Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Maahi (singer)

2026-05-06T15:39:06Z

Svetlanayrd:

{{short description|Indian singer, songwriter and performer}}
{{Notability|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maahi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shubh Mukherjee
| other_names =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| spouse =
| children =
| father = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| mother =
| relatives = Soham Mukherji (brother) <br /> [[Sagarika]] (aunt)
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Singer,songwriter
| years_active = 2024–present
| awards =
| honours =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = Bollywood
| label = Saregama
| instruments = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar}}
}}
}}

'''Maahi Mukherjee''', known professionally as '''Maahi''' is an Indian singer, songwriter, and performer who works primarily in Hindi music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirwani |first=Peony |title=Maahi – Future of Music 2025 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/future-of-music-2025/maahi/ |access-date=25 November 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sehgal |first=Chirag |title=Is Maahi, Son Of Singer Shaan, Stepping Into Acting Full-Time? Here's What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/is-maahi-son-of-singer-shaan-stepping-into-acting-full-time-heres-what-we-know-aa-ws-l-9625265.html |access-date=25 November 2025 |work=News 18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Panchal |first=Komal |date=23 June 2025 |title=Singer Maahi reveals what two things his father Shaan taught him about music |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/maahi-dad-shaan-never-pressures-me-but-there-an-unspoken-responsibility-23575851 |access-date=25 November 2025 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> He made his [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] playback debut in 2025 with the song "Tera Kya Karoon" from the film [[Nadaaniyan]].<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{Cite news |title=How Shaan guides son Maahi as the 19-year-old takes baby steps into playback singing |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shaan-on-his-son-maahi-making-his-bollywood-singing-debut-with-ibrahim-ali-khan-and-khushi-kapoors-nadaaniyan/cid/2088514 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250320221235/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shaan-on-his-son-maahi-making-his-bollywood-singing-debut-with-ibrahim-ali-khan-and-khushi-kapoors-nadaaniyan/cid/2088514 |archive-date=20 March 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Before entering film music, he released independent singles and his debut extended play (EP) Talab (2025).<ref name=":54">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=14 October 2025 |title=Maahi's Latest EP 'Talab' Comes With Its Own Micro-Drama Series |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/maahi-talab-interview-micro-drama-series/ |access-date=25 November 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> He was named [[Amazon Music]]’s Breakthrough Artist of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artists to Watch 2024 Playlist on Prime Music |url=https://music.amazon.in/playlists/B0CRHLPXQF |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240811125915/https://music.amazon.in/playlists/B0CRHLPXQF |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=25 November 2025 |website=music.amazon.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Maahi was born in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, to singer [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and Radhika Mukherjee.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shaan's Son Maahi Opens Up On His Father's Legacy: 'There Is Pressure' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/shaan-son-maahi-opens-up-on-his-fathers-legacy-there-is-pressure-exclusive-ws-l-9415260.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250703093235/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/shaan-son-maahi-opens-up-on-his-fathers-legacy-there-is-pressure-exclusive-ws-l-9415260.html |archive-date=3 July 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025 |work=[[News18]] |language=en-US}}</ref> He was exposed to playback singing and live performances from a young age.<ref name="telegraphindia.com"/> His elder brother, Soham Mukherjee, is a musician and music producer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2024 |title=(Exclusive) Shaan: I'm excited about my son's performance at Cannes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/exclusive-shaan-im-excited-about-my-sons-performance-at-cannes/articleshow/110186760.cms |access-date=25 November 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The brothers have performed with their father at events in India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mary |first=S. B. Vijaya |date=21 June 2024 |title=Singer Shaan and sons -Soham and Maahi - make waves at Cannes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/soon-after-their-return-from-cannes-shaan-and-his-sons-soham-and-maahi-provide-a-glimpse-into-their-familial-bond-and-individual-journeys-in-music/article68303401.ece |access-date=25 November 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His aunt [[Sagarika]] is an actress and singer.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Ananya |date=2 December 2025 |title=Shaan and His Sons Maahi and Soham: The Succession of Sound |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/shaan-and-his-sons-maahi-and-soham-the-succession-of-sound |work=The Hollywood Reporter India |access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref>

==Career==
Maahi began his independent music career in 2024 with his debut single "Sorry", released under Saregama Music.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Filmibeat |first=Team |date=5 February 2024 |title=Saregama Launches The 18-Year-Old Musical Prodigy, Maahi, And His Captivating First Single 'Sorry' |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/viral/2024/saregama-launches-the-18-year-old-musical-prodigy-maahi-and-his-captivating-first-single-sorry-384053.html |access-date=25 November 2025 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref> He followed it with the singles such as "Jaadugari" (which was his first collaboration with his elder brother), "Tere Saath", and "Meri Kya Khata", blending Hindi pop with acoustic and soul elements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=22 October 2024 |title=Maahi on Talks New Pop Songs 'Tere Saath' and 'Meri Kya Khata' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/maahi-tere-saath-meri-kya-khata-song-interview-shaan/ |access-date=25 November 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2025, he released "Dil Behkaaye" and "Jaan Se Zyada", the latter featuring his parents in the music video.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 March 2025 |title=After His Playback Debut with 'Tera Kya Karoon' in Netflix's 'Naadaniyan', Maahi Teams Up with Paradox for 'Dil Behkaaye' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/after-his-playback-debut-with-tera-kya-karoon-in-netflixs-naadaniyan-maahi-teams-up-with-paradox-for-dil-behkaaye-13872579.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250318191857/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/after-his-playback-debut-with-tera-kya-karoon-in-netflixs-naadaniyan-maahi-teams-up-with-paradox-for-dil-behkaaye-13872579.html |archive-date=18 March 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025 |work=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=27 June 2025 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Maahi on playing his father Shaan's younger version in the video of his song 'Jaan Se Zyada': “I will keep watching it throughout my life” : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-maahi-playing-father-shaans-younger-version-video-song-jaan-se-zyada-will-keep-watching-throughout-life/ |access-date=25 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In October 2025, he released his debut EP Talab, consisting of the tracks "Talab", "Vaari Vaari", "Raahein", and "Dildari".<ref name=":54" />

In May 2024, Maahi performed with Shaan and Soham at the Bharat Parv cultural showcase during the [[Cannes Film Festival]] in France.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=Shaan says his son Maahi's performance at Cannes 2024 'left the audience spellbound' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shaan-says-his-son-maahis-performance-at-cannes-2024-left-the-audience-spellbound-101715947309761.html |access-date=25 November 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
In June 2025, he appeared on a [[digital billboard]] at [[Times Square]].<ref name=":56">{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=7 June 2025 |title=Maahi shines bright on Times Square billboard: “A celebration of everyone who believed” : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/maahi-shines-bright-times-square-billboard-celebration-everyone-believed/ |access-date=25 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Maahi made his Bollywood playback debut in 2025 with the song "Tera Kya Karoon" from the film [[Nadaaniyan]].<ref name=":55">{{Cite news |title=Shaan's Son Makes His Singing Debut With This Nadaaniyan Song – News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shaans-son-makes-his-singing-debut-with-this-nadaaniyan-song-aa-9253058.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250405122447/https://www.news18.com/movies/shaans-son-makes-his-singing-debut-with-this-nadaaniyan-song-aa-9253058.html |archive-date=5 April 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref> The track was composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]] with lyrics by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]].<ref name=":55" />

==Discography==
===Extended plays===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! Year !! EP(s) !! Song(s) !! Notes/Ref(s)
|-
|rowspan="4" | 2025 ||rowspan="4" | ''Talab'' || "Talab" ||rowspan="4" | Debut EP featuring the music video tracks "Talab". <ref>{{cite web|title=Shaan's son Maahi drops debut EP Talab on love and longing|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2025/Oct/15/shaans-son-maahi-drops-debut-ep-talab-on-love-and-longing|date=15 October 2025|access-date=14 February 2026|last1=Poddar|first1=Atreyee|website=Indul Express}}</ref>
|-
|"Vaari Vaari"
|-
|"Raahein"
|-
|"Dildari"
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! Year !! Song !! Producer !! Notes !! Ref(s)
|-
|rowspan="4" |2024 || "Sorry"
|Kalki
| Debut single
|
|-
| "Jaadugari"
| Soham Mukherji
|
|
|-
| "Tere Saath"
|
|
|
|-
| "Meri Kya Khata"
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2025 || "Na Tum Jano Na Hum"
|
|
|
|-
|"Dil Behkaaye"
|
|
|
|-
| "Jaan Se Zyada"
|
|
|
|-
| 2026 || "Arzoo"
|Neversoober
|First collaboration with Neversoober.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/viral/2026/maahi-performed-his-new-song-arzoo-for-a-live-audience-and-people-are-obsessed-502907.html|title=Maahi Performed His New Song 'Arzoo' For A Live Audience And People Are Obsessed!!!|date=18 February 2026|access-date=25 March 2026|first1=Khushi|last1=Mishra|website=FilmiBeat}}</ref>
|}

===Film songs===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Composer(s)
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Nadaaniyan]]'' || "Tera Kya Karoon" || [[Sachin–Jigar]]
|}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maahi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian singers]]
[[Category:Indian rappers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

== External links ==

* [[Maahi (singer)|Maahi]]'s channel on [https://www.youtube.com/@Maahi_Official YouTube]
* [[Maahi (singer)|Maahi]] at [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm17971922/ IMDb]

Diphu Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T18:47:53Z

Svetlanayrd: Made details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Diphu
| constituency_no = 110
| type = SLA
| map_image = Diphu Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency|Diphu]]
| established = 1978
| district = [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]]
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Diphu''' is one of the 126 constituencies of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> Diphu forms a part of the [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency]]. This seat is reserved for the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] (ST).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Details==
Following are details on Diphu Assembly constituency:

* Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Karbi Anglong district.
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Diphu Lok Sabha constituency.
* Area Includes: Lumbajong Dev. Block, Langsomepi Dev. Block, Diphu MB, Manja TC, Borlangpher TC, Dhansiri TC, Bakulia MB, Phuloni Center TC.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

Following is the list of past members representing Diphu Assembly constituency in Assam Legislature.<ref name="di ref1">{{cite news |title=Diphu Election Result 2021 LIVE: Diphu MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/diphu-assembly-elections-as-19/ |access-date=28 November 2021 |publisher=oneindia.com |date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Gandhi Ram Timung
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Kaizasong
| {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Samsing Hanse
|-
| [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Dipendra Rongpi
| {{Full party name with color|Autonomous State Demand Committee|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| Hemsing Tisso
|-
| [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan=3|[[Bidya Sing Engleng]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Sum Ronghang]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<ref name=election2021/>
| [[Bidya Sing Engleng]]
|-
|2026
|[[Niso Terangpi]]
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Diphu}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jones Ingti Kathar (J. I. Kathar)|party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Niso Terangpi]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Biresh Diphusa|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin|title= Rejected Nominations}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gulson Bey |party=Independent|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Longkiri Timung |party=Independent|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Diphu<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bidyasing Engleng
|votes = 77,032
|percentage = 50.58
|change = +3.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sum Ronghang
|votes = 36,504
|percentage = 23.97
|change = -2.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jones Ingti Kathar
|votes = 23,356
|percentage = 15.34
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Autonomous State Demand Committee (United)
|candidate = Hemsing Tisso
|votes = 7,379
|percentage = 4.85
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent
|candidate = Rajen Timung
|votes = 1372
|percentage =''N/A''
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent
|candidate = Rajit Kramsa
|votes = 1467
|percentage =''N/A''
|change = ''N/A''
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,320
|percentage = 1.52
|change = -0.5
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,528
|percentage = 26.61
|change = +6.19
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,52,294
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Diphu<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sum Ronghang
|votes = 64,421
|percentage = 46.59
|change = +35.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bidyasing Engleng
|votes = 36,185
|percentage = 26.17
|change = -19.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Jayanta Rongpi]]
|votes = 31,647
|percentage = 22.88
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Dipendra Rongpi
|votes = 1,975
|percentage = 1.42
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = JCP
|candidate = Mary Kramsapi
|votes = 1,231
|percentage = 0.89
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,803
|percentage = 2.02
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,236
|percentage = 20.42
|change = +9.81
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,38,262
|percentage = 80.50
|change = +8.33
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,71,751
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Diphu<ref name=election2011>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4010-assam-2011/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2011 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=27 April 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bidyasing Engleng
|votes = 54,022
|percentage = 45.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = George Millick
|votes = 41,551
|percentage = 35.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Padma Malbangsa
|votes = 12,773
|percentage = 10.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = J. I. Kathar
|votes = 9,135
|percentage = 7.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,471
|percentage = 10.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,17,481
|percentage = 72.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,62,783
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Diphu]]
* [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Karbi Anglong district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Karbi Anglong district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Assam]]

Sandesh (confectionery)

2026-04-28T06:02:31Z

Svetlanayrd: Pg...

{{Short description|Bengali confectionery}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Sandesh
| image = Sandesh 3.jpg
| image_size = 290px
| caption = Sandesh, created with milk and sugar
| alternate_name =
| country = [[Bengal]]
| region = [[Kolkata]], [[Guptipara]], [[Chandannagar]], [[Basirhat]], [[Dhaka]], [[Natore]] (part of the [[Bengal]] region of the Indian subcontinent)
| national_cuisine = [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]], [[Indian cuisine|India]]
| creator =
| course = Dessert
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Chhena]], sugar, [[jaggery]] (gur), [[condensed milk]]
| variations = Nolen guṛer sondesh, norom pak sondesh, koṛa pak sondesh, various flavourings
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Sandesh''' ({{langx|bn|সন্দেশ}} ''Shôndesh'') is a [[dessert]], originating from the [[Bengal]] region in the eastern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]], created with milk and sugar.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1bCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA592 |title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets |date=1 April 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-931361-7 |pages=592–}}</ref> Some recipes of ''sandesh'' call for the use of [[chhena]] or [[paneer]] (which is made by curdling the milk and separating the whey from it) instead of milk itself.<ref name="NirmalSinha">{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Nirmal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZdhkaR9NzoC |title=Handbook of Food Products Manufacturing, 2 Volume Set |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-470-11354-7 |editor-last=Hui |editor-first=Y. H. |volume=2 |page=643 |chapter=Chhana}}</ref> Some people in the region of [[Dhaka]] make a variety of ''sandesh'' called ''pranahara'' (literally 'heart stealer') which is softer and made with [[Khoa|''mawa'']] and [[yogurt]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1H75z0EYYC&pg=RA2-PA34 |title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia |date=2011 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-37627-6 |editor-last=Albala |editor-first=Ken |editor-link=Ken Albala |volume=1  |location=Santa Barbara, Cal. |page=34}}</ref> [[Basirhat]] is known for its kachagolla sandesh. Historically, it can be seen that the culture of making this kachagolla in Basirhat is about 400 years old.<ref>{{cite news |title=বসিরহাটের কাঁচাগোল্লার জন্য জিআই ট্যাগের দাবি, সরব মিষ্টি ব্যবসায়ীরা |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/sweet-sellers-of-basirhat-demands-gi-tag-for-basirhats-kanchagolla-l18-ank-local18-1970436.html |publisher=News18 Bengali |date=2 December 2024 |access-date=14 March 2025 |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303000000/https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/sweet-sellers-of-basirhat-demands-gi-tag-for-basirhats-kanchagolla-l18-ank-local18-1970436.html |archive-date=3 March 2024}}</ref> The Gupo or Gufo style of ''sandesh'' from [[Guptipara]] is considered by some to be the "first branded sweet of Bengal".<ref>{{cite news |last=Dutta |first=Rangan |date=6 September 2009 |title=Next weekend you can be at....Guptipara |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090906/jsp/calcutta/story_11457400.jsp |url-status= |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403055652/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090906/jsp/calcutta/story_11457400.jsp |archive-date=3 April 2016 |access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Bengali sweets - 01.JPG|thumb|Sandesh from Bengal]]
[[File:Khoa Kheerer Sandesh- Kolkata- West Bengal- IMG 8238.jpg|thumb|Sandesh sweets shaped into decorative designs]]
A sweet dish by the name ''sandesh'' is mentioned in [[medieval Bengali literature]], including [[Krittivasi Ramayan|Krittibas' Ramayana]] and lyrics of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. However, the ingredients of this original dish are not known.<ref name="Meenakshi_2000">{{Cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Meenakshi Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQltAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT338 |title=Calcutta Cookbook: A Treasury of Recipes From Pavement to Place |last2=Bunny Gupta |last3=Jaya Chaliha |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2000 |isbn=978-93-5118-149-1 |page=338}}</ref> This dish was most likely made of solidified [[kheer]], and thus different from the modern chhena-based sandesh.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuor2vcVtiQC&pg=PA57 |title=Milk - Beyond the Dairy: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1999 |publisher=Oxford Symposium |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-903018-06-4 |editor-last=Walker |editor-first=Harlan |page=57}}</ref><ref name="Michael_2011">{{Cite book |last=Krondl |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gN6ySQnUnfwC&pg=PA53 |title=Sweet Invention: A History of Dessert |publisher=Chicago Review Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-55652-954-2 |pages=55–59}}</ref>

[[File:Bhim Chandra Nag sweet shop at Bowbazar, Kolkata, WB.jpg|thumb|Bhim Chandra Nag, one of the most popular sweet shops in Kolkata, home of sandesh, was set up by Paran Chandra Nag in 1826 at [[Bowbazar]].]]
It is hard to determine when exactly ''sandesh'' started referring mainly to the chhena-based sweet instead of the kheer-based sweet. However, it is known that by the second half of the 19th century, ''sandesh'' commonly referred to the chhena-based sweet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerji |first=Chitrita |author-link=Chitrita Banerji |title=The Hour of the Goddess: Memories of Women, Food, and Ritual in Bengal |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780143030157/page/120/mode/1up |publisher=Penguin |year=2006 |orig-year=First published 2001 |isbn=978-0-14-400142-2 |page=120}}</ref>

==Preparation==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}
[[File:Sandesh - Kolkata 2012-01-13 8319.JPG|thumb|A typical Bengali sandesh]]
[[File:Sweets at a shop in Salkia Chourasta in Howrah.jpg|thumb|Sandesh and other sweets at a shop in [[Howrah]], West Bengal.]]
''Sandesh'' can be made with the use of [[chhena]] or paneer. The simplest kind of ''sandesh'' in Bengal is the ''makha sandesh'' (makha, meaning 'kneaded'). It is prepared by tossing the chhena lightly with sugar over low heat. When shaped into balls, it is called ''Kanchagolla'' (''kancha'', meaning 'raw' and ''golla'', meaning 'ball'). For more complex and elaborately prepared ''sandesh'', the chhena is dried and pressed, flavoured with fruit, and sometimes even coloured, and cooked to many different consistencies. Sometimes it is filled with syrup, blended with coconut or kheer, and moulded into a variety of shapes such as conch shells, elephants, and fish. Another variant is ''nolen gurer sandesh'', which is made with gur or [[jaggery]]. It is known for its brown or caramel colour that comes from ''nolen gur''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sandesh – famous Indian sweet |url=https://www.hospitalitygurukul.com/hm-notes/topics/food-production/famous-indian-sweets |publisher=Hospitality Gurukul |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Sandesh}}
* [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sweetmeats Sweetmeats] on ''[[Banglapedia]]'' {{in lang|en|bn}}

{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Culture of West Bengal}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Cheese dishes}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}

[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:Sweets of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi desserts]]
[[Category:Milk desserts]]
[[Category:Cheese desserts]]

National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories

2026-04-25T21:45:33Z

Svetlanayrd: Made.

{{Short description|Indian accreditation organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| image = NABL_Official_LOGO_Registered.png
| image_size = 179
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map =
| predecessor = [[National Coordination for Testing and Calibration Facilities|NCTCF]]<ref>{{Cite book |doi = 10.1109/CPEM.1988.671284|chapter = National Measurement System in India|title = 1988 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements|pages = 257–258|year = 1988|last1 = Chandra|s2cid = 109948339}}</ref>
| merged_into = [[Quality Council of India]]
| successor =
| formation = {{start date and age|1988}}
| extinction = 
| type = [[Autonomous]]
| status =
| purpose = Accreditation services
| professional_title = NABL
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates =
| services = [[Accreditation|Accreditation Services]]
| language =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| key_people = Dr.Ramanand N Shulka<br>({{small|CEO}})
| main_organ = [[Board of governors|Governing Body]]
| parent_organization =
| subsidiaries =
| affiliations = [[Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)]]<br>[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)]]<br>[[Government of India]]
| budget =
| slogan =
| remarks =
| footnotes =
| name = National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories (NABL)
| former_name =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 =
| abbreviation = NABL
| merger =
| location = [[India]]
| region_served = Pan India, International
| membership =
| general_secretary =
| num_staff = 100-200
| num_volunteers =
| founders = [[Department of Science and Technology (India)]]
| website = {{URL|nabl-india.org}}
}}
'''National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories''' ('''NABL''') provides accreditation services to Conformity Assessment Bodies ([[Laboratory|Laboratories]]) in India. NABL Schemes include Accreditation (Recognition) of Technical competence of testing, calibration, medical testing laboratories, Proficiency testing providers (PTP), Reference Material Producers (RMP) and Biobanks for a specific scope following [[ISO/IEC 17025]], [[ISO 15189]], [[ISO/IEC 17043]]<ref>{{cite web|title=ISO/IEC 17043:2010|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/29366.html|website=www.iso.org|date=17 March 2010 |language=en}}</ref> & [[ISO 17034]]:2016,<ref>{{cite web|title=ISO 17034:2016|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/29357.html|website=www.iso.org|language=en}}</ref> [[ISO 20387 | Biobank]] Standards. It has [[Mutual Recognition Arrangement]] (MRA) with [[Asia Pacific Accreditation Cooperation]] (APAC), [[International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation]] (ILAC).

NABL is a constituent board of [[Quality Council of India]] which is an autonomous body setup under [[Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)]], [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite journal| title=75th Foundation Day of CSIR-National Physical Laboratory: Celebration of Achievements in Metrology for National Growth| journal=MAPAN-Journal Metrology Society of India| vauthors=Yadav S, Mandal G, et al.| volume=36| date=11 May 2021| issue=1| pages=1–32| doi=10.1007/s12647-021-00442-4| pmc=8110472}}</ref>

NABL provides accreditation in all major fields of Science and Engineering such as Biological, Chemical, Electrical, Electronics, Mechanical, Fluid-Flow, Non-Destructive, Photometry, Radiological, Thermal & Forensics disciplines under testing facilities and Electro-Technical, Mechanical, Fluid Flow, Thermal, Optical & Radiological disciplines under Calibration facilities. In the field of Medical Testing laboratories accreditation is granted in Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Pathology, Haematology & Immunohaematology, Microbiology & Serology, Histopathology, Cytopathology, Genetics, Nuclear Medicine (In-vitro tests only) disciplines.
In addition, NABL offers accreditation for Proficiency testing providers & Reference Material producers for which it has APAC and ILAC MRA.

== Benefits of accreditation ==
NABL is a Full member (ILAC MRA signatory) to ILAC<ref>{{cite web|title=ILAC Signatory|url=http://ilac.org/signatory-detail/?id=31|website=ILAC|language=en|date=25 January 2018}}</ref> as well as APAC Mutual Recognition Arrangements (MRA),<ref>{{cite web|title=APAC MRA Signatory|url=https://www.apac-accreditation.org/membership/|website=APAC|language=en|date=12 May 2012}}</ref> based on mutual evaluation and acceptance of other MRA Partner laboratory accreditation systems. Such international arrangements facilitate acceptance of test / calibration results between countries to which MRA partners represent.

This developing system of international mutual recognition agreements between accreditation bodies has enabled accredited laboratories to achieve a form of [[international recognition]], and allowed test data accompanying exported goods to be readily accepted on overseas markets amongst the countries which have already qualified as significant to ILAC Arrangements.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Quality Infrastructure of India and Its Importance for Inclusive National Growth| journal=MAPAN-Journal Metrology Society of India| first=DK| last=Aswal| doi=10.1007/s12647-020-00376-3| issue=2| date=30 May 2020| volume=35| pages=139–150| pmc=7261038}}</ref> This effectively reduces costs for both the exporters and the importers, as it reduces or eliminates the need for products to be re-tested in another country.

NABL accreditation is the recognised by various government bodies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/supreme-court-directs-approved-govt-private-labs-to-conduct-free-testing-for-covid-19/398104/|title=Supreme Court directs approved govt, private labs to conduct free testing for Covid-19|date=8 April 2020| work=The Print}}</ref> and regulators. In India, NABL accreditation is usually the precursor to various government/ regulator/ statutory body recognition's.

NABL being a governmental accreditation body conducts integrated assessments with regulators such as [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India|FSSAI]], [[Export inspection council|EIC]], [[agriculture and processed food products export development authority|APEDA]], etc. Integrated assessments simplify the process of recognition, as the laboratory can get accredited and recognized by the regulator in one combined assessment instead of the separate multiple assessments which are usually needed.<ref>{{cite journal| url=https://www.ijpmonline.org/article.asp?issn=0377-4929;year=2018;volume=61;issue=3;spage=461;epage=463;aulast=Sinha| title=Current status and way forward for National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories Accreditation of Laboratories in Government Organizations| journal=Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology| doi=10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_630_17| pmid=30004086| date=2018| volume=61| issue=3| vauthors=Sinha M, Saini S, et al.| pages=461–463| s2cid=51623808| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title=Assessment of quality control system by sigma metrics and quality goal index ratio: A roadmap towards preparation for NABL| journal=World Journal of Methodology| last1=Verma| first1=M| last2=Dahiya| first2=K| last3=Ghalaut| first3=VS| last4=Dhupper| first4=V| date=2018| volume=8| issue=3| pages=44–50| doi=10.5662/wjm.v8.i3.44| pmid=30519539| pmc=6275555| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272271212000352| title=Clinical laboratory accreditation in India| journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine| date=June 2012| volume=32| issue=2| doi=10.1016/j.cll.2012.04.009| pmid=22727005| first1=Anil| last1=Handoo| first2=Swaroop Krishan| last2=Sood| pages=281–292| url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url=https://www.indmedica.com/journals.php?journalid=6&issueid=104&articleid=1440&action=article| title=ISO/IEC 17025:1999 - Compliance to Clinical Laboratory and Process of Accreditation| journal=Journal of the Academy of Hospital Administration| first1=Umanath| last1=V| first2=Nasna Rasheeda| last2=Alam| first3=Vidya Gayathri| last3=A| volume=18| issue=1}}</ref>

== Services provided by NABL ==
NABL provides accreditation to:
# Testing laboratories as per ISO/IEC 17025
# Calibration laboratories as per ISO/IEC 17025
# Medical testing laboratories as per ISO 15189
# Proficiency Testing Providers (PTP) as per ISO/IEC 17043
# Reference Material Producers (RMP) as per ISO 17034
# Biobanking as per ISO 20387

== Laboratory Conclaves ==
NABL conducts laboratory conclaves yearly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.sakshi.com/2463666/Chennai-City/15-12-2019#page/4/1|title=Sakshi Telugu Daily Chennai City epaper dated Sun, 15 Dec 19|website=epaper.sakshi.com|language=Telugu|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331123715/https://epaper.sakshi.com/2463666/Chennai-City/15-12-2019#page/4/1|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, the 8th National Conclave for Laboratories was conducted in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOICH/2019/12/19&entity=Ar00915&sk=D629BA8E&mode=text|title=Annual national conclave of NABL|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== World Accreditation Day (WAD) ==
NABL celebrates World Accreditation Day (WAD) every year on 9 June. World accreditation day is celebrated to provide awareness on accreditation and how accreditation benefits its stakeholders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/qci-celebrates-the-world-accreditation-day-focuses-on-improving-food-safety/articleshow/76296207.cms?from=mdr|title=World Accreditation Day celebration|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=10 June 2020 |language=English}}</ref>

== Scope of accreditation ==
NABL's scope for accreditation extends to:-

'''Testing Laboratories''':
Biological, Chemical, Diagnostic Radiology QA testing, Electrical, Electronics, Fluid-Flow, Forensic, Mechanical, Non-Destructive testing, Photometry, Radiological and Software & IT system testing.

'''Calibration Laboratories''':
[[Electro-Technical]], [[Mechanics|Mechanical]], [[Fluid Flow]], [[Thermal]] & [[Optical]], [[Radiological]], [[Thermal]].

'''Medical Laboratories''':
[[Clinical Biochemistry]], [[Clinical Pathology]], [[Haematology & Immunohaematology]], [[Microbiology]] and [[Infectious Disease Serology]], [[Molecular Diagnostics]], [[Histocompatability & Immunogenetics|Histocompatibility & Immunogenetics]], [[Medical Imaging]], [[Histopathology]], [[Cytopathology]], [[Flow cytometry]], [[Cytogenetics]].

==Applying for NABL Accreditation==
Laboratories seeking NABL Accreditation can apply on NABL Web Portal.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://nabl-india.org/ Official website]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Accreditation organizations]]

Gaya Junction railway station

2026-04-25T14:52:53Z

Svetlanayrd:

{{Short description|Railway station in Gaya, Bihar, India}}
{{other uses|Gaya Station (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]]<br />{{font color|blue|Gaya Junction}}
| type = [[Indian Railways]] [[junction station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = File:Gaya Junction railway station.jpg|Gaya_Junction_railway_station
| image_size =
| image_caption = Gaya Junction
| address = [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Gaya district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|48|12|N|84|59|58|E|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{Convert|117|m|ft}}
| line = [[Grand Chord]]<br />[[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line]]<br />[[Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line]]<br />[[Asansol–Gaya section]]<br />[[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section]]<br />[[Patna–Gaya line]]<br />[[Gaya–Kiul line]]
| other =
| structure = At-grade
| platform = 10
| tracks = 14
| parking = Available
| opened = {{Start date and age|1879}}
| closed =
| rebuilt = 2023-2025
| electrified = Yes
| bicycle = {{rint|bicycle}} {{color|green|Available}}
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = GAYA
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| status = Functional
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]<br />[[Eastern Railway zone]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| route_map = {{Grand Chord|inline=1}}
| map_type = India#India Bihar#India
| map_dot_label = Gaya Junction
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location with Gaya
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Gaya Junction
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}
'''Gaya Junction railway station''' (station code:- '''GAYA''') is a [[junction station]] serving the city of [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]<nowiki/>ji, the headquarters of [[Gaya district|Gayaji district]] and [[Magadh Division]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. Gaya is in the [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya railway division]] of the [[East Central Railway zone]]. [[Grand Chord]] rail-line that connects [[Howrah]] and [[New Delhi]] passes through Gaya. It lies between {{stnlnk|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction}} on the [[Delhi]] side and {{stnlnk|Dhanbad Junction}} on the {{stnlnk|Howrah}} side. It is located at {{Coord|24|48|13|N|84|59|57|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://wikimapia.org/13242471/Gaya-Junction-Rail-Station-ER| title=Gaya Junction| publisher=Wikimapia| access-date=1 December 2011}}{{unreliable source?|date=October 2017}}</ref> It has an elevation of {{Convert|117|m|ft}}. Gaya is connected with most of the states through rail network.

There are also two other broad-gauge train lines from [[Gaya, India|Gayaji]], one to [[Patna]] and the other to {{stnlnk|Kiul Junction}}. The city has two major railway stations: Gaya Junction & [[Manpur Junction railway station|Manpur Junction]]. Gaya is well connected with [[Patna]], [[Jehanabad]], [[Biharsharif]], [[Rajgir]], [[Islampur, Nalanda|Islampur]], [[Nawada]], [[Dehri on sone]] through daily passenger and express train services.

== History ==
[[File:Gaya Junction railway station.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Gaya Junction railway station]]
Several years before the [[Grand Chord]] was built, a connection from the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] to Gaya was developed in 1900 and the South Bihar Railway Company (operated by EIR) had laid a line from [[Lakhisarai]] to Gaya in 1879.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm| title=Indian Railway History timeline| first=R.P.| last=Saxena| access-date=20 November 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229092028/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm| archive-date=29 February 2012}}</ref> The Grand Chord was opened on 6 December 1906.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://eastrailindia.tripod.com/grandchord.html| title=As the traffic continued to grow even beyond the capacity of the| access-date=20 November 2011| website=Symphony of Progress – The Saga of Eastern Railway}}</ref>

;New developments
In February 2012, the [[Indian Railways]] had planned to set up a Railway Station Development Corporation (RSDC) that will work on improving the major railway stations including Gaya Junction by building and developing Restaurants, shopping areas and food plaza for commercial business and improving passenger amenities.<ref name=RSDC>{{cite news| title=Railways to set up body to develop stations| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Railways-to-set-up-body-to-develop-stations/articleshow/11843446.cms| archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209011516/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-11/patna/31049817_1_passenger-amenities-railway-plan-rail-land-development-authority| url-status=live| archive-date=9 December 2012| access-date=27 April 2012| date=11 February 2012| first=Kumod| newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| last=Verma}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
There are 10 platforms in the Gaya Junction which are from platform 1 to 7 and 1A & 1B. There is 1 Pilgrim Platform also, where the pilgrim train stop. The platforms are interconnected with foot overbridges (FOB). It has three foot overbridge, the station houses all the major facilities like waiting rooms, computerized reservation facility, food plaza, dormitory, retiring rooms, cafeteria, bookshop, etc.<ref name=computerized_list>{{cite web| title=Alphabetically List of Locations (Irrespective Of States) Where Computerized Reservation Facilities Are Available |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html| website=Indian Railways| access-date=18 April 2012| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703033000/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html| archive-date=3 July 2013| df=dmy}}</ref> Existing facilities are being revamped for developing it as model station under Amrit Bharat Station Scheme.

== Trains ==
Gaya Junction's location on the Delhi–Kolkata Grand chord route, makes it served by numerous express and superfast trains from all over the country. Gaya Junction is the second most important railway station in [[Bihar]] after Patna and second largest in terms of platforms after Patna Jn. It is a [[Junction (rail)|junction]] and is connected to all the major cities such as New Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai through important broad-gauge routes (direct trains). Now it is also directly connected to Guwahati (N-E India). There is a direct train
* [[Mahabodhi Express]] from New Delhi to Gaya daily.
* [[Gaya–Anand Vihar Garib Rath Express]] has been added from Gaya to Anand Vihar Terminal (Delhi), which runs weekly.
*[[Howrah–Gaya Vande Bharat Express]] from [[Kolkata]] to Gaya.
*[[Ekatmata Express]] from [[Lucknow]].
*[[Howrah–Gaya Express]] from [[Howrah]].
*[[Patna–Gaya Passenger]]
*[[Kamakhya–Gaya Weekly Express]]

There are direct trains from Gaya to important stations in India like [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Chennai]], [[Kamakhya]]–[[Guwahati]], [[Ranchi]], [[Patna]], [[Parasnath|Parasnath(Shikharji)]], [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]], [[Varanasi]], [[Lucknow]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Kanpur]], [[Allahabad]], [[Agra]], [[Bareilly]], [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Bhopal]], [[Indore]], [[Nagpur]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Puri]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Amritsar]], [[Dehradun]], [[Kalka]], [[Jammu]], [[Gwalior]], [[Dehradun]], [[Ranchi]], [[Jamshedpur|Jamshedpur (Tatanagar)]], [[Bhuvaneshwar]], [[Bhavnagar]] etc. Several electrified local passenger trains also run from Gaya to neighbouring destinations at regular intervals.<ref name=trainlist>{{cite web| title=Trains at Gaya| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/1388| website=India Rail Info| access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=indiantrains>{{cite web| title=Gaya Junction Railway Station Details |url=http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=GAYA&name=DHANBAD+JN| website=indiantrains.org| access-date=1 April 2012| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408222802/http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=GAYA&name=DHANBAD+JN| archive-date=8 April 2014| df=dmy}}</ref> Gaya Patna daily bond passenger train also plays a very essential role in the development of Bihar. The train starts from Gaya Junction to [[Patna]] Junction via Bela, Chakand, [[Jehanabad]], Makhdoompur.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Gaya|Gaya}}
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/gaya-junction-gaya/1388 Trains at Gaya]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/1388 Gaya Railway Station Map]
* [http://gaya.bih.nic.in/ Official website of the Gaya district]

{{Railway stations in Bihar}}
{{Magadh Division topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Gaya district]]
[[Category:Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Bihar]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1879]]
[[Category:Indian Railway A1 Category Stations]]

Abu Taher Mondal

2026-04-24T22:04:13Z

Svetlanayrd: creating details

{{Short description|Meghalaya politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abu Taher Mondal
| native_name = আবু তাহের মণ্ডল
| image = Abu Taher Mondal.jpg
| image_size = 200
| office = [[Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Meghalaya]]
| term_start = 7 March 2023
| term_end = 16 September 2025
| 1namedata = [[Conrad Sangma]]
| 1blankname = {{nowrap|Chief Minister}}
| 2blankname = Portfolios
| 2namedata = {{bulleted list|Community and Rural Development|Power|Taxation}}
| term_start1 = 20 April 2010
| term_end1 = 1 March 2013
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Mukul Sangma]]
| 2blankname1 = Portfolios
| 2namedata1 = {{bulleted list|Power|Excise|Transport|Information and Public Relations}}
| term_start2 = 13 May 2009
| term_end2 = 19 April 2010
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[D. D. Lapang]]
| 2blankname2 = Portfolios
| 2namedata2 = {{bulleted list|Taxation|Information Technology|Fisheries|Science and Technology|Weights and Measures}}
| term_start3 = 13 May 2009
| term_end3 = 19 April 2010
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[D. D. Lapang]]
| 2blankname3 = Portfolios
| 2namedata3 = {{bulleted list|Health and Family Welfare|Secretariat Administration|Civil Defence and Home Guards}}
| office4 = Speaker of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 11 March 2013
| term_end4 = 3 March 2018
| predecessor4 = [[Charles Pyngrope]]
| successor4 = [[Donkupar Roy]]
| office5 = [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Member, Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency5 = [[Phulbari Assembly constituency|Phulbari]]
| predecessor5 = [[S. G. Esmatur Mominin]]
| term_start5 = 2 March 2023
| term_start6 = 2008
| term_end6 = 3 March 2013
| predecessor6 = [[Manirul Islam Sarkar]]
| term_start7 = 1998
| term_end7 = 2003
| predecessor7 = Manirul Islam Sarkar
| successor7 = Manirul Islam Sarkar
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1967}}
| birth_place = [[Phulbari Assembly constituency|Phulbari]], [[Meghalaya]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] {{small|(since 2023)}}
| other_party = {{ubl|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] {{small|(2003)}}|[[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(2013{{ndash}}2023)}}}}
| alma_mater =
| relatives =
| children =
}}
'''Abu Taher Mondal''' ({{langx|bn|আবু তাহের মণ্ডল}}) is an Indian [[Bengalis|Bengali]] politician, [[social work]]er and retired civil engineer. He is a four-time MLA of the [[Phulbari Assembly constituency|Phulbari]] constituency in the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=my/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/assembly-elections/meghalaya/phulbari-constituency-election-result-s15a046/|title=Phulbari election results}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mondal was born into a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in the plains region of the [[West Garo Hills district]] of [[Meghalaya]]. His father was [[Samsul Huda Mondal]]. Mondal graduated in 1991 with a [[Bachelor of Engineering]] degree.<ref name=my/> He owns land in Shyamding and Phulbari.<ref name=my>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/meghalaya2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=6092|title=Abu Taher Mondal|website=My Neta|access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Despite being an independent candidate during the [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]], Mondal successfully beat [[Manirul Islam Sarkar]] for the [[Phulbari Assembly constituency|Phulbari]] constituency. Mondal joined the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] for the [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] but was unsuccessful against Sarkar this time. During the [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]], Mondal became independent once more and beat Sarkar. He managed to preserve his seat at the [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]], this time as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate. His two-term streak was broken at the [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] by [[S. G. Esmatur Mominin]].<ref name=net>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/phulbari-meghalaya-assembly-constituency|website=Result University|title=Phulbari Assembly Constituency|access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>

In March 2013, Mondal was elected Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-12 |title=Meghalaya gets first non-tribal speaker {{!}} Guwahati News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/meghalaya-gets-first-non-tribal-speaker/articleshow/18918569.cms |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He was the first "non-Indigenous" legislator to hold the office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Non-tribal Speaker for House - Meghalaya creates history, elects Abu Taher Mondal to the chair |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/non-tribal-speaker-for-house-meghalaya-creates-history-elects-abu-taher-mondal-to-the-chair/cid/325711 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Abu Taher}}
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from West Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Meghalaya-politician-stub}}

Kovilpatti Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T17:02:52Z

Svetlanayrd: added a stub basic info!

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{primary sources|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kovilpatti
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 218
| map_image = Constitution-Kovilpatti.svg
| map_caption = Area of Kovilpatti State Assembly Constituency
| mla = [[Kadambur Raju|Kadambur C. Raju]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}

| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}

| latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 241,660
| reservation = None
}}
'''Kovilpatti''' is one of the 234 [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Tamil Nadu]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the six state legislative assembly constituencies included in [[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the oldest assembly segments in Tamil Nadu, having existed since independence.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Ramasamy (Kovilpatti MLA)|Ramaswamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[V. Suppaya Naicker|V. Suppaya Naicker]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|N. V. Venugopalakrishnasami
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="4"|[[S. Alagarsamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|[[R. Rangasamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|S. Alagarsamy
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[R. Shyamala]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[L. Ayyalusamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|S. Rajendran
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[L. Radhakrishnan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Kadambur Raju|Kadambur C. Raju]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2021|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|37.89}}
{{bar percent|2016|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.96}}
{{bar percent|2011|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.85}}
{{bar percent|2006|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.62}}
{{bar percent|2001|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|40.27}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|35.19}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.81}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|35.34}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.75}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|51.37}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|32.75}}
{{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|62.16}}
{{bar percent|1967|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|55.02}}
{{bar percent|1962|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.22}}
{{bar percent|1957|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|31.78}}
{{bar percent|1952|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|64.67}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kadambur Raju|Kadambur C.Raju]]|party=AIADMK|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Karunanidhi|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Paandi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Balasubramaniam|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =240017 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser=|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2021"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti<ref>{{cite web|title=Kovilpatti Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a218|access-date= 9 Aug 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kadambur Raju]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,556 |percentage=38.13% |change=-0.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]] |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,153 |percentage=31.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Srinivasan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=37,380 |percentage=20.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Gomathi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=9,213 |percentage=5.12% |change=+3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Kathiravan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=3,667 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,124 |percentage=0.63% |change=-0.79 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,403 |percentage=6.90% |change= 6.64% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,79,804 |percentage=67.62% |change= 0.92% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=576|percentage=0.32% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,65,915 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.83% }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2021"/>

===2016===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2016"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kadambur Raju]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,514 |percentage=38.96% |change=-16.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Subramanian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,086 |percentage=38.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinayaka Ramesh |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,512 |percentage=17.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,350 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Muthu Mari |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,070 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Ramachandiran |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,075 |percentage=0.65% |change=-34.94 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=428 |percentage=0.26% |change= -20.00% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,65,607 |percentage=66.70% |change= -5.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,48,279 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.89% }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2016"/>

===2011===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2011"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kadambur Raju]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,007 |percentage=55.85% |change=+9.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Ramachandran |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=46,527 |percentage=35.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Mariappan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,685 |percentage=2.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Rengarajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,186 |percentage=1.67% |change=+1.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Visuvasam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,232 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Arumairaj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,107 |percentage=0.85% |change=-1.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Kennady |party=Independent politician |votes=1,068 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=679 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,480 |percentage=20.26% |change= 9.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,30,723 |percentage=72.18% |change= 7.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,81,097 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.24% }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2011"/>

===2006===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2006"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[L. Radhakrishnan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,354 |percentage=46.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Rajendran (CPI politician)|S. Rajendran]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=41,015 |percentage=35.83% |change=-4.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Srinivasa Raghavan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=11,633 |percentage=10.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Kovilselvan |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=2,827 |percentage=2.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Chelladurai |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=2,560 |percentage=2.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Viswanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,201 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Somasundaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=733 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,339 |percentage=10.78% |change= 2.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,14,478 |percentage=64.73% |change= 6.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,76,858 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 6.34% }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2006"/>

===2001===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2001"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Rajendran (CPI politician)|S. Rajendran]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=45,796 |percentage=40.27% |change=+5.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Rajaram |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,757 |percentage=32.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Vishvamithran |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,809 |percentage=24.45% |change=-4.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Mariappan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,881 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Ayyalusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=757 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate| |candidate=K. G. Muthurajan |party=TLK |votes=726 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,039 |percentage=7.95% |change= 1.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,13,726 |percentage=58.69% |change= -7.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,93,861 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 5.08% }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2001"/>

===1996===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1996"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[L. Ayyalusamy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=39,315 |percentage=35.19% |change=+3.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Radhakrishnan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,828 |percentage=28.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[L. Radhakrishnan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,168 |percentage=27.90% |change=-33.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. R. Veeraragavan |party=Janata Party |votes=5,321 |percentage=4.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Rengaraja |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=806 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,487 |percentage=6.70% |change= -23.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,727 |percentage=65.85% |change= 5.87% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,75,222 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -26.62% }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1996"/>

=== 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Shyamala]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,535 |percentage=61.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[L. Ayyalusamy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=30,284 |percentage=31.98% |change=-3.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Krishnamoorthy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=4,032 |percentage=4.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,251 |percentage=29.83% |change= 26.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,698 |percentage=59.98% |change= -10.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,61,982 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 26.48% }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1991"/>

===1989===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1989"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Alagarsamy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=35,008 |percentage=35.34% |change=+0.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Radhakrishnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,724 |percentage=32.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Palpandian |party=Independent politician |votes=13,981 |percentage=14.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Dharmar |party=Independent politician |votes=6,462 |percentage=6.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. S. Iyyadurai |party=Independent politician |votes=4,759 |percentage=4.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Anandasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,263 |percentage=3.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. P. Ramasamy |party=India Farmers and Tailers Party |votes=2,742 |percentage=2.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,284 |percentage=3.31% |change= -17.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=99,069 |percentage=70.34% |change= -1.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,43,671 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -20.41% }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1989"/>

===1984===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1984"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Rangasamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=45,623 |percentage=55.75% |change=+15.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Alagarsamy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=28,327 |percentage=34.61% |change=-16.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Seenirasu |party=Independent politician |votes=4,655 |percentage=5.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Paulraj |party=Independent politician |votes=977 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Paramasivam |party=Independent politician |votes=715 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Perumalsamy |party=Independent politician |votes=633 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. N. P. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=627 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,296 |percentage=21.13% |change= 9.87% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,840 |percentage=71.78% |change= 3.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,20,666 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 4.37% }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1984"/>

===1980===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1980"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Alagarsamy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=39,442 |percentage=51.37% |change=+18.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Jeyalakshmi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,792 |percentage=40.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kalidas |party=Janata Party |votes=6,281 |percentage=8.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,650 |percentage=11.27% |change= 10.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,777 |percentage=68.54% |change= 5.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,218 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 18.63% }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1980"/>

===1977===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1977"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Alagarsamy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=21,985 |percentage=32.75% |change=-29.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Seeniraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,588 |percentage=32.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=397 |percentage=0.59% |change= -23.73% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,140 |percentage=63.06% |change= -9.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,794 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -29.42% }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1977"/>

===1971===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1971"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Alagarsamy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=38,844 |percentage=62.16% |change=+7.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Subba Naicker |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,646 |percentage=37.84% |change=+0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,198 |percentage=24.32% |change= 7.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,490 |percentage=72.09% |change= -2.89% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,524 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 7.14% }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1971"/>

===1967===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1967"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Alagarsamy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=33,311 |percentage=55.02% |change=+29.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. O. C. A. Pillai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,885 |percentage=37.80% |change=+1.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,709 |percentage=6.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Chairman |party=Independent politician |votes=641 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,426 |percentage=17.22% |change= 10.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,546 |percentage=74.98% |change= -2.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,101 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 18.80% }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1967"/>

===1962===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1962"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. V. Venugopalakrishnasami]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,158 |percentage=36.22% |change=+6.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. S. Appasami |party=Swatantra Party |votes=18,059 |percentage=29.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Alagarsamy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=15,387 |percentage=25.15% |change=-2.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Periasami |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,030 |percentage=8.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Venkataram Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=543 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,099 |percentage=6.70% |change= 4.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,177 |percentage=77.47% |change= 31.88% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,603 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 4.44% }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1962"/>

===1957===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1957"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Subbaiah Naicker]] |party=Independent politician |votes=11,425 |percentage=31.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Selvaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,726 |percentage=29.84% |change=-34.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Alagarsamy]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=9,901 |percentage=27.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ponnusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,898 |percentage=10.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=699 |percentage=1.94% |change= -41.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,950 |percentage=45.60% |change= -7.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,841 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -32.89% }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1957"/>

===1952===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1952"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kovilpatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramasamy (Kovilpatti MLA)|Ramasamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,282 |percentage=64.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanmugham |party=Independent politician |votes=8,124 |percentage=20.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subbiah |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=4,370 |percentage=11.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Perumal |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=1,319 |percentage=3.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,158 |percentage=43.89% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,095 |percentage=52.75% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,113 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1952"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|9|10|13.01|N|77|51|07.34|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Khanapur, Telangana Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:13Z

Svetlanayrd: added initial stub first draft!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{for|seat by the same name in Karnataka|Khanapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khanapur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (6-Khanapur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Khanapur Assembly constituency within Telangana
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 6
| state = [[Telangana]]
| established = 1978
| loksabha_cons = [[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]
| district = [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = Vedma bhojju.jpg
| mla = [[Vedma Bhojju]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| electors = 1,83,298
}}
'''Khanapur''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of three constituencies in [[Nirmal district]]. It comes under [[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency]] along with six other Assembly constituencies.

[[Ajmeera Rekha]] of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] won the seat in the [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014 Assembly election]].

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!Districts
|-
| [[Khanapur, Adilabad|Khanapur]]
| [[Nirmal district|Nirmal]]
|-
| [[Jannaram]]
| [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
|-
| [[Inderavelly]]
| rowspan=2|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|-
| [[Utnoor]]
|-
| [[Kaddam, Adilabad district|Kaddam]]
| [[Nirmal district|Nirmal]]
|-
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan="2" | Ambajee
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Ajmera Govind Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Kotnak Bhim Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Ajmeera Govind Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[Ramesh Rathod]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Ajmeera Govind Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
| 2008 ''by-poll''
| rowspan="2" | Suman Rathod
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
|[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan=2|[[Ajmeera Rekha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Vedma Bhojju]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Khanapur}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Vedma Bhojju]]|votes=58,870|percentage=33.79|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Johnson Naik Bhukya|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|votes=54,168|percentage=31.09|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ramesh Rathod]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=52,398|percentage=30.07|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,114|percentage=1.21|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=4,702|percentage=2.70|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,74,239|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Khanapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Ajmeera Rekha]]
| votes = 67,138
| percentage = 44.12%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Ramesh Rathod]]
| votes = 46,428
| percentage = 30.51%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Ashok Satla]]
| votes = 23,779
| percentage = 15.63%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = [[AJMEERA HARI NAIK]]
| votes = 3,553
| percentage = 2.34%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 2,776
| percentage = 1.82%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 20,710
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,52,156
| percentage = 80.87%
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Khanapur<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180809220841/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=6 Khanapur Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Ajmeera Rekha]]
| votes = 67,442
| percentage =49.33%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate =Rathod Ritesh
| votes = 28,931
| percentage = 21.16%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Ajmeera Harinaik
| votes = 26,087
| percentage = 19.08%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 38,511
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,36,717
| percentage = 74.59%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{Adilabad district}}
{{coord|19.04|78.65|display=title}}
[[Category:Nirmal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Laksar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:52:02Z

Svetlanayrd: Done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Laksar
| mla = [[Muhammad Shahzad (politician)|Muhammad Shahzad]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Independent|None}}
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Haridwar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 102,483
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]
| constituency_no = 34
| map_image = Laksar Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''34-Laksar Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. It includes [[Laksar]] area.

Laksar Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Syed Ahmed
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Sukhbir Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Muhammad Muhiuddin]]
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Narendra Singh (politician)|Narendra Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Muhammad Muhiuddin]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |Tejpal Singh Panwar
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Muhammad Muhiuddin]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|<small>''Major boundary changes''</small>
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pranav Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|<small>''Major boundary changes''</small>
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sanjay Gupta (Uttarakhand politician)|Sanjay Gupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Muhammad Shahzad (politician)|Muhammad Shahzad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Laksar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shahzad (Uttarakhand politician)|Shahzad]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=34,899 |percentage=42.77% |change={{increase}}17.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjay Gupta (Uttarakhand politician)|Sanjay Gupta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,459 |percentage=29.98% |change={{decrease}}2.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Antriksh Saini |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,584 |percentage=14.20% |change={{decrease}}16.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haji [[Taslim Ahmad]] |party=Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) |votes=4,161 |percentage=5.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay |party=Rashtrawadi Janlok Party (Satya) |votes=4,126 |percentage=5.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd Yusuf |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=815 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=298 |percentage=0.37% |change={{decrease}}0.00 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,440 |percentage=12.80% |change= {{increase}}10.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,591 |percentage=79.51% |change= {{decrease}}2.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,620 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}10.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Laksar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjay Gupta (Uttarakhand politician)|Sanjay Gupta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,248 |percentage=32.34% |change={{decrease}}7.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haji [[Taslim Ahmad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,644 |percentage=30.28% |change={{increase}}18.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Singh Choudhary |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=19,656 |percentage=25.18% |change={{increase}}1.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kushalpal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,087 |percentage=7.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumit |party=Independent politician |votes=2,415 |percentage=3.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=287 |percentage=0.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,604 |percentage=2.05% |change= {{decrease}}13.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,075 |percentage=81.95% |change= {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,274 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Laksar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjay Gupta (Uttarakhand politician)|Sanjay Gupta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,945 |percentage=39.37% |change={{increase}}33.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haji [[Taslim Ahmad]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=15,551 |percentage=23.60% |change={{decrease}}5.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tahir Hasan |party=Independent politician |votes=13,042 |percentage=19.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh Saini |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,001 |percentage=12.14% |change={{decrease}}24.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh |party=Mahan Dal |votes=1,301 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Kumar Namdev |party=Independent politician |votes=391 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,394 |percentage=15.77% |change= {{increase}}8.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,900 |percentage=82.22% |change= {{increase}}10.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,150 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Laksar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kunwar Pranav Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,038 |percentage=37.03% |change={{increase}}23.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pal Singh Kashyap |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=21,380 |percentage=29.28% |change={{increase}}7.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravindra Singh (Paniyala) |party=Independent politician |votes=16,077 |percentage=22.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravindra Nagar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,114 |percentage=5.63% |change={{decrease}}1.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Saini |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,663 |percentage=3.65% |change={{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashi Prabha |party=Independent politician |votes=683 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,658 |percentage=7.75% |change= {{increase}}4.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,010 |percentage=71.95% |change= {{decrease}}1.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,01,473 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}12.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Laksar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pranav Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=14,903 |percentage=24.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Qazi [[Muhammad Muhiuddin]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=12,996 |percentage=21.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Azmal Nawaz Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,937 |percentage=13.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranveer Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,767 |percentage=12.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Bijendra Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,522 |percentage=7.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Rajendra Singh |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=3,784 |percentage=6.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Iqbal Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,581 |percentage=4.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharmpal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,516 |percentage=4.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Kumar |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=620 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Shekhar Azad |party=Independent politician |votes=500 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pratap Kumar Khatri Alias P .K. Khatri |party=Rashtriya Kranti Party |votes=455 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,907 |percentage=3.18% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,938 |percentage=73.22% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,887 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}In 2000 Uttarakhand State was formed and the Assembly Constituency went in Uttarakhand.

'''1996'''

[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Qazi Muhammad Mohiuddin ( BSP ) : 63,325 Votes : 40.70%

● Kulveer Singh ( SP ) : 57,140 Votes : 36.72%

● Tejpal Singh Panwar ( BJP ) : 31,938 Votes : 20.53%

● Manga Ram ( BKKGP ) : 2,914 Votes : 1.87%

Majority - 6,185 Votes : 3.98%

Turnout - 1,55,601 Votes : 74.26%

Registered Electors : 2,09,536 Voters

'''1993'''

[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Tejpal Singh Panwar ( BJP ) : 36,793 Votes : 26.74%

● Kulveer Singh ( JD ) : 35,612 Votes : 25.88%

● Qazi Muhammad Mohiuddin ( INC ) : 32,315 Votes : 23.48%

● Suraj Mal ( BSP ) : 28,524 Votes : 20.73%

Majority - 1,181 Votes : 0.86%

Turnout - 1,37,599 Votes : 73.2%

Registered Electors : 1,87,977 Voters

'''1991'''

[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Tejpal Singh Panwar ( BJP ) : 36,700 Votes : 35.56%

● Kulveer Singh ( JD ) : 35,389 Votes : 34.29%

● Qazi Muhammad Mohiuddin ( INC ) : 20,782 Votes : 20.14%

● Suleman ( BSP ) : 3,156 Votes : 3.06%

● Suraj Mal ( IND ) : 2,597 Votes : 2.52%

● Muhammad Akhatar Chairman ( IND ) : 1,114 Votes : 1.08%

Majority - 1,311 Votes : 1.27%

Turnout - 1,03,207 Votes : 63.64%

Registered Electors : 1,62,174 Voters

'''1989'''

[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Qazi Muhammad Mohiuddin ( INC ) : 43,166 Votes : 42.32%

● Kunwar Narendra Singh ( JP ) : 39,390 Votes : 38.62%

● Nafees ( BSP ) : 18,111 Votes : 17.76%

Majority - 3,776 Votes : 3.70%

Turnout - 1,01,991 Votes : 62.41%

Registered Electors : 1,63,421 Voters

'''1985'''

[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Kunwar Narendra Singh ( LKD ) : 35,404 Votes : 43.77%

● Hukam Singh ( INC ) : 26,228 Votes : 32.43%

● Suleman ( IND ) : 13,740 Votes : 16.99%

● Anup Singh ( BJP ) : 1,117 Votes : 1.38%

● Madan Singh ( IND ) : 990 Votes : 1.22%

● Devendra ( IND ) : 988 Votes : 1.22%

● Jagdish Prasad ( IND ) : 812 Votes :1%

Majority - 9176 Votes : 11.34%

Turnout - 80,883 Votes : 58.43%

Registered Electors : 1,38,428 Voters

'''1980'''

[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Qazi Muhammad Mohiuddin [ JD(S) Charan Singh ] : 30,882 Votes : 41.61%

● Rahat Singh [ INC(I) ] : 26,457 Votes : 35.65%

● Saeed Ahmed [ INC(U) ] : 12,904 Votes : 17.39%

● Sadhu Ram [ JP(S) Raj Narain ] : 2,287 Votes : 3.08%

● Bhagwan Kishore ( BJP ) : 963 Votes : 1.30%

Majority - 4,425 Votes : 5.96%

Turnout - 74,220 Votes : 60.62%

Registered Electors : 1,22,435 Voters

'''1977'''

[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Qazi Mujammad Mohiuddin ( JP ) : 36,634 Votes : 55.06%

● Rahat Singh ( INC ) : 26,702 Votes : 40.14%

● Ghaseetu Ram ( IND ) : 2,631 Votes : 3.95%

Majority - 9,932 Votes : 9.92%

Turnout - 66,530 Votes : 61.59%

Registered Electors : 1,08,021 Voters

'''1974'''

[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]

● Qazi Mohammad Mohiuddin ( BKD ) : 35,698 Votes : 48.61%

● Hukam Singh ( INC ) : 24,762 Votes : 33.72%

● Mangat Singh ( IND ) : 2,854 Votes : 3.89%

● Bhopal Singh ( BJS ) : 2,654 Votes : 3.61%

● Pruran Chand Vidyalankar [ INC(O) ] : 2,297 Votes : 3.13%

● Mawasi Ram ( SOP ) : 2,244 Votes : 3.06%

● Naseem (IND ) : 1,546 Votes : 2.11%

● Ved Priya ( IND ) : 774 Votes : 1.05%

Majority - 10,936 Votes : 14.89%

Turnout - 73,434 Votes : 71.06%

Registered Electors : 1,03,341 Voters

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.75|78.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Haridwar]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Haridwar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]

Maud von Ossietzky

2026-04-13T14:24:16Z

Svetlanayrd: New.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maud von Ossietzky
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names =
| occupation = suffragette, political activist
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[British India]]
| death_place = [[East Berlin]], [[East Germany]]
| birth_date = {{start-date|12 December 1888}}
| death_date = {{death-date and age|12 May 1974|12 December 1888}}
| spouse = [[Carl von Ossietzky]] (German)
| children = [[Rosalinde von Ossietzky-Palm]]
| awards =
}}

'''Maud Hester von Ossietzky''' (née Lichfield-Woods; 12 December 1888, Hyderabad – 12 May 1974, Berlin) was a [[suffragette]] and the wife of German journalist and [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner [[Carl von Ossietzky]].

She was born in [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, India]], to a British colonial officer and the descendant of an [[Indian princess]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft6n39p125/|title=In a Cold Crater: Cultural and Intellectual Life in Berlin, 1945–1948|last=Schivelbusch|first=Wolfgang|publisher=UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982-2004; California Digital Library|year=1998|location=Berkeley, CA|pages=171–174}}</ref> Despite her Indian heritage, she is almost always referred to as an "Englishwoman."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj24SfE_AcoC&q=Maud+Lichfield-Woods&pg=PT141|title=Blood Kindred: W. B. Yeats, the Life, the Death, the Politics|last=McCormack|first=W. J.|date=2011-01-11|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4464-4424-5|pages=[no page numbers online]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cvo-berlin.de/carl-von-ossietzky-schule/der-namensgeber/|title=Der Namensgeber|date=2017-04-28|website=Carl-von-Ossietzky-Schule|language=de|access-date=2019-11-23|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608094349/https://www.cvo-berlin.de/carl-von-ossietzky-schule/der-namensgeber/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qlvzyEieyQC&q=carl+von+ossietzky+marriage&pg=PA186|title=Who's Who in Nazi Germany|last=Wistrich|first=Robert S.|date=2013-07-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-41388-9|pages=186|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1935/ossietzky/biographical/ "Carl von Ossietzky,"] from ''Nobel Lectures, Peace 1926-1950'', Editor Frederick W. Haberman, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1972. Originally written in 1935.</ref>

She was active in the British suffragette movement in her youth.<ref name=":0" />

== Life with Carl von Ossietzky ==
In Hamburg (or perhaps Fairhaven, England)<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz73879.html|title=Ossietzky, Carl von|last=Grathoff|first=Dirk|year=1999|website=Deutsche Biografie|series=Neue Deutsche Biographie|pages=610–611|language=de|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref> on 19 August 1913, she married Carl von Ossietzky, a pacifist and later a writer for and editor-in-chief of the leftist German weekly ''[[Die Weltbühne]]'' (''The World Stage'').<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNlfCgAAQBAJ&q=Maud+Lichfield-Woods&pg=PA309|title=The Private Heinrich Himmler: Letters of a Mass Murderer|last1=Himmler|first1=Katrin|last2=Wildt|first2=Michael|date=2016-03-08|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4668-7089-5|pages=309|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kk13DwAAQBAJ&q=Maud+Lichfield-Woods&pg=PT188|title=Freimaurer: Aufklärung eines Mythos|last=Goeller|first=Tom|date=2013-05-29|publisher=be.bra verlag|isbn=978-3-8393-0102-9|pages=[no page numbers online]|language=de}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The couple met in 1912 in Hamburg, but little is known about their early life together.<ref name=":6" /> It seems that her wealthy family opposed the marriage.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13528288.html|title=Das Gefühl für die Republik|date=1988-04-18|work=Spiegel Online|access-date=2019-11-23|volume=16}}</ref> Early in their marriage, she paid a fine on his behalf after he published an anti-war article.<ref name=":4" /> Surviving letters attest to Carl's devotion to his wife. While Carl served in [[World War I]], he wrote Maud a letter that described her as an igniting force in his life: "You are the magnet that first touched the rigid iron."<ref name=":7" /> In 1922, he wrote to her that he "blessed the fate that sent her."<ref name=":7" />

Their daughter [[Rosalinde von Ossietzky-Palm|Rosalinde]] was born on 21 December 1919.<ref name=":2" />

While Carl worked as a writer and political activist, Maud organized lectures for him.<ref name=":5" /> In 1931, Carl von Ossietzky was imprisoned for "treason and espionage" because of his role in [[Weltbühne-Prozess|publishing details of German remilitarization]]; he was released in 1932.<ref>Haberman, Frederick W. ''Peace 1926–1950'' (1999), ''World Scientific'', pg. 211.</ref>

After the [[Reichstag Fire]] in April 1933, von Ossietzky wanted to flee Germany, but her husband chose to remain.<ref name=":7" /> He was quickly arrested by the [[Gestapo]] and imprisoned in a series of prisons and concentration camps.<ref name=":2" /> Whether she was a supportive wife<ref name=":7" /> or incapable of helping her husband,<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wienerlibrary.co.uk/?location_id=14&item=123|title=Beyond a Biography: Hilde Walter's Testimony and a Research Journey through the Wiener Library Archives|last=Oppermann|first=Paula|date=19 March 2015|website=Wiener Holocaust Library Blog - Wiener Library|language=en|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref> neither she nor her husband's famous international friends could release him from [[Nazi concentration camps]].

In 1936, Carl von Ossietzky contracted tuberculosis and was moved to a hospital in Berlin.<ref name=":0" /> He was awarded the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize during this period, though his sickness did not allow him to accept it in person. His wife nursed him until he died on 4 May 1938.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" /> Carl von Ossietzky was buried in a municipal cemetery, and Maud spent the next years fighting to move his body to a cemetery in the Berlin neighborhood of [[Pankow]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.berliner-woche.de/pankow/c-politik/erinnerung-an-einen-pazifisten-carl-von-ossietzkys-ehrengrab-befindet-sich-in-pankow_a162176|title=Erinnerung an einen Pazifisten: Carl von Ossietzkys Ehrengrab befindet sich in Pankow|last=Wähner|first=Bernd|date=18 May 2018|website=Berliner Woche|language=de|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref>

Maud spent time in a psychiatric clinic after his death.<ref name=":0" /> One author has claimed that the Gestapo ordered her to stop using her late husband's name and lived as "Maud Woods."<ref name=":0" />

She invested the money awarded with her husband's Nobel Peace Prize with lawyer Kurt Wannow, but Wannow embezzled the sum in 1937.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=http://scihi.org/carl-von-ossietzky/|title=Carl von Ossietzky and Political Reason|last=Tietz|first=Tabea|date=2019-10-03|website=SciHi Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-23|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209103202/http://scihi.org/carl-von-ossietzky/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Historical inconsistencies ==
Many sources state that by the time the Nazis imprisoned her husband, von Ossietzky was an [[Alcoholism|alcoholic]],<ref name=":8" /> with one writing that her alcoholism "caused [her husband] great pain ... but may have protected her from retribution under the Nazis."<ref name=":1" /> Others have claimed that her husband's death caused her alcoholism.<ref name=":0" /> Their daughter blamed ''Die Weltbühne'' for her mother's (unspecified) "illness."<ref name=":7" />

During World War II, Rosalinde was sent to a Quaker boarding school in England through the support of [[Ernst Toller]] and the [[Quakers]].<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fredsakademiet.dk/library/carl/newcarl.htm|title=Addendum to 1935 Carl von Ossietzky biography: The peace hero in the concentration camp|last=Singer|first=Kurt D.|date=April 2001|website=The Danish Peace Academy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722133953/http://www.fredsakademiet.dk/library/carl/newcarl.htm|archive-date=22 July 2017|access-date=2019-11-23}}</ref> Another source claims that Maud and Rosalinde emigrated to Sweden via England,<ref name=":10" /> though there are no other sources that place Maud in Sweden. A third source states that Maud remained in Berlin when Rosalinde traveled from England to Sweden.<ref name=":11" /> Rosalinde died in Sweden in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.presse.uni-oldenburg.de/mit/2000/040.html|title=Universität trauert um Rosalinde von Ossietzky-Palm|work=[[University of Oldenburg]]|date=8 February 2000|access-date=19 May 2021|language=de}}</ref>

German sources tend to ascribe Maud a more positive and active role,<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" /> while English-language scholarship often describes her in less complimentary terms.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" />

== Later life ==
On 1 June 1946, ''Die Weltbühne'' reappeared in the Soviet sector of Berlin with Maud von Ossietzky and Hans Leonard listed as editors.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/weimargermanysle0000deak|url-access=registration|quote=Maud von Ossietzky.|title=Weimar Germany's Left-wing Intellectuals: A Political History of the Weltbühne and Its Circle|last=Deák|first=István|date=1968|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, CA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/weimargermanysle0000deak/page/221 221]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHY3DgAAQBAJ&q=Maud+von+Ossietzky&pg=PA32|title=German Intellectuals and the Challenge of Democratic Renewal: Culture and Politics After 1945|last=Forner|first=Sean A.|date=2017-03-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-62783-3|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=32|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Leonard, her neighbor, had a career in publishing ended by Nazi anti-semitic discrimination.<ref name=":13" /> Maud von Ossietzky and Leonard revived a Weimar-era publication that endures to this day.

In 1966, she published her memoir, ''Maud von Ossietzky erzählt: ein Lebensbild'' (''Maud von Ossietzky Explains: a Life Story'').<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHzylTEpyiUC&q=Maud+v.+Ossietzky+erz%C3%A4hlt+1966&pg=PA213|title=Nobel Lectures in Peace|last=Haberman|first=Frederick W.|date=1999|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-3415-7|pages=213|language=en}}</ref> Historians were divided in their opinion: [[Wolfgang Schivelbusch]] referred to the book as "admittedly unreliable,"<ref name=":0" /> while [[István Deák]] found it "charming and straightforward."<ref name=":12" />

Maud von Ossietzky died in 1974 in Berlin and is buried next to her husband in Pankow.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/187832184/maud-von_ossietzky|title=Maud Lichfield-Woods von Ossietzky|website=Find a Grave|access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref>

== Further reading ==

* ''Maud von Ossietzky erzählt: ein Lebensbild'' (Berlin: Buchverlag der Morgen, 1966). It was republished in 1988. There is currently no English translation.
* An album containing Carl's letters to Maud is held in the [https://uol.de/en/bis/archivesandcollections/carlvonossietzkyarchive Carl von Ossietzky Archive] at the [[University of Oldenburg|Carl von Ossietzky University]] in Oldenburg, Germany.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ossietzky, Maud}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Suffragettes]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Germany]]
[[Category:German people of British descent]]

Pipli Ahiran

2026-04-11T17:47:40Z

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{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

'''Pipli Ahiran''' is a village situated in Railmagra Tehsil of Rajsamand, Rajasthan. It's a small village with a population of 8000. It has a panchayat samite office in it including other two villages Meghakheda & Prempura. There is a senior secondary School in the village.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2026 |title=Panther attacks Pipli Ahiran during wheat harvesting |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/rajsamand/jhor/news/rajasthan-panther-attack-woman-injured-pipali-ahiran-137662569.html |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Despite opposition, encroachment removed: Pipli Ahiran Gram Panchayat case comes to light |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/rajsamand/kunwariya/news/the-matter-of-pipli-ahiran-gram-panchayat-came-to-the-fore-131229541.html |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Rajsamand district]]

{{Udaipurdivision-geo-stub}}

Anbe Sivam

2026-04-11T08:58:49Z

Svetlanayrd: creating entry

{{Short description|2003 Indian Tamil-language comedy-drama film by Sundar C}}
{{For|the TV series of the same name|Anbe Sivam (TV series)}}
{{featured article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Anbe Sivam.jpg
| alt = Poster featuring Kamal Haasan ("right") and Madhavan ("left")
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sundar C]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* K. Muralitharan
* V. Swaminathan
* G. Venugopal
}}
| writer = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Kamal Haasan
* [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]]
* [[Kiran Rathod]]
}}
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = [[Arthur A. Wilson]]
| editing = [[P. Sai Suresh]]
| studio = [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]]
| distributor = Lakshmi Movie Makers
| released = {{Film date|2003|01|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 160 minutes<ref name="Panorama" />
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = [[Indian rupee sign|{{INR}}]]120 million<ref name="bg" />{{efn|The average exchange rate in 2003 was 45.66 [[Indian rupee]]s ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2012 |title=Rupee vs dollar: From 1990 to 2012 |url=http://inwww.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-rupee-vs-dollar-in-the-last-2-decades/20120518.htm?print=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321115240/http://inwww.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-rupee-vs-dollar-in-the-last-2-decades/20120518.htm?print=true |archive-date=21 March 2015 |access-date=31 March 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>|name=exchange2003}}
}}

'''''Anbe Sivam''''' ({{translation|Love Is God}})<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=21 February 2018 |title=Kamal Haasan's transition from Nammavar to Ulaganayagan, and back |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kamal-haasan-s-transition-from-nammavar-to-ulaganayagan-and-back/story-98lmRGbOZwoi2yPzHpOasN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304075707/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kamal-haasan-s-transition-from-nammavar-to-ulaganayagan-and-back/story-98lmRGbOZwoi2yPzHpOasN.html |archive-date=4 March 2018 |access-date=20 September 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Slice of life|slice-of-life]] drama film directed by [[Sundar C]] and produced by [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]]. The film was written by [[Kamal Haasan]], and [[Madhan (writer)|Madhan]] provided the dialogues. ''Anbe Sivam'' stars Haasan, [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] and [[Kiran Rathod]], with [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Santhana Bharathi]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] and [[Uma Riyaz Khan]] playing supporting characters. It tells the story of Nallasivam and Anbarasu, two men of contrasting personalities who undertake an unexpected journey from [[Bhubaneswar]] to [[Chennai]].

Produced on a budget of [[Indian rupee sign|{{INR}}]]120 million, ''Anbe Sivam'' takes on themes such as [[communism]], [[atheism]], and [[altruism]] and depicts Haasan's [[Humanism|humanist]] views. The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. [[Arthur A. Wilson]] served as the cinematographer and [[M. Prabhaharan]] served as the art director.

The film was released on 15 January 2003 to positive reviews from critics but [[Box-office bomb|underperformed]] at the box office. Despite its initial failure, it has gained recognition over the years through re-runs on television channels and is now regarded as a classic of [[Tamil cinema]] and a [[cult film]]. It was screened as part of the Indian Panorama section of the [[International Film Festival of India]] in 2003. At the [[51st Filmfare Awards South]], it received a [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Special Jury Award]] and nominations in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]] (Haasan) categories. Madhavan was awarded [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] at the 2003 [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]. ''Anbe Sivam'' was selected as one of the 25 best Indian movies of the 21st century by [[The Hollywood Reporter India]].<ref name=THR/>

== Plot ==
Two men waiting at the [[Biju Patnaik Airport]] (in [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha, for a flight to [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu) engage in conversation. One is a [[commercial director]], Anbarasu, who prefers the abbreviated name A.{{nbsp}}Aras, and the other is a scarred and deformed socialist, Nallasivam, going by Mr. Sivam. When the flight is cancelled due to heavy rain, Aras initially suspects Sivam to be a terrorist and informs the authorities, only to discover that he was mistaken. With the rain flooding the city, the two men are forced to share a room for the night. Both need to return to Chennai: Aras to be present at his wedding, and Sivam has to deliver a {{INR}}32,00,000{{efn|name=exchange2003}} cheque, recently awarded to him after he won a court case, to a group of union workers.

After a traumatic night, and no hope for a flight, the two men take a bus to board the [[Coromandel Express]] train. Aras's bag gets stolen on the way, leaving him with only his credit card, which no one accepts. Using his presence of mind, Sivam repeatedly bails Aras out of trouble while Aras tries to escape from him at every juncture, only to end up with him again. While waiting for the train at the [[Ichchapuram railway station]] (in [[Andhra Pradesh]]), Sivam begins to tell Aras his story.

A few years earlier, a healthy Nallasivam, going by Nalla, took part in various [[street theatre]] performances protesting against [[Foreign direct investment|multinational corporation-driven industrialisation]], which resulted in the marginalisation of the [[Workforce|labour force]]. He was at odds with Kandasamy Padayatchi, a manipulative factory owner who refused to give his workers a raise. Nalla satirically imitated Padayatchi in many of his shows. In an unexpected turn of events, Nalla and Balasaraswathi (Bala), Padayatchi's daughter, fell in love with each other. To avoid a potential conflict with Padayatchi, the two decided to elope to [[Kerala]].

Nalla boarded a bus bound for Kerala, and on his way to meet Bala, the bus met with an accident on a hillside, leaving him scarred, disfigured, and partially paralysed for life. After recovering from his wounds, he visited Bala, only to be informed by Padayatchi that his daughter was already married and pregnant with her first child, and had settled abroad. Padayatchi had earlier lied to Bala that Nalla died in the accident. It was also at this time that Nalla became a firm believer in kindness and love after experiencing patience and compassion from the nurses at the hospital. Despite suffering from an inferiority complex due to his scarred and deformed body, Nalla performs community service and social work with renewed fervour while continuing to fight for union causes.

Upon their arrival in Chennai, Aras delivers Sivam's cheque to the union workers. He invites Sivam to his wedding, letting him know how much he means to him, to utter astonishment, Sivam sees that Aras's bride is Bala. Padayatchi spots Sivam and asks him why he is at the wedding. He tells Padayatchi that he was invited by Aras, and later persuades him to sign the papers which will help Padayatchi's workers get a raise. To prevent the disruption of Bala's wedding and avoid damaging his own reputation, Padayatchi yields to Sivam's demands. After signing the papers, Padayatchi instructs his assistant to eliminate Sivam. However, his assistant has a change of heart as he is about to kill him, letting Sivam know that he believed that the misdeeds he committed for Padayatchi resulted in the death of his own daughter. Padayatchi's assistant requests Sivam to stay as far away from his boss as possible. Sivam assents and walks away.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Nallasivam<ref name="MRReview" />
* [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] as Anbarasu{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Opening credits from 01:25 to 03:05}}
* [[Kiran Rathod]] as Balasaraswathi{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Opening credits from 01:25 to 03:05}}
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Kandasamy Padayatchi<ref name="MRReview" />
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Padayatchi's assistant{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Opening credits from 01:25 to 03:05}}
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Balasaraswathi's aunt{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Opening credits from 01:25 to 03:05}}
* [[Yugi Sethu]] as Uthaman<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=5 February 2010 |title=Content is king |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2010/02/05/26/Ar02600.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=147160&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnbe%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESivam%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410134013/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH%2F2010%2F02%2F05%2F26%2FAr02600.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=147160&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnbe%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESivam%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=10 April 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as the Ichchapuram railway station master<ref name="MRReview" />
* [[Vichu Vishwanath|Vishwanath]] as Padayatchi's assistant{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Closing credits from 02:39:35 to 02:39:45}}
* [[Balu Anand]] as T. Balaji, the train ticket checker for the Coromandel Express<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2016 |title=Actor Balu Anand passes away |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-balu-anand-passes-away/article8686086.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606145950/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-balu-anand-passes-away/article8686086.ece |archive-date=6 June 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Ilavarasu]] as a police inspector and aide of Padayatchi<ref name="MRReview" />
* [[Muthukaalai]] as a roadside drunkard{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Closing credits from 02:39:35 to 02:39:45}}
* [[Uma Riyaz Khan]] as Mehrunissa<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Vidya |date=26 April 2017 |title=Not just a star wife: Uma |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/260417/not-just-a-star-wife-uma.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430160205/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/260417/not-just-a-star-wife-uma.html |archive-date=30 April 2017 |access-date=30 April 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
* [[Pasi Sathya]] as a tea stall owner<ref name="MRReview" />
* [[Poo Ramu|Ramu]] as a street theatre performer<ref>{{Cite web |last=மாதேவன் |first=சந்தோஷ் |date=18 April 2019 |title='''அன்பே சிவம்' கமல் கதாபாத்திரம் என்னுடையதுதான்..!'' – 'பூ' ராமு |trans-title="The character played by Kamal in ''Anbe Sivam'' is actually based on me!" – 'Poo' Ramu |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/155390-an-exclusive-interview-with-actor-poo-ramu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165330/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/155390-an-exclusive-interview-with-actor-poo-ramu |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Chelladurai]] as a villager{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Closing credits from 02:39:35 to 02:39:45}}
* [[Nellai Siva]] as a villager{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Closing credits from 02:39:35 to 02:39:45}}
* [[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]] as a villager{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Closing credits from 02:39:35 to 02:39:45}}
;Uncredited
* [[Poovilangu Mohan]] as a grieving father{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Appearance from 02:16:50 to 02:17:20}}
* [[Kalairani]] as a grieving mother{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Appearance from 02:16:50 to 02:17:21}}
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]] as a union worker{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Appearance from 02:18:10 to 02:18:31}}
* [[Kovai Senthil]] as a villager{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Appearance from 00:45:11 to 00:45:23}}
* [[Madhan (writer)|Madhan]] as himself<ref name="AS16" />
* Sujatha Narayanan as a tea shop owner who helps Nallasivam<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandni |first=U. |date=24 March 2016 |title=Expert Juggler of Trades Revels in Her Bliss |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Expert-Juggler-of-Trades-Revels-in-Her-Bliss/2016/03/24/article3342669.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331080817/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Expert-Juggler-of-Trades-Revels-in-Her-Bliss/2016/03/24/article3342669.ece |archive-date=31 March 2016 |access-date=31 March 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* Vasanthi as a street theatre performer<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2022 |title=அன்பே சிவம் திரைப்படத்தில் ஏஜென்ட் டினா ! இணையத்தில் படுவைரலான புகைப்படம்.. |trans-title=Agent Tina in ''Anbe Sivam''! The photo has gone viral on the internet.. |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/agent-tina-in-anbe-sivam-movie-1655276605 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622233955/https://cineulagam.com/article/agent-tina-in-anbe-sivam-movie-1655276605 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=Cineulagam |language=ta}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In the late 1990s, Kamal Haasan narrated the premise of a film to the director [[K. S. Ravikumar]] as they sought to collaborate following ''[[Avvai Shanmugi]]'' (1996). The initial script followed two men who meet in a train, quarrel, become friends and ultimately, one of them sacrifices everything for the other man. One individual was a [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] communist, while the other was a person who followed a right-wing political belief. Haasan had wanted to act in the film alongside [[Mohanlal]], but Ravikumar refused the opportunity, saying it was not his usual film genre of expertise.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |date=26 October 2020 |title=#20YearsOfThenali: The film which made Kamal Haasan Ulaga Nayagan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/20yearsofthenali-the-film-which-made-kamal-haasan-ulaga-nayagan/articleshow/78876089.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028123344/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/20yearsofthenali-the-film-which-made-kamal-haasan-ulaga-nayagan/articleshow/78876089.cms |archive-date=28 October 2020 |access-date=3 December 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Haasan and Ravikumar instead moved on to work on a different project titled ''[[Thenali]]'' (2000) and chose to make the film's title character a Sri Lankan Tamil as discussed in the earlier script.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2020 |title=17 Years of Anbe Sivam: A nostalgic look-back at Kamal Haasan 's heartfelt ode to love & humanity; 50+ lesser-known facts |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/jan/21/17-years-of-anbe-sivam-a-nostalgic-look-back-at-kamal-haasan-s-heartfelt-ode-to-love--humanity-5-864--1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203222741/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/jan/21/17-years-of-anbe-sivam-a-nostalgic-look-back-at-kamal-haasan-s-heartfelt-ode-to-love--humanity-5-864--3.html |archive-date=3 December 2020 |access-date=3 December 2020 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

After completing the draft for the film's script with alterations in early 2002, Haasan approached the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] filmmaker [[Priyadarshan]] to direct it. The two men were keen to work together since the late 1990s, and upon reading the script, Priyadarshan believed that it had the potential to be an "emotional love story".<ref name="SWP" /> The film's title ''Anbe Sivam'' was derived from the [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] saint [[Tirumular]]'s poem ''[[Tirumantiram]]''.<ref name="SRAKMR" /> In June 2002, Priyadarshan opted out of the project owing to creative differences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |date=14 June 2002 |title=Priyadarshan out of Kamal's film |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jun/14priyan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325143149/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jun/14priyan.htm |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=25 March 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Sundar C]] came in as a replacement to work on the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=5 May 2012 |title=It's all fun and frolic |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/its-all-fun-and-frolic/article3387502.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328075229/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/its-all-fun-and-frolic/article3387502.ece |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Anbe Sivam'' was co-produced and distributed by V. Swaminathan, K.{{nbsp}}Muralitharan and G.{{nbsp}}Venugopal under the production banner of [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]].{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Opening credits from 01:25 to 03:05}}<ref name="BH" />

=== Cast and crew ===
In addition to being the film's writer, Haasan also played the central character, Nallasivam. Madhavan was selected to play Anbarasu in January 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |date=19 January 2002 |title=Kamal, Madhavan: Boys just wanna have fun |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jan/19kamal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325142732/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jan/19kamal.htm |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=25 March 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> According to Kiran Rathod, she received a phone call from Haasan's office informing her that she was offered the role of Balasaraswathi, which she accepted.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=6 November 2014 |title=How I met Kamal Haasan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/how-i-met-kamal-haasan/article6570994.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325141010/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/how-i-met-kamal-haasan/article6570994.ece |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=25 March 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Rathod's voice in the film was dubbed by the singer [[Anuradha Sriram]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2011 |title=Did You Know? |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2011/04/23&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar03005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108102952/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH%2F2011%2F04%2F23&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar03005 |archive-date=8 January 2018 |access-date=8 January 2018 |work=The Times of India |location=Chennai |pages=30}}</ref> Uma Riyaz Khan played the role of Nallasivam's friend and professional colleague, Mehrunissa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Papri |date=30 May 2013 |title=This mommy rocks! |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130530/entertainment-kollywood/article/mommy-rocks |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619114816/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130530/entertainment-kollywood/article/mommy-rocks |archive-date=19 June 2015 |access-date=25 March 2016 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> In a 2019 interview with ''[[The Indian Express]]'', the film's script assistant and costume designer, Sujatha Narayanan, revealed that [[Nandita Das]] and [[Shobana]] were the original choices for Balasaraswathi and Mehrunissa respectively and that both of them declined due to schedule conflicts.<ref name="AS16" />

{{Blockquote|text = He [Kamal] came over to me and said, 'Madhavan, I have seen some of your work and they were good.' [...] Then he continued, 'I have something for you. We should catch up!' [...] that was how ''Anbe Sivam'' happened.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |date=30 May 2008 |title=After Anbe Sivam, I became a hardcore Kamal fan |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/30maddy.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326021810/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/may/30maddy.htm |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>|author = Madhavan on how he was cast in ''Anbe Sivam''}}

The actors Nassar and Santhana Bharathi played the roles of Kandasamy Padaiyatchi and his assistant, respectively, while cartoonist Madhan featured in a cameo appearance as himself in addition to writing the film's dialogues.<ref name="BH" />{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Opening credits from 50:35 to 56:45}} Screenwriter [[Crazy Mohan]] also collaborated with Haasan on writing some dialogues for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2020 |title=On 'Crazy' Mohan's death anniversary, Kamal Haasan reminisces about their time together |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/crazy-mohans-death-anniversary-kamal-haasan-reminisces-about-their-time-together-126347 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203224050/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/crazy-mohans-death-anniversary-kamal-haasan-reminisces-about-their-time-together-126347 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |access-date=3 December 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> In an interview with S.{{nbsp}}R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' in 2006, Bharathi considered both ''Anbe Sivam'' and ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' (1990) to be the favourite roles of his career.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=16 November 2006 |title=This character artist's first love is direction |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/this-character-artists-first-love-is-direction/article3048491.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328064501/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/this-character-artists-first-love-is-direction/article3048491.ece |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

[[Arthur A. Wilson]], [[M. Prabhaharan]] and [[P. Sai Suresh]] handled the film's cinematography, art direction and editing, respectively.{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Opening credits from 01:25 to 03:05}}<ref name="MRReview" /> [[Brinda Master|Brinda]], [[Chinni Prakash]] and [[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]] were in charge of the choreography while the stunt sequences were co-ordinated by [[Vikram Dharma]].<ref name="SRAK" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=மாணிக்கம் |first=காவேரி |title=ஆட்ட நாயகன்! |trans-title=King of Dance! |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/cinemaexpress/story.aspx?Title=%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F+%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D!&artid=112043&SectionID=144&MainSectionID=144&SectionName=Fashion&SEO= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160909091120/http://web.archive.org/web/20160328094215/http://www.cinemaexpress.com/cinemaexpress/story.aspx?Title=%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F்ட+நாயகன்!&artid=112043&SectionID=144&MainSectionID=144&SectionName=Fashion&SEO= |archive-date=9 September 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> Muthulakshmi Varadhan, Bharathi's sister-in-law, worked as an assistant editor in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |last2=Ramanujam |first2=Srinivasa |last3=Bharathan |first3=Bijoy |last4=Lakshmi |first4=V. |last5=Panikker |first5=Rohit |last6=Abudul Kareem |first6=Rehan |date=8 March 2012 |title=Meet The Path-Breakers |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2012/03/08/26/Ar02600.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=451459&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnbe%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESivam%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410081243/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH%2F2012%2F03%2F08%2F26%2FAr02600.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=451459&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnbe%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESivam%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=10 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The make-up for Haasan's scars was designed by [[Michael Westmore]] and Anil Pemgirkar.<ref name="SRAK" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=15 October 2004 |title=From Texas to tinsel town |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/15/stories/2004101502460500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328085847/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/15/stories/2004101502460500.htm |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In May 2002, Haasan completed the makeup for his character Nallasivam in Los Angeles after filming the song sequences for ''[[Panchatanthiram]]'' (2002).<ref name="SRAKMR" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |date=3 May 2002 |title=Harrowing time in Toronto |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300320300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326092734/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300320300.htm |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |date=30 April 2002 |title=What it means to be Kamal Haasan |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/apr/30kamal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326093732/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/apr/30kamal.htm |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] for ''Anbe Sivam'' commenced in July 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |date=16 July 2002 |title='I'm working to clear debts' |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/16kamal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325143520/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/16kamal.htm |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=25 March 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> The first scene featuring the lead actors was shot at [[Pollachi Junction railway station]]. Haasan and Madhavan interacted closely during the initial stages of the shoot to ensure that the on-screen chemistry between the pair was apparent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |date=23 September 2002 |title=Facing the camera with The Legend |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/23kamal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326014654/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/23kamal.htm |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

''Anbe Sivam'' was shot on a restricted budget of {{INR}}120 million, with the train and bus disaster sequences involving the use of settings and [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]].<ref name="bg" />{{efn|name=exchange2003}} Madhavan, who began shooting his portions in September 2002,<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |date=20 September 2002 |title='It's an out-and-out Madhavan film!' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/sep/20mad.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170106105356/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/sep/20mad.htm |archive-date=6 January 2017 |access-date=6 January 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> stated the film was shot in relatively empty locations.<ref name="SKJRediff" /> The flood scenes set in [[Odisha]] were re-created with outdoor sets consisting of city roads submerged under water erected in the Odisha-[[Andhra Pradesh]] border.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 March 2005 |title=Tsunami Premonitions |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIM/2005/03/29/36/Ar03600.xml&CollName=TOI_MUMBAI_ARCHIVE&DOCID=434728&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnbe%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESivam%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411073938/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIM%2F2005%2F03%2F29%2F36%2FAr03600.xml&CollName=TOI_MUMBAI_ARCHIVE&DOCID=434728&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnbe%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESivam%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=11 April 2016 |access-date=11 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Filming also took place in Chennai, [[Visakhapatnam]] and on the [[Tamil Nadu]]-[[Karnataka]] border.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=14 January 2003 |title=Madhavan makes his move |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/14/stories/2003011400390400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326014557/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/14/stories/2003011400390400.htm |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> For a brief sequence in the "Naatukkoru Seithi" song, Haasan learnt how to play the [[thavil]], a barrel-shaped percussion instrument, over three weeks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=14 November 2019 |title=Sundar C: 'My biggest achievement is surviving 24 years in Tamil cinema' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sundar-c-my-biggest-achievement-is-surviving-24-years-in-tamil-cinema/article29972563.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803021238/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sundar-c-my-biggest-achievement-is-surviving-24-years-in-tamil-cinema/article29972563.ece |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=2 December 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The pre-climax scenes were filmed in what was then known as the [[Campa Cola]] compound in Guindy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=6 November 2016 |title=What you learn just by watching Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/nov/06/what-you-learn-just-by-watching-kamal-haasan-1535684.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108142018/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/nov/06/what-you-learn-just-by-watching-kamal-haasan-1535684.html |archive-date=8 November 2016 |access-date=8 November 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The climax scenes were filmed in a single take.<ref name="AS16" />

== Themes and influences ==
''Anbe Sivam'' follows the events of a journey from Bhubaneswar to Chennai undertaken by two men of contrasting personalities: Nallasivam, a physically challenged and witty socialist, and Anbarasu, a commercial director who supports [[capitalism]] and [[Globalization|globalisation]].<ref name="Pujaafive" /> Due to unforeseen circumstances, the two are forced to undertake the journey together.<ref name="Sify Review" /> Throughout the narrative, a series of themes pertaining to [[communism]],{{efn|Nalla and Aras argue about the topics at the Ichchapuram railway station.{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Clip from 1:46:40 to 1:50:40}}|name=Topic}} compassion, globalisation,{{efn|name=Topic}} [[atheism]], and [[altruism]]{{efn|Aras donates blood to save a boy injured in a train accident from dying.{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Clip from 2:02:00 to 2:11:00}}}} are addressed; the film also showcases Haasan's views as a [[Humanism|humanist]].<ref name="Pujaafive" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2013 |title=After 'Ninaithale Inikkum', Haasan's 'Anbe Sivam' May Get a Re-Release |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/after-039ninaithale-inikkum039-kamal039s-039anbe-sivam039-may-get-a-re-release-507926 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327135713/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/after-039ninaithale-inikkum039-kamal039s-039anbe-sivam039-may-get-a-re-release-507926 |archive-date=27 March 2016 |access-date=27 March 2016 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> According to Haasan, the characterisation of Nallasivam was inspired by the life of Communist playwright, actor, director, lyricist and theorist [[Safdar Hashmi]], who was chiefly associated with his work on [[street theatre]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nayar |first=Mandira |date=14 January 2003 |title=No branding please... |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2003/01/14/stories/2003011400910200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517020841/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2003/01/14/stories/2003011400910200.htm |archive-date=17 May 2016 |access-date=17 May 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Hashmi died on 2 January 1989 after being attacked by members of the [[Indian National Congress]] while staging a play, ''Halla Bol''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Tanushree |date=24 February 2014 |title=Halla Bol: Of the people, by the people |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/drX89IpmCMTnyZpu5mowmM/Halla-Bol--Of-the-people-by-the-people.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517021134/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/drX89IpmCMTnyZpu5mowmM/Halla-Bol--Of-the-people-by-the-people.html |archive-date=17 May 2016 |access-date=17 May 2016 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> S.{{nbsp}}Anand of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' magazine notes that Haasan's views on humanism in the film also seemed to be inspired by those of [[Charlie Chaplin]].<ref name="Outlook" /> M. Kalyanaraman and Abdullah Nurullah of ''[[The Times of India]]'' opined that Nallasivam shared similar characteristics with street theatre artist Pralayan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalyanaraman & Abdullah Nurullah |first=M. |last2=Nurullah |first2=Abdullah |date=18 November 2015 |title=Is Kamal trending lotus? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Is-Kamal-trending-lotus/articleshow/49824678.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606135513/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Is-Kamal-trending-lotus/articleshow/49824678.cms |archive-date=6 June 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> According to Kalyanaraman, ''Anbe Sivam'' proposes that man can make morally superior choices when he comes face to face with death. As a result, Haasan indicates that the belief of "[[Shiva|Siva]] is love" is the "final stage of evolution of man into God".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalyanaraman |first=M. |date=8 May 2015 |title=The spiritual Kamal Hassan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/The-spiritual-Kamal-Hassan/articleshow/47204923.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161127164445/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/The-spiritual-Kamal-Hassan/articleshow/47204923.cms |archive-date=27 November 2016 |access-date=10 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

[[File:Palacio de Bellas Artes - Mural El Hombre in cruce de caminos Rivera 4.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Painting by Diego Rivera|Mexican painter [[Diego Rivera]]'s [[fresco]], ''[[Man at the Crossroads]]'' served as an inspiration for Nallasivam's painting to indicate the atrocities committed by Kandasamy Padayatchi.<ref name="NS" />]]
The film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]], in his review of another Haasan film, ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' (2013), found the ethnicity of the characters in the film to be a continuation of Haasan's inclusion of non-Tamil characters in his films. Rangan considered this to be Haasan's acknowledgement of the "interconnectedness of the nation" and "the world beyond India". He noted in his article that Haasan had experimented with the concept before by including the usage of [[Bengali language]] and meeting [[Bengalis]] in ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]'' (1994), a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking love interest in ''[[Nammavar]]'' (1994), marrying a Bengali woman in ''[[Hey Ram]]'' (2000), conducting investigations with an American associate in ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'' (2006), and marriage to a [[French people|Frenchwoman]] in ''[[Manmadan Ambu]]'' (2010). Rangan notes that in ''Anbe Sivam'', the inclusion of and interaction with the [[Odia people]] was another example of including non-Tamil characters in his films.<ref name="Rangan" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=8 February 2013 |title=Vishwaroopam: Terror messages |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/vishwaroopam-terror-messages/article4392667.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331152158/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/vishwaroopam-terror-messages/article4392667.ece |archive-date=31 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Rangan also compared Haasan's fight sequence with the use of an umbrella to the way he used a book and stool in ''[[Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey]]'' (1983).<ref name="Rangan" />

The basic plot of ''Anbe Sivam'' was reported to have similarities with the 1987 [[Road movie|road film]], ''[[Planes, Trains and Automobiles]]'' directed by [[John Hughes (filmmaker)|John Hughes]], which starred [[Steve Martin]] and [[John Candy]]. The critics noted Haasan and Madhavan's character share similar traits to that of the roles played by Candy and Martin in that film, respectively.<ref name="Sify Review" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2022 |title=19 International films Inspired Kamal Haasan movies...? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/14-hollywood-inspired-kamal-haasan-movies/photostory/92260775.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165333/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/14-hollywood-inspired-kamal-haasan-movies/photostory/92260775.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The portrait painted by Nallasivam on the walls of Padayatchi's house is inspired by the Mexican painter [[Diego Rivera]]'s [[fresco]], ''[[Man at the Crossroads]]''.<ref name="NS" /> Srinivasa Ramanujam, writing for ''The Times of India'' in 2008, noted that the religious undertone in the film was similar to that of [[Rajinikanth]]'s ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' (2002).<ref name="Srinivasa Ramanujam 2008" />

== Music ==

The soundtrack album and background score for ''Anbe Sivam'' were composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] and the lyrics for the songs were written by [[Vairamuthu]] and [[P. Vijay]].<ref name="MR" /> After composing the tune for the title song, Vidyasagar explained the situation of the song to Haasan, who wanted the song to be performed in such a way that the protagonist is singing according to the situation he finds himself in. Vidyasagar suggested that Haasan should sing the song himself to achieve the desired result, which the latter accepted.<ref name="SKJRediff" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |date=17 January 2003 |title=A thoroughly enjoyable experience |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011701240300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326061156/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011701240300.htm |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "Mouname Paarvayai" was not included in the film.<ref name="MR" /> The song "Poovaasam" is based on the ''Shuddh Sarang'' [[raga]].{{efn|According to singer [[Charulatha Mani]], the ''Shuddh Sarang'' raga closely resembles the [[Carnatic raga]], ''[[Hamsanadam]]''.<ref name="ARJCM" />}} The male portions for the reprise of "Poovaasam" were sung by [[Sriram Parthasarathy]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S. |date=20 September 2014 |title=There Can Only be One Ilaiyaraaja |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/There-Can-Only-be-One-Ilaiyaraaja/2014/09/20/article2439914.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326065007/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/There-Can-Only-be-One-Ilaiyaraaja/2014/09/20/article2439914.ece |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Clip from 1:05:15 to 1:09:40}} while the original version was sung by [[Vijay Prakash]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2015 |title=Vijay Prakash Turns Mall into Concert Hall |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Vijay-Prakash-Turns-Mall-into-Concert-Hall/2015/11/03/article3110229.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328070441/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Vijay-Prakash-Turns-Mall-into-Concert-Hall/2015/11/03/article3110229.ece |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Sadhana Sargam]] sang her portion of both versions of the song.{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Clip from 1:05:15 to 1:09:40}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anbe Sivam (2002) – Tracklist |url=http://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Anbe-Sivam-2001/4VOtd-CCoP8_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170105070518/http://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Anbe-Sivam-2001/4VOtd-CCoP8_ |archive-date=5 January 2017 |access-date=5 January 2017 |website=[[Saavn]]}}</ref>

Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu'' wrote, "Vidyasagar is scaling great heights as a composer. The theme song and the melodious {{sic|"Pon Vaasam"|nolink=y}} are pointers. Vairamuthu's lyrics deserve special mention here."<ref name="MRReview" /> Singer [[Charulatha Mani]], in her column for ''The Hindu'', "A Raga's Journey", noted, "Poovaasam" possessed "a charm that is born out of classicism incorporated in a populist piece".<ref name="ARJCM" /> Arkay of [[Rediff.com]] found the songs to be "at best, okay".<ref name="Rediff Review" /> M. Suganth of ''The Times of India'', in his review for the music album, "Lovers Special – Vol. 2–4", included "Poovaasam" among the "Hot Picks" of the album.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=17 April 2009 |title=Lovers Special – Vol. 2–4 |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2009/04/17/27/Ar02700.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=34477&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnbe%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESivam%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170105065709/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2009/04/17/27/Ar02700.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=34477&Keyword=(%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnbe%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESivam)&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=5 January 2017 |access-date=10 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 35:16
| headline = Tamil track listing
| title1 = Anbe Sivam
| extra1 = [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length1 = 4:22
| title2 = Elo Machi
| extra2 = Kamal Haasan, [[Udit Narayan]]
| length2 = 4:37
| title3 = Mouname Paarvayai
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Chandrayee
| length3 = 4:39
| title4 = Poovaasam
| extra4 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length4 = 4:30
| title5 = Naatukkoru Seithi
| extra5 = Kamal Haasan, Chandran
| length5 = 8:12
| title6 = Elo Machi
| note6 = Reprise
| extra6 = Udit Narayan, [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length6 = 4:37
| title7 = Poovaasam
| note7 = Reprise
| extra7 = [[Sriram Parthasarathy]], Sadhana Sargam
| length7 = 4:25
| all_lyrics = [[Vairamuthu]], except the song "Mouname Paarvayai" was written by [[Pa. Vijay]]
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column= singer(s)
| headline = Telugu track listing<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2003 |title=Satyame Shivam |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/satyame-shivam/r2IuLkRYMQE_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820164328/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/satyame-shivam/r2IuLkRYMQE_ |archive-date=20 August 2022 |access-date=28 February 2024 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
| title1 = Nee Roopam Chitristhunte
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Gopika Poornima]]
| title2 = Ore Bujji Bujji
| extra2 = S. P.Balasubrahmanyam, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| title3 = Nenu Shivam
| extra3 = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| title4 = Mouname Pataga
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title5 = Deshanne Melukolupaga
| extra5 = S.P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title6 = Nenu Shivam
| note6 = reprise
| extra6 = S.P. Balasubrahmanyam
}}

== Release ==
According to S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''The Hindu'', the producers were confident that ''Anbe Sivam'' would be a strong competitor at the [[50th National Film Awards]] that they had the film reviewed by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] before the end of 2002 so that they could enter the film into the annual awards list.<ref name="SRAK" />{{Sfn|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003|loc=Clip from 00:00 to 00:03}} The film was released on 15 January 2003, which coincided with the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival. It opened alongside five other films, including [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]'s ''[[Dhool]]'', [[Vijayakanth]]'s ''[[Chokka Thangam]]'', and ''[[Vaseegara]]'', which featured [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anbea Sivam (12A) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/anbea-sivam-1970 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517052505/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/anbea-sivam-1970 |archive-date=17 May 2016 |access-date=17 May 2016 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref><ref name="SRAK" />

''Anbe Sivam'' was screened as a part of the Indian Panorama section of the [[International Film Festival of India]] in 2003.<ref name="Panorama" /> As a tribute to Safdar Hashmi, a special preview of the film was organised by Haasan in association with Safdar Hashmi Memorial Trust (SAHMAT) on 9 January 2003 at [[Siri Fort Auditorium]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2003 |title=Kamal Haasan Pays Tribute to Safdar Hashmi Anbe Sivam Film Preview Show Held By SAHMAT |url=http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2003/0119/01192003_anbesivam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517025109/http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2003/0119/01192003_anbesivam.htm |archive-date=17 May 2016 |access-date=17 May 2016 |work=[[People's Democracy (newspaper)|People's Democracy]]}}</ref> The film was dubbed into Telugu as ''Sathyame Sivam'' and released on 28 February 2003.<ref name="Jeevi" /> It was dubbed into Hindi as ''Shivam'' and was released two years later in 2005. After the release of the original Tamil version, the dubbing rights for the Hindi version were sold at a low price, much to the irritation of the lead actors as they were not able to dub for themselves in Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2005 |title='Anbe Sivam' in Hindi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anbe-sivam-in-hindi-news-tamil-kkfv6gjbbhf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328122006/http://www.sify.com/movies/anbe-sivam-in-hindi-news-tamil-kkfv6gjbbhf.html |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Baradwaj Rangan described the film as "Kamal's latest solo attempt to bend, twist, shape-shift [[Tamil cinema]] into forms never-before seen."<ref name="Rangan" /> In his review of the film's DVD, M. Suganth, writing for ''The Times of India'', called it "one of the finest movies of the decade" and praised the story, screenplay and dialogues before terming the film as "a modern classic".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=2 May 2008 |title=Anbe Sivam (Drama/Comedy) |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2008/05/02/52/Ar05200.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2008&DOCID=9635&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnbe%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESivam%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170105065738/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2008/05/02/52/Ar05200.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2008&DOCID=9635&Keyword=(%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnbe%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESivam)&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=5 January 2017 |access-date=10 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Reviewing the Telugu dubbed version, ''Sathyame Sivam'', Jeevi of [[Idlebrain.com]] said that "this art-kind-of film does entertain the people who love Kamal Hassan flicks" while concluding that it "would remain as one of the good films made in the recent times".<ref name="Jeevi" />

Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu'' believed that "well-defined characters, a strong storyline and intelligent screenplay" were the film's "vital ingredients". She further complimented Haasan's treatment of the story, and that his "diligence that has gone into the chiselling of the story and screenplay is only too evident" while calling the film "a laudable effort".<ref name="MRReview" /> P.{{nbsp}}Devarajan of ''[[Business Line]]'' appreciated Haasan's performance and facial expressions and concluded his review by stating, "This man has intrigued me and will always."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devarajan |first=P. |date=14 July 2004 |title=The world of movies |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/07/14/stories/2004071400272000.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328061025/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/07/14/stories/2004071400272000.htm |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> Another critic from ''The Hindu'', Gudipoodi Srihari, appreciated the pair of Haasan and Madhavan, noting that the duo "make a fine combination of pals each with different mental make up, but goodness overflowing."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |date=4 March 2003 |title=Worth watching |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/04/stories/2003030400270400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612091518/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/04/stories/2003030400270400.htm |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=12 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Sujatha Narayanan, in a retrospective review for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' commended Haasan's writing and Madhan's dialogue, finding them to be "peppered with sharp wit, trivia and emotional depth."<ref name="SNNIE" /> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "Sensitive and touching, light-hearted and {{sic|humo|urous}}, it's a film to be watched".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Anbe Sivam |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov242.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405122248/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov242.asp |archive-date=5 April 2005 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Anu of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the acting of Kamal Haasan and Madhavan, cinematography and dialogues but felt lengthy dialogues about god will bore audience and also found street drama too lengthy and concluded calling the film as eno salt for indigestion after watching films on police-goon and teenage love.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=அனு |date=26 January 2003 |title=அன்பே சிவம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-01-26/page/8/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230122062252/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-01-26/page/8/mode/2up |archive-date=22 January 2023 |access-date=24 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=8–9 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Jayalakshmi K. of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Love is God, the title says, and that is what this film is all about. This truth is told effortlessly in a simple story spun by the superstar himself. The film, directed by Sunder C, is a moving story that unfolds during a troubled journey that throws together two diametrically opposite personalities in circumstances that bring them close to each other and to the realities of life".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan19/filmr.asp|title=ANBE SIVAM (Tamil)|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|last=K.|first=Jayalakshmi|date=19 January 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030817183906/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan19/filmr.asp|archive-date=17 August 2003|access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref>

A reviewer from [[Sify]], in comparison, labelled the film as "average", stating that it was "another predictable and corny film which is neither a comedy caper nor a class act."<ref name="Sify Review" /> Similarly, Arkay of Rediff.com praised the performances of the lead cast but wrote the film "tries to do too many things, and ends up failing at most, if not all, of them."<ref name="Rediff Review" /> S.{{nbsp}}Anand of ''Outlook'' felt the film's thematic ideas of communism were presented in a "clichéd" manner, and summarised by saying, "If Rajnikant staked claim to divinity on a right-wing plank with ''Baba'', Kamal does it with pretensions to rationalist-left rhetoric."<ref name="Outlook" />

=== Box office ===
During the first week of its theatrical run, an analysis by [[Sudhish Kamath]] of ''The Hindu'' showed the film to have grossed {{INR}}13.1 million in Chennai alone.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=22 January 2003 |title=New maths for the box office |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/01/22/stories/2003012200790200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331154622/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/01/22/stories/2003012200790200.htm |archive-date=31 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{efn|name=exchange2003}} Despite this, the film [[Box-office bomb|underperformed]] at the box office and incurred heavy losses for Lakshmi Movie Makers, effectively stopping them from investing in other ventures for the year 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Govardan |first=D. |date=26 August 2003 |title=Tamil films enter hit zone in 2003 |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-08-26/news/27560133_1_tamil-film-ratnam-kavithalaya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140308224817/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-08-26/news/27560133_1_tamil-film-ratnam-kavithalaya |archive-date=8 March 2014 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> An estimate by D.{{nbsp}}Govardan of ''[[The Economic Times]]'' places the losses at {{INR}}65 million,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Govardan |first=D. |date=22 April 2003 |title=Funds elude Kamal Hassan's mega flick |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-04-22/news/27562298_1_kamal-hassan-rajkamal-films-international-sandiyar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140308224811/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-04-22/news/27562298_1_kamal-hassan-rajkamal-films-international-sandiyar |archive-date=8 March 2014 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>{{efn|name=exchange2003}} while Arun Ram of ''[[India Today]]'' states the losses incurred to be {{INR}}50 million.<ref name="bg" /><ref name="fs" />{{efn|name=exchange2003}} Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''The Times of India'' compared the film's failure at the box office to that of ''Baba''.<ref name="Srinivasa Ramanujam 2008" /> Both K. Muralitharan and Haasan defended the film's failure by blaming [[copyright infringement|video piracy]], with the latter stating that "lots of people saw it, but they didn't pay".<ref name="fs" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Priya |date=13 March 2005 |title=The Colour of My Cinema |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIBG/2005/03/13/29/Ar02900.xml&CollName=TOI_BANGALORE_ARCHIVE&DOCID=285679&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnbe%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESivam%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411072313/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOIBG%2F2005%2F03%2F13%2F29%2FAr02900.xml&CollName=TOI_BANGALORE_ARCHIVE&DOCID=285679&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnbe%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESivam%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=11 April 2016 |access-date=11 April 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="font-size: 103%;"
|-
! scope="col"|Award
! scope="col"|Date of ceremony
! scope="col"|Category
! scope="col"|Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col"|Result
! scope="col" class="sortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="4" | [[51st Filmfare Awards South|12 June 2004]]
| [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Special Jury Award]]
| {{sort|Muralitharan|K. Muralitharan}}, V. Swaminathan, G. Venugopal
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2004 |title=51st Annual Manikchand Filmfare Award winners |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/51st-Annual-Manikchand-Filmfare-Award-winners/articleshow/718496.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150126140422/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/51st-Annual-Manikchand-Filmfare-Award-winners/articleshow/718496.cms |archive-date=26 January 2015 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite episode |title=51st Filmfare Awards South |series=Filmfare Awards |network=[[The Times Group]] |date=12 June 2004}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film]]
| {{sort|Muralitharan|K. Muralitharan}}, V. Swaminathan, G. Venugopal
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{sort|Madhavan|[[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | South Indian Cinematographers Association (SICA) Awards
| rowspan="3" | 23 November 2003
| Best Actor
| {{sort|Haasan|Kamal Haasan}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=K. |date=26 November 2003 |title=Glamour, song, dance and stars |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/11/26/stories/2003112602720200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328132448/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/11/26/stories/2003112602720200.htm |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Supporting Actor
| {{sort|Madhavan|Madhavan}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Art Director
| {{sort|Prabhaharan|[[M. Prabhaharan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|rowspan="2" | 30 September 2004
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Madhavan|Madhavan}}<br /><small>(also for ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' and ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'')</small>
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center; "rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2004 |title=6 film artistes win top award |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/10/01/stories/2004100112290500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517093126/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/10/01/stories/2004100112290500.htm |archive-date=17 May 2016 |access-date=17 May 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Make-up Artist|Best Make-up Artist]]
| {{sort|Rajan|V. P. Rajan}}
| {{won}}
|}

== Legacy ==
{{Quote box
|title =
|quote = There's only one artiste in the whole Universe (!). It's Kamal Hassan. Without him there's no cinema. Have you watched ''Anbe Sivam''?
|source = Actor [[Nagesh]] in an interview with Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu'' on whom he considered to be "the best actor".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=27 July 2007 |title=Behind that humorous veneer |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/behind-that-humorous-veneer/article2273149.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328065205/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/behind-that-humorous-veneer/article2273149.ece |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|width = 35%
|align = right
}}

Following its release, ''Anbe Sivam'' has attained [[cult film|cult status]] in Tamil cinema and receives re-runs on television channels.<ref name="SNNIE" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=1 July 2015 |title=Happy Birthday Madhavan: 6 roles that prove he has an amazing acting range |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-madhavan-6-roles-that-prove-he-has-an-amazing-acting-range-999699.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170105071022/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-madhavan-6-roles-that-prove-he-has-an-amazing-acting-range-999699.html |archive-date=5 January 2017 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 2015 |title=Happy 61st Birthday Kamal Haasan: The actor's top roles |url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-60th-birthday-kamal-haasan-top-roles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105071355/http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-60th-birthday-kamal-haasan-top-roles/ |archive-date=5 January 2017 |access-date=19 May 2016 |work=The Indian Express |pages=13}}</ref> When the film was in post-production, Haasan revealed to film critic and journalist Subhash K. Jha that he was impressed with Madhavan's enthusiasm and performance during the making of the film, subsequently signing him to appear as the protagonist in his production venture, ''[[Nala Damayanthi (2003 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]'' (2003).<ref name="SKJRediff" /> In 2025, ''Anbe Sivam'' was selected as one of the 25 best Indian films of the 21st century by ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]''.<ref name="THR">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-10 |title=THR India's 25 in 25: The Best Indian Movies of the 21st Century |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/the-best-indian-movies-of-the-21st-century |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |archive-date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115030120/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/the-best-indian-movies-of-the-21st-century |url-status=dead |language=en |access-date=25 March 2026 }}</ref>

Baradwaj Rangan wrote that ''Anbe Sivam'' was "leagues ahead of the average Tamil{{snds}}why, even Indian{{snds}}film", though he felt that "the masses were unwilling to accept the experimental nature of the film", while talking about the film's box office failure.<ref name="Rangan" /> During his acceptance speech after winning the [[Vijay Award for Best Director]] in 2010 for ''[[Naan Kadavul]]'' (2009), director [[Bala (director)|Bala]] revealed that a scene in ''Anbe Sivam'' where Haasan says to Madhavan, "when we love others unconditionally without any expectation, we become Gods", inspired him to make his film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |date=1 June 2010 |title=''Anbe Sivam'' inspired me: Bala |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anbe-sivam-inspired-me-bala-news-tamil-kkfq35ahjhg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328061453/http://www.sify.com/movies/anbe-sivam-inspired-me-bala-news-tamil-kkfq35ahjhg.html |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Bala also made a reference to ''Anbe Sivam'' in his 2003 film, ''[[Pithamagan]]'', in a scene where [[Suriya]]'s character goes for a screening of the film with his friends.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2009 |title=The Times of India – Did You Know? |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2009/04/07/23/Ar02302.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=31318&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnbe%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESivam%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170105065754/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2009/04/07/23/Ar02302.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=31318&Keyword=(%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnbe%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESivam)&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=5 January 2017 |access-date=10 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> A dialogue told by Haasan to Madhavan, "Do you know what a [[tsunami]] is? ''Periya alai illa{{nbsp}}... malai''." (It's not just a big wave{{nbsp}}... it's a mountain) also attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |last2=Menon |first2=Vishal |date=7 November 2016 |title=What did Kamal Haasan teach us? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/What-did-Kamal-Haasan-teach-us/article16439215.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105014954/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/What-did-Kamal-Haasan-teach-us/article16439215.ece |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=31 October 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In 2008, S.{{nbsp}}R. Ashok Kumar of ''The Hindu'' listed ''Anbe Sivam'' among the "top five directorial ventures of Sundar{{nbsp}}C."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=28 March 2008 |title=Heading for a hat trick? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/heading-for-a-hat-trick/article1433672.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328065541/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/heading-for-a-hat-trick/article1433672.ece |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> In a 2008 interview with ''The Times of India'', Sundar{{nbsp}}C. stated that ''Anbe Sivam'' "changed [him] personally and professionally", making him a more confident person and altering his outlook towards life.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2008 |title=A producer's delight! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/A-producers-delight/articleshow/3467611.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170105070908/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/A-producers-delight/articleshow/3467611.cms |archive-date=5 January 2017 |access-date=10 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> He later contradicted his statement after revealing that the film's failure led him to become almost bankrupt and he remained unpaid for his work. The [[Income Tax Department]] froze his bank accounts for a year as he was not able to pay his taxes. He admitted that while he received praises for the film after its theatrical run, he would not make a film similar to ''Anbe Sivam'' any more and that he chose to continue making commercial cinema, which he felt better matched his interests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2014 |title=அன்பே சிவம் படத்தினால் என் சொத்துக்களை இழந்தேன் – வேதனைப்பட்ட சுந்தர் சி! |trans-title=I lost my property due to Anbe Sivam – An upset Sundar C! |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/18919/cinema/Kollywood/I-lost-my-property-due-to-Anbe-Sivam-says-Sundar.C.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714130237/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/18919/cinema/Kollywood/I-lost-my-property-due-to-Anbe-Sivam-says-Sundar.C.htm |archive-date=14 July 2016 |access-date=14 July 2016 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2013 |title="அன்பே சிவம் மாதிரியான படங்களை இனி இயக்கமாட்டேன்" – சுந்தர்.சி! |trans-title="I will not direct films like Anbe Sivam anymore" – Sundar C! |url=http://cinema.nakkheeran.in/Talkies.aspx?T=2085 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316033755/http://cinema.nakkheeran.in/Talkies.aspx?T=2085 |archive-date=16 March 2013 |access-date=13 April 2016 |website=[[Nakkheeran]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> In 2013, Haricharan Pudipeddi of the [[Indo-Asian News Service]] agency, included ''Anbe Sivam'' in his list of "Kamal's most underrated films". He believed the reason for the film's commercial failure was that audiences misunderstood the "sarcastic undertones associated with atheism".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=7 November 2013 |title=On his 59th b'day, Kamal Haasan's most underrated films |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/on-his-59th-b-day-kamal-haasan-s-most-underrated-films-news-national-nlhk4gceibgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327132456/http://www.sify.com/movies/on-his-59th-b-day-kamal-haasan-s-most-underrated-films-news-national-nlhk4gceibgsi.html |archive-date=27 March 2016 |access-date=27 March 2016 |work=Sify |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> On Haasan's birthday, 7 November 2015, Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' considered ''Anbe Sivam'' to be one of the "films you must watch to grasp the breadth of Kamal Haasan's repertoire".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=7 November 2015 |title=Birthday special: Films you must watch to grasp the breadth of Kamal Haasan's repertoire |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-films-you-must-watch-to-grasp-the-breadth-of-kamal-haasan-s-repertoire-2143008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305111657/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-films-you-must-watch-to-grasp-the-breadth-of-kamal-haasan-s-repertoire-2143008 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> The character of Nallasivam was ranked fourth in ''The Times of India'''s list of "Kamal Haasan's top 10 mind-blowing avatars".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kamal Haasan's top 10 mind-blowing avatars |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Kamal-Haasans-top-10-mind-blowing-avatars/photostory/45058497.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170105071003/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Kamal-Haasans-top-10-mind-blowing-avatars/photostory/45058497.cms |archive-date=5 January 2017 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]'' (2004), the character Vasool Raja (Haasan), while attending a class asks whether being a doctor is equivalent to being God, and in doing so says "Anbe Venkatachalam", to which one of his classmates gently asks him, "isn't it Anbe Sivam?". Haasan retorts: "Let it be. Let's try something different for a change."<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjTlT4VEiLc |title=Vasool Raja MBBS Tamil Movie – Kamal, Sneha, Prabhu, Prakash Raj |last=Kamal Haasan |last2=Sneha |last3=Prabhu |last4=Prakash Raj |type=motion picture |year=2004 |place=India |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108212127/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjTlT4VEiLc |archive-date=8 January 2018 |url-status=dead |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The street theatre sequence featuring Nallasivam and his friends performing to make people aware of the atrocities committed by Kandasamy Padayatchi was re-created at [[Tiruchirappalli]] in 2008 by Pralayan and his troupe from "Chennai Kalai Kuzhu" under the title ''Nammal Mudiyum''. In contrast, Pralayan's play explored gender inequality and domestic violence instead of unemployment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aishwarya |first=S. |date=7 April 2008 |title=A street play in a theatre ambience |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-street-play-in-a-theatre-ambience/article1234535.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328074452/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/a-street-play-in-a-theatre-ambience/article1234535.ece |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Kannada actor [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] noted in 2010 that fellow actor [[Sudeep]]'s film ''[[Just Maath Maathalli]]'' (2010) bears resemblance to ''Anbe Sivam''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. Shiva |date=12 February 2010 |title=It's more than mere banter |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/its-more-than-mere-banter/article789113.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328072117/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/its-more-than-mere-banter/article789113.ece |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Hari Narayan, writing for ''The Hindu'' in 2014, mentions in his article on the Indian [[Rationalism|rationalist]] and author [[Narendra Dabholkar]] that [[Umesh Shukla]]'s ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]'' (2012) was "a toned down version of ''Anbe Sivam'' where rationality propels humans to find God in themselves, with flaws, which extols the virtue of becoming as much as that of being".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Hari |date=31 January 2014 |title=Fulcrum for the faithless souls |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-by-the-way/article5635194.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328073613/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-by-the-way/article5635194.ece |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> In 2015 Uthiran of ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], mentions in his review of ''[[Orange Mittai]]'' (2015) that the film's plot might remind viewers of ''Anbe Sivam''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=உதிரன் |date=31 July 2015 |title=முதல் பார்வை: ஆரஞ்சு மிட்டாய் – இனிப்பும், புளிப்பும் |trans-title=First Look: Orange Mittai – The pros and cons |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/51567-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201202040002/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/51567-.html |archive-date=2 December 2020 |access-date=2 December 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> In 2017, Ashok, who directed the comedy film ''[[Peechankai]]'', mentioned he was inspired by ''Anbe Sivam'' to become a director.<ref>{{Cite news |last=J. Rao |first=Subha |date=15 June 2017 |title=Director Ashok talks about his first feature, the quirky 'Peechaankai' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-of-peechaankai-ashok-talks-about-his-film/article19055414.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617083107/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-of-peechaankai-ashok-talks-about-his-film/article19055414.ece |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=17 June 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=16 June 2017 |title='Peechankai': the left comes to power |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/peechankai-review-the-left-comes-to-power/article19087971.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617083112/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/peechankai-review-the-left-comes-to-power/article19087971.ece |archive-date=17 June 2017 |access-date=17 June 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Film ==
* {{Cite AV media |title=Anbe Sivam |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Lakshmi Movie Makers |place=India |ref={{Sfnref|Lakshmi Movie Makers|2003}}}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Panorama">{{Cite web |title=2003 Indian Panorama |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP2003Award.aspx?PdfName=IP2003.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328100714/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP2003Award.aspx?PdfName=IP2003.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
<ref name="bg">{{Cite news |last=Ram |first=Arun |date=20 June 2005 |title=Return of the king |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19700101-with-chandramukhi-tamil-superstar-rajnikant-revives-his-fading-career-787399-2005-06-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925135648/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/with-chandramukhi-tamil-superstar-rajnikant-revives-his-fading-career/1/193427.html |archive-date=25 September 2014 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
<ref name="SWP">{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |date=24 April 2002 |title=No regrets, no remakes |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/apr/24priyan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325133257/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/apr/24priyan.htm |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=25 March 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
<ref name="SRAKMR">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |last2=Rangarajan |first2=Malathi |date=29 March 2002 |title=The long and short of it... |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/03/29/stories/2002032901230300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326092025/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/03/29/stories/2002032901230300.htm |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="BH">{{Cite web |date=13 August 2011 |title=Anbe Sivam |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517023623/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/64853/Anbe%20Sivam |archive-date=17 May 2016 |access-date=17 May 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
<ref name="AS16">{{Cite news |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S. |date=15 January 2019 |title=What makes Kamal Haasan's Anbe Sivam a timeless classic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/what-makes-kamal-haasan-anbe-sivam-a-timeless-classic-5540160/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/what-makes-kamal-haasan-anbe-sivam-a-timeless-classic-5540160/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329053429/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/what-makes-kamal-haasan-anbe-sivam-a-timeless-classic-5540160/ |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=29 March 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
<ref name="MRReview">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=17 January 2003 |title=Anbe Sivam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011701310200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326075815/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011701310200.htm |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="SRAK">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=10 January 2003 |title=Films add glamour to harvest festival |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/10/stories/2003011001100200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326081244/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/10/stories/2003011001100200.htm |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="SKJRediff">{{Cite web |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |date=9 January 2003 |title=Kamal Haasan and Madhavan on their film Anbesivam |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/09kamal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326014635/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/09kamal.htm |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2013 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
<ref name="Pujaafive">{{Cite web |last=Pujaa |first=R. |date=23 January 2014 |title=My five |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/my-five-r-pujaa/article5609403.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326143212/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/my-five-r-pujaa/article5609403.ece |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
<ref name="Sify Review">{{Cite web |title=Anbe Sivam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anbe-sivam-review-tamil-12525931.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411181523/http://www.sify.com/movies/anbe-sivam-review-tamil-12525931.html |archive-date=11 April 2014 |access-date=27 March 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Outlook">{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=S. |date=27 January 2003 |title=Anbey Sivam (Love is God) |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/anbey-sivam-love-is-god/218710 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327131901/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/anbey-sivam-love-is-god/218710 |archive-date=27 March 2016 |access-date=27 March 2016 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>
<ref name="NS">{{Cite news |last=Sivashankar |first=Nithya |date=28 August 2008 |title=And, Brahma said... |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/and-brahma-said/article1423679.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327120847/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/and-brahma-said/article1423679.ece |archive-date=27 March 2016 |access-date=27 March 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
<ref name="Rangan">{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=2 March 2003 |title=Anbe Sivam |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2003/03/02/anbe-sivam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328061721/https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2003/03/02/anbe-sivam/ |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=baradwajrangan.wordpress.com}}</ref>
<ref name="Srinivasa Ramanujam 2008">{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=13 June 2008 |title=An avatar in his own right |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/An-avatar-in-his-own-right/articleshow/3123525.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410082809/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/An-avatar-in-his-own-right/articleshow/3123525.cms |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=10 April 2016 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
<ref name="MR">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=10 November 2011 |title=The unassailable in action! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-unassailable-in-action/article2614700.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331145155/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-unassailable-in-action/article2614700.ece |archive-date=31 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
<ref name="ARJCM">{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=1 February 2013 |title=Call of the swan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/call-of-the-swan/article4368746.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326053448/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/call-of-the-swan/article4368746.ece |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
<ref name="Rediff Review">{{Cite web |last=Arkay |date=16 January 2003 |title=Why would Haasan make himself so ugly? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/16anbe.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328120741/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/16anbe.htm |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>
<ref name="Jeevi">{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=28 February 2003 |title=Sathyame Sivam |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sathyamesivam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328120937/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sathyamesivam.html |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
<ref name="SNNIE">{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=8 January 2018 |title=Films for life |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jan/08/films-for-life-1747249.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109174010/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jan/08/films-for-life-1747249.html |archive-date=9 January 2018 |access-date=9 January 2018 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
<ref name="fs">{{Cite news |last=Ram |first=Arun |date=19 May 2003 |title=Flop show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/20030519-kollywood-producer-venkateswaran-suicide-raises-fears-of-box-office-losses-empty-theatres-792887-2003-05-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328124535/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kollywood-producer-venkateswaran-suicide-raises-fears-of-box-office-losses-empty-theatres/1/206486.html |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016 |work=India Today}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Kamal Haasan}}
{{Sundar C.}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2000s avant-garde and experimental films]]
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[[Category:2003 drama films]]
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Karaikal

2026-04-10T10:27:59Z

Svetlanayrd: added a details more to come

{{About|the municipality in Puducherry, India|its namesake district|Karaikal district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karaikal
| other_name = Karikal
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/3/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Karaikal Beach JEG2443.JPG
| caption1 = [[Karaikal Beach]]
| image2 = Karaikal Ammaiyar temple karaikkal JEG2490.JPG
| caption2 = [[Karaikal Ammaiyar Temple]]
| image3 = Karaikal port.jpg
| caption3 = [[Karaikal Port]]
| image4 = THIRUNALLAR SANISWARAN TEMPLE.jpg
| caption4 = [[Tirunallar Dharbaranyeswarar Temple|Sri Dharbaranyeswarar Temple]] at [[Tirunallar]]
| image5 = Karaikal-Grand Masjid.jpg
| caption5 = Karaikal Grand Mosque
| image7 = Karaikal light house.jpg
| caption7 = Karaikal Lighthouse
| image8 = La plage de karaikal.jpg
| caption8 = [[Arasalar River]] Estuary
| image6 = Karaikal Church.jpg
| caption6 = [[Our Lady of Angels Church, Karaikal | Our Lady of Angels Church]]
| image9 = Lovely sun rise in karaikal beach road.jpg
| caption9 = Beach Road during Dawn
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Karaikal District in India along with the other districts of Pondicherry
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Karaikal in [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.932701|N|79.831853|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karaikal district|Karaikal]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Karaikal Municipality]]<br />({{lang|fr|Conseil Municipal de Karaikal}})
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 4
| population_total = 200,222
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.karaikal.gov.in/DistrictProfile/AAG_General.htm |title=Karaikal at a glance |access-date=30 December 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305020133/http://karaikal.gov.in/DistrictProfile/AAG_General.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 609601-609609
| area_code = +91-04368-
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = PY 02
| website = {{URL|www.karaikal.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Karaikal''' ({{IPAc-en|'|k|ɑːr|aɪ|k|ʌ|l}}, {{IPA|ta|kaːɾɐi̯kːaːl|lang}}, {{langx|fr|Karikal}} [[Help:IPA/French|/kaʁikal/]]) is a port city of the Indian [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-09 |title=80% work on new Karaikal – Peralam railway line over |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/80-work-on-new-karaikal-peralam-railway-line-over/articleshow/105083015.cms |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is the administrative headquarters of the [[Karaikal district|Karaikal District]] and the second most populated town in the Union Territory after [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. Located on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of [[Bay of Bengal]] in [[South India]], it is situated at the center of a coastal [[Enclave and exclave|enclave]] surrounded by the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and its Cauvery delta districts (Mayiladuthurai, Tiruvarur and Nagapattinam).

==Etymology==

The origin of the word Karaikal is uncertain. [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India|The Imperial Gazetteer of British India]] gives its meaning as 'fish pass'. Both the words 'Karai' and 'Kal' have several meanings, of which the more acceptable ones are 'lime mix' and 'canal' respectively. Hence it has been suggested that the name may mean a canal built of lime mix. However, no trace of such a canal is evident.

== History ==
{{Main|French India|Siege of Pondicherry (disambiguation){{!}}Siege of Pondicherry|History of Puducherry}}

In 1738, Karaikal was promised to the French by [[Shahuji II|Sayaji]], the exiled [[Rajah of Thanjavur]], in exchange for their assistance. However, the transfer of control only occurred in 1739 with the help of [[Chanda Sahib]] of [[Arcot State|Arcot]], when the French formally obtained the town.

In 1749, additional territories consisting of 81 villages were ceded by [[Pratap Singh of Thanjavur|Pratap Singh]] to the French during their siege of [[Thanjavur]], a grant that was confirmed by treaty in 1754. Karaikal changed hands multiple times in the following years due to conflicts between the French and the British, notably during the siege of 1760, when British forces captured the town after a ten-day defense.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |title=The Imperial Gazetteer Of India Vol 15 |date=1908 |publisher=The Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |page=39 |edition=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-15/page/38/mode/2up}}</ref>

Karaikal was eventually restored to French control in 1817 following the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The French continued to hold control, despite occasional interruptions by the British Raj, until 1954, when it was [[de facto]] incorporated into the Republic of India. Karaikal, along with the other French Indian colonies of [[Mahé, Puducherry|Mahé]], [[Yanaon]], [[Chandannagar|Chandernagor]], and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondichéry]], was [[de jure]] integrated into India in 1962.

==Geography==
Karaikal is a small coastal enclave which was formerly part of [[French India]]. Together with the other former French territories of [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Yanam district|Yanam]], and [[Mahé, India|Mahé]], it forms the Union Territory of Puducherry. Karaikal is bounded on three sides by three districts of [[Tamil Nadu]], on the North by [[Mayiladuthurai district]], on the South by [[Nagapattinam district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state, on the west by [[Tiruvarur district]] (also belonging to Tamil Nadu), and on the East by the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The enclave is located {{convert|140|km|abbr=off}} south of the city of Pondicherry, {{convert|158|km|abbr=off}} east of Trichy and is known for its rich cultural heritage.

The main branches of [[Kaveri]] below [[Kallanai Dam|Grand Anicut]] are the [[Kudamurutti River|Kudamurutti]], [[Arasalar River|Arasalar]], [[Veera Chozhan River|Virasolanar]] and the Vikramanar. Although Arasalar and its branches spread through Karaikal, the waters of Kudamurutti and Virasolanar also meet the irrigation needs of the region.

Forming a part of the fertile Kaveri delta, the region is completely covered by the distributaries of Cauvery. Covered completely by a thick mantle of alluvium of variable thickness, the lie of the region is flat having a gentle slope towards the Bay of Bengal in the east. It is limited on the north by the [[Nandalar River|Nandalar]] and on the south-east by the [[Vettar River|Vettar]]. The group of rocks known as Cuddalore formations is met with in the area contiguous to Karaikal region in Nagapattinam district.

=== Climate ===
[[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]] classifies its climate as [[tropical wet and dry climate|tropical wet and dry]] (''As'').

{{Weather box
|location = Karaikal (1991–2020, extremes 1973–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 32.2
| Feb record high C = 34.2
| Mar record high C = 37.2
| Apr record high C = 40.7
| May record high C = 42.0
| Jun record high C = 42.4
| Jul record high C = 39.5
| Aug record high C = 39.4
| Sep record high C = 38.8
| Oct record high C = 36.9
| Nov record high C = 35.9
| Dec record high C = 32.7
| year record high C = 42.4
| Jan high C = 29.0
| Feb high C = 30.4
| Mar high C = 32.2
| Apr high C = 34.2
| May high C = 36.3
| Jun high C = 36.6
| Jul high C = 36.0
| Aug high C = 35.1
| Sep high C = 34.2
| Oct high C = 32.1
| Nov high C = 29.8
| Dec high C = 28.8
| year high C = 32.9
|Jan mean C = 25.9
|Feb mean C = 26.8
|Mar mean C = 28.6
|Apr mean C = 30.6
|May mean C = 30.9
|Jun mean C = 31.4
|Jul mean C = 31.4
|Aug mean C = 30.2
|Sep mean C = 29.8
|Oct mean C = 28.8
|Nov mean C = 27.0
|Dec mean C = 26.2
| Jan low C = 22.3
| Feb low C = 23.0
| Mar low C = 24.4
| Apr low C = 26.5
| May low C = 27.2
| Jun low C = 26.8
| Jul low C = 26.5
| Aug low C = 25.8
| Sep low C = 25.5
| Oct low C = 25.0
| Nov low C = 23.9
| Dec low C = 22.8
| year low C = 25.0
| Jan record low C = 18.0
| Feb record low C = 17.8
| Mar record low C = 18.4
| Apr record low C = 20.8
| May record low C = 21.0
| Jun record low C = 20.8
| Jul record low C = 21.1
| Aug record low C = 21.0
| Sep record low C = 20.6
| Oct record low C = 20.6
| Nov record low C = 19.5
| Dec record low C = 17.8
| year record low C = 17.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 37.4
| Feb rain mm = 24.6
| Mar rain mm = 19.6
| Apr rain mm = 23.6
| May rain mm = 59.3
| Jun rain mm = 57.8
| Jul rain mm = 37.0
| Aug rain mm = 84.5
| Sep rain mm = 109.5
| Oct rain mm = 260.7
| Nov rain mm = 493.4
| Dec rain mm = 260.6
| year rain mm = 1467.9
| Jan rain days = 2.1
| Feb rain days = 1.0
| Mar rain days = 0.6
| Apr rain days = 1.2
| May rain days = 2.4
| Jun rain days = 2.4
| Jul rain days = 2.2
| Aug rain days = 4.9
| Sep rain days = 4.9
| Oct rain days = 9.8
| Nov rain days = 13.7
| Dec rain days = 8.4
| year rain days = 53.6
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 75
| Feb humidity = 72
| Mar humidity = 71
| Apr humidity = 73
| May humidity = 71
| Jun humidity = 65
| Jul humidity = 65
| Aug humidity = 70
| Sep humidity = 75
| Oct humidity = 78
| Nov humidity = 82
| Dec humidity = 79
| year humidity = 73
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Karaikal Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 391–392
| access-date = 19 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M196
| access-date = 19 March 2020}}</ref>
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43346
| title = Normals Data: Karaikal – India Latitude: 10.92°N Longitude: 79.83°E Height: 7 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Governance==

The District Collector is the official representative to the Lieutenant Governor and Chief Co-ordinator and Liaison Officer to all Government departments of Karaikal district. District Collectorate, Karaikal is the functional headquarters of Karaikal District.

Karaikal region is made up of Karaikal municipality and the [[Commune (administrative division)|Communes]] of
* [[Nedungadu]]
* [[Kottucheri|Kottucherry]]
* [[Neravy]]
* [[Thirunallar]]
* [[Tirumalarajanpattinam]]
* [[Poovam]]
* [[Varichikudy]]

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]], total population of Karaikal district is 200,222, comprising 97,809 males and 1,02,413 females. Population of the district accounts for 16.04% of the total population of Puducherry U.T. and ranks second among the districts. The literacy rate is 87.1%, with male literacy at 92.4% and female literacy at 82.0%.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/974 |title=Census of India 2011 - Puducherry UT - Series 35 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Karaikal |date=2014}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Chandra Theertham karaikal.jpg|thumb|The [[Chandra Theertham (Karaikal)|Chandra Theertham]], the city's eminent temple tank, is particularly highlighted during the ''[[Theppotsavam]]''.]]
Karaikal is renowned for its connection with [[Karaikkal Ammaiyar|Karaikal Ammaiyar]], a leading [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] saint and [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] poetess, amongst the sixty-three [[Nayanars|nayanmar]], who lived there around the 5th century CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cūriyamūrtti |first=Kōmati |title=Kāraikkālammaiyār |date=2003 |publisher=Cākittiya Akātami |others=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1645-7 |edition= |series=Intiya ilakkiyac ciṟpikaḷ |location=Putu Tilli |language=ta}}</ref> A sanctuary, the [[Karaikal Ammaiyar Temple|Karaikal Ammaiyar temple]], is dedicated to her, and popular for its annual celebration of [[Mangani Festival|''Mangani'']] (the Mango Festival or ''Fête des Mangues'' in French), which takes place in summer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raja |first=P. |title=Karaikal's festival of mangoes that celebrates a saint |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/karaikals-festival-of-mangoes-that-celebrates-a-saint/ |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The event is the town's main feast.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-06-21 |title=Karaikal comes alive with Mangani festival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/karaikal-comes-alive-with-mangani-festival/article68316932.ece |url-access=limited |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Located on the former {{Lang|fr|Rue de [[Nadar estate|Poréar]]|italic=yes}} (now [[Bharathiyar]] Street), the {{Lang|fr|Karikal Amméar|italic=yes}} temple is neighboured by the Shaivite [[Karaikal Kailasanathar Temple|temple of Kailasanathar]] and the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] [[Nithyakalyana Perumal Temple, Karaikal|temple of Nithyakalyana Perumal]]. The three religious sites share the [[Chandra Theertham (Karaikal)|Chandra Theertham]] [[Temple tank|tank]], which lies along the street. A second religious celebration in the town concerns exclusively the Kailasanathar temple, which organizes the [[Karaikal Chariot Festival|Karaikal Chariot festival]].

Karaikal is also sometimes associated with the temple partly devoted to [[Shani]] or Saneesvara at [[Thirunallar]], one of the [[Navagraha temples in Tamil Nadu|''Navagraha Sthalam'']] in the Kumbakonam region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thirunallar.org|title=Thirunallar Temple Website -|website=www.thirunallar.org}}</ref> The [[Dharbaranyeswarar Temple|Dharbaranyesvarar temple]] of Thirunallar is as well one of the ''Sapta Vidanga Sthalam'', an important network of Shaivite shrines in relation with the famed [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagaraja temple]] of [[Thiruvarur]]. Three other significant Shaivite sanctuaries, among the ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', are also located nearby Karaikal. These are the [[Dharumapuram Yazhmoorinathar Temple|Dharmapuram Yazhmoorinathar temple]] in Dharmapuram, between the communes of Karaikal and Thirunallar, the [[Tiruttelicheri Parvatheeswarar Temple|Tiruttelicheri Parvatheesvarar temple]], in nowadays Kovil Pathu, on the outskirts of the town, and the [[Tiruvettakkudi Sundareshwarar Temple|Thiruvettakudi Sundaresvarar temple]] in [[Thiruvettakudy|Thiruvettakudi]], a hamlet east to the village of [[Varichikudy|Varichikudi]].

Of lesser reverence with respect to the ''Paadal Petra Sthalam'', Karaikal and its surroundings also feature temples esteemed in the [[Saiva Siddhanta]] tradition, designated as the ''[[Vaippu Sthalam]]''. Mentioned in the religious literature associated with this tradition, there are two of these temples, the [[Rajacholeesvarar Temple, Thirumalairayanpattinam|Raja Chozheesvarar temple]] at [[Thirumalairajanpattinam|Thirumalairayanpattinam]] or T.R Patnam (once known as the {{Lang|fr|Grande Aldée}} in French), and the [[Tirulokanathar Temple, Thakkalur|Thirulokanathar temple]] at Thakkalur, a hamlet between Dharmapuram and Thirunallar. [[File:Festival Ganduri at karaikal.jpg|thumb|The ''Kanduri'' procession, conducted down the Great Mosque and Dargah street.]]The Muslim presence in Karaikal grew between the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Weber |first=Jacques |title=Pondichéry et les comptoirs de l'Inde après Dupleix: la démocratie au pays des castes |date=1996 |publisher=[[Éditions Denoël|Denoël]] |isbn=978-2-207-24208-7 |series=L'aventure coloniale de la France Destins croisés |location=Paris |pages=42–43, 48 |language=fr |chapter=Le règne des castes sur des comptoirs éparpillés |oclc=708333455}}</ref> The town witnessed the establishment of a [[Bukhara|Bukharan]] Muslim [[Sufism|Sufi]] cleric christened Mastan Saheb in the early 19th century. He attracted many Muslims to the town, and his fruitful preaching brought new believers.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Following his demise in 1829, a [[dargah]] formed, and a commemorative procession (an [[urs]]), known locally as ''Kanduri'' (the Kanduri Festival or ''Candry'' in French), is held annually.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=More |first1=J. B. P |title=The Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras, 1930-1947 |date=1997 |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |isbn=978-8125010111 |edition=1 |location=Hyderabad |page=30-31 |chapter=Historical Evolution and Conditionings |oclc=37770527}}</ref> Karaikal's Dargah is an architecturally remarkable building, reminiscent of the more famous [[Nagore Dargah|Dargah]] at nearby [[Nagore]], and demonstrative of the [[Islamic architecture|Islamic architectural]] style in use at the time in the Tanjore region, and more widely in the [[Deccani architecture|Deccan]]. The adjacent [[Grand Mosque]] is also a remarkable architectural structure, with a more pronounced [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] influence.

==Economy==

Most of the people in town are office goers and industrial workers. There are a number of iron and steel rolling mills, spinning mills, tiles, polythene, rubber and chemical industries in Karaikal. Other common sources of the people's income come from business. The prominent source of income of this district is agriculture and fishing. Karaikal is a coastal town with a total coastline of {{convert|26|km|abbr=off}}. There are 12 big fishing hamlets and around more than 25,000 fishermen (6,000 families) are living in these coastal villages. Their main employment is fishing, exporting and fishing related activities. The other main source is the liquor business, the tax being less and the cost almost half when compared to the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu. Karaikal is one of the towns in South India with high cost of living due to French NRI's presence. Thousands of families with their origin in Karaikal live in France. Puducherry Power Corporation Limited is Generating Electricity with Natural gas fuel in their combined cycle power plant and supply the electricity to Puducherry Electricity Department. The fuel gas received through GAIL India Limited by underground pipelines from ONGC Wells.The [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]]'s office [[Kaveri]] rig is at Karaikal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ongcindia.com/offices.asp |title=ONGC :: Contact Us :: ONGC Offices |access-date=2011-10-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930044148/http://www.ongcindia.com/offices.asp |archive-date=2011-09-30 }}</ref>

==Transport==

===Airways===
The nearest airport to Karaikal is [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]], which serves the entire Cauvery delta region, as well as adjacent areas. The other major airport close to the town is [[Chennai International Airport]], which offers better air connectivity, especially to long-haul destinations.

[[Karaikal Airport]] is a [[greenfield project]] nearby Karaikal, currently frozen. It would have been the first airport in the country built entirely with private capital. The project received in-principle clearance from the Ministry of Civil Aviation in February 2011. Karaikal Airport's Air Traffic Control, however, would have been operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI). In its initial plans, the airport, spread across {{convert|562|acres|0|abbr=on}}, was being developed by Karaikal Airport Private Limited, a subsidiary of Super Airport Private Limited. The first phase of construction would have included construction of a 1200-metre runway and a terminal building capable of handling 120 passengers during peak hours. The airport was expected to handle regional turboprop airliners like the ATR-42. The company planned to expand the airport after five years, extending the runway to {{convert|2,600|m|abbr=off}} and increasing terminal building capacity to 500 passengers per hour. A further expansion was planned ten years down the line with a 3500-metre runway and a passenger capacity of 1,000 per hour.

===Seaways===
[[Karaikal port]] is a new deep sea water port being constructed in Karaikal. More than {{convert|600|acre|km2}} of land was leased out to [[MARG (company)|MARG]] corporation in year 2005 for 30 years and can be renewed for every 10 years thereafter. The port will have a total of nine berths and is constructed for primary transport of coal, textile and cement. The Karaikal port is intended to primarily handle cement and coal to serve the hinterland in [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]], [[Perambalur district|Perambalur]] and Tiruchi districts. The port is also expected to provide an alternative to the [[Madras Port|Madras]] and [[Tuticorin Port|Tuticorin ports]], which are the major ports in the coastline but are separated by long distance. Further, Karaikal is in the middle of the Tamil Nadu coast, midway between the two deepwater ports of Chennai and Tuticorin.

===Roadways===
The National Highway [[National Highway 32 (India)|NH 32]] connects [[Chennai]] and [[Thoothukudi]], passes through Karaikal. It is located at the distance {{cvt|297|km}} from [[Chennai]], {{cvt|132|km}} from [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], {{cvt|154|km}} from [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]], {{cvt|57|km}} from [[Kumbakonam]] and {{cvt|20|km}} from [[Nagapattinam]]. Karaikal is connected with both National Highways and State Highways. Both Gov't. and Private buses available from Karaikal to Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Kumbakonam, Mayiladuthurai, Puducherry, Cuddalore, Chidambaram.

===Railways===
Karaikal having rail line connected from Tiruchirapalli via Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, and Nagore. Presently Rails are available from Karaikal to Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Ernakulam, Tiruchirapalli, Tanjore, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Nagore, Velanganni and currently Karaikal to Peralam Railway line work is under progress.
[[Peralam–Karaikal line]]

==Education==
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Karaikal, India}}
[[File:Main Arch NITPY.jpg|thumb|[[NIT Puducherry]]]]
According to the 2011 Census, Karaikal has literacy rate of 87.1%. There is a wide network of educational institutions right from elementary level to collegiate level in the Karaikal region.

[[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research|Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER)]] was established in Karaikal in 2016 with an initial intake of 50 students. The students are selected through entrance exams conducted nationwide.

[[Vinayaka Mission's Medical College|Vinayaka Mission’s Medical College & Hospital, Karaikal]] is a private medical college under [[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation|VMRF-DU]] with a 590-bed teaching hospital in Karaikal, Puducherry. Parent university [[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation|VMRF-DU]] holds NAAC ‘A’ accreditation. In [https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/UniversityRanking200.html NIRF 2024], [[Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation|VMRF-DU]] is in the 151–200 band among universities (and 89th in Pharmacy). Highlights: 150 MBBS seats in NMC’s 2024–25 matrix; hospital is [[NABH]] Entry-Level (PEH-2019-0707) and the central lab is [[National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers|NABL-accredited]] (ISO 15189).

[[National Institute of Technology Puducherry]] was established in Karaikal in 2010. The students are admitted based on [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main]] entrance exam score.

== Notable people ==


* [[Peter Hein]]
* [[A.M.H. Nazeem]]
* ''[[Padma Shri]]'' [[K. N. Dandayudhapani Pillai]]
* [[M. O. H. F. Shahjahan]]
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]]

==See also==
*[[French India]]
*[[French colonial empire]]
*[[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]]
*[[Municipal Administration in French India]]
*[[Karaikal Carnival]]
*[[Serumavilangai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Karaikal}}
*{{Official website|http://karaikal.gov.in}}
{{Former French colonies}}
{{Puducherry}}

{{Authority control}}



[[Category:Karaikal| ]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in India]]
[[Category:Subnational enclaves and exclaves in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Karaikal district]]

Latha Mallikarjun

2026-04-10T09:01:15Z

Svetlanayrd: Done.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Latha Mallikarjun
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1966 (58 years)
| birth_place = [[Harapanahalli]], [[Vijayanagara district]] ({{small|then [[Davangere district]]}}), [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession = {{hlist|Agriculture|Social service}}
| children =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| education = G.B.R. PU College, [[Hoovina Hadagali]] ([[Pre-university course|PUC]])
| parents = [[M. P. Prakash]] ({{small|Former [[List of deputy chief ministers of Karnataka|Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]]}})
| relatives = [[M.P. Ravindra]] (Brother)
| website =
| signature =
| office = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Harapanahalli Assembly constituency|Harapanahalli]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[G. Karunakara Reddy]]
| successor =
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Siddaramaiah]]
}}
'''Latha Mallikarjun''' (born 1966)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Latha Mallikarjun(Independent(IND)):Constituency- HARAPANAHALLI(VIJAYANAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=8971 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. She is a member of the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Harapanahalli Assembly constituency|Harapanahalli assembly constituency]] in Vijayanagara district. She won on an independent in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] but later joined the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latha Mallikarjun, Karnataka Election (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಚುನಾವಣಾ) 2023: Karnataka legislative assembly election (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಫಲಿತಾಂಶ) 2023 News, Videos, Photos Latest Update |url=https://kannada.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/latha-mallikarjun-harapanahalli-candidate-s10a104c008/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=News18 Kannada |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Harapanahalli Election Result 2023 Live: Ind Candidate Latha Mallikarjun Wins From Harapanahalli |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/harihar-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601823 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mallikarjun is from Harapanahalli, [[Vijayanagara district]], Karnataka. She married HM Mallikarjun, a retired government employee. She is the daughter of veteran Janata parivar and Congress leader and former deputy chief minister late [[M. P. Prakash|MP Prakash]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harapanahalli independent MLA Latha Mallikarjun extends support to Congress in Karnataka |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/harapanahalli-independent-mla-latha-mallikarjun-extends-support-to-congress-in-karnataka/cid/1936805 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> She studied Class 12 at GBR College, [[Hoovina Hadagali]] and passed the examinations in 1984.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Latha Mallikarjun won from Harapanahalli Assembly constituency as an independent, defeating [[G. Karunakara Reddy]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She polled 70,194 votes and won by a margin of 13,845 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Harapanahalli Election Results Live: Independent candidate Latha Mallikarjun beats BJP incumbent G Karunakara Reddy by 13,845 votes |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/harapanahalli-election-results-2023-live-updates-bjp-g-karunakara-reddy-congress-lingayat-16597701.htm |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harapanahalli Election Results 2023 {{!}} Karnataka Election Results {{!}} Elections 2023 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023/harapanahalli |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> After the death of her father, her brother and three sisters also joined politics. Her brother MP Ravindra, who joined Congress also died in 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-14 |title=Newly elected independent MLA from Karnataka's Harapanahalli extends support to Congress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/karnataka-congress-harapanahalli-latha-mallikarjun-independent-mla-randeep-singh-surjewala-101684061006313.html |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> While her two sisters MP Latha and MP Veena are with Congress, her other sister MP Suma joined BJP.

She contested as an independent after she was denied a Congress ticket in 2023.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka - Latha Mallikarjun: హస్తానికి జైకొట్టిన రెబల్‌ ఎమ్మెల్యే |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/politics/general/0500/123087011 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref> But after winning the seat, she pledged her support to the newly elected Congress government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-14 |title=Newly elected independent MLA Latha Mallikarjun from Harapanahalli extends support to Congress in Karnataka |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/newly-elected-independent-mla-from-harapanahalli-extends-support-to-cong-in-karnataka/articleshow/100228239.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mallikarjun, Latha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]

Amit Rattan

2026-04-07T00:57:09Z

Svetlanayrd: creating post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Bathinda Rural Assembly constituency|Bathinda Rural]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
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| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
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}}
'''Amit Rattan''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Bathinda Rural Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Bathinda Rural Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Privileges|Committee on Privileges]]<ref name="Committee on Privileges">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=28&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Bathinda Rural Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Bathinda Rural Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Bathinda Rural
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rattan, Amit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Dhirendra Debbarma

2026-04-04T20:25:29Z

Svetlanayrd: Made a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder

|
| name = Dhirendra Debbarma
| image =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor = [[Manoranjan Debbarma]]
| successor = [[Swapna Debbarma]]
| constituency = [[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]
| birth_name =
| spouse =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|04|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Rashiram Sipai Para Jirania, [[West Tripura]], [[Tripura]]
| parents =
| party = [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura ]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Dhirendra Debbarma''' (born 25 April 1954) is an Tripuri Indian politician and member of [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura]]. He won [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/tripura2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=6068|title=DHIRENDRA DEBBARMA (Winner)|access-date=2022-12-31|website=My Neta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/tripura-assembly-election-2018-winners-list-party-wise-winning-candidates-of-bjp-congress-cpim-2923047/|title=Tripura Assembly Election 2018 Winners List: Party-Wise Winning Candidates of BJP, Congress, CPIM}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/tripura/mandaibazar-mla-results|title=Mandaibazar Election Result 2018|access-date=2022-12-31}}</ref> of West Tripura district. He is a former member of the Tripura Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tripurainfo.com/AboutTripura/mla.htm|title=List of Members of The Tripura Legislative Assembly|access-date=2022-12-31|website=Tripura Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ourneta.com/neta/dhirendra-debbarma/|title=Dhirendra Debbarma|access-date=2022-12-31|website=Our Neta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tripura.gov.in/mla-profile|title=Member of Legislative Assembly|website=Tripura State Portal Official Portal of Govt. of Tripura}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debbarma, Dhirendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indigenous Peoples Front of Tripura politicians]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

Cost and Management Accountant (India)

2026-04-01T08:58:13Z

Svetlanayrd: Made new entry

{{Short description|Professional designation for accountants}}
[[File:CMAlogo, to be used by Indian CMAs.jpg|right|thumb|CMA Logo for exclusive use by Indian CMAs]]
'''Cost And Management Accountant (India)''' aka '''CMA''' is a professional qualified [[Professional certification|certification]] issued by [[Institute of Cost Accountants of India|Institute of Cost Accountants of India (ICMAI)]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ian |first=Avik |date= |title=ICMAI |url=https://icmai.in/icmai/index.php |access-date=August 4, 2024 |website=The Institute of Cost Accountants of India}}</ref> A Cost and Management Accountant (CMA) in India plays a pivotal role in the [[Financial management|financial]] and [[Operations management|operational management]] of organizations. CMAs are experts in [[cost accounting]], [[Financial plan|financial planning]], and [[strategic management]], providing critical insights that help businesses optimize their resources, enhance profitability, and ensure sustainable growth.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 31, 2024 |title=Financial Plan |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0148619583900127 |journal= Journal of Economics and Business|volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=259–283 |doi=10.1016/0148-6195(83)90012-7 |last1=Lee |first1=Cheng F. |last2=Junkus |first2=Joan C. |hdl=2142/26828 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Regulated by the Institute of Cost Accountants of India (ICMAI), the profession requires rigorous education, clear three level of exams and practical training. CMAs are integral to various sectors, including manufacturing, services, and public enterprises, where they contribute to effective cost control, performance evaluation, and strategic decision-making. CMAs maintain and utilize [[Accounting records|accounting record]] to built plans, policies and strategies organizational goal for the optimum performance.

== Education ==
ICMAI regulates the curriculum in 3 levels—Foundation, Intermediate and Final—similar to [[ICAI]]. The new education curriculum revised in the year 2020 require 15 months of practical training before Final exam. The CMA career has seen a rise in [[India]], as it provides opportunity in different sector and a higher position.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 9, 2024 |title=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/web-stories/10-in-demand-accounting-jobs-in-india/photostory/104286039.cms}}</ref>

== Responsibilities ==
A Cost and Management Accountant (CMA) are contributing since many decades though their expert knowledge and skills in different sectors like finance, manufacturing, consulting, audit, IT, health etc. Some of the

Major responsibilities of CMAs are

* Budgeting and Forecasting
* Financial Analysis
* Internal Auditing and Control
* Management reporting - Risk and Strategic
* Cost management
* CFO services
* [[Direct tax|Direct Tax]]
* [[Indirect tax|Indirect Tax]]
* Cost Accounting System Implementation
* Cost Audit
* Management Audit
* Stock Audit
* [[Internal audit|Internal Audit]]
* Income Tax- Inventory Valuation and many more

== History ==

The Institute of Cost Accountants of India (formerly known as The Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India) was established in 1944 as a registered company under the Companies Act. On May 28, 1959, the Institute gained statutory recognition through a special act of Parliament—the Cost and Works Accountants Act, 1959. It operates through four regional councils—Kolkata, Chennai, Delhi, and Mumbai—as well as several important chapters across India and abroad.<ref name="cma8">{{cite news |last=Ian |first=Avik |date=August 4, 2024 |title=ICMAI history |url=https://icmai.in/icmai/aboutus/history.php |access-date=August 4, 2024 |publisher=}}</ref> As the sole recognized statutory professional organization and licensing body in India specializing exclusively in Cost and Management Accountancy, the Institute plays a crucial role. Its primary objectives are to promote, regulate, and develop the profession of Cost Accountancy.

== Recognition ==
Cost And Management Accountant (India) are eligible for courses to do Ph.D in universities based in India, National Eligibility Test (NET) conducted by UGC and the award of Fellowship in Junior Research or Assistant Professor as the degree holders of Cost and Management Accountancy (CMA) course have been recognised as equivalent to Post Graduates by the UGC.<ref name="cma2">{{cite news |title=Cost accountant qualification to be considered equivalent to PG degree |url=https://www.livemint.com/education/news/cost-accountant-qualification-to-be-considered-equivalent-to-pg-degree-11616063142369.html |access-date=20 June 2022 |publisher=mint |date=18 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Institute of Cost Accountants of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://icmai.in/icmai/index.php Official Website]

[[Category:Accounting qualifications]]
[[Category:Indian accountants]]
[[Category:Accountants]]

Abdul Rehman (Indian politician)

2026-04-01T02:45:01Z

Svetlanayrd: creating a pg - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Abdul Rehman
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Seelampur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seelampur]]
| assembly = Delhi Legislative
| term_start = 12 February 2020
| term_end = 10 December 2024
| predecessor = [[Mohammad Ishraque]]
| successor = [[Chaudhary Zubair Ahmad]]
| constituency2 =
| office2 =
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| successor2 =
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| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
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| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Dasna]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
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| occupation =
| profession = Politician, Businessman
| cabinet =
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}}
'''Abdul Rehman'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Abdul Rehman (AAP) Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Abdul Rehman of AAP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/abdul-rehman-aap-election-result-2020-live-updates-abdul-rehman-of-aap-leading-2495753.html |website=News18 |accessdate=13 February 2020}}</ref> is an Indian politician and is a former member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and represented [[Seelampur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Seelampur]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Elections 2020, Abdul Rehman Profile: Seelampur Constituency Aam Aadmi Party Candidate Full Profile {{!}} Vidhan Sabha Chunav Date, Results |url=https://www.firstpost.com/assembly-elections-2020/delhi/abdul-rehman-seelampur-candidate-u05a065c002 |website=Firstpost |accessdate=13 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> of Delhi.

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Seelampur Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Seelampur Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2020}}
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Seelampur<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Seelampur">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Seelampur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0565.htm |accessdate=24 February 2025 |work= |date=24 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224170143/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0565.htm |archivedate=24 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Seelam Pur Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Seelam Pur Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/seelam-pur |accessdate=24 February 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224170200/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/seelam-pur |archivedate=24 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Chaudhary Zubair Ahmad]]|votes=79,009|percentage=59.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Anil Gaur|votes=36,532|percentage=27.38|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Abdul Rehman (MLA Delhi)|Abdul Rehman]]|votes=16,551|percentage=12.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Republican Party of India (Athawale)|candidate=Mohd Nazir|votes=107|percentage=0.08|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Republican Party|candidate=Shabana|votes=177|percentage=0.13
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=355|percentage=0.27|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=42,477|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,33,440|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = BJP
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN Assembly succession box
| state= Delhi
| constituency= Seelampur
| before= ?
| after=
| years= [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]– 2025}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rehman, Abdul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party MLAs from Delhi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Former members of Aam Aadmi Party from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Delhi]]

LN

2026-03-31T11:58:00Z

Svetlanayrd: starting info

{{Wiktionary|ln}}
'''LN''', '''Ln''' or '''ln''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}

==Arts and entertainment==
* [[Lawful Neutral]], an alignment in ''Dungeons & Dragons''
* ''[[The Sims 3: Late Night]]'', the third expansion pack to ''The Sims 3''
* [[Light novel]], a style of Japanese novel for young adults
* [[LN (band)]], American slow core band

==Government, military and politics==
* [[League of Nations]], intergovernmental organisation (1920{{endash}}1946)
* [[Legalman]], a United States Navy occupational rating
* [[Lega Nord]], a northern Italian populist political party
* [[Livable Netherlands]], a defunct Dutch political party
* Lost Nomination (LN), as of losing a [[nomination]]

==Math, science and technology==
* [[Natural logarithm]] (ln), or logarithm base ''e'', a mathematical function
* [[ln (Unix)]], a UNIX command that creates file links
* [[IBM Lotus Notes]], the client of a collaborative client-server platform from IBM
* [[Lanthanide]] (of which 'Ln' is an informal name) or lanthanoid, a series of chemical elements
* [[Late Neolithic]], an archaeological period
* [[Liquid nitrogen]], the liquefied form of the gas
* [[Lymph node]], an anatomical feature involved in immunological function
* [[Lightning Network]], the decentralized network of Bitcoin to support instant payments

==Places==
* Lane (Ln), as part of the proper name for a [[country lane]]
* [[Liaoning]], a province of China (Guobiao abbreviation LN)
* [[LN postcode area]], in Britain, named after Lincoln

==Other uses==
* [[Libyan Airlines]], by IATA code
* [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad]], by reporting mark
* [[Lingala language]], by ISO 639 code ln
* [[Lingnan University]], abbreviate as LN
* Norway ([[aircraft registration]] prefix LN)

{{disambiguation}}

Alstonia scholaris

2026-03-28T17:38:12Z

Svetlanayrd: small changes

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2025}}
{{excessive citations|date=September 2025}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Alstonia scholaris.jpg
|image_caption =
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Lakhey, P. |author2=Pathak, J. |year=2021 |title=''Alstonia scholaris'' |article-number=e.T32295A2812825 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T32295A2812825.en}}</ref>
|genus = Alstonia
|species = scholaris
|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]{{R|POWO}}
|range_map = Alstoniascholaris1.png
|range_map_caption = Occurrence data from [[GBIF]]<ref>{{cite web |title=GBIF Occurrence download for ''Alstonia scholaris'' (L.) R.Br. |website=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |date=2018 |doi=10.15468/dl.eokqvq |access-date=7 June 2018 |url=https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.eokqvq}}</ref>
|synonyms = {{species list|hidden=yes|header=10 synonyms
|Echites scholaris |L.
|Nerium septaparna |Jones
|Pala scholaris |(L.) Roberty
|Alstonia kurzii |Hook.f.
|Alstonia scholaris var. avae |A.DC.
|Alstonia scholaris var. blumei |A.DC.
|Alstonia scholaris var. velutina |Monach.
|Alstonia spectabilis |Kurz
|Echites pala |Buch.-Ham. ex Spreng.
|Aeschynomene laevis |Noronha
}}
|synonyms_ref = {{R|POWO}}
}}

'''''Alstonia scholaris''''', commonly called '''blackboard tree''', '''scholar tree''', '''milkwood''' or '''devil's tree''' in English,<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref> is an [[evergreen]] tree in the oleander and frangipani family [[Apocynaceae]]. Its natural range is from Pakistan to China, and south to northern Australia. It is a toxic plant, but is used traditionally for myriad diseases and complaints. It is called 'Saptaparna' in India and is the sacred tree of the 2nd Jain tirthankar [[Ajitnatha]].{{Not verified in body|date=April 2025}} It was first described by [[Linnaeus]] in 1767, who gave it the name ''Echites scholaris''.

==Description==
''Alstonia scholaris'' is a large tree growing up to {{cvt|40|m}} tall (rarely to 60 m), with narrow [[buttress root|buttressess]] that extend well up the trunk, giving it a fluted appearance. The bark is gray to pale gray with numerous [[lenticel]]s, and all parts of the plant exude copious amounts of white sap when broken or cut.{{R|FOA|FOC|NPSING|RFK|ORWA}}{{excessive citations inline|date=April 2025}}

The leaves are glossy dark green above and pale below, and they are arranged in [[Whorl (botany)|whorls]] of four to eight, with [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]] (leaf stalks) around {{cvt|5-15|mm|2}} long. The leaves are usually [[Glossary of leaf morphology#obovate|obovate]] (i.e. broadest near the apex) to [[Glossary of leaf morphology#elliptic|elliptic]], tapering towards the base and with a rounded tip, and there are 25 to 40 pairs of lateral veins at 80–90° to the midvein.{{R|FOA|FOC|NPSING|RFK|ORWA}}{{excessive citations inline|date=April 2025}}

The inflorescences are much branched ({{botanygloss|cyme|cymose}}), with [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncles]] up to {{cvt|7|cm|1}} long, and are produced at the ends of the branches. The small tubular flowers are cream or white and strongly scented. They are about {{cvt|10|mm|2}} long and wide, with five {{botanygloss|ovate}} lobes. The [[calyx (botany)|calyx]] is about {{cvt|2|mm|2}} long, and the flower stalks are usually as long as or shorter. The [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]] is white and tube-like, {{convert|6–10|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} long. The lobes are broadly [[Glossary of botanical terms#ovate|ovate]] or broadly obovate, {{convert|2-4.5|mm|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}, overlapping to the left.{{R|FOA|FOC|NPSING|RFK|ORWA}}{{excessive citations inline|date=April 2025}}

The fruit is a pair of long papery [[Follicle (fruit)|follicles]] measuring up to about {{cvt|30|cm}} long and {{cvt|6|mm|2}} diameter. They contain numerous flat, brown seeds about {{cvt|5|mm|2}} long and {{cvt|1.2|mm|2}} wide, which have long tufts of hairs at each end.{{R|FOA|FOC|NPSING|RFK|ORWA}}{{excessive citations inline|date=April 2025}}

[[File:Flowers of Alstonia scholaris.jpg|thumb|Flowers of ''Alstonia scholaris'']]
[[File:Fruit of Alstonia scholaris.jpg|thumb|Fruits of ''Alstonia scholaris'']]

==Taxonomy==
This plant was originally named ''Echites scholaris'' by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1767.{{R|POWO|LINNEAUS}} The Scottish botanist [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] transferred it to the genus ''Alstonia'' in 1810, as part of his work on the taxonomy of [[Apocynaceae]].{{R|BROWN}}

===Etymology===
The genus was named in honour of botanist [[Charles Alston (botanist)|Charles Alston]], and the [[Botanical name#Binary name|species epithet]] ''scholaris'' is a reference to the traditional use of the timber of this tree for blackboards in Myanmar.{{R|ORWA}}

==Distribution and habitat==
''Alstonia scholaris'' grows in a broad range of habitats in tropical and subtropical areas, in a range of forest types from [[rainforest]] to [[savannah]], on a variety of soils including alluvial, volcanic and metamorphic, and at altitudes from sea level to more than {{cvt|1000|m}}.{{R|FOC|NPSING|RFK|ORWA}}

The tree is native to tropical and subtropical areas in the following countries/regions:{{R|POWO}}
* China: China South-Central, China Southeast
* [[Indian subcontinent]]: Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Laccadive Islands, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, West Himalaya
* [[Indo-China]]: Andaman Islands, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Vietnam
* [[Malesia]]: Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maluku, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatera
* [[Papuasia]]: Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, Solomon Islands
* Australia: Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia

==Toxicity==
This is a toxic plant. At high doses, an extract of the plant exhibited marked damage to all the major organs of the body in both rats and mice. The toxicity appears to depend on the plant organ studied, as well as the season it is harvested, with the bark collected in the monsoon season being the least toxic, and bark in the summer the most. Intraperitoneal administration is much more toxic than oral. Rats were more susceptible to the poison than mice, and pure-bred mice strains were more susceptible than crossbred. The toxic effects may be due to the [[alkaloid]] [[echitamine]] in the bark.<ref name=Baliga2004>{{cite journal |last1=Baliga |first1=Manjeshwar Shrinath |last2=Jagetia |first2=Ganesh Chandra |last3=Ulloor |first3=Jagadish N. |last4=Baliga |first4=Manjeshwar Poonam |last5=Ponemone |first5=Venkatesh |last6=Reddy |first6=Rosi |last7=Rao |first7=Mallikarjun K. V. N. |last8=Baliga |first8=Shivanada Bantwal |last9=Devi |first9=Sulochana |last10=Raju |first10=Sudheer Kumar |last11=Veeresh |first11=Veerapura |last12=Reddy |first12=Tiyyagura Koti |last13=Bairy |first13=Laxminarayana K. |date=2004 |title=The evaluation of the acute toxicity and long term safety of hydroalcoholic extract of Sapthaparna (''Alstonia scholaris'') in mice and rats |url=http://eprints.manipal.edu/314 |journal=Toxicology Letters |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=317–326 |doi=10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.01.015|pmid=15183456 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Chemistry===
The bark contains the [[alkaloid]]s [[ditamine]], [[alschomine]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=ABE|first1=Fumiko|last2=CHEN|first2=Rong-Fu|last3=YAMAUCHI|first3=Tatsuo|last4=MARUBAYASHI|first4=Nobuhiro|last5=UEDA|first5=Ikuhiko|title=Alschomine and isoalschomine, new alkaloids from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris.|journal=Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin|volume=37|issue=4|year=1989|pages=887–890|issn=0009-2363|doi=10.1248/cpb.37.887|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[echitenine]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=The evaluation of the acute toxicity and long term safety of hydroalcoholic extract of Sapthaparna (Alstonia scholaris) in mice and rats |date=2004 |last1=Baliga |first1=M. |last2=Jagetia |first2=G. C. |last3=Ulloor |first3=J. N. |last4=Baliga |first4=M. P. |last5=Venkatesh |first5=P. |last6=Reddy |first6=R. |last7=Rao |first7=K. V. |last8=Baliga |first8=B. S. |last9=Devi |first9=S. |last10=Raju |first10=S. K. |last11=Veeresh |first11=V. |last12=Reddy |first12=T. K. |last13=Bairy |first13=K. L. |journal=Toxicology Letters |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=317–326 |doi=10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.01.015 |pmid=15183456 }}</ref> echitamine<ref name=Baliga2004/> and [[strictamine]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 500142 | year = 1979 | last1 = Bhattacharya | first1 = S. K. | title = Neuropharmacological studies on strictamine isolated from ''Alstonia scholaris'' | journal = Indian Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 6 | pages = 598–600 | last2 = Bose | first2 = R. | last3 = Dutta | first3 = S. C. | last4 = Ray | first4 = A. B. | last5 = Guha | first5 = S. R. }}</ref> Echitamine is the most important alkaloid found in the bark, as it has been detected in all samples studied and collected from several locations. It is commercially sold as a [[herbal medicine]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yamauchi |first1=Tatsuo |last2=Abe |first2=Fumiko |last3=Padolina |first3=William G. |last4=Dayrit |first4=Fabian M. |date=1990 |title=Alkaloids from leaves and bark of ''Alstonia scholaris'' in the Philippines |url=https://www.academia.edu/7426110 |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=29 |issue=10 |pages=3321–3325 |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(90)80208-X |bibcode=1990PChem..29.3321Y |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> The alkaloid [[picralinal]] has been found in the leaves.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rastogi, R. C. |author2=Kapil, R. S. |author3=Popli, S. P. | journal=Experientia | title=Picralinal — A key alkaloid of picralima group fromAlstonia scholaris R. Br. | volume=26 | issue=10 | pages=1056–1056 | date= October 1970 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02112667 | doi=10.1007/BF02112667}}</ref>

==Culture==
''Alstonia scholaris'' is the state tree of [[West Bengal#Flora and fauna|West Bengal]], India, where it is called the chhaatim tree (in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], {{lang|bn|ছাতিম}}).<ref>{{cite report|url=http://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in/pdf/occasional%20paper5.pdf|title=Occastional Paper-5, Plant Wealth of The Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|date=March 2008|page=16|publisher=[[Government of West Bengal]]| access-date=23 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719075808/http://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in/pdf/occasional%20paper5.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>

During convocation the leaves of ''Alstonia scholaris'' (''saptaparni'') are awarded to graduates and postgraduates of [[Visva-Bharati University]] by the chancellor, given to him in turn by the Prime Minister of India. In recent years, supposedly to prevent excessive damage to the environment, the vice-chancellor of the University accepts one ''saptaparni'' leaf from the chancellor on behalf of all the students. This tradition was initiated by the founder of the University, [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news | author = Abhishek Gulshan | date = 22 October 2019 | title = Why the Saptaparni is called the devil's tree | url = https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/why-the-saptaparni-is-called-the-devils-tree/article29767114.ece | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 14 February 2023}}</ref>

The tree blossoms in the Northern Hemisphere subtropical [[autumn]], and its flowers are thus widely regarded as a herald of autumn in Vietnam, especially in [[Hanoi]]. Called {{lang|vi|hoa sữa}}, literally 'milk flower' in reference to the color, its associations with romantic love and fleeting passion have become culturally embedded in poetry and popular music.<ref name="ArtTimes.vn">{{cite web |last1=Nguyễn |first1=Nguyễn |title=Hoa sữa vẫn nồng nàn trong thi ca |url=https://arttimes.vn/du-lich/hoa-sua-c43a4580.html |website=Thời báo văn học nghệ thuật |access-date=25 September 2025 |language=vi}}</ref> However, its heady aroma has been a source of complaint and division, with some households even filing lawsuits against urban planning departments, for example in a case in 2011 in what was then [[Trà Vinh]] province.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hoa sữa - từ nồng nàn trong thơ ca đến nỗi ám ảnh mùi nồng nặc muốn chặt bỏ |url=https://vietnammoi.vn/hoa-sua-tu-nong-nan-trong-tho-ca-den-noi-am-anh-mui-nong-nac-muon-chat-bo-64481.htm |website=VIET NAM MOI |access-date=25 September 2025 |language=vi |date=30 November 2017}}</ref>

==Uses==
The wood of ''Alstonia scholaris'' has been recommended for the manufacture of [[Pencil#Wood holders added|pencil]]s, as it is suitable in nature and the tree grows rapidly and is easy to cultivate.<ref>Tonanont, N. Wood used in pencil making. Vanasarn 1974 Vol. 32 No. 3 pp. 225–227</ref> In Sri Lanka its light wood was used for [[coffin]]s. The wood close to the root is very light and of white colour, and in [[Borneo]] was used for net floats, household [[food utensil|utensil]]s, [[Trencher (tableware)|trencher]]s, corks, etc.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/alsto028.html |last=Grieve |first=M. |chapter=''Alstonia'' |title=A Modern Botanical |date=1931 |location= |publisher= |access-date=29 June 2007}}</ref> In [[Theravada Buddhism]], the first [[Buddha]] is said to have used ''A. scholaris'' as the tree for achieving enlightenment.

The 1889 book ''The Useful Native Plants of Australia'' states that "the powerfully bitter bark of this tree is used by the natives of India in bowel complaints (''Treasury of Botany''). It has proved a valuable remedy in chronic diarrhoea and the advanced stages of dysentery. It has also been found effectual in restoring the tone of the stomach and of the system generally in debility after fevers and other exhausting diseases (''Pharmacopoeia of India''). It is described in the ''Pharmacopoeia of India'' as an astringent tonic, anthelmintic, and antiperiodic. It is held in the highest repute in the Phillippine Islands [''sic'']."<ref name="MAIDEN">{{cite book |author1=J. H. Maiden |title=The Useful Native Plants of Australia, (Including Tasmania) |date=1889 |publisher=The Technological Museum of New South Wales |location=Sydney |page=154 |access-date=15 Sep 2025 |url=https://archive.org/details/usefulnativeplan1889maid/page/154/mode/2up }}</ref> Despite its widespread traditional use as an 'antiperiodic' (a medicine which was supposed to cure the effects of malaria), it was found to have little to very weak activity against the cause of the disease, ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]''.<ref name=Wright1993>{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Colin W. |last2=Allen |first2=David |last3=Phillipson |first3=J. David |last4=Kirby |first4=Geoffrey C. |last5=Warhurst |first5=David C. |last6=Massiot |first6=Georges |last7=Le Men-Olivier |first7=Louisette |date=September 1993 |title=''Alstonia'' species: are they effective in malaria treatment? |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=41–45 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(93)90087-L|pmid=8246529 }}</ref><ref name=Wright1992>{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=C. W. |last2=Allen |first2=D. |last3=Cai |first3=Ya |last4=Phillipson |first4=J. D. |last5=Said |first5=I. M. |last6=Kirby |first6=G. C. |last7=Warhurst |first7=D. C. |date=June 1992 |title=In vitro antiamoebic and antiplasmodial activities of alkaloids isolated from ''Alstonia angustifolia'' roots |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=121–124 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2650060303|s2cid=86802484 }}</ref> It had no effect against ''[[Giardia intestinalis]]'',<ref name=Wright1993/> and weak effect against ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]'', which both cause diarrhoea.<ref name=Wright1992/>

==Gallery==
{{gallery |mode=packed
|File:Alstonia-scholaris-SF24353-01.jpg |Mature tree in [[Cairns]], Queensland
|File:Alstonia scholaris 01.JPG|Trunk of a large tree
|File:Alstonia-scholaris-SF22086-6.jpg|Fluted trunk
|Image:Alstonia scholaris by kadavoor.JPG |Arrangement of leaves
|File:Alstonia - Kolkata 2011-10-20 5923.JPG |Flowers
|File:Devil Tree - Alstonia scholaris - ഏഴിലം പാല 04.jpg |Fruit
|File:Alstonia scholaris seed.jpg |Seed
|File:Alstonia.scholaris.jpg |Botanical illustration
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60445977-2 |title=''Alstonia scholaris'' (L.) R.Br. |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |year=2025 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="NPSING">{{cite web |title=''Alstonia scholaris'' (L.) R.Br. |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/2/7/2705 |website=Flora and Fauna Web |publisher=[[Singapore Government]] |access-date=23 April 2025 }}</ref>

<ref name="FOA">{{cite web |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Alstonia%20scholaris |title=''Alstonia scholaris'' |last1=Forster |first1=P.I. |year=2022 |website=[[Flora of Australia]] |publisher=[[Australian Biological Resources Study]], Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="ORWA">{{cite web |last1=Orwa |first1=C. |last2=Mutua |first2=A. |last3=Kindt |first3=R. |last4=Jamnadass |first4=R. |last5=Simons |first5=A. |title=Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide |url=https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Alstonia_scholaris.PDF |website=Agroforestry |publisher=Agroforestry Net, Inc. |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="RFK">{{cite web |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Alstonia_scholaris.htm |title=''Alstonia scholaris'' |author1=F.A.Zich |author2=B.P.M.Hyland |author3=T.Whiffen |author4=R.A.Kerrigan |author2-link=Bernard Hyland |year=2020 |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]] Edition 8 (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), [[Australian Government]] |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="FOC">{{cite web |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018323 |title=Alstonia scholaris |website=Flora of China |access-date=29 June 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="LINNEAUS">{{cite book |last1=Linné |first1=Carl von |title=Mantissa plantarum |date=1767 |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |location=Stockholm |edition=1 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44260794}}</ref>

<ref name="BROWN">{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Robert |title=On the Asclepiadeae. A Natural Order of Plants Separated from the Apocineae of Jussieu |journal=Mem. Werner Soc. |date=1810}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q135307}}

[[Category:Alstonia|scholaris]]
[[Category:Flora of Guangxi]]
[[Category:Flora of Yunnan]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Trees of Australia]]
[[Category:Gentianales of Australia]]
[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
[[Category:Least concern flora of Australia]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of Queensland]]
[[Category:Symbols of West Bengal]]

Vaikunda Perumal Temple, Uthiramerur

2026-03-25T18:35:27Z

Svetlanayrd: Created...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Vaikunta Perumal Temple
| image = Vaikunta Perumal, Uthiramerur1.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|12|52|49|N|79|42|45|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| location = [[Uthiramerur]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Vaikunta Perumal ([[Vishnu]])<br>Anandavalli ([[Lakshmi]])
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions = [[Tamil script|Tamil]]
| year_completed =
| creator = [[Pallavan]], [[Chola]]
| website =
}}
The '''Vaikunta Perumal Temple''' in [[Uthiramerur]], a city in the Kanchipuram district of the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. The temple is constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]]. Vishnu is worshipped as Vaikunta Perumal and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Anandavalli. The temple was originally built by the [[Pallavas]], with later additions from the [[Chola|Cholas]]. The temple is known for the inscriptions indicating the democratic practices of electing representatives for the village bodies during the regime of [[Parantaka I|Parantaka Chola]] (907–955 CE).This Vishnu Temple is mentioned in Narsingh Puran.

The building is declared as a heritage monument and administered by the [[Archeological Survey of India]]. [[Rajiv Gandhi]], the then [[Prime Minister of India]] was inspired by the system after paying a visit to the temple and insisted on improving [[Panchayat Raj]], India's system of local bodies in villages.

==History==
[[File:Vaikunta Perumal, Uthiramerur4.JPG|250px|thumb|left|Inscriptions on the walls of the temple]]
Uthiramerur was ruled by the [[Pallavas]], [[Cholas]], [[Pandyas]], [[Sambuvaraya]], Vijayanagara Rayas and Nayaks. As per the inscriptions in the temple, the Pallava king [[Nandivarman II]] (Pallavamalla) 730–795 CE established the village around 750 CE.<ref name="Constitution 1,000 years ago">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/07/11/stories/2008071151250300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714154459/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/07/11/stories/2008071151250300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 July 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Constitution 1,000 years ago | date=11 July 2008}}</ref> It is believed that he donated the village to the Vedic Brahmins from the Srivaishanva community.<ref name=M/>

The [[Cholas]] captured the region and it came under their dominion during the later part of 9th century. There are inscriptions from the period of [[Parantaka Chola I]] (907–950), [[Rajaraja Chola I]] (985–1014), [[Rajendra Chola I]] (1012–1044) and [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (1070–1120) indicating various gifts to the temples. The process of democratically electing the local representatives through a system called Kudavolai during the Chola regime is documented in the inscriptions.<ref name=Nag1216>{{cite book|title=Uttaramerur|last=R.|first=Nagaswamy|ref=Naga|publisher=Tamil Arts Academy|location=Chennai|year=2003|pages=12–16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu|page=88|first=T.|last=Padmaja|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170173984}}</ref> The temple is known for the inscriptions indicating the democratic practices of electing representatives for the village bodies during the regime of Parantaka Chola.<ref name=M/><ref>{{cite web|title=Ancient Epigraphical Inscription on elections, Vaikuntha Perumal Temple, Uthiramerur, Kancheepuram District| url=http://tnsec.tn.nic.in/historical/Epigraphical%20Inscription.html|publisher=National Informatics Centre for Tamil Nadu State Election Commission, Government of India|year=2004|accessdate=7 November 2015}}</ref>

The region and the village went under the sway of the [[Pandyas]] during the 13th century and subsequently to the Telugu Chola ruler Vijaya Gandagopala. During the later period, the village switched hands to Pallava chieftains, Telugu Cholas, Samburavarayars and finally [[Kumara Kampana]]. The Vijayanagara emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]] (1502–29) made contributions to the Vaikunta temple, Subhramanya temple and Kailasanatha temple in the village.<ref name=Nag1216/> The temple is declared as a heritage monument and administered by the [[Archeological Survey of India]].<ref name=business/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Vaikunta Perumal, Uthiramerur7.JPG|250px|thumb|The main shrine of the temple]]
Vaikunta Perumal temple covers an area of about {{convert|0.5|acre|hectare|abbr=on}}. The sanctum houses the image of Vaikuntanatha in a seated posture with Sridevi and Bhudevi on either side.<ref name=M>{{cite book|title=Vishnu Temples of South India Volume 1 (Tamil Nadu)|first=Chithra|publisher=Chithra Madhavan|last=Madhavan|isbn=978-81-908445-0-5|page=71|year=2007|ref=Madhavan}}</ref> There is an assembly hall {{convert|2500|sqft|sqm|abbr=on}}. The roof of the temple rests on the walls and there are no pillars. The inscriptions from the Chola period are made on the walls of the assembly hall.<ref name=business/> Kulothunga Chola is believed to have built the roof of the assembly hall which made it an assembly hall along with the temple.<ref name=business/> As per another view, the entire structure was originally an assembly hall and it collapsed during the regime of Kulothunga Chola. He rebuilt the assembly hall along with the temple housing the image of Vaikunta Perumal in it. Some of the inscriptions also read that the village was planned as per Agamic texts with the assembly hall in the centre of the village and the temples of the village built around it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Constitution 1,000 years ago|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/constitution-1000-years-ago/article1434867.ece|date=11 July 2008|accessdate=7 November 2015}}</ref>

==Kudavolai system==
[[File:Vaikunta Perumal, Uthiramerur2.JPG|250px|thumb|left|Stucco image of Narasimha seen on the vimana]]
The inscriptions of the temple indicate that the villagers requested the rulers to allow them to choose their own representatives. Parantaka Chola readily acceded to their demand and instituted the Kudavolai system (ballot) of democratically electing the village representatives. The rules of electing and the eligibility of the representatives and voters are described in detail in the inscriptions. The villagers assembled at a common place and wrote the name of their preferred representative on a palm leaf and put it in a pot. ''Kudam'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is a pot and ''volai'' means the palm leaf, leading to the name of Kudavolai. Only people in pilgrimage or senescence were exempt from voting. The eligibilities of the candidates were prescribed with minimum age, educational qualifications and property. There were strictures for the candidates should have built their house in their own property, should not be part of any other committee and be between 35 and 70 years of age. The voters had the right to recall their candidate for failing to fulfill their duties. The inscriptions also specified strict punishments for the corrupt like disallowing their next seven generations to contest if found guilty. The institution was dismembered along with the end of the Chola regime during the 13th century. [[Rajiv Gandhi]], the then [[Prime Minister of India]] was inspired by the system after paying a visit to the temple and insisted on improving [[Panchayat Raj]], India's system of local bodies in villages.<ref name=business>{{cite news|title=Temple of democracy|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/temple-of-democracy-112070700027_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|last=T.E.|first=Narasimhan |date=7 July 2012|accessdate=7 November 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{commonscat}}
{{reflist}}

{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Supernova Spira

2026-03-24T04:23:12Z

Svetlanayrd: Stub

{{Short description|Under construction skyscraper in Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Supernova Spira
| location = [[Noida]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.5502|77.3228|display=inline,title}}
| image = Noidancrdelhiskyline.jpg
| building_type = Mixed use
| status = On-hold
| antenna_spire =
| roof = {{convert|300|m|ft}} (proposed)
| floor_count = 68 (actual)<br>80 (proposed)
| construction_start_date = 2012
| est_completion =
| cost =
| opening_date =
| website = {{Official website}}
| elevator_count = 37
| floor_area =
| owner = Supertech
| developer = Supertech
| main_contractor =
| architect = [[Benoy]]
| structural_engineer =
| Interior Design =
}}
'''Supernova Spira''' is an under construction [[Mixed-use development|mixed-use]] [[skyscraper]] in [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] being developed by Supertech.<ref>{{cite news |title=At 300 metres, Noida's tallest tower will be ready in 2 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/at-300-metres-noida-s-tallest-tower-will-be-ready-in-2-years/story-qo5krORv8HJcthuEV2biZI.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It is located in Sector 94, Amrapali Marg, Noida.

The building was originally designed to stand {{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=}} tall with 80 floors and would have been the [[List of tallest buildings in India|tallest building in India]] outside of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haidar |first1=Faizan |date=5 November 2020 |title=North India's tallest residential tower to be ready by next year: Supertech |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/north-indias-tallest-residential-tower-to-be-ready-by-next-year-supertech/articleshow/79058942.cms |access-date=5 February 2021 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> However, due to significant construction delays stemming from the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and financial challenges, the plans were subsequently revised.<ref name=":0" /> The updated design now comprises 68 floors, following the removal of several elements from the original blueprint—most notably, the extruding [[helipad]] and the tapering building facade at the top of the structure.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web | url=https://housing-is-01.s3.amazonaws.com/6a32315a/af0343210aa758948d5030351cc43879/original.pdf | title=Supernova - Your new world }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://www.supernova.in/pdfs/Spira-suites.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032208/http://supernova.in/pdfs/Spira-suites.pdf | archive-date=2023-03-26}}</ref>

Upon completion, it will become the [[List of tallest buildings in Delhi-NCR|tallest building in Delhi-NCR]].

==Construction updates==
* 2012: Construction started.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Investment Injected to Complete Construction of 300-Meter Building in Noida, India – CTBUH |url=https://www.ctbuh.org/news/investment-injected-to-complete-construction-of-300-meter-building-in-noida-india |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.ctbuh.org}}</ref>
* January 2016: Construction of 38 floors is completed.{{CN|date=October 2025}}
* June 2017: The structure crosses {{convert|180|m|ft|0|abbr=}} in height with around 48 floors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-06-25 |title=Ex-army officer in highest BASE jump |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/ex-army-officer-in-highest-base-jump/articleshow/59304612.cms |access-date=2025-10-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* August 2018: Construction reaches the 59th floor. Managing Director of Supertech Limited announces proposed completion by 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-18 |title=At 300 metres, Noida’s tallest tower will be ready in 2 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/at-300-metres-noida-s-tallest-tower-will-be-ready-in-2-years/story-qo5krORv8HJcthuEV2biZI.html |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* April 2020: Construction paused due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].
* September 2020: [[Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016|Uttar Pradesh Real Estate Regulatory Authority]] (UP-RERA) initiates investigations into financial irregularities related to the Supernova Spira project. Construction is put on hold indefinitiely.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-03 |title=Rera orders forensic audit of Supernova over project map |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/rera-orders-forensic-audit-of-supernova-over-project-map/articleshow/77900033.cms |access-date=2025-10-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* June 2024: Insolvency proceedings initiated against Supertech Supernova. Project continues to remain on hold, with 60% of the construction complete and 68 floors having been built.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Insolvency process begins against Supertech Goup’s Supernova project in Noida |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/insolvency-process-begins-against-supertech-goup-s-supernova-project-101718388829274.html |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-14 |title=Kotak to pump in ₹750cr to complete Supernova, clear Supertech’s bank dues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/kotak-to-invest-750cr-to-complete-supernova-project-and-clear-supertechs-bank-dues/articleshow/112506433.cms |access-date=2025-10-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* August 2024: [[Kotak Mahindra Bank|Kotak Investments]] takes over the Supernova Spira project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=Kotak investment to take over Supertech Supernova project |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/kotak-investment-to-take-over-supertech-supernova-project-101723582061333.html |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
As of October 2025, the project is still on hold and there is no active construction work ongoing at the project.

== Architecture ==
Supernova Spira is designed as a [[Mixed-use development|mixed-use]] [[skyscraper]] combining [[Residential area|residential]], [[Commercial property|commercial]], and [[Hospitality industry|hospitality]] functions within a single vertical complex. Designed by the UK-based architectural firm [[Benoy]] and inspired by the fluid forms of the [[Yamuna]] waterway, the tower follows a modern architectural style characterized by a sleek glass facade and a cylindrical form that emphasizes height and [[symmetry]].<ref name=":2" />

The lowest levels are planned for premium [[Shopping mall|retail]], service lobbies, and [[Office|office spaces]], while the low floors (5th to 17th) are designated for [[Apartment|residential apartments]] with 3BHK and 4BHK layouts, branded as Spira Residences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supernova |url=https://www.supernova.in/spira-suites.php |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.supernova.in}}</ref> The mid-level floors (19th to 43rd) include luxury residential suites and the highest floors (59th to 66th) offer the exclusive Spira Sky Villas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supernova Spira - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/supernova-spira/13538 |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com}}</ref> Office spaces are located in the 46th to 58th floors. The tower also includes a helipad and observation deck on the 68th floor, offering panoramic views of Noida and the [[Yamuna]] River basin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supernova |url=https://www.supernova.in/spira-spaces.php |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.supernova.in}}</ref>

High-speed [[Elevator|elevators]] and advanced building management systems are designed to support the mixed-use nature of the development, while sustainable features such as energy-efficient glass and smart environmental controls align the project with international green-building standards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spira, Noida |url=https://accgroup.com/projects/spira/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Arabian Construction Company}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of tallest buildings in Delhi NCR]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures under construction in India]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in India]]
[[Category:Noida]]
[[Category:Twisted buildings and structures]]

College of Engineering, Cherthala

2026-03-20T19:30:21Z

Svetlanayrd: brief adjust information after review further and improved wording based on references

#REDIRECT [[Educational organisations in Cherthala#College of Engineering Cherthala]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Sri Lankan Tamils

2026-03-16T11:54:21Z

Svetlanayrd: creating basic stub w/ sources...

{{Short description|South Asian ethnic group}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2012}}
{{Distinguish|Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Sri Lankan Tamils
| native_name = {{lang|ta|ஈழத்தமிழர்}}<br>{{lang|ta|இலங்கை தமிழர்}}
| native_name_lang = ta
| image = Ceylon Tamil girl 1910.jpeg
| caption = A postcard image of a Sri Lankan Tamil woman, 1910
| flag =
| flag_caption =
| population = '''~ 3.0 million'''<br/>(estimated; excluding [[Sri Lankan Moors|Moors]] and [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Indian Tamils]])
| genealogy =
| regions =
| tablehdr =
| region1 = {{Flagu|Sri Lanka}}
| pop1 = 2,270,924 (2012)
| ref1 = <ref name=census12 />
| region2 = {{Flagu|Canada}}
| pop2 = ~300,000
| ref2 = <ref name=Foster /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/98-314-x2011001-eng.cfm|title=Linguistic Characteristics of Canadians}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilculture.ca/tamils-by-the-numbers/|title=Tamils by the Numbers|access-date=25 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235431/http://tamilculture.ca/tamils-by-the-numbers/|archive-date=26 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/new-bilingualism-taking-hold-in-canada/article4650408/|title=New bilingualism taking hold in Canada}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/2011001/tbl/tbl1-eng.cfm|title=Table 1 Size and percentage of population that reported speaking one of the top 12 immigrant languages most often at home in the six largest census metropolitan areas, 2011|access-date=11 May 2014|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214183707/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/2011001/tbl/tbl1-eng.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| region3 = {{Flagu|United Kingdom}}
| pop3 = ~120,000 (2006)
| ref3 = <ref>{{cite news|title=Britain urged to protect Tamil Diaspora|url=https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2006/03/060315_hrw_jayadevan|newspaper=[[BBC]] Sinhala|date=15 March 2006|quote=According to HRW, there are about 120,000 Sri Lankan Tamils in the UK.}}</ref>
| region4 = {{Flagu|India}}
| pop4 = ~100,000 (2005)
| ref4 = <ref name=Acharya />
| region5 = {{Flagu|Germany}}
| pop5 = ~60,000 (2008)
| ref5 = <ref name=Baumann />
| region6 = {{Flagu|France}}
| pop6 = ~100,000 (2013)
| ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297402269 }}</ref>
| region7 = {{Flagu|Switzerland}}
| pop7 = ~60,000 (2023)
| ref7 = <ref>{{cite web | title= Marking 40 Years of the Tamil Diaspora in Switzerland | Tamil Guardian| url= https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/marking-40-years-tamil-diaspora-switzerland}}</ref>
| region8 = {{Flagu|Singapore}}
| pop8 = ~30,000 (1985)
| ref8 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/SR19850210s.pdf|title=SPEECH BY MR. S RAJARATNAM, SENIOR MINISTER (PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE), ON THE OCCASION OF THE 75TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION OF THE SINGAPORE CEYLON TAMILS' ASSOCIATION AT THE OBEROI IMPERIAL HOTEL ON SUNDAY, 10 FEBRUARY 1985 AT 7.30 PM.|date= 10 February 1985}}</ref>
| region9 = {{Flagu|Australia}}
| pop9 = ~30,000
| ref9 = <ref name=Sivasupramaniam>{{cite web|last=Sivasupramaniam|first=V.|title=History of the Tamil Diaspora|url=http://murugan.org/research/sivasupramaniam.htm|publisher=International Conferences on Skanda-Murukan}}</ref>
| region10 = {{Flagu|United States}}
| pop10 = ~25,000 (2010)
| ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/sri-lankan-tamil-diaspora-after-ltte|title=The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora after the LTTE|date=23 February 2010}}</ref>
| region11 = {{Flagu|Italy}}
| pop11 = ~25,000
| ref11 = <ref name=Sivasupramaniam />
| region12 = {{Flagu|Malaysia}}
| pop12 = ~24,436 (1970)
| ref12 = {{Sfn|Rajakrishnan|1993|pp=541–557}}
| region13 = {{Flagu|Netherlands}}
| pop13 = ~20,000
| ref13 = <ref name=Sivasupramaniam />
| region14 = {{Flagu|Norway}}
| pop14 = ~15,000 - +20000 (2024)
| ref14 = <ref>{{cite
web|url=https://news.lankasri.com/article/norway-tamil-history-population-details-1724847706 }}</ref>
| region15 = {{Flagu|Denmark}}
| pop15 = ~9,000 (2003)
| ref15 = {{Sfn|Mortensen|2004|p=110}}
| languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br>([[Sri Lankan Tamil dialects|Sri Lankan dialects]])
| religions = '''Majority'''<br>[[File:Tamil Om.svg|15px]] {{hlist|[[Hinduism]] (mostly [[Shaiva Siddhanta|Tamil Shaivism]])|<br>'''Minority'''<br>[[File:Christian cross.svg|11px]] [[Christianity]] (mostly [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]])}}<ref name="22,254 Tamil Buddhists in SL">{{cite news|last1=Perera|first1=Yohan|title=22,254 Tamil Buddhists in SL|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/105937/-Tamil-Buddhists-in-SL|newspaper=Daily Mirror|access-date=31 March 2016}}</ref><br>[[Buddhism]]<ref>{{cite web|title=22,254 Tamil Buddhists in SL|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/-Tamil-Buddhists-in-SL/108-105937|access-date=2020-11-17|website=www.dailymirror.lk|language=en}}</ref>
| related = {{hlist|[[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]]<br/>[[Giraavaru people]]<br/>[[Veddas]]<br/>[[Dravidian peoples|Dravidians]] (especially [[Malayalis]], [[Tamils|Indian Tamils]] and [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka]])<br/>[[Sri Lankan Moors]]<br/>[[Indian Moors]]<br/><ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1002/ajpa.1330450112|title=The legend of Prince Vijaya — a study of Sinhalese origins|year=1976|last1=Kirk|first1=R. L.|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=45|issue=1 |pages=91–99 |bibcode=1976AJPA...45...91K }}</ref>}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{Tamils}}

'''Sri Lankan Tamils''' ({{Indic|lang=ta|indic=இலங்கை தமிழர்|trans=ilankai tamiḻar}} or {{Indic|lang=ta|indic=ஈழத் தமிழர்|trans=īḻat tamiḻar|showlang=false|showhelp=false}}),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Krishnan|first=Shankara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__6PDx2CyLkC|title=Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8166-3330-2|page=172}}</ref> also known as '''Ceylon Tamils''' or '''Eelam Tamils''',<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ranganathan |first1=M. |last2=Velayutham |first2=S. |date=2012 |title=Imagining Eelam Tamils in Tamil cinema |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10304312.2012.731261 |journal=Continuum |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=871–881 |doi=10.1080/10304312.2012.731261|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Amarasingam |first=Amarnath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdTZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 |title=Pain, Pride, and Politics: Social Movement Activism and the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora in Canada |date=2015-09-15 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=978-0-8203-4814-8 |page=92 |language=en}}</ref> are [[Tamils]] native to the [[South Asia]]n [[island state]] of [[Sri Lanka]]. Today, they constitute a majority in the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]], form the plurality in the [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Province]] and are in the minority throughout the rest of the country. [[#Society|70% of Sri Lankan Tamils]] in Sri Lanka live in the Northern and Eastern provinces.<ref name=census12 />

Modern Sri Lankan Tamils descend from residents of the [[Jaffna kingdom]], a former kingdom in the north of Sri Lanka and [[Vanni chieftaincies]] from the east. According to the anthropological and archaeological evidence, Sri Lankan Tamils have a very long [[History of Sri Lanka|history in Sri Lanka]] and have lived on the island since at least around the 2nd century [[Common Era|BCE]].

The Sri Lankan Tamils are mostly [[Hindus]] with a significant [[Christian]] population. [[Sri Lankan Tamil literature]] on topics including religion and the sciences flourished during the medieval period in the court of the Jaffna Kingdom. Since the beginning of the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] in the 1980s, it is distinguished by an emphasis on themes relating to the conflict. [[Sri Lankan Tamil dialects]] are noted for their [[archaism]] and retention of a vocabulary not in use in Southern India. Sri Lankan Tamils form a group of Tamil-speaking populations differentiated by their customs and traditions, their dialects and their social organization, from the Tamils of India.<ref name=":2" />

Since Sri Lanka gained [[Sri Lankan independence movement|independence]] from [[British Ceylon|Britain]] in 1948, relations between the majority Sinhalese and minority Tamil communities have been strained. Rising ethnic and political tensions following the [[Sinhala Only Act]], along with [[Riots in Sri Lanka|ethnic pogroms]] carried out by Sinhalese mobs in [[Gal Oya riots|1956]], [[1958 riots in Ceylon|1958]], [[1977 riots in Sri Lanka|1977]], [[Burning of Jaffna library|1981]] and [[Black July|1983]], led to the formation and strengthening of [[Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups|militant groups]] advocating [[Tamil Eelam|independence for Tamils]]. The ensuing [[Sri Lankan civil war|civil war]] resulted in the deaths of more than 100,000 people and the [[Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka|forced disappearance]] and [[Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka|rape]] of thousands of others. The civil war ended in 2009 but there are continuing [[Tamil genocide|allegations of atrocities]] being committed by the [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces|Sri Lankan military]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11393458|title=Q&A: Post-war Sri Lanka|date=20 September 2013|newspaper=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24849699|title='Tamils still being raped and tortured' in Sri Lanka|date=9 November 2013|newspaper=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/26/tamils-fear-prison-and-torture-in-sri-lanka-13-years-after-civil-war-ended|title='Tamils fear prison and torture in Sri Lanka 13 years after civil war ended|date=26 March 2022|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}} </ref> A [[Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka|United Nations panel]] found that as many as 40,000 Tamil civilians may have been killed in the final months of the civil war.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Darusman|first1=Marzuki|url=https://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/POE_Report_Full.pdf|title=Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka|last2=Sooka|first2=Yasmin|last3=Ratner|first3=Steven R.|date=31 March 2011|publisher=[[United Nations]]|page=41|author-link1=Marzuki Darusman}}</ref> In January 2020, President [[Gotabaya Rajapaksa]] said that the estimated 20,000+ disappeared Sri Lankan Tamils were dead.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-20|title=Sri Lanka president says war missing are dead|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-51184085|access-date=2020-06-08}}</ref> The end of the civil war has not fully improved conditions in Sri Lanka, with press freedom not being restored and the judiciary coming under political control.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa37/011/2012/en/|title=ASA 37/011/2012 Sri Lanka: Continuing Impunity, Arbitrary Detentions, Torture and Enforced Disappearances|date=30 October 2012|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|access-date=28 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/07/sri-lankan-press-freedom-under-attack-website-office-raids-and-online-content|title=Press Freedom Under Attack in Sri Lanka: Website Office Raids and Online Content Regulation|last=Kaiser|first=Katrina|date=30 July 2012|publisher=[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]|access-date=28 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jayasinghe|first=Amal|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hn9AglmnC6DNZxlKsgNw2snBfpnA?docId=CNG.5c69d36ecf59a5a931e1ea83f43326c5.5c1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202194945/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hn9AglmnC6DNZxlKsgNw2snBfpnA?docId=CNG.5c69d36ecf59a5a931e1ea83f43326c5.5c1|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014|title=Amnesty accuses Sri Lanka of targeting judges|date=2 November 2012|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref>

One-third of Sri Lankan Tamils now live outside Sri Lanka. While there was significant migration during the [[British Empire|British colonial]] era to Singapore and Malaysia, the civil war led to more than 800,000 Tamils leaving Sri Lanka, and many have [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora|left the country]] for destinations such as Canada, United Kingdom, Germany and India as refugees or emigrants. According to the pro-rebel [[TamilNet]], the [[Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka|persecution]] and [[Policy of standardisation|discrimination]] that Sri Lankan Tamils faced has resulted in some Tamils today not identifying themselves as Sri Lankans but instead identifying themselves as either [[Eelam]] Tamils, Ceylon Tamils, or simply Tamils.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamilculture.com/why-im-not-sri-lankan|title = Why I'm Not 'Sri Lankan'}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&artid=38093|title=TamilNet}}</ref> Many still support the idea of [[Tamil Eelam]], a proposed [[independent state]] that Sri Lankan Tamils [[Vaddukoddai Resolution|aspired to create]] in the [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|North-East]] of Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-02 |title=Vaddukoddai Resolution: More Relevant Now Than Ever Before |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/vaddukoddai-resolution-more-relevant-now-than-ever-before/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=Colombo Telegraph |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/General%20Election%201977.PDF | title=Parliamentary Election - 1977 | publisher=Department of Elections Sri Lanka | access-date=March 14, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717002624/http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/General%20Election%201977.PDF | archive-date=17 July 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wijemanne |first=Adrian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EiToLETF5UC&pg=PA32 |title=War and Peace in Post-colonial Ceylon, 1948-1991 |date=1996 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0364-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>International Crisis Group - The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora after the LTTE, p13-14 https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/113104/186_the_sri_lankan_tamil_diaspora.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil National Alliance -A Sinking Ship|date=3 September 2018|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/tamil-national-alliance-a-sinking-ship/}}</ref> Inspired by the [[Flag of tamil eelam|Tamil Eelam flag]], the [[tiger]] also used by the [[LTTE]], has become a symbol of [[Tamil nationalism#Sri Lanka|Tamil nationalism]] for some Tamils in Sri Lanka and the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/eelam-tamil-flag-hoisted-valvettithurai|title = Eelam Tamil flag hoisted in Valvettithurai | Tamil Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/tamils-across-london-hoist-tamil-eelam-flags-build-maaveerar-naal|title = Tamils across London hoist Tamil Eelam flags in build-up to Maaveerar Naal | Tamil Guardian}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Sri Lankan Tamil history}}

There is little scholarly consensus over the presence of the Sri Lankan Tamil people in Sri Lanka, also known as [[Eelam]] in [[Sangam literature]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pande|first=Amba|title=Women in the Indian Diaspora: Historical Narratives and Contemporary Challenges|date=2017-12-05|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-10-5951-3|location=|pages=106|language=en}}</ref> One older theory states that there were no large Tamil settlements in Sri Lanka until the 10th century CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Indrapala |first1=Karthigesu |title=Early Tamil Settlements in Ceylon |journal=The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |date=1969 |volume=13 |pages=43–63 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka |location=Sri Lanka|jstor=43483465 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43483465}}</ref> According to the anthropological and archaeological evidence, Sri Lankan Tamils have a very long [[History of Sri Lanka|history in Sri Lanka]] and have lived on the island since at least around the 2nd century [[Common Era|BCE]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan|date=8 March 2002|title=Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? – A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995–2000)|url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0801/ejvs0801.txt|url-status=dead|journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies|volume=8|issue=1|issn=1084-7561|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070723121117/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0801/ejvs0801.txt|archive-date=23 July 2007}}</ref>{{Sfn|Wenzlhuemer|2008|pp=19-20}}

=== Prehistoric period ===
{{Multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 175
| image1 = Megalithic burial jar.jpg
| caption1 = Megalithic burial urns or jar found in Pomparippu, North Western, Sri Lanka dated to at least five to two centuries BCE. These are similar to Megalithic burial jars found in [[South India]] and the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] during the similar time frame.{{Sfn|de Silva|2005|p=129}}
| image2 = Black and Red ware.jpg
| caption2 = South Indian type black and red ware pot sherds found in Sri Lanka and dated to 1st to 2nd century CE. Displayed at the [[National Colombo Museum]].
}}
The [[Indigenous peoples|Indigenous]] [[Vedda|Veddas]] are ethnically related to people in South India and early populations of [[Southeast Asia]]. It is not possible to ascertain what languages that they originally spoke as [[Vedda language]] is considered diverged from its original source (due to Sinhalese language influence).<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Vedda|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]| location=London|year=2008|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/624466/Vedda|access-date=23 June 2008}}</ref>

According to [[K. Indrapala]], [[cultural diffusion]], rather than migration of people, spread the [[Prakrit]] and [[Tamil language]]s from peninsular India into an existing [[mesolithic]] population, centuries before the [[common era]].{{Sfn|Indrapala|2007|pp=53–54}} [[Tamil-Brahmi]] and Tamil-Prakrit scripts were used to write the Tamil language during this period on the island.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Schalk|first1=Peter|year=2002|title=Buddhism Among Tamils in Pre-colonial Tamilakam and Ilam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava Period|journal=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis|publisher=[[Uppsala University]]|volume=19–20|pages=100–220|isbn=978-91-554-5357-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2QEAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>

During the [[Protohistory|protohistoric period]] (1000–500 BCE) Sri Lanka was culturally united with [[South India|Southern India]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30208096.ece |title=Reading the past in a more inclusive way - Interview with Dr. Sudharshan Seneviratne |work=Frontline (2006) |date=26 January 2006 }}</ref> and shared the same megalithic burials, [[Black and red ware culture|pottery]], iron technology, farming techniques and [[megalithic graffiti symbols|megalithic graffiti]].<ref name="Seneviratne">{{cite book |last=Seneviratne |first = Sudharshan|title=Social base of early Buddhism in south east India and Sri Lanka|date=1984 }}</ref><ref name="Karunaratne">{{cite book |last=Karunaratne |first = Priyantha|title=Secondary state formation during the early iron age on the island of Sri Lanka : the evolution of a periphery|date=2010 }}</ref> This cultural complex spread from southern India along with Dravidian clans such as the [[Velir]], prior to the migration of [[Prakrit]] speakers.<ref>Robin Conningham - Anuradhapura - The British-Sri Lankan Excavations at Anuradhapura Salgaha Watta
Volumes 1 and 2 (1999/2006)</ref><ref>Sudharshan Seneviratne (1989) - Pre-State Chieftains And Servants of the State: A Case Study of Parumaka -http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/123456789/2078</ref><ref name="Seneviratne"/>

Settlements of culturally similar early populations of ancient Sri Lanka and ancient [[Tamil Nadu]] in India were excavated at [[Megaliths|megalithic burial sites]] at Pomparippu on the west coast and in [[Kathiraveli]] on the east coast of the island. Bearing a remarkable resemblance to burials in the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom]], these sites were established between the 5th century BCE and 2nd century CE.{{Sfn|de Silva|2005|p=129}}{{Sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=91}}

Excavated [[ceramic]] sequences similar to that of [[Arikamedu]] were found in [[Kandarodai]] (Kadiramalai) on the north coast, dated to 1300 BCE. Cultural similarities in burial practices in South India and Sri Lanka were dated by archaeologists to 10th century BCE. However, Indian history and archaeology have pushed the date back to 15th century BCE.<ref>Indian Journal of History of Science, 45.3 (2010) 369-394, Adichanallur: A prehistoric mining site https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol45_3_3_BSasisekara.pdf</ref> In Sri Lanka, there is radiometric evidence from [[Anuradhapura]] that the non-[[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] symbol-bearing [[Black and red ware culture|black and red ware]] occur in the 10th century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-01-26 |title=Reading the past in a more inclusive way |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30208096.ece |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

The skeletal remains of an [[Early Iron Age]] chief were excavated in [[Anaikoddai seal|Anaikoddai]], [[Jaffna District]]. The name ''Ko Veta'' is engraved in Brahmi script on a seal buried with the skeleton and is assigned by the excavators to the 3rd century BCE. Ko, meaning "King" in Tamil, is comparable to such names as Ko Atan, Ko Putivira and Ko Ra-pumaan occurring in contemporary [[Tamil Brahmi]] inscriptions of ancient South India and [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]].{{Sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=324}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|title=An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/24/stories/2010062451701100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701211040/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/24/stories/2010062451701100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 June 2010|author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan}}</ref>

=== Historic period ===

{{See also|Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka}}

[[Potsherds]] with [[Tamil Brahmi|early Tamil writing]] from the 2nd century BCE have been found from the north in [[Poonakari|Poonagari]], [[Kilinochchi District]] to the south in [[Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscriptions|Tissamaharama]]. They bore several inscriptions, including a clan name—''veḷ'', a name related to ''[[Velir]]'' from [[ancient Tamil country]].{{Sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=48}}

Once [[Prakrit]] speakers had attained dominance on the island, the [[Mahavamsa]] further recounts the later migration of royal brides and service castes from the Tamil [[Pandya Kingdom]] to the [[Anuradhapura Kingdom]] in the early historic period.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/07-consecrating-vijaya/ |title=The Consecrating of Vijaya |work=Mahavamsa |date=8 October 2011 }}</ref>

[[Epigraphic]] evidence shows people identifying themselves as Damelas or Damedas (the [[Prakrit]] word for Tamil people) in Anuradhapura, the capital city of [[Rajarata]] the middle kingdom, and other areas of Sri Lanka as early as the 2nd century BCE.{{Sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=157}} Excavations in the area of [[Tissamaharama]] in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally issued coins, produced between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE, some of which carry local Tamil personal names written in early Tamil characters,{{Sfn|Mahadevan|2000|pp=152–154}} which suggest that local Tamil merchants were present and actively involved in trade along the southern coast of Sri Lanka by the late classical period.{{Sfn|Bopearachchi|2004|pp=546–549}}

Other ancient inscriptions from the period reference a Tamil merchant,{{Efn|Dameda vanija gahapati Vishaka.}} the Tamil householder residing in Iḷabharata{{Efn|Iḷa bharatahi Dameda Samane karite Dameda gahapathikana.}} and a Tamil sailor named Karava.{{Efn|Dameda navika karava.}} Two of the six ancient inscriptions referring to the Damedas (Tamils) are in Periya Pullyakulam in the [[Vavuniya District]], one is in Seruvavila in [[Trincomalee District]], one is in Kuduvil in [[Ampara District]], one is in Anuradhapura and one is in [[Matale District]].<ref>{{cite journal| last =Senanayake| first =A.M.P. | date =2017 | title = A STUDY ON SOCIAL IDENTITY BASED ON THE BRAHMI INSCRIPTIONS OF THE EARLY HISTORIC PERIOD IN THE NORTH WESTERN PROVINCE, SRI LANKA |url=http://socialaffairsjournal.com/Achive/Spring_2017/3.A_Study_on_Social_Identity_Based_on_the_Brahmi_Inscriptions_by_A.M.P._Senanayake_%20SAJ1(6).pdf |journal= Social Affairs: A Journal for the Social Sciences|volume=1 |issue=6|pages=38 }}</ref>

Literary sources make references about Tamil rulers bringing horses to the island in water crafts in the second century BCE, most likely arriving at [[Kudiramalai]]. Historical records establish that Tamil kingdoms in modern India were closely involved in the island's affairs from about the 2nd century BCE.{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|pp=30–32}}{{Sfn|Mendis|1957|pp=24–25}} Kudiramalai, Kandarodai and [[Vallipuram]] served as great northern Tamil capitals and emporiums of trade with these kingdoms and the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] from the 6th–2nd centuries BCE. The archaeological discoveries in these towns and the ''[[Manimekhalai]]'', a historical poem, detail how Nāka-Tivu of Nāka-Nadu on the [[Jaffna Peninsula]] was a lucrative international market for pearl and conch trading for the Tamil fishermen.

In ''[[Mahavamsa]]'', a historical poem, ethnic Tamil adventurers such as [[Ellalan]] invaded the island around 145 BCE.{{Sfn|Nadarajan|1999|p=40}} [[Early Cholas|Early Chola]] king [[Karikala Chola|Karikalan]], son of [[Ilamcetcenni|Eelamcetcenni]] utilised superior [[Chola Navy|Chola naval power]] to conquer Ceylon in the first century CE. [[Shaivism|Hindu Saivism]], [[Tamil Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] were popular amongst the Tamils at this time, as was the proliferation of [[Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka|village deity worship]].

The [[Amaravati school]] was influential in the region when the [[Satavahana dynasty]] established the Andhra empire and its 17th monarch [[Hāla]] (20–24 CE) married a princess from the island. Ancient [[Vanniar (Chieftain)|Vanniars]] settled in the east of the island in the first few centuries of the common era to cultivate and maintain the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hellmann-Rajanayagam|first=Dagmar|title=Tamils and the meaning of history|journal=Contemporary South Asia|year=1994|volume=3|issue=1|pages=3–23|doi=10.1080/09584939408719724}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Schalk|first=Peter|title=Buddhism Among Tamils in Pre-colonial Tamilakam and Ilam: Prologue. The Pre-Pallava and the Pallava period|journal=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis|year=2002|volume=19–20|pages=159, 503|publisher=[[Uppsala University]]|quote=The Tamil stone inscription ''Konesar Kalvettu'' details King Kulakottan's involvement in the restoration of Koneswaram temple in 438 A.D. (Pillay, K., Pillay, K. (1963). ''South India and Ceylon'')}}</ref> The [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni region]] flourished.<ref>{{cite book|last=Arumugam|first=S.|title=The Lord of Thiruketheeswaram, an ancient Hindu sthalam of hoary antiquity in Sri Lanka|year=1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7g4YAAAAIAAJ|publisher=Colombo|quote=Kulakottan also paid special attention to agricultural practice and economic development, the effects of which made the Vanni region to flourish; temples were cared for and regular worship instituted at these}}</ref>

In the 6th century CE, a special coastal route by boat was established from the Jaffna peninsula southwards to Saivite religious centres in [[Trincomalee]] (Koneswaram) and further south to [[Batticaloa]] ([[Thirukkovil]]), passed a few small Tamil trading settlements in [[Mullaitivu]] on the north coast.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ismail|first1=Marina|year=1995|title=Early settlements in northern Sri lanka|quote=In the sixth century AD there was a coastal route by boat from the Jaffna peninsula in the north, southwards to Trincomalee, especially to the religious centre of Koneswaram, and further onwards to Batticaloa and the religious centre of Tirukovil, along the eastern coast. Along this route there were a few small trading settlements such as Mullativu on the north coast... }}</ref>

The conquests and rule of the island by [[Pallava Dynasty|Pallava]] king [[Narasimhavarman I]] (630–668 CE) and his grandfather King [[Simhavishnu]] (537–590 CE) saw the erection and structural development of several ''[[Koil|Kovils]]'' around the island, particularly in the [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|north-east]]—these Pallava [[Dravidian architecture#Pallavas|Dravidian rock temples]] remained a popular and highly influential style of architecture in the region over the next few centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singhal|first1=Damodhar P.|year=1969|title=India and world civilization|volume=2|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|oclc=54202}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Codrington|first=Humphrey William|title=Short History of Ceylon|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqpdlaPiOyEC|isbn=9788120609464|date=May 1995|publisher=Asian Educational Services }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Maity|first=Sachindra Kumar|title=Masterpieces of Pallava Art|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgrqAAAAMAAJ|year=1982}}</ref> Tamil soldiers from what is now South India were brought to Anuradhapura between the 7th and 11th centuries CE in such large numbers that local chiefs and kings trying to establish legitimacy came to rely on them.<ref name=Spencer /> By the 8th century CE Tamil villages were collectively known as ''Demel-kaballa'' (Tamil allotment), ''Demelat-valademin'' (Tamil villages), and ''Demel-gam-bim'' (Tamil villages and lands).{{Sfn|Indrapala|2007|pp=214–215}}

=== Medieval period ===
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 160
| image1 = Jaffna Royal family 280x190.jpg
| caption1 = The [[Aryacakravarti dynasty|Jaffna royal family]], first from the right is [[Cankili I]], who held off the [[Portuguese Empire]].
| image2 = Map-of-ceylon-c1692.jpg
| caption2 = ''Coylot Wanees Contrey'' (Coylot [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]] country), [[Malabars|Malabar]] country in the northeast of the island on a 1681 CE map by [[Robert Knox (sailor)|Robert Knox]] as published in his book.<ref>The 1681 CE map by Robert Knox demarcates the then existing boundaries of the Tamil country. In 1692 CE, Dutch artist Wilhelm Broedelet crafted an engraving of the map: ''Coylat Wannees Land, where the Malabars live'' – [http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_id=xri:eebo&rft_id=xri:eebo:image:58692:2 An Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon], [http://www.nationaalarchief.nl/AMH/detail.aspx?page=dafb&lang=en&id=5615 Atlas of Mutual Heritage, Netherlands]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>
}}

In the 9th and 10th centuries CE, [[Pandya]] and [[Chola]] incursions into Sri Lanka culminated in the [[Chola rule in Sri Lanka|Chola annexation of the island]], which lasted until the latter half of the 11th century CE.<ref name=Spencer>{{cite journal|last=Spencer|first=George W.|title=The politics of plunder: The Cholas in eleventh century Ceylon|journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]]|volume=35|issue=3|page=408|publisher=[[Association for Asian Studies]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|p=46}}{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|p=48}}{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|p=75}}{{Sfn|Mendis|1957|pp=30–31}}{{Sfn|Smith|1958|p=224}} [[Raja Raja Chola I]] renamed the northern throne ''Mummudi Chola Mandalam'' after his conquest of the northeast country to protect Tamil traders being looted, imprisoned and killed for years on the island.<ref>{{cite book|title=Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1|page=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGmiLgEACAAJ|isbn=9781231192177|last1=Rice|first1=Benjamin Lewis|date=2012-05-10|publisher=General Books }}</ref> [[Rajadhiraja Chola]]'s conquest of the island led to the fall of four kings there, one of whom, Madavarajah, the king of Jaffna, was a usurper from the [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Pillay|first=K.|title=South India and Ceylon|year=1963|publisher=[[University of Madras]]|oclc=250247191}}</ref> These dynasties oversaw the development of several kovils that administered services to communities of land assigned to the temples through royal grants. Their rule also saw the benefaction of other faiths. Recent excavations have led to the discovery of a limestone Kovil of Raja Raja Chola I's era on [[Neduntheevu|Delft]] island, found with Chola coins from this period.<ref>{{cite news|last=Balachandran|first=P.K.|title=Chola era temple excavated off Jaffna|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/article257115.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000458/http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/article257115.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2013|access-date=12 March 2010|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=10 March 2010}}</ref> The decline of Chola power in Sri Lanka was followed by the restoration of the [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa|Polonnaruwa kingdom]] in the late 11th century CE.{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|p=76}}

In 1215, following Pandya invasions, the Tamil-dominant [[Arya Chakaravarthi]] dynasty established an independent [[Jaffna kingdom]] on the Jaffna Peninsula and other parts of the north.{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|pp=100–102}} The Arya Chakaravarthi expansion into the south was halted by [[Alagakkonara]],{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|pp=102–104}} a man descended from a family of merchants from [[Kanchipuram]] in Tamil Nadu. He was the chief minister of the Sinhalese king Parakramabahu V (1344–59 CE). Vira Alakeshwara, a descendant of Alagakkonara, later became king of the Sinhalese,{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|p=104}} but [[Treasure voyages|he was overthrown]] by the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] admiral [[Zheng He]] in 1409 CE. The next year, the Chinese admiral [[Zheng He]] erected a [[Galle Trilingual Inscription|trilingual stone tablet]] in [[Galle]] in the south of the island, written in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and Tamil that recorded offerings he made to [[Buddha]], [[Allah]] and the God of Tamils Tenavarai Nayanar. The admiral invoked the blessings of Hindu deities at Temple of Perimpanayagam [[Tondeswaram temple|Tenavaram, Tevanthurai]] for a peaceful world built on trade.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kaplan|first=Robert D.|title=Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power'|year=2010|publisher=Random House Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZUlDNrQOzoC|isbn=9780679604051}}</ref>

The 1502 map ''[[Cantino]]'' represents three Tamil cities on the east coast of the island - [[Mullaitivu]], [[Trincomalee]] and [[Panama (Sri Lanka)|Panama]], where the residents grow [[cinnamon]] and other spices, fish for pearls and seed pearls and worship idols, trading heavily with [[Kozhikode]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pires|first1=Tomé|last2=Rodrigues|first2=Francisco|last3=Cortesão|first3=Armando|title=The Suma oriental of Tome Pires : an account of the east, from the red sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues: pilot-major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas: rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack and, maps, written and drawn in the east before 1515|year=2005|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-206-0535-0|page=85|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC}}</ref> The Arya Chakaravarthi dynasty ruled large parts of northeast Sri Lanka until the [[Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom]] in 1619 CE. The coastal areas of the island were conquered by the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]] and then became part of the [[British Empire]] in 1796 CE.

The Sinhalese ''Nampota'' dated in its present form to the 14th or 15th century CE suggests that the whole of the Tamil Kingdom, including parts of the modern Trincomalee District, was recognised as a Tamil region by the name Demala-pattana (Tamil city).{{Sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=210}} In this work, a number of villages that are now situated in the Jaffna, Mullaitivu and Trincomalee districts are mentioned as places in Demala-pattana.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nampota|year=1955|publisher=M. D. Gunasena & Co.|location=Colombo|pages=5–6}}</ref>

The English sailor [[Robert Knox (sailor)|Robert Knox]] described walking into the island's Tamil country in the publication ''[[An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon]]'', referencing some aspects of their royal, rural and economic life and annotating some kingdoms within it on a map in 1681 CE.{{Sfn|Knox|1681|p=166}} Upon arrival of European powers from the 17th century CE, the Tamils' separate nation was described in their areas of habitation in the northeast of the island.{{Efn|Upon arrival in June 1799, Sir Hugh Cleghorn, the island's first British colonial secretary wrote to the British government of the traits and antiquity of the Tamil nation on the island in the ''Cleghorn Minute:''
"Two different nations from a very ancient period have divided between them the possession of the island. First the Sinhalese, inhabiting the interior in its Southern and Western parts, and secondly the [[Malabars]] [another name for Tamils] who possess the Northern and Eastern districts. These two nations differ entirely in their religion, language, and manners". McConnell, D., 2008; Ponnambalam, S. 1983}}

The [[Caste system in Sri Lanka|caste structure]] of the majority [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] has also accommodated Tamil and Kerala immigrants from South India since the 13th century CE. This led to the emergence of three new Sinhalese caste groups: the ''[[Salagama]]'', the ''[[Durava]]'' and the ''[[Karava]]''.{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|p=121}}{{Sfn|Spencer|1990|p=23}}{{Sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=275}} The Tamil migration and assimilation continued until the 18th century CE.{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|p=121}}

== Society ==
{{Main|Sri Lankan society}}

{{See also|Caste system in Sri Lanka#Sri Lankan Tamils}}

=== Demographics ===
According to the 2012 census there were 2,270,924 Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka, 11.2% of the population.<ref name=census12>{{cite web|title=A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka|access-date=23 October 2012|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428063924/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sri Lankan Tamils constitute an overwhelming majority of the population in the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] and are the largest ethnic group in the [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Province]].<ref name=census12 /> They are minority in other provinces. 70% of Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka live in the Northern and Eastern provinces.<ref name=census12 />

{{Historical populations
|align = right
|source = <ref name=census12 /><ref>{{cite web|title=Population by ethnic group, census years|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-10.pdf|work=Statistical Abstract 2011|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190517/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-10.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Estimated mid year population by ethnic group, 1980–1989|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-13.pdf|work=Statistical Abstract 2011|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190529/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Abstract2011/CHAP2/AB2-13.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{Efn|Data is based on [[Sri Lankan Government]] census except 1989 which is an estimate.}}
|1911 | 528000
|1921 | 517300
|1931 | 598900
|1946 | 733700
|1953 | 884700
|1963 | 1164700
|1971 | 1423981
|1981 | 1886872
|1989 | 2124000
|2012 | 2269266
|2024 | 2681627
}}
[[File:Sri Lanka - Sri Lankan Tamils 2012.png|thumb|200px|left|Distribution of Sri Lankan Tamil people in Sri Lanka by DS Division according to the 2012 census.]]
[[File:Sri Lanka-Tamilen 2012.svg|thumb|200px|left|Percentage of Sri Lankan Tamil people in Sri Lanka by district according to the 2012 census.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:right;"
|+ '''Distribution of Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka (2012)'''<ref name=census12 />
|-
! style="vertical-align:bottom;"|[[Provinces of Sri Lanka|Province]]
! style="vertical-align:bottom;"|<small>Sri Lankan<br />Tamils</small>
! style="vertical-align:bottom;"|%<br />Province
! style="vertical-align:bottom;"|<small>% Sri Lankan<br />Tamils</small>
|-
| align=left|{{flagcountry|Central Province, Sri Lanka}} || 128,263 || 5.0% || 5.7%
|-
| align=left|{{flagcountry|Eastern Province, Sri Lanka}} || 609,584 || 39.3% || 26.8%
|-
| align=left|{{flagcountry|Northern Province, Sri Lanka}} || 987,692 || 93.3% || 43.5%
|-
| align=left|{{flagcountry|North Central Province, Sri Lanka}} || 12,421 || 1.0% || 0.6%
|-
| align=left|{{flagcountry|North Western Province, Sri Lanka}} || 66,286 || 2.8% || 2.9%
|-
| align=left|{{flagcountry|Sabaragamuwa Province}} || 74,908 || 3.9% || 3.3%
|-
| align=left|{{flagcountry|Southern Province, Sri Lanka}} || 25,901 || 1.1% || 1.1%
|-
| align=left|{{flagcountry|Uva Province}} || 30,118 || 2.4% || 1.3%
|-
| align=left|{{flagcountry|Western Province, Sri Lanka}} || 335,751 || 5.8% || 14.8%
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| align=left|Total || 2,270,924 || 11.2% || 100.0%
|}

There are no accurate figures for the number of Sri Lankan Tamils living in the [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora|diaspora]]. Estimates range from 450,000 to one million.<ref>{{cite book|last=Orjuela|first=Camilla|title=Politics from Afar: Transnational Diasporas and Networks|year=2012|publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.]]|isbn=978-1-84904-185-0|page=98|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShluycPZdS4C|editor=Terrence Lyons|editor2=Peter G. Mandaville|chapter=5: Diaspora Identities and Homeland Politics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora after the LTTE: Asia Report N°186|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/186%20The%20Sri%20Lankan%20Tamil%20Diaspora%20after%20the%20LTTE.ashx|publisher=[[International Crisis Group]]|page=2|date=23 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516033156/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/186%20The%20Sri%20Lankan%20Tamil%20Diaspora%20after%20the%20LTTE.ashx|archive-date=16 May 2010}}</ref>

=== Other Tamil-speaking communities ===
{{Main|Sri Lankan Moors|Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka}}

[[File:Recolectores de te3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Indian Tamils]] are classed as a separate ethnic group.]]
The two groups of Tamils located in Sri Lanka are the Sri Lankan Tamils and the [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Indian Tamils]]. There also exists a [[Sri Lankan Moor|significant population]] in Sri Lanka who are native speakers of Tamil language and are of [[Islam]]ic faith. Though a significant amount of evidence points towards these Muslims being [[Tamil Muslim|ethnic Tamil]]s,<ref name="vm">{{cite book | last = Mohan | first = Vasundhara | title = Identity Crisis of Sri Lankan Muslims | publisher = Mittal Publications | location = Delhi | year = 1987 | pages = 9–14, 27–30, 67–74, 113–118 }}</ref><ref>[http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/12049/1/Ramos_umd_0117E_12042.pdf Ross Brann, "The Moors?"]</ref><ref name="bbcnews">{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2070817.stm | title=Analysis: Tamil-Muslim divide | date=27 June 2002 | publisher=BBC News World Edition | access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref> they are controversially<ref name="vm"/><ref name="bbcnews"/><ref name="azz">{{cite book | last = Zemzem | first = Akbar | title = The Life and Times of Marhoom Wappichi Marikar (booklet) | location = Colombo | year = 1970}}</ref> listed as a separate ethnic group by the [[Sri Lankan government]].{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|pp=3–5}}{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|p=9}}<ref name=population/>

Sri Lankan Tamils (also called Ceylon Tamils) are descendants of the Tamils of the old [[Jaffna Kingdom]] and east coast chieftaincies called [[Vannimai]]s. The Indian Tamils (or Hill Country Tamils) are descendants of bonded labourers sent from Tamil Nadu to Sri Lanka in the 19th century to work on tea plantations.{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|p=177}}{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|p=181}}

Most Sri Lankan Tamils live in the Northern and Eastern provinces and in the capital [[Colombo]], and most Indian Tamils live in the central highlands.<ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Population by Ethnicity according to District|author=Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p8%20Ethnicity.pdf|publisher=statistics.gov.lk|access-date=3 May 2007|archive-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713101148/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p8%20Ethnicity.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Historically, both groups have seen themselves as separate communities, although there has been a greater sense of unity since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Suryanarayan|first=V.|title=In search of a new identity|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=4 August 2001|volume=18|issue=16|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1816/18160950.htm|access-date=2 July 2008}}</ref> In 1948, the [[United National Party]] government [[Ceylon Citizenship Act|stripped the Indian Tamils of their citizenship]]. Under the terms of an agreement reached between the Sri Lankan and Indian governments in the 1960s, about forty percent of the Indian Tamils were granted Sri Lankan citizenship, and most of the remainder were [[repatriate]]d to India.{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|p=262}} By the 1990s, most Indian Tamils had received Sri Lankan citizenship.{{Sfn|de Silva|1987|p=262}}

=== Regional groups ===
Sri Lankan Tamils are categorised into three subgroups based on regional distribution, dialects, and culture: Negombo Tamils from the western part of the island, Eastern Tamils from the eastern part, and Jaffna or Northern Tamils from the north.

==== Eastern Tamils ====
[[File:Sri Lanka-Trincomalee-Tempel.JPG|thumb|175px|right|The [[Koneswaram Temple|Koneswaram Hindu Temple]] in [[Trincomalee]], mentioned in [[Tevaram|Saiva literature]] circa 700 CE by [[Thirugnana Sambanthar]]{{Sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=230}}]]

{{See also|History of Eastern Tamils}}

Eastern Tamils inhabit a region that spans the [[Trincomalee District|Trincomalee]], [[Batticaloa District|Batticaloa]], and [[Ampara District|Ampara]] districts.{{Sfn|Sivathamby|1995|pp=2–4}} Their history and traditions are inspired by local legends, native literature, and colonial documents.{{Sfn|Subramaniam|2006|pp=1–13}}

In the 16th century the area came under the nominal control of the [[Kingdom of Kandy]], but there was scattered leadership under Vannimai chiefs in Batticaloa District<ref>McGilvray, D. ''Mukkuvar Vannimai: Tamil Caste and Matriclan Ideology in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka'', pp. 34–97</ref>{{Sfn|Sivathamby|1995|pp=7–9}} who came with [[Kalinga Magha|Magha's]] army in 1215.<ref>{{cite book|last=McGilvray|first=Dennis B.|title=Caste Ideology and Interaction|year=1982|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|page=59|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-88AAAAIAAJ|isbn=9780521241458}}</ref> From that time on, Eastern Tamil social development diverged from that of the Northern Tamils.

Eastern Tamils are an agrarian-based society. They follow a [[Caste in Sri Lanka#Eastern Castes|caste system]] similar to the South Indian or [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]] [[kinship]] system. The Eastern Tamil caste hierarchy is dominated by the [[Mukkuvar]], [[Sri Lankan Vellalar|Vellalar]] and [[Karaiyar]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw5cbpeFsvcC&q=eastern+tamils+caste&pg=PA96|title=Matrilineal Communities, Patriarchal Realities: A Feminist Nirvana Uncovered|last=Ruwanpura|first=Kanchana N.|date=2006|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-06977-4|pages=96|language=en}}</ref> The main feature of their society is the ''kudi'' system.{{Sfn|Yalman|1967|pp=282–335}} Although the Tamil word ''kudi'' means a house or settlement, in eastern Sri Lanka it is related to matrimonial alliances. It refers to the [[exogamous]] [[matrilineal]] [[clan]]s and is found amongst most caste groups.{{Sfn|Sivathamby|1995|pp=5–6}} Men or women remain members of the ''kudi'' of their birth and be brother or sister by relation. No man can marry in the same ''kudi'' because woman is always become sister to him. But, a man can only marry in one of his ''sampantha'' ''kudi''s not in the ''sakothara'' ''kudi''s. By custom, children born in a family belong to mother's ''kudi''. ''Kudi'' also collectively own places of worship such as [[Hindu temple]]s.{{Sfn|Sivathamby|1995|pp=5–6}}  Each caste contains a number of ''kudis'', with varying names. Aside from castes with an internal ''kudi'' system, there are seventeen caste groups, called ''Ciraikudis'', or imprisoned ''kudis'', whose members were considered to be in captivity, confined to specific services such as washing, weaving, and [[toddy tapping]]. However, such restrictions no longer apply.

The Tamils of the Trincomalee district have different social customs from their southern neighbours due to the influence of the Jaffna kingdom to the north.{{Sfn|Sivathamby|1995|pp=5–6}} The [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Coast Vedda|Veddha]] people of the east coast also speak Tamil and have become assimilated into the Eastern Tamil caste structure.<ref name=Seligmann1911>{{cite book|last1=Seligmann|first1=C.G.|last2=Gabriel|first2=C.|last3=Seligmann|first3=B.Z.|year=1911|title=The Veddas|url=http://vedda.org/seligmann-coastal-veddas.htm|pages=331–335}}</ref> Most Eastern Tamils follow customary laws called [[Mukkuva laws]] codified during the [[Dutch period in Ceylon|Dutch colonial period]].{{Sfn|Thambiah|2001|p=2}}

==== Northern Tamils ====
[[Jaffna kingdom|Jaffna's history]] of being an independent kingdom lends legitimacy to the political claims of the Sri Lankan Tamils, and has provided a focus for their constitutional demands.{{Sfn|Sivathamby|1995|pp=4–12}} Northern Tamil society is generally categorised into two groups: those who are from the [[Jaffna Peninsula]] in the north, and those who are residents of the [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]] to the immediate south. The Jaffna society is separated by [[Caste system in Sri Lanka#Tamil castes|castes]]. Historically, the [[Sri Lankan Vellalar]] were in northern region dominant and were traditionally [[husbandman]] involved in [[agriculture]] and [[Livestock|cattle cultivation]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fernando|first=A. Denis N.|date=1987|title=Pennsular Jaffna From Ancient to Medieval Times: Its Significant Historical and Settlement Aspects|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka|volume=32|pages=63–90|jstor=23731055}}</ref> They constitute half of the population and enjoyed dominance under Dutch rule, from which community the colonial political elites also were drawn from.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xj9FAwAAQBAJ&q=vellalar+dutch&pg=PT73|title=The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka: Transnational Commitments to Social Change|last=Gerharz|first=Eva|date=2014-04-03|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-69279-9|language=en}}</ref> The maritime communities existed outside the agriculture-based caste system and is dominated by the [[Karaiyar]]s.{{Sfn|Gunasingam|1999|p=62}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pfister|first=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TJHYAAAAMAAJ&q=karaiyar|title=Soixante ans de pentecôtisme en Alsace (1930–1990): une approche socio-historique|date=1995|publisher=P. Lang|isbn=978-3-631-48620-7|page=165|language=en}}</ref> The dominant castes (e.g. the [[Vellalar]] or [[Karaiyar]]) traditionally use the service of those collectively known as ''Kudimakkal''. The Panchamars, who serve as Kudimakkal, consists of the ''[[Nalavar]], [[Pallar]], [[Parayar]], [[Vannar]]'' and [[Ambattan|''Ambattar'']].{{Sfn|Sivathamby|1995|pp=4–12}} The castes of temple priests known as the Kurukkals and the ''[[Iyers]]'' are also held in high esteem.{{Sfn|Gunasingam|1999|p=62}} The artisans who are known as [[Kammalan|''Kammalar'']] also serve as Kudimakkal, and consists of the ''Kannar'' (brass-workers), ''Kollar'' (blacksmiths), ''Tattar'' (goldsmiths), ''Tatchar'' (carpenters) and ''Kartatchar'' (sculptor). The ''Kudimakkal'' were [[Domestic worker|domestic servants]] who also gave ritual importance to the dominant castes.<ref>{{Citation|last=Pranāndu|first=Mihindukalasūrya Ār Pī Susantā|title=Rituals, folk beliefs, and magical arts of Sri Lanka|date=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h94SAQAAIAAJ&q=kudimakkal|pages=459|publisher=Susan International|language=en|isbn=9789559631835|access-date=2018-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Nayagam|first=Xavier S. Thani|title=Tamil Culture|date=1959|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWwgAAAAMAAJ&q=kudimakkal|publisher=Academy of Tamil Culture|language=en|access-date=2018-03-11}}</ref>

People in the Vanni districts considered themselves separate from Tamils of the Jaffna peninsula but the two groups did intermarry. Most of these married couples moved into the Vanni districts where land was available. Vanni consists of a number of highland settlements within forested lands using [[irrigation tank]]-based cultivation. An 1890 census listed 711 such tanks in this area. Hunting and raising livestock such as [[Domestic buffalo|water buffalo]] and cattle is a necessary adjunct to the agriculture. The Tamil-inhabited Vanni consists of the [[Vavuniya District|Vavuniya]], [[Mullaitivu District|Mullaitivu]], and eastern [[Mannar District|Mannar]] districts. Historically, the Vanni area has been in contact with what is now South India, including during the medieval period and was ruled by the [[Vanniar (Chieftain)|Vanniar Chieftains]].{{Sfn|Sivathamby|1995|pp=4–12}} Northern Tamils follow customary laws called [[Thesavalamai]], codified during the [[Dutch period in Ceylon|Dutch colonial period]].{{Sfn|Thambiah|2001|p=12}}

==== Western Tamils ====
{{Main|Negombo Tamils}}

Western Tamils, also known as [[Negombo Tamils]] or Puttalam Tamils, are native Sri Lankan Tamils who live in the western [[Gampaha District|Gampaha]] and [[Puttalam District|Puttalam]] districts. The term does not apply to Tamil immigrants in these areas.<ref name=RD>{{cite court|litigants=Fernando v. Proctor el al|vol=3|reporter=Sri Lanka|opinion=924|court=District Court, Chilaw|date=27 October 1909|url=http://www.lawnet.lk/docs/case_law/nlr/common/html/NLR12V309.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206033637/http://www.lawnet.lk/docs/case_law/nlr/common/html/NLR12V309.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> They are distinguished from other Tamils by their dialects, one of which is known as the [[Negombo Tamil dialect]], and by aspects of their culture such as [[Custom (law)|customary laws]].<ref name=RD />{{Sfn|Gair|1998|p=171}}<ref name=Bonta>{{cite journal|last=Bonta|first=Steven|title=Negombo Fishermen's Tamil (NFT): A Sinhala Influenced Dialect from a Bilingual Sri Lankan Community|journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics|date=June 2008|volume=37}}</ref> Most Negombo Tamils have assimilated into the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] ethnic group through a process known as [[Sinhalisation]]. Sinhalisation has been facilitated by [[caste]] myths and legends.<ref name=Foell>{{cite web|last=Foell|first=Jens|title=Participation, Patrons and the Village: The case of Puttalam District|publisher=[[University of Sussex]]|year=2007|url = http://www.sussex.ac.uk/development/archive/papers/fr.html|access-date =25 June 2008|quote=One of the most interesting processes in Mampuri is the one of Sinhalisation. Whilst most of the Sinhala fishermen used to speak Tamil and/or still do so, there is a trend towards the use of Sinhala, manifesting itself in most children being educated in Sinhala and the increased use of Sinhala in church. Even some of the long-established Tamils, despite having been one of the most powerful local groups in the past, due to their long local history as well as caste status, have adapted to this trend. The process reflects the political domination of Sinhala people in the Government controlled areas of the country.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611140511/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/development/archive/papers/fr.html|archive-date=11 June 2008}}</ref> The Western Tamils caste hierarchy is principally dominated by the maritime [[Karaiyar]]s, along with other dominant groups such as the [[Bharatha people|Paravars]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50igCgAAQBAJ&q=negombo+paravar&pg=PA55|title=Historical Dictionary of Sri Lanka|last=Peebles|first=Patrick|date=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442255852|page=55|language=en}}</ref>

In Gampaha District, Tamils have historically inhabited the coastal region. In the Puttalam District, there was a substantial ethnic Tamil population until the first two decades of the 20th century.<ref name=Foell /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Goonetilleke|first=Susantha|title=Sinhalisation: Migration or Cultural Colonization?|journal=Lanka Guardian|date=1 May 1980|pages=18–29|url=http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php?title=Lanka_Guardian_1980.05.01&uselang=en}}</ref> Most of those who identify as ethnic Tamils live in villages such as [[Udappu]] and [[Maradankulama|Maradankulam]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Corea|first=Henry|title=The Maravar Suitor|url=http://www.defonseka.com/k21.htm|access-date=24 June 2008|newspaper=[[Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka)]]|date=3 October 1960|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517173456/http://www.defonseka.com/k21.htm|archive-date=17 May 2008}}</ref> The coastal strip from [[Jaffna]] to [[Chilaw]] is also known as the "Catholic belt".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCIDFTjeDD4C&q=catholic+belt+sri+lanka|title=Geographical Aspects of the Northern Province, Sri Lanka|last=Rajeswaran|first=S.T.B.|date=2012|publisher=Governor's Office|pages=69|language=en}}</ref> The [[Tamil Christians]], chiefly Roman Catholics, have preserved their heritage in the major cities such as [[Negombo]], [[Chilaw]], [[Puttalam]], and also in villages such as [[Mampuri]].<ref name=Foell />

Some residents of these two districts, especially the [[Karaiyar]]s, are bilingual, ensuring that the Tamil language survives as a [[lingua franca]] among migrating maritime communities across the island. Negombo Tamil dialect is spoken by about 50,000 people. This number does not include others, outside of Negombo city, who speak local varieties of the Tamil language.{{Sfn|Gair|1998|p=171}} The bilingual catholic [[Karava]]s are also found in the western coastal regions, who trace their origins to the Tamil [[Karaiyar]] however identify themselves as [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bonta|first=Steven|date=2010|title=Negombo Fishermen's Tamil: A Case of Indo-Aryan Contact-Induced Change in a Dravidian Dialect|jstor=41330804|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=52|issue=3/4|pages=310–343|doi=10.1353/anl.2010.0021|s2cid=144089805}}</ref>

Negombo Tamil indicates that the [[Karava|Karavas]] immigrated to Sri Lanka much later than Tamils immigrated to Jaffna. This would suggest that the Negombo dialect continued to evolve in the Coromandel Coast before it arrived in Sri Lanka and began to get influenced by Sinhala. So, in some ways, the dialect is closer to those spoken in Tamil Nadu than to Jaffna Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1020026/how-a-unique-tamil-dialect-survived-among-a-fishing-community-in-sri-lanka|title = How a unique Tamil dialect survived among a fishing community in Sri Lanka| date=23 March 2022 }}</ref>

Some [[Sri Lankan place name etymology#Tamil|Tamil place names]] have been retained in these districts. Outside the Tamil-dominated northeast, the Puttalam District has the highest percentage of place names of Tamil origin in Sri Lanka. Composite or hybrid place names are also present in these districts.<ref>{{cite conference|first=K.|last=Kularatnam|title=Tamil Place Names in Ceylon outside the Northern and Eastern Provinces|book-title=Proceedings of the First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia vol.1|pages=486–493|publisher=International Association of Tamil Research |date=April 1966}}</ref>

=== Genetic affinities ===
{{Main|Genetic studies on Sri Lankan Tamils}}

Although Sri Lankan Tamils are culturally and linguistically distinct, genetic studies indicate that they are closely related to other ethnic groups in the island while being related to the Indian Tamils from South India as well. There are various studies that indicate varying degrees of connections between Sri Lankan Tamils, Sinhalese, and Indian ethnic groups.

A study conducted by Kshatriya in 1995 found that both ethnolinguistic groups of Sri Lanka, including the Tamils, were closest to the Tamil population of India and also the Muslim population of South India. They were found to be the most distant group from the Veddahs, and quite distant from both North-West Indians (Punjabis and Gujratis) and North-East Indians (Bengalis).<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Kshatriya |first1=GK |title=Genetic affinities of Sri Lankan populations. |journal=Human Biology |date=December 1995 |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=843–66 |pmid=8543296 }}</ref> In comparison to Indian Tamils, the Tamils of Sri Lanka had a higher admixture with the Sinhalese, though the Sinhalese themselves share a 69.86% (+/- 0.61) genetic admixture with the Indian Tamils.<ref name=":1" /> The study stated that any admixture from migrations several thousand years ago must have been erased through millennia of admixture among geographically local peoples.<ref name=":1" />

=== Religion ===
[[File:A Hindu Gentleman of North Ceylon (p.72, July 1859, XVI) - Copy.jpg|thumb|140px|A Hindu gentleman of North Ceylon (1859)<ref name=Offering1859>{{cite journal|title=A Hindu Gentleman of North Ceylon|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=July 1859|volume=XVI|page=72|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil07socigoog|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>]]
[[File:Nallur Kandasamy front entrance.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil]], one of the main Kovil in Sri Lanka.]]
{{See also|Hinduism in Sri Lanka|Christianity in Sri Lanka|Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka}}
In 1981, about eighty percent of Sri Lankan Tamils were [[Hindu]]s who followed the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] sect.<ref name=RR>{{cite web|title = Sri Lanka: Country study|publisher=[[The Library of Congress]]|year=1988|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/lktoc.html|access-date=25 June 2008}}</ref> The rest were mostly Roman Catholics who converted after the [[Portuguese conquest of Jaffna Kingdom]]. There is also a small minority of Protestants due to missionary efforts in the 18th century by organisations such as the [[American Ceylon Mission]].{{Sfn|Hudson|1982|p=29}} Most Tamils who inhabit the [[Western Province, Sri Lanka|Western Province]] are Roman Catholics, while those of the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] and [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Provinces]] are mainly Hindu.{{Sfn|Sivathamby|1995|pp=34–89}} [[Pentecostal]] and other churches, such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], are active among the internally displaced and refugee populations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pewforum.org/surveys/pentecostal/asia/|title=Overview: Pentecostalism in Asia|access-date=24 March 2008|publisher=The pew forum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306030325/http://pewforum.org/surveys/pentecostal/asia/|archive-date=6 March 2008}}</ref> The 2012 Sri Lanka Census revealed a [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka|Buddhist]] population of 22,254 amongst Sri Lankan Tamils, i.e. roughly 1% of all Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka.<ref name="22,254 Tamil Buddhists in SL">{{cite news|last1=Perera|first1=Yohan|title=22,254 Tamil Buddhists in SL|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/105937/-Tamil-Buddhists-in-SL|newspaper=Daily Mirror|access-date=31 March 2016}}</ref>

The Hindu elite, especially the [[Sri Lankan Vellalar|Vellalar]], follow the religious ideology of [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] (Shaiva school) while the masses practice [[List of Sri Lankan Tamil village deities|folk Hinduism]], upholding their faith in local village deities not found in formal Hindu scriptures. The place of worship depends on the object of worship and how it is housed. It could be a proper Hindu temple known as a ''Koyil'', constructed according to the ''[[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamic]]'' scripts (a set of scriptures regulating the temple cult). More often, however, the temple is not completed in accordance with ''Agamic'' scriptures but consists of the barest essential structure housing a local deity.{{Sfn|Sivathamby|1995|pp=34–89}} These temples observe daily ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]]'' (prayers) hours and are attended by locals. Both types of temples have a resident ritualist or priest known as a ''Kurukkal''. A ''Kurukkal'' may belong to someone from a prominent local lineage like ''Pandaram'' or Iyer community.{{Sfn|Sivathamby|1995|pp=34–89}} In the Eastern Province, a ''Kurukkal'' usually belongs to ''[[Lingayat]]'' sect. Other places of worship do not have icons for their deities. The sanctum could house a [[trident]] (''culam''), a stone, or a large tree. Temples of this type are common in the Northern and Eastern Provinces; a typical village has up to 150 such structures. The offering would be done by an elder of the family who owns the site. A coconut oil lamp would be lit on Fridays, and a special rice dish known as ''[[Pongal (dish)|pongal]]'' would be cooked either on a day considered auspicious by the family or on the [[Thai Pongal]] day, and possibly on [[Puthandu#Celebration|Tamil New Year Day]].

There are several worshipped deities: [[Ayyanar]], Annamar, [[Bhairava|Vairavar]], [[Kali]], [[Ganesha|Pillaiyar]], [[Murugan|Murukan]], [[Kannaki Amman]] and [[Mariamman]]. Villages have more Pillaiyar temples, which are patronised by local farmers.{{Sfn|Sivathamby|1995|pp=34–89}} Kannaki Amman is mostly patronised by maritime communities.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yI4cAAAAMAAJ|title=Early Settlements in Jaffna: An Archaeological Survey|last=PhD Ragupathy|first=Ponnampalam|date=1987|publisher=Thillimalar Ragupathy|location=University of Jaffna|pages=217|language=en}}</ref> Tamil Roman Catholics, along with members of other faiths, worship at the [[Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Harrison|first=Frances|title=Tamil Tigers appeal over shrine|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7336855.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=8 April 2008|author-link=Frances Harrison}}</ref> Hindus have several temples with historic importance such as those at [[Ketheeswaram]], [[Koneswaram]], [[Naguleswaram]], [[Munneswaram temple|Munneswaram]], [[Tondeswaram]], and [[Nallur Kandaswamy temple|Nallur Kandaswamy]].{{Sfn|Manogaran|2000|p=46}} [[Kataragama]] temple and [[Adam's Peak]] are attended by all religious communities.

=== Language ===
{{Main|Sri Lankan Tamil dialects}}

{{See also|Languages of Sri Lanka|Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil|Sinhala words of Tamil origin}}

Sri Lankan Tamils predominantly speak Tamil and its Sri Lankan dialects which are more conservative than the dialects spoken in India.<ref name=oldtamil /> These dialects preserve features of [[Old Tamil|Old]] and [[Middle Tamil|Medieval Tamil]] which have been lost in their Indian counterparts. In spite of this, both Sri Lankan and Indian Tamil dialects retain a degree of mutual intelligibility.<ref name=oldtamil>{{cite book |last=Steever |first=SB. |date=2008 |editor-last=Woodard |editor-first=RD|title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas|publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=50–75 |chapter=Old Tamil |isbn=}}</ref> Sri Lankan Tamil dialects are classified into three major subgroups: the Jaffna Tamil, the Batticaloa Tamil, and the [[Negombo Tamil dialect]]s. These dialects are also used by ethnic groups other than Tamils such as the Sinhalese, [[Sri Lankan Moors|Moors]] and Veddhas. Tamil loan words in Sinhala also follow the characteristics of Sri Lankan Tamil dialects.<ref name=Kuiper /> Sri Lankan Tamils, depending on where they live in Sri Lanka, may also additionally speak [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] and or [[English language|English]]. According to the 2012 Census 32.8% or 614,169 Sri Lankan Tamils also spoke Sinhala and 20.9% or 390,676 Sri Lankan Tamils also spoke English.<ref name="Census2012">{{cite web |title=Census of Population and Housing 2011 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=FinalPopulation&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |website=www.statistics.gov.lk |publisher=Department of Census and Statistics |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416015917/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=FinalPopulation&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Negombo Tamil dialect is used by bilingual fishermen in the Negombo area, who otherwise identify themselves as Sinhalese. This dialect has undergone considerable convergence with spoken [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]].<ref name=Bonta /> The Batticaloa Tamil dialect is shared between Tamils, Muslims, Veddhas and [[Portuguese Burghers]] in the Eastern Province. Batticaloa Tamil dialect is the most literary of all the spoken dialects of Tamil. It has preserved several ancient features, remaining more consistent with the literary norm, while at the same time developing a few innovations. It also has its own distinctive vocabulary and retains words that are unique to present-day [[Malayalam]], a [[Dravidian language]] from Kerala that originated as a [[dialect]] of old Tamil around 9th century CE.{{Sfn|Subramaniam|2006|p=10}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zvlebil|first=Kamil|title=Some features of Ceylon Tamil|journal=[[Indo-Iranian Journal]]|volume=9|issue=2|pages=113–138|date=June 1966|doi=10.1007/BF00963656|s2cid=161144239}}</ref> The Tamil dialect used by residents of the Trincomalee District has many similarities with the Jaffna Tamil dialect.<ref name=Kuiper />

The long physical isolation of the Tamils of Jaffna has enabled their dialect to preserve ancient features of old Tamil that predate ''[[Tolkappiyam]]'',<ref name=Kuiper /> the grammatical treatise on Tamil dated from 3rd century BCE to 10th century CE.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Swamy|first=B.G.L.|year=1975|title=The Date of Tolksppiyam-a Retrospect|series=Silver|journal=Annals of Oriental Research|volume=Jubilee Volume|pages=292–317}}</ref> Also, a significant component of settlers were from [[Kerala]], which contributed to the distinctiveness of the dialect from the Tamil Nadu dialects.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Indrapala |first1=K. |title=Kerala and Sri Lanka History, Mythology, Folklore, Rituals and Law* |date=2018 |publisher=Primus Books. |location=New Delhi |pages=285–320}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Pfaffenberger |first=Bryan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02RKAQAAMAAJ&q=sri+lanka+tamils+coromandel |title=Pilgrimage and Traditional Authority in Tamil Sri Lanka |date=1977 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |page=15 |language=en |quote=As Kearney puts it, the influence of the early Malabar migrations, as well as long residence in Ceylon and interaction with the Sinhalese, left the Ceylon Tamils as a unique group of Tamil-speaking people, differentiated in customs, speech, and social organization from the Tamils of South India.}}</ref><ref name=Kuiper>{{cite journal|last=Kuiper|first=L.B.J|title=Note on Old Tamil and Jaffna Tamil|journal=[[Indo-Iranian Journal]]|volume=6|issue=1|pages=52–64|date=March 1964|doi=10.1163/000000062791616020|doi-broken-date=12 August 2025 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00157142|s2cid=161679797|jstor=24646759|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Conservational Jaffna Tamil dialect and Indian Tamil dialects are to an extent not mutually intelligible,<ref>{{cite web|last=Schiffman|first=Harold|title=Language Shift in the Tamil Communities of Malaysia and Singapore: the Paradox of Egalitarian Language Policy|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|date=30 October 1996|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/sparadox/sparadox.html|access-date =4 April 2008}}</ref> and the former is frequently mistaken for [[Malayalam]] by native Indian Tamil speakers.{{Sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=45}} There are also [[Prakrit]] loan words that are unique to Jaffna Tamil.{{Sfn|Indrapala|2007|p=389}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Ragupathy|first=P.|title=Tamil Social Formation in Sri Lanka: A Historical Outline'|page=1}}</ref>

=== Education ===
[[File:ACM 1890.gif|thumb|right|A group of [[American Ceylon Mission]] missionaries in Jaffna (circa 1890)]]
Sri Lankan Tamil society values education highly, for its own sake as well as for the opportunities it provides.{{Sfn|Gair|1998|p=171}} The kings of the Aryacakravarti dynasty were historically patrons of literature and education. Temple schools and traditional ''[[gurukul]]am'' classes on [[verandah]]s (known as ''Thinnai Pallikoodam'' in Tamil) spread basic education in religion and in languages such as Tamil and [[Sanskrit]] to the upper classes.{{Sfn|Gunasingam|1999|pp=64–65}} The Portuguese introduced western-style education after their conquest of the Jaffna kingdom in 1619. The Jesuits opened churches and seminaries, but the Dutch destroyed them and opened their own schools attached to [[Dutch Reformed church]]es when they took over Tamil-speaking regions of Sri Lanka.{{Sfn|Gunasingam|1999|p=68}}

The primary impetus for educational opportunity came with the establishment of the American Ceylon Mission in Jaffna District, which started with the arrival in 1813 of missionaries sponsored by the [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions]].  The critical period of the missionaries' impact was from the 1820s to the early 20th century. During this time, they created Tamil translations of English texts, engaged in printing and publishing, established primary, secondary, and [[Batticotta Seminary|college-level schools]], and provided health care for residents of the Jaffna Peninsula. American activities in Jaffna also had unintended consequences. The concentration of efficient Protestant mission schools in Jaffna produced a revival movement among local Hindus led by [[Arumuga Navalar]], who responded by building many more schools within the Jaffna peninsula. Local Catholics also started their own schools in reaction, and the state had its share of primary and secondary schools. Tamil literacy greatly increased as a result of these changes. This prompted the British colonial government to hire Tamils as government servants in British-held Ceylon, India, [[Malaysia]], and [[Singapore]].{{Sfn|Gunasingam|1999|pp=73–109}} By 1946, 33% of clerical jobs in Ceylon were held by Sri Lankan Tamils, although they were 11% of the country's population.<ref name="devotta">{{cite book |last=Devotta|first=Neil |date=2003 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Michael E. |title=Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia' |publisher=The MIT press |pages=115 |chapter=Ethnolinguistic Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka |isbn=9780262269353}}</ref>{{Sfn|Pfaffenberg|1994|p=110}}{{Sfn|Ambihaipahar|1998|p=29}}

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Sri Lankan Tamil literature}}

According to legends, the origin of Sri Lankan Tamil literature dates back to the [[Sangam literature|Sangam period]] (3rd century BCE–6th century CE). These legends indicate that the Tamil poet [[Eelattu Poothanthevanar]] (Poothanthevanar from Sri Lanka) lived during this period.<ref name=Sivathamby>{{cite web|last=Sivathamby|first=K.|title=50 years of Sri Lankan Tamil literature|url=http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/srilitt.html|publisher=Tamil Circle|access-date=25 August 2008|author-link=K. Sivathamby|year=2005}}</ref>

Medieval period Tamil literature on the subjects of medicine, mathematics and history was produced in the courts of the Jaffna Kingdom.
During [[Singai Pararasasekaran]]'s rule, an academy for the propagation of the Tamil language, modelled on those of ancient [[Tamil Sangam]], was established in Nallur. This academy collected manuscripts of ancient works and preserved them in the Saraswathy Mahal library.{{Sfn|Gunasingam|1999|pp=64–65}}{{Sfn|Nadarajan|1999|pp=80–84}}

During the Portuguese and Dutch colonial periods (1619–1796), [[Muttukumara Kavirajar]] is the earliest known author who used literature to respond to Christian missionary activities. He was followed by [[Arumuga Navalar]], who wrote and published a number of books.<ref name=Sivathamby /> The period of joint missionary activities by the [[Anglican]], American Ceylon, and [[Methodist]] Missions also saw the spread of modern education and the expansion of translation activities.

The modern period of Tamil literature began in the 1960s with the establishment of modern universities and a free education system in post-independence Sri Lanka. The 1960s also saw a social revolt against the [[caste]] system in Jaffna, which impacted Tamil literature: [[Dominic Jeeva]], Senkai aazhiyaan, Thamizhmani Ahalangan are the products of this period.<ref name=Sivathamby />

After the start of the civil war in 1983, a number of poets and fiction writers became active, focusing on subjects such as death, destruction, and rape. Such writings have no parallels in any previous Tamil literature.<ref name=Sivathamby /> The war produced displaced Tamil writers around the globe who recorded their longing for their lost homes and the need for integration with mainstream communities in Europe and North America.<ref name=Sivathamby />

The [[Jaffna Public Library]] which contained over 97,000 books and manuscripts was one of the biggest libraries in Asia, and through the [[Burning of Jaffna Public Library|Burning of the Jaffna Public Library]] much of [[Sri Lankan Tamil literature]] has been obliterated.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla72/papers/119-Knuth-en.pdf|title=Destroying a Symbol: Checkered History of Sri Lanka's Jaffna Public Library|last=Knuth|first=Rebecca|publisher=University of Hawaii|year=2006}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Pittu At Omax.jpg
| width1 = 200
| caption1 = ''[[Puttu]]'', with sea food at a shop in Jaffna.
| image2 = Idiyappam.jpg
| width2 = 200
| caption2 = [[String hoppers]], known as ''Idiyappam'' in Tamil, is a popular breakfast and dinner dish.
}}

{{See also|Tamil cuisine|Sri Lankan cuisine}}
The cuisine of Sri Lankan Tamils draws influence from that of India, as well as from colonialists and foreign traders.  Rice is usually consumed daily and can be found at any special occasion, while spicy [[Curry|curries]] are favourite dishes for lunch and dinner. [[Rice and curry]] is the name for a range of Sri Lankan Tamil dishes distinct from Indian Tamil cuisine, with regional variations between the island's northern and eastern areas. While rice with curries is the most popular lunch menu, combinations such as [[curd]], tangy mango, and tomato rice are also commonly served.<ref name=TH200703>{{cite news|last=Ramakrishnan|first=Rohini|title=From the land of the Yaal Padi|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/07/20/stories/2003072000780700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001737/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2003/07/20/stories/2003072000780700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 July 2003}}</ref>

[[String hoppers]], which are made of [[rice flour]] and look like knitted [[vermicelli]] neatly laid out in circular pieces about {{convert|12|cm|in}} in diameter, are frequently combined with tomato ''sothi'' (a soup) and curries for breakfast and dinner.{{Sfn|Pujangga|1997|p=75}} Another common item is ''[[puttu]]'', a granular, dry, but soft steamed rice powder cooked in a bamboo cylinder with the base wrapped in cloth so that the bamboo flute can be set upright over a clay pot of boiling water. This can be transformed into varieties such as ''[[Finger millet|ragi]]'', spinach, and tapioca puttu. There are also sweet and savoury puttus.{{Sfn|Pujangga|1997|p=72}} Another popular breakfast or dinner dish is [[Appam]], a thin crusty pancake made with rice flour, with a round soft crust in the middle.{{Sfn|Pujangga|1997|p=73}} It has variations such as egg or milk Appam.<ref name=TH200703 />

Jaffna, as a peninsula, has an abundance of seafood such as crab, shark, fish, prawn, and squid. Meat dishes such as mutton, chicken and pork also have their own niche. Vegetable curries use ingredients primarily from the home garden such as pumpkin, [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]], [[jackfruit]] seed, [[hibiscus]] flower, and various green leaves. [[Coconut milk]] and hot [[Chili pepper|chilli]] powder are also frequently used. Appetizers can consist of a range of ''[[Indian pickle|achars]]'' (pickles) and ''vadahams''. Snacks and sweets are generally of the homemade "rustic" variety, relying on [[jaggery]], [[sesame]] seed, coconut, and [[Sesame oil|gingelly oil]], to give them their distinct regional flavour. A popular alcoholic drink in rural areas is [[palm wine]] (toddy), made from [[Borassus|palmyra tree]] sap. Snacks, savouries, sweets and porridge produced from the palmyra form a separate but unique category of foods; from the fan-shaped leaves to the root, the palmyra palm forms an intrinsic part of the life and cuisine of northern region.<ref name=TH200703 />

== Politics ==
{{See also|Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism|Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War|Tamil Eelam}}
Sri Lanka became an independent nation in 1948. Since independence, the political relationship between the Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamil communities has been strained. Sri Lanka has been unable to contain its ethnic violence as it escalated from sporadic terrorism to mob violence, and finally to civil war.<ref name=Peebles /> The [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] has several underlying causes: the ways in which modern ethnic identities have been made and remade since the colonial period, rhetorical wars over archaeological sites and [[Sri Lankan place name etymology|place name etymologies]], and the political use of the national past.{{Sfn|Spencer|1990|p=23}} The civil war resulted in the death of at least 100,000 people<ref>{{cite news|last=Doucet|first=Lyse|title=UN 'failed Sri Lanka civilians', says internal probe|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20308610|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=13 November 2012|author-link=Lyse Doucet}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Peachey|first=Paul|title=Sri Lanka snubs UN as it bids for more trade links with the UK|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/sri-lanka-snubs-un-as-it-bids-for-more-trade-links-with-the-uk-8795379.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/sri-lanka-snubs-un-as-it-bids-for-more-trade-links-with-the-uk-8795379.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=2 September 2013}}</ref> and, according to human rights groups such as [[Human Rights Watch]], the [[forced disappearance]] of thousands of others (''see [[White van abductions in Sri Lanka]]'').<ref>{{cite news|title=S Lanka civilian toll 'appalling'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7243595.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=13 February 2008|quote=Sri Lanka's government is one of the world's worst perpetrators of enforced disappearances, US-based pressure group [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) says. An HRW report accuses security forces and pro-government militias of abducting and "disappearing" hundreds of people—mostly Tamils—since 2006.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pathirana|first=Saroj|title=Fears grow over Tamil abductions|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5382582.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=26 September 2006|quote=The image of the "white van" invokes memories of the "era of terror" in the late 1980s when death squads abducted and killed thousands of Sinhala youth in the south of the country. The [[Asian Human Rights Commission]] (AHRC) says the "white van culture" is now re-appearing in Colombo to threaten the Tamil community.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Denyer|first=Simon|title="Disappearances" on rise in Sri Lanka's dirty war|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2006/09/14/disappearances_on_rise_in_sri_lankas_dirty_war/|access-date=7 July 2008|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=14 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529005905/http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2006/09/14/disappearances_on_rise_in_sri_lankas_dirty_war/|archive-date=29 May 2009|quote=The National Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka has recorded 419 missing people in Jaffna since December 2005.}}</ref> Since 1983, Sri Lanka has also witnessed massive civilian displacements of more than a million people, with eighty percent of them being Sri Lankan Tamils.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Newman|first=Jesse|year=2003|title=Narrating displacement:Oral histories of Sri Lankan women|journal = Refugee Studies Centre – Working Papers|issue=15|pages=3–60|publisher=[[Oxford University]]}}</ref>

=== Before independence ===
The arrival of Protestant missionaries on a large scale beginning in 1814 was a primary contributor to the development of political awareness among Sri Lankan Tamils. Activities by missionaries of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and [[Methodism|Methodist]] and [[Anglican]] churches led to a revival among Hindu Tamils who created their own social groups, built their own schools and temples, and published their own literature to counter the missionary activities. The success of this effort led to a new confidence for the Tamils, encouraging them to think of themselves as a community, and it paved the way for their emergence as a cultural, religious, and linguistic society in the mid-19th century.{{Sfn|Gunasingam|1999|p=108}}{{Sfn|Gunasingam|1999|p=201}}

[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], which conquered the whole island by 1815, established a [[Legislative Council of Ceylon|legislative council]] in 1833. During the 1833 Colebrooke-Cameron reforms the British centralised control to Colombo and amalgamated all administrative territories including the Tamil areas which had previously been administered separately.<ref>The Colebrooke-Cameron Reforms http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/13.htm</ref> A form of modern central government was established for the first time in the island, followed by gradual decline of local form of feudalism including Rajakariya, which was abolished soon after.

In the legislative council the British assigned three European seats and one seat each for Sinhalese, Tamils and [[Burgher people|Burghers]].<ref name=McConnell2008>{{cite journal|last=McConnell|first=D.|year=2008|title=The Tamil people's right to self-determination|journal=[[Cambridge Review of International Affairs]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=59–76|doi=10.1080/09557570701828592|s2cid=154770852}}</ref> This council's primary function was to act as advisor to the [[Governors of British Ceylon|Governor]], and the seats eventually became elected positions.{{Sfn|Gunasingam|1999|p=76}} There was initially little tension between the Sinhalese and the Tamils, when in 1913 [[Ponnambalam Arunachalam]], a Tamil, was elected representative of the Sinhalese as well as of the Tamils in the national legislative council. British Governor [[William Manning (colonial governor)|William Manning]], who was appointed in 1918 however, actively encouraged the concept of "communal representation".<ref>{{cite book|last=de Silva|first=K.M.|title=History of Sri Lanka|year=1995|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|author-link=K. M. de Silva}}</ref> Subsequently, the Donoughmore Commission in 1931 rejected communal representation and brought in [[universal franchise]]. This decision was opposed by the Tamil political leadership, who realised that they would be reduced to a minority in parliament according to their proportion of the overall population. In 1944, [[G. G. Ponnambalam]], a leader of the Tamil community, suggested to the [[Soulbury Commission]] that a roughly equal number of seats be assigned to Sinhalese and minorities in an independent Ceylon (50:50)—a proposal that was rejected.{{Sfn|Gunasingam|1999|p=5}} But under section 29(2) of the constitution formulated by the commissioner, additional protection was provided to minority groups, such requiring a two-thirds majority for any amendments and a scheme of representation that provided more weight to the ethnic minorities.{{Sfn|Gunasingam|1999|p=6}}

=== After independence ===
[[File:Location Tamil Eelam territorial claim.png|thumb|140px|right|Territorial claims for the state of [[Tamil Eelam]] by various [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism|Tamil]] groups]]
Shortly after independence in 1948, G.G. Ponnambalam and his [[All Ceylon Tamil Congress]] joined [[D.S. Senanayake]]'s moderate, western-oriented [[United National Party]] led [[D. S. Senanayake cabinet|government]] which led to a split in the Tamil Congress.{{Sfn|Wilson|2000|p=79}} [[S.J.V. Chelvanayakam]], the leader of the splinter [[Federal Party (Sri Lanka)|Federal Party]] (FP or Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi), contested the [[Ceylon Citizenship Act]], which denied citizenship to Tamils of [[Hill Country Tamils|recent Indian origin]], before the [[Supreme Court of Ceylon|Supreme Court]], and then in the [[Privy council]] in England, but failed to overturn it. The FP eventually became the dominant Tamil political party.<ref>{{cite web|last=Russell|first=Ross|title=Sri Lanka:Country study|publisher=[[The Library of Congress]]|year=1988|url = http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/25.htm|access-date=25 June 2008}}</ref> In response to the [[Sinhala Only Act]] in 1956, which made Sinhala the sole official language, Federal Party Members of Parliament staged a nonviolent sit-in (''[[satyagraha]]'') protest, but it was violently broken up by a mob. The FP was blamed and briefly banned after the [[Sri Lankan riots of 1958|riots of May–June 1958]] targeting Tamils, in which many were killed and thousands forced to flee their homes.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Michael|title=Blunders in Tigerland: Papes muddles on suicide bombers|journal=Heidelberg Papers on South Asian and Comparative Politics|volume=32|page=14|publisher=[[University of Heidelberg]]|date=November 2007}}</ref> Another point of conflict between the communities was [[Sri Lankan state sponsored colonisation schemes|state sponsored colonisation schemes]] that effectively changed the demographic balance in the Eastern Province, an area Tamil nationalists considered to be their traditional homeland, in favour of the majority Sinhalese.<ref name=Peebles>{{cite journal|last=Peebles|first=Patrick|title=Colonization and Ethnic Conflict in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka|journal=[[Journal of Asian Studies]]|volume=49|issue=1|pages=30–55|date=February 1990|doi=10.2307/2058432|jstor=2058432|s2cid=153505636 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=cstudy>{{cite web|last=Russel|first=Ross|title=Tamil Alienation|publisher=[[The Library of Congress]]|year=1988|url=http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/71.htm|access-date=25 June 2008}}</ref>

In 1972, a newly formulated constitution removed section 29(2) of the 1947 Soulbury constitution that was formulated to protect the interests of minorities.{{Sfn|Gunasingam|1999|p=6}} Also, in 1973, the [[Policy of standardization]] was implemented by the Sri Lankan government, supposedly to rectify disparities in university enrolment created under [[British Ceylon|British colonial rule]].  The resultant benefits enjoyed by Sinhalese students also meant a significant decrease in the number of Tamil students within the Sri Lankan university student population.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jayasuriya|first=J.E.|title=Education in the Third World: Some Reflections|year=1981|publisher=Indian Institute of Education|location=Pune|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25SfAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

Shortly thereafter, in 1973, the Federal Party decided to demand a [[Tamil Eelam|separate Tamil state]]. In 1976 they merged with the other Tamil political parties to become the [[Tamil United Liberation Front]] (TULF). {{Sfn|Wilson|2000|pp=101–110}} <ref name=Peebles /><ref name=cstudy /> By 1977 most Tamils seemed to support the move for independence by electing the Tamil United Liberation Front overwhelmingly.{{Sfn|Gunasingam|1999|p=7}} The elections were followed by the [[Sri Lankan riots of 1977|1977 riots]], in which around 300 Tamils were killed.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kearney|first=R.N.|year=1985|title=Ethnic Conflict and the Tamil Separatist Movement in Sri Lanka|journal=[[Asian Survey]]|volume=25|issue=9|pages=898–917|doi=10.2307/2644418|jstor=2644418}}</ref> There was further violence in 1981 when an organised Sinhalese mob went on a rampage during the nights of 31 May to 2 June, [[Burning of Jaffna library|burning down the Jaffna public library]]—at the time one of the largest libraries in Asia—containing more than 97,000 books and manuscripts.{{Sfn|Wilson|2000|p=125}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Knuth|first=Rebecca|title=Destroying a symbol|publisher=[[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]]|year=2006|url = http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla72/papers/119-Knuth-en.pdf|access-date=20 March 2008}}</ref>

=== Rise of militancy ===
{{Main|Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups}}

{{See also|Human rights in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka and state terrorism|List of attacks attributed to the LTTE}}
[[File:LTTE car with soldiers in Killinochi april 2004.jpg|thumb|right|Tamil rebels in a pick-up truck in [[Kilinochchi]] in 2004]]
Since 1948, successive governments have adopted policies that had the net effect of assisting the Sinhalese community in such areas as education and public employment.<ref name=cstudy3>{{cite web|last=Russell|first=Ross|title=Tamil Militant Groups|publisher=[[The Library of Congress]]|year=1988|url=http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/72.htm|access-date=25 June 2008}}</ref> These policies made it difficult for middle class Tamil youth to [[Policy of standardisation|enter university]] or secure employment.<ref name=cstudy3 /><ref name=Shastri1990>{{cite journal|last=Shastri|first=A.|year=1990|title=The Material Basis for Separatism: The Tamil Eelam Movement in Sri Lanka|journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]]|volume=49|issue=1|pages=56–77|doi=10.2307/2058433|jstor=2058433|s2cid=154928204 }}</ref>

The individuals belonging to this younger generation, often referred to by other Tamils as "the boys" (''Podiyangal'' in Tamil), formed many militant organisations.<ref name=cstudy3 /> The most important contributor to the strength of the militant groups was the [[Black July]] massacre, in which between 1,000 and 3,000<ref>{{cite web|last=Kumaratunga|first=Chandrika|author-link=Chandrika Kumaratunga|title=Speech by President Chandrika Kumaratunga at the 21st Anniversary of 'Black July', Presidential Secretariat, Colombo, July 23, 2004|publisher=SATP|date=24 July 2004|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/shrilanka/document/papers/BlackJuly2004.htm|access-date=8 September 2008|archive-date=19 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419180506/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/shrilanka/document/papers/BlackJuly2004.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=BBC230703>{{cite news|last=Harrison|first=Frances|title=Twenty years on – riots that led to war|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3090111.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=23 July 2003|author-link=Frances Harrison|quote=Indeed nobody really knows how many Tamils died in that one week in July 1983. Estimates vary from 400 to 3,000 dead.}}</ref> Tamils were killed, prompting many youths to choose the path of armed resistance.<ref name=cstudy3 /><ref name=BBC230703 /><ref>{{cite web|last=Marschall|first=Wolfgang|title =Social Change Among Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees in Switzerland|year=2003|url = http://www.research.unibe.ch/abstracts/A_66584590.html|publisher=[[University of Bern]]|access-date =22 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205014602/http://www.research.unibe.ch/abstracts/A_66584590.html|archive-date=5 December 2007}}</ref>

By the end of 1987, the militant youth groups had fought not only the Sri Lankan security forces and the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] also among each other, with the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) eventually eliminating most of the others. Except for the LTTE, many of the remaining organisations transformed into either minor political parties within the [[Tamil National Alliance]] or standalone political parties. Some also function as paramilitary groups within the Sri Lankan military.<ref name=cstudy3 />

Human rights groups such as [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]], as well as the [[United States Department of State]]<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/sa/index.cfm?docid=704 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010607063826/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/sa/index.cfm?docid=704 |url-status = dead |archive-date = 7 June 2001 |title= 2000 Human Rights Report: Sri Lanka|year =2000|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=8 May 2008}}</ref> and the [[European Union]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/sri_lanka/intro/index.htm#hr|title=The EU's relations with Sri Lanka – Overview|year=2007|publisher=[[European Union]]|access-date=8 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910052109/http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/sri_lanka/intro/index.htm#hr|archive-date=10 September 2007}}</ref> have expressed concern about the state of [[human rights in Sri Lanka]], and both the government of Sri Lanka and the rebel LTTE have been accused of human rights violations. Although Amnesty International in 2003 found considerable improvement in the human rights situation, attributed to a ceasefire and peace talks between the government and the LTTE,<ref>{{cite web|title=Open letter to LTTE, SLMM and SL Police concerning recent politically motivated killings and abductions in Sri Lanka|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa37/004/2003/en/|year=2003|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|access-date=27 August 2008}}</ref> by 2007 they reported an escalation in [[List of assassinations of the Sri Lankan Civil War|political killings]], [[Militant use of children in Sri Lanka|child recruitment]], [[Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka|abductions]], and armed clashes, which created a climate of fear in the north and east of the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amnesty International report for Sri Lanka 2007|year=2007|url=http://report2007.amnesty.org/eng/Regions/Asia-Pacific/Sri-Lanka|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|access-date=1 July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708212351/http://report2007.amnesty.org/eng/Regions/Asia-Pacific/Sri-Lanka|archive-date=8 July 2008}}</ref>

=== End of the civil war ===
On May 18, 2009, the civil war ended with total victory for the government forces. During the last phase of the war, many Tamil civilians and combatants were killed. The government estimated that over 22,000 LTTE cadres had died.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lankan army and Tamil Tiger death tolls reveal grim cost of years of civil war|url=https://www.ft.com/content/eda17636-4733-11de-923e-00144feabdc0|access-date=30 May 2009|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|date=23 May 2009}}</ref> The civilian death toll is estimated to be as high as 40,000 or more.<ref>{{cite news|last=Buncombe|first=Andrew|title= Up to 40,000 civilians 'died in Sri Lanka offensive'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/up-to-40000-civilians-died-in-sri-lanka-offensive-1897865.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/up-to-40000-civilians-died-in-sri-lanka-offensive-1897865.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=23 May 2010|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=12 February 2010|location=London}}</ref> This is in addition to the 70,000 Sri Lankans killed up to the beginning of the last phase of the civil war.<ref>{{cite news|last=Buerk|first=Roland|title=Sri Lankan families count cost of war|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7521197.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=23 July 2008|author-link=Roland Buerk}}</ref> Over 300,000 [[internally displaced persons|internally displaced]] Tamil civilians were interred in [[Sri Lankan IDP camps|special camps]] and eventually released. As of 2011, there were still a few thousand alleged combatants in state prisons awaiting trials.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lankan introduces new 'anti-terror' legislation|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14735405|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=2 August 2011}}</ref> The Sri Lankan government has released over 11,000 rehabilitated former LTTE cadres.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka to release 107 rehabilitated LTTE cadres|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-08/south-asia/41873495_1_vavuniya-ltte-tamil-tigers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913084852/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-08/south-asia/41873495_1_vavuniya-ltte-tamil-tigers|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 September 2013|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>

[[Bishop of Mannar]] (a northwestern town) [[Rayappu Joseph]] said that 146,679 people seemed to be unaccounted between 2008 October and at the end of the civil war.<ref>{{cite news|last=Senewiratne|first=Brian|title=The Life of a Sri Lankan Tamil Bishop (and others) in Danger|url=http://www.salem-news.com/articles/april072012/sri-lanka-priests-bs.php|access-date=28 July 2013|newspaper=Salem-News.com|date=7 April 2012}}</ref>

The Tamil presence in Sri Lankan politics and society is facing a revival. In 2015 elections the Tamil national alliance got the third largest number of seats in the Parliament and as the largest parties UNP and SLFP created a unity government TNA leader R. Sampanthan was appointed as the opposition leader.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lanka's main Tamil party TNA presses for Opposition status in Parliament|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/lankas-main-tamil-party-tna-presses-for-opposition-status-in-parliament/articleshow/48729413.cms|access-date=1 February 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sampanthan appointed Opposition Leader|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=32205}}</ref> K. Sripavan became the 44th Chief justice and the second Tamil to hold the position.<ref>{{cite news|title=K. Sripavan sworn in as Chief Justice|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/29632/k-sripavan-sworn-in-as-chief-justice|access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref>

== Migrations ==
[[File:Templefest 6039446-49N1.jpg|thumb|right|Sri Kamadchi Ampal temple in [[Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia|Hamm]], Germany, built primarily by Sri Lankan Tamil expatriates<ref name=Baumann>{{cite web|last=Baumann|first=Martin|title=Immigrant Hinduism in Germany: Tamils from Sri Lanka and Their Temples|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|year=2008|url= http://www.pluralism.org/resources/slideshow/hindgerm/index.php|access-date=26 June 2008|quote=Since the escalation of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict in Sri Lanka during the 1980s, about 60,000 came as asylum seekers.}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora}}

{{See also|Tamil Canadian|British Tamil}}

=== Pre-independence ===
The earliest Tamil speakers from Sri Lanka known to have travelled to foreign lands were members of a [[merchant]] [[guild]] called ''Tenilankai Valanciyar'' (Valanciyar from Lanka of the South). They left behind inscriptions in South India dated to the 13th century.{{Sfn|Indrapala|2007|pp=253–254}} In the late 19th century, educated Tamils from the Jaffna peninsula migrated to the British colonies of [[British Malaya|Malaya]] (Malaysia and Singapore) and India to assist the colonial bureaucracy. They worked in almost every branch of public administration, as well as on plantations and in industrial sectors. Prominent Sri Lankan Tamils in the Forbes list of billionaire include: [[Ananda Krishnan]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Who is Ananda Krishnan?|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/070527/News/nws14.html|access-date=2 August 2008|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]|date=27 May 2007}}</ref> [[Raj Rajaratnam]], and [[G. Gnanalingam]],<ref>{{cite news|title=#17 G. Gnanalingam|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/g-gnanalingam/|access-date=2 December 2015|date=2 December 2015}}</ref> and Singapore's former foreign minister and deputy prime minister, [[S. Rajaratnam]], are of Sri Lankan Tamil descent.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chongkittavorn|first=Kavi|title=Asean's birth a pivotal point in history of Southeast Asia|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/08/06/headlines/headlines_30043849.php|access-date=2 August 2008|newspaper=[[The Nation (Thailand)]]|date=6 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614200718/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/08/06/headlines/headlines_30043849.php|archive-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> [[C. W. Thamotharampillai]], an Indian-based Tamil language revivalist, was born in the Jaffna peninsula.<ref>{{cite news|last=Muthiah|first=S.|title=The first Madras graduate|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/08/09/stories/2004080900190300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217093506/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/08/09/stories/2004080900190300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 December 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 August 2004}}</ref> Before the Sri Lankan civil war, Sri Lankan Tamil communities were well established in [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[India]] and the [[UK]].

=== Post civil war ===
[[File:Canadian Sri Lankan Tamil Children.jpg|thumb|125px|right|Sri Lankan-[[Tamil Canadians|Canadian Tamil]] children in traditional clothes in Canada<nowiki/>|upright]]
After the start of the conflict between the Sri Lankan government and the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]], there was a mass migration of Tamils trying to escape the hardships and perils of war. Initially, it was middle class professionals, such as doctors and engineers, who emigrated; they were followed by the poorer segments of the community. The fighting drove more than 800,000 Tamils from their homes to other places within Sri Lanka as [[internally displaced person]]s and also overseas, prompting the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR) to identify them in 2004 as the largest asylum-seeking group.<ref name=Acharya>{{cite web|last=Acharya|first=Arunkumar|title=Ethnic conflict and refugees in Sri Lanka|publisher=[[Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon]]|year=2007|url=http://www.ujaen.es/huesped/rae/articulos2007/acharya0907.pdf|access-date=1 July 2008|archive-date=10 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210055448/http://www.ujaen.es/huesped/rae/articulos2007/acharya0907.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa37/004/2006/en/|title=ASA 37/004/2006 Sri Lanka: Waiting to go home – the plight of the internally displaced|access-date=22 April 2007|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|date=28 June 2006}}</ref>

The country with the largest share of displaced Tamils is Canada, with more than 200,000 legal residents,<ref name=Foster>{{cite web|last=Foster|first=Carly|title=Tamils: Population in Canada|publisher=[[Ryerson University]]|year=2007|url=http://www.diversitywatch.ryerson.ca/backgrounds/tamils.htm|access-date=25 June 2008|quote=According to government figures, there are about 200,000 Tamils in Canada|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141743/http://www.diversitywatch.ryerson.ca/backgrounds/tamils.htm|archive-date=14 February 2008}}</ref> found mostly within the [[Greater Toronto Area]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ottawa won't invoke notwithstanding clause to stop migrant ships|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/860379|access-date=14 September 2010|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|date=13 September 2010}}</ref> and there are a number of prominent Canadians of Sri Lankan Tamil descent, such as author [[Shyam Selvadurai]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Hunn|first=Deborah|title=Selvadurai, Shyam|year=2006|url=http://www.glbtq.com/literature/selvadurai_s.html|access-date=5 August 2008|publisher=[[glbtq.com]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511144733/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/selvadurai_s.html|archive-date=11 May 2008}}</ref> and [[Indira Samarasekera]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Pilger|first=Rick|title=Thoroughly Dynamic: Indira Samarasekera|url=http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/newtrail/nav03.cfm?nav03=41976&nav02=41975&nav01=41974|publisher=[[University of Alberta]]|access-date=5 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524010227/http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/newtrail/nav03.cfm?nav03=41976&nav02=41975&nav01=41974|archive-date=24 May 2008}}</ref> former president of the [[University of Alberta]].

[[Sri Lankan Tamils in India]] are mostly refugees of about over 100,000 in special camps and another 50,000 outside of the camps.<ref name=Acharya /> In western European countries, the refugees and immigrants have integrated themselves into society where permitted. [[Tamil British]] singer [[M.I.A. (artist)|M.I.A]] (born Mathangi Arulpragasam)<ref>{{cite news|last=Lynskey|first=Dorian|title=Fighting talk: She's a revolutionary's daughter and her music oozes attitude|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/apr/22/popandrock1|access-date=5 August 2008|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=22 April 2005|location=London}}</ref> and [[BBC]] journalist [[George Alagiah]]<ref>{{cite news|title=George Alagiah|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/newswatch/ukfs/hi/newsid_3220000/newsid_3223900/3223966.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]] [[Newswatch (UK TV series)|Newswatch]]|date=26 June 2006}}</ref> are, among others, notable people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent. Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus have built a number of prominent Hindu temples across North America and Europe, notably in Canada, France, Germany, Denmark, and the UK.<ref name=Baumann />{{Sfn|Mortensen|2004|p=110}}

Sri Lankan Tamils continue to seek refuge in countries like Canada and Australia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kamanev|first=Marina|title=Asylum Seekers Stuck in Indonesia-Australia Standoff|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1933874,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105024721/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1933874,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2009|access-date=2 November 2009|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=11 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fong|first=Petti|title=Migrants said to be Tamils|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/712215--migrants-said-to-be-tamils|access-date=2 November 2009|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|date=19 October 2009}}</ref> In 2012 the [[International Organization for Migration]] and the [[Australian Government]] declared some Sri Lankans, including Tamils, as economic migrants.<ref>{{cite news|last=March|first=Stephanie|title=Sri Lankans heading to Australia 'economic migrants', not refugees: IOM|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-11-06/an-sri-lankans-27economic-migrants272c-not-refugees/4355860|access-date=7 November 2012|newspaper=[[ABC News (Australia)]]|date=7 November 2012}}</ref> Some [[List of suicides of Sri Lankan Tamil asylum seekers in Australia|Tamil asylum seekers in Australia have committed suicide]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Tan | first=Christopher | title='I migrated the proper way': Advocates appalled by Labor MP's message to asylum seekers | website=SBS News | date=5 September 2024 | url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/labor-mp-comments-to-refugees-labelled-disrespectful-amid-permanent-residency-calls/yckwfe0ql | access-date=11 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Tamil asylum seeker commits suicide in Australia after application rejection | website=Tamil Guardian | date=28 August 2018 | url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/tamil-asylum-seeker-commits-suicide-australia-after-application-rejection | access-date=11 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Australia: Rejected Tamil asylum seeker sets himself on fire | website=World Socialist Web Site | date=15 April 2014 | url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/04/15/refu-a15.html | access-date=11 August 2025}}</ref> A 2010 [[Canadian Government]] survey found that over 70% of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees have gone back to Sri Lanka for holidays, raising concerns over the legitimacy of their refugee claims.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lilley|first=Brian|date=22 August 2010|title=Refugees go home for holidays|newspaper=[[Toronto Sun]]|url=http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2010/08/21/15098766.html|access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014011520/http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2010/08/21/15098766.html|archive-date=14 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the inability of Tamils to settle in their own lands indicate the ongoing hostilities and differential treatment of Tamils even after the end of armed war in May 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=Statement by the Prime Minister on the 13th anniversary of the end of the armed conflict in Sri Lanka |url=https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/statements/2022/05/18/statement-prime-minister-13th-anniversary-end-armed-conflict-sri-lanka |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=Prime Minister of Canada |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Sri Lankan Tamils]]
* [[Sri Lankan Tamils in Indian cinema]]
* [[Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka]]
* [[Tamil genocide]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ambihaipahar|first=R|title=Scientific Pioneer: Dr. Samuel Fisk Green|publisher=Dhulasi Publications|date=11 November 1998|location=Colombo|isbn=978-955-8193-00-6}}
*{{Citation|last=Bastin|first=Rohan|title=The Domain of Constant Excess: Plural Worship at the Munnesvaram Temples in Sri Lanka|publisher=Berghahn Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMRJDhDxu38C&q=The%20Domain%20of%20Constant%20Excess%3A%20Plural%20Worship%20at%20the%20Munnesvaram%20Temples%20in%20Sri%20Lanka&pg=PR7|date=December 2002|isbn=978-1-57181-252-0|oclc=50028737 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Bopearachchi|first=Osmund|chapter=Ancient Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu|editor1-last=Chevillard|editor1-first=Jean-Luc|editor2-last=Wilden|editor2-first=Eva|title=South-Indian Horizons: Felicitation Volume for François Gros on the occasion of his 70th birthday|year=2004|publisher=Institut Français de Pondichéry / École Française d'Extrême-Orient|place=Pondicherry|series=Publications du Département d'Indologie – 94|isbn=978-2-85539-630-9|issn=0073-8352|pages=546–549}}
* {{Cite book|last=de Silva|first=C. R.|title=Sri Lanka – A History|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|date=1997|edition=2nd|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-259-0461-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=de Silva|first=K. M.|title=A History of Sri Lanka|publisher=Vijitha Yapa|year=2005|location=Colombo|isbn=978-955-8095-92-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gair|first=James|title=Studies in South Asian Linguistics|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1998|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-509521-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gunasingam|first=Murugar|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: A Study of its Origins|publisher=MV publications|year=1999|location=Sydney|isbn=978-0-646-38106-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hudson|first=Dennis|title=Arumuga Navalar and Hindu Renaissance amongst the Tamils (Religious Controversy in British India: Dialogues in South Asian Languages)|publisher=[[State University of New York]]|date=January 1992|isbn=978-0-7914-0827-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Indrapala|first=K.|author-link=K. Indrapala|title=The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE|publisher=Vijitha Yapa|year=2007|location=Colombo|isbn=978-955-1266-72-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Knox|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Knox (sailor)|title=An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon|publisher=Robert Chiswell|year=1681|location=London|id=2596825|isbn=978-1-4069-1141-1|title-link=An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon}}
*{{Cite book|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan|title=Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D.|series=[[Harvard Oriental Series]] vol. 62|publisher=Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, [[Harvard University]]|place=Cambridge, Mass|year=2003|isbn=978-0-674-01227-1}}
*{{cite journal|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan|date=March 2000|title=Ancient Tamil Coins from Sri Lanka|journal=Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies|volume=XVII|issue=2|pages=147–156}}
* {{Cite book|last=Manogaran|first=Chelvadurai|title=The Untold Story of the Ancient Tamils of Sri Lanka|publisher=Kumaran|year=2000|location=Chennai}}
* {{Cite book|last=Manogaran|first=Chelvadurai|title=Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka
|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=1987|location=Hawaii|isbn=978-0-8248-1116-7}}
* Mendis, G.C. (1957, 3rd ed. 1995). ''Ceylon Today and Yesterday'', Colombo, Lake House. {{ISBN|955-552-096-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mortensen|first=Viggo|title=Theology and the Religions: A Dialogue|publisher=Wm.B. Eerdman's Publishing|year=2004|location=Copenhagen|isbn=978-0-8028-2674-9}}
* {{Cite book|last=Nadarajan|first=Vasantha|title=History of Ceylon Tamils|publisher=Vasantham|year=1999|location=Toronto}}
* {{cite book|last=Pfaffenberg|first=Brian|title=The Sri Lankan Tamils|publisher=[[Westview Press]]|year=1994|isbn=978-0-8133-8845-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ponnambalam|first=Satchi|title= Sri Lanka: the National Question and the Tamil Liberation Struggle|year=1983
|location=London|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-0-86232-198-7|author-link=Satchi Ponnambalam}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pujangga|first=Putra|title=A Requiem for Jaffna|publisher=Anantham Books|year=1997|location=London|isbn=978-1-902098-00-5}}
*{{Cite book|last=Rajakrishnan|first=P.|chapter=Social Change and Group Identity among the Sri Lankan Tamils|editor1=Sandhu, Kernial Singh |editor2=Mani, A.|title=Indian Communities in Southeast Asia|publisher=Times Academic Press|location=Singapore|year=1993|isbn=978-981-210-017-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ross|first=Russell|title=Sri Lanka: A Country Study|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|year= 1988|location=USA|isbn=978-0-16-024055-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sivathamby|first=K.|author-link=Karthigesu Sivathamby|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Society and Politics|publisher=New Century Book House|year=1995|isbn =978-81-234-0395-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=V. A.|title=The Oxford History of India|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1958|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-561297-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00smit}}
* {{Cite book|last=Spencer|first=Jonathan|title=Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=1990|isbn=978-0-415-04461-5}}
* {{Cite book|last=Subramaniam|first=Suganthy|title=Folk Traditions and Songs of Batticaloa District|publisher=Kumaran Publishing|year= 2006|language=ta|isbn =978-0-9549440-5-6}}
* {{Cite book|last=Thambiah|first=H. W.|author-link=H. W. Thambiah|title=Laws and Customs of Tamils of Jaffna|publisher=Women's Education & Research Centre|year=2001|location=Colombo|isbn=978-955-9261-16-2|edition=revised}}
* {{Cite book|last =Wenzlhuemer|first =Roalnd|year =2008|title =From Coffee to Tea Cultivation in Ceylon, 1880–1900: An Economic and Social History|publisher =Brill}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|author-link=A. Jeyaratnam Wilson|year=2000|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.]]|isbn=978-1-85065-338-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Yalman|first=N|year=1967|title=Under the Bo Tree: Studies in Caste, Kinship, and Marriage in the Interior of Ceylon|publisher=[[University of California Press]]}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
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* {{commons category-inline|Sri Lankan Tamil people}}

{{Sri Lankan Tamil people}}
{{Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka}}
{{Portalbar|Sri Lanka|Tamils}}

{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sri Lankan Tamil People}}
[[Category:Tamil people|Sri Lankan]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil people| ]]

Anuradha Patil

2026-03-15T14:08:50Z

Svetlanayrd: creating new entry - done

{{Short description|Indian Marathi-language poet}}
{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with Indian film actress [[Anuradha Patel]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Anuradha Patil
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|4|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = Pahur, [[Maharashtra]]
| occupation = Poet
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| nationality =
| awards = {{blist|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2019)|[[Vinda Karandikar Jeevan Gaurav Puraskar]] (2019)}}
}}

'''Anuradha Patil''' (born 5 April 1953) is an Indian poet, writing in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language. In 2019, she won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], India's highest literary honor, for her collection of poetry ''Kadachit Ajoonahi.''

== Biography ==
Patil was born in [[Pahur, Maharashtra|Pahur]], Maharashtra, into a family of farmers. She received no formal education after high school. She married Kautikrao Thale Patil, a teacher and professor of Marathi literature, at the age of 21.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=LNN|date=2019-12-19|title=असा आहे साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार जाहीर झालेल्या अनुराधा पाटील यांचा प्रवास|url=https://www.lokmat.com/aurangabad/journey-anuradha-patil-who-has-announced-sahitya-akademi-award-2019/|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Lokmat|language=mr-IN}}</ref> She lives in [[Aurangabad]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=December 2019|title=Meet the Author: Anuradha Patil|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/library/meettheauthor/anuradha_patil.pdf|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Writing ===
Patil began writing poetry at the age of 20, and in 1982, won an award from the State of Maharashtra's literary academy, the Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad for her collection titled ''Digant.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Anuradha Patil Wins Sahitya Akademi Award 2019 For Her Marathi Poem - SheThePeople TV|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/anuradha-patil-sahitya-akademi-award-marathi-poem/|access-date=2022-01-04|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1986, she won an award from the Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad for her second collection of poetry, ''Tarihee''.<ref name=":0" /> Patil subsequently published three other collections of poetry: ''Divasendivas, Darasal'' and ''Waaluchya Paatrat Manndalela Khel.''<ref name=":0" /> In 2017, she published a collection of poetry titled ''Kadachit Ajoonahi'' (tr. ''Perhaps, Still'') which won the 2019 Sahitya Akademi Award in Marathi (India's highest literary honor).<ref>{{Cite web|last=TNN|date=19 December 2019|title=Sahitya award an honour for me & M'wada: Patil|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/sahitya-award-an-honour-for-me-mwada-patil/articleshow/72875618.cms|access-date=2022-01-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The Sahitya Akademi praised Patil's poetry, stating that it was "...seminal in content and form," and praising her other writing as well, including her literary criticism and essays which have been published as parts of edited works.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=December 2019|title=Meet the Author: Anuradha Patil|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/library/meettheauthor/anuradha_patil.pdf|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref> Her writing deals with accounts of rural life in Maharashtra, particularly her native region of [[Marathwada]] and Khandesh, and of the lives of women, covering themes of nature, motherhood, and solitude.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अनुराधा पाटील|url=https://www.loksatta.com/sampadkiya/vyakhtivedh/renowned-poet-anuradha-patil-profile-zws-70-2041623/|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Loksatta|language=mr}}</ref> Her poetry has been widely translated into other Indian languages, including [[Hindi]] and [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Positions held ===
Patil has held a number of positions in literary organisations and academies in India, and on editorial boards for literary magazines. From 1977 to 1980 she was a member of the Marathwada Sahitya Parishad, a literary academy for the region of [[Marathwada]] in Maharashtra. She has been closely associated with the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's national academy for arts and letters: from 1993 to 1997, she was a member of their advisory board for Marathi language writing and literature, and from 2003 to 2007 she was a member of their general council. She has been an editor and advisor for the Marathi literary journal, ''Pratisthan'', and for the ''Post-Colonial Journal of India''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=December 2019|title=Meet the Author: Anuradha Patil|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/library/meettheauthor/anuradha_patil.pdf|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
'''Poetry''' '''collections'''

* (1980) ''Digant''
* (1985) ''Tarihee''
* (1992) ''Divasendivas''
* (2005) ''Waaluchya Paatrat Manndalela Khel''
* (2012) ''Darasal''
* (2017) ''Kadachit Ajoonahi'' {{ISBN|9-789-38236-4757}}

'''Other writing'''

* ''Navsala Pavali Doctorin'' (stories)

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Anuradha}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Marathi]]
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Marathwada]]
[[Category:Writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]

Makkal Mahatmyam

2026-03-13T14:51:22Z

Svetlanayrd: enhance references per standard format and updated info for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Makkal Mahatmyam
| image = Makkal Mahatmyam release poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Paulson
| story = [[Siddique-Lal]]<br>'''Screenplay:'''<br> Robin Thirumala Sathyanath
| starring = [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]<br>[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]<br>[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]<br>[[Jagadish]]<br>Vaishnavi
| producer = Shamli International
| music = [[S. Balakrishnan (composer)|S. Balakrishnan]]
| cinematography =
| studio = Shamli International
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1992}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}

'''''Makkal Mahatmyam''''' is a 1992 [[Malayalam]] [[comedy film]] directed by Paulson,<ref>{{cite web|title=Makkal Mahatmyam|url=http://www.in.com/tv/movies/-292/makkal-mahatmyam-26432.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023205910/http://www.in.com/tv/movies/-292/makkal-mahatmyam-26432.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2014|publisher=in.com|accessdate=17 October 2014}}</ref> written by [[Siddique-Lal]], and starring [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Jagadish]], Vaishnavi, [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], Zeenath, [[Sukumari]] and Suchitra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maebag.com/details.php?ItemCode=865|title=''Makkal Mahatmyam''|publisher=Maebag.com|accessdate=8 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714020130/http://www.maebag.com/details.php?ItemCode=865|archive-date=14 July 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2575|title=Makkalmaahaathmyam|accessdate=2014-10-16|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2642|title=Makkalmaahaathmyam|accessdate=2014-10-16|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/makkal-maahathmiam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119054012/http://spicyonion.com/title/makkal-maahathmiam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 November 2015|title=Makkalmaahaathmyam|accessdate=2014-10-16|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cine artiste Mohiyudheen dies|url=http://sv1.mathrubhumi.com/english/movies/malayalam/145026/|publisher=mathrubhumi.com|accessdate=17 October 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141017101415/http://sv1.mathrubhumi.com/english/movies/malayalam/145026/|archive-date=17 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kuruppumash is married to Kunjulakshmi. They go to the temple to pray for a child. Kurupumash is the headmaster of the public school. One day, Kurupumash comes late with his wife to the school, where the DEO had been waiting for long time. The DEO is initially angered, but becomes sentimental on hearing Kurupumash's childless status, tells him to either get a doctor's checkup or marry another woman who can deliver. Hearing this, Kunjulakshmi, full of guilt, attempts suicide, and makes Kurupumash marry a woman named Saraswathi. Kunjulakshmi gets pregnant and delivers a son. The same time, Saraswathy also pregnant, gives birth to a male child and a female later. But Kunjulakshmi wants Saraswathi to leave their home as she has her own child. Kurupumash does not allow Saraswathi to leave because Saraswathi is also now his wife with child. Rivalry between Kunjulakshmi and Saraswathi starts. Kunjulakshmi stays in the old house and Saraswathi in the nearby house of Kuruppumash.

Now Madhavankuty, son of Kunjulakshmi is grown up, and is going to attend an interview. Krishnankutty, son of Saraswathi, is also attending the same interview. Both of them catch a taxi. They both enter the taxi at the same time ending up in a race up to the interview area. At the interview area again both of them fight and damage the interview area garden. This results in both of them kicked out of the interview. Suma, the sister of Krishnankuty, is studying in college where she is being stalked by a college student. The college student holds the hand of Suma while walking, for which Suma slaps the face of the college student. Madhavankutty sees Suma being attacked by the college student, so interferes ending up in fight. Madhavankutty beats away his [[goonda]]s, but Krishnankutty scolds Suma and Madhavankutty not to go together. Manikandan is an auto-rickshaw driver, and brings a woman named Radhika for a job interview to Kuruppumash. Due to extreme speed, when he comes across the cycle ridden by Kuruppumash, he loses control. Kuruppumash falls down. Manikandan drops Radhika in Kunjulakshmi's house, but Kuruppumash arrives and refuses the job because of Manikandan. Manikandan introduces Radhika to Saraswathi for recommendation for the job. Manikandan tells Saraswathi that Radhika is from the prominent Valiakoickal family, and if Krishnankutty marries Radhika, the school will be under Saraswathi's custody. Saraswathi agrees. Subadhramma, the mother of Radhika starts to live in a rented house with Radhika. Manikandan tells Kunjulakshmi the same as he told Saraswathi, and she agrees. So next day, Madhavankutty goes to Radhika's house in Manikandan's auto. Subadhramma suddenly has a chest pain, falls unconscious, and gets admitted in hospital by Madhavankutty. Radhika is dropped at hospital by Krishnankutty he donates blood.

In the hospital, Madhavankutty waits a long time to meet Radhika alone and tells her Krishnankutty has an illness which cannot be cured. This annoys Krishnankutty and he quarrels with Madhavankutty at home.

Madhavankutty and Krishnankutty become rivals to marry Radhika. Madhavankutty gives 40000 rupees to Subradhamma to please her and also to give Kuruppumash to get marriage expense for Suma. Radhika's job gets confirmed if a teacher named Pisharody Mash retires from the school six months early. However, Krishnankutty buys alcohol for him and changes his mind from retiring early. For this, Madhavankuty tries to persuade Pisharody Mash along with Manikandan and gives him a lift in the auto-rickshaw. Though Pisharody Mash is drunk, he agrees to resign early and dies in the autorickshaw when he was about to come out. People falsely accuse Madhavankutty and Manikandan of murder. Suma hides them in the attic of Krishnankutty's house. Krishnankutty sees Suma serving them food and shuts the door to the attic, ending in the arrest of both Manikandan and Madhavankutty. A few days later, the autopsy report tells it was a heart attack. Both Manikandan and Madhavankuty are now considered innocent. Kunjulakshmi calls giving wrong information and cancels the marriage for Suma. For this, Krishnankutty now arranges to marry Suma with her college enemy whom she beat once for catching her hand and was beaten by Madhavankutty for attacking her in the road. Madhavankutty learns of this. On the marriage day, Madhavankutty and Radhika are supposed to get married and on the other side, Suma and her college foe. Madhavankutty interferes and protests Suma's marriage with a wrong fellow. This ends in a fight between Madhavankutty and Krishnankutty on a paddy field. Only Manikandan tries to stop the fight, Kuruppumash also tries to stop the fight, but Krishnankutty accidentally cuts his forehead, causing Kuruppumash to fall unconscious due to severe bleeding. Kuruppuumash gets admitted in hospital, meanwhile Madhavankutty, Krishnankutty, Kunjulakshmi and Saraswathi all become friends. The film ends with the doctor saying that Kuruppumash may not get his memory back, but Kuruppumash closes one eye at Manikandan while the vehicle takes away from the hospital, and revealing that Kurupumash was acting as though he had lost memory.

==Cast==
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Madhavankutty
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Krishnankutty
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Mullethu Balakrishna Kuruppu aka Kuruppu Maash
* [[Jagadish]] as Manikantan, Madhavankutty's friend and an auto-rickshaw driver
* [[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]] as Radhika
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Kunjulakshmi Teacher, Kuruppu Maash's first wife and Madhavankutty's mother
* [[Zeenath]] as Saraswathi Amma, Kuruppu Maash's second wife and Krishnankutty's mother
* [[Sukumari]] as Subhadramma
* [[Suchitra (actress)|Suchitra]] as Ammu, Krishnankutty's sister
* [[Mamukkoya]] as Andru, school peon
* [[Krishnan Kutty Nair (actor)|Krishnan Kutty Nair]] as Pisharodi Mash
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Police Inspector
* Ajith Chandran

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0353699}}

[[Category:1992 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]

Meesala Geetha

2026-03-09T09:56:33Z

Svetlanayrd: Post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Meesala Geetha''' (born 17 September 1977) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She won the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Vizianagaram Assembly constituency|Vizianagaram Constituency]] in [[Vizianagaram district]] on [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] ticket. She is a first time MLA.[https://ipr.ap.nic.in/new_links/vizianagaram.pdf]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Koppara |date=2024-04-03 |title=TDP facing rebel trouble in Vizianagaram |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/tdp-facing-rebel-trouble-in-vizianagaram-869854 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=K. Srinivasa |date=2019-03-10 |title=Race for TDP ticket hots up in the fort town |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/race-for-tdp-ticket-hots-up-in-the-fort-town/article26489512.ece |access-date=2024-04-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Geetha was born in Vizianagaram. Her father's name is G. Sadhu Rao. She married Meesala Srinivasa Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geetha Meesala(TDP):Constituency- VIZIANAGARAM(VIZIANAGARAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/andhra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=3723 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> She is a commerce graduate from MR women's college, [[Vizianagaram]]. She belongs to [[Turpu Kapu]] community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Koppara |date=2024-04-14 |title=Vizianagaram: Kurupam to witness fight between two women candidates |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/vizianagaram-kurupam-to-witness-fight-between-two-women-candidates-872389 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
As district convenor,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-01-29 |title=PRP decries TDP statement |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/PRP-decries-TDP-statement/article16840219.ece |access-date=2024-04-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Geetha made her electoral debut from Vizianagaram constituency on [[Praja Rajyam Party]] ticket in 2009 but lost the election which was won by [[Pusapati Ashok Gajapathi Raju]], who defeated TDP candidate Kolagatla Veerabhadra Swamy. Later, she joined the [[Indian National Congress]] Party and worked as Municipal Chairperson. But on 17 February 2014, she resigned from the post of chairperson and from the primary membership of the Congress party, and joined TDP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-17 |title=కాంగ్రెస్ పార్టీకి గీత రాజీనామా |url=https://www.saakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/municipal-former-chairman-congress-party-leader-meesala-geeta-resignation-106307 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref> She contested the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] on TDP ticket and won by a margin of 15,404 votes defeating Congress leader [[Kolagatla Veerabhadra Swamy]]. In 2019, she was dropped by TDP and did not contest the Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chilukuri |first=Arun |date=2019-06-26 |title=మీసాల గీత దారెటు? |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/andhra/vizianagaram-former-mla-meesala-geetha-political-future--24768 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.hmtvlive.com |language=te}}</ref> Aditi Gajapathi, the daughter of Ashok Gajapathi Raju, was given the TDP ticket but she lost the election to Swamy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-21 |title=Ex-TDP MLA revolts against Ashok Gajapathi Raju |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/211220/ex-tdp-mla-revolts-against-ashok-gajapathi-raju.html |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

Again, she was dropped by TDP, for the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]] from Vizianagaram and she is contesting as independent candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Babu |first=G. Ramesh |date=2019-03-22 |title=Women voters to tilt scales in Vizianagaram district |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/Mar/22/women-voters-to-tilt-scales-in-vizianagaram-district-1954337.html |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | date=2024-04-19 |title=TDP former MLA Meesala Geeta contesting as independent candidate |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-former-mla-meesala-geeta-contesting-as-independent-candidate/article68084310.ece |access-date=2024-05-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, the Election Commission allotted the 'glass' symbol, which is identified with Jana Sena Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janasena Glass Symbol: ఏపీ ఎన్నికల్లో టీడీపీ కూటమికి షాక్.. జనసేన గుర్తుతో కొత్త తలనొప్పి |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/news/vizianagaram-tdp-rebel-candidate-meesala-geetha-allotted-glass-tumbler-symbol-for-andhra-pradesh-assembly-elections-2024/articleshow/109695894.cms |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

Earlier in 2023, she started a post card campaign for release of [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Chandra Babu Naidu]], who was jailed in [[Rajahmundry]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-19 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Former TDP MLA launches postcard campaign in Vizianagaram for release of Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-former-tdp-mla-launches-postcard-campaign-in-vizianagaram-for-release-of-chandrababu-naidu/article67323114.ece |access-date=2024-04-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geetha, Meesala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Praja Rajyam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

Battle cry

2026-03-04T14:41:22Z

Svetlanayrd: updated details

{{Short description|Yell or chant taken up in battle}}
{{Other uses|Battle cry (disambiguation)|War cry (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|War chant|the stallion with the same name|War Chant|other uses|war song}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
[[File:MC 09-0081-354 - Flickr - NZ Defence Force.jpg|thumb|[[New Zealand Defence Force|NZDF]] soldiers performing a battle cry]]
[[File:Festiwal Polka 1 Fot.Wojtek Korpusik.jpg|thumb|A [[Māori people|Māori]] performer giving a [[Haka]] at a folk festival in Poland]]
A '''battle cry''' or '''war cry''' is a yell or chant taken up in [[battle]], usually by members of the same combatant group.
Battle cries are not necessarily articulate (e.g. "Eulaliaaaa!", "[[Alala]]"..), although they often aim to invoke patriotic or religious sentiment. Their purpose is twofold, both arousing aggression and [[esprit de corps]] on one's own side and causing intimidation on the hostile side. Battle cries are a universal form of [[display behaviour]] (i.e., [[threat display]]) aiming at [[competitive advantage]], ideally by overstating one's own aggressive potential to a point where the enemy prefers to avoid confrontation altogether and opts to flee. In order to overstate one's potential for aggression, battle cries need to be as loud as possible, and have historically often been amplified by acoustic devices such as [[Blowing horn|horns]], [[war drum|drums]], [[conch]]es, [[carnyx]]es, [[bagpipe]]s, [[bugle (instrument)|bugle]]s, etc. (see also [[martial music]]).

Battle cries are closely related to other behavioral patterns of [[human aggression]], such as [[war dance]]s and taunting, performed during the "warming up" phase preceding the escalation of physical violence. From the [[Middle Ages]], many cries appeared on [[speech scroll]]s in [[Heraldic flag|standards]] or [[coat of arms]] as slogans (see [[slogan (heraldry)]]) and were adopted as [[motto]]es, an example being the motto "[[Dieu et mon droit]]" ("God and my right") of the English kings. It is said that this was [[Edward III of England|Edward III]]'s rallying cry during the [[Battle of Crécy]]. The word "[[slogan]]" originally derives from ''sluagh-gairm'' or ''sluagh-ghairm'' (''sluagh'' = "people", "army", and ''gairm'' = "call", "proclamation"), the [[Scottish Gaelic]] word for "gathering-cry" and in times of war for "battle-cry". The Gaelic word was borrowed into English as ''slughorn'', ''sluggorne'', "slogum", and ''slogan''.

==History==

===Antiquity===
* The war cry is an aspect of epic battle in [[Homer]]: in the ''[[Iliad]]'', [[Diomedes]] is conventionally called "Diomedes of the loud war cry." [[Hellenes]] and [[Akkadians]] alike uttered the [[onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] cry ''"[[alala]]"'' in battle.<ref>[[Walter Burkert|Burkert, Walter]], 1992. ''The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influences on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age'', p 39f.</ref>
* The troops of ancient [[Ancient Athens|Athens]], during the [[Greco-Persian Wars|Medic Wars]] and the [[Peloponnesian War]] were noted for going into battle shouting "''Alala!"'' or ''"Alale!''", which was supposed to emulate the cry of the owl, the bird of their patron goddess [[Athena]].<ref>Per Hesiod, Penguin Edition of Works and Days</ref>
* The [[Western Huns]] attacked with terrifying battle cries.<ref>T.J. Craughwell, 2008, ''The Vikings, Vandals, Huns, Mongols, Goths, and Tartars who Razed the Old World and Formed the New'', Fair Winds Press, p. 41, {{ISBN|978-1-59233-303-5}}</ref>
* One of the common [[Hindu]] war cries was "[[Hara Hara Mahadeva]]" meaning, "''Hail to Mahadeva!" ([[Shiva]]).''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_NZAAAAMAAJ&q=hara+hara+Mahadeva+shiva+war+cry |title=Kakatiya Journal of English Studies |date=1999 |publisher=Department of English, Kakatiya University. |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref>
* Another common war cry in [[India]] was "Jai Bhavani" meaning, "''Hail goddess [[Bhavani]]!”''
* A common war cry used in ancient [[Tamilakam]] was "Vetrivel, Veeravel", meaning, "Victorious vel, courageous vel." [[Vel]] is the spear of [[Murugan]], the regional form of [[Kartikeya]], the Hindu war deity. In the contemporary period, the battle cry "Vetrivel, Veeravel" is being used in the 191 Field Regiment of the [[Indian Army]] based in [[Madukkarai]], [[Coimbatore]].<ref>Kalki R. Krishnamurthy's ''Ponniyin Selvan: The first floods'', Macmillan India Limited, 2000, p. 300{{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title='Vetrivel Veeravel' slogan at entrance of Madukkarai Army battalion complex creates row |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vetrivel-veeravel-slogan-entrance-madukkarai-army-battalion-complex-row-1828528-2021-07-15 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===
{{Heraldic achievement}}
* During the Scottish wars of independence, Scottish soldiers used [[Alba gu bràth]] as a battle-cry, a phrase that means 'Scotland for ever' (literally, 'Scotland until judgement'.) This was depicted in the film ''[[Braveheart]]'' during which [[Mel Gibson]], playing [[William Wallace]], shouts the phrase to rally his soldiers just before a battle commenced.
* Each Turkic tribe and tribal union had its distinct [[tamga]] (seal), totemic ''[[ongon]]'' bird, and distinct ''uran'' (battle cry) (hence the Slavic ''urah'' "battle cry").<ref>Shipova E.N., 1976, ''Dictionary of Türkisms in Russian Language'', Alma-Ata, "Science", p. 349</ref><ref>Dal V.I., ''Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language'', vol. 4, p. 507, Diamant, Sankt Peterburg, 1998 (reprint of 1882 edition by M.O.Wolf Publisher), (''In Russian'')</ref> While tamgas and ''ongons'' could be distinct down to individuals, the hue of horses and ''uran'' battle cries belonged to each tribe, were passed down from generation to generation, and some modern battle cries were recorded in antiquity. On split of the tribe, their unique distinction passed to a new political entity, endowing different modern states with the same ''uran'' battle cries of the split tribes, for example [[Kipchak people|Kipchak]] battle cry among [[Kazakhs]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kirgizes]], [[Turkmens]], and [[Uzbeks]]. Some larger tribes' ''uran'' battle cries:
** Kipchak – "ay-bas" ("''lunar head''").<ref>Zuev Yu., 2002, ''Early Türks: Essays of history and ideology'', Almaty, Daik-Press, p. 76, {{ISBN?}}</ref>
** Kangly (Kangars) – "bai-terek" ("''sacred tree''").<ref>Zuev Yu., 2002, ''Early Türks'', p. 73</ref>
** Oguzes – "teke" ("''mount''")<ref>Karpovdun G.I., ''Тіркмöн uruuluk en tamgalary. maalymattarynyn negizinde'', in Karataev O.K., 2003, ''Kyrgyz-Oguz History (Кыргыз-Огуз Тарыхый – Этникалык Байланыштары''), Kyrgyz Utuluk university, pp. 199–207</ref>
* [[Awake iron!|Desperta ferro!]] ("Awake iron!" in Catalan) was the most characteristic cry of the [[Almogavar]] warriors during the [[Crown of Aragon]] military campaigns across the [[Mediterranean]] from the 12th through to the 14th centuries.
* [[Deus vult]]! ("God wills it!" in Latin) was the battle cry of the Crusaders.
* [[Montjoie Saint Denis!]]: battle cry of the [[Kings of France]] since the 12th century.
* [[santiago!|Santiago y cierra, España!]] was a war cry of Spanish troops during the [[Reconquista]], and of the [[Spanish Empire]].
* On 14 August 1431, the whole [[Army of the Holy Roman Empire]] (of the [[Hussite Wars|4th anti-Hussite crusade]]) was defeated by the [[Hussites]] in the [[Battle of Domažlice]]. Attacking imperial units started to retreat after hearing [[Ktož jsú boží bojovníci]] ("''Ye Who Are Warriors of God''") choral and were annihilated shortly after.
* ''[[Allahu Akbar|Allāhu Akbar]]'' (الله أكبر, "[[God in Islam|God]] is [the] Greatest") and ''Allāhu Allāh'' (الله الله, "God! God!") were used by Muslim armies throughout history. ''Al-naṣr aw al-shahāda'' (النصر أو الشهادة, "Victory or martyrdom") was also a common battle cry; the [[At-Tawbah]] 9:52 says that God has promised to the righteous Muslim warrior one of these two glorious ideals.{{Original research inline|date=August 2020}}
* ''Óðinn á yðr alla'' (''[[Odin]] owns you all'') – A reference to Odin's self sacrifice at Yggdrasil. Attributed to [[Eric the Victorious]].

===Pre-modern===
* When suppressing peasants' rebellions in Germany and Scandinavia around 1500, such as in the [[Battle of Hemmingstedt]], the Dutch mercenaries of the [[Schwarze Garde|Black Guard]] yelled ''Wahr di buer, die garde kumt'' ("Beware, peasants, the guards are coming"). When the peasants counterattacked, they responded with ''Wahr di, Garr, de Buer de kumt'' ("Beware, Guard, of the peasant, [who is] coming").
* The Spanish cried ''Santiago'' ("Saint James") both when reconquering Spain from the [[Moors]] and during conquest in early colonial America.
* Polish "[[Polish hussars|Winged Hussars]]" used to shout ''Jezus Maria'' ("[[Jesus]], [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]]") or ''Matka Boska'' ("[[Mother of God]]") during their charges.
* King [[Henry IV of France]] (1553–1610), a pleasure-loving and cynical military leader, was famed for wearing a striking white plume in his helmet and for his [[war cry]]: ''Ralliez-vous à mon panache blanc!'' ("Follow my white plume!").
* Burmese soldiers of the [[Konbaung Dynasty]] under [[Alaungpaya]] were recorded to shout ''Shwebo-Thar'' (Sons of Shwebo) during the [[Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War|Konbaung-Hanthawady War]].
* Most of the ''[[jaikara]]s'' were popularized by [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. The [[Sikh]]s have a number of battle cries or jaikara: the most popular ones are as follows:
** ''Bolna[[-ji|ji]]'' (Respectfully Utter) – ''Waheguru'' ([[Waheguru|Wondrous Enlightener]])
** ''[[Deg Tegh Fateh|Deg Teg Fateh]]'' (Victory to Charity and Arms) – ''Birdh ki Paij'' ''Panth ki jit'' ([[Rout]] of the Enemy Victory of the Sikh [[Panth|Path]])
** ''[[Bole So Nihal]]...[[Sat Sri Akaal]]'' ("Shout Aloud in Ecstasy... True is the Great [[Akal Purakh|Timeless One]]"),
** ''Nanak naam [[Charhdi Kala|charhdi kalaa]]'' (May [[God in Sikhism|Thy]] name be exalted O [[Nanak]]) – ''Tere'' ''bhaanae sarbatt daa bhalaa'' (and all people prosper by Thy grace)
** ''[[Waheguru|Waheguru ji ka Khalsa]]'' (the Community of the [[Khalsa|Pure]] belongs to the Wondrous Enlightener) – [[Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh|''Waheguru ji ki Fateh'']] (Victory belongs to the Wondrous Enlightener)
** ''[[Raj Karega Khalsa]]'' – (The Khalsa will rule) Aaakki Rahe Na Koye (And no opponent will remain)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.shabdkosh.com/dictionary/punjabi-english/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80-meaning-in-english | title=ਆਕੀ - Meaning in English - ਆਕੀ Translation in English }}</ref>
** ''Gaj ke jaikara gajaave fateh paave nihaal ho jaavae, Sat Sri Akaal gurbaar akaal hee akaal''|| (excerpt from [[ardas]] of ''[[Nihang|Buddha Dal]]'' prayerbook (gutka) praising the blessing of uttering jaikara proclaiming supreme truth).
* The [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] soldiers' war cry against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] was ''Hu, Hu''.<ref name=borah>{{cite book|title=Baharistan-I-Ghaybi – Volume 1|author=M. I. Borah|year=1936|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84864/page/n216|page=177}}</ref>
* The [[Gurkha]] (Gorkha) soldiers' battle cry was, and still is, ''"Jai Mahakali, Ayo Gorkhali!"'' ("Victory to Goddess [[Mahakali]], the Gurkhas are coming!")<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 20, 2011|first=Gurmeet |last=Kanwal|title=Ayo Gorkhali! The war cry that has done us proud|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/all-that-matters/Ayo-Gorkhali-The-war-cry-that-has-done-us-proud/articleshow/10799851.cms|access-date=2020-12-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1964-10-18|title='Ayo Gorkhali!'; 'The Gurkhas are upon you!' Is the battle cry of one of the world's famous hands of fighting men: Nepal's 'happy warriors.' (Published 1964)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/18/archives/ayo-gorkhali-the-gurkhas-are-upon-you-is-the-battle-cry-of-one-of.html|access-date=2020-12-14|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* The "[[rebel yell]]" was a battle cry used by [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] soldiers during the [[American Civil War]].
* Finnish light cavalry troops in the [[Swedish Army]] in the 17th and 18th centuries would use the battle cry ''"Hakkaa päälle!"'' ("Cut them down!" in Finnish), lending them the name [[Hackapell]].
* Irish regiments of various armies used and continue to use Gaelic War cries, ''"[[Faugh a Ballagh]]"'' ("Clear the way!") or "Erin go Bragh" ("Ireland Forever")
* The [[Swedish army]] in the 18th and 19th centuries would be issued with the command to attack with "För Fäderneslandet, gå på, Hurra!" ("For the Fatherland, onwards, Hurrah!")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gustavianer.com/?page_id=300|title=Reglemente – Westgiötha Gustavianer|website=gustavianer.com}}</ref>
* [[Argentina|Argentine]] general [[José de San Martín]] is known in [[South America]] for his [[war cry]]: "''Seamos libres, que lo demás no importa nada!''" ("Let's be free, nothing else matters!").
* In the [[Texas Revolution]], following the [[Battle of Goliad]] and the [[Battle of the Alamo]], Texan soldiers would use the battle cry "Remember Goliad! Remember the Alamo!"
* In the [[Battle of Dybbøl]] in 1864, both Danish and German forces used "Hurrah" as a war cry.
* During [[World War I]] in the [[Italian Front (World War I)|Italian Front]] of 1915. Before battle, Italian soldiers would yell "Savoia" or "Avanti Savoia", which is "Come on [[House of Savoy|Savoy]]!" or "Onwards Savoy!" in Italian (compare "For the king!" among British soldiers of the same era).

===Modern===
* During [[World War II]], ''Tennōheika Banzai'' (天皇陛下万歳, ''May the Emperor live for [[ten thousand years]]'') served as a battle cry of sorts for Japanese soldiers, particularly in a "[[banzai charge]]".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=x5mwgfPXK1kC&dq=Kamikaze+banzai+emperor&pg=RA4-PA2-IA1 p.3, The Cambridge history of Japan, by John Whitney Hall], 1988 Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-22352-0}}</ref> The most popular battle cry is "Ei ei oh" (エイエイオー), which is usually used at the start of battle.<ref>[https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%AC%A8%E3%83%BB%E9%AF%A8%E6%B3%A2-340491#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88 鬨・鯨波（読み）とき] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026064636/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%AC%A8%E3%83%BB%E9%AF%A8%E6%B3%A2-340491#E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.9E.97.20.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.89.88 |date=26 October 2018 }} Kotobank</ref><ref>[https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%88%E3%81%84%E3%81%88%E3%81%84%E3%81%8A%E3%81%86-442966 えいえいおう（読み）エイエイオウ] Kotobank</ref>
* "Avanti Savoia!" (English: Go [[House of Savoy|Savoy]]!) was the patriotic battle cry of the [[Italian Royal Army]] during [[World War I]] and to a lesser extent, World War II. Infantrymen would scream this motto when launching an offensive attack, namely against the [[Austro-Hungarians]].
* During the [[Greco-Italian War]] (in WWII), the Greeks would shout "Αέρα!" (wind) as their battle cry.
* During the [[Korean War]], the [[Korean People's Army]] used the phrase "김일성 수령님 만세" (transliterated ''gim-ilseong sulyeongnim manse'', translated as "Long live the Great Leader [[Kim Il Sung]]").
* "[[Hooah]]" is the war cry of the [[United States Army]], the [[United States Air Force]], and the [[United States Space Force]]. "[[Oorah]]" is the war cry used by [[United States Marine Corps]]. "[[Hooyah]]" is the war cry of the [[United States Navy]] and the [[United States Coast Guard]].
* The Slavic version, "Ura!" has been used by the [[Imperial Russian Army]], the [[Red Army]], [[Russian Ground Forces]], alongside many more Eastern European armed forces. It was also used by [[Yugoslav Partisans]] as Juriš/Јуриш.
* "Merdeka atau mati!" (English: Freedom or death!) Used by Indonesian national army and freedom fighters (Indonesian: Pedjoeang/pejuang) during the [[Indonesian National Revolution]].
* In Afghanistan, Norwegian troops of the [[Telemark Battalion]] would sometimes use the battle cry "Til Valhall!" (To [[Valhalla]]!) followed by [[Oorah]].<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYy7a8Fhb1w|title=Til Valhall – Norwegian Soldiers Battle Cry|date=5 May 2011|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
* [[Mujahideen]] and [[jihadism|jihadists]] in the Middle East and North Africa shout "[[Takbir|Allahu Akbar]]" (God is the Greatest).
* During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] the [[Mukti Bahini]] would shout "[[Joy Bangla (slogan)|Joy Bangla]]" ("Victory to [[Bengal]]" / "Long live Bengal") during their battles against the Pakistani military.
* During the [[Indochina War]] in [[Vietnam]], the [[Viet Minh]] soldiers usually used "Xung phong" (English: Charge) whenever attacking the enemy. The same battle cry would be used later by [[People's Army of Vietnam|PAVN]] and [[Viet Cong|NLF]] forces during the [[Vietnam War]].
* Each individual regiment of the [[Indian Army]] has a unique war cry. These chants are sonorous with the beliefs of individual castes and religions from which the troops belong to.
* Croatian armed forces during the [[Croatian War of Independence]] would use "[[Za dom spremni]]". One would start by saying "Za dom!" and the rest would follow with "Spremni!". It translates loosely to "For home – ready!" or "For homeland – ready!".
* [[Leeroy Jenkins]] is an [[internet meme]], which has often served the purpose of an ironic or fatalistic parody of a battle cry, originating from a famous video of a [[World of Warcraft]] clan creating an intricate battle plan, before being party-wiped as a result of Leeroy Jenkins, who had been [[Away from keyboard|AFK]] at the time, charging in head-first. This gave rise to the phrase in [[first-person shooter]] games, where players will shout "LEEROOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOY JEEEEEENKIIIIIIIIIINS!" as they charge at the enemy. The phrase has gained notoriety, making appearances in various non-World of Warcraft media.
* Various [[Kurdish nationalism|Kurdish groups]] such as [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]], [[People's Defense Units|YPG]] and [[Peshmerga]] use the following phrases "Bijî Kurdistan!" short for "Her Bijî Kurdistan" (English: Long Live Kurdistan), which is usually accompanied with "Her Bijî!" (English : Long live) "Yan Kurdistan Yan Neman" (English: Either Kurdistan or Extinction!)
* During the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], "Slava Ukraini" ([[Slava Ukraini|Слава Україні!]] English: Glory to Ukraine!), often accompanied by a reply of "Heroiam Slava" ([[Героям слава!]] English: Glory to the heroes!), became an internationally-known battle cry not only among domestic forces, but also among [[Western world|Western]], mostly [[NATO|NATO allies]].

==In Literature==
*In [[Brian Jacques]]'s [[Redwall]] series, the [[hare]]s of the Long Patrol have the warcry "Eulalia!"

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Grito Mexicano|Grito]] (Mexican shout)
* [[Alala]]
* [[Alarm call]]
* [[Battle Cry of Freedom]]
* [[Catchphrase]]
* [[Demoralization (warfare)]]
* [[Huzzah]]
* [[Kiai]]
* [[Military slang]]
* [[Mobbing call]]
* [[Slogan (heraldry)]]
* [[War dance]]
* [[Terrorist]]
* [[Suicide attack]]
}}

==References==
* Guilhem Pepin, ‘Les cris de guerre " Guyenne ! " et " Saint George ! ". L’expression d’une identité politique du duché d’Aquitaine anglo-gascon’, ''Le Moyen Age'', cxii (2006) pp 263–281
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Philip Rance, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140628223103/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118318140.wbra990/full 'War Cry' in ''The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army''] – Roman battle cries
* Ross Cowan, [https://archive.today/20140325113052/http://www.academia.edu/5958001/The_Clashing_of_Weapons_and_Silent_Advances_in_Roman_Battles '''The Clashing of Weapons and Silent Advances in Roman Battles'''] – battle cries and the drumming of weapons in Roman warfare

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Cry}}
[[Category:Battle cries| ]]
[[Category:Military terminology]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Aham (film)

2026-03-03T21:25:41Z

Svetlanayrd: expand page and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aham
| image = Aham_film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt =
| director = [[Rajeevnath]]
| producer = [[P. K. R. Pillai]]
| screenplay = [[Venu Nagavally]]
| story = Rajeevnath
| starring = [[Mohanlal]]<br />[[Urvasi (actress)|Urvasi]]<br />[[Ramya Krishna]]
| music = [[Raveendran]]
| cinematography = [[Santhosh Sivan]]<br>[[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| editing = Ravi
| studio = Sreesankara Arts
| distributor = Shirdi Sai Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1992|5|1}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR}}46 lakhs<ref name='budjet' />
| gross =
}}

'''''Aham''''' ({{Translation|Self}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Rajeevnath]] and written by [[Venu Nagavally]] from a story by Rajeevnath. The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Urvasi (actress)|Urvasi]], and [[Ramya Krishna]]. The [[soundtrack]] was composed by [[Raveendran]] and cinematography was handled by [[Santhosh Sivan]] and [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]. It was produced on ₹46 lakhs.<ref name='budjet'>{{Cite web |title=Mothering A Revival - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/17F3C8628CEB25D165256940004C8AD5?OpenDocument |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=www.cscsarchive.org}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=February 2017}}
The film revolves around Siddharthan, a [[bank]] manager, a man who has different outlook to life. He wants to be perfect in every thing that he does and even wants people around him to accept the way he thinks. He lacks love from his parents and develops hatred towards his father, a judge, who was responsible for the death of their servant and his family, who were the only friends of Siddharthan. Growing up Siddharthan becomes very narrow minded and looks at every one else's behavior with doubt and prejudice. He doubts the relationship between his wife Renjini and her friend Capt. Mahendran to the extent that he warns Mahendran from ever entering his house to meet Renjini. Renjini is not able to adjust with his crazy lifestyle. She wants to become self-reliant but this creates suspicion in Siddharthan's mind. On his birthday when Renjini out of her earnings from a part-time job (that Siddarth is unaware of) buys him a tie, he doubts her of infidelity and in a resulting argument and in the subsequent struggle Ranjini falls down the stairs and goes into coma and later on she dies. Siddhartha loses his [[mental balance]]. Later he ends up in a mental asylum, where he writes a diary recounting and recollecting the deeds that he has done and repents for it. Meanwhile, a researcher from America Miriyana Varghese develops a friendship with Siddharthan and makes him her subject for her research. Siddharthan unaware of her motives, develops feelings for her which gets shattered when he finds out about the research. Ultimately, Siddharthan who thinks that the only way to reconcile with his dead wife and to be loved is to commit suicide and he kills himself.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mohanlal]] as Sidharthan
* [[Urvasi (actress)|Urvasi]] as Renjini Pilla
* [[Ramya Krishna]] as Mariyana Varghese
* [[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]] as Vimala Mathews
* [[Neena Gupta]] as Mother Nobble
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as Capt. Mahedran (cameo)
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Keshavan Pilla
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as M.P Kidappadam ( M.P.K)
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Marfee Markose
* [[Adoor Pankajam]] as Mariyamma
* [[Karamana Janardanan Nair]] as Kutti Sahib
* [[Vijayaraghavan]] as Pathrose
* [[Poojappura Ravi]] as Warrier
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Jacob Fernadez
* [[Rajeev Nath]] as Dr.Menon
* Vasudevan Paravattom as Sidharthan's father (cameo)
* Swapna Ravi as Usha
* [[Usharani]] as Achamma Tharakan
* [[K.P.A.C. Sunny]] as Tharakan
* [[M. G. Soman]] as K.P Pilla
* Rajeev Rangan as Mathews (Cameo Appearance)
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Cameo Appearance
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Cameo Appearance
* [[Jagannathan (actor)|Jagannathan]] as Cameo Appearance
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aham
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Raveendran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|1992|9|25}}
| recorded = 1992
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Popular music]]
| length = {{Duration|m=21|s=00}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = Ranjini Cassettes
| producer = [[Rajeevnath]]
| prev_title = [[Vishnulokam]]
| prev_year = 1992
| next_title = [[Champakulam Thachan]]
| next_year = 1992
}}

[[Raveendran]] composed the film's original [[soundtrack]], the lyrics were written by [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] and Konniyoor Bhas. All songs was sung by [[K. J. Yesudas]]. The soundtrack which consists of 5 songs was released by the music label Ranjini Cassettes on 25 September 1992.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ranjini Cassettes|title=Aham (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Raveendran on Apple Music|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/aham-original-motion-picture/id1007039420|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212091117/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/aham-original-motion-picture/id1007039420|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2017|publisher=[[iTunes]]|access-date=11 February 2017|date=25 September 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=റിസൾട്ടിനേക്കാൾ സംതൃപ്തി ആഗ്രഹിച്ച ചലച്ചിത്രകാരൻ |url=https://www.deepika.com/cinema/Director-Special.aspx |access-date=17 July 2019 |work=[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]] |language=ml}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Aham (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 20:00

| title1 = Aadhi Madhya
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length1 = 4:29

| title2 = Muhurtham
| extra2 = K. J. Yesudas
| length2 = 4:12

| title3 = Nanni Arodu Njan
| extra3 = K. J. Yesudas
| length3 = 3:36

| title4 = Nirangale
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas
| length4 = 4:36

| title5 = Urangunna
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas
| length5 = 4:07
}}

==Accolades==
;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Kerala State Chalachitra Academy|author-link=Kerala State Chalachitra Academy|title=State Film Awards - 1992|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm|publisher=[[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)|Department of Information and Public Relations]]|access-date=11 February 2017|date=1992|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234157/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm|archivedate=3 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] - Santhosh Sivan, Venu
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Processing Lab|Best Processing Lab]] - Vijaya Colour Lab

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0353167|Aham}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajeevnath]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raveendran]]

Sakthi (1972 film)

2026-03-03T20:55:36Z

Svetlanayrd: correct lead also and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sakthi
| image =Sakthi film poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Crossbelt Mani]]
| producer = B.S. Ranga
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Sheela]]<br/>[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]]<br/>[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]<br/>[[Adoor Bhasi]]
| music = [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1972|12|22|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Sakthi''''' is a 1972 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[Crossbelt Mani]]. The film stars [[Sheela]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] and [[Adoor Bhasi]]. The film had musical score by [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=437|title=Shakthi|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4093|title=Shakthi|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/sakthi-malayalam-movie/|title=Sakthi|access-date=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141015151947/http://spicyonion.com/title/sakthi-malayalam-movie/|archive-date=15 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Sheela]]
*[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]]
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*[[N. Govindankutty]]
*[[T. K. Balachandran]]
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]]
*[[Jose Prakash]]
*[[Paul Vengola]]
*C. A. Balan
*[[Philomina]]
*Sreelatha
*[[Jayan]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Ramavarma]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Kuliro Kuliro" || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Maanyanmare Mahathikale" || [[Adoor Bhasi]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 3 || "Mizhiyo Mazhavilkkodiyo" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 4 || "Neelaraanyame" || K. J. Yesudas || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|-
| 5 || "Pookkalenikkishtamaanu" || [[P. Susheela]] || Vayalar Ramavarma ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0272284|Sakthi}}

[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1972 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Saawan... The Love Season

2026-03-03T12:00:38Z

Svetlanayrd: minor edit

{{Short description|2006 film by Sawaan Kumar Tak}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sawaan... The Love Season
| image = Saawan... The Love Season.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Saawan Kumar Tak]]
| producer = Saawan Kumar Tak
| writer = Saawan Kumar Tak
| narrator =
| starring = [[Saloni Aswani]]<br />Kapil Jhaveri<br />[[Salman Khan]]
| music = [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]<br />[[Sajid–Wajid]]
| cinematography = [[C. Rajendra Prasad]]
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2006|04|07|df=yes}}
| runtime = 120 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/saawan-the-love-season-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mtu1mjq|title=Saawan... The Love Season|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=5 November 2023|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105064007/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/saawan-the-love-season-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mtu1mjq|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Saawan... The Love Season''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Saawan Kumar Tak|Saawan Kumar]]. The film stars [[Saloni Aswani]], Kapil Jhaveri, [[Ranjeet]], [[Prem Chopra]], and [[Salman Khan]] in a special appearance.<ref name="ToI page">{{cite news |title=Saawan... The Love Season Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/saawan-the-love-season/movieshow/61332718.cms |accessdate=1 May 2020 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705120944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/saawan-the-love-season/movieshow/61332718.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==

''Saawan... The Love Season'' tells the story of a couple, Raj and Kajal. They get married, and when they return from their honeymoon in Patiala, Kajal encounters a man who predicts the future. Whether it's the death of a person at 9 p.m. or a major accident on the Mumbai-Pune Expressway, the man knows it all. He is a modern-day Nostradamus. When Kajal asks him about her future, he tells her she will die two days later. Kajal is shattered and tells Raj, who swears that if anything happens to her, he will kill the man. On the fateful day, Kajal is mistakenly shot by police officers outside a shopping mall and dies. Raj blames the man for it, breaks into his house, assaults him, and the man dies. As the man dies, he predicts his own death. When the man dies, Kajal, who had been pronounced dead, wakes up. She is now alive. She falls in love with Raj all over again, and with the help of Raj's friend Funsukh and his admirer, the couple remarries and lives happily ever after.

==Cast==
*[[Salman Khan]] as Modern day Nostradamus (special appearance)
*Kapil Jhaveri as Raj
*[[Saloni Aswani]] as Kajal F. Kapoor / a.k.a. Kajal F. Cappar
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Fakirchand "Fakki Cappar" Kapoor
*[[Ranjeet]] as Raj's dad
*[[Sheela David]] as Ranjeet's mom
*[[Johnny Lever]] as Funsukh
*[[Bobby Darling]] as Funsukh's Admirer
*[[Kiran Rathod]] as herself
*Javed Akbar as Doctor
*[[Sapna (actress)|Sapna]] as Kajal's sister

==Soundtrack==
* Punjabi Ankhonwali - [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
* Tu Mila De - [[Sonu Nigam]] music composer [[Sajid–Wajid]]
* Ready for Love - Vasundhara Das
* Saawan...... The Love Season - [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
* Jo Maangi Khuda se - [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
* Mere Dil Ko Dil Ki Dhadkan Ko - [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
* Jo Maangi Khuda Se (Female) - [[Jaspinder Narula]]

==Reception==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film 1 out of 5, writing, "On the whole, SAAWAN - THE LOVE SEASON is a weak fare, which has some scope at the single screens and in the Hindi belt primarily due to Salman's star presence. That's it!<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/saawan-the-love-season/critic-review/saawan-the-love-season-movie-review/|title=Saawan – The Love Season|first=Taran|last=Adarsh|author-link=Taran Adarsh|date=6 April 2006|access-date=18 December 2023|archive-date=18 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218162749/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/saawan-the-love-season/critic-review/saawan-the-love-season-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> Patcy N of [[Rediff]] gave the film 1 out of 5, writing, "Saaawan is full of flaws. It is also badly written and badly directed. The choreography is bearable but the music is lousy. The two newcomers – Aswani and Jhaveri – put in okay performances."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/07saaawan.htm|title=Can Salman's charm save Saaawan?|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730093838/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/07saaawan.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0470521}}

[[Category:2006 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Aadesh Shrivastava]]
[[Category:Films directed by Saawan Kumar Tak]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

India Mid-Day

2026-03-01T17:32:13Z

Svetlanayrd: creating initial post initial version...

{{Short description|News website in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = India Mid-Day
| logo = India Mid Day.png
| logo_size = 200px
| image = India Mid-Day Front.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| caption =
| alt =
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = Online
| owners = Mid Day Infomedia Limited, a subsidiary of [[Jagran Prakashan Limited]]
| founder = BirSar Hembram
| publisher = Mid-Day Infomedia, Jagran Prakashan Limited
| editor = BirSar Hembram
| photo_editor = BirSar Hembram
| founded = 2023
| political_position = [[Liberalism|Liberal]]
| language = English, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] (as ''Gujaratimidday.com<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/|title=Gujarati News (ગુજરાતી સમાચાર) | News in Gujarati | Gujarati Mid-day|website=www.gujaratimidday.com}}</ref>'' and [[Urdu]] (as ''[[The Inquilab]]'')
| ceased_publication =
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], India
| circulation =
| sister_newspapers = Inquilab,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inquilab.com/|title=Urdu News, Daily Urdu News, Online Urdu Local News, Local News from Mumbai – Inquilab News Channel|website=www.inquilab.com}}</ref> Gujarati Midday<ref name="auto"/>
| oclc =
| website = https://www.mid-day.com/
| free =
}}

'''India Mid-Day'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-05-06 |title=Jagran to buy Mid-Day Info for Rs 200 cr |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/jagran-to-buy-mid-day-info-for-rs-200-cr/articleshow/5895781.cms |access-date=2023-12-02 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Mumbai News {{!}} India news {{!}} Entertainment News {{!}} Latest News in Mumbai, Headlines, Live Updates and Coverage |url=https://www.mid-day.com/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> is a free sister project of [[Mid-Day]] [[news]] website morning daily Indian online newspaper owned by [[Jagran Prakashan|Jagran Prakashan Limited]]. Editions in languages including English have been published out of Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore and Pune so far. In 2011, the Delhi and Bangalore editions were closed down. In 2022, Jagran Prakashan. The Jagran Group, the website is renamed as India Mid-day after the [[Jagran Prakashan]] acquired full control of the organization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhula |first=Pooja |date=2022-07-19 |title=Who Owns Your Media: Hindustan Times’s journey from broadsheet to media conglomerate |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/07/19/who-owns-your-media-hindustan-timess-journey-from-broadsheet-to-media-conglomerate |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Newslaundry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Media Info, News and Analysis on Indian Advertising, Marketing and Media Industry |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.bestmediainfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-30 |title=Indian Readership Survey 2013 Topline Findings |url=https://www.slideshare.net/darshan_h_sheth/irs-2013-toplinefindings-30630677 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.slideshare.net |language=en}}</ref>

== About ==
The paper was established in Mumbai by journalist BirSar in 2023 as a family-owned newspaper. The Sunday edition of the paper began in 2023. Later, his son, BirSar led the paper, who sold its ownership to Jagran Prakashan in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-20 |title=Mid-Day’s new promise: ‘We have a Sunday for you’ |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/mid-days-new-promise-we-have-a-sunday-for-you |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=afaqs!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sircar |first=Nandini |title=Flying taxis in UAE: How much a ride could cost, when the cabs will take off |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/flying-taxis-in-uae-how-much-a-ride-could-cost-when-the-cabs-will-take-off |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=INMA Global Media Awards |url=https://www.inma.org/modules/awards |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.inma.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Delhi |first=BestMediaInfo Bureau |last2=April 30 |last3= |date=2019-04-30 |title=IRS 2019 Q1: TOI, Mumbai Mirror, Mid Day and Mint record double-digit growth in AIR: Best Media Info |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2019/04/irs-2019-q1-toi-mumbai-mirror-mid-day-and-mint-record-double-digit-growth-in-air |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.bestmediainfo.com}}</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Newspapers in India}}

[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Evening newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Pune]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Delhi]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Urdu-language newspapers published in India]]

Avula Parthasarathy

2026-02-24T15:27:16Z

Svetlanayrd: creating stub

{{Cleanup rewrite|Reason for rewrite|article or section|talk=Talk page section name|date=February 2026}}{{Short description|Indian philosopher (born 1927)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Avula Parthasarathy
| image = Avula Parthasarathy.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1927|06|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]
| occupation = Philosopher and author

| spouse = Kausalya Parthasarathy
| children = Sunanda Leelaram
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL|https://www.vedantaworld.org/}}
}}

'''Avula Parthasarathy''', popularly known as '''Swamiji''' (born 8 June 1927), is an Indian philosopher and exponent<ref name="vedantaworld.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vedantaworld.org/|title=Vedanta World|website=Vedantaworld.org|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> of [[Vedanta]], one of the ancient philosophies of India.<ref name="vedantaworld.org"/> He translates the subtle philosophical themes into a practical technique of living.<ref name=founder>{{cite web |url=http://www.vedantaworld.org/founder.htm |title=Vedanta Cultural Foundation |access-date=2013-05-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630171351/http://vedantaworld.org/founder.htm |archive-date=2013-06-30 }}</ref> He has multiple degrees in literature, science and law, and completed a postgraduate degree in international law from [[University of London|London University]].<ref name=founder/> Renouncing a shipping business early in life,<ref name=founder/> he has dedicated his life to study, research and propagation of Vedanta. His writings, discourses and seminars have featured in international press and television media.<ref name=founder/> Business, sport and film celebrities regularly seek his counsel.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.vedantaworld.org/founder_person.htm |title=Vedanta Cultural Foundation |access-date=2013-06-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721131334/http://www.vedantaworld.org/founder_person.htm |archive-date=2013-07-21 }}</ref>

== Lifetime ==
At 94 years, Swamiji follows a daily schedule of [[yoga]] and jogging. He is also an accomplished sportsman, regularly winning most-valuable player awards for his Academy cricket team.

In over five decades of service, Swamiji's contribution has been the translation of subtle philosophical themes into practical techniques of living. An exercise that has reduced stress and increased productivity among human beings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Practise 'the 3 Cs of Success' and find happiness within |url=https://www.news24.com/business/practise-the-3-cs-of-success-and-find-happiness-within-20071027-2 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

His personality and lifetime effort has been profiled in books prescribed for students in India:<ref name="founder"/>

*{{cite book|title= 101 Great Indians who have made India proud in the last century. }}
*{{cite book|title= 101 Great Indian Saints (portrayed on the front cover). }}
*{{cite book|title= 101 Great Indian Authors and Poets }}
*{{cite book|title= The Mind of the Guru, foreworded by the Dalai Lama. }}

== Books ==
Swamiji has written twelve books, including three best sellers. ''The Complete Works of Swami Parthasarathy'' was released in 2012 as a single book. It contains all of Swamiji's publications:

* ''The Fall of the Human Intellect''
* ''The Holocaust of Attachment''
* ''Governing Business & Relationships''
* ''Select English Poems''
* ''Vedanta Treatise: The Eternities''
* ''Bhaja Govindam''
* ''Atmabodha''
* ''Bhagavad Gita''
* ''Choice Upanishads''
* ''The Symbolism of Hindu Gods and Rituals''
* ''Thesis on God''
* ''Citations Tributes Quotes''

== Vedanta Academy ==
In 1988, he founded the Vedanta Academy which runs continual three-year residential courses to disseminate Vedanta to students from India and abroad.

The Vedanta Academy offers three year full-time residential courses for students regardless of race or religion. They are taught a range of texts on Vedanta philosophy which includes select works from [[English literature]] and poetry as well. The academy's educational system is focused on the development of the human intellect and not merely providing intelligence on a subject. The medium of instruction is English with a module in Sanskrit language. On completion graduates are awarded a diploma in Vedanta philosophy.

== Corporate guru ==
Swamiji's lifetime research has formulated Self-management courses for corporations worldwide. He has been acclaimed as one of the leading corporate gurus for international institutions such as the Young Entrepreneurs' Organisation, Young Presidents' Organisation, World Presidents' Organisation, [[World Economic Forum]] and distinguished business schools.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}

=== Self-management ===
After decades of research, Swami Parthasarathy has developed practical techniques of Self-Management that increase productivity, reduce stress and develop the essential components of leadership.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OPTIMISE BUSINESS MINIMISE STRESS SEMINAR: JHB COUNTRY CLUB 16 AUG |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/optimise-business-minimise-stress-seminar-jhb-country-logan |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref>

His teachings develop the clarity in thinking needed to
* Reduce stress in everyday living
* Increase productivity at work
* Maintain harmony in relationships
* Master the technique of living

=== Speeches ===
He has spoken to
* The Festival of Thinkers as a keynote speaker alongside sixteen Nobel laureates<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ARCoR, in partnership with YPO, organized a special seminar on self-development and values, called LIFE IN FOCUS – ARCoR |url=https://arcor.clubofrome.ro/arcor-in-partnership-with-ypo-organized-a-special-seminar-on-self-development-and-values-called-life-in-focus/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |language=ro-RO}}</ref>
* The Aspen Ideas Festival, also as a keynote
* The Young Presidents' Organization<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wallis |first=Claudia |title=Swami, How They Love Ya |url=https://time.com/5759720/swami-how-they-love-ya/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250513191819/https://time.com/5759720/swami-how-they-love-ya/ |archive-date=2025-05-13 |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=TIME |language=en}}</ref>
* The World Presidents' Organization<ref name=":0" />
* The World Economic Forum<ref name=":0" />
* Harvard<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-10-09 |title=ON THE MOVE – SWAMI SAYS – INDIAN SPIRITUALIST IS THE GO-GETTER’S GURU {{!}} New York Post |url=https://nypost.com/2006/10/09/on-the-move-swami-says-indian-spiritualist-is-the-go-getters-guru/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Wharton<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business Executives Gleen Business Savy in Ancient Truths – Hindu Press International |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/hpi/2006/10/25/business-executives-gleen-business-savy-in-ancient-truths/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* NASA<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-26 |title=Understanding Ourself & Indian Wisdom with Rev. (Dr.) Swami Parthasarathy {{!}} Staff News {{!}} University of Lincoln |url=https://staffnews.lincoln.ac.uk/2018/09/26/understanding-ourself-indian-wisdom-with-rev-dr-swami-parthasarathy/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Staff News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Microsoft<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-26 |title=Understanding Ourself & Indian Wisdom with Rev. (Dr.) Swami Parthasarathy {{!}} Staff News {{!}} University of Lincoln |url=https://staffnews.lincoln.ac.uk/2018/09/26/understanding-ourself-indian-wisdom-with-rev-dr-swami-parthasarathy/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Staff News |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Ford<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham |title=CEO Summit Organized at Bangalore |url=https://www.archive.amrita.edu/news/ceo-summit-organized-bangalore}}</ref>
* Indian cricket team<ref>{{Cite web |last=The Times of India |date=19 December 2001 |title=Vedanta dose peps up cricketers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/vedanta-dose-peps-up-cricketers/articleshow/1463092802.cms}}</ref>

== Press coverage ==
Swami Parthasarathy has been featured in print and electronic media worldwide including{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}
*''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''
*''[[The New Yorker]]''
*''[[BusinessWeek]]''
*[[CNBC]]
*''[[The Sunday Times]]''
*''[[New York Post]]''
*''[[The Times of India]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vedantaworld.org Vedanta Academy]
* [https://elearning.vedantaworld.org/ Vedanta Elearning Course]
* [https://www.forbesindia.com/article/ideas-opinions/applying-swami-parthasarathys-vedanta-to-boardrooms/34733/1 "Applying Swami Parthasarathy's Vedanta to Boardrooms"]. ''[[Forbes India]]''. (February 20, 2013).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071022023534/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1673266,00.html "Swami, How They Love Ya"]. [[Time (magazine)|Time]]. (October 18, 2007).

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parthasarathy, Avula}}
[[Category:1920s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shailesh R. Singh

2026-02-18T19:47:41Z

Svetlanayrd: Done...

{{short description|Indian film producer}}
{{distinguish|Shailesh Singh}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Shailesh R Singh 
| image = Shaailesh R Singh.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Shailesh Singh in 2017.
| birth_name = Shailesh R Singh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/aug/06/producer-shaailesh-r-singh-people-in-chennai-are-excited-to-see-kangana-rananut-as-j-jayalalithaa-13467.html|title=Producer Shaailesh R Singh: People in Chennai are excited to see Kangana Rananut as J Jayalalithaa|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> 
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| nationality =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'' (2011)<br />''[[Shahid]]'' (2013)<br />
| style =
| movement =
| spouse =
| awards = 
| elected =
| patrons =
| memorials =
| website = 
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| module =
}}
'''Shailesh R Singh'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/producer-shaailesh-r-singh-never-approached-vidya-balan-for-jayalalithaa-biopic/articleshow/70622498.cms |title=Producer Shaailesh R. Singh: Never approached Vidya Balan for Jayalalithaa biopic | Hindi Movie News - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2019-10-18 |archive-date=2019-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826052057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/producer-shaailesh-r-singh-never-approached-vidya-balan-for-jayalalithaa-biopic/articleshow/70622498.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an Indian film producer known for his works in [[Hindi cinema]]. He has produced both commercially and critically acclaimed films.

== Career ==
Shailesh R Singh has produced films like ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]''.<ref name=Etimes>{{cite news |last=Dedhia|first=Sonil|date=28 January 2017|title=Shaailesh Singh: I choose subjects that touch the audience's hearts|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shailesh-Singh-I-choose-subjects-that-touch-the-audiences-hearts/articleshow/53615577.cms|work=eTimes by [[Times of India]]|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref> He has also produced films like ''[[Shahid (film)|Shahid]]'', ''[[Madaari]]'', ''[[Aligarh (film)|Aligarh]]'' & ''[[Omerta (2017 film)|Omerta]]''. Shailesh Singh has supported & worked with filmmakers like [[Manish Jha (director)|Manish Jha]], [[Bejoy Nambiar]], [[Hansal Mehta]] and [[Aanand L. Rai|Aanand L Rai i]]<nowiki/>n their early professional days.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 September 2018|title=Taapsee Pannu may feature in Shailesh R Singh's cop drama, initially offered to Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/taapsee-pannu-may-feature-in-shailesh-r-singhs-cop-drama-initially-offered-to-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-5110801.html|work=Showsha by [[Firstpost]]|access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref>

In 2019, the films produced under Singh's production house, Karma Media And Entertainment & Paramhans Creations, are: ''[[Jabariya Jodi]]'', starring [[Sidharth Malhotra]] and [[Parineeti Chopra]],<ref name=Etimes /><ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2018|title=Sidharth Malhotra and Parineeti Chopra starrer Jabariya Jodi starts rolling|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/sidharth-malhotra-and-parineeti-chopras-next-ekta-kapoor-titled-jabariya-jodi-go-floors-soon-422811?amp|work=Pinkvilla|location=[[Mumbai]], India|access-date=18 November 2018|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329032256/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/sidharth-malhotra-and-parineeti-chopras-next-ekta-kapoor-titled-jabariya-jodi-go-floors-soon-422811?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''[[Judgementall Hai Kya]]'', a black comedy starring [[Rajkummar Rao]] and [[Kangana Ranaut]].
Both are produced in association with [[Balaji Motion Pictures]].<ref>{{cite web | title = "Judgemental Hai Kya is quirky!" – Kanika Dhillon|publisher=Kovid Gupta Films| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ryCuVv99C8&t=1s|date=2019| accessdate = 2019-06-25 }}</ref>

A [[Romance film|romantic]]
film ''[[Hurdang]]'' directed by Nikhil Nagesh Bhatt produced by him under his banner of Karma Media and Entertainment. The film features Sunny Kaushal, [[Nushrat Bharucha]] and [[Vijay Varma]] in the lead roles. The filming commenced on 6 July 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sunny-kaushal-nushrat-bharucha-vijay-varma-roped-in-for-shaailesh-r-singhs-hurdang/|title=Sunny Kaushal, Nushrat Bharucha, Vijay Varma roped in for Shaailesh R Singh's Hurdang|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=20 June 2019|accessdate=20 June 2019}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Cast
|-
|
2006
|''[[Bas Ek Pal]]''
|[[Juhi Chawla]], [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Sanjay Suri]], Rehaan, [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]
|-
|2008
|''[[Dil Kabaddi]]''
|[[Irrfan Khan]], [[Rahul Bose]], [[Rahul Khanna]], [[Konkona Sen Sharma|Konkana Sen Sharma]], [[Soha Ali Khan]], [[Payal Rohatgi]]
|-
|2011
|''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]''
|[[R. Madhavan]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Deepak Dobriyal]], [[Swara Bhaskar]]
|-
|2011
|''[[Not a Love Story (2011 film)|Not a Love Story]]''
|[[Mahi Gill|Mahie Gill]], [[Deepak Dobriyal]], Nitish Sharma, Ajay Gehi
|-
|2013
|''[[Sixteen (2013 Indian film)|Sixteen]]''
|[[Izabelle Leite]], Mehak Makwana, [[Wamiqa Gabbi]], Highphill Mathew, [[Keith Sequeira|Keith Sequeria]], [[Rohan Mehra (born 1990)|Rohan Mehra]], [[Sumit Bhardwaj]], Varun Jhamb
|-
|2013
|''[[Issaq]]''
|[[Amyra Dastur]], [[Prateik Babbar]], [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Rajeshwari Sachdev]], [[Neena Gupta]], [[Evelyn Sharma]], [[Malini Awasthi]]
|-
|2013
|''[[Shahid (film)|Shahid]]''
|[[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Prabhleen Sandhu]], [[Prabal Panjabi|Prabal Punjabi]]
|-
|2016
|''[[Aligarh (film)|Aligarh]]''
|[[Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
|-
|2016
|''[[Madaari]]''
|[[Irrfan Khan]], [[Vishesh Bansal]], [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Tushar Dalvi]], [[Nitesh Pandey]], Sadhil Kapoor
|-
|2017
|''[[Simran (film)|Simran]]''
|[[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Sohum Shah (actor)|Sohum Shah]], [[Hiten Kumar]], [[Kishori Shahane|Kishori Shahne]]
|-
|2018
|''[[Omerta (2017 film)|Omerta]]''
|
[[Rajkummar Rao]]
|-
|2019
|''[[Judgemental Hai Kya]]''
|[[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Kangana Ranaut]]
|-
|2019
|''[[Jabariya Jodi]]''
|[[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Parineeti Chopra]]
|-
|2021
|''[[Thalaivi]]''
|[[Kangana Ranaut]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kangana Ranaut starrer Jayalalitha biopic titled 'Thalaivi' starts rolling - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jayalalitha-biopic-titled-thalaivi-starring-kangana-ranaut-starts-rolling/articleshow/71995278.cms|access-date=2021-04-01|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Hurdang]]''
|[[Sunny Kaushal]], [[Nushrat Bharucha]], [[Vijay Varma]]
|-
|2023
|[[The Lady Killer (2023 film)|''The Lady Killer'']]
|[[Arjun Kapoor]], [[Bhumi Pednekar]]
|-
|2023
|''[[Dedh Bhiga Zameen]]''
|[[Pratik Gandhi]], [[Khushali Kumar]]
|-
|}

== Awards ==
;'''[[Shahid (film)|Shahid]]'''
* National Film Award for Best Actor 2014 [[Rajkummar Rao]]
* National Film Award for Best Direction 2014 [[Hansal Mehta]]
* Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor 2014 [[Rajkummar Rao]]
* Screen Award for Best Screenplay 2014 Hansal Mehta, [[Apurva Asrani]], Sameer Gautam Singh
* Screen Award for Best Dialogue 2014 Sameer Gautam Singh
* Guild Award for K.A. Abbas Honour for Social Consciousness Through Cinema 2014

;'''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'''
* Filmfare RD Burman Award for New Music Talent 2012 [[Krsna Solo|Krsna]]
* Zee Cine Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role 2012 [[Swara Bhaskar]]
* Guild Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role 2012 [[Deepak Dobriyal]]
* Guild Award for Best Cinematography 2012 Chirantan Das

;'''[[Tanu Weds Manu: Returns|Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]'''
* National Film Award for Best Actress 2016 [[Kangana Ranaut]]
* Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue 2016 [[Himanshu Sharma]]
* Guild Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role 2016 Deepak Dobriyal
* National Film Award for Best Screenplay 2016 Himanshu Sharma
* Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress 2016 Kangana Ranaut
* IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role 2016 Deepak Dobriyal
* BIG Star Most Entertaining Comedy Film 2015 [[Aanand L. Rai|Anand L. Rai]]
* Screen Award for Best Comedian 2016 Deepak Dobriyal
* BIG Star Most Entertaining Actor in a Comedy Film - Male 2015 Deepak Dobriyal

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*https://newslivetv.com/kangana-ranaut-starrer-thalaivi-finally-gets-a-release-date

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shaailesh R}}
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nadaun, Himachal Pradesh

2026-02-18T13:11:12Z

Svetlanayrd: further update page to improve readability and improved wording for clarity

{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nadaun
| other_name = नादौन
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Mehta.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of sunset as [[Beas River]] flowing through Nadaun
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.78|N|76.35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hamirpur District, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Raja Sansar Chand
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Municipal Council Nadaun
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 33
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 508
| population_total = 7700
| population_as_of = Approx by 2024
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament]] (MP)
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kangri language|Kangri]]
| leader_name2 = [[Anurag Thakur]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member Of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA)
| leader_name1 = [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = [[177033]]
| registration_plate = [[HP-55]]
| website = [https://npnadaun.in]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nadaun''' is a historical town and a [[Nagar Parishad]] in the [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. Previously a part of the [[princely state]] of [[Kangra State|Kangra]], it was granted as a [[jagir]] to [[Jodhbir Chand]] by [[Ranjit Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Princely_and_Noble_Families_of_the_F/ayYbAvECXQwC |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire: Himachal Pradesh |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-163-4 |pages=325 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=Royal |date=2025-04-20 |title=Nadaun (Jagir) |url=https://oroyalarchives.com/nadaun/ |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Royal Archives |language=en-US}}</ref> Nadaun is presently an independent small town located on NH 3 and NH 303 in the [[Sivalik Hills|Sivalik range]] foothills. It is situated on the banks of the [[Beas]].

Nadaun has boundaries with districts [[Kangra district|Kangra]] and [[Una district|Una]].

[[Bulleh Shah]] mentions Nadaun as the ''City of Innocent''. He is said to have written the famous saying, ''"Aaye Nadaun, Jaaye Kaun"'' (meaning "who comes to Nadaun would never want to go back"). In his famous poem ''Bulla Ki Janna Mein Kaun'', he mentions Nadaun as ''"Na mein rehnda vich Nadaun".''{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==Geography==
Nadaun is located at {{coord|31.78|N|76.35|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/11/Nadaun.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Nadaun]</ref> It has an average elevation of 508 metres (1,666 feet). Beas flows through this small town. Nadaun lies midway between [[Jawalamukhi|Jwalamukhi]] (12 km) and [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]] (28 km).

=== Climate ===
The climate of Nadaun is sub-tropical with monsoons in the months of July–August. The summers are between mid-May to mid-July. The temperature in summers rarely exceeds 40 degrees Celsius due to its proximity with the [[Himalayas]] and Beas river. The winters are cold but sub-zero temperatures are rare.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2001}} [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Nadaun had a population of 4405. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Nadaun has an average [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 89%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 78%. In Nadaun, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Area profile ==

{{As of|2011}} [[2011 census of India|India census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

* Number of Households - 990
* Average Household Size (per Household) - 5.0
* Population-Total - 4,440
* Population-Urban - 4,440
* Proportion of Urban Population (%) - 100
* Population-Rural - ××
* [[human sex ratio|Sex Ratio]] - 959
* [[Population]] (0-6 Years) - 849
* Sex Ratio(0-6 Years) - 8.61%
* SC Population - 526
* Sex Ratio (SC) - 1008
* Proportion of SC (%) - 12.0
* ST Population - 0
* Sex Ratio (ST) - 0
* Proportion of ST (%) - 0
* Literates - 3,473
* Illiterates - 932
* Literacy Rate (%) - 89.0
*Literacy Rate (M):- 95.67%
*Literacy Rate (F)- 88.72%

===Battle of Nadaun===
{{Main|Battle of Nadaun}}

[[Aurangzeb]]'s expeditions in [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] in the 1690s had put considerable strain on the Mughal exchequer. As a result, Aurangzeb issued orders to recover annual tributes from the rulers of [[Shivalik hills]], who had been defaulting on the payment. Alif Khan was given the responsibility of recovering dues from [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] and adjoining principalities.

The king of Kangra and a chieftain called Raja Dayal yielded to the demands of Alif Khan. However, king [[Bhim Chand (Kahlur)|Bhim Chand]] of [[Kahlur]] (Bilaspur) refused to oblige and formed an alliance with other chieftains opposed to the Mughals. The 10th sikh guru [[Guru Gobind Singh]] decided to support Bhim Chand.

Alif Khan's army and his aides were defeated at a battle in Nadaun. The date of the battle is given variously by different authors, as 1687, 1689, 1690, 20 March 1691, and 4 April 1691.

After the battle ended, Guru Gobind Singh stayed in Nadaun for eight days, before returning to [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]]. Later, [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] built a [[gurdwara]] on the spot where the Guru had pitched his tent. The Gurdwara was affiliated with [[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]] in 1935.

==Economy==
Nadaun is a wholesale market hub. The economy is based on [[agriculture]], [[business]], and government employment. The villages in Nadaun sub-division depend primarily on agriculture for their income such as dairy products and agricultural produce. In addition, there is a silk farm in Nadaun. Some people [[Fishing in India|earn their livelihood by fishing]] from the Beas river.

Nadaun's business community is involved in small- to medium-sized businesses. These businesses take care of the day-to-day needs of not only Nadaun but also of nearby villages like Bela, Bharoli, Bharmoti, Chaukathi, , Jalari, Bhumpal, Bhatta, Gagaal, and Sera. The main businesses in Nadaun are [[grocery store]]s (both [[retail]] and [[Wholesaling|wholesale]]), furniture, [[goldsmith|goldsmiths]], [[clothing]], and construction materials. Some small-scale industries exist in Nadaun which produce the finished products in some of these areas.

== Transportation ==
There is no railway or airport connecting Nadaun to the rest of the country. The nearest railway station is Amb Andaura around {{Convert|38|km|mi|abbr=in}} from Nadaun. However, Nadaun is well connected by the road network, with a central position in terms of road connectivity. Two main roads diverge from Nadaun: one in the direction of the state capital [[Shimla]] via the National Highway NH88 and the other in the direction of the major nearby cities of [[Chandigarh]] and [[Hoshiarpur]] via [[National Highway 70 (India)|National Highway 70]].

Transportation within Nadaun and surrounding areas happens with the help of privately and government operated buses. Nadaun has a large [[bus station]]. Adjacent to it is a [[taxi stand]] where one can rent a taxi for short or long distances. For transportation of goods within the Nadaun town, one can take help from a [[coolie]]. Occasionally, people use boats to cross [[Beas River]].

==Tourism==
Nadaun is a popular destination among tourists.

Shri Gurudwara Sahib, Amtar-Nadaun Fort, Bil-kaleshwar Temple, and Peer-Sahib Grave are popular tourist attractions. Shri Gurudwara Sahib is located on the banks of Beas river; it is located where Guru Gobind Singh visited after the battle of Nadaun and is a major site for Sikh pilgrimage. The Amtar-Nadaun Fort served as the summer court of Maharaja Sansar Chand of Kangra. The Peer-Sahib Grave is located in Bharmoti village.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Tourist Attractions {{!}} Tourist Places To Visit in Nadaun|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/nadaun/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=www.nativeplanet.com|language=en}}</ref>

Winter and Summer are favourable times to visit Nadaun. [[Kangra Airport|Kangra-Gaggal airport]] is the nearest airport and the [[Jawalamukhi Road railway station|Jwalamukhi Road Railway Station]] is the nearest [[railhead]].

== Education ==
Nadaun has been a center of education in Hamirpur district. Until the late 1980s, it was the only place in surrounding areas where one could receive high school education. GSSS Nadaun (Boys), Lala Lajpat Rai Samark, established in 1863, is the oldest educational institute.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GSSS NADAUN( BOYS) - Nadaun-5, District Hamirpur (h.p.) (Himachal Pradesh)|url=https://schools.org.in/hamirpur-(h.p.)/02060403603/gsss-nadaun-boys.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=schools.org.in|language=en}}</ref> There is a [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan|Kendriya Vidyalaya]] primarily meant for employees of the central government of India and other government and private educational institutions. Nadaun, like many other parts of the country, has seen a progressive shift to English as a medium of education in most of the privately owned schools.

== Sports ==

[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Stadium]] is the main cricket venue in the city which has played host to many matches for [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh]]

Mikoyan MiG-27

2026-02-17T04:20:55Z

Svetlanayrd: updated section

{{Short description|Series of 1970s Soviet attack aircraft}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2011}}

{{Infobox aircraft
|name= MiG-27
|image= File:MiG-27 (cropped).jpg
|caption= A MiG-27 of the [[Soviet Air Force]]
|type= [[Attack aircraft|Ground-attack aircraft]]
|national_origin= Soviet Union
|manufacturer= [[Mikoyan]]
|designer=
|first_flight= 20 August 1970
|introduction= 1975
|retired= 1993 (Russia)<br /> 2019 (India)<br /> 2023 (Kazakhstan)
|status= Retired
|primary_user= [[Soviet Air Forces]] (historical)
|more_users= [[Russian Air Force]] (historical) <br /> [[Indian Air Force]] (historical) <br /> [[Kazakh Air Force]] (historical)
|produced= 1972–1995
|number_built= 1,075 (including licensed production)<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/mig-27.htm "MiG-27 Flogger/Q-6."] ''Global security''. Retrieved 18 October 2009.</ref>
|developed_from= [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23]]
|variants=
}}

The '''Mikoyan MiG-27''' ({{langx|ru|Микоян МиГ-27}}; [[NATO reporting name]]: '''Flogger-D/J''') is a [[variable-sweep wing|variable-sweep]] [[attack aircraft|ground-attack aircraft]], originally built by the [[Mikoyan|Mikoyan-Gurevich]] design bureau in the [[Soviet Union]] and later licence-produced in [[India]] by [[Hindustan Aeronautics]] as the '''''Bahadur''''' ("Valiant"). It is based on the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23]] [[fighter aircraft]], but optimised for air-to-ground attack. Unlike the MiG-23, the MiG-27 did not have widespread use outside the Soviet Union, as most countries opted for the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23BN]] and [[Sukhoi Su-22]] instead. As of late 2023, all Russian, Indian, Sri Lankan, Ukrainian, and Kazakh MiG-27s have been retired, bringing the type's service to an end.

==Design and development==
[[File:MiG-27K 2008 G6.jpg|thumb|Optical windows of the laser-television sighting system Kayra-23 MiG-27K (kayra [кайра] is Russian for [[guillemot]]). Bottom box under the TV channel with a [[laser rangefinder]]-[[laser designator]], the top receiver for a laser rangefinder]]

The MiG-27 shares the basic [[airframe]] of the MiG-23, but with a revised nose – nicknamed "''Utkonos''" ("[[Platypus]]") or "''[[Gena the Crocodile|Krokodil Gena]]''" in Russian service, first introduced on the MiG-23B. Dissatisfaction with the MiG-23BN led to the further development of the basic airframe to accommodate a stronger undercarriage, simpler intakes and a shorter exhaust nozzle,<ref name="frawley_1996"/> without radar in favour of a downward-sloping profile for improved pilot visibility,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/attacker/eng/mig27-fighter-bomber-russia-1.htm|title=Mig-27 fighter bomber, Flogger, Russia, Soviet Union|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-date=22 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922135323/http://airforceworld.com/attacker/eng/mig27-fighter-bomber-russia-1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> a [[laser rangefinder]] and marked-target seeker.<ref name="Winchester p. 169">Winchester 2006, p. 169.</ref> Among its test pilots, it was also called "''Balkon''" ("Balcony") because of the increased frontal view from the cockpit. Additional cockpit armor was installed, along with a totally new [[nav/attack system]].

Since the MiG-27 was intended to fly most of its missions at low altitude, the MiG-23's variable [[intake ramp]]s and exhaust nozzles were discarded in favor of a simpler fixed configuration, reducing weight and maintenance requirements. The aircraft also has larger, heavy-duty [[landing gear]] to facilitate operation from poorer-quality airfields. In accordance with the MiG-27's strike and low-level attack requirements, provisions were made to mount missiles and [[precision-guided munition]]s, as well as retaining a nuclear capability in line with other Soviet combat aircraft by introducing specialized navigation systems.<ref name="Winchester p. 169"/>

The improved MiG-27M/D versions were introduced during the 1980s, followed by the -K version, which could carry a much larger range of weapons including tactical nuclear bombs.

Aircraft deployed to Afghanistan were upgraded with the installation of BVP-50-60 [[flare]] dispensers and the NAZ-7B emergency survival kit, as well as engine modifications for the hot and high conditions.<ref name="Gordon 2019 362">{{Cite book|last=Gordon|first=E.|title=Mikoyan MiG-23 and MiG-27|date=2019|others=Dmitriĭ Komissarov|isbn=978-1-910809-31-0|location=Manchester|pages=362|oclc=1108690733}}</ref>

==Operational history==
The MiG-27 saw service with the [[Soviet Air Forces|Soviet Air Force]] in [[Afghanistan]]. Although several Western observers considered the MiG-27 widely exported, confusing it with the MiG-23BN, the aircraft type was only exported to India and Sri Lanka which also utilized the MiG-27 in regional conflicts.<ref name="Winchester p. 169" />

=== Soviet Union ===
The MiG-27 entered frontline service with Soviet Air Force Tactical Aviation in 1975, with the 722nd Regiment. It replaced earlier MiG-23B/BN and outdated [[Sukhoi Su-7]] attack aircraft and equipped 22 of the 40 Soviet fighter-bomber regiments, being deployed all over the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gordon|first=E.|title=Mikoyan MiG-23 and MiG-27|date=2019|others=Dmitriĭ Komissarov|isbn=978-1-910809-31-0|location=Manchester|pages=342|oclc=1108690733}}</ref> Soviet MiG-27s were permanently deployed to five foreign countries: East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Mongolia until the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gordon|first=E.|title=Mikoyan MiG-23 and MiG-27|date=2019|others=Dmitriĭ Komissarov|isbn=978-1-910809-31-0|location=Manchester|pages=350–360|oclc=1108690733}}</ref>

Soviet forces used the MiG-27 during the later stages of the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Afghanistan conflict]] in 1987–89, which was the only time the Soviets used this aircraft in action.<ref name="Gordon 2019 362"/> During the initial stages of the war, MiG-27s were not deployed to support ground troops in combat, as the [[Sukhoi Su-17]]s of the [[Turkestan Military District|Turkestan]] and [[Central Asian Military District|Central Asian]] military districts together with [[Afghan Air Force|DRAAF]] [[Su-7]]s were considered sufficient to support the 40th Army's operations against the Afghan [[Mujahideen]]. However, in 1988 it was decided to deploy MiG-27s to support the existing forces in theatre. The 134th APIB, formed of three squadrons of MiG-27D/Ms and MiG-23UB trainers, was deployed to [[Shindand Air Base]] in October after extensive training in Kazakhstan. The most modern variant, the MiG-27K, was not deployed due to its lack of armour for the pilot. MiG-27s, in common with all other Soviet attack aircraft in the conflict, were limited in effectiveness by the 5,000 metre (16,400 ft) minimum altitude imposed due to the threat from [[MANPAD]]s. As such they were only able to deploy unguided bombs and rockets against Afghan targets. Missions included bombing of supply convoys, night bombing of troop concentrations, scattering landmines with cluster munitions, and marking or illuminating targets for artillery with SAB-100 flare bombs. The 134th regiment remained in Afghanistan until the Soviet withdrawal, taking part in the siege of Kandahar. They were withdrawn on the 4th February 1989, flying to Kalay-Mor airbase in the [[Turkmen SSR]] where they waited in reserve until March of that year, when they returned to their home base in Kazakhstan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gordon|first=E.|title=Mikoyan MiG-23 and MiG-27|date=2019|others=Dmitriĭ Komissarov|isbn=978-1-910809-31-0|location=Manchester|oclc=1108690733}}</ref>

Around the same time, MiG-27s started to be gradually replaced by more advanced [[Sukhoi Su-24]] and [[Su-25]] aircraft in the ground attack role at home. Other MiG-27 units, such as the 642nd GvAIP, re-equipped with [[Mig 29|MiG-29]] fighters. Additionally, between 1990 and 1994 a single regiment of MiG-27s (88th Separate Fighter Bomber Regiment) served with [[Soviet Naval Aviation]] as a way to save the unit from being dissolved under the [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gordon|first=E.|title=Mikoyan MiG-23 and MiG-27|date=2019|others=Dmitriĭ Komissarov|isbn=978-1-910809-31-0|location=Manchester|pages=360–362|oclc=1108690733}}</ref> During the [[Collapse of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)|collapse of the Soviet Union]], a number of MiG-27s remained in active service, which were then split amongst the air forces of the various former Soviet republics.

=== Russia ===
The [[Air Force of the Russian Federation]] inherited most of the Soviet MiG-27s. However, on 1 July 1993 the Air Force decreed that single-engined attack aircraft such as the MiG-27 were to be phased out.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gordon|first=E.|title=Mikoyan MiG-23 and MiG-27|date=2019|others=Dmitriĭ Komissarov|isbn=978-1-910809-31-0|location=Manchester|pages=369–370|oclc=1108690733}}</ref>

===India===
[[File:MiG-27 from No.18 Squad, Kalaikunda.jpg|thumb|A MiG-27 of the IAF No. 18 Squadron]]

The MiG-27 was inducted into the Indian Air Force in 1985.<ref name="Life">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-the-story-of-the-mig-27-the-iafs-now-retired-ground-attack-bahadur-6197047/|title=The story of the MiG-27, the IAF’s now-retired ground attack Bahadur|date=3 January 2020|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The Indian Air Force used various combat aircraft including the MiG-27 to bombard Pakistani positions during the [[Kargil War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ganguly |first1=Sumit |last2=Kapur |first2=S. Paul |title=Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia: Crisis Behaviour and the Bomb |date=6 August 2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-06962-0 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaI8tyczNigC |access-date=23 August 2023 |language=en |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823011550/https://books.google.com/books?id=DaI8tyczNigC |url-status=live }}</ref> On 27 May 1999, an Indian MiG-27L suffered an engine flameout while firing [[S-8 (rocket)|80 mm rockets]], possibly due to a [[MANPADS]] hit, and its pilot [[Kambampati Nachiketa]] was captured by the Pakistani forces.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kargil-99.htm | title=1999 Kargil Conflict |work=Global Security}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kambampati-nachiketa-kargil-war-india-pakistan-indian-pilot-arrested-1466400-2019-02-27|title = This is what Pakistan did last time one of our pilots was in its custody| date=27 February 2019 }}</ref>

The entire fleet of Indian MiG-27s underwent a midlife upgrade starting in 2006 to extend its lifetime.<ref name="Life"/> In mid-February 2010, India grounded its entire fleet of over 150 aircraft after a MiG-27 crashed on 16 February 2010 in Siliguri, West Bengal. The crash was attributed to defects in the [[Tumansky R-29|R-29]] engines of the aircraft, suspected to have occurred during the overhauling of the aircraft by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.in.msn.com/internalsecurity/features/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3652502 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225023403/http://news.in.msn.com/internalsecurity/features/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3652502 | archive-date=25 February 2010 | title=After fatal crash, Indian Air Force grounds 100 MiG-27s |work=MSN India |access-date=1 June 2010}}</ref> Another MiG-27 crashed in the Barmer area on 27 January 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mig-27-crashes-in-barmer-pilot-ejects-safely/articleshow/46029528.cms|title=MiG-27 crashes in Barmer, pilot ejects safely|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 January 2015 }}</ref> India retired the last MiG-27ML squadron on 27 December 2019, with a farewell ceremony at the [[Jodhpur Airport|Jodhpur airbase]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/iaf-bid-farewell-to-mig-27-ml-bahadur-as-india-retires-the-strike-aircraft-117122900800_1.html|title=IAF bid farewell to MiG-27 ML Bahadur as India retires the strike aircraft|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=29 December 2017|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iafs-mig-27-to-take-to-skies-one-last-time-today/articleshow/72989283.cms|title=IAF's MiG-27 to take to skies one last time today|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
[[File:Sri Lanka Military 0031.jpg|thumb|Sri Lanka Air Force MiG-27M]]

MiG-27 aircraft entered service with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]] in 2000, with the purchase of four remanufactured MiG-27s from Ukrinmash in May 2000 at US$1.75 million each. This was followed by another ordered for two more in October 2000 at US$1.6 million and a MiG-23UB trainer aircraft for US$900,000. Initially piloted by Ukrainian pilots until local pilots could be trained and was attached to the [[No. 5 Squadron SLAF|No. 5 "Jet" Squadron SLAF]]. During the [[Eelam War III]] phase of the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]], they saw considerable action bombing targets and providing close air support. In August 2000, a MiG-27 crashed near [[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo International Airport]], killing its Ukrainian pilot. In July 2001, a second MiG-27 was destroyed and another damaged on the ground during [[Bandaranaike Airport attack|an assault on the same air force base]] by the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]].

A MiG-27 crashed into the sea near the airport in June 2004. With the resumption of hostilities in 2006 as peace talks broke down and the [[Eelam War IV]] phase of the war starting, MiG-27 were once again flying combat sorties. In 2007, three MiG-27s and a MiG-23UB trainer were overhauled as part of a life-extension program. Four MiG-27s were purchased at US$10 million. This led to the [[Gotabaya Rajapaksa#Legal dispute with Lasantha Wickrematunge|MiG deal scandal]]. The MiG-27s and the MiG-23UB were reorganized into the newly formed [[No. 12 Squadron SLAF|No. 12 Squadron]]. Another MiG-27 fighter jet crashed on a routine training mission on 13 February 2012 near the Dummalasuriya area at around 1.35 pm. The pilot managed to eject from the jet without sustaining injuries.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://blog.kievukraine.info/2006/12/sri-lanka-to-buy-mig-aircraft-from.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927141345/http://blog.kievukraine.info/2006/12/sri-lanka-to-buy-mig-aircraft-from.html | archive-date=27 September 2011 | title=Kiev Ukraine News Blog }}</ref>

===Kazakhstan===
12 MiG-27s remained in service with the [[Kazakh Air Force]] until 2023 or so. In October 2023, the aircraft were retired and put up for auction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/on-sale-117-mig-31-mig-29-heres-why/|title=117 MiG-31, MiG-29 & Other Russian-Origin Fighter Jets Put Up On Auction By Kazakhstan; Here's Why|date=28 October 2023|access-date=29 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/kazakhstan-sells-over-100-military-aircraft/|title=Kazakhstan sells over 100 military aircraft|date=27 October 2023|access-date=29 April 2024}}</ref> In April 2024, the ''Kyiv Post'' reported that the US purchased 81 aircraft to transfer to Ukraine. The Kazakh state-owned weapons importer and exporter Kazspetexport denied such claims, saying that foreign companies were not allowed to bid.<ref>{{cite news |title=Did the US buy old aircraft from Kazakhstan? |url=https://censor.net/en/news/3486827/did_the_us_buy_old_aircraft_from_kazakhstan |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=Censor.NET |date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508033135/https://censor.net/en/news/3486827/did_the_us_buy_old_aircraft_from_kazakhstan |archive-date=8 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Spirlet |first1=Thibault |last2=Rommen |first2=Rebecca |title=Claims that the US bought 81 Soviet-era combat aircraft from a close Russian ally are likely false, experts say |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/claims-us-buying-soviet-era-aircraft-from-kazakhstan-likely-false-2024-4 |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=Business Insider |date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430152115/https://www.businessinsider.com/claims-us-buying-soviet-era-aircraft-from-kazakhstan-likely-false-2024-4 |archive-date=30 April 2024}}</ref>

==Variants==
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2010}}
[[File:Cockpit. Mig-27 (11171819885).jpg|thumb|Cockpit]]

;MiG-23B
The first Flogger attack variant was powered by the AL-21F. Only 24 were produced, due to a lack of engines (the AL-21F was destined for the Sukhoi [[Sukhoi Su-17|Su-17/22]] and the [[Sukhoi Su-24|Su-24]] Fencer). It was armed with the [[GSh-23L]] cannon, carrying 200 rounds.

;MiG-23BN
Derived from the MiG-23B, but powered by the R29B-300 engine. This gave the advantage of making this variant exportable (the AL-21F was a restricted engine at the time, unlike the R29B-300). The R29B-300 also offered commonality with the MiG-23MS and MiG-23MF fighter variants already sold to the rest of world. It was armed with the GSh-23L cannon, with 200 rounds.

;MiG-27 (MiG-23BM)
This was the first in the MiG-27 family to have a canopy without the central frame, suggesting that the ejection seat was designed to directly break through the transparency. The dielectric head above the pylon on the MiG-23 was used on the MiG-27 to house electro-optical and radio-frequency gear instead. It was also the first variant armed with a [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-30]]M [[Gatling gun]]. Its [[NATO reporting name]] was ''Flogger-D''.

;MiG-27K
[[File:MiG-27K 2008 G9.jpg|thumb|MiG-27K]]
[[NATO reporting name]]: ''Flogger-J2''. The MiG-27K was the most advanced Soviet variant, with a laser designator and compatibility with TV-guided electro-optical weapons. It carried the GSh-6-30 cannon. Around 200 were built.

;MiG-27M
[[NATO reporting name]]: ''Flogger-J''. This model was a cheaper variant than the MiG-27K, but much better than the MiG-23B, MiG-23BN, and MiG-27 (MiG-23BM), with the electro-optical and radio-frequency heads above the glove pylons deleted. It was first armed with the [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-23|GSh-6-23M]] Gatling gun, but this was later replaced by a new 30 mm [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-30|GSh-6-30]] six-barrel cannon with 260 rounds of ammunition in a fuselage gondola. It also received much-improved [[electronic countermeasures|electronic countermeasure]] (ECM) systems, and a new PrNK-23K nav/attack system providing automatic flight control, gun firing, and weapons release. However, this modification was not very successful because of the heavy recoil from the new cannon, and bursts longer than two or three seconds often led to permanent damage to the airframe.

Test pilot V. N. Kondaurov described the first firing of the GSh-6-30А:{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}{{Request quotation|date=February 2010}}<blockquote>"As I imposed the central mark on the air target and pressed the trigger to shoot, I heard such noise that I involuntarily drew my hand aside. The whole plane began to vibrate from the shooting and had almost stopped from the strong recoil of the gun. The pilotless target, which was just making a turn ahead of me, was literally disintegrating into pieces. I have hardly come to my senses from unexpectedness and admiration: This is a calibre! Such a beast! If you hit something — it will be plenty enough [to wipe it out]".</blockquote>A total of 200 MiG-27Ms were built from 1978 to 1983, plus 160 for India. Sri Lanka used second-hand Soviet MiG-27Ms.

;MiG-27D
[[File:Mikoyan MiG-27 Flogger-D 01 red (10044642364).jpg|thumb|MiG-27D]]
All MiG-27Ds are MiG-23BMs upgraded to MiG-27M standard. It is very difficult to distinguish from the MiG-27M. 305 were upgraded.

;MiG-27ML
[[File:TU591 MiG-27ML.jpg|thumb|MiG-27ML 'TU591' of No. 29 Sqn. "Scorpions" at IAF Museum Palam.]]
This was an export variant of the MiG-27M provided in 1986 to India in knock-down kits for licensed assembly. It was the same as the MiG-27M, except the undernose fairing for the [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) sensor had a single window instead of several, like the one on the original MiG-27M. A total of 150 were assembled by India. India refers to this model as the MiG-27M ''Bahadur'', while MiG-27L is the Mikoyan export designation.<ref name="frawley_1996">{{harvnb|Frawley|Thorn|1996|p=115}}</ref>

;MiG-27H
{{clarify|date=September 2011|reason=What's with the present tense? Has the upgrade been done or not?}}
This was a 1988 indigenous Indian upgrade of its license-assembled MiG-27Ls with French [[avionics]], which provides the same level of performance, but with much reduced size and weight. The capabilities of the aircraft are being enhanced by the incorporation of modern avionics systems consisting primarily of two Multi-Function Displays (MFDs) Mission and Display Processor (MDP), Sextant Ring Laser Gyros (RLG INSI), combined GPS/GLONASS navigation, HUD with UFCP, Digital Map Generator (DMG), jam-resistant Secured Communication, stand-by UHF communication, data link and a comprehensive Electronic Warfare suite. A mission planning and retrieval facility, VTR and HUD Camera will also be fitted. The aircraft retains stand-by (conventional) instrumentation, including artificial horizon, altimeter and airspeed indicator, to cater for the failure of HUD and the MFDs. The MiG-27s are also being equipped with the French Agave or Russian Komar [[radar]]. The installation of the radar would give the MiG-27 anti-ship and some air-to-air capability. It is expected that at least 140 of the 180 aircraft will be converted from MiG-27MLs.

==Operators==
{{main|List of MiG-27 operators}}
[[File:MiG 27 operators.png|thumb|Current MiG-27 operators in blue, former operators in red]]

===Former operators===
'''{{Flag|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|1987|name=Afghanistan}}'''
* The [[Afghan Air Force]] received MiG-27s as military aid from the Soviet Union following the [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lessons of the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan {{!}} Middle East Policy Council |url=https://mepc.org/commentary/lessons-soviet-withdrawal-afghanistan |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=mepc.org |date=9 March 2011 |language=en}}</ref>
;{{flag|Belarus}}
* The [[Belarusian Air Force]] inherited a small number of aircraft from the 911th Fighter-Bomber regiment based at Lida. These were scrapped or used as instructional airframes at the Minsk State Aviation College.
;{{IND}}
* The [[Indian Air Force]] has retired their aircraft (165 MiG-27Ms licensed built by HAL). The first batch of MiG-27MLs was retired in December 2017, and the final batch was retired from service on 27 December 2019.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ray |first=Kalyan |newspaper=Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/iaf-to-bid-adieu-to-its-last-mig-27-swing-wing-squadron-788922.html|title=IAF to bid adieu to its last MiG-27 swing-wing squadron |date=26 December 2019 |access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref>
;{{KAZ}}
*The Kazakh Air Force operated 12 MiG-27Ms as of December 2022.<ref>{{cite report |title=2023 World Air Forces |publisher=FlightGlobal |page=22 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=90688 |language=en}}</ref> These were retired in 2023, put up for auction, and sold in April 2024.
;{{RUS}}
* The [[Russian Air Force]] retired their aircraft from front-line use.
; {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
* [[Sri Lanka Air Force]] had 4 MiG-27Ms in 2011.{{sfn|Wragg|2011|pages=265−266}}
;{{UKR}}
* The [[Ukrainian Air Force]] has retired their aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/index.php?lang=en&part=structure&sub=air_force|title=Міністерство|work=Міністерство оборони України|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=January 2024}}
;{{USSR}}
* The [[Soviet Air Force]] passed their aircraft on to four of their successor states.

==Specifications (MiG-27K)==
[[File:Mikoyan MiG-27 3-view.svg|thumb|3-view drawing of MiG-27]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref= airforce-technology.com,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/mig27/ | title=MiG-27K (MiG 23) Flogger Fighter Bomber }}</ref> deagel.com<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deagel.com/Combat-Aircraft/Mig-27_a000741002.aspx|title = Ancile}}</ref>
|prime units?=met

|crew=1
|length m=17.08
|length note=
|span m=13.97
|span note=wings spread
::::{{cvt|7.78|m|0}} wings swept
|height m=5
|height note=
|wing area sqm=37.35
|wing area note=wings spread
::::{{cvt|34.16|m2|0}} wings swept
|aspect ratio=
|airfoil='''root:''' TsAGI SR-12S (6.5%); '''tip:''' TsAGI SR-12S (5.5%)<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight kg=11908
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=20300
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=20670
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Tumansky R-29-B-300]]
|eng1 type=[[afterburner|afterburning]] [[turbojet]]
|eng1 kn=78.5
|eng1 note=
|eng1 kn-ab=112.8

|max speed kmh=1885
|max speed note= / M1.7 at {{cvt|8000|m}}
::::{{cvt|1350|km/h|mph kn}} / M1.09 at sea level
|max speed mach=
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed note=
|range km=
|range note=
|combat range km=780
|combat range note=<br />
::::{{cvt|540|km|mi nmi}} with two [[Kh-29]] missiles and three drop tanks
::::{{cvt|225|km|mi nmi}} with two [[Kh-29]] missiles and no external fuel
|ferry range km=2500
|ferry range note=
|endurance=
|ceiling m=14000
|ceiling note=
|g limits=
|roll rate=
|climb rate ms=200
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading kg/m2=605
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|thrust/weight=0.62

|more performance=

|guns=<br />
**1 × [[30 mm caliber|30 mm]] [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-30]] [[rotary cannon]], 300 rounds, or, can be modified in a workshop to:
**1 × [[23×115mm|23 mm]] [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23]] [[autocannon]], 200 rounds.
**Alternatively, a basic maintenance kit can be carried in place of a gun pod.
|hardpoints= 1 × centerline, 4 × fuselage and 2 × wing glove pylons
|hardpoint capacity= {{convert|4000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="frawley_1996"/>
|hardpoint rockets=<br />
***[[S-5 rocket|S-5]]
***[[S-8 rocket|S-8]]
***[[S-25 (rocket)|S-25]]
***[[S-24 rocket|S-24]]
|hardpoint missiles=<br />
***[[Air-to-air missiles]]:
****[[R-60 (missile)|R-60]]M
***[[Air-to-surface missile]]s:
****[[Kh-23 Grom|Kh-23]]M
****[[Kh-25]]ML
****[[Kh-29]]L/ML/T/D
***[[Anti-radiation missile]]s:
****[[Kh-25#Variants|Kh-27]]PS
****[[Kh-31]]P (MiG-27K, evaluation only)
|hardpoint bombs=<br />
***[[Unguided bomb|Dumb bombs]]
****[[FAB-100]]
****[[FAB-250]]
****[[FAB-500]]
***Fragmentation / HE bombs
****[[OFAB-100-120]]
****[[OFAB-250-270]]
***[[Incendiary device|Incendiary Bombs]]
****[[ZAB-100-175]]
****[[ZAB-250-200]]
***Flare bombs
****[[SAB-100]]
****[[SAB-250-200]]
***[[Television guidance|TV-guided bombs]]
****[[KAB-500Kr]]
***[[Laser-guided bombs]]
****[[KAB-500L]]
***[[Fuel-air bomb]]s
****[[FAB-500#Variants|ODAB-500S]]
****[[FAB-500#Variants|ODAB-500P]]
****[[KAB-500-OD]]
|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{Aircontent
|related=
* [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[A-7 Corsair II]]
* [[Panavia Tornado]]
* [[IAR 93]]
* [[SEPECAT Jaguar]]
* [[Soko J-22 Orao]]
* [[Sukhoi Su-17]]
* [[Nanchang Q-5]]
|lists=
* [[List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS]]
* [[List of fighter aircraft]]
}}

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Eden, Paul, ed. "Mikoyan MiG-27". ''Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft''. London: Amber Books, 2004. .
* {{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=Gerard |first2=Jim |last2=Thorn |title=The International Directory Of Military Aircraft 1996/97 |place=Weston Creek, Australia |publisher=Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd |date=1996 |isbn=1-875671-20-X}}.
* Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. ''The Great Book of Fighters''. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: Motorbooks International Publishing, 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-910809-31-0}}.
* Gordon, Yefim and Komissarov, Dmitry, "Mikoyan MiG-23 and MiG-27", Crecy Publishing, Manchester, 2019 {{ISBN|0-7603-1194-3}}.
* Wilson, Stewart. ''Combat Aircraft since 1945''. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2000. {{ISBN|1-875671-50-1}}.
* Winchester, Jim, ed. "Mikoyan MiG-27 'Flogger d/J'." ''Military Aircraft of the Cold War'' (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. {{ISBN|1-84013-929-3|}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wragg |first1=David |title=The World Air Power Guide |date=23 February 2011 |publisher=Casemate Publishers |isbn=978-1-84468-784-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2PNDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-27|Mikoyan MiG-27}}
* [http://www.globalaircraft.org/planes/mig-27_flogger.pl MiG-27 Flogger from Global Aircraft]
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/row/mig-27.htm MiG-27 from FAS]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070515001520/http://www.military-today.com/aircraft/mikoyan_mig27_flogger.htm Mikoyan MiG-27 Flogger]}}

{{Mikoyan aircraft}}
{{NATO fighter reporting names}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mikoyan Mig-27}}
[[Category:Mikoyan aircraft|MiG-027]]
[[Category:1970s Soviet attack aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined jet aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1970]]
[[Category:Variable-sweep-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]

List of Maratha people

2026-02-06T07:50:38Z

Svetlanayrd: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
This article lists people belonging to the '''[[Maratha (caste)]]'''.

==Rulers and Chiefs==
[[File:Shivaji British Museum.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Shivaji]], the Maratha jagirdar and founder of the Maratha kingdom.]]
* [[Shivaji]], (1627/1630–1680), founder and first ruler of the Marathas.<ref>{{cite book|date=1975|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520024076|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/7 7]|title=The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra|url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich|url-access=registration}}</ref>
* [[Venkoji]], Founder of the [[Thanjavur]] Kingdom, half-brother of [[Shivaji]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shekhar|first=Divya|date=30 January 2016|title=In 1880s, people were coaxed to move out of city to Malleswaram|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/in-1880s-people-were-coaxed-to-move-out-of-city-to-malleswaram/articleshow/50753211.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref>
*[[Sambhaji]], (1657–1689), son of Shivaji; second ruler of [[Marathas]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shiksha|first=Shruti|date=14 May 2020|title=Sambhaji Jayanti 2020: All you need to know about the great Maratha ruler|url=https://zeenews.india.com/culture/sambhaji-jayanti-2020-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-great-maratha-ruler-2283370.html|work=[[Zee News]]|access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref>
*[[Tarabai|Tarabai (née Mohite)]] (1675–1761), led Maratha resistance against the Mughals after the death of her husband, [[Rajaram I]].Set up the [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur house of Bhonsle]] and acted as regent for her young son, Shivaji II from 1700 to 1712.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khairnar|first=Abhay|date=4 July 2022|title=NMA to preserve Tarabai Maharani samadhi and other sites|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/nma-to-preserve-tarabai-maharani-samadhi-and-other-sites-101656954075417.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>
*[[Shahu I]](1682-1749), was in prison until 1707 . Released after aurangzeb's death, he fought and defeated his aunt tarabai and became the fifth ruler of the Marathas. He accepted suzerainty of the Mughal empire.
* [[Shahu of Kolhapur]] (1874 – 1922), {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCSI|GCIE|GCVO}}, ruler of the princely state of [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]] and a social reformer.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Banga kaur|first=Gursimran|date= 26 June 2020|title=Shahu Maharaj Jayanti: This Maratha king is celebrated as pioneer of social equality, woman empowerment|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/the-buzz/article/shahu-maharaj-jayanti-this-maratha-king-is-celebrated-as-pioneer-of-social-equality-woman-empowerment/612393|work=[[Times Now]]|access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref>
* [[Maloji Bhosale]] (1552–1606, 1620 or 1622), [[Jagir]]dar and General under the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], first Bhosale to receive the title of '''[[Raje]]''.
* [[Shahaji]] (1594–1664), father of Shivaji. [[Jagirdar]] and General under the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]] and [[Adilshahi]].
* [[Jijabai]], (1598–1674), wife of [[Shahaji|Shahaji Raje Bhosale]] and mother of [[Shivaji]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 January 2021|title=Jijabai Yadav Birth Anniversary: Interesting Facts about Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's Mother|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/jijabai-shahaji-bhosale-birth-anniversary-interesting-facts-about-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharajs-mother-3274880.html|work=[[News18]]|access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref>
* [[Hambirrao Mohite]] (1640–1687), Commander-in-chief, also known as Sarnobat, who took the side of Sambhaji even though he was the brother of Soyarabai and fought against the Mughals.
* [[Santaji Ghorpade]] (1660–1696), one of the most trusted generals of Rajaram.
* [[Dhanaji Jadhav]] (1650[1]–1708), Commander-in-chief of Maratha forces under Rajaram and Tarabai, who led the fight against the Mughal Empire.
* [[Khanderao Dabhade]] ( –1729), Commander-in-chief who led the Marathas into Gujarat.
* [[Mahadaji Shinde]] (1730–1792), Maratha ruler of the state of [[Gwalior state|Gwalior]] in central India. He was the fifth and youngest son of Sardar [[Ranoji Scindia]].

==Indian armed forces==
* [[Rama Raghoba Rane|Major Rama Raghoba Rane]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Guns, Guts and Glory: Stories from the battlefield|author=Rachna Bisht Rawat|date=18 June 2019|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lp2dDwAAQBAJ&dq=rama+raghoba+rane+maratha&pg=PT479|page=|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=9789353054496}}</ref> awarded the [[Param Vir Chakra]]

== Modern politics ==
* [[Sharad Pawar]] (12 December 1940 –) - former [[Minister of Agriculture]] and Minister of Consumer Affairs in the Indian Central Government, formerly [[Defence Minister of India]] and thrice [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]; Food and Public Distribution, India and former [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] President and [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] President.<ref>Kamat, A. R., 1980. "Politico-economic Developments in Maharashtra: a review of the post-independence period". ''Economic and Political Weekly'', pp. 1669-1678</ref>
* [[Madhavrao Scindia|Madhavrao Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Madhavrao Scindia's Pune connections|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/madhavrao-scindias-pune-connections/articleshow/1114804021.cms|access-date=10 July 2022|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> (10 March 1945 – 30 September 2001)- Former Congress leader, [[Ministry of Education (India)|Minister of Human Resource Development]], [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Minister of Tourism]] and [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]]
* [[Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan]] (12 March 1913 – 25 November 1984) - 1st [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], 5th [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]], [[Minister of External Affairs (India) |Minister of External Affairs]], [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] and [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]<ref>Baviskar, B. S., 2007. "Cooperatives in Maharashtra: challenges ahead". ''Economic and Political Weekly'', pp. 4217-4221</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Phadke|first=Manasi|date=12 March 2019|title=YB Chavan, the Congress leader who was key to creation of Maharashtra & its first CM|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/yb-chavan-the-congress-leader-who-was-key-to-creation-of-maharashtra-its-first-cm/203946/|work=[[ThePrint]]|access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref>
* [[Vasantdada Patil]] (13 November 1917 – 1 March 1989) - 6th [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kakodkar|first=Priyanka|date=23 May 2016|title=A quota for the ruling class|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-quota-for-the-ruling-class/article6163911.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>
* [[Shankarrao Chavan]] (14 July 1920 – 26 February 2004) - 5th [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] and 16th [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]].<ref>Baviskar, B. S., 2007. "Cooperatives in Maharashtra: challenges ahead". ''Economic and Political Weekly'', pp. 4217-4221</ref> 11th [[Minister of Defence]],17th [[Minister of Finance]] and 13th[[ Minister of Education]] in Union cabinet.He is the father of 16th [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] Politician [[Ashok Chavan]]
* [[Vinod Tawde]] - Former Minister of secondary education in Maharashtra government and National general secretary and rashtriya Mahamantri of [[BJP]]
* [[Patangrao Kadam]] (8 January 1944 – 9 March 2018) - a prominent Indian politician of [[Indian National Congress]], Forest minister of Maharashtra government; founder of [[Bharti Vidyapeeth]], a deemed university<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 September 2016|title=Thousands Join Maratha Protests Demanding Quotas In Sangli|url=https://www.ndtv.com/cities/thousands-join-maratha-protests-demanding-quotas-in-sangli-1467203|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>
* [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]] (26 May 1945 – 14 August 2012) - former [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 August 2012|title=Vilasrao Deshmukh: Congress's tallest Maratha leader|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/deshmukh-profile-498585.html|work=[[News18]]|access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>
* [[Pratapsingh Rane]] - former Chief Minister of Goa
* [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil]] (10 April 1932 – 30 December 2016) - former member of the [[Lok Sabha|Indian Parliament]] and member of [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 October 2016|title=Shiv Sena says Congress leaders 'earthworms', they dub it 'cobra'|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/maharashtra/shiv-sena-says-congress-leaders-earthworms-they-dub-it-cobra_1936396.html|work=[[Zee News]]|access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>
* [[Ranjitsinh Pratapsinh Gaekwad]] (8 May 1938 – 10 May 2012) - was an Indian politician and the [[Maharajah of Baroda|Maharaja of Baroda]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dasharathi|first=Poornima|date=5 February 2011 |title=Of the regal past|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/135029/of-regal-past.html|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>
* [[B. J. Khatal-Patil]] (26 March 1919 – 16 September 2019) - former Maharashtra Cabinet Minister, Politician and Independence Activist <ref>{{Cite news|date=7 October 2019|title=Congress veteran BJ Khatal Patil passes away at 100|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/congress-veteran-bj-khatal-patil-passes-away-at-100/articleshow/71144258.cms|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>
* [[Jyotiraditya Scindia|Jyotiraditya Scindia]] is currently Serving as [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 November 2009|title=I do not believe in separatism: Jyotiraditya Scindia|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-i-do-not-believe-in-separatism-jyotiraditya-scindia-1314617|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA India]]|access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref>
* Dr. [[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]](9 february 1931 - 5 August 2020) - 10th Chief Minister Of Maharashtra
* [[Prithviraj Chavan]] - 17th Chief Minister of Maharashtra and Former Mos for PMO office,he is the son of veteran Politician and Union Minister [[Dajisaheb Chavan]]

==See also==
* [[List of Marathi Buddhists]]
* [[Marathi Brahmin|List of Marathi Brahmins]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of people by ethnicity]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by community]]
[[Category:Lists of Marathi people]]

Angana Roy (Bengali actress)

2026-02-06T05:34:17Z

Svetlanayrd: creating new bio - done

{{short description|Indian TV actress (born 1998)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP primary sources|date=November 2021}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=November 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English |date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Angana Roy
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Alo (film)|Alo]], [[Tansener Tanpura]], [[Paap (web series)|Paap]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2018 - Present
}}

'''Angana Roy''' is an Indian actress who primarily works in the Bengali and Hindi film industry. In 2003, she made her Bengali debut with the film ''[[Alo (film)|Alo]]''. She has also played roles in Bengali web series such as ''[[Shei Je Holud Pakhi]]'', ''[[Paap (web series)|Paap]]'', ''[[Tansener Tanpura]]'', and ''[[Mohomaya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/tollywood-actress-angana-roy-to-share-screen-with-ranveer-singh-for-a-ad-campaign-31628758199999.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812165142/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/pictures/tollywood-actress-angana-roy-to-share-screen-with-ranveer-singh-for-a-ad-campaign-31628758199999.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2021|title='আলো' ছবিতে ঋতুপর্ণার ছোট্ট মেয়েকে মনে আছে? এবার রণবীরের বিপরীতে সেই অঙ্গনা রায়!|date=12 August 2021|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/angana-roy-is-the-new-face-of-tollywood-will-be-shooting-with-ranveer-singh-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1298046|title=Angana Roy: 'আলো' ছবিতে ঋতুপর্ণার মেয়ে হিসেবে অভিনয় শুরু, রণবীর সিংহের বিপরীতেও দেখা যাবে তাঁকে|first=নিজস্ব|last=প্রতিবেদন|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/shieladityas-next-is-a-sweet-love-story-with-a-strong-message/articleshow/86030065.cms. |title= Shieladitya's next is a sweet love story with a strong message | Bengali Movie News - Times of India|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117112523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/shieladityas-next-is-a-sweet-love-story-with-a-strong-message/articleshow/86030065.cms |archive-date=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Roushni |title=Srikanto is a special project for me, says Angana Roy |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/apr/8/33966/srikanto-is-a-special-project-for-me-says-angana-roy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105140300/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/apr/8/33966/srikanto-is-a-special-project-for-me-says-angana-roy |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Angana Roy: Ranveer Singh's energy is infectious, Radhika Apte's professionalism is a lesson to all - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/angana-roy-ranveer-singhs-energy-is-infectious-radhika-aptes-professionalism-is-a-lesson-to-all/articleshow/91205511.cms |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
At the age of five, in 2003, Roy started her career with movie [[Alo (film)|Alo]], directed by Tarun Majumdar. After a long break, in 2018 she came back with the webseries [[Shei Je Holud Pakhi]]. After that she acted in a web series, Paap. In 2020, she played the character of Rohini in the webseries [[Tansener Tanpura]]. She is best known for her portrayal in the series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swati |date=2022-07-02 |title=নিজেকে সবরকমভাবে ভাঙতে প্রস্তুত: অঙ্গনা |url=https://radiobanglanet.com/angana-roy-speaks-on-her-career-as-an-actor-and-shares-future-plans-swati/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=RadioBanglaNet |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, she played the role of Rajlokkhi in the webseries Srikanto.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Angana Roy on Srikanto: The director made me comfortable before shooting the intimate sequences |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-angana-roy-on-srikanto-the-director-made-me-comfortable-before-shooting-the-intimate-sequences/7ff21fb864131 |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> She is going to be seen as a lead actress in the movie Lukochuri.<ref name=":0" /> Other than these, she has also acted in movies and webseries like Homecoming, Mrs. Undercover, Mohomaya and others. She has recently done a music video named Ga Chhunye Bolchhi with Anupam Roy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Angana Roy: Friendship and the innocence of pujo prem make me nostalgic | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/angana-roy-friendship-and-the-innocence-of-pujo-prem-make-me-nostalgic/articleshow/94297440.cms |access-date=2022-11-05 |newspaper=The Times of India | first=Sankha | last=Ghosh | date=19 September 2022 | language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Films ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Alo (film)|Alo]]'' || [[Tarun Majumder]] ||
|-
| 2019 || ''Homecoming'' || Soumyajit Majumder ||
|-
| 2021 || ''Lukochuri'' ||Shieladitya Moulik ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abopatrika.com/lukochuri-will-tell-the-story-of-unequal-love-under-the-direction-of-shiladitya-moulik/|title=শিলাদিত্য মৌলিকের পরিচালনায় অসম প্রেমের গল্প বলবে "লুকোচুরি".... | ABO Patrika|date=28 October 2021|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115124651/https://abopatrika.com/lukochuri-will-tell-the-story-of-unequal-love-under-the-direction-of-shiladitya-moulik/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Pariah (2024 film)|Pariah]]'' ||[[Tathagata Mukherjee]]||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2026 || ''Winkle Twinkle'' ||[[Srijit Mukherji]]||
|-
|''Made in Kolkata'' || [[Mainak Bhaumik]]||<ref>{{Cite web |title=All details of Mainak Bhaumik s upcoming directorial feature film Made In Kolkata |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/all-details-of-mainak-bhaumik-s-upcoming-directorial-feature-film-made-in-kolkata-163186 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=www.aajkaal.in |language=bn-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=জেন-জি ও মিলেনিয়ালদের বদলে যাওয়া সময় নিয়ে মৈনাকের ছবি 'মেড ইন কলকাতা', কবে শুরু শুটিং? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/mainak-bhaumik-new-film-about-genz-and-millenial/pid/1073501/ |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2027||''Shekor''||[[Bratya Basu]]||
|}

=== Television ===
* ''Tumi Ashe Pashe Thakle as Parvati/Paro (2023–2024) ([[Star Jalsha]]) (replaced by [[Rooqma Ray]])''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Angana Roy has quit the popular TV show Tumi Asheypashey Thakle. t2ONLINE finds out why |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/actress-angana-roy-has-quit-the-popular-tv-show-tumi-asheypashey-thakle.-t2online-finds-out-why/991539 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== Web series ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Series
! OTT
! Notes
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Shei Je Holud Pakhi]]'' || rowspan="7" | Hoichoi ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Paap (web series)|Paap]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.91webseries.in/2021/03/paap-2-hoichoi-web-series.html|title=Paap Season 2 Hoichoi Web Series: Cast, Watch All Episodes and more|date=28 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Tansener Tanpura]]'' || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/tansener-tanpura-season-2-44083/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117110414/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/tansener-tanpura-season-2-44083/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=17 November 2021|title=Tansener Tanpura (Season 2) (2020) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Mohomaya]]'' ||
|-
| 2022 || ''Srikanto'' || <ref name=":1" />
|-
|2023
|''[[Indubala Bhaater Hotel]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angana Roy is Subhashree Ganguly's 'confidante' in Hoichoi series Indubala Bhaater Hotel |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/angana-roy-is-subhashree-gangulys-confidante-in-hoichoi-series-indubala-bhaater-hotel/cid/1921292 |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Music video===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Co-actor
!scope="col"| Music by
!scope="col"| Ref.
|-
| 2022
| ''Ga Chhunye Bolchhi''
| [[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]]
| [[Anupam Roy]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=All about Anupam Roy's new song 'Ga Chhunye Bolchhi' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/all-about-anupam-roys-new-song-ga-chhunye-bolchi/cid/1887147 |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm12143206}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Royy, Angana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Asmitha Neelamegam

2026-01-18T18:22:06Z

Svetlanayrd: creating new details - done

{{Short description|Makeup artist, former actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Asmitha Neelamegam
| other_names = Ashmitha
| birth_date = 29 February 1992<ref>{{cite web | title=Meet the leaplings | Meet the leaplings | date=29 February 2016 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/290216/meet-the-leaplings.html }}</ref>
| spouse = Shri Vishnu NP
| relatives = Divya Neelamegam (sister)
| children = 3
}}

'''Asmitha Neelamegam''', also known as '''Ashmitha''', is a makeup artist and former actress from Chennai, who does bridal make up.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet the leaplings|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/290216/meet-the-leaplings.html|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title=Model turned makeup artist Asmitha talks about her 'Makeover Artistry'|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/beauty/model-turned-makeup-artist-asmitha-talks-about-her-makeover-artistry-2022-09-09-806842|website=India TV News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Asmitha: Those who ridiculed then are now following Actress Asmitha's key comments|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/actress-asmitha-a1-from-day1-web-series-slb-1535488.html|website=News 18}}</ref>

==Early life and career ==
Neelamegam started her career as a child at the age of 13 in Asianet's “Ceylon Salon,” a comedy show in Tamil that she anchored. She has played lead actor roles in four movies. Some of her ad films include her works with Pothys, Sree Kumaran Thanga Maligai, Aavin, etc.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Asmitha on How She Became South India's Leading Bridal Makeup Artist|url=https://www.latestly.com/lifestyle/asmitha-on-how-she-became-south-indias-leading-bridal-makeup-artist-4839763.html|website=Latestly}}</ref> Neelamegam is also currently married to Shrivishnu, and has three children.

Asmitha did not find success in her movie ''[[Karungali (film)|Karungali]]'' as the movie was quite taxing and extremely crude with explicit adult content. She acted in few more movies but they too were flops.<ref name="K">{{Cite news|title=Karungali Review|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karungali-review-tamil-14975424.html|website=[[Sify]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222010039/http://www.sify.com/movies/karungali-review-tamil-14975424.html |archive-date=22 December 2013 }}</ref> Later, she made a shift to pursue makeup as her career.

Her academy space opened up for students in the year 2018 in Saligramam, Chennai. Over 12,000 students have taken courses to learn self-grooming, start businesses. She later on acted with her husband in a music video.<ref name="N">{{Cite news|title=Asmitha And Her Husband Share Screen With "Kangana And The Curious Wife"|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/asmitha-and-her-husband-share-screen-with-kangana-and-the-curious-wife--news-259219|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ashmita's husband, Vishnu, publicly acknowledged that he had engaged in an extramarital affair, a claim to which Ashmita concurred. He further alleged that Ashmita was also involved in an illicit relationship, an accusation she denied, instead leveling similar allegations against Vishnu. Despite these personal disputes, the couple had, for several years, maintained a public image of a harmonious and affectionate relationship by regularly sharing romantic videos on social media platforms. This apparent contradiction has led many viewers to feel misled. Subsequently, Ashmita published a statement expressing concern that the controversy is having a detrimental impact on her professional career. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Asmitha: Husband caught marrying another girl; Now these scoundrels are eyeing this actress's belly!|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/gallery/cine-world/actress-makeup-artist-asmitha-post-about-career-oss9m9k?photo=1|website=Asianet Malayalam News}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Sadhu Miranda]]''|| ||Child artist; uncredited
|-
| 2010 || ''Villalan''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Karungali (film)|Karungali]]'' || Sengudi || <ref name="K"/>
|-
| ''Thenkasi Pakkathula'' || ||
|-
|2016
|''[[Pazhaya Vannarapettai (film)|Pazhaya Vannarapettai]]''
|
|
|-
| 2022 || ''Kangana and the Curious Wife''|| ||Music video <ref name="N"/>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|7025900}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neelamegam, Asmitha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]

{{India-film-actor-1990s-stub}}

Samiran Nundy

2026-01-14T05:04:28Z

Svetlanayrd: Created

{{Short description|Indian surgeon}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. Samiran Nundy
| honorific-suffix = [[Padma Shri]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = President of AIIMS, Rishikesh &
Consultant, Sir GangaRam Hospital, New Delhi

| yearsactive =
| known for = Gastroenterology<br />Social activism
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children = [[Karuna Nundy]]
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (1985)
}}
'''Samiran Nundy''' is an Indian gastrointestinal surgeon, medical academic, writer and the President of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]], Rishikesh.<ref name="Nundy1">{{cite web | url= https://aiimsrishikesh.edu.in/a1_1/?page_id=241 | title=Dr. Samiran Nundy | publisher=ND TV | date=22 January 2010 | access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> He is a former member of the faculty at the [[Cambridge University]], [[London University]] and [[Harvard University]], and is the founder editor of the ''[[National Medical Journal of India]]'' and ''Tropical Gastroenterology''.<ref name="Nundy1"/> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth-highest Indian civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 1985.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

==Biography==
Nundy did his undergraduate studies in medicine at [[Cambridge University]] and the [[Guy's Hospital, London]] after which he completed his residency at the [[Hammersmith Hospital]].<ref name="Advisory Board">{{cite web | url=http://www.medicounsel.com/advisoryboard.php | title=Advisory Board | publisher=Medicounsel | date=2015 | access-date=19 July 2015 | archive-date=2 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213245/http://www.medicounsel.com/advisoryboard.php }}</ref> This was followed by a series of surgical training programmes at Guy's Hospital, [[Addenbrooke's Hospital]], [[Hammersmith Hospital]] and [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], [[Boston]].<ref name="S Nundy">{{cite web | url=http://www.credihealth.com/doctor/141-s-nundy/overview | title=S Nundy | publisher=Credihealth | date=2015 | access-date=19 July 2015 | archive-date=23 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211054/http://www.credihealth.com/doctor/141-s-nundy/overview }}</ref>

During his stay abroad, he had teaching stints at Cambridge University, London University and Harvard University.<ref name="Nundy1"/> Returning to India in 1975, he joined the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]] as a member of the faculty and stayed there until his superannuation in 1996.<ref name="Advisory Board" /> During his tenure there, he helped found the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Liver Transplantation at AIIMS, of which he was the founder professor.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aiims.edu/aiims/departments/gi-surgery/gisurgery.htm | title=The Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Liver Transplantation | publisher=AIIMS | date=2015 | access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref>

In 1996, he joined [[Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (India)|Sir Ganga Ram Hospital]], Delhi where he is the Emeritus Consultant of the Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Liver Transplantation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.credihealth.com/doctor/141-s-nundy/experience | title=S Nundy experience | publisher=Credihealth | date=2015 | access-date=19 July 2015 | archive-date=23 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211051/http://www.credihealth.com/doctor/141-s-nundy/experience }}</ref> He led the team which is credited with 241 liver sections during the period 1996-2005, the details of which were published in a medical paper, ''Two hundred and forty-one consecutive liver resections: an experience from India''.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link4=Subash Gupta|year=2007|title=Two hundred and forty-one consecutive liver resections: an experience from India|journal=HPB (Oxford)|volume=9|issue=1|pages=29–36|doi=10.1080/13651820600985259|pmc=2020779|pmid=18333110|author1=Sanjay Marwah|author2=Mohammed Mustafizur Rahman Khan|author3=Adarsh Chaudhary|author4=Subash Gupta|author5=Sanjay Singh Negi|author6=Arvinder Soin|author7=Samiran Nundy}}</ref>

Nundy is the founder editor of the ''[[National Medical Journal of India]]''<ref name="Nundy1"/> and ''Tropical Gastroenterology'',<ref name="S Nundy" /> and the incumbent editor-in-chief of ''Current Medicine Research and Practice''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.journals.elsevier.com/current-medicine-research-and-practice/editorial-board/samiran-nundy/ | title=Elsevier profile | publisher=Elsevier | work=2015 | access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="Patients1">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Patients-have-become-consumers-and-they-are-the-losers-Dr-Samiran-Nundy/articleshow/37875974.cms | title=Patients have become consumers and they are the losers | publisher=Times of India | date=6 July 2014 | access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> He is the co-chairman of the department of academics at the [[Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (India)|Sir Ganga Ram Hospital]].<ref name="working">{{cite journal | title=My working day: Samiran Nundy | author=Manoj Ramachandran | journal=J R Soc Med |date=May 2009 | volume=102 | issue=5 | pages=208–209 | doi=10.1258/jrsm.2009.09k014 | pmid=19417055 | pmc=2677428}}</ref> He is also associated with the ''[[Indian Journal of Medical Ethics]]'' as its editor, and Edpulseline.com as a member of its advisory board.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} He is a fellow of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]] and the [[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]].<ref name="S Nundy" /> His research findings have been documented by way of several articles and medical papers of which [[ResearchGate]] has listed 190,<ref name="ResearchGate profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Samiran_Nundy | title=ResearchGate profile | date=2015 | access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> while [[Google Scholar]] has listed 320.<ref name="Google Scholar listing">{{cite web | url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Aes13J0AAAAJ&hl=en&cstart=300&pagesize=20 | title=Google Scholar listing | publisher=Google Scholar | date=2015 | access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref>

Nandy serves as a member of the advisory board of Medicounsel, a medical advisory organization composed of noted medical specialists, engaged in providing guidance to patients inflicted with rare and complicated diseases.<ref name="Advisory Board" /> He is also a part of the team of 290 specialists of DoctorNDTV. Com,<ref name="DoctorNDTV.Com">{{cite web | url=http://doctor.ndtv.com/ | title=DoctorNDTV.Com | publisher=NDTV | date=2015 | access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> an online consultation forum, functioning under the aegis of the [[NDTV]] network. The website is reported to have a monthly average of 400 million views and, 3600 queries.<ref name="Advisory Board" /> His contributions are also reported behind the ''Transplantation of Human Organs Act 1994'', which made human organ trading illegal and recognised [[brain death]] as a form of death in India.<ref name="working"/>

The [[Government of India]] awarded him the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 1985.<ref name="Padma Awards" />

==Social activism==
In May 2014, Nundy wrote an editorial in the ''Journal of Current Medicine Research and Practice'' in which he exposed the corrupt practices in the Indian health sector.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/first-give-the-patient-right-to-know/3/ | title=First, give the patient right to know | publisher=The Indian Express | date=30 June 2014 | access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> He mentioned the practice of unnecessary investigations and referrals made by the doctors and their practice of accepting commissions for the referrals.<ref name="Patients1"/> He suggested computerisation of medical records and procedure audits to combat this trend.<ref name="Patients1"/> His editorial was inspired by the article, "Corruption ruins the doctor-patient relationship in India", published in the ''[[British Medical Journal]]'' and written by David Berger, an Australian physician who had worked as a volunteer at a charitable hospital in India.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g3169/rr/759480 | title=Corruption ruins the doctor-patient relationship in India | author=David W Berger | journal=BMJ |date=May 2014 | volume=348 | doi=10.1136/bmj.g3169 | pmid=24812115 | article-number=g3169| doi-access=free }}</ref> The article and the subsequent editorial made news among the medical fraternity and have drawn concurring responses from the government.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bmj-article-on-graft-in-indian-healthcare-creates-stir/ | title=BMJ article on graft in Indian healthcare creates stir | publisher=The Indian Express | date=26 June 2014 | access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nundy, Samiran}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of London]]
[[Category:Massachusetts General Hospital faculty]]
[[Category:Indian gastroenterologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Medical journalists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]]

[[Category:St. Paul's School, Darjeeling alumni]]

[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

L. N. Shastri

2026-01-07T23:59:28Z

Svetlanayrd: slightly refine layout for accuracy and fixed typos per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = L. N. Shastri
| image = Shastri.jpeg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_place = Keelara, [[Mandya district]], Karnataka, India
| alias = Chaitanya
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1971|08|30}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2017|8|30|1971|08|29}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka
| origin =
| instrument =
| genre = [[Playback singing]]
| occupation = Singer, Composer
| years_active = 1991–2017
| label =
| website =
}}

'''L. N. Shastri''' (also credited as '''Chaitanya'''; 30 August 1971 – 30 August 2017) was an Indian playback singer and music composer who primarily worked in [[Kannada cinema]]. Starting his career as a playback singer in the film ''[[Ajagajantara]]'' (1991), Shastri went on to sing for more than 3000 songs.

Under the name of Chaitanya, he composed music for over 25 films starting with ''[[Kanasalu Neene Manasalu Neene]]'' (1998). However, he dropped the name due to the identity crisis for the film ''[[Bellary Naga]]'' (2009).

His biggest hit song as a singer has been "Kolumande Jangamadevaru" from the film ''[[Janumada Jodi]]'' (1996) which gave him a career break and also fetched him the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]]. He was closely associated with prominent music directors in Kannada film industry including [[Hamsalekha]], [[V. Manohar]], [[V. Harikrishna]], [[Gurukiran]], [[Arjun Janya]] and [[Anoop Seelin]]. Hamsalekha who has been the main support for his growing career since his initial days.

L. N. Shastri was married to fellow singer Suma. Suma Shastri has sung for more than 50 films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sociofreak.com/ln-shastri-wiki-death-wife-family-songs-facts/|title=L N Shastri Wiki: Death, Wife, Family, Songs & Facts to Know|date=2017-08-30|work=SocioFreak|access-date=2017-08-30|language=en-US|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830234512/https://sociofreak.com/ln-shastri-wiki-death-wife-family-songs-facts/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
In the early 1990s, Shastri was mainly seen singing track songs for major playback singers like [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and others. The film ''Ajagajantara'' (1991) composed by [[Hamsalekha]] offered him a chance to share the mic with Balasubrahmanyam for the song "Love Love Loveah". Following this, Shastri teamed up with composer [[V. Manohar]] and sang many songs for the films that featured actor [[Jaggesh]] in the lead. The songs "Anthintha Gandu Naanalla" from ''[[Bhanda Nanna Ganda]]'' (1992), "Priya Priya" from ''Super Nanna Maga'' (1992), "Dagar Dagar" from ''[[Tharle Nan Maga]]'' (1992), "Avanalli Ivalilli" from ''[[Shhh! (film)|Shhh]]'' (1993) were some of his early hits which appealed to the masses. In the meantime, Shastri was working as an assistant composer to both Hamsalekha and V. Manohar for all their films.

In 1996, the folk song "Kolumande Jangamadevaru" composed by V. Manohar and picturized on actor [[Shiva Rajkumar]] for the film ''[[Janumada Jodi]]'' turned his fortunes. The song became an ultimate hit and his rendition was widely acclaimed by critics and masses. He was awarded the Karnataka State Award for this song. Following this, he recorded many songs for all the music directors of the 1990s through 2000s. Many of his songs have been received extremely well by the masses.

In 1998, Shastri turned into a complete music director with the film ''Kanasalu Neene Manasalu Neene''. Though the songs were received well, the film's dismal performance at the box-office could not help boost the songs. His next composition for the [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] starrer ''[[Ravimama]]'' (1999) was also appreciated. Following this, he composed for about 25 feature films which could not help him to be among the top ranking music directors. His rechristened name Chaitanya was familiar only inside the film fraternity and the audience could not relate his new name with his original name.

On insistence of actor Dr. [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], his original name was credited with his compositions for the film ''[[Bellary Naga]]'' (2009) which proved to be the last feature film of the legendary actor. After a brief hiatus, Shastri returned to composing for the films ''Flop'' (2015) and ''Melody'' (2015) which marked his reunion with director Nanjunda who gave him the first break as a composer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/melody-grand-audio-kannada-news-111880.html|title=Melody Grand Audio|work=Indiaglitz|date=12 August 2014}}</ref>

==Discography==

===As composer===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film title !! Notes
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Kanasalu Neene Manasalu Neene]]'' || Debut film <br> Credited as Chaitanya
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Ravimama]]'' ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Mava Mava Maduve Mado]]'' ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Amma Ninna Tholinalli'' ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Aunty Preethse]]'' ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Haalu Sakkare'' ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Ninagoskara]]'' ||
|-
| 2003 || ''Mooru Manasu Nooru Kanasu'' ||
|-
| 2003 || ''Nagabharana'' ||
|-
| 2003 || ''Ay Naan Bheeshma Kano'' ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Preetisale Beku]]'' ||
|-
| 2004 || ''Preethi Nee Illade Naa Hegirali'' ||
|-
| 2004 || ''Ayyo Pandu'' ||
|-
| 2004 || ''Sakhi'' ||
|-
| 2008 || ''Hogi Baa Magale'' ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Bellary Naga]]'' || Credited as L. N. Shastry
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Deadly-2]]'' ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Flop'' ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Melody (2015 film)|Melody]]'' ||
|-
|}

===As singer (selected)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song name !! Music Director !! Co-singer(s)!! Notes
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Ajagajantara]]'' || "Love Love Loveah" || [[Hamsalekha]] || Debut song
|-
| 1992 || ''Bhanda Nanna Ganda'' || "Yaarigu Endigu" <br> "Preethiya Theranu" || [[V. Manohar]] ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Alli Ramachari Illi Brahmachari]]'' || "Achu Mechu" <br> "Banda Banda Ramayya" <br> "Entha Sundara" <br> "Jumma Jumma" || V. Manohar ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Shhh! (film)|Sshhh]]'' || "Avanalli Ivalilli" || [[Sadhu Kokila]] ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Gejje Naada]]'' || "Somavara Santhege" || V. Manohar ||
|-
| 1994 || ''Panjarada Gili'' || "Naana Naana" || V. Manohar ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Janumada Jodi]]'' || "Kolumande Jangamadevaru" || V. Manohar || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]]
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Sipayi (film)|Sipayi]]'' || "Vanditha Kirana" <br> "Odo Chandira" <br> "Karago Chandira" || Hamsalekha ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[O Mallige]]'' || "O Mallige Ninnade Haadidu" || V. Manohar ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Jodi Hakki (film)|Jodi Hakki]]'' || "Laali Suvvali" || V. Manohar ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[A (Kannada film)|A]]'' || "Chandini" <br> "Helkollakonduru" <br> "Idu One Day Match" || [[Gurukiran]] ||
|-

| 1998 || ''[[Kanasalu Neene Manasalu Neene]]'' || "Anuraagada Ale Mele" || L. N. Shastri ||
|-

| 1998 || ''[[Preethsod Thappa]]'' || "Ondu Moda" || Hamsalekha ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Naanu Nanna Hendthiru]]'' || "Ready 123" <br> "Ee Jagave Namadu" <br> "Ee Bhoomige" || [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Ekangi]]'' || "Ee Chitte Thara" || V. Ravichandran ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Malla (film)|Malla]]'' || "Karunade" <br> "Mangalyam" <br> "Angada Angada" || V. Ravichandran ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Aham Premasmi]]'' || "Yadha Yadhahi" <br> "Oh Premave" <br> "Eshwar" || V. Ravichandran ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Dheemantha Manushya'' || "Jeevarashiya Amara" || A. Karthik Raja ||
|-
| 2007 || ''Right Adre'' || "Kudkondu Thooradkondu" || Neel ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Chanda (2007 film)|Chanda]]'' || "Gundene Dyavru" || [[S. Narayan]] ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Bhagyada Balegara (film)|Bhagyada Balegara]]'' || "Budu Budu Kavya" || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
| 2013 || ''B3'' || "Bitthri" || [[Anoop Seelin]] ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Adyaksha]]'' || "Adyaksha Adyaksha" || [[Arjun Janya]] || [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Love in Mandya]]'' || "Lo Maava" || [[Anoop Seelin]] ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Neer Dose]]'' || "Neer Dose, Neer Dose" || [[Anoop Seelin]] ||
|-
|}

==Awards==
===[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]===

* 1996 – [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] – "Kolumande Jangamadevaru" (film: ''[[Janumada Jodi]]'')

==Death==
L. N. Shastri died on 30 August 2017, after a brief battle with intestinal cancer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/playback-singer-l-n-shastry-passes-away/articleshow/60292092.cms|title=Playback singer L N Shastry passes away|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 August 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/ln-shastry.html L. N. Shastry biography]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shastri, LN}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad

2025-12-21T17:06:09Z

Svetlanayrd: creating a bio w/ infobox

{{short description|Railroad in the United States (1866–1890)}}{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox rail
|railroad_name=Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad
|system_map={{maplink-road|from=Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad.map|from2=Lake Erie and Louisville Railroad.map}}
|locale=[[Indiana (U.S. state)|Indiana]]
|start_year=1866
|end_year=1890
|gauge={{Track gauge|ussg|allk=on}}
|predecessor_line=Indianapolis and Madison Railroad<br>Jeffersonvile Railroad
|successor_line=[[Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railway]]
|hq_city=[[Indianapolis]], Indiana, U.S.
}}
The '''Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad''' (JM&I) was formed in 1866 as a merger between the '''Indianapolis and Madison Railroad''' and the '''Jeffersonville Railroad'''.

==Genealogy==
[[File:Jeffersonville RR 1850.jpg|thumb|Transfer certificate of the Jeffersonville Rail Road Company, issued October 5, 1850]]
[[File:Madison and Indianapolis RR 1857.jpg|thumb|Share of the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad Company, issued December 16, 1857]]
[[File:Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis RR 1871.jpg|thumb|Share of the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis Railroad Company, issued August 8, 1871]]
The JM&I predecessors were as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=Railroads in North America: Some Historical Facts and An Introduction to an Electronic Database of North American Railroads and Their Evolution |first=M. C. |last=Hallberg |date=April 24, 2006 |url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/m/c/mch/railroad/ |access-date=September 5, 2008 |archive-date=May 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512015033/http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/m/c/mch/railroad/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad
**Indianapolis and Madison Railroad 1866
***Madison and Indianapolis Railroad 1862
**** Madison, Indianapolis & Lafayette Railroad 1843
**Jeffersonville Railroad 1866
***Ohio and Indianapolis Railway 1849
***Knightstown & Shelbyville Railroad 1852 (abandoned 1868)
***Shelbyville Lateral Railroad 1851 (abandoned 1867)
**Shelby and Rush Railroad 1882
***Rushville and Shelbyville Railroad 1859
**Columbus and Shelby Railroad 1881
**Lake Erie and Louisville Railroad 1890
***Lake Erie and Pacific Railroad 1865
***Fremont, Lima & Union Railroad 1865
****The Fremont and Indiana Railroad 1861

==History==
The Ohio and Indianapolis Railroad was chartered February 3, 1832, to build a line from [[Indianapolis]] south to the [[Ohio River]] at [[Jeffersonville, Indiana]]. The company was not organized until March 17, 1848, and on February 3, 1849, it was renamed the [[Jeffersonville Railroad]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The first section, from Jeffersonville to just north of [[Memphis, Indiana]], opened in 1850. The next year it leased the [[Knightstown and Shelbyville Railroad]], starting to operate it in 1852. The line opened north to [[Columbus, Indiana|Columbus]] in August 1852, and on September 1, 1852, it began operating the [[Rushville and Shelbyville Railroad]] under lease.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

On January 27, 1836, an act of the [[Indiana General Assembly]] established Indiana's first railroad to actually be built. Construction began on the state-owned [[Madison and Indianapolis Railroad]] on September 16, 1836. After building only {{convert|27.80|mi|km}} from [[Madison, Indiana|Madison]] to [[Queensville, Indiana|Queensville]] (just northwest of [[North Vernon, Indiana|North Vernon]] in [[Jennings County, Indiana|Jennings County]]) by 1841, the railroad was transferred to private ownership on June 20, 1842, as the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad Company. This entity completed the remainder of the line from Queensville to Indianapolis, a distance of {{convert|57.99|mi|km}}, by 1847. Although it was successful for more than a decade, it went into decline, was sold at foreclosure on March 27, 1862, and renamed the [[Indianapolis and Madison Railroad]] (I&M). The successor company abandoned the M&I's {{convert|10.09|mi|km}} of trackage between [[Columbus, Indiana|Columbus]] and [[Edinburgh, Indiana|Edinburgh]] in 1864 and began running over the Jeffersonville Railroad's nearby tracks.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://rnetzlof.pennsyrr.com/corphist/pcc_stl.html| title=Corporate Genealogy, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway, The Panhandle| first=Robert T.| last=Netzlof| date=January 20, 2008| access-date=July 8, 2009| archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717162703/http://rnetzlof.pennsyrr.com/corphist/pcc_stl.html| archive-date=July 17, 2012| url-status=dead}}</ref>

Organized on April 30, 1866, for the purpose of uniting the two lines, the Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad Company (JM&I) absorbed the Indianapolis & Madison the next day, with the Jeffersonville Railroad being officially merged in on June 1 of that same year, upon the filing of the Articles of Consolidation.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

On May 22, 1868, the [[Reno Gang]] held up the JM&I Railroad train at [[Marshfield, Scott County, Indiana]], and escaped with $90,000 in cash described as being in "new notes." The money was never officially recovered and in today's value, represented more than $2 million.

The [[Scottsburg Depot]] opened in 1872.<ref name="SHAARD">{{cite web |url=https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/welcome.html |title=Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD) |publisher=Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology |format=Searchable database |accessdate=2016-07-01}} ''Note:'' This includes {{cite web |url=https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/2082b/N/Scottsburg_Depot_Scott_CO_Nom.pdf |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Scottsburg Depot |accessdate=2016-07-01 |last=Cunningham |first=Devon K. II |date=September 1990}} and accompanying photographs</ref> It was placed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1991.<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Indiana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151104155926/http://www.earlpleasants.com/search_1.asp Railroad History Database]}}
*[http://www.prrths.com/PRR_hagley_intro.htm PRR Chronology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907213349/http://www.prrths.com/PRR_hagley_intro.htm |date=2006-09-07 }}
*[https://archive.today/20120717162703/http://rnetzlof.pennsyrr.com/corphist/pcc_stl.html Corporate Genealogy - Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway]
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{HAER |survey=IN-19 |id=in0101 |title=Madison & Indianapolis Railroad, Madison Incline, West Main Street, Madison, Jefferson County, IN |photos=2 |cap=1 |supp=yes}}
*{{HAER |survey=IN-20 |id=in0102 |title=Madison & Indianapolis Railroad, Vernon Overpass, Gains Street and Pike Street, Vernon, Jennings County, IN |photos=5 |cap=1 |link=no |supp=yes}}
*[https://archives.isl.lib.in.us/repositories/2/resources/314 Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad collection], Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeffersonville Madison Indianapolis Railroad}}
[[Category:Defunct Indiana railroads]]
[[Category:Companies affiliated with the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in Indianapolis]]
[[Category:Historic American Engineering Record in Indiana]]
[[Category:Transportation in Indianapolis]]
[[Category:Train robberies]]
[[Category:Predecessors of the Pennsylvania Railroad]]
[[Category:Railway companies established in 1866]]
[[Category:Railway companies disestablished in 1890]]
[[Category:Robberies in the United States]]
[[Category:Crimes in Indiana]]
[[Category:1866 establishments in Indiana]]

List of extinct animals of India

2025-12-15T21:24:39Z

Svetlanayrd: cleaned up details for accuracy and corrected details for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[List of Asian species extinct in the Holocene]]

{{R from merge}}

Raghubir Tewatia

2025-12-14T15:25:43Z

Svetlanayrd: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Prithla Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Nayan Pal Rawat]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Raghubir Tewatia''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Prithla Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Prithla, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Raghubir Tewatia defeats BJP's Tek Chand Sharma with 12167 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/prithla-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612861-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Congress's Raghubir Tewatia Wins Haryana's Prithla Seat Against BJP's Tek Chand Sharma |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/prithla-election-result-2024-live-update-9077372.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tewatia, Raghubir}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Shiva Kumar Rai

2025-12-04T20:35:37Z

Svetlanayrd: New

{{Short description|Indian writer of Nepali language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shiva Kumar Rai
| image = Shiva Kumar Rai.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1919|04|26|df=y}}<ref name="veergorkha">{{Cite web |url=http://www.veergorkha.com/2016/04/shiva-kumar-rai-from-darjeeling-first.html |title=Shiva Kumar Rai from Darjeeling : The first Gorkha Minister in the state of West Bengal |date=9 April 2016 |website=वीर गोरखा |access-date=2018-02-19}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Rhenock]], Sikkim
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1995|07|22|1919|04|26|df=y}}<ref name="veergorkha" />
| death_place = [[Darjeeling]], West Bengal, India
| occupation = [[Novelist]], Short Story Writer, [[Poet]], [[Politician]]
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]],<br>Agam Singh Giri Smriti Puraskar
}}

'''<span lang="nepali" dir="ltr">Shiva</span> Kumar Rai''' (1919–1995) was a [[Nepali language]] writer and politician from [[Darjeeling]], India.<ref name="veergorkha" /><ref name="mungpoo">{{cite web|url=http://www.mungpoo.org/2013/02/sahitya-akademi-award-winners-in-nepali.html|title=Sahitya Akademi Award winners in Nepali list | Mungpoo News|publisher=mungpoo.org|accessdate=2014-02-22}}</ref><ref name="marymartin">{{cite web|url=http://www.marymartin.com/web/selectedIndex?mEntry=97243|title=Mary Martin Booksellers – Shiv Kumar Rai – Makers of India... – Mukhia, Monical. (8126025484)|publisher=Mary Martin Booksellers|accessdate=2014-02-22}}</ref> He won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1978 for his collection of short stories ''Khaharey''. He was the first [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha]] minister in the state of [[West Bengal]] after becoming a deputy minister in 1952.

==Biography==
Shiva Kumar Rai was born on 26 April 1919 at [[Rhenock]], Sikkim.<ref name="veergorkha" /> His father Dhojbir Rai was post-master and because of the constant transfer of this father's post, Rai initially took his primary lessons at home. Only after coming to [[Kurseong]] did he have a regular education. Rai did his schooling at Pushparani Middle School in Kurseong and later at Darjeeling Government School in [[Darjeeling]], where he met notable teachers such as Dharnidhar Sharma, [[Surya Bikram Gyawali]] and [[Parasmani Pradhan]]. He passed his metric examination in 1937. He completed his B.A. from [[St. Joseph's College, Darjeeling]] in 1939 and graduated from [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]] in 1941. After finishing college, in 1942, Rai became a secretary of ''Burma Saranarthi Mukti Samiti'', a committee set up for helping the Burmese refugees of [[World War II]]. During this time, he came into contact with many Nepali refugees from Burma. While conversing with them, he felt the need to write about their turmoils in life, which took shape into his famous novel ''Dak Bangla'', published in 1957.

Rai was very active in politics and was affiliated with the [[All India Gorkha League]]. In 1948, he was elected as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the erstwhile Jorebungalow constituency to the West Bengal Assembly. He was the Deputy Labour Minister of West Bengal from 1952 to 1957. Rai died on 22 July 1995.<ref name="veergorkha" />

==Literature==
Shiva Kumar Rai started his writing career in the late 1930s when he was in college. His first work was published in a hand-written youth magazine titled ''Bansuri''. He was also the editor of this magazine. His first printed work, a poem titled ''Birahi Ko Basanta'', is found in Rup Narayan Singh-edited magazine ''Khoji''. His poems and writings were published in journals such as ''Gorkha'', ''Diyo'', ''Yug Vani'', and ''Sahitya Sroth''. His first story titled ''Prakriti Putri'' was published in ''Sharda'' journal in 1944. His landmark book ''Frontier'', a collection of stories, was published in 1956. To mark the centenary of his birth, ''Shiva Kumar Rai Janma Satvarshik Samaroha Samity (Kurseong)'' decided to publish the totality of his writings in three volumes as ''Shiva Kumar Rai Granthawali'', which was edited by Chandra Sharma and Sujata Rani Rai.

His story ''Chaata'' won the prestigious ''Ratnashri Award'' in Nepal in 1969. In 1978, he won the [[Sahitya Academy Award]] for his short story collection ''Khaharey''. In 1994, he was awarded the ''Agam Singh Giri Smriti Puraskaar'' by the Sikkim Sahitya Parishad and was felicitated by the Nepali Sahitya Sammelan, Darjeeling the same year.

==Literary works==
* ''Daafe Chari'' (1954)
* ''Frontier'' (1956)
* ''Dak Bangla'' (1957)
* ''Yatra'' (1956)
* ''Khaharey'' (1976)
* ''Bara Dinner'' (1978)
* ''Shivakumar Rai Ka Saat Katha'' (1994)
* ''Machako Mol'' ({{When|date=December 2025|reason=Publish date?}})

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Nepali literature]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award to Nepali Writers]]

{{Sahitya}}{{Nepali literature}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Shiva Kumar}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Nepali-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Nepali]]
[[Category:People from Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]
[[Category:Rai people]]
[[Category:Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League politicians]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1951–1957]]

Altitude

2025-12-03T23:07:52Z

Svetlanayrd: refine lead also and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Height in relation to a specified reference point}}
{{About||the usage in astronomy|Altitude angle|other uses|}}
{{broader|Vertical position}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Attitude (disambiguation)|Attitude]] or [[Latitude]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

[[File:Altitude.svg|thumb|Altitude is a vertical measurement between a reference datum and an object.]]
'''Altitude''' is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference [[datum (geodesy)|datum]] and a point or object. The exact definition and reference datum varies according to the context (e.g., aviation, geometry, geographical survey, sport, or atmospheric pressure). Although the term ''altitude'' is commonly used to mean the [[height above sea level]] of a location, in [[geography]] the term [[elevation]] is often preferred for this usage.

In aviation, altitude is typically measured relative to mean sea level or above ground level to ensure safe navigation and flight operations. In geometry and geographical surveys, altitude helps create accurate topographic maps and understand the terrain's elevation. For high-altitude trekking and sports, knowing and adapting to altitude is vital for performance and safety. Higher altitudes mean reduced oxygen levels, which can lead to altitude sickness if proper acclimatization measures are not taken.

Vertical distance measurements in the "down" direction are commonly referred to as ''[[depth (coordinate)|depth]]''.

== Aviation==
{{anchor|Aviation}}
{{See also|Sea level#Aviation|Vertical separation (aviation)}}
{{main category|Altitudes in aviation}}
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Boeing 737 view 1.jpg|alt=A generic Boeing 737-800 cruising at 32,000 feet. Below it are a pack of clouds. Above it is a vivid, ambient blue sky.|thumb|upright=1.5|A [[Boeing 737 Next Generation|Boeing 737-800]] [[cruise (aeronautics)|cruising]] in the [[stratosphere]], where [[airliner]]s typically cruise to avoid [[turbulence]] rampant in the [[troposphere]]. The blue layer is the [[ozone layer]], fading further to the [[mesosphere]]. The [[ozone]] heats the stratosphere, making conditions stable. The stratosphere is also the altitude limit of [[jet aircraft]] and [[weather balloon]]s, as the [[air density]] there is roughly {{fract|1|1000}} of that in the troposphere.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Stratosphere - overview |url=https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/atmosphere/stratosphere-overview#:~:text=Commercial%20jet%20aircraft%20fly%20in,the%20lower,%20more%20humid%20troposphere. |website=scied.ucar.edu |publisher=[[University Corporation for Atmospheric Research]] |access-date=2021-02-06}}</ref>]]

[[File:vertical distances.svg|thumb|upright=1.7|Vertical distance comparison]]

The term ''altitude'' can have several meanings, and is always qualified by explicitly adding a modifier (e.g. "true altitude"), or implicitly through the context of the communication. Parties exchanging altitude information must be clear which definition is being used.

Aviation altitude is measured using either [[mean sea level]] (MSL) or local ground level (above ground level, or AGL) as the reference datum.

[[Pressure altitude]] divided by 100 feet (30 m) is the [[flight level]], and is used above the [[transition altitude]] ({{convert|18000|ft|m}} in the US, but may be as low as {{convert|3000|ft|m}} in other jurisdictions). So when the altimeter reads the country-specific flight level on the standard pressure setting the aircraft is said to be at "Flight level XXX/100" (where XXX is the transition altitude). When flying at a flight level, the altimeter is always set to standard pressure (29.92 [[Inches of mercury|inHg]] or 1013.25 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]).

On the flight deck, the definitive instrument for measuring altitude is the pressure [[altimeter]], which is an [[barometer#Aneroid barometers|aneroid barometer]] with a front face indicating distance (feet or metres) instead of [[atmospheric pressure]].

There are several types of altitude in aviation:

* '''Indicated altitude''' is the reading on the altimeter when it is set to the [[QNH|local barometric pressure at mean sea level]]. In UK aviation radiotelephony usage, ''the vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level''; this is referred to over the radio as '''altitude'''.(see [[QNH]])<ref name="CAP413">{{cite book | date=1 January 1995 | title=Radiotelephony Manual |publisher=UK Civil Aviation Authority| id=CAP413| isbn=978-0-86039-601-7 }}</ref>
* '''Absolute altitude''' is the vertical distance of the aircraft above the terrain over which it is flying.<ref name="AFM_51-40">{{cite book |title=Air Navigation |date=1 December 1989 |publisher=Department of the Air Force |id=AFM 51-40}}</ref>{{rp|ii}} It can be measured using a [[radar altimeter]] (or "absolute altimeter").<ref name="AFM_51-40" /> Also referred to as "radar height" or feet/metres [[Above Ground Level|above ground level]] (AGL).
* '''True altitude''' is the actual elevation above [[mean sea level]].<ref name="AFM_51-40"/>{{rp|ii}} It is indicated altitude corrected for non-standard temperature and pressure.
* '''Height''' is the vertical distance above a reference point, commonly the terrain elevation. In UK aviation radiotelephony usage, ''the vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from a specified datum''; this is referred to over the radio as '''height''', where the specified datum is the airfield elevation (see [[Mean sea level pressure|QFE]])<ref name="CAP413" />
* '''Pressure altitude''' is the elevation above a standard datum air-pressure plane (typically, 1013.25 millibars or 29.92" Hg). Pressure altitude is used to indicate "flight level" which is the standard for altitude reporting in the U.S. in Class A airspace (above roughly 18,000 feet). Pressure altitude and indicated altitude are the same when the altimeter setting is 29.92" Hg or 1013.25 millibars.
*'''[[Density altitude]]''' is the altitude corrected for non-ISA [[International Standard Atmosphere]] atmospheric conditions. Aircraft performance depends on density altitude, which is affected by barometric pressure, humidity and temperature. On a very hot day, density altitude at an airport (especially one at a high elevation) may be so high as to preclude takeoff, particularly for helicopters or a heavily loaded aircraft.

These types of altitude can be explained more simply as various ways of measuring the altitude:
*'''Indicated altitude''' – the altitude shown on the altimeter.
*'''Absolute altitude''' – altitude in terms of the distance above the ground directly below
*'''True altitude''' – altitude in terms of elevation above sea level
*'''Height''' – vertical distance above a certain point
*'''Pressure altitude''' – the [[air pressure]] in terms of altitude in the International Standard Atmosphere
*'''Density altitude''' – the density of the air in terms of altitude in the International Standard Atmosphere in the air

==Satellite orbits==
{{excerpt|Geocentric_orbit#Altitude classifications}}

==Atmospheric studies==
{{See also|Atmospheric pressure#Altitude variation}}

===Atmospheric layers===
{{main|Atmospheric layers}}
The [[Earth's atmosphere]] is divided into several altitude regions. These regions start and finish at varying heights depending on season and distance from the poles. The altitudes stated below are averages:<ref>{{cite web | title=Layers of the Atmosphere |work=JetStream, the National Weather Service Online Weather School | publisher=National Weather Service | url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/srh/jetstream/atmos/layers.htm | access-date=22 December 2005| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051219190158/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/srh/jetstream/atmos/layers.htm| archive-date= 19 December 2005 | url-status= live}}</ref>
* [[Troposphere]]: surface to {{convert|8000|m|mi}} at the poles, {{convert|18000|m|miles}} at the [[Equator]], ending at the Tropopause
* [[Stratosphere]]: Troposphere to {{convert|50|km|mi}}
* [[Mesosphere]]: Stratosphere to {{convert|85|km|mi}}
* [[Thermosphere]]: Mesosphere to {{convert|675|km|mi}}
* [[Exosphere]]: Thermosphere to {{convert|10000|km|mi}}

The [[Kármán line]], at an altitude of {{convert|100|km|mi}} above [[sea level]], by convention defines represents the demarcation between the atmosphere and [[outer space|space]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fai.org/icare-records/100km-altitude-boundary-for-astronautics|title=The 100 km Boundary for Astronautics|author=Dr. S. Sanz Fernández de Córdoba|publisher=[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]|date=24 June 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809093537/http://www.fai.org/astronautics/100km.asp|archive-date=9 August 2011}}</ref> The thermosphere and exosphere (along with the higher parts of the mesosphere) are regions of the atmosphere that are conventionally defined as space.

===High altitude and low pressure===
{{anchor|High altitude and low air pressure}}
Regions on the [[Earth]]'s surface (or in its atmosphere) that are high above mean sea level are referred to as '''high altitude'''. High altitude is sometimes defined to begin at {{convert|8000|ft|meters|order=flip}} above sea level.<ref name=websterMed>{{cite book|title=Webster's New World Medical Dictionary|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8578|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-18928-3|year=2008|access-date=27 April 2010|archive-date=8 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208154830/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8578}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ismmed.org/np_altitude_tutorial.htm |title=An Altitude Tutorial |publisher=International Society for Mountain Medicine |access-date=22 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719194849/http://www.ismmed.org/np_altitude_tutorial.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name=MedicalProblems/>

At high altitude, [[atmospheric pressure]] is lower than that at sea level. This is due to two competing physical effects: gravity, which causes the air to be as close as possible to the ground; and the heat content of the air, which causes the molecules to bounce off each other and expand.<ref name=nova>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/exposure/pressure.html|title=Atmospheric pressure|work=NOVA Online Everest|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service|access-date=23 January 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090125053918/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/everest/exposure/pressure.html| archive-date= 25 January 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

===Temperature profile===
{{main|Lapse rate}}
{{Further|Atmospheric temperature}}

The temperature profile of the atmosphere is a result of an interaction between [[radiation]] and [[convection]]. Sunlight in the [[visible spectrum]] hits the ground and heats it. The ground then heats the air at the surface. If [[radiation]] were the only way to transfer heat from the ground to space, the [[greenhouse effect]] of gases in the atmosphere would keep the ground at roughly {{convert|333|K|C F}}, and the temperature would decay exponentially with height.<ref name=goodywilson>{{cite book|first1=Richard M.|last1=Goody|first2=James C.G.|last2=Walker|title=Atmospheres|chapter=Atmospheric Temperatures|chapter-url=http://lasp.colorado.edu/~bagenal/3720/GoodyWalker/AtmosCh3sm.pdf|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1972|access-date=2 May 2016|archive-date=29 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729075851/http://lasp.colorado.edu/~bagenal/3720/GoodyWalker/AtmosCh3sm.pdf}}</ref>

However, when air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. Thus, hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward. This is the process of [[convection]]. Convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as its surroundings. Air is a poor conductor of heat, so a parcel of air will rise and fall without exchanging heat. This is known as an [[adiabatic process]], which has a characteristic pressure-temperature curve. As the pressure gets lower, the temperature decreases. The rate of decrease of temperature with elevation is known as the [[adiabatic lapse rate]], which is approximately 9.8 °C per kilometer (or {{convert|5.4|F-change|C-change|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} per 1000 feet) of altitude.<ref name=goodywilson/>

The presence of water in the atmosphere complicates the process of convection. Water vapor contains latent [[heat of vaporization]]. As air rises and cools, it eventually becomes [[Dew point|saturated]] and cannot hold its quantity of water vapor. The water vapor condenses (forming [[cloud]]s), and releases heat, which changes the lapse rate from the [[dry adiabatic lapse rate]] to the [[moist adiabatic lapse rate]] (5.5 °C per kilometer or {{convert|3|F-change|C-change|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} per 1000 feet).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteorologytraining.tpub.com/14312/css/14312_47.htm |title=Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate |publisher=tpub.com |access-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603041448/http://meteorologytraining.tpub.com/14312/css/14312_47.htm |archive-date=3 June 2016 }}</ref>
As an average, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines an [[international standard atmosphere]] (ISA) with a temperature [[lapse rate]] of 6.49 °C per kilometer (3.56 °F per 1,000 feet).<ref name="ICAO 1993">{{cite book|publisher=[[International Civil Aviation Organization]]|title=Manual of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere (extended to 80 kilometres (262 500 feet))|id=Doc 7488-CD|edition=Third|year=1993|isbn=978-92-9194-004-2}}</ref> The actual lapse rate can vary by altitude and by location.

Finally, only the [[troposphere]] (up to approximately {{convert|11|km|ft}} of altitude) in the Earth's atmosphere undergoes notable convection; in the [[stratosphere]], there is little vertical convection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scied.ucar.edu/shortcontent/stratosphere-overview|title=The stratosphere: overview|publisher=UCAR|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref>

== Humans ==
{{main|Effects of high altitude on humans}}

Medicine recognizes that altitudes above {{convert|1500|m|ft}} start to affect humans,<ref>{{cite web|title=Non-Physician Altitude Tutorial |publisher=International Society for Mountain Medicine |url=http://www.ismmed.org/np_altitude_tutorial.htm |access-date=22 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051223065508/http://www.ismmed.org/np_altitude_tutorial.htm |archive-date=23 December 2005 }}</ref> and there is no record of humans living at extreme altitudes above {{convert|5500|-|6000|m|ft}} for more than two years.<ref name=highestHabitation>{{cite journal|last=West|first=JB|pmid=12631426|title=Highest permanent human habitation|journal=High Altitude Medical Biology|volume=3|pages=401–407|year=2002|doi=10.1089/15270290260512882|issue=4}}</ref> As the altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases, which affects humans by reducing the [[partial pressure]] of [[oxygen]].<ref name=pubmed>{{cite journal|title=Oxygen at high altitude|journal=British Medical Journal|first=Andrew J|last=Peacock|date=17 October 1998|volume=317|pages=1063–1066|pmid=9774298|issue=7165|pmc=1114067|doi=10.1136/bmj.317.7165.1063}}</ref> The lack of oxygen above {{convert|8000|ft|m|order=flip}} can cause serious illnesses such as [[altitude sickness]], [[high altitude pulmonary edema]], and [[high altitude cerebral edema]].<ref name=MedicalProblems>{{cite journal|last1=Cymerman|first1=A|last2=Rock|first2=PB|title=Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments. A Handbook for Medical Officers|publisher=U.S. Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report|volume=USARIEM-TN94-2|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7976|year=1994|access-date=5 March 2009|archive-date=23 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423042510/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7976|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The higher the altitude, the more likely are serious effects.<ref name=MedicalProblems/> The human body can [[altitude acclimatization|adapt to high altitude]] by breathing faster, having a higher heart rate, and adjusting its blood chemistry.<ref name=BordenHuman>{{cite book |last1=Young|first1=Andrew J.|last2=Reeves|first2=John T. |title=Human Adaptation to High Terrestrial Altitude. In: Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments |volume=2 |chapter=21 |location=Borden Institute, Washington, DC |year=2002 |chapter-url=http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/published_volumes/harshEnv2/harshEnv2.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090111214536/http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/published_volumes/harshEnv2/harshEnv2.html| archive-date= 11 January 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=Acclimatization>{{cite journal |last1=Muza|first1=SR|last2=Fulco|first2=CS|last3=Cymerman|first3=A |title=Altitude Acclimatization Guide |journal=U.S. Army Research Inst. Of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report |issue=USARIEM–TN–04–05 |year=2004 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7616 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423042451/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7616 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=23 April 2009 |access-date=5 March 2009 }}</ref> It can take days or weeks to adapt to high altitude. However, above {{convert|8000|m|ft|-3}}, (in the "[[death zone]]"), altitude acclimatization becomes impossible.<ref name="PBS">{{cite web|url= https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2506everest.html|title= Everest:The Death Zone|work= Nova|publisher= PBS|date= 24 February 1998}}</ref>

There is a significantly lower overall mortality rate for permanent residents at higher altitudes.<ref>{{cite journal|last=West|first=John B.|title=Exciting Times in the Study of Permanent Residents of High Altitude|journal=High Altitude Medicine & Biology|date=January 2011|volume=12|issue=1|page=1|doi=10.1089/ham.2011.12101|pmid=21452955}}</ref> Additionally, there is a dose response relationship between increasing elevation and decreasing obesity prevalence in the United States.<ref name=Voss>{{cite journal|last1=Voss|first1=JD|last2=Masuoka|first2=P|last3=Webber|first3=BJ|last4=Scher|first4=AI|last5= Atkinson|first5=RL|title=Association of Elevation, Urbanization and Ambient Temperature with Obesity Prevalence in the United States|journal=International Journal of Obesity|year=2013|pmid=23357956|doi=10.1038/ijo.2013.5|volume=37|issue=10|pages=1407–1412|doi-access=free}}</ref> In addition, the recent hypothesis suggests that high altitude could be protective against Alzheimer's disease via action of erythropoietin, a hormone released by kidney in response to hypoxia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ismailov|first=RM|title=Erythropoietin and epidemiology of Alzheimer disease|journal=Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord.|date=Jul–Sep 2013|volume=27|issue=3|pages=204–6|doi=10.1097/WAD.0b013e31827b61b8|pmid=23314061|s2cid=32245379}}</ref>
However, people living at higher elevations have a statistically significant higher rate of suicide.<ref name=Brenner>{{cite journal|last1=Brenner|first1=Barry|last2=Cheng|first2=David|last3=Clark|first3=Sunday|last4=Camargo|first4=Carlos A. Jr|title=Positive Association between Altitude and Suicide in 2584 U.S. Counties|journal=High Altitude Medicine & Biology|date=Spring 2011|volume=12|issue=1|pages=31–5|pmid=21214344|doi=10.1089/ham.2010.1058|pmc=3114154}}</ref> The cause for the increased suicide risk is unknown so far.<ref name=Brenner/>

=== Athletes ===
For athletes, high altitude produces two contradictory effects on performance. For explosive events (sprints up to 400 metres, [[long jump]], [[triple jump]]) the reduction in atmospheric pressure signifies less atmospheric resistance, which generally results in improved athletic performance.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ward-Smith|year=1983|title=The influence of aerodynamic and biomechanical factors on long jump performance|journal=Journal of Biomechanics|volume=16|pages=655–658|doi=10.1016/0021-9290(83)90116-1|pmid=6643537|first1=AJ|issue=8}}</ref> For endurance events (races of 5,000 metres or more) the predominant effect is the reduction in oxygen which generally reduces the athlete's performance at high altitude. Sports organizations acknowledge the effects of altitude on performance: the International Association of Athletic Federations (IAAF), for example, marks record performances achieved at an altitude greater than {{convert|1000|m|ft}} with the letter "A".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iaaf.net/mm/Document/06/32/50/63250_PDF_English.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022135302/http://www.iaaf.net/mm/Document/06/32/50/63250_PDF_English.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013 |title=IAAF World Indoor Lists 2012 |date=9 March 2012 |url-status=usurped |publisher=IAAF Statistics Office }}</ref>

Athletes also can take advantage of altitude acclimatization to increase their performance. The same changes that help the body cope with high altitude increase performance back at sea level.<ref name="pmid16497842">{{cite journal |last1=Wehrlin|first1=JP|last2=Zuest|first2=P|last3=Hallén|first3=J|last4=Marti|first4=B |title=Live high—train low for 24 days increases hemoglobin mass and red cell volume in elite endurance athletes |journal=J. Appl. Physiol. |volume=100 |issue=6 |pages=1938–45 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16497842 |doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.01284.2005 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17805094">{{cite journal |last1=Gore|first1=CJ|last2=Clark|first2=SA|last3=Saunders|first3=PU |title=Nonhematological mechanisms of improved sea-level performance after hypoxic exposure |journal=Med Sci Sports Exerc |volume=39 |issue=9 |pages=1600–9 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17805094 |doi=10.1249/mss.0b013e3180de49d3 |doi-access=free }}</ref> These changes are the basis of [[altitude training]] which forms an integral part of the training of athletes in a number of endurance sports including track and field, distance running, triathlon, cycling and swimming.

== Other organisms ==
{{main|Organisms at high altitude}}

Decreased oxygen availability and decreased temperature make life at high altitude challenging. Despite these environmental conditions, many species have been successfully [[high-altitude adaptation|adapted at high altitudes]]. Animals have developed physiological adaptations to enhance oxygen uptake and delivery to tissues which can be used to sustain metabolism. The strategies used by animals to adapt to high altitude depend on their [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] and [[phylogeny]]. For example, small mammals face the challenge of maintaining body heat in cold temperatures, due to their small volume to surface area ratio. As oxygen is used as a source of metabolic heat production, the hypobaric hypoxia at high altitudes is problematic.

There is also a general trend of smaller body sizes and lower [[species richness]] at high altitudes, likely due to lower oxygen partial pressures.<ref name=macroinvertrichness>{{cite journal|last=Jacobsen|first=Dean|title=Low oxygen pressure as a driving factor for the altitudinal decline in taxon richness of stream macroinvertebrates|journal=Oecologia|volume=154|pages=795–807|doi=10.1007/s00442-007-0877-x|issue=4|pmid=17960424|date=24 September 2007|bibcode=2008Oecol.154..795J|s2cid=484645}}</ref> These factors may decrease [[Productivity (ecology)|productivity]] in high altitude habitats, meaning there will be less energy available for consumption, growth, and activity.<ref name="trout">{{cite journal|last1=Rasmussen|first1=Joseph B.|first2=Michael D.|last2=Robinson|first3=Alice|last3=Hontela|first4=Daniel D.|last4=Heath|title=Metabolic traits of westslope cutthroat trout, introduced rainbow trout and their hybrids in an ecotonal hybrid zone along an elevation gradient|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=105|pages=56–72|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01768.x|date=8 July 2011|doi-access=free}}</ref>

However, some species, such as birds, thrive at high altitude.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McCracken|first1=K. G.|last2=Barger|first2=CP|last3=Bulgarella|first3=M|last4=Johnson|first4=KP|last5=Sonsthagen|first5=SA|last6=Trucco|first6=J|last7=Valqui|first7=TH|last8=Wilson|first8=RE|last9=Winker|first9=K|display-authors=4|title=Parallel evolution in the major haemoglobin genes of eight species of Andean waterfowl|journal=Molecular Evolution|date=October 2009|volume=18|issue=19|pages=3992–4005|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04352.x|pmid=19754505|last10=Sorenson|first10=M. D.|bibcode=2009MolEc..18.3992M |s2cid=16820157}}</ref> Birds thrive because of physiological features that are advantageous for high-altitude flight.

==See also==
* [[Atmosphere of Earth]]
* [[Coffin corner (aerodynamics)]] At higher altitudes, the air density is lower than at sea level. At a certain altitude it is very difficult to keep an airplane in stable flight.
* [[Geocentric altitude]]
* [[Near space]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web| title=Altitude pressure calculator | publisher=Apex (altitude physiology expeditions) | url=http://www.altitude.org/air_pressure.php | access-date = 8 August 2006}}
* {{cite web|title=The Race to the Stratosphere |publisher=U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission |url=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/race_to_strato/LTA11.htm |access-date=25 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309085716/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/race_to_strato/LTA11.htm |archive-date=9 March 2006 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20011109004014/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/fliers/01mgg04.html Downloadable ETOPO2 Raw Data Database (2 minute grid)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970705075458/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/fliers/93mgg01.html Downloadable ETOPO5 Raw Data Database (5 minute grid)]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aerospace]]
[[Category:Physical geography]]
[[Category:Topography]]
[[Category:Vertical position]]

All India Station Masters' Association

2025-12-02T19:39:16Z

Svetlanayrd: brief correct formatting for clarity additionally and added references per sources

{{Short description|Indian trade union}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = All India Station Masters' Association
| location_country= India
| affiliation =
| members = 39,000
| full_name = All India Station Masters' Association
| native_name =
| image =
| founded = 1953
| predecessor =
| successor =
| dissolved =
| merged =
| headquarters = New Delhi
| key_people = R K Unnikrishnan (Central President) <br/> Dhananjaya Chandratre (Secretary General) <br/> Shanmananda Sagar (CSF)
| website = {{URL|http://www.aisma.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''All India Station Masters' Association (AISMA)''' (Regd. No. NDD/09) is an Indian [[trade union]] representing the [[Station Master]]s of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article2813957.ece |title=Station Masters "assaulted" |author=Staff |work=The Hindu |date=19 January 2012 |access-date=29 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Station Masters strike, demand amendment in 6th pay commission |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/station-masters-strike-demand-amendment-in-6th-pay-commission_640939.html |work=ZeeNews |date=14 July 2012 |author=Staff}}</ref> Formed in 1953, it is among the best examples of work-category based unions in the Indian railway industry.<ref>{{cite book |author=Stephen Sherlock |title=The Indian Railways Strike of 1974: A Study of Power and Organised Labour |year=2001 |publisher=Rupa & Co. |location=New Delhi |pages=140 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSLtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22All+India+Station+Masters%27+Association%22 |isbn=9788171675340 }}</ref> AISMA represents Assistant Station Masters (ASMs), Station Masters (SMs), Station Managers (SMRs) and Transportation Inspectors (TIs), numbering to 37000.{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}}

With all sincere efforts of CEC Team, the long pending Demands such as Minimum Grade Pay of Rs. 4200, and maximum GP 5400, Uniform Allowance, Condonation of Break in Service of SWR are some of Milestones Achievements, in the Indian Railways Trade Unions.

On 6 January 2018, it proposed to conduct Eastern Maha Sammelan, under the impression "AISMA for Development".

In the Central Executives Meeting held at Bhubaneswar on 19,20 August 2017, the following Office Bearers were recognized for their meritorious service:

Sh.B.P. Kumarasamy GS SWR honoured with "Man of the CEC"

Sh. D. K. Arora GS CR and Sh. Pramod Kumar GS ECR shared the "Best GS" Award

Sh. Pankaj.Kr.Jhr GS SER honoured with "Best Upcoming GS"

Sh.Rajender. P. Ranakoti DS MB/NR honoured with "Best Divisional Secretary"

Facebook group created for instant messaging and as well for the audio visual news to its members.

==See also==
* [[Indian Railways]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.aisma.in/ Official Website]

{{Indian Railways}}

[[Category:Trade unions in Indian Railways]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Trade unions established in 1953]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in India]]

Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards

2025-12-02T13:16:02Z

Svetlanayrd: brief refine references for consistency and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Annual film festival in Oslo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{self-published|date=January 2019}}
{{notability|list|date=December 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Norway Tamil Film Festival
| current_awards =
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best in [[film]]
| presenter =
| country = [[Oslo]], [[Norway]]
| year = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (2010)
}}
'''Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards''' is the annual film festival conducted in [[Oslo]] to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. NTFF was arranged for the first time in 2010 by VN Music Dreams. NTFF is a celebration of global [[Tamil cinema]].

==Film awards==
{{cleanup section|date=April 2019|reason=lists of dates in reverse chronological order, contrary to [[WP:DATELIST]].}}

===Best Film===
The '''Best Film''' has been awarded since 2010.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Film
!Producer
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I|Ponniyin Selvan : i]]''
|[[Lyca Productions|Lyca]] & [[Madras Talkies]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chennaivision |date=2023-01-17 |title=NTFF 2023: List of Awardees –Tamilar Awards -14th Norway Tamil Film Festival for – Tamil Nadu |url=https://chennaivision.com/ntff-2023-list-of-awardees-tamilar-awards-14th-norway-tamil-film-festival-for-tamil-nadu/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Tamil Nadu News, Chennai News, Tamil Cinema News, Tamil News, Tamil Movie News, Power Shutdown in Chennai, Petrol and Diesel Rate in Chennai |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2020
| ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
| [[S. Thanu|Kalaippuli S. Thanu]]
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]''
| [[Pa. Ranjith]]
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Aramm]]''
| Kotapadi J Rajesh
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Joker (2016 film)|Joker]]''
| [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Norway Tamil Film Festival: Complete list of winners |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/norway-tamil-film-festival-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/57517666.cms |access-date=2023-03-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Kaaka Muttai]]''
| [[Vetrimaaran|Grassroot Film Company]] & [[Wunderbar Films]]
|
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2015
| ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]''
| [[Fox Star Studios]] & The Next Big Film Productions
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]''
| [[Bala (director)|B Studios]]
|
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
| ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]''
| [[Thirupathi Brothers]]
|
|-
| 2012
|''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''
| Village Theatres
|
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2011
| ''[[Mynaa]]''
| [[Shalom Studios]]
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Nandhalala]]''
| [[Ayngaran International]]
|
|}

=== The Most Popular Film===
'''The Most Popular Film''' was first awarded in 2010, before being re-launched in 2013.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Film
!Producer
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]''
| [[Fox Star Studios]]<br>[[AR Murugadoss|AR Murugadoss Productions]]
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
| ''[[Sundarapandian]]''
| [[M. Sasikumar|Company Productions]]
|-
| 2012
|
|
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2011
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Subramaniyapuram]]''
| [[M. Sasikumar|Company Productions]]
|}

=== The Most Appreciated Film ===
'''The Most Appreciated Film ''' was first awarded in 2010, before being re-launched in 2013.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Film
!Producer
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Haridas (2013 film)|Haridas]]''
| V. Ramdoss
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
| ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]''
| [[Duet Movies|Prakash Raj]]
|-
| 2012
|
|
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2011
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Peraanmai]]''
| [[Ayngaran International]]
|}

=== Midnight Sun Award ===
The '''Midnight Sun Award''' has been awarded since 2010.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Film
!Producer
|-
| 2014
| ''Paranoid Patient''
| Dhadol Productions
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
| ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]''
| [[Thirupathi Brothers]]
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Uchithanai Muharnthaal]]''
| Global Media
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2011
| ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]''
| [[Duet Movies]]
|-
| 2010
| ''[[1999 (film)|1999]]''
| Khatpanlaya Productions
|}

=== Best Social Awareness Award ===
The '''Best Social Awareness Award''' has been awarded since 2012.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Film
! Director
|-
|2023
|''[[Visithiran]]''
|[[M. Padmakumar]]
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Nerkonda Parvai]]''
| [[H. Vinoth]]
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Ammani]]'' || [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]]
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2016
| ''[[Azhagu Kutti Chellam]]'' || Charles
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Sigaram Thodu]]'' || [[Gaurav Narayanan]]
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2014
| ||
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Saattai]]''
| M. Anbazhagan
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2012
| ''[[Narthagi]]''<br>''[[Paalai]]''<br>''[[Varnam (2011 film)|Varnam]]''<br>''[[Vengayam]]'' || Vijayapadma<br>Senthamizhan<br>SM Raju<br>S. Rajkumar
|}

=== [https://www.facebook.com/ntff.no/photos/pcb.1412350472155522/1412350202155549/?type=3&theater NTFF 2017- List of Awardees - Tamil Short Film - International] [https://www.facebook.com/ntff.no/photos/pcb.1412350472155522/1412350315488871/?type=3&theater] [https://www.facebook.com/ntff.no/photos/pcb.1412350472155522/1412349888822247/?type=3&theater]===
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Category
! Film name
! Awardee
! Profile
|-
|Best Short Film
|Bilboquet
|Surendran T. Balasubramaniam
|Director
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|Best Director
|Don't Look Back
|Navi Ananth
|Director
|-
|Best Actor-Female
|Don't Look Back
|Raji Nesarajah
|Actor
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|Best Actor- Male
|Irumal Thaththa
|Nivas Adithan
|Actor
|-
|Best Story
|Childhood Diaries
|[[Shree Karthick]]
|Director & Screenwriter
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|Best Child Artist
|Childhood Diaries
|Jayaditya Kang
|Actor
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|Pozhuthu Pularnthathu
|Shan Manickam- Suria Boopathy
|Cinematographer
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|Best Documentary
|Ladies and Gentle Women
|Maalini Jeevaratnam
|Director
|-
|Special Jury Award
|Vizhigal
|S.V. Jeyarajah
|Actor
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|Best Animation
|Kolam Reversal
|Sue Rees
|Director
|-
|Best Short Film <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=31181|title=1st NTFF 2010 - "Vanni Mouse" by director Tamiliam Subas from Norway received the best short film award. }}</ref>
|[[Vanni Mouse]]
|[[Tamiliam Subas]]
|Director & Screenwriter
|}

==Acting Awards==
===Best Actor===
The '''Best Actor''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Actor
! Film
|-
|2023
|[[Karthi]]
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]] & [[Sardar (2022 film)|Sardar]]''
|-
| 2019
| [[Karthi]]
| ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntff.no/11th-ntff-2020-winners-list-of-awardees-tamilar-viruthu-tamil-nadu/|title=11th NTFF 2020 – Winners list of Awardees – Tamilar Viruthu – Tamil Nadu|date=15 January 2020|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref>
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff
| 2018
| [[Vijay Sethupathi]]
| ''[[96 (film)|96]]''
|-
| 2017
| [[R.Madhavan]]
| ''[[Vikram Vedha]]''
|-
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2016
| [[Vijay Sethupathi]]
| ''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharma Durai]]''
|-
| 2015
| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]
| ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2014
| [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]
| ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' & ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
|-
| 2013
| [[Adharvaa]]
| ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2012
| [[Vijay Sethupathi]]
| ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]''
|-
| 2011
|[[M. Sasikumar]]
|''[[Poraali]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2010
|[[Vidharth]]
|''[[Mynaa]]''
|}

===Best Actress===
The '''Best Actress''' has been awarded since 2011.
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Actor
! Film
|-
|2023
|[[Sai Pallavi]]
|''[[Gargi (film)|Gargi]]''
|-
| 2019
| [[Sri Priyanka]]
| ''[[Miga Miga Avasaram]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff
| 2018
| [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]
| ''[[96 (film)|96]]''
|-
| 2017
| [[Aditi Balan]]
| ''[[Aruvi]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff
| 2016
| [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
| ''[[Tharai Thappattai]]''
|-
| 2015
| [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
| ''[[Kaaka Muttai]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2014
| [[Vedhicka]]
| ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
|-
| 2013
|[[Pooja (actress)|Pooja]]
|''[[Vidiyum Munn]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2012
| [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]]
| ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]''
|-
| 2011
|[[Richa Gangopadhyay]]
|''[[Mayakkam Enna]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2010
|[[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]]
|''[[Angadi Theru]]''
|}

===Best Comedian===
The '''K.S.Balachandran Award/Best Comedian''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Artist
! Film
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|2018
| [[Munishkanth]] || ''[[Maanagaram]]''
|-
|2017
| [[Yogi Babu]] || ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)|Aandavan Kattalai]]''
|-
|2016
| [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] || ''[[Indru Netru Naalai]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|2015
| [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] || ''[[Naan Thaan Bala]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2014
|[[Soori (actor)|Soori]]
|''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
|[[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]]
|''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]''
|-
| 2012
|[[Ganja Karuppu]]<br>[[Soori (actor)|Soori]]
|''[[Poraali]]''
|}

===Best Villain===
The '''Best Villain''' has been awarded since 2012.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Actor
! Film
|-
|2023
|Arav
|''[[Kalaga Thalaivan|Kalagath Thalaivan]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chennaivision |date=2023-01-17 |title=NTFF 2023: List of Awardees –Tamilar Awards -14th Norway Tamil Film Festival for – Tamil Nadu |url=https://chennaivision.com/ntff-2023-list-of-awardees-tamilar-awards-14th-norway-tamil-film-festival-for-tamil-nadu/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Tamil Nadu News, Chennai News, Tamil Cinema News, Tamil News, Tamil Movie News, Power Shutdown in Chennai, Petrol and Diesel Rate in Chennai |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| [[Arjun Das]]
| ''[[Kaithi]]''
|-
| 2018
|Saravanan
|''[[Raatchasan]]''
|-
| 2017
|[[R. K. Suresh]]
|''[[Tharai Thappattai]]''
|-
| 2016
|[[Arun Vijay]]
|''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]''
|-
| 2013
|[[Thambi Ramaiah]]
|''[[Saattai]]''
|-
| 2012
|[[Sampath Raj]]
|''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]''
|}

===Best Supporting Actor===
The '''Best Supporting Actor''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Actor
! Film
|-
|2023
|Phathmen
|''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu|Venthu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2020
| [[Arjun Sarja]]
| ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]''
|-
| 2019
|[[Mayilsamy]]
|''[[Annanukku Jai (2018 film)|Annanukku Jai]]''
|-
| 2018
|[[Vela Ramamoorthy]]
|''[[Thondan (2017 film)|Thondan]]'' & [[Vanamagan]]
|-
| 2017
|[[Samuthirakani]]
|''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' & [[Visaranai]]
|-
| 2016
| [[Ramesh Thilak]]
| ''[[Kaaka Muttai]]'' & ''[[Orange Mittai]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2015
|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
|-
| 2014
|
|
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
|[[Joe Malloori]]
|''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]''
|-
| 2012
|[[Appukutty]]
|''[[Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2011
|[[Thambi Ramaiah]]
|''[[Mynaa]]''
|}

===Best Supporting Actress===
The '''Best Supporting Actress''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Actress
! Film
|-
|2023
|[[Kovai Sarala]]
|''[[Sembi]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2020
| [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
| ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]''
|-
| 2017
|[[Pooja Devariya]]
|''[[Kuttrame Thandanai]]''
|-
| 2016
| [[Leela Samson]]
| ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2015
|[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]]
|''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
|-
| 2014
|
|
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
|[[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]]
|''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]''
|-
| 2012
|[[Devadarshini]]
|''[[Mahaan Kanakku]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2011
|[[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]]
|''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]''
|}

===Best Character Actor===
The '''Best Character Actor''' has been awarded since 2015.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Actor
! Film
|-
| 2015
|[[Bobby Simha]]
|''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
|}

===Best Newcomer Actor===
The '''Best Newcomer Actor''' has been awarded since 2013.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Actor
! Film
|-
|2023
|[[Pradeep Ranganathan]]
|''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
|[[Vijay Antony]]<br>[[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
|''[[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]''<br>''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]''
|}

===Best Newcomer Actress===
The '''Best Newcomer Actress''' has been awarded since 2013.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Actress
! Film
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
|[[Pooja Hegde]]
|''[[Mugamoodi]]''
|}

===Best Newcomer===
The '''Best Newcomer''' was awarded in 2011 and 2012, before separate categories were introduced for Actor and Actress.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Actress
! Film
|-
| 2012
| [[Neenika]]
|''[[Uchithanai Muharnthaal]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2011
|[[Harish Uthaman]]
|''[[Tha (film)|Tha]]''
|}

==Technical Awards==
===Best Director===
The '''Best Director''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Director
! Film
|-
|2023
|[[Mani Ratnam]]
|[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2020
| [[Vetrimaran]]
| ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
|-
| 2019
| [[Lenin Bharathi]]
| ''[[Merku Thodarchi Malai]]''
|-
| 2019
| [[Duraimurugan V (debut)]]
| ''[[Theechudar (2019 film)|Theechudar]]''
|-
| 2018
| [[Gobi Nainar]]
| ''[[Aramm]]''
|-
| 2017
| [[Vetrimaaran]]
| ''[[Visaranai]]''
|-
| 2016
| [[Mohan Raja]]
| ''[[Thani Oruvan]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2015
| [[Vasanthabalan]]
| ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
|-
| 2014
| [[Bala (director)|Bala]]
| ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
| [[Prabhu Solomon]]
| ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]''
|-
| 2012
| [[A. Sarkunam]]
| ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2011
| [[Radha Mohan]]
| ''[[Payanam (2011 film)|Payanam]]''
|}

===Best Producer===
The '''Best Producer''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Studio
! Film(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|[[R. Parthiban|R.Parthiban]]
|''[[Iravin Nizhal]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chennaivision |date=2023-01-17 |title=NTFF 2023: List of Awardees –Tamilar Awards -14th Norway Tamil Film Festival for – Tamil Nadu |url=https://chennaivision.com/ntff-2023-list-of-awardees-tamilar-awards-14th-norway-tamil-film-festival-for-tamil-nadu/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Tamil Nadu News, Chennai News, Tamil Cinema News, Tamil News, Tamil Movie News, Power Shutdown in Chennai, Petrol and Diesel Rate in Chennai |language=en-US}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2020
| [[P. L. Thenappan]]
| ''[[Peranbu]]''
|
|-
| 2017
| [[Vijay Kumar (Tamil filmmaker)|Vijay Kumar]]
| ''[[Uriyadi]]''
|
|-
| 2016
| [[JSK Film Corporation]]
| ''[[Kuttram Kadithal]]''
|
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2015
| Camphor Cinema
| ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]''
|
|-
| 2014
|
|
|
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
| [[Thirupathi Brothers]]
| ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' / ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]''
|
|-
| 2012
| Escape Artists Motion Pictures
| ''[[Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai]]''
|
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2011
| [[Sun Pictures]]
| ''[[Enthiran]]''
|
|}

===Best Cinematographer===
The '''Best Cinematographer''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Cinematographer
! Film
|-
|2023
|Yamini Yagnamurthy
|''[[Saani Kaayidham|Saani Kayidham]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2020
| [[Kishore Kumar (cinematographer)|Kishore Kumar]]
| ''[[Gundu (film)|Gundu]]''
|-
| 2019
| [[Theni Eswar (cinematographer)|Theni Eswar]]
| ''[[Merku Thodarchi Malai]]'' (western ghats)
|-
| 2017
|[[S. R. Kathir]]
|''[[Kidaari]]''
|-
| 2016
| [[P. C. Sriram]]
| ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' & ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2015
|[[Vetrivel Mahendran]]
|''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]''
|-
| 2014
| [[Chezhiyan]]
| ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
|[[M. Sukumar]]
|''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]''
|-
| 2012
|[[Richard M. Nathan]]
|''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2011
|[[M. Sukumar]]
|''[[Mynaa]]''
|}

===Best Editor===
The '''Best Editor''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Editor
! Film
|-
|2023
|[[Philomin Raj]]
|''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2020
| [[Philomin Raj]]
| ''[[Kaithi]]''
|-
| 2017
| [[Sreejith Sarang]]
| ''[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]''
|-
| 2016
| [[Kishore T. E.]]
| ''[[Kaaka Muttai]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2015
| [[Vivek Harshan]]
| ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
|-
| 2014
|
|
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
| [[Govindaraj]]
| ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]''
|-
| 2012
| [[Kola Bhaskar]]
| ''[[Mayakkam Enna]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2011
| [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]''
|}

===Best Screenplay===
The '''Best Screenplay''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Writer
! Film
|-
|2023
|[[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
|''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2020
| [[Magizh Thirumeni]]
| ''[[Thadam]]''
|-
| 2019
| [[Nelson Dilipkumar]]
| ''[[Kolamavu Kokila]]''
|-
| 2017
| [[Karthick Naren]]
| ''[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]''
|-
| 2016
| [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
| ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
| [[Karthik Subbaraj]]
| ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]''
|-
| 2012
| [[Suseenthiran]]
| ''[[Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2011
| [[Seenu Ramasamy]]
| ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]''
|}

===Best Story Writer===
The '''Best Story Writer''' has been awarded since 2012.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Writer
! Film
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
| [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]]
| ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]''
|-
| 2012
| [[Pugazhendi Thangaraj]]
| ''[[Uchithanai Muharnthaal]]''
|}

===Best Choreographer===
The '''Best Choreographer''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Choreographer
! Song
! Film
|-
|2023
|[[Jani Master]]
|"[[Arabic Kuthu]]"
|''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]''
|-
| 2022
| [[Gayathri Raguram]]
| "Kunnum Kunnum Pesa Pesa"
| ''[[Thalaivii]]'' <ref name="NTFF"/>
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2020
| Shobi Paulraj
| "[[Verithanam]]"
| ''[[Bigil]]''
|-
| 2013
| Shobi Paulraj
| "Irukkana"
| ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff
|2012
| Bobby Antony
| "Sara Sara Saara Kathu"
| ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''
|-
|2011
| [[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]]
| "Otha Sollala"
| ''[[Aadukalam]]''
|}

===Best Stunt Choreographer===
The '''Best Stunt Choreographer''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Choreographer
! Film
|-
|2023
|[[Anbariv]]
|''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
|-
| 2020
| [[Peter Hein]]
| ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''
|-
| 2012
| [[Peter Hein]]<br>[[Ganesh Babu (stunts)|Ganesh Babu]]
| ''[[Ko (actor)|Ko]]''<br>''[[Mahaan Kanakku]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2011
| [[Action Prakash]]
| ''[[Yuddham Sei]]''
|}

===Best Art Director===
The '''Best Art Director''' has been awarded since 2012.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Art Director
! Film
|-
|2012
| [[Seenu (art director)|Seenu]]
| ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''
|}

===Best Costume Designer===
The '''Best Costume Designer''' has been awarded since 2012.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Designer
! Film
|-
|2012
| [[Natraj (designer)|Natraj]]
| ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''
|}

===Best Make-Up Artiste===
The '''Best Make-Up Artiste''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Designer
! Film
|-
|2012
| [[K. P. Sasikumar]]
| ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|2011
| [[Banu (make up artist)|Banu]]
| ''[[Enthiran]]''
|}

===Best Visual Effects===
The '''Best Visual Effects''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Designer
! Film
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|2011
| [[Stan Winston Studios]]
| ''[[Enthiran]]''
|}

===Best Dubbing Artiste===
The '''Best Dubbing Artiste''' has been awarded since 2012.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Artist
! Film
! Dubbed for
|-
| 2012
|[[Deepa Venkat]]
|''[[Mayakkam Enna]]''
|
Richa Gangophydhay
|-
| 2019
| [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi Sripata]]
| ''[[96 (film)|96]]''
|[[Trisha Krishnan]]
|}

==Music Awards==
===Best Music Director===
The '''Best Music Director''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Artist
! Film
|Ref
|-
|2023
|A. R. Rahman
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' & ''[[Iravin Nizhal]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chennaivision |date=2023-01-17 |title=NTFF 2023: List of Awardees –Tamilar Awards -14th Norway Tamil Film Festival for – Tamil Nadu |url=https://chennaivision.com/ntff-2023-list-of-awardees-tamilar-awards-14th-norway-tamil-film-festival-for-tamil-nadu/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Tamil Nadu News, Chennai News, Tamil Cinema News, Tamil News, Tamil Movie News, Power Shutdown in Chennai, Petrol and Diesel Rate in Chennai |language=en-US}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2017
| [[Sean Roldan]]
| ''[[Joker (2016 film)|Joker]]''
|
|-
| 2016
|[[M. Ghibran]]
|''[[Uttama Villain]]''
|
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2015
| [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]'' & ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
|
|-
| 2014
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]'' and ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]''
|
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
| [[D. Imman]]
| ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]''
|
|-
| 2012
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|''[[Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai]]''
|
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| rowspan="2" | 2011
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|''[[Madrasapattinam]]''
| rowspan="2" |
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| "Pookal Pookum for Best song of the year" for ''[[Madrasapattinam]]''
|}

===Best Male Playback Singer===
The '''Best Male Playback Singer''' has been awarded since 2012.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Artist
! Song
! Film
|-
|2023
|[[Dhanush|Danush]]
|"Megham Karukatha"
|''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|2017
|[[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]]
|"Maya Nadhi"
|''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]''
|-
|2016
|[[Benny Dayal]]
|"Unnakenna Venum Sollu"
|''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|2015
|[[Haricharan (singer)|Haricharan]]
|"Sandi Kuthirai"
|''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
|-
|2014
|[[Sriram Parthasarathy]]
|"Aanandha Yaazhai"
|''[[Thanga Meengal]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|2013
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|"Vaangam Panathukkum"
|''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]''
|-
| 2012
|[[C. Sathya]]
|"Maasama"
|''[[Engeyum Eppodhum]]''
|}

===Best Female Playback Singer===
The '''Best Female Playback Singer''' has been awarded since 2012.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Artist
! Song
! Film
|-
|2023
|[[Madhushree|Madhushree Bhattacharya]]
|"Mallipoo Vatchu"
|''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu|Venthu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]''
|-
| 2019
| [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| "Kaathalae Kaathalae"
| ''[[96 (film)|96]]''
|-
| 2018
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| "Neethanae"
| ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]''
|-
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2017
| [[Nandini Srikar]]
| "Kannamma Kannamma"
|''[[Rekka (film)|Rekka]]''
|-
| 2016
| Lalitha Vijayakumar
| "Vaadi Raasathi"
|''[[36 Vayadhinile]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2015
| [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
| "Pudhiya Ulagai"
|''[[Yennamo Yedho]]''
|-
| 2014
| [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| "Nenjukulle"<br>"Enga Pona Raasa"
| ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]''<br>''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
| [[Magizhini Manimaaran]]
| "Soi Soi"
|''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]''
|-
| 2012
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| "Sara Sara"
|''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''
|}

===Best Lyricist===
The '''Best Lyricist''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Poet
! Song
! Film
|-
|2023
|''Ilango Krishnan''
|"'Ponni Nathi Parkanume"
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2017
| [[Uma Devi]]
|
| ''[[Kabali (film)|Kabali]]''
|-
| 2016
| [[Madhan Karky]]
|
| ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' & ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2015
| [[Yugabharathi]]
|
| ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]''
|-
| 2014
| [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| "Aanandha Yaazhai"
| ''[[Thanga Meengal]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
| [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| "Vilayatta Padagoti "
| ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]''
|-
| 2012
| [[Kasi Anandhan]]
|
| ''[[Uchithanai Muharnthaal]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2011
| [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| "Pookal Pookum"
| ''[[Madrasapattinam]]''
|}

==Special awards==
===Special Jury Award===
The '''Special Jury Award''' has been awarded since 2012.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Winner
! Artist
! Film
|-
|2023
|Actor
|[[R. Madhavan|R.Madhavan]]
|''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''
|-
| 2022
| Actor
| [[Arvind Swamy]]
| ''[[Thalaivii]]'' <ref name="NTFF">{{Cite news|date=January 14, 2021|title=Tamilar Awards 2022: 13th Norway Tamil Film Festival Announcement for Tamil Nadu|url=https://ntff.no/tamilar-awards-2022-13th-norway-tamil-film-festival-announcement-for-tamil-nadu/|url-status=live|access-date=January 20, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117090734/https://ntff.no/tamilar-awards-2022-13th-norway-tamil-film-festival-announcement-for-tamil-nadu/|archive-date=17 January 2022|website=Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards}}</ref>
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2019
| Actress
| [[Keerthy Suresh]]
| ''[[Mahanati|Nadigaiyar Thilagam]]''
|-
|-
| 2015
| Actor
| Vincent
| ''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]''
|-
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|2013
| Film
| Eelan Elango
| ''Iniyavale Kathiruppen''
|-
| 2012
| Actor
| [[Vishal Krishna]]
| ''[[Avan Ivan]]''
|}

===Kalaichchigaram Award===
The '''Kalaichchigaram Award''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|2023
|[[Raj Kiran (actor)|Rajkiran]] [Actor – Director – Producer]
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
|2020
| [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]]
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|-
|2019
| [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|-
|2018
| [[Charlie (actor)|Charlie]]
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|-
|2017
| [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|-
|2016
| [[Prakash Raj]]
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|2015
| [[Sivakumar]]
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
|[[Sarathkumar]]
|-
| 2012
| [[Sathyaraj]]
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2011
| [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
|}

===Balu Mahendra Award===
The '''Balu Mahendra Award''' has been awarded since 2015.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Artist
! Film
|-
|2023
|[[Seenu Ramasamy]]
|''[[Maamanithan (film)|Maamanithan]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|2017
| [[S. J. Surya]] || ''[[Iraivi]]''
|-
|2016
| [[Vijay Sethupathi]] || ''[[Orange Mittai]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|2015
| [[R. Parthiepan]] || ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]''
|}

===K. S. Balachandran Award===
The '''K.S.Balachandran Award/Best Comedian''' has been awarded since 2011.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year
! Artist
! Film
|-
|2023
|[[Jayaram]]
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|2017
| [[Yogi Babu]] || ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (2016 film)|Aandavan Kattalai]]''
|-
|2016
| [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] || ''[[Indru Netru Naalai]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|2015
| [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] || ''[[Naan Thaan Bala]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2014
|[[Soori (actor)|Soori]]
|''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]''
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
| 2013
|[[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]]
|''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]''
|-
| 2012
|[[Ganja Karuppu]]<br>[[Soori (actor)|Soori]]
|''[[Poraali]]''
|}

===Lifetime achievement award===
The '''Special Jury Award''' has been awarded since 2012.

{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" width="50%"
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
! Year
! Artist
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|2023
|[[Radhika Sarathkumar]]
|-
|2019
| [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]
|-
|2018
| [[Bharathiraja]]
|-
|2017
| [[T. Rajendar]]
|-
|2016
| [[Kamal Haasan]]
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|2015
| [[K. Balachander]]
|-
| 2014
|[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|-bgcolor="#e4e8ff"
|2013
| [[Manivannan]]
|-
|2012
| [[A. Ragunathan]]
|}

==References==
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntff.no/|title=NTFF|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntff.no/ntff-2017-the-winners-of-short-film-documentaries-animations-feature-film-tamil-diaspora/|title=NTFF 2017: The Winners of Short film – Documentaries – Animations -Feature film Tamil Diaspora {{!}} NTFF|last=Athi|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntff.no/8th-ntff-2017-official-selection-winners-of-tamilar-awards-2017-announcement/|title=8th NTFF 2017: Official selection & Winners of Tamilar Awards 2017 Announcement! {{!}} NTFF|last=Athi|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/the+covai+post-epaper-covaipos/norway+tamil+film+festival+awards+announced-newsid-105868564|title=Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards Announced - The Covai Post|website=Dailyhunt|language=en|access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref>

<references />

[[Category:Norwegian film awards]]
[[Category:Tamil film awards]]

Kakkar

2025-11-16T23:18:57Z

Svetlanayrd: cleaned up article based on references per sources

{{Short description|Indian Khatri surname}}
{{For|Pashtun tribe|Kakar}}
'''Kakkar''' or '''Kakar''' ({{ipa|hi|kəkːəɽ|ipa}}) is an Indian surname originating with the founder of a Bahri clan. It is associated with the [[Punjabi Khatri|Khatri]] caste of Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims. Whilst the ''Dictionary of American Family Names'' states the etymology derives from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''karalagni'', used in reference to the Sun and translating as "one who holds fire in its hands",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanks |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Hanks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vG7MZ9J6dAgC&q=kakar+khatri |title=Dictionary of American Family Names: 3-Volume Set |date=2003-05-08 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-508137-4 |language=en}}</ref> historians R. C. Dogra and [[Baij Nath Puri]], believe it is derived from the word ''Karkar'', meaning strong or powerful.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dogra|first1=R. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upLXAAAAMAAJ&q=kakkar+karkar+strong+powerful|title=Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture|last2=Mansukhani|first2=Gobind Singh|date=1995|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=978-0-7069-8368-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Puri |first=Baij Nath |author-link=Baij Nath Puri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ytuAAAAMAAJ&q=kakkar+karkar+strong+powerful |title=The Khatris, a Socio-cultural Study |date=1988 |publisher=M. N. Publishers and Distributors |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable people==

Notable people bearing the name Kakkar, who may or may not be associated with the Khatri caste, include:
*[[Ajay Kakkar, Baron Kakkar]] (born 1964), British surgeon
*[[Akriti Kakar]] (born 1986), Indian singer
*[[Dipika Kakar]] (Born 1986), Indian Television Actress
*[[Loveleen Kacker]], Indian bureaucrat and executive
*[[Neha Kakkar]] (born 1988), Indian playback singer
*[[Nina Kakkar]] (born 1955), Indian businesswoman
*[[Nitin Kakkar]], Indian director
*[[Prahlad Kakkar]] (born 1950), Indian ad film director and media personality
*[[Prakriti Kakar]] (born 1995), Indian playback singer
*[[Rajeev Kakar]], Indian banker and serial entrepreneur
*[[Santosh Kumar Kacker]], Indian doctor and medical researcher
*[[Shyam Nath Kacker]], Indian politician and lawyer
*[[Sonu Kakkar]] (born 1986), Indian playback singer
*[[Subbiraj|Subbiraj Kakkar]] (died 2007), Indian actor
*[[Sudhir Kakar]] (born 1938), Indian Psychoanalyst, novelist and author
*[[Sukriti Kakar]] (born 1995), Indian singer
*[[Tony Kakkar]] (born 1984), Indian playback singer
*[[Vinit Kakar]], Indian actor

==See also==
*[[Kakkar Subdistrict]]
*[[Kakar]]
*[[Kekkar]]

{{surname}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language surnames]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Khatri surnames]]

Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban

2025-10-30T19:11:26Z

Svetlanayrd: Structure improved and content revised

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}

'''Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban''' was a Syriac scholar and [[hieromonk]] of the [[Malankara Church]], known for [[Bible translations into Malayalam|translating the Bible into Malayalam]] for the first time. His work, completed in 1811, made the Bible accessible to the [[Saint Thomas Christians]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/news/2991368_Church-to-celebrate-bicentenary-of-Malayalam-Bible |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RAMBAN BIBLE MALAYALAM |url=https://www.thecmsindia.org/resources/resources-for-researchers/no-300-to-251/ramban-bible-malayalam |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=www.thecmsindia.org}}</ref>

{{Nasrani People}}

== Early life ==
Philipose Ramban was born in [[Kayamkulam]], [[Kerala]], and resided at his family home, Mananganazhikathu, which later became known as Mananganazhikathu Rambachan's House. At the time, [[Syriac language|Syriac]], or Suriyani as it was locally known, was the liturgical language used by Christians in Kerala.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

== Translation of the Bible ==
{{See also|Bible translations into Malayalam}}
In the early 19th century, Rev. [[Claudius Buchanan]], a Scottish missionary, visited Kerala and encouraged local church leaders to translate the Bible into Malayalam. During this visit, the church authorities in [[Travancore]] provided Buchanan with a Syriac copy of the Bible. He then urged scholars, including Philipose Ramban, to translate the holy text into Malayalam, offering guidance to Syriac and Tamil scholars.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fete to hail first Malayalam Bible |url=https://orthochristian.com/56314.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=OrthoChristian.Com}}</ref>

Philipose Ramban completed the translation of the [[Gospel|Four Gospels]]. In 1811, the first version of the Bible in Malayalam, known as the '''Ramban Bible''', was completed. This translation, titled ''Visudha Veda Pustakam'', was composed in a hybrid language of Malayalam and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/?contentId=12478256&tabId=1&programId=11565535 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban |url=https://archive.org/details/1811RambanBibleMalayalam |title=1811 - റമ്പാൻ ബൈബിൾ |date=1811}}</ref>

The ''Ramban Bible'' was printed using [[Lithography|lithographic]] technology, known locally as "Kallachu," at a press in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]). It was the first Bible to be published in Malayalam.<ref name=":0" />

== Death and legacy ==
{{Sources|section|date=September 2024}}
Philipose Ramban died in 1811, and his remains were interred at the [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Kannamcode|Kannamcode St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral]] in [[Adoor]], Kerala. This church, which belongs to the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, remains a significant center of worship in the region.

Following Philipose Ramban's initial translation, other versions of the Bible in Malayalam emerged. [[Benjamin Bailey (missionary)|Benjamin Bailey]], a missionary-scholar, produced a more complete version of the Bible in the 1840s, with assistance from [[Chandu Menon]]. In the 1850s, the German scholar [[Hermann Gundert|Herman Gundert]], who compiled the first Malayalam [[lexicon]], translated the New Testament into Malayalam.

Every year, the church commemorates Philipose Ramban's contributions with a memorial feast ("Shraadha Perunnal") on the 26th day of the Malayalam month of [[Malayalam calendar|Thulam]].

==See also==
* [[Kayamkulam]]
* [[Kannamcode Cathedral|Kannamcode St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral]]
* [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church Christians]]
[[Category:1811 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Oriental Orthodox Christians]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Malayalam]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]

{{Syriac-Orthodox-bio-stub}}
{{India-translator-stub}}