.12|N|87|42|20.97|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline, title}}
|
former_names = |
colors = |
affiliations = [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|WBBSE]], [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education|WBCHSE]]|
website = http://www.pjinstitution.org/
}}

'''Paramanandapur Jagannath Institution''' is a boys' high school situated in Balaipanda, Paramanandapur, [[Moyna, Purba Medinipur]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
The school was established on 1 February 1929 as a middle English School. On 2 January 1942 it was upgraded to a high English School. A resident of Paramanandapur, Iswar Chandra Jana, donated money to the Reserve Fund of the School. To commemorate his father the School was named after him as Paramanandapur Jagannath Institution. Abinash Chandra Chakraborty was appointed the first Headmaster.

==Activities==
Every year on the occasion of the Saraswati Puja festival the wall magazine ''Patraput'' is issued. The annual School Magazine ''Srijan'' is also published. The school runs a hostel catering to some four hundred students. The school maintains flower and vegetable Every year the famous school organise a football tournament called RANJIT SMRITI SHIELD. Many schools participate in the game.

== Facilities and campus==
The school is situated slightly away from town on a large campus. The school auditorium, named Aikatan, has a seating capacity of 2000.
The school has a well-developed library named Nazrul Pathagar, with about 10,000 books. There are laboratories to cater for science subjects.

[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Primary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1942]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in India]]

List of airports in Andaman and Nicobar Islands

2025-12-17T04:50:34Z

Svetlanazrc: started a data

{{Short description|None}}

[[File:Veer Savarkar International Airport.jpg|thumb|Veer Savarkar International Airport, Port Blair]]
[[File:First landing of the C 130J Super Hercules aircraft, at Car Nicobar airbase on May 28, 2012.jpg|thumb|An IAF C-130J aircraft at Car Nicobar AFS]]
[[File:INS Baaz bird's eye view.jpg|thumb|INS Baaz airstrip]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], a union territory of India, has an international-designated airport and a few airstrips for military and emergency purposes. The [[Veer Savarkar International Airport]] in [[Port Blair]] is jointly operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] and [[Indian Navy]] while the aerodromes at [[Car Nicobar Air Force Base|Car Nicobar]] by Indian Air Force, [[INS Baaz|Campbell Bay]] and [[INS Kohassa|Diglipur]] are operated by the [[Indian Navy]] only.

The new terminal at [[Veer Savarkar International Airport]] in [[Port Blair]] was inaugurated on 18 July 2023 to enhance the capacity of the airport amid increased tourism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi inaugurates the New Integrated Terminal Building of Veer Savarkar International Airport, Port Blair |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1940448 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805061849/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1940448 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=pib.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref> Under the [[Government of India]]'s [[UDAN]] scheme, 3 airstrips and 4 water aerodromes are proposed to be developed to improve inter-connectivity among the islands and increase tourism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1595633|title=4 Airports/Airstrips & 6 Water Aerodromes in Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep Island Region up for Bidding under UDAN 4.0|work=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=9 December 2019}}</ref>

==List==
The list includes the airports in [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] with their respective [[ICAO]] and [[IATA]] codes.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Airports in India:|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|publisher=Airports Authority of India|accessdate=11 September 2022}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+<big>List of airports in Andaman and Nicobar Islands</big>
|-
! Sl. no.
! Location/City in Andaman and Nicobar Islands
! Airport name
! [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]
! [[IATA airport code|IATA]]
! Operator
! Category
! Role
|-
| colspan="8" |'''International airports'''
|-
| 1 ||[[Port Blair]]|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[Veer Savarkar International Airport]]|| align="center" |VOPB|| align="center" |IXZ||[[Airports Authority of India|AAI]] and [[Indian Navy]] ||[[International airport|International]]|| Commercial
|-
| colspan="8" |'''Domestic/regional/military airports'''
|-
| 2 ||[[Campbell Bay, Great Nicobar|Campbell Bay]]|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[INS Baaz]]|| align="center" |VOBX|| align="center" |—||[[Indian Navy]]||Defence||Military
|-
| 3 ||[[Car Nicobar]]|| style="background:#FFFFF0;" |[[Car Nicobar Air Force Base]]|| align="center" |VOCX|| align="center" |CBD||[[Indian Air Force]]||Defence||Military
|-
| 4 ||[[Diglipur]]||style="background:#FFFFF0;"|[[INS Kohassa]]||align=center|VODX||align=center|—||[[Indian Navy]]
||Defence||Military
|}

== Future ==
A new airfield has been proposed to be constructed at [[Chingen]], located on the southern part of the island. The project, worth {{INRConvert|8573|c|lk=on|year=2025}}, has been undertaken by the [[Airports Authority of India]] as a civil-military dual-purpose [[Greenfield airport|Greenfield Airport]]. The [[Detailed Project Report|DPR]] has been approved and commercial bidding is to follow by late 2025. It will be the second airport in the Great Nicobar Islands following INS ''Baaz''. The project is part of the larger [[International Container Transshipment Port, Galathea Bay|International Container Transshipment Port]] programme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Groundwork starts for second Nicobar airfield close to key China route |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/top-headlines/groundwork-starts-for-second-nicobar-airfield-close-to-key-china-route/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Development of Airport at Chingen, Nicobar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands in Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar): Project Updates & Investment Details {{!}} IIG |url=https://indiainvestmentgrid.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=indiainvestmentgrid.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Airports in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands| ]]
[[Category:Lists of airports in India|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]

Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus

2025-12-05T16:22:48Z

Svetlanazrc: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Bus station in Chennai, India}}
{{redirect|CMBT|the container line|Compagnie Maritime Belge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G.R. Bus Terminus
| name_lang = en
| native_name = <hr/>Ceṉṉai Puṟanakar Pēruntu Muṉaiyam Puraṭcit Talaivar Ṭākṭar Em.Ji.Ār. Pēruntu Muṉaiyam
| type = Bus Terminus
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name = Koyembedu Bus Stand
| style =
| image = Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Facade of CMBT
| address = [[Koyambedu]], Chennai
| borough = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.06745|N|80.20566|E|display=inline,title}}
| operator = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| line =
| bus_operators = [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC]], [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]], [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]], [[North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|NWKRTC]], [[Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation|KKRTC]], [[Puducherry Road Transport Corporation|PTC]], [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|MTC]]
| other = {{ric|Chennai Metro}} {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Green|croute}} [[Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus metro station|CMBT]]
| structure = At-grade
| platforms = 160
| bus_routes = *[[Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Karnataka]]
*[[Kerala]]
*[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
*[[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = 2002
| accessible = yes
| owned = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| former =
| passengers =
}}
'''Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus''', officially '''Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G.R. Bus Terminus''', is a [[bus terminus]] located in [[Chennai]], India, providing inter-state bus [[transport]] services. It is located on the [[Inner Ring Road, Chennai|Inner Ring Road]] in [[Koyambedu]] and is one of the largest bus terminus by area in India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Reethu|title=Chennai turns 375: Things you should know about 'Gateway to South India'|work=One India|date=23 August 2014|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/chennai-turns-375-years-old-things-you-should-know-1507481.html?story=1|access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>

==History==
In the 1990s, inter-city buses from Chennai were operated from [[Broadway bus terminus]] in [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]] and from few other locations such as [[Saidapet]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/it-was-part-of-the-first-master-plan/article33563224.ece |title=It was part of the first master plan |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 January 2012 |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> As a part of the first master plan for the development of the city, a new bus terminus was planned on the [[Inner Ring Road, Chennai|Inner Ring Road]] in [[Koyambedu]] between the [[South Asian Games]] village and the [[Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex|vegetable market]]. Construction of the new Chennai mofussil bus terminus started on 6 June 1999 and it was inaugurated on 18 November 2002 for public use by [[J. Jayalalithaa]], then [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="CMBT"/><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa inaugurates new bus terminus in Chennai|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 November 2002|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/11/19/stories/2002111901991700.htm|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> On 9 October 2018, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] renamed the bus terminus as ''Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G.R. Bus Terminus'' in honour of former chief minister [[M. G. Ramachandran]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/oct/10/cmbt-renamed-as-puratchi-thalaivar-dr-mgr-bus-stand-1883468.html|title=CMBT renamed as 'Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. MGR Bus Terminus'|date=10 October 2018|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=3 February 2019}}</ref>

==Infrastructure and operations==
It is spread over an area of {{cvt|36|acre|m2}} with a built-up area of {{cvt|17840|ft2}}. The terminus is operated by [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]] and has six platforms with 180 bus bays.<ref name="CMBT"/> In 2005, the terminus was accredited with the [[ISO 9001:2000]] quality certification for its quality management.<ref>{{cite news|title= Koyambedu bus terminus gets ISO certification|date=28 December 2005|url= http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/28/stories/2005122816740400.htm|access-date= 16 October 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111107232736/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/28/stories/2005122816740400.htm|archive-date=7 November 2011|url-status=dead|newspaper= [[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="CMBT">{{cite web|url=https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/chennai_mufussil_bus_terminus(cmbt).html|title=Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus|publisher=[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> It has a parking area for 60 buses and can accommodate 270 buses at any given time.<ref name="Hindu"/> It has a {{cvt|25000|ft2}} open parking space for auto rickshaws, taxis and private cars, and {{cvt|16000|sqft}} parking space for two-wheeler.<ref name="Hindu"/> Additional underground parking lots were added in 2010 and 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Underground parking inaugurated|date=27 December 2010|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-27/chennai/28231241_1_underground-parking-parking-levels-wheelers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104075716/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-27/chennai/28231241_1_underground-parking-parking-levels-wheelers|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Two-tier parking facility at CMBT terminus soon|newspaper=[[The Deccan Chronicle]]|date=15 March 2013|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130315/news-current-affairs/article/two-tier-parking-facility-cmbt-terminus-soon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203101146/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/130315/news-current-affairs/article/two-tier-parking-facility-cmbt-terminus-soon|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2019|access-date=24 March 2013}}</ref> Other facilities and amenities include [[restaurants]], [[locker rooms]], [[travel agent|travel offices]], shops, [[supermarket]]s, [[Automatic Teller Machine|ATM]]s, [[dormitory|dorimtories]], [[toilet]]s, [[drinking water]] dispensers, [[emergency care]] centre, [[pharmacies]], [[Wifi]], and access facilities for the disabled.<ref>{{cite news|title=No space in Chennai bus terminus for extra buses during Diwali|date=8 November 2012|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-08/chennai/34993868_1_special-buses-extra-buses-cmbt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103174205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-08/chennai/34993868_1_special-buses-extra-buses-cmbt|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 November 2012}}</ref>

==Connections==
[[Chennai Metro Rail]] has an [[Puratchi Thalaivi Dr. J. Jayalalithaa CMBT metro station|elevated Metro railway station]] adjacent to the bus terminus, which forms part of the [[Green Line (Chennai Metro)|Green Line]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Elevated metro stations to come up at 10 places|date=29 June 2010|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/elevated-metro-stations-to-come-up-at-10-places/articleshow/6103582.cms|access-date=16 October 2021|newspaper= [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai's first metro ride begins|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 June 2015|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-metro-rail-inauguration/article7366598.ece|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
* [[Broadway bus terminus|Broadway Bus Terminus]]
* [[Chennai Contract Carriage Bus Terminus]]
* [[Kilambakkam bus terminus]]
* [[Madhavaram Mofussil Bus Terminus]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}
{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Engineering}}

[[Category:Bus stations in Chennai]]
[[Category:Urban transit in Chennai]]

Calcutta School of Indology

2025-11-19T08:23:02Z

Svetlanazrc: adding a info with sources.

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
'''The Calcutta School of Indology''' (also known as the 'Bengal School' of Indology<ref>Udayan Namboodiry, ''St Xavier's: The Making of a Calcutta Institution'' (New Delhi: Viking/Penguin Books India, 1995) 116.</ref>) consists of a group of [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] missionary scholars based mostly in Calcutta and including [[William Wallace, SJ]] (1863–1922), [[Pierre Johanns]] (1882–1955), [[Georges Dandoy]], Joseph Putz, Joseph Bayart, [[Robert Antoine]], [[Camille Bulcke]], Michael Ledrus, [[Pierre Fallon]] and Jan Feys.<ref>The term 'Calcutta School' is used by R. De Smet in the Preface to his doctoral dissertation, 'The Theological Method of Samkara,' Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 1953 (unpublished) iv; by J. Mattam in 1974, and by F. Wilfred in 1993 (see bibliography), but more work will have to be done to determine its origin.</ref> They were joined in their efforts by Animananda, a disciple of [[Brahmabandhab Upadhyay|Upadhyaya]].<ref name="Wilfred">{{cite book |last1=Wilfred |first1=Felix |author-link=Felix Wilfred|title=Beyond Settled Foundations: The Journey of Indian Theology |pages=37–38 |date=1993 |publisher=Department of Christian Studies, University of Madras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxbkAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>Richard De Smet, "From Catholic Theology to Sankara Vedanta and Return with Fr F.X. Clooney,” Review Article, Francis X. Clooney, ''Theology after Vedānta: An Experiment in Comparative Theology'' (Albany: State University of New York, 1993), ''Vidyajyoti: Journal of Theological Reflection'' 58 (1994) 795–807.</ref><ref>Richard De Smet, "The Trajectory of My Dialogical Activity,” Autobiographic text for Bradley Malkovsky, 23 April 1991, Typescript of 13 pp, unpublished.</ref>

== History ==
The group drew its inspiration from [[Brahmabandhab Upadhyay|Brahmobandhav Upadhyaya]]'s efforts to think out and practice an original and fresh encounter of Christianity and Hinduism. The originator of this vision was [[William Wallace, SJ]]. Thanks to his representations to the Belgian Province of the Jesuits, brilliant young Jesuits like [[Pierre Johanns]] and [[Georges Dandoy]] were sent to India to study deeply the sources of the Hindu religion. Udayan Namboodiry says: "The ‘Bengal School,’ which these came to be clubbed under, was the lasting contribution to India of Father William Wallace."<ref>Namboodiry 116.</ref>

Johanns and his group tried to effect a rapprochement between Hinduism and Christianity at the doctrinal level. Their organ was a monthly publication with the title ''The Light of the East'' which began in 1922 and continued for two decades. In the very first issue, the journal declared its aim: "What we... wish... to do is... to help India... to know and understand Jesus. ...We have no intention to put out the existing lights. Rather we shall try to show that the best thought of the East is a bud that fully expanded blossoms into Christian thought."<ref>''The Light of the East'' 1 (1922) 1–2, cited in Wilfred 38.</ref>

The school soon came to be known by its outstanding representative, [[Pierre Johanns|P. Johanns]],<ref name="Wilfred" /> whose most important piece of writing is now available under the title ''To Christ through the Vedanta'',<ref>P. Johanns, ''Vers le Christ par le Vedanta'', 2 vols. (Louvain: Museum Lessianum, 1932–1933.</ref><ref>P. Johanns, ''The Writings of P. Johanns: To Christ through the Vedānta'', ed. Theo de Greeff (Bangalore: United Theological College, 1996).</ref><ref>[[Julius J. Lipner|J. Lipner]] notes that it was De Smet who initiated this publication: see Lipner, “Richard V. De Smet, S.J.—An Appreciation by Julius Lipner,” ''Hindu-Christian Studies Bulletin'' 11 [1998] 54 note 3.</ref> but which was originally published in the form of articles regularly contributed to ''The Light of the East''.

Given his links with several of the members, [[Richard De Smet]] might also be included in the School. He pursued his study of [[Sanskrit]] in Calcutta with G. Dandoy, P. Johanns, and R. Antoine, who held a master's degree in Sanskrit from the Calcutta University; and with P. Fallon who knew not only Sanskrit but also Bengali.<ref>R. De Smet, "Le dialogue vivifié par les textes," ''Rhythmes du Monde'' 15/3-4 (1967) 197.</ref> Antoine and Fallon had started the first dialogue centre, Shanti Bhavan, in Calcutta.<ref>R. De Smet, "Surrounded by Excellence: An Evocation,” ''Jivan: Jesuits of South Asia: Views and News'' 11/10 (December 1990) 11.</ref> De Smet did his doctoral dissertation at the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]], Rome, under the direction of R. Arnou; he got help also from M. Ledrus, at the time Professor of Ascetical and Mystical Theology in the same university.<ref>See De Smet, "Preface," ''The Theological Method of Samkara,'' v.</ref>

== Bibliography ==
=== Primary ===
* See [[Pierre Johanns]].
* P. Johanns. ''Hinduism''. London: [[Catholic Truth Society]], 1934.
* P. Johanns. ''Introduction to Vedanta.'' Calcutta: Light of the East Series, 23. 42 pp.
* P. Johanns. ''A Synopsis of 'To Christ through Vedanta' Part I, Sankara.'' 3rd ed. Calcutta: Light of the East Series, 4. 40 pp.
* P. Johanns. ''Verse le Christ par le Vedanta.'' T. I. Cankara et [[Ramanuja]]. Tr. from the English by M. Ledrus. Louvain: Museum Lessianum, 1932. 264 pp.
* P. Johanns. ''La Pensee Religieuse de l'Inde.'' Tr. by L.M. Gauthier. Namur: Facultes Univ. / Paris: Vrin / Louvain: Nauwelaerts, 1952. 224 pp.
* ''The Light of the East'' (1922–1942?). Ed. P. Johanns and G. Dandoy.
* G. Dandoy. ''An Essay on the Doctrine of the Unreality of the World in the Advaita.'' Reprint from the ''Catholic Herald of India'', Calcutta, Orphan Press, 1919. 66 pp.
* G. Dandoy. ''L'ontologie du Vedanta''. Tr. of the above by Louis-Marcel Gauthier. Paris Desclee de Brouwer, 1932.
* G. Dandoy. ''Karma, Evil, Punishment.'' 2nd ed. Calcutta: Light of the East Series, 31. 96 pp.
* J.F. Pessein. ''Vedanta Vindicated''. Tiruchirapally: St Joseph Press, 1925.
* J. Bayart. "Le triple visage du divin dans l'Hindouisme." ''Nouvelle Revue Theologique'' (mars 1933).
* C. Bulcke. ''The Theism of the Nyaya-Vaisesika.'' Calcutta: Oriental Institute, 1947.
* M. Ledrus. "Bhasya-agama-advaita-drstanta: An illustration of Catholic Advaita." ''Light of the East'' 10 (Dec. 1931).
* M. Ledrus. "Apavada in Catholic Advaita." ''Light of the East'' 10 (June 1932).
* M. Ledrus. "The Pratijna in Catholic Advaita." ''Light of the East'' 10 (Aug 1932).
* M. Ledrus. "L'Absolu Brahmanique." ''Gregorianum'' (1932) 261–272.
* M. Ledrus."Chronique de philosophie orientale." ''Revue Neo-scolastique de Philosophie'' 35 (about 1933) 426–458.
* M. Ledrus. "The Eternal Brahmanhood." ''The New Review'' [Calcutta] 2 (1935) 72–78.
* M. Ledrus. "Themes et tendances de la philosophie indienne." ''Gregorianum'' fasc. I (1942) 7–34.
* M. Ledrus. "De Recursu ad Deum apud ethnicos Indiae specimina classica." ''Studia Missionalia'' 2 (1946) 55–71.
* M. Ledrus. 'Cursus de Philosophia Samkhyana.' Unpublished.
* See [[Richard De Smet]].

=== Secondary ===
* Anathil, George M. ''Theological Formation of the Clergy in India''. Pune: Pontifical Athenaeum, 1966, 160.
* Coelho, Ivo. “Pierre Johanns, SJ of the ‘Calcutta School’ of Indology.” Review of Sean Doyle, ''Synthesizing the Vedanta: The Theology of Pierre Johanns, S.J.'' (Oxford, etc.: Peter Lang, 2006). ''Divyadaan: Journal of Philosophy and Education'' 22/1 (2011) 133–140.
* De Smet, Richard. 'The Theological Method of Samkara.' Doctoral dissertation at the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome, 1953 (unpublished).
* De Smet, R. “Philosophical Topics,” ''The Clergy Monthly Supplement'' 4/2 (1958) 89–90.
* De Smet, R. “Śaṅkara Vedanta and Christian Theology,” ''Review of Darshana'' 1/1 (1980) 33–48.
* De Smet, R. “The Christian Encounter with Advaita Vedanta: A Survey of Four Centuries,” unpublished.
* De Smet, R. “Surrounded by Excellence: An Evocation,” ''Jivan: Jesuits of South Asia: Views and News'' 11/10 (December 1990) 10–11.
* De Smet, R. “Le dialogue vivifié par les textes,” ''Rhythmes du Monde'' 15/3-4 (1967) 197–205.
* Doyle, Sean. ''Synthesizing the Vedanta: The Theology of Pierre Johanns, S.J.'' (Oxford, etc.: Peter Lang, 2006).
* England, John C., Jose Kuttianimattathil, John M. Prior, Lily A. Quintos, David Suh Kwang-sun, Janice Wikeri, ed. ''Asian Christian Theologies: A Research Guide to Authors, Movements, Sources''. Vol. 1: Asia Region 7th–20th centuries; South Asia; Austral Asia. Delhi: ISPCK / Claretian Publishers; Maryknoll: Orbis, 2002. 220-1: Pierre Johanns, sj (1882–1955). [The other members of the school do not find mention in this important publication.]
* Mattam, J. ''Land of the Trinity: A Study of Modern Christian Approaches to Hinduism''. Bangalore: TPI, 1975. 17–43.
* Mattam, J. “Interpreting Christ to India Today: The Calcutta School,” ''Indian Journal of Theology'' 23 (1974) 198–202.
* Wilfred, Felix. ''Beyond Settled Foundations: The Journey of Indian Theology''. Madras: Dept. of Christianity at the [[University of Madras]], 1993, 37–40.

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Indologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jesuits]]
[[Category:Catholicism in India]]

Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front

2025-11-14T03:11:51Z

Svetlanazrc: brief correct page based on references and improved wording

{{Short description|Kashmiri separatist organization}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
| native_name =
| logo =
| symbol = [[File:Maple leaf -- Unknown.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|120px]] Maple Leaf
| flag = Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front flag.svg
| colors = {{color box|green}} Green {{color box|red}} Red {{color box|white}} White
| country2 = Pakistan
| flag_title =
| country = India
| abbreviation = JKLF
| chairman = [[Yasin Malik]]
| colorcode = #009000
| leader = [[Yasin Malik]]
| founders = [[Amanullah Khan (JKLF)|Amanullah Khan]] [[Maqbool Bhat]]
| founded = 29 May 1977 [[Birmingham]], [[United Kingdom]]
| headquarters = [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Pakistan]]
| banned = 22 March 2019<ref>{{cite news |title=A Brief History of the J&K Liberation Front, Now Banned Under UAPA |url=https://thewire.in/security/kashmir-jklf-ban-yasin-malik |access-date=23 March 2019 |work=The Wire}}</ref>
| think_tank = JKLF Media Cell
| womens_wing = JKLF Women Wing
| split = [[Azad Kashmir Plebiscite Front]]
| predecessor = [[Azad Kashmir Plebiscite Front#National Liberation Front|National Liberation Front]]
| international =
| website = {{URL|jklf.org}}
| student_wing = Jammu Kashmir Student Liberation Front (JKSLF)
| youth_wing = JKLF Youth Wing
| regional = [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]]
| national =
| ideology = [[Kashmiriyat|Kashmiri nationalism]] [[Separatism]]
}}
The '''Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front''' ('''JKLF''') is a formerly armed, political [[Separatism|separatist]] organisation active in both the [[India]]n-administered and [[Pakistan]]i-administered territories of [[Kashmir]]. It was founded by [[Amanullah Khan (JKLF)|Amanullah Khan]], with [[Maqbool Bhat]] also credited as a co-founder. Originally a militant wing of the [[Azad Kashmir Plebiscite Front]], the organization officially changed its name to the ''Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front'' in [[Birmingham]], [[England]] on 29 May 1977; from then until 1994 it was an active Kashmiri [[militant]] organization.<ref name=Canada>{{cite web|author=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |title=Pakistan: Activities of the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF); whether the JKLF practices forced recruitment, and if so, whether this is done in collaboration with the Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP)|publisher=UNHCR|date= 7 August 2003| url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/485ba87419.html|access-date = 9 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher = SATP| title=Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front|year= 2001| url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/jammu_&_kashmir_liberation_front.htm | access-date = 9 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Congress |first1=Library |title=Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0028499/ |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> The JKLF first established branches in several cities and towns of the [[United Kingdom]] and other countries in [[Europe]], as well as in the [[United States]] and across the [[Middle East]]. In 1982, it established a branch in the Pakistani-administered territory of [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]], and by 1987, it had established a branch in the Indian-administered [[Kashmir Valley]].

After 1994, the JKLF wing in [[Indian-administered Kashmir]], under the leadership of Kashmiri separatist [[Yasin Malik]], declared an "indefinite ceasefire" and reportedly disbanded its militant wing. Following this, the organization committed itself to a political struggle in order to achieve its objective of independence for the entire region of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]] from both India and Pakistan.<ref name=Canada/> However, the JKLF branch in Azad Jammu and Kashmir did not agree with this change of direction and subsequently split off from the JKLF wing in the Kashmir Valley. In 2005, the two groups merged again, retaining the organization's original identity.

Although the JKLF has only [[Muslims|Muslim]] members, it is notionally [[Secularity|secular]]. It continues to assert that a secular, [[Kashmiri nationalism|independent Kashmir]]—free of both India and Pakistan—is its eventual goal.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation|2002|p=186}}<ref name=UNHCR>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2dcf2,485ba87419,0.html Pakistan: Activities of the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF)], [[UNHCR]], 2003-08-07</ref> Despite having received support in the form of weapons and training from the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani military]],<ref name="sbose">{{harvnb|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=3}}</ref> it regards Pakistan as an '[[Military occupation|occupation]] power' and carries out a political struggle against it in Azad Jammu and Kashmir.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation|2002|p=299}}

The JKLF in the Kashmir Valley was officially banned by the [[Government of India|Indian government]] under an [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|anti-terror law]] passed in March 2019—one month after the [[2019 Pulwama attack|Pulwama attack]] by [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/yasin-maliks-jklf-banned/article26615178.ece|title=Centre bans JKLF under anti-terror law|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=2019-03-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Banned">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/yasin-malik-led-jklf-banned-under-anti-terror-law/story-79oJi8laeP2YLyox0AG79L.html |title=Yasin Malik-led Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front banned under anti-terror law |date=2019-03-22 |access-date=2019-03-22 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|National Liberation Front (Jammu Kashmir)}}

JKLF was founded by [[Amanullah Khan (JKLF)|Amanullah Khan]] in Birmingham in June 1976 from the erstwhile UK chapter of the '[[Azad Kashmir Plebiscite Front|Plebiscite Front]]'. [[Maqbool Bhat]] is often credited as being its co-founder.{{sfn|Jaffrelot, Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation|2002|p=186}} Khan was born in [[Gilgit Agency|Gilgit]], studied in [[Srinagar]] and emigrated to Pakistan in 1952. Bhat was born in [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]] and also emigrated to Pakistan after studying in Srinagar. The duo had earlier formed [[National Liberation Front (Jammu Kashmir)|Jammu Kashmir National Liberation Front]] (NLF) in the late 1960s, along with [[Hashim Qureshi]]. The group carried out the [[Ganga hijacking|hijacking of Ganga]], an [[Indian Airlines]] plane flying from Srinagar to Jammu, in January 1971, and diverted it to [[Lahore]]. The Pakistani government returned all the passengers and crew to India, and subsequently tried the hijackers and several members of NLF on charges of being Indian agents. Khan was imprisoned in a Gilgit prison during 1970–72, released after protests broke out. Maqbool Bhat was released in 1974, and he crossed over into the Indian-administered Kashmir where he was arrested in a bank robbery.{{sfn|Cheema, The Crimson Chinar|2015|p=404}}{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=108-109, 112-113}}

Amanullah Khan moved to England, where he received the enthusiastic support of the [[British Mirpuri]] community. The UK chapter of the Plebiscite Front was converted into the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) in May 1977. It also formed an armed wing called the 'National Liberation Army'. Amanullah Khan took charge as the General Secretary of JKLF the following February. With the active support of the [[British Mirpuris]], the group expanded rapidly, setting up branches in Pakistan, Denmark, Holland, Germany, France, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and the United States. It organised well-attended conventions in Birmingham (1981) and Luton (1982).{{sfn|Cheema, The Crimson Chinar|2015|p=404}}{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=129-130}}

In 1979, the JKLF planned to disrupt the international cricket match being played in [[Srinagar]]. The visiting Australian team was guarded with high security and no untoward incidents occurred.{{sfn|Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective|2014|p=67}}<ref>[http://test-cricket-tours.co.uk/page_1624616.html Test Cricket Tours - Australia to India 1979-80], test-cricket-tours.co.uk, retrieved 31 August 2016.</ref>
[[Praveen Swami]] states that the JKLF made plans to bomb the March 1983 conference of non-aligned meeting in New Delhi and to hijack an airliner from New Delhi, both of which were aborted. After the arrival of [[Hashim Qureshi]] in the UK in January 1984, another hijacking was planned.{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=131-133}}

However, on 3 February 1984, members of the National Liberation Army kidnapped the Indian diplomat [[Killing of Ravindra Mhatre|Ravindra Mhatre]] in Birmingham and demanded the release of Maqbool Bhat as ransom. Amanullah Khan was named as the interlocuter. Unfortunately, the kidnappers panicked at the possibility of a police raid and, allegedly upon Amanullah Khan's instructions, shot the diplomat. India executed Maqbool Bhat six days later, turning him into a martyr and giving JKLF the visibility it lacked earlier. A British court convicted two members of the JKLF for the killing of Mhatre. Hashim Quresi and Amanullah Khan were expelled from the UK.{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=131-133}}{{sfn|Cheema, The Crimson Chinar|2015|p=404}}

== Kashmir insurgency ==
Amanullah Khan and Hashim Qureshi returned to Pakistan in 1984,{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|p=163}} establishing the JKLF headquarters at [[Muzaffarabad]].{{sfn|Ellis & Khan, Kashmiri diaspora|2003|p=176}} Pakistan under [[Zia ul-Haq]], which was already supporting the [[Khalistan]]i militants in Punjab, was ready to support an insurgency in Kashmir, and Khan was ready to work with the Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI). Hashim Qureshi, on the other hand, refused and went into exile in Holland. JKLF started political planning and continued till the end of 1987.{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=163-164}}{{sfn|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007|p=148}}<ref>[http://inhome.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/14inter.htm The Rediff Interview/JKDLF Chief Hashim Qureshi], Rediff News, February 2001.</ref>

Following the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|allegedly rigged state election]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 1987, the disaffected youth of the Kashmir Valley started crossing the [[Line of Control]] to Azad Kashmir to obtain arms and training. Khan's JKLF was their natural destination. Scholar Paul Staniland states that the JKLF was "reborn" in the Indian-controlled Kashmir in this period. It was led by young activists from Srinagar and environs, who crossed into Azad Kashmir for arms and training and returned to Srinagar. [[Yasin Malik]], along with Hamid Sheikh, [[Ashfaq Majeed Wani|Ashfaq Wani]] and Javed Ahmad Mir, formed the core group — dubbed the "HAJY" group — of the JKLF militants in the Kashmir Valley. The enormity of popular support received for their call for independence surprised them. Within two years, the JKLF in the Valley emerged as the "vanguard and spearhead of a popular uprising" against the Indian state.{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=163-164}}{{sfn|Staniland, Networks of Rebellion|2014|pp=72-73}}

The JKLF waged a guerrilla war with the Indian security forces, [[1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed|kidnapping of Rubiya Sayeed]], the daughter of Indian Home Minister, and targeting attacks on the government and security officials. In March 1990, Ashfaq Wani was killed in a battle with Indian security forces. In August 1990, Yasin Malik was captured in a wounded condition. He was imprisoned until May 1994. Hamid Sheikh was also captured in 1992 but released by the [[Border Security Force]] to counteract the pro-Pakistan guerrillas. By 1992, the majority of the JKLF militants were killed or captured.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=3-4, 128-129}}{{sfn|Bhatnagar, Islamicization of Politics|2009|pp=8-9}}

A pro-independence JKLF was not in Pakistan's interest. Pakistan is believed to have accepted the collaboration with JKLF only as a "necessary compromise," because the Islamist groups did not yet have currency in the Kashmir Valley. However, the cadres of Islamist groups were also trained in the JKLF training camps in Azad Kashmir. This quickly led to a dilution of the JKLF's nationalist ideology.{{sfn|Staniland, Networks of Rebellion|2014|pp=76, 81}} Independence and Islam became interchangeable slogans. The Islamist attacks that ensued on [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s, liberal women in general, liquor shops and beauty parlours were never condemned by the JKLF. According to Hasim Qureshi, such outrages were "official Pakistan policy" and the policy was endorsed by the Islamic Right as well as the Amanullah Khan's JKLF. "The ISI ran this movement on [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal]] lines right from the beginning," said Qureshi, "and for that Amanullah and his underlings became its agents."{{sfn|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=167-169}}

==Transition to peaceful struggle==
By 1992, the majority of the JKLF militants were killed or captured and they were yielding ground to pro-Pakistan guerilla groups such as the [[Hizb-ul-Mujahideen]], strongly backed by the Pakistani military authorities. Further encroachment by pan-Islamist fighters infiltrating into the Valley from Pakistan changed the colour of the insurgency. Pakistan ceased its financial support to the JKLF because of its pro-independence ideology.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=3-4, 128-129}}{{sfn|Bhatnagar, Islamicization of Politics|2009|pp=8-9}}

After release from prison on bail in May 1994,{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=166}} Yasin Malik declared an indefinite ceasefire of the JKLF. However, according to him, JKLF still lost a hundred activists to Indian operations. Independent journalists mentioned three hundred activists were killed. They were said to have been compromised by Hizb-ul-Mujahideen members, who informed their whereabouts to the security forces.{{sfn|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=130}}

Malik's call for peaceful struggle was unacceptable to Amanullah Khan, who removed him as the president of JKLF. In return, Malik expelled Khan from the chairmanship. Thus JKLF had split into two factions. The Pakistan government recognised Yasin Malik as the leader of JKLF, which further complicated the situation.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|pp=174-175}}

Ellis and Khan state that, during the Azad Kashmir elections in 1996, JKLF commanded more support than all the traditional parties, even though it was not allowed to contest elections due to its pro-Independence stance.{{sfn|Ellis & Khan, Kashmiri diaspora|2003|pp=176-177}}

==Splits and reunification==
The JKLF split into two factions after the group based in [[Indian-administered Kashmir]] led by [[Yasin Malik]] publicly renounced violence in 1995. Their counterparts in [[Pakistani-administered Kashmir]], led by Amanullah Khan refused to do so, thereby precipitating a split in the party.<ref>Samii, Cyrus. ''Seizing the Moment in Kashmir.'' '''SAIS Review''' vol 26, no. 1.</ref>

Since 1995, Yasin Malik has renounced violence and calls for strictly peaceful methods to come to a settlement on the Kashmir issue. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140503231652/http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsJan2005/int1jan2005.htm]<ref>{{Cite web |title=newsline.com.pk - pakistan magazine Resources and Information. This website is for sale! |url=http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsJan2005/int1jan2005.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503231652/http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsJan2005/int1jan2005.htm |archive-date=2014-05-03 |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=www.newsline.com.pk}}</ref> Yasin Malik also considers the [[Kashmiri Pandits]], about 400,000 Hindus who were driven out of Kashmir after violent attacks by the separatists presently staying in refugee camps in Jammu and other Indian cities, to be an integral part of Kashmiri society and has insisted on their right of return.
Yasin Malik said, <blockquote>"We want our Kashmiri Pandit mothers, sisters and brothers to come back. It is their land. They have every right to live in it as we do. This is the time that Kashmiri Muslims must play a constructive role so that we can restore the culture for which we are famous all over the world."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/21/stories/2004012103871200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214100955/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/21/stories/2004012103871200.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 February 2007 |title=Come back, Yasin Malik tells Kashmiri Pandits |date=January 21, 2004 |access-date=August 22, 2012}}</ref></blockquote>

In 2002, in an interview to [[Reuters]], Amanullah Khan blamed Pakistani backed non-Kashmiri Muslim militants for having harmed his cause.
<blockquote>"I've been saying for the last two to three years that (non-Kashmiri militants) are changing the Kashmir freedom struggle into terrorism."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=6383 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122160202/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=6383 |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 January 2013 |title=Amanullah Khan fears Pak may target JKLF |date=January 11, 2002 |access-date=August 22, 2012 }}</ref></blockquote>

After the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|December 2001 attack on Indian Parliament]], Amanullah's name figured in the list of 20 wanted terrorists<ref name="rf">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jan/10jk4.htm |title=JKLF chief Amanullah Khan offers to surrender |date=11 January 2002 |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> India provided to Pakistan to be extradited for various terrorism-related offences. In January 2002, Amanullah Khan offered to surrender to Indian authorities provided an "international court issued a verdict against him".<ref name="rf" />

In 2005, India allowed Yasin Malik to visit Pakistan for the first time. The two leaders, Malik and Khan seized the opportunity to meet each other in Pakistan. In June 2005, a decade after the split, Malik and Khan agreed to reunite the JKLF.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4077122.stm |title=Kashmiri separatist group unites |date=9 June 2005 |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> The JKLF in Pakistan-administered Kashmir is currently under the leadership of '''Sardar Saghir Ahmad'''.<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/kashmirtheforgottenconflict/2011/07/2011731141936565451.html Profiles: Political parties], Al Jazeera, 2 August 2011.</ref>

In December 2005, some senior members of the JKLF separated from Yasin Malik and formed a new JKLF with '''Farooq Siddiqi''' ("Farooq Papa") as its Chairman along with Javed Mir, Salim Nannaji and Iqbal Gundroo, later joined by former militant [[Farooq Ahmed Dar|Bitta Karate]]. Lately Tahir Mir, former chief of Students Liberation Front, too parted ways with Malik and joined JKLF headed by Farooq Papa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/84588/ |title=Malik under fire, rebels call for 'less autocratic' JKLF |date=24 Dec 2005 |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> Kashmir watchers think that Yasin Malik's shifting policy of seeking an internal solution with India after its alleged secret meeting with the [[Manmohan Singh|Prime Minister of India]] led to the secession of its senior leaders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/25/stories/2006012506451400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522034041/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/25/stories/2006012506451400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 May 2006 |title=PMO in secret talks with secessionists |date=25 Jan 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2005/kashmir20051223c.html |title=Malik Under Fire, Rebels Call For 'less Autocratic' JKLF |date=23 December 2005 |access-date=22 August 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173301/http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2005/kashmir20051223c.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Farooq Papa supports the involvement of the European Union in resolving the dispute, and has called on EU officials to follow up the visit of an ad hoc European parliament delegation to Kashmir in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/terrorism/articles/kashmir310507 |title=India's democracy deficit in Kashmir |author=Farooq Siddiqui |date=31 May 2007 |access-date=22 August 2012 |archive-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210124334/https://www.opendemocracy.net/terrorism/articles/kashmir310507 |url-status=dead }}</ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224354/http://www.madrid11.net/articles/kashmir310507]

==See also==
* [[Maulana]] [[Masroor Abbas Ansari]]
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[Kashmir insurgency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |first=Navnita Chadha |last=Behera |title=Demystifying Kashmir |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |isbn=978-8131708460 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |ref={{sfnref|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Bhatnagar |first=Gaurav |title=The Islamicization of Politics: Motivations for Violence in Kashmir |journal=The Journal of Politics and Society |volume=20 |number=1 |year=2009 |pages=1–20 |url=http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:170240/CONTENT/2009_Bhatnagar.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Bhatnagar, Islamicization of Politics|2009}}}}
* {{citation |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA3 |isbn=0-674-01173-2 |ref={{sfnref|Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Cheema |first=Amar |title=The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |year=2015 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-301-4 |ref={{sfnref|Cheema, The Crimson Chinar|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Ellis |first1=Patricia |last2=Khan |first2=Zafar |chapter=The Kashmiri diaspora: Influences in Kashmir |editor1=Nadje Al-Ali |editor2=Khalid Koser |title=New Approaches to Migration?: Transnational Communities and the Transformation of Home |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dEAViR9YNUoC&pg=PT176 |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-52377-1 |pages=169–185 |ref={{sfnref|Ellis & Khan, Kashmiri diaspora|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC&pg=PA299 |year=2002 |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-1-84277-117-4 |ref={{sfnref|Jaffrelot, Pakistan: Nationalism without a Nation|2002}}}}
* {{citation |first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Staniland |first=Paul |title=Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E75fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 |date=2014 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-7102-5 |ref={{sfnref|Staniland, Networks of Rebellion|2014}}}}
* {{citation |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |title=India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The covert war in Kashmir, 1947-2004 |series=Asian Security Studies |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vrl8AgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-415-40459-4 |ref={{sfnref|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Widmalm |first=Sten |title=Kashmir in Comparative Perspective: Democracy and Violent Separatism in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfhQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |date=2014 |orig-year=first published 2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-86694-4 |ref={{sfnref|Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective|2014}}}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |last1=Al-Ali |first1=Nadje |author2=Khalid Koser |title=New Approaches to Migration?: Transnational Communities and the Transformation of Home |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dEAViR9YNUoC&pg=PT174 |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-52377-1 |pages=169–185}}
* {{citation |last1=Chatterji |first1=Joya |last2=Washbrook |first2=David |title=Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xCUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA303 |date=3 January 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-01824-4 |pages=303–}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090111192351/http://www.jklf.info/ Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070310195246/http://www.jklfworld.org/ Website of Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF Website, Amanullah Khan)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081205095718/http://www.jklfworld.org/UK Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF Website, UK Zone)]
*[http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2005/kashmir20051223c.html (Malik Fired)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173301/http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2005/kashmir20051223c.html |date=3 March 2016 }}
*[http://www.Liberationfront.org (JKLF Website)]
*[http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?expanded=no&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&success=yes&perpetrator=429&ob=GTDID&od=desc&page=1&count=100#results-table List of incidents attributed to the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front on the START database]

{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir freedom movement}}

[[Category:Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front| ]]
[[Category:Politics of the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:National liberation movements]]
[[Category:Kashmir separatist movement]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in India]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]

Vijayadevji

2025-11-13T21:41:05Z

Svetlanazrc: Started a post

{{Short description|Maharana of Dharampur from 1921 to 1952}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vijayadevji
| title = [[Maharana]] of [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| succession = [[Maharana]] of [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]]
| reign = 26 March 1921 – 5 May 1952
| predecessor = [[Mohandevji]]
| successor = Sahadevji
| suc-type =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1884|12|3|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1952|5|5|1884|12|3|df=yes}}
| spouse = {{ubl|Rasik Kunverba|Manhar Kunverba}}
| spouse-type = Spouses
| issue = {{ubl|Nahardevji|Dhanvant Kunverba|Jasvant Kunverba}}
| full name = Vijayadevji II Mohandevji
| house = {{flagicon image|Drapeau_Dharampur.png}} [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]]
| father = [[Mohandevji]]
| dynasty = [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]]
}}
'''Vijayadevji II''' was the [[Maharana]] of [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]] from 1921 until his death in 1952.

== Early life, family, and education ==
He was born on 3 December 1884 to [[Mohandevji]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Epstein |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkvODQAAQBAJ |title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1935 |date=2016-12-28 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-27064-0 |pages=174 |language=en}}</ref> He was educated at [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Thos. Peters |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3611/ |title=The Royal coronation number and wh oʼs who in India, Burma and Ceylon |date=1936 |publisher=Poona, The Sun Publishing House |pages=58}}</ref> After finishing his college studies, he worked in various offices of the state to gain experience in state administration and was appointed as Revenue Commissioner by his father, [[Mohandevji]].<ref name=":2" /> He married Rasik Kunverba, the daughter of Maharana Gambhirsinhji of [[Rajpipla State|Rajpipla]], in 1905.<ref name=":4" /> After her death, he remarried in 1907 to Manhar Kunverba, the daughter of Kumar Samantsinhji of [[Palitana State|Palitana]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107205 |title=Who S Who Among Indian Princes Rajas And Chiefs Nobles 1941 - 42 |date=1942 |pages=1248, 1292}}</ref> She died in 1939.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Reed |first=Sir Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP0TAAAAIAAJ |title=Indian and Pakistan Year Book and Who's who |date=1948 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman. |pages=468 |language=en}}</ref> He had three children: a son, Nahardevji,<ref name=":0" /> and two daughters, Dhanvant Kunverba<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Dumasia |first=naoroji M. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.127296 |title=Dharampur A Brief Sketch Of Its History And Administration |date=1928 |pages=29, 18, 25, 62, 64–66, 67–74}}</ref> and Jasvant Kunverba.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wB_aqQ5ZrAC |title=History and Administration of Dharampur State (Prant Ramnagar): From 1262 to 1937 |date=1939 |publisher=President, State Council |language=en}}</ref>

== Reign ==
He succeeded his father as [[Maharana]] of [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]] with full ruling powers on 26 March 1921.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35384 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1938 |date=1938 |pages=33}}</ref> Since his time as Revenue Commissioner and during his tours in India and abroad, he developed the idea of forming a [[museum]] for the people of [[Dharampur State]].<ref name=":3" /> This idea became a reality in 1928 when he established the [[Lady Wilson Museum]], which was opened by [[Leslie Wilson (politician)|Leslie Wilson]].<ref name=":3" /> He contributed rare and valuable objects to the museum.<ref name=":3" /> He undertook the plan to convert the Pangarbari Hills plateau into a hill station called [[Wilson Hills, Gujarat|Wilson Hills]],<ref name=":2" /> named after [[Leslie Wilson (politician)|Leslie Wilson]], who performed its opening ceremony.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=Afroz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98bPDwAAQBAJ |title=Contemporary Research on Bryophytes |date=2020-01-10 |publisher=Bentham Science Publishers |isbn=978-981-14-3376-4 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref>

He was granted a personal [[Gun salute|salute]] of eleven guns as a distinction, along with the title of [[Highness]], on 1 January 1932.<ref name=":5" />

== Personal interests ==

=== Travelling ===
He was fond of traveling abroad and visited many countries.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=S. Devadas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZscAAAAMAAJ |title=Rajahs and Prajas: An Indian Princely State, Then and Now |date=1976 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-057-0 |pages=32, 37–40, 61–62, 101 |language=en}}</ref> He visited [[Australia]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Cuba]], [[Denmark]], [[England]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Iceland]], [[Indonesia]], [[Iraq]], [[Japan]], [[New Zealand]], [[Norway]], [[Panama]], [[Palestine]], [[Philippines]], [[Poland]], [[Russia]], [[Scotland]], [[Sweden]], [[Syria]], the [[Federated Malay States]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> From 1924 to 1938, he visited [[Europe]] five times.<ref name=":5" /> By 1936, he had traveled about 120,000 miles around the world.<ref name=":2" />

=== Music ===
Vijayadevji was a lover and patron of the [[The arts|arts]] and [[music]], and he is remembered for this.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> He was a well-known [[musician]] with equal mastery of both [[Indian classical music|Indian]] and [[Classical music|Western classical music]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXboh5fmcAgC |title=Bhārata Kī Janagaṇana, 2001: Gujarāta. Śr̥ṅkhalā 25 |date=2004 |publisher=Controller of Publications |pages=iii |language=en}}</ref> He was a renowned [[flutist]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKLiAAAAMAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteer |date=1989 |publisher=Director, Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref> He has written the famous [[treatise]] on [[music]] titled Sangit Bhāva,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Museums |first=Gujarat (India) Department of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BoIIAQAAMAAJ |title=The Heritage of Musical Instruments: A Catalogue of Musical Instruments in the Museums of Gujarat |date=1990 |publisher=Department of Museums, Gujarat State |pages=242 |language=en}}</ref> which consists of six volumes and includes notations in [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and [[Hindi]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Dilipkumar |first=Patel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BM-zCAAAQBAJ |title=Eco-Tourism in South Gujarat- A Study |date=2015-04-21 |publisher=EduPedia Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-1-5119-2834-2 |pages=49, 52–53 |language=en}}</ref> ''The Music Magazine'' was published under his patronage,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Delhi |first=All India Radio (AIR), New |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoqrEAAAQBAJ |title=THE INDIAN RADIO TIMES: Vol. IX, No. 24 ( 7 DECEMBER, 1935 ) |date=1935-12-07 |publisher=Prasar Bharati Central Archives |pages=1768 |language=en}}</ref> and in it, [[John Foulds]] published a series of four articles titled ''The Present and Future of Music in India'' between 1936 and 1937.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghuman |first=Nalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkVZAwAAQBAJ |title=Resonances of the Raj: India in the English Musical Imagination, 1897-1947 |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-931489-8 |pages=284 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 5 May 1952 in [[Mumbai]] and was succeeded by his grandson, Sahadevji, as the [[Maharana]] of [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayadevji}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male musicians]]

Siege of Trichinopoly (1743)

2025-11-12T11:24:11Z

Svetlanazrc: Started a stub

{{short description|1743 siege and capture of Trichinopoly by Nizam of Hyderabad}}
{{About|the siege of Trichinopoly in 1743|the siege in 1741|Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)|the siege in 1751|Siege of Trichinopoly (1751–52)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| partof =
| image = SouthIndiaBetweenCarnaticWars.jpg
| caption = Map of the Carnatic region in 1746
| coordinates = {{coord|10|48|18|N|78|41|08|E|display=title}}
| conflict = Siege of Trichinopoly (1743)
| date = 14 March 1743 – 29 August 1743
| place = [[Trichinopoly]], modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| result = Nizam victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg|25px]] [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
| commander1 = [[Murari Rao]]
| commander2 = [[Asaf Jah I|Nizam I]]
| strength1 = 2,000 [[Sowar]]s 4,000 sepoy
| strength2 = 80,000 Sowars 200,000 sepoy 150 [[war elephant]]s 200 artillery pieces
| casualties1 = unknown
| casualties2 = unknown
| territory = [[Nizam]] captures Trichinopoly
}}
{{Campaignbox Later Mughal-Maratha Wars}}

The '''siege of Trichinopoly''' (14 March 1743{{spnd}}29 August 1743) was part of an extended series of conflicts between the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] and the [[Maratha Empire]] for control of the [[Carnatic region]]. On 29 August 1743, after a six-month siege, [[Murari Rao]] surrendered, giving [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam ul Mulk]] (Nizam) the suzerainty of [[Trichinopoly]]. By the end of 1743, the Nizam had regained full control of [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan]]. This stopped the Maratha interference in the region and ended their hegemony over the Carnatic. The Nizam resolved the internal conflicts among the regional hereditary nobles ([[Nawab]]s) for the seat of governor ([[Subedar]]) of [[Arcot State]], and monitored the activities of the [[East India Company|British East India company]] and [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]] by limiting their access to ports and trading.

==Background==
In 1714, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Mughal emperors|Emperor]] [[Farrukhsiyar]] appointed Nizam-ul-Mulk (also known as Nizam, Nizam I, and Asaf Jah I) as Viceroy of the Deccan. Deccan consisted of six Mughal governorates ([[Subah]]): [[Khandesh]], [[Bijapur]], [[Vidarbha|Berar]], [[Aurangabad]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bidar]]; the [[Carnatic region]] was a sub-Subah administered partly by the governors of Bijapur and Hyderabad. In 1721, the Nizam was commissioned to [[Delhi]] and became the [[Vizier|Prime Minister]] of the Mughal Empire. His differences with the court nobles led him to resign from all the imperial responsibilities in 1723 and leave for Deccan.<ref name="Mehta">{{cite book|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707–1813|last=Mehta|first=Jaswant Lal|year=2005|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6}}</ref>{{rp|143}}<ref name="Roy">{{cite book|title=Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways|last=Roy|first=Olivier|year=2011|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-80042-6}}</ref>{{rp|95}}

[[File:The tank and Rockfort Trichinopoly.jpg|200px|thumbnail|left|alt=The Teppakulam and Rockfort photographed in 1860|[[Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort]] (pictured 1860) was occupied by Nizam during the siege of Trichinopoly.<ref name="Nathanael">{{cite news|title=Treasures of Trichy|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/562711/treasures-trichy.html|last=Nathanael|first=M. P.|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=6 August 2016|access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref>]]
Under the influence of the Nizam's opponents, Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] issued a decree to [[Mubariz Khan]], the governor of Hyderabad, to prevent the Nizam from taking the Deccan province under his control. Nizam and Mubariz Khan confronted each other at Shaker Kheda (a valley in present-day [[Buldhana district]], [[Berar Subah]], {{convert|80|km|mi}} from [[Aurangabad]]), resulting in the [[Battle of Shakar Kheda]]. On 11 October 1724, the Nizam defeated and killed Mubariz Khan, establishing autonomous rule over the Deccan region. The Nizam remained loyal to the Mughal Emperor, did not assume any imperial title, and continued to acknowledge Mughal suzerainty.<ref name="Mehta"/>{{rp|93{{hyphen}}94}} The region was renamed [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad Deccan]], beginning what is known as the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]. The Nizam retained the title of "Nizam ul-Mulk", and was referred to as "Asaf Jahi Nizam", or more commonly, the Nizam of Hyderabad.<ref name="Richards">{{cite journal|title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 168—1707|volume=9|issue=2|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996|last=Richards|first=J. F.|year=1975|journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]]|pages=241–260|s2cid=142989123}}</ref>{{rp|241{{hyphen}}260}}<ref name="columbia">{{cite book|title=Muslim civilization in India|chapter=A century of political decline: 1707–1803|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html|last=Ikram|first=S. M.|year=1964|publisher=Columbia University|isbn=978-0-231025-80-5|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Testing time again for the pearl of Deccan|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM|last=Rao|first=Sushil|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 December 2009|access-date=22 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910232115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> He acquired ''de facto'' control over the Deccan and thus all six Mughal governorates became his feudatory.<ref name="taylor">{{cite book|title=Ancient and Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sm_71j9KYPcC|last1=Mackenna|first1=P. J.|last2=Taylor|first2=William Cooke|year=2008|publisher=Wertheimer and Company|isbn=978-1-247867-35-9|access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>{{rp|98}}<ref "name="corner"">{{cite book |last=Corner (Julia) |first=Miss |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchinain00corn |title=The History of China and India: Pictorial and Descriptive |publisher=H. Washbourne |year=1847 |isbn=978-1-011544-27-1 |location=London |access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>{{rp|298{{hyphen}}310}}

In the 1720s, the Carnatic region of [[South India|southern India]] was an autonomous dominion of the Mughal Empire under the [[suzerainty]] of the Nizam of Hyderabad. In 1710, the Nizam appointed [[Muhammed Saadatullah Khan I|Muhammed Saadatullah Khan]] as [[Nawab of the Carnatic]]. Saadatullah died in 1732, and would be succeeded by his nephew [[Dost Ali Khan]].<ref name="taylor"/>{{rp|97{{hyphen}}98}} [[Tukkoji|Tukkoji Bhonsle]], who was a [[Maratha]] ruler of Trichinopoly, died in 1736. He left his son [[Ekoji II]] to succeed him and his wife [[Meenakshi (Nayak queen)|Rani Minakshi]], who was acting as a regent for her young son. Dost Ali sent [[Chanda Sahib]], his son-in-law and [[diwan (title)|diwan]], to the province and to claim that it owed tribute payments (''[[chauth]]''). Chanda Sahib inveigled into the court of Rani Minakshi, abused her trust to the fortress, and threw her into prison where she died of grief. In 1739, Dost Ali rewarded Chanda Sahib with the title Nawab of Trichinopoly.<ref name="taylor"/>{{rp|98{{hyphen}}100}}<ref name="Chandramauliswar">{{cite journal |last=Chandramauliswar |first=R. |year=1953 |title=Maratha invasion of the Madura country (1740-1745) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=[[JSTOR]] |volume=16 |pages=276–278 |jstor=44303889}}</ref>{{rp|276{{hyphen}}278}}

This decisive act and the refusal of tributary payment by Dost Ali Khan enraged the Marathas. They took advantage of the absence of the Nizam in Deccan due to his engagement in resolving disputes in North India. In 1740, [[Raghoji I Bhonsle]] commanded the Maratha army of 50,000 soldiers in an invasion of the Carnatic region. In the [[Raghoji I Bhonsle#Battle of Damalcherry|Battle at Damalcherry]], a pass near [[Arcot]], Dost Ali was killed. His son and successor [[Safdar Ali Khan]] negotiated and agreed to make tribute payments to the Marathas. But Chanda Sahib, confident of his defense, refused to negotiate with Raghoji I Bhonsle, pay tribute, or surrender control of Trichinopoly. In Raghoji I Bhonsle's [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)|1741 siege of Trichinopoly]], Chanda Sahib initially resisted the siege. The Marathas bribed an officer who betrayed Chanda Sahib and left a free opening to the Maratha army through an important mountain post. The Marathas occupied Trichinopoly and took Chanda Sahib as prisoner to [[Satara (city)|Satara]]. [[Murari Rao|Murari Rao Ghorpade]] was installed as the Maratha governor of Trichinopoly in 1741.<ref name="taylor"/>{{rp|98{{hyphen}}100}}<ref name="Chandramauliswar"/>{{rp|276{{hyphen}}278}}<ref name="Naravane">{{Cite book |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company|last=Naravane|first=M.S.|year=2014|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-8-131300-34-3}}</ref>{{rp|150:151}}<ref name="Brackenbury">{{cite book|title=District Gazetteer, Cuddapah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEruAaDaOZ8C|last=Brackenbury|first=C.F|year=2000|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|isbn=978-8-120614-82-6|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref>{{rp|41{{hyphen}}42}}

==Prelude==
[[File:Tiruchirappalli(Trichinopoly)-during-CarnaticWars1751.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|alt=A distant view of city|Siege of Tiruchirappalli (Trichinopoly) during the [[Carnatic wars]] of 1751]]

In 1741, the Nizam had just returned from [[Old Delhi|Delhi]]. He was resolving a dispute between Muhammad Shah and [[Nadir Shah]], who had [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|invaded Northern India]]. The Nizam demanded that Safdar Ali, who was recognized as the Nawab of Carnatic, settle the debts of Subah Deccan. Safdar Ali, who had recently negotiated with the Marathas to an agreement of the indemnity and tributary payments, was hardly in a position to meet the demands of the Nizam and the Marathas. To manage these double payments, he imposed an additional levy on his regional town administrators. Safdar Ali's brother-in-law, [[Nawab Muruza Ali Khan|Nawab Murtuza Ali Khan]], an administrator of [[Vellore]], refused to pay the increased levy. He prepared a plot with his wife (who was also the sister of Safdar Ali), and murdered Safdar Ali to declare himself as Nawab of the Carnatic. This declaration irritated other nobles and brought Nawab [[Saadatullah Khan II|Saeed Muhammad Khan]], the son of Safdar Ali who was in [[Madras]], to be recognized as the Nawab of the Carnatic.<ref name="Nizam-British Relations">{{cite book|title=Nizam-British relations, 1724-1857 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fb26pWqhScC|last=Regani|first=Sarojini|year=1988|publisher=Concept Publication Company|isbn=978-8-170221-95-1|access-date=10 September 2020}}</ref>{{rp|2{{hyphen}}5}}

In 1742, the Nizam, who was busy with the affairs in Delhi, returned to the Deccan. After the [[Nader Shah's invasion of India#Plunder|invasion]] of Nadir Shah in Delhi, the Mughals were not in a position to stop the Marathas in the Carnatic region. The Nizam was enraged to see the rebellion of [[Nawab of Arcot]] and the Maratha occupation of the Carnatic, particularly Trichinopoly. He thought about invading the Carnatic to reestablish his authority as the Viceroy of Deccan. However, in January 1743, [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar II|Dalavayi Devarajaiya]] of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], after establishing his hold on the Carnatic region, offered the Nizam 10,000,000 [[Indian rupees|rupees]] in exchange for Trichinopoly. The Nizam accepted the offer and assured Dalavayi that Trichinopoly will be brought under his control. In February 1743, the Nizam marched towards the Carnatic region from [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="Black"/>{{rp|81}}<ref name="Asian">{{cite book|title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzWvq8EYBwUC&pg=PA74|last=Conolly|first=Arthur|year=1926|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-8-120618-89-3|access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref>{{rp|74{{hyphen}}75}}<ref name="Rajayyan">{{cite journal|title=Marathas at Trichinopoly: 1741-1743|volume=51|issue=1|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41688690|last=Rajayyan|first=K.|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|year=1970|pages=222–230|publisher=[[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]]|jstor=41688690|access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>{{rp|222{{hyphen}}230}}

==Siege==
[[File:Fort gateway N-TN-C194 trichy.jpg|200px|thumbnail|left|alt=A distant view of gateway of Tiruchirappalli fort|Gateway of [[Tiruchirappalli Fort]] barricaded by city police to avoid traffic congestion]]

After deposing Muhammed Saadatullah Khan II in Arcot, the Nizam marched towards Trichinopoly. On 14 March 1743, Nizam arrived at Trichinopoly with a large army of 200,000 [[sepoy]], 80,000 [[Sowar]], and 150 [[war elephant]]s and 200 [[Mughal artillery|elephant carried artillery pieces]].<ref name="Ramaswami">{{cite book|title=Political History of Carnatic Under the Nawabs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAEyAmYRNNQC|last=Ramaswami|first=Nallathagudi Srinivasa|author-link=N. S. Ramaswami|year=1984|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-836412-62-8|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>{{rp|69{{hyphen}}73}}<ref name=" Michigan">{{cite journal|title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore)|volume=89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xv9tAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>{{rp|94{{hyphen}}95}}<ref name="Alalasundaram">{{cite journal|title=The Colonial World of Ananda Ranga Pillai, 1736-1761: A Classified Compendium of His Diary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPkVAQAAMAAJ|last=Alalasundaram|first=R.|year=1998|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>{{rp|91{{hyphen}}93}}<ref name="Beveridge">{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India, Civil, Military, and Social, from the First Landing of the English to the Suppression of the Sepoy Revolt:Including an Outline of the Early History of Hindoostan|volume=2|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pB8oAAAAYAAJ|last=Beveridge|first=Henry|year=2008|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>{{rp|433}} Nizam camped in the vicinity of [[Tiruchirappalli Fort|Trichinopoly fort]] and summoned Maratha Governor Murari Rao to present himself in the camp and surrender the fort, failing to which he would siege the fort. Murari Rao dressed in [[Gauntlet (glove)|gauntlet]] decided to defend the fort with 4000 sepoy, 2000 Sowar and a considerable number of artillery that consisted of canons, guns, mortar and [[grenade]]s.<ref name="Michigan"/>{{rp|94{{hyphen}}95}} Nizam ordered a siege and his forces installed barracks strategically in the outer three enclosures of the fort, blocking the [[gate]]ways and mounting cannons towards the [[defensive walls]],<ref name="Rao">{{cite book|title=Kōil Ol̤ugu: The Chronicle of the Srirangam Temple with Historical Note|volume=2|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YT5MAAAAIAAJ|last=Rao|first=V. N. Hari|year=1961|publisher=Rochouse|access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>{{rp|196{{hyphen}}198}} to which initially Murari Rao strongly retaliated by constantly firing cannonballs, bullets and grenades from the [[Turret (architecture)|turret]]s and [[bastion]]s of the fort, which kept the Nizam's forces at a distance and protected the defensive walls from attack and [[Climbing wall|wall scaling]].<ref name="Michigan"/>{{rp|94{{hyphen}}95}} Nizam intended to win the siege through attrition, keeping his numerically superior army and artillery on hold, diplomatically avoiding any aggressive action and conflicts with Murari Rao's army.<ref name="Minnesota">{{cite book|title=The Muslim Review|volume=1-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHEeAQAAMAAJ|year=1926|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>{{rp|50}}

Murari Rao could not expect any help from his Maratha superiors, as [[Maratha rulers|Maratha Emperor]] [[Shahu I]] was actively engaged in the expeditions to expand Maratha supremacy over the Mughal-held Delhi, [[Maratha invasions of Bengal|Bengal and Odisha]].<ref name="Black">{{cite book|title=War in the Eighteenth-Century World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zcEcBQAAQBAJ|last=Black|first=Jeremy|year=2012|publisher=[[Macmillan International Higher Education]]|isbn=978-8-120618-89-3|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref>{{rp|81}} Meanwhile, [[Balaji Baji Rao#Rivalry with Raghoji Bhonsle|internal conflicts]] erupted between the Maratha general Raghoji I Bhonsle and [[Balaji Baji Rao|Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao]], which later caused the Maratha empire to disintegrate.<ref name="Kalarani">{{cite journal|title=A history of the travancore thirunelveli relation of the 18th century|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/224895/9/09_chapter3.pdf|last=Kalarani|first=B S| year=2018|publisher=[[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]] (Department of History)|access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref> Murari Rao surrendered to the Nizam and came to an agreement whereby the Nizam offered him governance of the hill-fort of [[Penukonda]], the adjacent areas, and 200,000 rupees. The six-month siege ended on 29 August 1743. The surrender of Trichinopoly along with the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Madurai]] territory (administered by the Maratha [[Lieutenant|Lieutenant officer]] Appaji Rao, captured in 1741) brought an end to the Maratha suzerainty of the Carnatic region, which they lost direct rule over; the Nizam regained the authority over the Deccan region.<ref name="Black"/>{{rp|81}}<ref name="Asian"/>{{rp|74{{hyphen}}75}}<ref name="Ramaswami"/>{{rp|69{{hyphen}}73}}<ref name="Dictionary of Battles and Sieges">{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC|last=Jaques|first=Tony|year=2007|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-313335-39-6|access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref>{{rp|1034}}<ref name="Caldwell">{{cite book|title=History of Tinnevelly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjTneAGmatsC|last=Caldwell|first=Bishop R.|year=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-8-120601-61-1|access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref>{{rp|87}}<ref name="Baskaran">{{cite thesis|title=Expansion of British Power in Tamil Country 1751 1801|volume=2|url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/282940|last=Baskaran|first=N.|year=2012|publisher=[[Presidency College, Chennai]], [[University of Madras]]|access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref>{{rp|62{{hyphen}}63}}

As per the agreement of Trichinopoly, if [[Dalavayi]] wanted control of Trichinopoly he would have to pay 10,000,000 rupees to the Nizam. The Dalavayi could not pay the sum, as he suffered from a financial crisis after paying heavy tributary taxes, which included 50,000,000 rupees to Maratha ruler Raghoji in 1740–1741 after the Maratha invasion of the Carnatic region. In October 1743, the Nizam left for [[Golconda Fort|Golconda]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Early wodeyars of Mysore and Tamil nadu a study in political-economic and cultural relations (Dalvoys relations with Tamil Nadu (1704-1761))|chapter=4|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/92519|last=Raj|first=Raghavendra|year=2004|publisher=[[University of Mysore]] (Department of History)|hdl=10603/92519|access-date=13 August 2020}}</ref>{{rp|267}}

==Aftermath==
[[File:Death of the Nabob of the Carnatic by Paul Philippoteaux.jpg|thumb|right|The killing of [[Anwaruddin Khan]] at the [[Battle of Ambur]] in 1749 by French [[sharpshooter]]s mounted on elephants – depiction by [[Paul Philippoteaux]]]]

When the Nizam took control of Trichinopoly in September 1743,<ref name="Nathanael"/><ref name="Ramaswami"/>{{rp|43{{hyphen}}79}}<ref name="Subramanian">{{cite book|title=Maratha Rajas of Tanjore|last=Subramanian|first=Kalpathi R.|year=1988|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-8-120603-99-8}}</ref>{{rp|52{{hyphen}}53}} he appointed Khwaja Abdullah as the governor of the city. Khwaja Abdullah accompanied the Nizam to Golconda and left his son, Nimathullah Khan, as the deputy governor of Trichinopoly. They reached Golconda in March 1744, the same year Khwaja Abdullah died on the eve of his departure from Golconda. Thus, the Nizam appointed [[Anwaruddin Khan]] as regent, and Saadatullah Khan II, being an infant, was appointed as the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]]; he was assassinated by Murtuza Ali Khan in 1744.<ref name="Bhattacharya">{{cite book|title=The Strange Case of Lord Pigot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdQwBwAAQBAJ|last=Bhattacharya|first=Sudip|year=2013|publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-44385-120-6|access-date=27 August 2020}}</ref>{{rp|99}} In 1749, when Anwaruddin Khan died in the [[Battle of Ambur]], his son and deputy governor [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]] were dethroned by Chanda Sahib and sought refuge in Trichinopoly where he set up his base.<ref name="Ramaswami"/>{{rp|115}}<ref name="RoseandNewton">{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ|last1=Rose|first1=John Holland|last2=Newton|first2=Arthur Percival|year=1929|publisher=[[CUP Archive]]|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>{{rp|126{{hyphen}}127}}<ref name="Markovits">{{cite book|title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950|last=Markovits|first=Claude|year=2004|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-843311-52-2}}</ref>{{rp|222}}

From 1744 to 1746, two expeditions were sent by Maratha Emperor Shahu I to expand the Maratha supremacy over the Carnatic region. Babuji Naik of [[Baramati]] led the first expedition, which was defeated when he was confronted by Anwaruddin Khan of Arcot and Muzaffar Jung, who had been assigned by the Nizam. The second expedition took place in 1746, led by Babuji Naik and Fateh Singh Bhonsle of [[Akkalkot State|Akkalkot]]; they were unsuccessful at taking back Trichinopoly and were defeated by the Nizam's army.<ref name="Mehta"/>{{rp|143}}<ref name="Chitnis">{{cite book|title=The Nawabs of Savanur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKjl5BftcdwC|last=Chitnis|first=Krishnaji Nageshrao|year=2000|publisher=[[Atlantic (publisher)|Atlantic]]|isbn=978-8-171565-21-4|access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref>{{rp|30{{hyphen}}35}}<ref name="Chandramauliswar"/> In 1746, three years after the siege, the Marathas, under the rule of [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Bajirao]], sent a military expedition to Carnatic led by [[Sadashivrao Bhau]]. The Maratha army overran the region and brought it under their control. Nizam's army, under the rule of [[Nasir Jung]], tried to obstruct the Marathas, but were repulsed by Sadashivrao Bhau. Maratha influence in the Carnatic subsequently waned, opening the way for the French and British East India Companies to split the region between themselves.<ref name="Mehta"/>{{rp|143}}

The subsequent [[Siege of Trichinopoly (1751–1752)]] by Chanda Sahib took place during the [[Second Carnatic War]], with Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah and the [[British East India Company]] on one side and Chanda Sahib and the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]] on the other.<ref name="Ramaswami"/>{{rp|148}} The British won and Wallajah regained the throne as the Nawab of Arcot. During his reign, he proposed renaming the city Natharnagar after the [[Wali|Sufi]] saint [[Nathar Vali]], who is thought to have lived there in the 12th century.<ref name="Bayly">{{cite book|title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC&pg=PA233|last=Bayly|first=Susan|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521891-03-5|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>{{rp|233}}<ref name="Muthiah">{{cite book|title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C|last=Muthiah|first=Subbiah|author-link=S. Muthiah|year=2008|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers|isbn=978-8183794-68-8|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>{{rp|137}}

==See also==
*[[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Maratha Wars]]
*[[Carnatic Wars]]
*[[Nizams of Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Maratha Empire}}
{{Nizam of Hyderabad}}
{{Hyderabad state}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trichinopoly 1743}}
[[Category:Sieges involving the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1743]]
[[Category:1743 in India]]
[[Category:History of Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Military history of Hyderabad State]]

Savitramma Gari Abbayi

2025-11-07T11:40:00Z

Svetlanazrc: Started pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| num_episodes = 645
| num_seasons = 1
| related = ''[[Khokababu (TV series)|Khokababu]]''
| runtime = 22 minutes
| channel = [[Star Maa]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|08|28|df=yes}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|03|11|df=yes}}
| image = Savitramma Gari Abbayi.jpg
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
}}

'''''Savitramma Gari Abbayi''''' ({{Translation|''Son of Savitramma''}}) is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language television [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series airing on [[Star Maa]] from 11 March 2019 and ended on 28 August 2021. It is the remake of the [[Star Jalsha|StarJalsha's]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]] soap opera ''[[Khokababu (TV series)|Khokababu]]''. It stars [[Chandan Kumar]] and Ayesha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Actor Chandan Kumar teases his co-star Ayesha on the sets of his Telugu show; gets trolled|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actor-chandan-kumar-teases-his-co-star-ayesha-on-the-sets-of-his-telugu-show-gets-trolled/articleshow/69143764.cms|access-date=2021-08-16|website=The Times of India|date=2 May 2019 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Balaraju, a young handsome wrestler and the most eligible bachelor in the village. While he can easily make women go weak in the knees and has a good female fan base to boast about too, he is hobbled by his word to his mother.

== Cast ==

=== Main ===

* [[Chandan Kumar]] (episodes 1–520) as Balaraju<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-09|title=Chandan Kumar completes a decade in the Kannada entertainment industry: A look at his journey|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/chandan-kumar-completes-a-decade-in-the-kannada-entertainment-industry-a-look-at-his-journey/photostory/79128021.cms|access-date=2021-08-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
** [[Baladitya (actor)|Baladitya]] (episodes 522–645) as Balaraju (After Plastic Surgery), Savitramma's son and Nnadhini's husband/ Gaaliraju, the pickpocketer (died) (dual role)
* [[Ayesha Zeenath|Ayesha]] (episodes 1–275)/Supritha Sathyanarayan<ref>{{Cite news|title=Supritha Sathyanarayan set to make Telugu small screen debut - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/supritha-sathyanarayan-set-to-make-telugu-small-screen-debut/articleshow/74440102.cms|access-date=2021-08-16|website=The Times of India|date=3 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> (Episode 278 - 302) (after face transplant)/Durga Gade<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chandan Kumar takes a selfie with Savitrammagari Abbayi co-stars - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/chandan-kumar-takes-a-selfie-with-savitrammagari-abbayi-co-stars/articleshow/76676162.cms|access-date=2021-08-16|website=The Times of India|date=28 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> (episodes 303–645) as Nandini, Balaraju's wife and Savitramma's Daughter in law
*Nisha shashidhar as Nandhini aka Bujjamma
* Haritha as Savitramma, Balaraju's mother
* Siri Hanmanth as Myna (Died)

== Reception ==
The series received good reviews and was later dubbed in Kannada as S/O Savitramma<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dubbed show Son of Savitramma to launch soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dubbed-show-son-of-savitramma-to-launch-soon/articleshow/77213128.cms|access-date=2021-08-16|website=The Times of India|date=28 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/savitramma/1260003836] on [[Hotstar]]

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Andhra Pradesh]]

Wei

2025-11-01T23:00:18Z

Svetlanazrc:

{{wiktionary|Wei}}

'''Wei''' or '''WEI''' may refer to:
{{tocright}}

==States==
* [[Wey (state)]] (衛, 1040–209 BC), ''Wèi'' in pinyin, but spelled Wey to distinguish from the bigger ''Wèi'' of the Warring States
* [[Wei (state)]] (魏, 403–225 BC), one of the seven major states of the Warring States period
* [[Cao Wei]] (曹魏, 220–266), ruled North China during the Three Kingdoms period
* [[Ran Wei]] (冉魏, 350–352), short-lived Sixteen Kingdoms period state
* [[Northern Wei]] (北魏, 386–535), ruled North China during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, later split into:
:*[[Western Wei]] (西魏, 535–557)
:*[[Eastern Wei]] (東魏, 534–550)
* [[Zhai Wei]] (翟魏, 388–392), state of Dingling/Gaoche ethnicity in China

==Places==
*[[Wei River]], a main tributary of the Yellow River
*[[Wei County, Handan]] (魏县), Hebei, China
*[[Wei County, Xingtai]] (威县), Hebei, China

==People==

* [[Wei (given name)]], different variations of Chinese given names
* [[Wei (surname)]], various Chinese surnames (魏, 衛, 尉, 蔿, 韋)
* [[Wei Wei (disambiguation)]]

==Astronomy==
* One of three [[Chinese constellations]]:
** Wěi ({{lang|zh|尾}}), meaning [[Tail (Chinese constellation)|Tail]]
** Wēi ({{lang|zh|危}}), meaning [[Rooftop (Chinese constellation)|Rooftop]]
** Wèi ({{lang|zh|胃}}), meaning [[Stomach (Chinese constellation)|Stomach]]
* Wèi ({{lang|zh|魏}}), the Chinese name for the star [[Delta Herculis]]
* Wei, a name sometimes used for [[Epsilon Scorpii]], after the Tail constellation

==Other uses==
*[[WEi]], a South Korean boy group
*[[Wei (rank)]], a company-grade officer in Chinese armed forces
*[[Wei (value token)]], a subunit of the Ether value token on the Ethereum blockchain
*[[Wau Ecology Institute]], Wau, Papua New Guinea
*[[Web Environment Integrity]], a Web API proposed by Google
*[[Windows Experience Index]] (WEI) score, a measure of the user-perceived performance of a computer running Microsoft Windows
*[[Weipa Airport]] (IATA code: WEI), Weipa, Queensland, Australia
*Wei Empire, a fictional state and planetary romance series of [[Yulia Latynina]]

== See also ==
* [[Way (disambiguation)]]
* [[Wee (disambiguation)]]
* [[Wey (disambiguation)]]
* [[Whey (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|geo}}

Bijolia

2025-10-06T13:12:44Z

Svetlanazrc: improve intro further

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bijolia
| native_name = Vindhyavali
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Bijoliya Kalan
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline = Bijoliyan.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bijolia Mandakini temple (Shiva temple)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.164|N|75.325|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Indian Government
| governing_body = Nagar Palika
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 512
| population_total = 12384
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 311602
| registration_plate = RJ-06
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bijoliya''' is a [[census town]] in [[Bhilwara district]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]] and is surrounded by nature and waterfalls and is famous for [[Tapodaya Teerth Kshetra]] and Mandakini Temple.

==Geography==
Bijoliya Kalan is located at {{Coord|25|9|50|N|75|19|30|E}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|512|m|ft|abbr=on}} The town is in the southeast of Bhilwara. It is close to the borders of the District Bundi. It is walled with two gates (north and south) and situated on a plateau called the Uparmal.

Distance from various cities: 50 km from Bundi on the Bundi-Chittauragarh road, 70 km from Kota on NH 27, 85 km from Bhilwara on Bhilwara-Kota national highway via NH 758 and NH 27.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Beejoliya Kalan had a population of 12,384. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Beejoliya Kalan has an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 59% of the males and 41% of females literate. 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Tourism==
The Hindu god Shiva's temple is at Tiliswa Mahadev Temple at the Rajasthan-Madhya Pradesh border.

The fort, '''Mandakini temple''' and '''Shree Digambar Jain Parshwanath Atishaya Teerthkhshetra''' are the main attractions. The fort is on Bundi Chttaurgarh road. A high paved courtyard on the side of the fort has a large temple of [[Shiva]]. A carved archway leads to the temple that has a fine image of Hindu god [[Ganesh]]. The Shiva temple is called Hajaresvara Mahadeva temple. It has a high linga surrounded by hundreds of small lingas and hence called Hajaresvara or Sahastralinga. Near by Mandakani Kund is a holy water tank. Other attractions are five Jain temples dedicated to Paraswnath and the remains of a palace and two rock inscriptions.

Protected Monuments By Archaeological Survey of India in Rajasthan contains three sites from Bijolia village:
* Mahakalsaz and two other temples
* Rock Inscription (12th century) in Bijolian Parshwanath Jain temple
* Rock Inscription of the Chauhan Dynasty
* Waterfalls include Menal, Bhadak (Choti Bijolia, Avi Jain), Bhimlat, Bhadkiya, etc.

==Bijolia rock inscription==
The Bijolia inscription dating back [[Vikrama Samvat|V.S.]] 1226 (1170 AD), issued during the reign of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] king [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]], is very important because it throws a new light on the early history of the Chahamana dynasty. It has thirty lines and ninety verses. In various verses praise has been offered to [[Rishabhnatha]], the first Jain Tirthankara, [[Shantinatha]] (16th Tirthankara), [[Parshvanatha]] (23rd Tirthankara) and [[Mahavira]], 24th and last Tirthankara.{{sfn|Sudan|1989|p=240-242}} It mentions the destruction of some small Chaulukya cities by the Someshvara's predecessor [[Vigraharaja IV]].{{sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=109}}

==Shri Digambar Jain Parshwanath Atishay Kshetra ==
{{Main|Bijolia Parshvanath temple}}
[[File:Bijoliya Parasnath 49.jpg|thumb|Bijolia Jain temple]]

The Jain temples, situated about 1.5 km of the south east were built by Mahajan Lala in the time of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] king [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]] in 1170 AD.{{Sfn|Bakshi|2005|p=341}} One of them is considered sacred containing a complete small model of a temple inside. The rock inscriptions have both been dated to 1170 AD. This temple is dedicated to Teerthankar Parshvanath of Jain religion.{{Sfn|Kanakk|2020}} Bijoliya Teerth Kshetra is supposed to be the place of penance (Tapa Bhumi) of god Parsvanath, place of provocation (Upsarg Bhumi) by Kamattha (Enemy of Parsvanath since previous lives) and place of achieving [[Kevala gyan]] (omniscience) and first site of [[Samavasarana]] of Parsvanath. Some of petroglyphs are available here. This place is supposed to be old more than 2750 years, as is clear by petroglyphs {{citation needed|date=July 2022}}. The Kshetra is about 2 km ahead in south – east of Bijoliya Town.

In 1169 (V.S. 1226) a businessman of Ujjain City Shri Lolark came here during his pilgrimage, saw a dream in night and learned of the ancient idol of Parsvanath. According to dream in the next morning he dug the place near a pond and thus a magnificent ancient idol of Parsvanath appeared, some other idols of goddess Ambika, Padmawati, and Kshetrapal were also found.

This temple was completed in 1169 (V.S. 1226) and these idols were installed in this temple on the day Falgun Krishna 3, Thursday of V.S. 1226. This is a Panchayati Mandir (Temple) surrounded by a rampart.

According to Peter Flügel, the Undeshvar Shiva temple of Bijolia was originally a [[Śvētāmbara]] temple based on carvings of prominent Jain figures in the temple exterior.{{sfn|Flügel|2006|p=402}}

== Transport links ==
=== By air ===

The nearest airport is Udaipur which is about 214 km away from Bijoliya.

=== By road ===
Bijoliya is situated on National Highway No. 27. Direct buses are available from Udaipur, Chittorgarh (105 km), Kota (69 km), Indore, Neemuch, etc.

=== By train ===
The nearest railway station is "Upermal Railway Station" 8 km from the city.

== Attractions ==

1. The oldest Temple of Bijolia "Mandakini Temple" 
2. Rock Inscriptions 
3. Old City Fortification Wall 
3. Hajaresvara temple 
4. Paraswanath temple 
5. Bani Ke Balaji 
6. Maa Vindhyavasini Shaktipith

== References ==
{{Commons category|Bijolia}}
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{Citation|last=Bakshi|first=S. R.|url={{Google books|Ldo1QtQigosC|page=341|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|title=Early Aryans to Swaraj|date=2005|publisher=Sarup Book Publishers Pvt. Limited | isbn=9788176255370 }}
* {{citation |last=Flügel |first=Peter |title=Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues |url={{Google books|CIgqBgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-23552-0 }}
* {{cite news | last=Kanakk | first=Atul | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/bijolias-resonance/article32820050.ece | title=Bijolia's resonance | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=11 October 2020 | access-date=13 October 2020 }}
* {{cite book |first=Asoke Kumar |last=Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150}}
*{{cite book |last=Sudan |first=Dr. Anita |date=1989 |oclc=20754525 |title=A study of Cahamana Inscriptions of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7VHAAAAMAAJ}}

{{Bhilwara district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bhilwara district]]
[[Category:12th-century Jain temples]]

V. N. Rajasekharan Pillai

2025-08-12T13:57:49Z

Svetlanazrc: Updated formatting and sections

{{Short description |Indian chemist (born 1949)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=January 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2022}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name= Prof. V.N. Rajasekharan Pillai
|smallimage= Presidentmu.jpg
|order= Vice-Chancellor of Somaiya Vidyavihar University and Provost, [[Somaiya Vidyavihar]]
|office=
|term_start= 20 October 2006
|term_end= 20 October 2011
|predecessor= H.P. Dikshit
|successor=
|birth_date= {{Birth date and age|1949|10|20|df=y}}
|birth_place= Cengannur, [[Kerala State]], [[India]]
|death_date=
|death_place=
|spouse= Geetha Pillai
|profession= [[Chemist]]
|party=
|order2= Chairman [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]
|term_start2= 2005
|term_end2= 2006
|predecessor2= [[Arun Nigvekar]]
|successor2= S.K. Thorat
|order3= Vice Chairman [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]
|term_start3= 2003
|term_end3= 2005
|predecessor3=
|successor3 =
|order4= Director of the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]
|term_start4= 19 April 2001
|term_end4= 18 April 2003
|predecessor4= [[Hari Gautam]]
|successor4 = V.S. Prasad
|order5= Vice Chancellor of the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]]
|term_start5=
|term_end5=
|predecessor5=
|successor5 =
|order6= Vice Chancellor of the [[Cochin University]]
|term_start6=
|term_end6=
|predecessor6=
|successor6 =
|website = [http://www.mewaruniversity.org/pages/Profile.aspx V N Rajasekharan Pillai]
|order1=
}}

'''V. N. Rajasekharan Pillai''' (born 20 October 1949) is the vice-chancellor of [[Somaiya Vidyavihar University]] and provost of Somaiya Vidyavihar, Pillai concurrently serving as the chancellor of the [[ICFAI University, Tripura]]. He was president of [[Mewar University]], Chiittorgarh, Rajasthan, India (2016–2018).

==Career==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
Pillai is the Founder President of Human Development Foundation India, a Civil Society Organisation in the National Capital Region, New Delhi.

He served as the executive vice-president of the Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Govt of Kerala (2011–2014). Simultaneously, he held the positions of principal secretary, Science & Technology Dept. of the Govt. of Kerala, chairman of the Kerala Coastal Zone Management Authority, and the Kerala Biotechnology Commission.

Prior to that, he was the vice-chancellor of the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), New Delhi (2006–2011). He served as vice-chairman and chairman of the University Grants Commission, Govt of India, New Delhi, during the period 2002–2006.

He was executive director of the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Govt of India, during the period 2000–2002.

Prior to that, Pillai was the vice-chancellor of the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Govt of Kerala and held additional charge of the Cochin University of Science and Technology (1996–2000).

In 2000, he was on a visiting research professor assignment in the University of Lausanne, Switzerland.

From 1983 to 1996, Pillai worked in various academic and research executive positions in the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam such as the founder professor and director of the School of Chemical Sciences, dean of Faculty of Science, founder director of the School of Professional Distance Education, director, College Development Council and controller of examinations of the university.

From 1977 to 1983, Pillai worked as a postdoctoral research fellow, on deputation from Calicut University, Kerala, in the Universities of Tubigen and Mainz, Germany.

From 1971 to 1983, he worked in the Universities of Kerala and Calicut University as UGC/CSIR Junior and senior research fellow, assistant professor and associate professor in the area of chemical sciences.

===Fellowships===
* Elected Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences.
* Distinguished Fellow of the Kerala Academy of Sciences
* Honorary Fellow of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE), New Delhi
* Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry
* Honorary Senior Fellow of the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Banaglaore

==Role in higher education==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=December 2011}}
A teacher and researcher in the field of [[Chemistry|Chemical Sciences]], Pillai has held post-doctoral and visiting research professor positions in the [[University of Tübingen]] ([[Mainz|Mainz, Germany]] and [[Lausanne|Lausanne, Switzerland]]).

He created a research group in the area of [[biopolymers]] and [[peptides]], has published extensively in this area, and has supervised over 50 doctoral students. He holds an international patent for the gram-scale preparation of biologically important peptides.

==Academic and administrative positions==
Pillai has served as chairman and [[vice-chairman]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Affairs Annual |page=65 |author=Mahendra Gaur |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTkbIP67HVEC&q=V.+N.+Rajasekharan+Pillai&pg=PA125|isbn=9788178355290 }}</ref> of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission (UGC)]], director of the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|(NAAC)]],<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Education World |page=cxxiv |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tScAAAAMAAJ&q=%22director+of+naac%22+pillai|title=Education World: The Human Development Magazine }}</ref> [[Bangalore]], Vice-Chancellor of the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]],<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Polymer News |page=331 |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vh70AAAAMAAJ&q=V.+N.+Rajasekharan+Pillai+|title=Polymer News }}</ref> Kottayam, [[Kerala]], vice-chancellor of the [[Cochin University|Cochin University of Science and Technology]], {{citation needed|date=December 2011}} founder-director of the School of Chemical Sciences; dean of Faculty of Science; controller of examinations; director of College Development Council; founder-director of the School of Professional Distance Education and chief, Employment and Information Guidance Bureau of the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

== See also ==

* [[Somaiya Vidyavihar]]
* [[K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering|K.J. Somaiya College of Engineering]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, V. N. Rajasekharan}}
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]

Sarrkkar – Risshton Ki Ankahi Kahani

2025-07-24T17:22:12Z

Svetlanazrc:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Sarrkkar: Rishton Ki Ankahi Kahani'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/Guestbook/headlines/y2k5/apr/apr256.htm|title=Zee TV wants its 'Sarrkkar' in 8:30 pm slot|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref> is a political family drama that aired on [[Zee TV]] in 2005–2006.

Penned by [[Shobhaa De]], the serial was produced by [[Siddhant Cinevision]]. The initial family structure in the series held a resemblance to [[Indira Gandhi|Gandhi family]], according to some.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050708/asp/etc/story_4731745.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807165212/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050708/asp/etc/story_4731745.asp |archive-date=2016-08-07 |title=How things change... |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta |access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Divya Seth]] as Priyamvada Veer Pratapsingh
* [[Rajat Kapoor]] as Veer Pratapsingh: Priyamvada's husband; Kunal, Karan and Kritika's father
* [[Ronit Roy]] as Kunal Pratapsingh
* [[Rohit Roy]] as Karan Pratapsingh
* [[Shweta Salve]] as Shweta: Karan's wife
* [[Mouli Ganguly]] as Kritika: Priyamvada and Veer's daughter
* [[Manav Gohil]] as Laksh Pandit: Urvashi's childhood friend
* [[Sandeep Rajora]] as Sudhanshu: Kritika's husband
* [[Manini Mishra]] as Yaana
* Kanika Kohli as Natasha: Karan's friend
* [[Govind Namdev]] as Kashinath Trivedi
* [[Amar Talwar]] as Amit Gupta
* [[Shakti Singh (actor) | Shakti Singh]] as Anand Sehgal
* [[Anju Mahendru]] as Anita
* [[Gajendra Chauhan]] as Shyam
* [[Abir Goswami]] as Madan
* [[Shama Deshpande]] as Vineeta
* Zeb Khan as Sangeeta
* Tara Mehta as Zoya
* Abhay Bhargava as Yashpal
* Gopi Desai as Asha
* [[Tarun Khanna (actor) | Tarun Khanna]] as Prakash Kulkarni

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Political drama television series]]
[[Category:2005 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2006 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian political television series]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}