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Nanda Nanditha (2012 film)

2026-05-06T14:44:51Z

Svetlananhr: started initial pg needs work...

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by Ramshiva}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nanda Nanditha
| image =
| caption =
| director = Ramshiva
| producer = M. Govindaraj M. Nagaraj G. Bhoopal
| writer = Ramshiva (dialogues)
| screenplay = Ramshiva
| story = Ajaykumar
| starring = [[Hemachandran (actor)|Hemachandran]] Surya Pratap [[Meghana Raj]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Emil Mohammed]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Franch Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2012|3|24|df=yes}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Nanda Nandhita''''' is a 2012 Indian [[romantic drama film]] directed by Ramshiva. The film was made simultaneously in Tamil and Telugu with [[Hemachandran (actor)|Hemachandran]], Surya Pratap, and [[Meghana Raj]]. The film is a remake of the 2008 Kannada film [[Nanda Loves Nanditha|of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=8 October 2011 |title=Itsy Bitsy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/itsy-bitsy/article2520671.ece |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2011 |title=Nanda Nanditha team speaks about the movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/Nanda-Nanditha-team-speaks-about-the-movie/videoshow/9922587.cms |access-date=23 August 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In the Tamil version, Hemachandran portrays the protagonist and Surya Pratap portrays a supporting role. In the Telugu version, the roles are reversed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2012 |title=Proving a point! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/sep/13/proving-a-point-290590.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%;"
! Actor (Tamil)
! Actor (Telugu)
! Role (Tamil)
! Role (Telugu)
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Hemachandran (actor)|Hemachandran]] || style="text-align:center;"| Surya Pratap || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Nanda
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Meghana Raj]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Nandhita
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Surya Pratap || style="text-align:center;"|[[Hemachandran (actor)|Hemachandran]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Kumar
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Thug
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Shanmugarajan]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Politician
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Muthukaalai]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Cattle owner
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Nandhita's mother
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Jyothi Rana || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Special appearance in the song "Iyya Rasa" / "Athanesoodu"
|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Special appearance in the song "Salam Namasthey"
|-
|}

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[Emil Mohammed]], who also composed for the original. The song "Jinke Marina" from the original was reused as "Jinke Marina"/"Jinkamaleena".
;Tamil version<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2022 |title=Nanda Nanditha MassTamilan Tamil Songs Download |url=https://masstamilan.day/nanda-nanditha/ |website=MassTamilan}}</ref>
The lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]], [[Snehan]], [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]], and Jayantha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2011 |title=Nanda Nanditha: Audio launch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/Nanda-Nanditha-Audio-launch/videoshow/9922610.cms |access-date=23 August 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Song(s)
! Singer(s)
|-
|"En Idhyam" || [[Javed Ali]], Sangeetha
|-
|"Iyya Rasa" || Naveen, [[Suchitra]]
|-
|"Jimke Marina" (lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]) || Emil Mohammed, [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
|"Jimke Marina" (remix) || Emil Mohammed, [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Maqbool, Ramshiva
|-
|"Salam Namasthey" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Krishna Iyer
|-
|}

;Telugu version<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2020 |title=Nanda Nanditha | Naasongs.fun |url=https://naasongs.fun/nanda-nanditha/}}</ref>
*"Naa Hrudayam" - [[Yazin Nizar]]
*"Jinkamaleena"
*"Athanesoodu"
*"Salam Namasthe"
*"Jinkamaleena" (remix)

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote: "With crass item number, songs which come as speed breakers, subplots, flashback within flashbacks, jarring background score, and lot of violence, this mass film fails to impress".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanda Nanditha |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nanda-nanditha-review-tamil-pcmasPfdbcgdd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305182916/http://www.sify.com/movies/nanda-nanditha-review-tamil-pcmasPfdbcgdd.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that " It’s surprising that a Kannada flick which created no great ripples at the box office, and had a routine scenario so familiar to Tamil audiences, should be chosen to be remade in Tamil".<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2012 |title=Why was it remade? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/mar/24/why-was-it-remade-351874.html |access-date=23 August 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of one out of five stars and noted that "The film manages the astonishing feat of falling even below expectations".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nanda Nanditha Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Nanda Nanditha by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nanda-nanditha/movie-review/12381647.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Reviewing the Telugu version, a critic from ''The Times of India'' gave the film a rating of one out of five stars and stated: "There are some movies which are so bad you can at least crack up about how bad they are. ''Nanda Nandita'' isn’t one of them".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nanda Nanditha Movie Review {1/5}: Critic Review of Nanda Nanditha by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/nanda-nanditha/movie-review/12209528.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|12970506}}

[[Category:2012 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Indian Socialist Janata Dal

2026-05-05T04:39:01Z

Svetlananhr:

{{Short description|Political party in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
|party_name = Indian Socialist Janata Dal
|logo =
|colorcode = {{party color|Indian Socialist Janata Dal}}
|abbreviation = ISJD
|president = [[Mathew T. Thomas]]
|founder = [[Mathew T. Thomas]]
|loksabha_leader =
|rajyasabha_leader =
|chairman =
|foundation = {{Start date and years ago|17 January 2026|df=y|p=y}}
| alliance = [[Left Democratic Front]]
|colours = [[Green]] {{coloursample|{{party color|Indian Socialist Janata Dal}}}}
|eci =
|ideology = [[Democratic socialism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/jds-in-kerala-denounces-partys-nda-alliance-says-would-form-new-entity|title=JD(S) in Kerala denounces party’s NDA alliance, says will form new entity|publisher=The News Minute|date=19 June 2024}}</ref>
|position = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]
|loksabha_seats =
|rajyasabha_seats =
|state2_seats_name = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
|state2_seats = {{Composition bar|0|140|hex={{party color|Indian Socialist Janata Dal}}}}
|split=[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|headquarters =
|students =
|youth =
|women =
|labour =
|peasants =
|no_states = {{Composition bar|0|31|hex={{party color|Indian Socialist Janata Dal}}}}
|ppchairman =
|symbol = [[File:Ring Symbol.png|150px]]
|flag = [[File:Indian Socialist Janata Dal Flag.png|200px]]
|website =
}}

The '''Indian Socialist Janata Dal''' (ISJD) is an Indian [[democratic socialist]] [[political party]]. It was founded by [[Mathew T. Thomas]] as a breakaway faction from the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-06 |title=JD(S) to be relaunched as ISJD on January 17 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jds-to-be-relaunched-as-isjd-on-january-17/article70478903.ece |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== History ==
The Indian Socialist Janata Dal was established to resolve the conflict of the [[Kerala]] state unit of the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] after its national leadership, led by [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]], formed an alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led by the [[National Democratic Alliance]], while being allied nationally with the Bharatiya Janata Party while being allied locally with the [[Left Democratic Front]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-06 |title=Kerala JD S to sever ties with national leadership merge with new party |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2026/01/06/kerala-jd-s-to-sever-ties-with-national-leadership-merge-with-new-party.html |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-06 |title=Kerala JD(S): Kerala JD(S) Severs Ties, Merges with New Party |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/kerala-jds-to-sever-ties-with-national-leadership-merge-with-new-party-3853489 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The Kerala unit of the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] is a part of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] led [[Left Democratic Front]] and has opposed the national leadership's alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party on ideological grounds such as [[secularism]] and [[socialism]]. In December 2025, The Indian Socialist Janata Dal was registered with 100 founding members in [[Palakkad]]. The ISJD has laid claim for the wheel symbol as its electoral symbol. The symbol has been frozen for years by the [[Election Commission of India]] after successive Janata parties laid claim to it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-10 |title=With Assembly polls in sight, a political party in Kerala hits reset button |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/with-assembly-polls-in-sight-a-political-party-in-kerala-hits-reset-button/ |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-30 |title=Kerala’s JD(S) merges into newly floated Indian Socialist Janata Dal to regain political presence |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/keralas-jds-merges-into-newly-floated-indian-socialist-janata-dal-to-regain-political-presence-f8bz91wh |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

The official merger of the Kerala unit of the Janata Dal Secular to the Indian Socialist Janata Dal was declared on January 17, 2026, in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-08 |title=Kerala JD(S) to merge with newly formed Indian Socialist Janata Dal |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2026/01/08/kerala-jd-s-merge-indian-socialist-janata-dal.html |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2026-01-17 |title=Kerala unit of Janata Dal (S) merges with Indian Socialist Janata Dal (ISJD) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-unit-of-janata-dal-s-officially-merges-with-indian-socialist-janata-dal-isjd/article70518344.ece |access-date=2026-01-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
The ISJD follows [[democratic socialism]] and [[secularism]] and emphasizes on decentralized power, [[social justice]], and uplifting the marginalized communities. They are inspired by the ideals of [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] and [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]] and aims to maintain its LDF alliance and identity against BJP alignment.<ref name=auto/>

== Electoral History ==

=== Kerala Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Election Year
!Alliance
!Seats Contested
!Seats Won
!Total votes
!Percentage of Votes
!± Vote
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
|3<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister Krishnankutty not to contest; ISJD announces 3 candidates |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2026/03/16/isjd-key-ally-of-ldf-names-three-candidates-for-kerala-assembly-polls.html |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=@onmanorama |language=en}}</ref><ref>The party only had one candidate in the elections in Chittur. Other candidates of the party contested as independents.</ref>
|0
|58,815
|
|''New''
|}

== Prominent leaders ==

* [[Mathew T. Thomas]] – Founder, Former minister for Water Resources in [[Government of Kerala]]; Former MLA of [[Thiruvalla Assembly constituency|Thiruvalla]]

* [[K. Krishnankutty]] – Minister for Electricity of Kerala; Former MLA of [[Chittur Assembly constituency|Chittur]].

== See also ==

* [[Janata Dal]]
* [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
* [[Janata Dal (United)]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Political parties in Kerala]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2026]]
[[Category:Janata Parivar]]

Chennai Egmore–Kanniyakumari Express

2026-05-03T16:33:42Z

Svetlananhr: Created a biography

{{distinguish|Kanyakumari Express (film)|Howrah–Kanyakumari Express}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width =
| color = 00ced1
| name = Chennai Egmore–Kanniyakumari Express
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Kanyakumari Superfast Express.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Kanniyakumari Express At Chennai Egmore
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| status = Active
| locale = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| predecessor =
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1993|10|23}}
| last =
| successor =-
| operator =[[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railways]]
| start ={{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}} (MS)
| stops = 13
| end = {{stnlnk|Kanniyakumari Terminus}} (CAPE)
| distance = {{cvt|740|km}}
| journeytime = 11 hours 20min
| frequency = Daily
| trainnumber = 12633/12634
| class =
* 1 FIRST CLASS A/C (H)
* 2 2nd A/C II Tire (A)
* 2 Ac Three Tier Economy (M)
* 5 3rd A/C III Tire (B)
* 8 Sleeper (SL)
* 4 Unreserved (GS)
* 2 EOG
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}
| seating = Yes (Un-Reserved Coaches)
| sleeping = Yes (Berth)
| autorack =
| catering = On-Board Catering, e-Catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment=
| baggage = Yes
| otherfacilities= CCTV camera in all coaches
| stock = [[WAP-7]] Locomotive from [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el = [[25kV AC]], [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]] Overhead Traction
| speed = {{convert|70|km/h|abbr=on}} 130km/h
|trainlength=22 coaches
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| routenumber = 22/23A
| map =
| map_state =
| sharing = [[Island Express (train)|Island Express]]
}}

The '''Chennai Egmore–Kanniyakumari Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] daily overnight train operated by [[South Western Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}} and {{stnlnk|Kanniyakumari}} in India. It is currently being operated with 12633/12634 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/southern-railway-cancels-31-trains/articleshow/56716277.cms|website=Times of India|title=Southern Railway cancels 31 trains|date=22 January 2017 |accessdate=15 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Jallikattu-supporters-continue-protest/article17081171.ece|title=Jallikattu supporters continue protest – TAMIL NADU|website=The Hindu|date=22 January 2017 |accessdate=15 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="thehindu2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jallikattu-protest-Changes-in-train-timings/article17068390.ece|title=Jallikattu protest: Changes in train timings|website=The Hindu|date=20 January 2017 |accessdate=15 August 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Kanniyakumari SF Express Name Board.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]

== Service ==
This train runs between [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]] and [[Chennai Egmore]].
This is Overnight [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] Express Train of Southern Railway. This is the fastest train to reach from state capital to kanyakumari.

[[File:Kanniyakumari Superfast Express.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]

[[File:Chennai Kanniyakumari Superfast Express Large Name Board.jpg|300px|thumb|right]]

==Coach composition==
The train has 4 LHB rakes, with each rake consisting of 22 coaches, which includes 7 sleeper class coaches (S1–S7), one A/C 3 tier economy coach (M1), six A/C 3 tier coaches (B1–B6), two A/C 2 tier coaches (A1, A2), one first A/C cum A/C two tier (HA1), and the rest being unreserved coaches. The train has a rake sharing agreement with [[Island Express (train)|Island Express]].

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#12ad2b;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffd801;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffd801;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#0909ff;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#0909ff;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff007f;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffd801;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 21

|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|24px]] ||EOG||UR||UR||S9||S8||S7||S6||S5||S4||S3||S2||S1||B4||B3||B2||B1||A2||A1||HA1||UR||EOG
|}

== See also ==
* [[Pearl City Express]]
* [[Nellai Express]]
* [[Chennai Egmore–Nagercoil Weekly Superfast Express]]
* [[Pandian Express]]
* [[Vaigai Express]]
* [[Pothigai Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/train/914 Details of Kanyakumari Express] on India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/276 12634/Kanniyakumari - Chennai Egmore Superfast Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanyakumari Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Kanyakumari]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

1980–81 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:27:03Z

Svetlananhr: Adding new stub

{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1980-81 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 285px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| count = 28
| participants = 24
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Ghulam Parkar]] (Bombay) (732)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1980/81 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1980-81/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Madan Lal]] (Delhi) (33)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1980/81 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1980-81/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1979–80
| previous_tournament = 1979–80 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1981–82
| next_tournament = 1981–82 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1980–81 Ranji Trophy''' was the 47th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] won the title defeating [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] in the final.

==Highlights==
*In the quarterfinal against [[Railways cricket team|Railways]], [[Madan Lal]] of [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] scored 140 and 100 and took 3/87 and 5/56<ref>[http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1980-81/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/DELHI_I-RLYS_RJI-QF4_13-16FEB1981.html Delhi v Railways]</ref>

==Group stage==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''26''' || 1.862
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''21''' || 1.361
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''20''' || 0.989
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''14''' || 0.724
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || 0.585
|}

===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''27''' || 1.650
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''24''' || 1.264
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''19''' || 1.008
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''6''' || 0.803
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''5''' || 0.598
|}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''27''' || 1.373
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''26''' || 2.186
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''20''' || 1.266
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''9''' || 0.614
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''3''' || 0.518
|}
{{col-2}}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''24''' || 1.667
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''24''' || 1.667
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''19''' || 0.980
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''11''' || 0.660
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''3''' || 0.635
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''19''' || 2.510
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 0.919
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''11''' || 0.808
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 3 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''3''' || 0.422
|}
{{col-end}}

== Knockout stage ==
{{Round16

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 100px

|||||
|||||
|30 Dec 1980 — Kanpur|'''[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]'''|'''530/5d & 123/3d'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|367 & 30/0
|||||
|30 Dec 1980 — Delhi|'''[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]'''|'''189 & 230/8'''|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|331 & 86
|||||
|||||
|||||

|13 Feb 1981 — Madras|'''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]'''|'''324 & 275/5'''|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]|316 & 261
|13 Feb 1981 — Kanpur|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]|193 & 255/4|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''441 & 339/6d'''
|13 Feb 1981 — Delhi|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]|369 & 93|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''335 & 216'''
|13 Feb 1981 — Hyderabad|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|115 & 232|'''[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]'''|'''294 & 207'''

|28 Feb 1981 — Madras|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]|287 & 241/6|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''415 & 369/4d'''
|27 Feb 1981 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''197 & 162/2'''|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]|247 & 108

|20 Mar 1981 — Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''517'''|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|251 & 220

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=no|skipmatch04=yes|skipmatch05=no|skipmatch06=yes|skipmatch07=yes|skipmatch08=yes
|RD1 = Pre-Quarter-finals|RD2 = Quarter-finals|RD3 = Semi-finals|RD4 = Finals
|3rdplace=no}}

===Final===

{{Test match
| date = 20–23 March 1981
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] (H)
| team1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''251 (112.4 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rakesh Shukla (cricketer)|Rakesh Shukla]] 120
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Balwinder Sandhu]] 6/72
| score-team2-inns1 = '''517 (161 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ghulam Parkar]] 121, [[Ashok Mankad]] 265
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Madan Lal]] 8/118
| score-team1-inns2 = '''220 (92.5 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Madan Lal]] 76
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Suru Nayak]] 6/65
| result = Bombay won by an innings and 46 runs
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]]
| umpires = [[Mohammad Ghouse]], [[M. G. Subramaniam]]
| motm =
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1980-81/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/BOM_DELHI_RJI-FINAL_20-24MAR1981.html Scorecard]
| toss = Delhi won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1980-81.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1980-81 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1980 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1981 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1980–81]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Goutham Krishna H

2026-04-30T14:26:07Z

Svetlananhr:

{{Short description|Indian chess player (born 2010)}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2010|7|5}}
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam]], India
| title = [[International Master]] (2024)
| peakrating = 2466 (September 2024)
| FideID = 25983504
}}

'''Goutham Krishna H''' is an Indian chess player.

==Chess career==
In May 2022, he won the National Under-12 Open Chess Championship with sole lead. He scored 9.5 points out of 11 rounds, half a point ahead of 2nd and 3rd place.

In October 2025, he tied for first place with [[P. Iniyan]] in the [[Indian Chess Championship]], losing the title on tiebreaks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fide.com/iniyan-p-wins-indian-chess-championship-2025/|title=Iniyan P wins Indian Chess Championship 2025|website=fide.com}}</ref> Later that month, he won the 2nd DevA Rapid Rating Open with a perfect score of 9/9.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Goutham-Krishna-H-perfect-at-2nd-DevA-Rapid-Rating-Open-2025|title=Goutham Krishna H perfect at 2nd DevA Rapid Rating Open 2025|date=October 28, 2025|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In November 2025, he tied for first place with Rosh Jain in the National Sub-Junior Under-15 Open with a score of 9.5/11. He became the champion on tiebreaks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Goutham-Krishna-H-and-Arshiya-Das-are-National-Sub-Junior-Open-and-Girls-2025-Champions|title=Goutham Krishna H and Arshiya Das are National Sub-Junior Open and Girls 2025 Champions|date=November 18, 2025|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref>

In December 2025, he achieved notable performances at the [[World Rapid Chess Championship 2025]], defeating grandmasters [[Aravindh Chithambaram]] and [[Teimour Radjabov]] and drawing against grandmasters [[Alexander Grischuk]] and [[Anish Giri]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/goutham-krishna-international-master-heads-turn-world-rapid-blitz-10440786/|title=Meet Goutham Krishna H, International Master from Thiruvananthapuram, who made heads turn at World Rapid Championship|date=December 27, 2025|first=Amit|last=Kamath}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:H, Goutham Krishna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2010 births]]
[[Category:Chess International Masters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Thiruvananthapuram]]

Bahaj

2026-04-23T21:13:14Z

Svetlananhr: Adding new data

{{short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bahaj
| official_name = Bahaj
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|28|11.42|N|77|22|21.37|E|type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type =
| subdivision_name = Country
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Deeg district|Deeg]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 7712
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 321203
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}

'''Bahaj''' is a village in [[Deeg|Deeg tehsil]] of [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]] in [[Rajasthan]], India. known for an ancient palaeochannel buried 23 metres under the village, which was discovered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-24 |title=Rajasthan dig reveals 3,500-year-old settlement: ASI traces ancient riverbed; findings may link it to Rig Veda-era Saraswati river |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthan-dig-reveals-3500-year-old-settlement-asi-traces-ancient-riverbed-findings-may-link-it-to-rig-veda-era-saraswati-river/articleshow/122032942.cms |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The village considered part of the [[Braj|Braj region]] of Mathura.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murari |first=Krishan |date=2024-05-07 |title=Mathura culture, Mahabharata Period — ASI digs Govardhan Hill after 50 years |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/mathura-culture-mahabharata-period-asi-digs-govardhan-hill-after-50-years/2073442/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-28 |title=Buried for 4,500 years: Rajasthan dig uncovers evidence of lost civilisation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/asi-ancient-civilisation-rajasthan-human-skeleton-utensils-statues-metal-weapons-bharatpur-2747678-2025-06-28 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]], Bahaj had a population of 7,712. Males population is 4042 of the population and 3670 females. In Bahaj, 1209 population is under 6 years of age.<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/api/tables/data/2011/PC11_PCA-TV/255?_source=dt&labels=indicator&state=8&district=105&subdistrict=508&town_village=74340&geo_level=4&format=csv Bahaj population] (CSV)</ref> Major language spoken there is [[Braj Bhasha|Brij Bhasha]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Deeg district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Villages in Bharatpur district]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Piyush Tewari

2026-04-23T10:34:56Z

Svetlananhr: adding new info

{{Short description|Indian social entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Piyush Tewari
| image = PT Wiki.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|05|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| other_names =
| known_for = Passing Legislation for a Good Samaritan Law in India
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]] [[Harvard University]]
| employer =
| occupation =
| title = Founder and CEO of the [[SaveLIFE Foundation]]
| height =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| boards =
| partner =
| children =
| parents = Vinay Tewari Reena Tewari
| awards = Ashoka Fellowship<ref name="Ashoka" /> Echoing Green Fellowship,<ref name="Eco" /> AIESEC India Alumni Entrepreneurship & Leadership Award<ref name="AIESEC" /> Rolex Laureate<ref name="Rolex" />
| relatives = Anshul Tewari (Brother), Neha Tewari (Sister)
| signature =
| website = https://savelifefoundation.org
| module =
}}
'''Piyush Tewari''' (born 19 May 1980) is an Indian social entrepreneur, focused on improving road safety, access to emergency medical care and urban governance<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/tSfxKUBaChgSp8mCsWJujK/India-in-10-years-Who-is-in-charge-of-our-cities.html|title=India in 10 years: Who is in charge of our cities?|last=Tewari|first=Piyush|date=2017-02-03|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> across India. He is the founder and CEO of [[SaveLIFE Foundation]],<ref name="makingmorehealth">{{cite web|url=http://www.makingmorehealth.org/MMH_Activities/piyush-tewari.html|title=Piyush Tewari, Save Life Foundation, India|publisher=makingmorehealth.org|accessdate=2015-02-05}}</ref> and best known for his work to pass a [[Good Samaritan law]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.rolexawards.com/2016/06/help-at-last-for-indias-good-samaritans/|title=Help at last for India's Good Samaritans |website=blog.rolexawards.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> In 2016, GQ Magazine named him as one of the most influential young Indians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/50-most-influential-young-indians-innovators/|title=50 Most Influential Young Indians 2016: Innovators|date=2017-04-17|website=GQ India|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> In 2014, Tewari was featured as an expert on Satyamev Jayate,<ref name="youtube.com">{{Citation|title=Satyamev Jayate Season 3 {{!}} Episode 2 {{!}} Road Accidents or Murders? {{!}} Don't watch. Help (Subtitled)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=twa5Y4Y2Jvs|language=en|accessdate=2018-01-23}}</ref> a popular TV show on social issues, hosted by actor Aamir Khan. The episode Tewari was featured in was focused on the epidemic of road accidents in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.satyamevjayate.in/road-accidents-or-murders/rom-guest-profiles.aspx|title=Road Accidents Or Murders? – Guest Profiles|website=www.satyamevjayate.in|language=en|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref>

He is also an empaneled speaker with The Outstanding Speakers Bureau,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://outstandingspeakersbureau.in/speakers/piyush-tiwari/|title=Piyush TewariThe Outstanding Speakers Bureau|work=The Outstanding Speakers Bureau|access-date=2018-01-23|language=en-US}}</ref> and is the subject of "The Golden Hour",<ref>{{Citation|title=The Golden Hour|url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/documentary-24x7/the-golden-hour-351776|accessdate=2018-01-23}}</ref> a feature documentary produced by Roma Sur and Jessica McGough of the Film School at University of Colorado, Denver, USA. He is a commentator on Road Safety in Indian media<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/embed/T7CWhhmPT3I|title=Deaths in India due to road accidents highest in the world - YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> and has been covered by the New York Times,<ref name="Bornstein">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/opinion/campaigning-to-make-indias-roads-safer.html|title=Opinion {{!}} Campaigning to Make India's Roads Safer|last=Bornstein|first=David|date=2016-06-21|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-01-23|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> TIME Magazine,<ref name="Delhi">{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/collection/next-generation-leaders/4037533/piyush-tewari/|title=Meet The Man on a Mission to Make India's Notorious Streets Safer|first=Nikhil|last=Kumar|website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=25 September 2015 |access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> and National Geographic,<ref name="news.nationalgeographic.com">{{Cite news|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/11/piyush-tewari-explorer-moments-training-delhi-doctors-for-emergency-medical-care/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108131335/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/11/piyush-tewari-explorer-moments-training-delhi-doctors-for-emergency-medical-care/|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2016|title=Putting the Brakes on India's Huge Traffic Fatalities|date=2016-11-07|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> among other media outlets.

==Early life and career==
Tewari was born in Kanpur, India to Reena and Vinay Tewari on 19 May 1980. Tewari finished high school from Naval Public School in New Delhi. He holds a Bachelor of Information Technology degree from Delhi University, and a [[Master of Public Administration]] degree from Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/more/student-life/student-stories/building-safer-road|title=Building a safer road |website=Harvard Kennedy School|language=en|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref>

During his time in college, Tewari was actively involved with AIESEC,<ref name="AIESEC">{{cite web|url=http://issuu.com/aiesecinternational/docs/40u40_press_1/2|title=40under40 Publication by AIESEC International|publisher=issuu.com|accessdate=2015-02-05}}</ref> a global student-led non-profit. Immediately after college, he joined the [[India Brand Equity Foundation]], an initiative of the [[Government of India]]. Following his stint there, in 2006 he joined the Calibrated Group<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.echoinggreen.org/fellows/piyush-tewari|title=Piyush Tewari |website=Echoing Green|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> — a US-based private-equity firm. In 2008, he became the Managing Director of the company’s operations in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Piyush Tewari |url=https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/people/piyush-tewari |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=www.carnegiecouncil.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

==SaveLIFE Foundation==
Tewari founded the [[SaveLIFE Foundation]] (SLF) on 29 February 2008, following the death of a young cousin in a road crash. In response to the tragedy, he studied the issue of road safety and discovered that over 1 million people had been killed in road crashes in India in the previous decade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaspend.com/viznomics/a-million-road-deaths-in-a-decade-climbing-33413|title=A Million Road Deaths In A Decade & Climbing|website=www.indiaspend.com|access-date=2018-01-23|date=2013-11-05}}</ref> He also discovered that 50% of these deaths were due to lack of timely care, as confirmed by the Law Commission of India in its 201st report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Law Commission Report |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/100042716/?type=print}}</ref>

SLF started by training police and Indian citizens to become better responders to the injured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/beyond-business/savelifes-wants-citizens-to-help-accident-victims/35733/0|title=SaveLife Wants Citizens to Help Accident Victims |website=Forbes India|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> Over time, the organization started advocating for systemic changes to save lives.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.satyamevjayate.in/road-accidents-or-murders/ngo-savelife.aspx|title=SaveLIFE Foundation – Road Accidents or Murders |website=satyamevjayate.in|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> In 2015, Tewari and SLF got a ban imposed on trucks from carrying protruding rods.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Activists-five-year-battle-got-risky-trucks-off-the-road/articleshow/32112949.cms|title=Activist's five-year battle got risky trucks off the road - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> In 2016, SLF, through a writ petition to the [[Supreme Court of India]], successfully advocated for a Good Samaritan Law in India as a provision protecting personal well-being.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/26680/sc-guidelines-now-protect-good-samaritans-who-help-road-accident-victims/|title=SC Guidelines Now Protect Good Samaritans Who Help Road Accident Victims|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|website=thewire.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> In 2017, a bill recommended by SLF to improve road safety in the country<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/think-tank-recommends-road-safety-law-114070301062_1.html|title=Think-tank recommends road safety law|date=2014-07-03|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> was passed by the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sites.ndtv.com/roadsafety/lok-sabha-passes-motor-vehicles-amendment-bill-tougher-penalties-e-licencing-3271/|title=Lok Sabha Passes The Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill With Tougher Penalties And E-Licencing|date=2017-04-10|work=NDTV-Diageo Road To Safety|access-date=2018-01-23|language=en-US}}</ref>

SLF is now focusing on implementation of road safety best-practices.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/road-accidents-how-savelife-foundation-is-addressing-indias-largest-killer/articleshow/49578833.cms|title=Road Accidents: How SaveLIFE Foundation is addressing India's largest killer|date=2015-10-29|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref> As part of that focus, it has adopted the Mumbai-Pune Expressway to make it fatality-free by 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sites.ndtv.com/roadsafety/reducing-road-deaths-mumbai-pune-expressway-got-lot-safer-3087/|title=Reducing Road Deaths: How The Mumbai-Pune Expressway Got A Lot Safer {{!}} Features|date=2017-02-27|work=NDTV-Diageo Road To Safety|access-date=2018-01-23|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Tewari has two siblings: a sister, Neha and a brother, Anshul. Anshul is the founder of Youth Ki Awaaz, the largest youth-based media platform in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://peertopeerallies.com/2018/08/23/anshul-tewari-created-indias-largest-youth-media-platform-at-age-17/|title=Anshul Tewari created India's largest youth media platform at age 17 – Peer to Peer Allies|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
* 2010: Rolex Laureate, Rolex Awards for Enterprise<ref name="Rolex">{{cite web |title=Rolex Awards - Saving lives on India's roadways |url=https://www.rolex.org/rolex-awards/milestones/science-health/piyush-tewari |accessdate=2015-02-05 |publisher=rolexawards.com}}</ref>
* 2011: AIESEC India Alumni Entrepreneurship & Leadership Award<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://issuu.com/aiesecinternational/docs/40u40_press_1/2|title=40under40 Publication|work=Issuu|access-date=2018-01-23|language=en}}</ref>
* 2012: [https://echoinggreen.org/ Echoing Green] Fellowship<ref name="Eco">{{cite web|url=http://www.echoinggreen.org/fellows/piyush-tewari|title=Piyush Tewari | Echoing Green|publisher=echoinggreen.org|accessdate=2015-02-05}}</ref>
* 2013: [[Ashoka (non-profit organization)|Ashoka]] Fellowship<ref name="Ashoka">{{cite web|url=http://india.ashoka.org/fellow/piyush-tewari|title=Piyush Tewari | Ashoka - India|publisher=india.ashoka.org|accessdate=2015-02-05}}</ref>
* 2014: Profiled by Satyamev Jayate TV show hosted by actor Aamir Khan<ref name="youtube.com"/>
* 2015: [[GQ India]] Man of the Year<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/2015-gq-men-year-awards-winners-gq-india/|title=2015 GQ Men Of The Year Awards: Winners|date=2015-09-26|website=GQ India|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref>
* 2015: [[Time (magazine)|TIME Magazine]] Next Gen Leader<ref name="Delhi"/>
* 2016: GQ India Most Influential Young Indians<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/50-most-influential-young-indians-innovators/|title=50 Most Influential Young Indians 2016: Innovators|date=2017-04-17|website=GQ India|access-date=2018-01-23}}</ref>
* 2016: Profiled by New York Times<ref name="Bornstein"/>
* 2016: Profiled by National Geographic Magazine<ref name="news.nationalgeographic.com"/>
* 2017: Draper Richard Kaplan Foundation Fellowship<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drkfoundation.org/organization/savelife-foundation/#entrepreneur|title=SaveLIFE Foundation |website=www.drkfoundation.org|accessdate=2018-01-23}}</ref>
* 2017: IRF Road Safety Award 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/savelifeindia/status/930352017360404480|title=.@piyushtewarii , founder & CEO @savelifeindia was just awarded #RoadSafetyAward by Shri @nitin_gadkari at #WRM2017 for his pioneering work to ensure India has a #GoodSamaritanLaw #RoadSafetypic.twitter.com/eEUlWxKQgy|date=14 November 2017|website=@savelifeindia|accessdate=2018-01-23}}</ref>
* 2018: [[Mulago Foundation]]'s Rainer Arnhold Fellowship<ref>{{Cite web |title=Piyush Tewari |url=https://mulagofoundation.org/rainer-arnhold-fellow/piyush-tewari |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Mulago Foundation}}</ref>
* 2019: [[World Economic Forum]] Young Global Leader<ref>{{Cite web |title=Piyush Tewari |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/piyush-tewari/ |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref>
* 2020: GQ Heroes 2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-19 |title=GQ Heroes: Piyush Tewari |url=https://www.gqindia.com/get-smart/content/gq-heroes-piyush-tewari |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* 2023: The Elevate Prize 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners - 2023 |url=https://elevateprize.org/winners-2023/ |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Elevate |language=en}}</ref>
* 2024: Skoll Award for Social Innovation 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skoll {{!}} SaveLIFE Foundation |url=https://skoll.org/organization/savelife-foundation/ |access-date=2025-08-01}}</ref>

<big>References</big>
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tewari, Piyush}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]

Satya Bhusan Burman

2026-04-23T06:00:10Z

Svetlananhr: Created initial pg from scratch

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satya Bhusan Burman
| image = Justice SB Barman.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|6th Chief justice]] of [[Orissa High Court]]
| term_start = 6 April 1967
| term_end = 30 April 1969
| appointer = [[S. Radhakrishnan]]
| predecessor = [[Khaleel Ahmed (judge)|Khaleel Ahmed]]
| successor = [[Gati Krushna Misra]]
| office1 = Judge of [[Orissa High Court]]
| appointer1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| nominator1 = [[Sudhi Ranjan Das]]
| term_start1 = 3 February 1958
| term_end1 = 5 April 1967
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|5|1|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = not known
| death_place =
| education = [[LL.B]]
| alma_mater = [[Mitra Institution]], [[Presidency College, Calcutta]], [[Calcutta University]]
}}


'''Satya Bhusan Burman''' (born 1 May 1907, date of death unknown) was an Indian judge and former Chief Justice of [[Orissa High Court]].

==Career==
Burman was born in 1907. He studied at [[Mitra Institution (Main)|Mitra Institution]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]]. He passed Law from [[Hazra Law College]], [[University of Calcutta]]. Burman became Bar at Law from the [[Lincoln's Inn|Lincoln’s Inn]], London. In 1932 he was called to the English Bar. Burman was appointed additional Judge of the Orissa High Court on 3 February 1958.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Chief Justice {{!}} Orissa High Court, Cuttack|url=https://orissahighcourt.nic.in/judges/former-chief-justices/hon-ble-mr-justice-satya-bhusan-barman/|access-date=2021-06-12|website=orissahighcourt.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Abhilekh Patal|url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/simple-search?filter_field_1=department&filter_type_1=equals&filter_value_1=Home::Judicial+-+I&sort_by=dc.date.issued_dt&order=desc&rpp=50&etal=0&start=3250|access-date=2021-06-12|website=www.abhilekh-patal.in}}</ref> He was elevated to bench of Orissa High Court in 1958 according to the proposal of [[Sudhi Ranjan Das]], [[Chief Justice of India]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mahapatra|first=Justice Harihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZ_cWeqBj9YC&dq=Satya+Bhusan+Burman+Orissa&pg=PA318|title=My Life, My Work|date=2011-02-15|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-8424-640-7|language=en}}</ref> In a rare precedent Burman's elevation was made from the Calcutta Bar to the Honourable Orissa High Court with recommendations supporting the proposal for the elevation to judgeship of Burman by then Chief Minister of Orissa [[Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo|Rajendra Narayan Singhdeo]] and Chief Justice of Orissa [[Khaleel Ahmed (judge)|Khaleel Ahmed]].<ref>Government and Politics in Orissa. (1988). India: Print House (India). Pg-180</ref> Justice Burman retired from the judgeship on 30 April 1969.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burman, Satya Bhusan}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Judges of the Orissa High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Orissa High Court]]
[[Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]

Om Prakash Dhankar

2026-04-20T06:42:18Z

Svetlananhr: adding a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{COI|date=September 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Om Prakash Dhankar
| image = The Agriculture Minister, Haryana, Shri O.P. Dhankar calls on the Union Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers, Shri Ananthkumar, in New Delhi on January 13, 2015 (cropped).jpg
| office = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Haryana]]
| predecessor = [[Subhash Barala]]
| successor = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| term = 19 July 2020 – 28 October 2023
| office1 = [[Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Haryana]]
| term_start1 = 26 October 2014
| term_end1 = 27 October 2019
| 1blankname1 = {{centre|Ministry}}
| 1namedata1 = {{centre|'''Term'''}}
| 2blankname1 = Minister of Mines & Geology
| 2namedata1 = 22 July 2016 – 27 October 2019
| 3blankname1 = Minister of Water Resources
| 3namedata1 = 26 October 2014 – 22 July 2016
| 4blankname1 = Minister of Agriculture Minister of Rural Development Minister of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries
| 4namedata1 = 26 October 2014 – 27 October 2019
| office2 = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2014
| term_end2 = 2019
| constituency2 = [[Badli (Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badli]]
| predecessor2 = Naresh Kumar
| successor2 = [[Kuldeep Vats]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|8|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jhajjar district|Dhakla]], [[East Punjab|Punjab]], [[India]] (now in [[Haryana]], [[India]])
| alma_mater = [[Maharishi Dayanand University]]
| occupation = [[Academic staff|Academic]], [[Social Activist]], [[Politician]]
| profession =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| children = Aditya, Ashutosh
| successor1 =
| signature =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|https://www.bjpharyana.org/}}
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Om Prakash Dhankar''' also known as '''O. P. Dhankar''' (born 1 August 1961), is an Indian politician and social activist, belonging to the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and formerly is the President of Bhartiya Janata Party, Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana BJP, Haryana BJP New Office Bearers List,, Haryana BJP organization |url=https://www.bjpharyana.org/index.php |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=BJP Haryana}}</ref> He was a [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]] [[Minister (government)|Minister]] in the BJP run [[Government of Haryana]] till 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2014 |title=Well-literate MLAs with modest financial backgrounds inducted into Khattar's Cabinet |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/well-literate-mlas-with-modest-financial-backgrounds-inducted-in-manohar-lal-khattars-cabinet/}}</ref>

He is the national coordinator for the [[Narendra Modi]]’s dream project- ''[[Statue of Unity]]'' Iron Collection Corporation Committee. O P Dhankar has been elected twice as BJP Kisan Morcha President (2011-2013), (2013-2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kisanmorcha.bjp.org/Press%20Release/MSP%20ENG.pdf|title=Meagre increase in support prices of Kharif crops unfortunate – Kisan Morcha |date=10 June 2011|publisher=|work=BJP Kisan Morcha|accessdate=1 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006152843/http://kisanmorcha.bjp.org/Press%20Release/MSP%20ENG.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =National Executive: Kisan Morcha BJP|work=Bharatiya Janata Party Press Release|year=2013| url = http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8749:list-of-bjp-kisan-morcha-working-committee-2013-&catid=68:press-releases&Itemid=494 | accessdate = 2014-10-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = BJP Kisan Morcha to hold two-day national executive meet |work=[[Zee News]] | url = http://zeenews.india.com/news/haryana/bjp-kisan-morcha-to-hold-two-day-national-executive-meet_937438.html |date=5 June 2014| accessdate = 2014-10-01 }}</ref>

==Early life and background==
O.P. Dhankhar was born in Village [[Dhakla, Jhajjar]] district in 1961 in the family of Ch. Vaid Mohabbat Singh and Smt Chhoto Devi. His grandfather Shri Raghuvir Singh worked as a Station Master for [[Indian Railways]]. The Philanthropic credentials of his family date back to his great grandfather who mobilized efforts to build the first school in his native village. Dhankhar received his elementary education from the village school before earning his Masters & M. Ed. from the [[Maharshi Dayanand University|Maharishi Dayanand University]], [[Rohtak]].

After his education, he served as a Geography Lecturer at [[Bhiwani]] for 11 years. As an academic, he published a book on analysis of education sector, with views on education reforms and issues concerning student lives.<ref>{{cite web | title = Om Prakash Dhankar biography
| publisher=BJPHaryana.org | url = https://www.bjpharyana.org/bjpharyanapresident.php }}</ref>

==Social work==
He has been associated with [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) since 1978 as a [[RSS swayamsevak|Swayamsevak]]. In his words, he was driven by a mission and zeal to work for social causes and issues affecting youth and thus he worked for [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP) from 1980 to 1996. He was part of various socio political movements and worked for youth affairs concerning systemic change in education sector. Later, he joined [[Swadeshi Jagaran Manch]] movement. To establish his credentials as a keen observer of life and dynamics of a civilized society, Mr. Dhankar delivered a rendition on Emotions Management.

Given the skewed [[sex ratio]] in Haryana and increasing instance of illegal trafficking of Bihari brides by Haryanavi males, O.P. Dhankhar advised a social solution and measured approach to resolve issues by developing bonds between Haryanvi and Bihari families through government intervention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/bjp-leader-op-dhankar-stokes-controversy-promises-bihari-wives-for-haryana-men_945483.html|title=BJP leader OP Dhankar stokes controversy, promises 'Bihari wives for Haryana men'|work=Zee News|accessdate=4 October 2014|date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/op-dhankar-bjp-leader-sexist-remark-bihar-bride-haryana-men-199458-2014-07-06|title=BJP leader OP Dhankar promises Haryana men brides from Bihar|publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref> This solution also courted controversy and there were opposing voices from Bihar leaders such as [[Lalu Yadav]] and [[Sharad Yadav]]. However, [[Sushil Modi]] supported O.P. Dhankhar on this issue.

==Political career==
His political association spans over 30 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana/dhankar-flays-nod-for-field-trials-of-gm-seeds/article1-1191361.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306015313/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana/dhankar-flays-nod-for-field-trials-of-gm-seeds/article1-1191361.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2014|title=Dhankar flays nod for field trials of GM seeds|work=hindustantimes.com/|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-mistake-or-plan-bjp-minister-om-prakash-accidentally-speech-at-congress-stage-4562015-NOR.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140921171211/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-mistake-or-plan-bjp-minister-om-prakash-accidentally-speech-at-congress-stage-4562015-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 September 2014|title=Mistake or plan BJP minister Om Prakash accidentally speech at Congress stage - daily.bhaskar.com|work=daily.bhaskar.com|accessdate=4 October 2014|date=27 March 2014}}</ref>

He has held key positions such as State General Secretary, State President, National Secretary, and National President in various BJP and its affiliate organizations. After eighteen years of association with RSS, in 1996 he joined BJP and performed duties as a national secretary during [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]] era. He was Pradesh Prabhari for [[Himachal Pradesh]] and greatly contributed to BJP government formation in the hilly state. he was also actively involved in publication of BJP Haryana official magazine ''[https://bhajpakibaat.org/ Bhajpa Ki Baat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117084014/https://www.bhajpakibaat.org/ |date=17 November 2021 }}'' in 2002.
<ref>{{cite web | title = Bhajpa Ki Baat is the official magazine of the Bharatiya Janata Party |work=BJPHaryana.org | url = https://www.bjpharyana.org/mag.htm/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021005125559/https://www.bjpharyana.org/mag.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 5 October 2002 |date=5 October 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Bhajpa Ki Baat First editorial team | publisher = Bjp.org | url = https://hr.bjp.org/en_us/bhajpa-ki-baat/ | access-date = 17 November 2021 | archive-date = 6 November 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231106230628/https://hr.bjp.org/en_us/bhajpa-ki-baat/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

He has held various [[padayatra]]s and cycle yatras to agitate and protest against meager compensation and arbitrary land acquisition for [[Special economic zone|Special Economic Zone]]. BJP Kisan Morcha has been demanding for implementation of recommendation of MS Swaminathan Commission, whereby 50% profit on input cost should be given to farmers. BJP had even promised in its election manifesto to implement Swaminathan Commission recommendation.

===National President of BJP’s Kisan Morcha===
Om Prakash Dhankhar got elected as National President of BJP’s Kisan Morcha twice in a row. As national president of BJP’s Kisan Morcha, OP Dhankhar worked<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/bjp-kisan-morcha-meeting-at-bahadurgarh-on-june-7-8/article1-1225022.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602071512/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/bjp-kisan-morcha-meeting-at-bahadurgarh-on-june-7-8/article1-1225022.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 June 2014|title=BJP Kisan Morcha meeting at Bahadurgarh on June 7, 8|work=hindustantimes.com/|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> & raised a range of issues namely Land Acquisition, Pesticide Management,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana/dhankar-flays-nod-for-field-trials-of-gm-seeds/article1-1191361.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306015313/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana/dhankar-flays-nod-for-field-trials-of-gm-seeds/article1-1191361.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2014|title=Dhankar flays nod for field trials of GM seeds|work=hindustantimes.com/|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> Farmer’s Suicide, Farming Reforms. Swaminathan Report Implementation etc. O.P. Dhankhar played a key role in bringing about a Land Acquisition Handbook which addresses issues of farmers and industry alike by allowing enough opportunity for industrial growth.

===National Coordinator of Sardar Patel ''[[Statue of Unity]]'', Iron Collection Corporation Committee===
O.P. Dhankhar is National Coordinator, ''[[Statue of Unity]]'', Iron Collection Corporation Committee.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/patel-statue-will-bring-farmers-into-national-agenda-bjp/article5455954.ece|title=Patel statue will bring farmers into national agenda: BJP|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=4 October 2014|date=13 December 2013|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Smriti Kak}}</ref> ''Statue of Unity'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statueofunity.in/|title=Statue of Unity - Presenting Tallest Statue of The World|publisher=Thehindu.com|accessdate=4 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091552/http://www.statueofunity.in/|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mr Narendra Modi’s dream project is touted to be the largest statue and an architectural marvel in the world. Iron and soil for the 182 metres tall statue of Sardar Patel, which will come up near the [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]] on the [[Narmada River]], is being collected from farmers from across the country, thus making iron collection drive for the ''Statue Of Unity'' a nationwide socio cultural movement. Shri Narendra Modi assigned Mr Dhankhar a key role as the National Co-ordinator, Statue Of Unity, Iron Collection Corporation Committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjp.org/en/media-resources/photo-gallery/2013/december/shri-mukhtar-abbas-naqvi-shri-om-prakash-dhankar-and-shri-shrikant-sharma-during-press-conference-at-11-ashok-road-new-delhi-on-nationwide-programme-run-for-unity-on-december-13-2013/shri-mukhtar-abbas-naqvi-shri-om-prakash-dhankar-and-shri-shrikant-sharma-during-press-conference-at-11-ashok-road-new-delhi-on-nationwide-programme-run-for-unity-on-december-13-2013-23755|title=Photo Gallery - Category: Shri Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi, Shri Om Prakash Dhankar and Shri Shrikant Sharma during press conference at 11, Ashok Road, New Delhi on nationwide programme 'Run for Unity' on December 13, 2013 - Image: Shri Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi, Shri Om Prakash Dhankar and Shri Shrikant Sharma during press conference at 11, Ashok Road, New Delhi on nationwide programme 'Run for Unity' on December 13, 2013|publisher=Bjp.org|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref>

===2014 Rohtak Lok Sabha Election: Lost===
In 2014, he contested from Rohtak Parliamentary constituency against the son of Chief Minister, Haryana, [[Deepender Singh Hooda]]. O.P. Dhankhar finished second with 319436 votes (31%) and the [[Indian National Lok Dal]] candidate finished a poor third.

During Jhajjar Lok Sabha rally in April, Shri Narendra Modi has reportedly called O.P. Dhankhar as his close confidant and dedicated political leader who has effortlessly worked for last 30 years.

===2014 Haryana Vidhan Sabha Election: Won===
He successfully contested as BJP’s candidate from badli constituency (by garnering 36.48% of total polled votes) in the [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]. Shri Om Prakash Dhankhar was a front runner<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/4-BJP-leaders-emerge-front-runners-for-chief-ministers-post-in-Haryana/articleshow/36359307.cms|title=4 BJP leaders emerge front-runners for chief minister's post in Haryana|work=The Times of India|date=10 June 2014 |accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> claimant for the leadership position in the eventuality of BJP forming a government in Haryana in 2014 Assembly Elections. He led one of the legs of the four Vijay Sankalp Yatras organized by BJP for 2014 Haryana Assembly Elections.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-09/news/52620674_1_haryana-bjp-ram-bilas-sharma-bjp-kisan-morcha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823184730/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-09/news/52620674_1_haryana-bjp-ram-bilas-sharma-bjp-kisan-morcha|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2014|title=BJP to begin Haryana election campaign from August 14|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abplive.in/india/2014/08/09/article377625.ece/BJP-to-begin-Haryana-election-campaign-Aug-14|title=BJP to begin Haryana election campaign Aug 14|work=english|accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref>

===2014: Cabinet Minister of Haryana===
The [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]] [[Minister (government)|Minister]] Om Prakash Dhankar has independent charge of the following 5 departments,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/well-literate-mlas-with-modest-financial-backgrounds-inducted-in-manohar-lal-khattars-cabinet/ |title = Well-literate MLAs with modest financial backgrounds inducted into Khattar's Cabinet|date = 27 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/haryanas-first-bjp-cm-manohar-lal-khattar-sworn-in/articleshow/44937943.cms |title = Haryana Assembly Polls 2014: Haryana's first BJP CM Manohar Lal Khattar sworn in|newspaper = The Economic Times|date = 26 October 2014}}</ref> which makes him 4th most influential in [[Government of Haryana]] after [[List of Chief Ministers of Haryana|Chief Minister of Haryana]] [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] who holds 18 departments, [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]] [[Minister (government)|Minister]] [[Abhimanyu Sindhu|Captain Abhimanyu Singh Sindhu]] who holds 13 departments and [[Cabinet Minister]] [[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]] who holds 9 departments.
* [[Department of Agriculture, Haryana]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023236/http://agriharyana.nic.in/ Official website]
* [[Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Haryana]], [http://pashudhanharyana.gov.in Official website]
* [[Department of Fisheries, Haryana]] [http://harfish.gov.in Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109102007/http://harfish.gov.in/ |date=9 November 2014 }}
* [[Department of Development & Panchayats, Haryana]], [http://haryanadp.gov.in Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218163122/http://haryanadp.gov.in/ |date=18 December 2014 }}
* [[Department of Irrigation, Haryana]] [http://hid.gov.in Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021230214/http://hid.gov.in/ |date=21 October 2014 }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.opdhankhar.in/ O P Dhankhar's official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003175920/http://opdhankhar.in/ |date=3 October 2014 }}
* [http://kisanmorcha.bjp.org/ BJP Kisan Morach, official website]
* [https://www.bjpharyana.org/ BJP Haryana, official website]

{{commons|left|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Haryana elections}}

{{Haryana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhankar, O. P.}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Jhajjar district]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members]]
[[Category:Asian agrarianists]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Haryana]]
[[Category:State presidents of Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of Haryana]]

Lal Ram Saran Singh

2026-04-13T06:56:46Z

Svetlananhr: started a bio w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Lal Ram Saran Singh''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Lāl Rām Śaran Singh}}) was an Indian [[diplomat]]. He was the India's Ambassador to [[Italy]] and at the same time India's High Commissioner to [[Malta]] during the 1960s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DdfMDQAAQBAJ|page=383|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1966-67: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|work=S. Steinberg|publisher=MACMILLAN&Co.LTD, London|year=1967|isbn=9780230270954}}</ref> He also served as Chief commissioner of the State of Pondicherry before its de jure transfer.{{refn|group=note|The State of Pondicherry comprised ex-French settlements of India after their de facto transfer in October 1954: Pondicherry, Karikal, Mahe and Yanam.}}<ref name="reference1960">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7We3DQAAQBAJ|page=197|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1960: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations|work=S. Steinberg|publisher=MACMILLAN&Co.LTD, London|year=1960|isbn=9780230270893}}</ref><ref name="ref2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ|title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature|work= G. C. Malhotra|page=977|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|year=2004|isbn=9788120004009}} </ref>

==Offices held==
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box | before= [[Moti Kripalani]] | title=''[[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Chief commissioner]]'' of State of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]] | after=Sisir Kumar Dutta|years=30 August 1958 – 8 February 1961}}
{{S-end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Notelist}}

[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Italy]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Brazil]]
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of Puducherry]]

[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
{{improve categories|date=July 2022}}

{{India-diplomat-stub}}

Sanjay Mitra (civil servant)

2026-04-12T00:39:27Z

Svetlananhr: Created the entry first draft

{{Short description|Indian civil servant (IAS officer) (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Mitra
| image = File:Sanjay Mitra, IAS (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mitra addressing a press conference in November 2016
| office = 38th [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] of India
| bodyclass =
| predecessor = [[G. Mohan Kumar]]
| successor = [[Ajay Kumar (civil servant)|Ajay Kumar]]
| term_start = 25 May 2017
| term_end = 23 August 2019
| office1 = Chairman of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=secretary-drdo.jsp | title=Dr G. Satheesh Reddy, Secretary, Department of Defence R&D and Chairman, DRDO | publisher=Defence Research & Development Organisation | accessdate=25 February 2019}}</ref> {{small|Acting}}
| predecessor1 = [[S Christopher]]
| term_start1 = 29 May 2018
| term_end1 = 25 August 2018<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/distinguished-aerospace-scientist-appointed-as-new-drdo-chairman/articleshow/65542288.cms|title=G. Satheesh Reddy appointed as new DRDO chairman|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=25 August 2018|last1=Gurung |first1=Shaurya Karanbir }}</ref>
| successor1 = [[G. Satheesh Reddy]]
| office3 = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[West Bengal]]
| predecessor3 = Samar Ghosh
| office2 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Road Transport and Highways Secretary]] of India
| predecessor2 = Vijay Chibber
| successor2 = [[Rajive Kumar]] {{small|(acting)}} [[Yudhvir Malik]]
| term_end2 = 10 May 2017
| term_start2 = 1 January 2016
| term_end3 = 27 December 2015
| term_start3 = 30 September 2012
| successor3 = Basudev Banerjee
| birth_name = Sanjay Mitra
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|05|06}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]) [[Delhi University]] ([[Master of Public Administration|MPA]])[[Harvard University]]
| profession = [[Civil servant]]
}}
'''Sanjay Mitra''' (born 6 May 1959) is a retired 1982 batch [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of [[West Bengal]] cadre. He served as [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] of India, and prior to that as [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Road Transport and Highways Secretary]], and the [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[West Bengal]]. Mitra also served—on an acting basis—as the chairperson of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] for a period of three months.

== Education ==
Mitra holds [[Bachelor of Science]] and [[Master of Science]] degrees in physics,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14370&PageId=|title=Sanjay Mitra - Executive Sheet|last=|first=|date=|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=162116|title=Sanjay Mitra Takes Over as the New Defence Secretary|last=|first=|date=25 May 2017|website=[[Press Information Bureau of India]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> a [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] degree in [[economics]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> and a [[Master of Public Administration]] in [[public administration]] from the [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] at [[Harvard University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

== Career ==
Mitra has served in various positions for both the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of West Bengal]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> such as the [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of West Bengal, [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] (Health and Family Welfare), chairman and managing director of the [[Grid Corporation of Odisha]], chairperson and managing director of the Orissa Thermal Power Corporation (on deputation to [[Odisha]] cadre), Resident Commissioner of West Bengal and as the [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] of the [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> and as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Union Road Transport Secretary]], [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|joint secretary]] in the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] and as a deputy secretary in the [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]] in the [[Government of India|Indian government]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

Mitra also served as a consultant to the [[United Nations Development Programme]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Chief Secretary of West Bengal ===
Mitra was appointed the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal]] by the [[List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal]] in September 2012.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/sanjay-mitra-bengal-s-new-chief-secretary-112100102011_1.html|title=Sanjay Mitra Bengal's new Chief Secretary|last=|first=|date=1 October 2012|website=[[Business Standard]]|publication-place=[[Kolkata]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2018|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/sanjay-mitra-is-new-bengal-chief-secretary/article12540592.ece|title=Sanjay Mitra is new Bengal Chief Secretary|last=|first=|date=1 October 2012|website=[[The Hindu]]|publication-place=[[Kolkata]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/west-bengal/sanjay-mitra-takes-over-as-bengals-new-chief-secretary_802904.html|title=Sanjay Mitra takes over as Bengal's new Chief Secretary|last=|first=|date=30 September 2012|website=[[Zee News]]|location=[[Kolkata]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> He assumed the office of the [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretary]] of the state on 30 September 2012 and demitted it on 27 December 2015, after being the state's top [[bureaucrat]] for three years.<ref name=":0" />

=== Road Transport and Highway Secretary ===
[[File:S. Mitra, IAS in a press conference with Nirmala Sitharaman.jpg|left|thumb|315x315px|Mitra (right) in a press conference with [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]], [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]]]
Mitra was appointed the [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Road Transport and Highways Secretary]] by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC) in December 2015,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/west-bengal-chief-secretary-sanjay-mitra-is-new-roads-secretary/articleshow/50358310.cms|title=West Bengal Chief Secretary Sanjay Mitra is new Roads Secretary|last=Sharma|first=Aman|date=29 December 2015|website=[[The Economic Times]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sanjay-mitra-is-new-secretary-of-road-transport-highways/story-Fs4tNjGtihTEe86YpyjHlL.html|title=Sanjay Mitra is new secretary of road transport, highways|last=|first=|date=29 December 2015|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> he assumed the office on 1 January 2016 and demitted it on 10 May 2017.<ref name=":0" />

=== Defence Secretary ===
Mitra was appointed the [[Defence Secretary (India)|Union Defence Secretary]] by the ACC in May 2017,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/west-bengal-cadre-ias-officer-sanjay-mitra-to-be-next-defence-secretary/story-ER7EhaGB6DaPYXuTzdF1gP.html|title=West Bengal cadre IAS officer Sanjay Mitra to be next defence secretary|last=Ahuja|first=Rajesh|date=10 May 2017|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sanjay-mitra-appointed-as-new-defence-secretary-4650100/|title=Sanjay Mitra appointed as new Defense Secretary|last=|first=|date=10 May 2017|website=|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/reshuffling-in-the-cabinet-aruna-sundarajan-gets-telecom-sanjay-mitra-gets-defence/articleshow/58613439.cms|title=Central government departments get new secretaries, Sanjay Mitra gets Defence|last=|first=|date=11 May 2017|website=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> succeeding G. Mohan Kumar. Mitra served as an officer on special duty, in the rank of [[Secretary to the Government of India|secretary]], till Kumar's retirement, he formally took charge on 25 May 2017.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

Mitra retired on 23 August 2019, and was succeeded by [[Ajay Kumar (civil servant)|Ajay Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192758|title=ACC appointments|date=2019-08-21|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=SpokespersonMoD|number=1164874563630407680|title=Defence Secretary @drajaykumar_ias felicitating his predecessor Shri Sanjay Mitra at his farewell in New Delhi, today.|date=2019-08-23}}</ref>

=== Post Retirement ===
After retiring from the IAS, Mitra became a professor of practice at the School of Public Policy at [[IIT Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agrawal|first=Akash|date=May 1, 2021|title=Sanjay Mitra's Profile, School of Public Policy|url=https://spp.iitd.ac.in/profile-sanjay.php}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Sanjay Mitra (civil servant)|Sanjay Mitra}}
* {{URL|1=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14370&PageId=|2=Executive record sheet as maintained by the Department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitra, Sanjay}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Defence secretaries of India]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]
[[Category:District magistrate]]

Gopbhum

2026-04-10T15:03:21Z

Svetlananhr: Created a data

{{Short description|Region of West Bengal state in eastern India}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{MOS|date=September 2022}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=September 2022}}
}}
'''Gopbhum''' or '''Gopbhumi'''<ref>{{cite book|last=Chakrabarti|first=Subrata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It5tAAAAMAAJ&q=gopbhumi|title=Adaptation and Other Essays: Proceedings of the Archaeological Conference, 1988|date=1990|publisher=Research Publications, Visva-Bharati|language=en}}</ref> is a historical region of [[West Bengal]] state in [[East India|Eastern India]]. It included the area between the [[Ajay River|Ajay]] and [[Damodar River|Damodar]] rivers, which is present-day [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]], [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]], and also some parts of [[Birbhum District|Birbhum]], and [[Bankura district|Bankura]] districts of West Bengal.<ref name="O'Malley 1996">{{cite book|last=O'Malley|first=Lewis Sydney Steward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSc3AQAAMAAJ&q=gopbhum|title=Birbhum|date=1996|publisher=West Bengal District Gazetteers, Government of West Bengal|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Our Heritage">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2ZjAAAAMAAJ&q=gopbhum|title=Our Heritage|date=1987|publisher=Sanskrit College, Department of Postgraduate Training and Research.|language=bn}}</ref> English translation of the word 'Gopbhum' is 'The land of [[Gopa (caste)|Gopa]]'.
[[File:Map of Gopbhum.jpg|thumb|Map of Gopbhum{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}]]

{| class="infobox" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="width:250px; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="margin-left:inherit; background:pink; text-align:center; font-size:medium;"|Historical region of East India '''Gopbhum'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" | <div style="position:relative; margin:0; border-collapse:collapse; border=;"1" cellpadding="0"> </div>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''Location'''
| [[West Bengal]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''Established:'''
| 10th century
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''[[Language]]'''
| [[Sanskrit]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''[[Dynasty|Dynasties]]'''
| [[Sadgop]]s (Bengali Yadav)

|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''Historical [[Capital (political)|Capitals]]'''
| Dhekur, Valki, [[Amrargar]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''Separated Area'''
| [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]], [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|}

[[File:Another view of cluster of Temples at Amrargarh in Purba Bardhaman district.jpg|thumb|Five temples out of the ten at Amrargar - a pancha ratna, two sikhar deuls and two atchalas]]

Almost all the member of [[Sadgop]] caste say that their original name was Gop and their home was Gopbhum, the region between Ajay and [[Damodar River|Damodar river]].<ref name="O'Malley 1996"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Ray|first=Ratnalekha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJouAAAAMAAJ&q=gopbhum|title=Change in Bengal Agrarian Society, C1760-1850|date=1979|publisher=Manohar|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
According to [[Binoy Ghosh]], Gopbhum had two [[Sadgop]] kings – one ruled from [[Amrargar]] and other from Dhekur (Trisasthigar) near present-day [[Gourangapur]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Hitesranjan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezzuAAAAIAAJ&q=gopbhum|title=Social Mobility in Bengal|date=1981|publisher=Papyrus|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bengal (India)|first=West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJm3AAAAIAAJ&q=gopbhum|title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Barddhamān|date=1965|publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers|language=en}}</ref>

Abdul Halim on the instructions of Hussain Shah, he wrote a poem called 'Mrigavati' in 1436 Sak, i.e. 1514 AD. He published it with editing in 'Shardia Burdwan' newspaper. It contains some information about the location of Gopbhum along with many contemporary historical events.<ref>Shivshankar,''Gopbhumer Swarup Aithya o Sangskriti'', {{in lang|bn}} page 28-28, 1st published: December 8, 2000 Publisher:Sri Asim Kumar Mandal, 1K, Radhanath Mallick Lane, Kolkata-700012.</ref>

===Kingdom of Trisasthigarh===
Dhekur, also known as Trisasthigarh was capital of [[Gopa (caste)|Gopa]] King Ichhai Ghosh, He built temple of Goddess Bhavani there.<ref name="Our Heritage"/> A little prior to 1833, a copper edict issued by King Iswar Ghosh (popular as Ichhai Ghosh) was found at Ramganj in [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur district]]. As per the copper edict, Iswar Ghosh was son of Dhabal Ghosh, grandson of Bal Ghosh and great-grandson of Dhurta Ghosh.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sur|first1=Atul Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0HRAAAAMAAJ&q=Ichhai+Ghosh|title=History and Culture of Bengal|last2=Sur|first2=Atul Kumar|date=1963|publisher=Chuckervertti, Chatterjee|language=en}}</ref>

Father of Ichhai Ghosh, Som Ghosh (also known as Dhabal Ghosh) was one of the most powerful ruler of Gopbhum, he invaded Senbhum.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=G. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z6eBAAAAMAAJ&q=Lau+Sen |title=Legends of Origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India|date=2000 |publisher=Firma KLM |isbn=978-81-7102-046-1 |language=en}}</ref> Abhiram Sen of Senbhum was defeated and killed in the sudden attack by ruler of Gopbhum.<ref>{{cite book |last=Saha |first=Prabhat Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Gopbhum |title=Some Aspects of Malla Rule in Bishnupur, 1590-1806 A.D. |date=1995 |publisher=Ratnabali |language=en}}</ref>

Lau Sen of Moyna fought with King Ichhai Ghosh of Gopbhum. In this battle Ichhai Ghosh was defeated and part of Gopbhum was captured by Lau Sen.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Office |first1=West Bengal (India) Census|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wdbq3DthnGAC&q=Ichhai+Ghosh |title=District Handbooks |last2=Mitra |first2=Asok |date=1952 |publisher=S. N. Guha Ray |language=en}}</ref>

Ghanram, the poet of Dharmamangal, wrote that Ichai Ghosh was surrounded by mountains. Although there are no mountains nearby, the mountains are not far from here. The poet writes that Ichai settled by cutting the inaccessible deep forest. Gaurangpur and Shyamarupa still have to be built through deep forests and inaccessible vast forests. When we went, even the local common people did not want to accompany us out of fear. On reaching Gaurangpur, after adding water to the house of the Muslim community in the village, we set off to see Ishai Ghosh's Deul and Shyamarupa Garh. Then four or five men along with Mandal became our guide with axes. I have never entered such a deep forest in my life. Step by step, it seemed that it would not be possible to return by the way I was going. On the way, the village mandal was saying, while cutting wood, woodcutters make a path, then the path is covered again by the forest. There are no road signs anywhere. They were going by cutting branches and undergrowth with both hands to make a path, we were following them. In this way from Gaurangpur we reached Khamarupa after crossing about two or three miles of forest-path after seeing Ishai Ghosh's Deul.<ref>Benoy, Ghosh,''Paschimbanger Sangskriti'', page 218, {{in lang|bn}}, Book publisher: Nirmal Kumar Sarkar, 8/1B Shyamacharan de Street Kolkata 12.</ref>

===Kingdom of Valki or Amragarh===
Around the 14th century, King Mahindranath ruled part of Gopbhum from his fort at Amrargar or Amragarh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tourism : Burdwan District|url=http://bardhaman.gov.in/tourism/tourism.htm |access-date=2021-09-03 |website=bardhaman.gov.in}}</ref> The early remains of the foundation of the fort can still be seen today.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title=District Census Handbook, Series 20, Part XIIA |work=Page 126, Places of Historical Importance |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref>

According to [[Binoy Ghosh]], it is said that a [[Rishi]] named Bhallupada established a kingdom at Valki (a village also in Ausgram II CD block and near Amrargar) around 13th-14th century. He extended his kingdom over a large area.

It is surprising to think that a large volume of poetry was composed on the basis of Amara and was printed in Bengali 1319 by the Janmbhoomi Press. At the beginning of the book, the court poet of Gopbhum, Debendra Nath Catttopaddhay worships Shivakhaya Dev. There are many bravery stories of Raja Mahendra in this poem.<ref name=BenoyGhosh>Benoy, Ghosh,''Paschimbanger Sangskriti'', page 208, {{in lang|bn}}, Book publisher: Nirmal Kumar Sarkar, 8/1B Shyamacharan de Street Kolkata 12.</ref> Among the immortals, many kings have made dictionaries and brave kings and their brave warriors have sacrificed their lives to protect the country. There is also the genealogy of Raja Mahendra in this poem.<ref>Benoy, Ghosh,''Paschimbanger Sangskriti'', page 209, {{in lang|bn}}, Book publisher: Nirmal Kumar Sarkar, 8/1B Shyamacharan de Street Kolkata 12.</ref>

In 1035 A.D or 442 Bangabd King Raghav Singh established a Kingdom in Gopbhum region with its capital at Valki.<ref>Sarat, Chandra, Ghosh ,''Sadgop Tatwa'', part 1, {{in lang|bn}} page 104, Published by Sudhir Chandra Ghosh, Dadpur, Balagor, Hughli.</ref> A Yaduvanshi Kshatriya Bhupati of Ayodhya province encamped near a forest 4.5 miles from Mankar while going to Sastrika Purushottam. The queen was pregnant. At that time she went into labor and gave birth to a child in the camp. As the child appeared dead, they left him in the forest and departed. It is said that a bear protected the child till a sage, named Shivanand Swami saw a baby in a herd of bears and rescued him. He reformed the child accordingly and taught him the Vedas and archery. The forest was named after Vallupad after being brought up in Rikshakhavara. That is why Raghav Singh Vallupad named his capital Valki and forest was named Valki's forest.<ref>Sarat, Chandra, Ghosh,''Sadgop Tatwa'', part 1, {{in lang|bn}} page 209, Published by Sudhir Chandra Ghosh, Dadpur,Balagor,Hughli.</ref> Later his grandson Gopala and great-grandson Shatakruta expanded the boundaries of the kingdom. Shatakrut's son Mahendra Singh was the Unrivaled king of the region.<ref>Sarat, Chandra, Ghosh ,''Sadgop Tatwa'', part 1, {{in lang|bn}} page 98, Published by Sudhir Chandra Ghosh, Dadpur, Balagor, Hughli.</ref>
Mahendra Singh married the daughter of Kalidas Ghosh King of Nilpur named Amravati and [[Amrargar]]h was named after her.<ref>Sarat, Chandra, Ghosh ,''Sadgop Tatwa'', part 1, {{in lang|bn}} page 89, Published by Sudhir Chandra Ghosh, Dadpur, Balagor, Hughli.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bengal (India) |first=West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJm3AAAAIAAJ&q=amrargar+sadgop |title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Barddhamān |date=1965 |publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers |language=en}}</ref>

Mahendranath's kingdom is believed to have extended from [[Katwa]] to [[Panchet Hill|Panchakot]], in what is now mostly a part of [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] and [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]] districts to Bhagwangola to [[Jamtara]]. In the course of time, the Amrargar family branched out to Dignagar, Valki and Kanksa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Congress|first=Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhBDAAAAYAAJ&q=gopbhum|title=Proceedings|date=2001|publisher=Indian History Congress|language=en}}</ref>

At that time a dispute arose between Kadar Khan, the Governor of Lakhnauti and Bahram Khan, the Governor of Sonargaon. On this occasion Raja Mahendra Singh expanded his own territory. He defeated the king Jagat Singh of Khajurdihi by force of arms and sided him in his own side. After that he established his Kuldevi Shivakhya in his capital.<ref>Sarat, Chandra, Ghosh ,''Sadgop Tatwa'', part 1, {{in lang|bn}} page 183, Published by Sudhir Chandra Ghosh,Dadpur,Balagor,Hughli.</ref> Shivakhyar pujo is still performed today.

After the death of Fakhruddin Bahram Khan around 1338 Occupied Olayet-e-Sonargaon. He was the Shilahdar of Bahram Khan. In 1338-39 A.D Fakhruddin and Kadar Khan of Lakhnauti were fighting that is why it was not possible for them to conduct military operations in the Valki region. On this occasion Mahendra Singh made a lot of progress in this region. He repaired the ruined forts. He built Dugdheshwar Shiva Mandir, Shivaksha Mandir and dug huge dighi in the name of Rajmata Shaivya.<ref>Ray, Choudhury, Moksada, Prasad,''Sadgop Kulin Samhita'', {{in lang|bn}} page 19-23, 6th Form, N. Mitter, Burdwan Press. PRINTER K. C. DASS.METCALFE PRINTING WORKS, 34. Mechuabazar Street, Calcutta.</ref>

With the help of and Guru Sanyasi Shivram, King Mahendra defeated King Sudarshan Sen of Chandrapahari and other small kingdoms and spread his kingdom far and wide. The identity of Sudarshan Sen is not known. According to Sadagopa Kulji, he was of Sen descent (Sen Dynasty). He may also be a descendant of Keshab Sen.<ref name=MoksadaPrasadRayChoudhury>Ray, Choudhury, Moksada, Prasad, ''Sadgop Kulin Samhita'', {{in lang|bn}} page 24, 6th Form, N. Mitter, Burdwan Press.
PRINTER K. C. DASS. METCALFE PRINTING WORKS, 34. Mechuabazar Street, Calcutta.</ref>

He renovated many forts in this region like Talitgarh, Kotshimul Garh, Shaktigarh, Ramchandragarh (Bhatakul), Amarargarh, Senpahari Garh, Shyamarupa Garh, Narpal
Garh (Kamar Kita), Samudragarh, Panagarh, Rajgarh, Garh Sonadanga, Churulia Narottam Garh, Dihi Ser or Disergarh, Kalna Garh, Shankai Garh, Churulia Narottam Garh, Shankaiyer Garh etc.

Probably around 1343, a fakir was caught while doing charabritti in Kanksa area. Pratap Aditya
imprisoned him. As a result, Lakhnauti Governor [[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]] sent Shah Bahman Ghazi to
fight against Mahendra Singh. On behalf of Mahendra Singh, his son-in-law Pratap Aditya led
the army and won the battle. This victory encouraged many Hindu
kings.<ref name=JaggeswarChoudhury >Jaggeswar,''Bardhaman Itihas o Sangskriti'', {{in lang|bn}} page 578-79 ,1st published: November, 1991
publisher Grimati Anandamayi Chowdhury, 5A, Shantinagar Bye Lane, P. Bhadrakali (Uttarpara), Hooghly 712232.</ref>

After that Sikandar started sending expeditions to capture
Lakhnur and Saptagram. In 1363, General Syed Barman of Sikandar Shah fought with Mahindra Singha's forces at Jamtara in Jharkhand. Syed Barman tried to enter through
Chhotanagpur but Raja Mahendra Singh along with his son Yogendra singh faced the battlefield with huge army. Syed Burman was killed in the battle of Jamtara.<ref>Sarat, Chandra, Ghosh ,''Sadgop Tatwa'', part 1, {{in lang|bn}} page 184, Published by Sudhir Chandra Ghosh,Dadpur,Balagor,Hughli.</ref> During the lifetime of King Mahendra, Sikandar
Shah never tried to attack him again.

According to the poets of that area in that period, the rulers of Amrargar were great warriors.<ref name=binoyghosh>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', {{in lang|bn}}, part I, 1976 edition, pages 111-116, Prakash Bhaban</ref>

Raja of Amrargar held sway till around the 17th century, when they were defeated by the Rajas of Bardhaman.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ganguly|first=Indrani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeXZAAAAMAAJ&q=gopbhum|title=The Social History of a Bengal Town|date=1987|publisher=Himalaya Publishing House|language=en}}</ref>

==Decline==
In 1204, During the attack of Bakhtiar Khilji, the Sadgope King Kankasen Rai died in the Battlefield against Bakhtiar's commander Syed Bukhari, who was also killed in the battle. There is a tomb in Prayagpur named after Bukhari.

However, while the Sadagop kingdom of nearby [[Kanksa]] was destroyed by Syed Bukhari in the 13th century, the kingdom of Amarargarh survived till the 17th century.<ref name=ShambhuBhattacharya>Shambhu,''পশ্চিমবঙ্গের মন্দির'', {{in lang|bn}} page 229,1st published: April 2000, Publisher,Monon Prokashon: Brajgopal Maiti 30.Bidhan Sarani,Kolkata –700-900 006.</ref>

This region suffered a lot during the Maratha invasion. The last king Baidyanath Niyogi died while repelling the Maratha invasion.<ref name=ShivshankarGhosh>Shivshankar,''Gopbhumer Swarup Aithya o Sangskriti'', {{in lang|bn}} page 150,151,155,1st published: December 8, 2000 Publisher: Sri Asim Kumar Mandal, 1K, Radhanath Mallick Lane, Kolkata-700012.</ref><ref name=KaviGangaram>Gangaram,Kavi''Maharastra Puran'', Sahitya Parisad Patrika, part 13, {{in lang|bn}} page 225.</ref>

At one battle the kings of Shergarh or [[Sikharbhum]] and Gopbhum defeated Mohan Giri, the general of Bhaskar Pandit.<ref name=SaratchandraGhosh>Sarat, Chandra, Ghosh ,''Sadgop Tatwa'', part 1, {{in lang|bn}} page 229, Published by Sudhir Chandra Ghosh,Dadpur,Balagor,Hughli.</ref>
After that his brother Mahendranath was planning with the local kings to revolt against the Nawab then King Chitrasen Rai of Burdwan asked him to attack Gopbhum. This is how the kingdom of Gopbhum fell at 1744.<ref>Shivshankar,''Gopbhumer Swarup Aithya o Sangskriti'', {{in lang|bn}} page 155 ,1st published: December 8, 2000 Publisher: Sri Asim Kumar Mandal, 1K, Radhanath Mallick Lane, Kolkata-700012.</ref>
<ref name=DrAtulSur>Atul,Sur,''ATTHARO SHATAKER BANGLA O BANGALI'', {{in lang|bn}} page 18 ,1st Release: 14 April 1957 Sahityalok, 32/7 Bibhan Street, Kolkata 6.</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Temple of Ichai Ghosh.jpg|thumb|Ichhai Ghosher Deul at Gourangapur]]

[[Ichhai Ghosher Deul]] is located at Gourangapur. It is a brick-built temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASI, Kolkata Circle |url=http://www.asikolkata.in/barddhaman.aspx#Ichai}}</ref> Scholars date it around 16th-17th century and it was possibly erected by the descendants of Ichhai Ghosh, to perpetuate his memory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Experts |first=Disha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=na46EAAAQBAJ&q=Ichhai+Ghosh&pg=PA244 |title=(Free Sample) Blissful West Bengal General Knowledge for WBPSC, WBSSC & other Competitive Exam |date=2021-07-01 |publisher=Disha Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref name="binoyghosh"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – West Bengal « Archaeological Survey of India|url=https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=asi.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chakrabarti|first=Dilip K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLpAAAAAMAAJ&q=Ichhai+Ghosh|title=Archaeology of Eastern India, Chhotanagpur Plateau and West Bengal|date=1993|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|isbn=978-81-215-0601-4|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Gourangapur]]
*[[Kanksa]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Regions of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]

Vedh Bhavishyacha

2026-04-07T05:51:32Z

Svetlananhr:

{{Short description|2020 Indian Marathi language Astrological show}}
{{Notability|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Vedh Bhavishyacha.jpg
| image_size =
| company = [[Zee Studios]]
| last_aired = present
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|06|08|df=y}}
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 2130 
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons = 2
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer =
| country = India
| director =
| starring = Atulshashtri Bhagare
| genre = [[Astrology]]
| caption =
| location =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
}}

'''''Vedh Bhavishyacha''''' ({{translation|Predict the future}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] astrological television show which is running on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Vedh Bhavishyacha host Pandit Guruji Atul Shastri Bhagre to perform special Ganesh Pooja in the show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/vedh-bhavishyacha-host-pandit-guruji-atul-shastri-bhagre-to-perform-special-ganesh-pooja-in-the-show/articleshow/77678929.cms|access-date=2020-08-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Pandit Atulshastri Bhagare Guruji hosts this show. The show premiered its second season from 8 June 2020 airing daily. It is [[List of longest-running Indian television series|Zee Marathi's third longest running Indian television show]] in [[Marathi language]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=गणेशोत्सव २०२०: वेध भविष्याचा गणपती विशेष|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/spirituality/ganesh-chaturthi-2020-ved-bhavishyacha-ganpati-vishesh/531743|access-date=2020-08-20|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
An astrology expert predicts the future of the 12 zodiac signs on the basis of the positions of the planets and the stars. He also narrates and interprets the stories from ancient Hindu texts.<ref>{{Cite news|title=ZEE creates fresh content across TV, digital, live entertainment amidst lockdown|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/zee-creates-fresh-content-across-tv-digital-live-entertainment-amidst-lockdown/articleshow/75871670.cms|website=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]] 2013
!Category
!Recipient
!Ref.
|-
|Best Anchor Male
|Vijay Kelkar
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-zee-marathi-awards-2013-4407426-pho.html|title=सर्वोत्कृष्ट जोडीचा मान जान्हवी-श्रीला, मंजिरी ठरली सर्वोत्कृष्ट सून|access-date=2013-10-28|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/vedh-bhavishyacha/0-6-2842 ''Vedh Bhavishyacha''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Marathi Programmes}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]

Manmohan Samal

2026-04-04T11:20:52Z

Svetlananhr: started some post v1

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Image of Shri Manmohan Samal.png
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha |Odisha]]
| term_start = 3 April 2026
| predecessor = [[Mamata Mohanta]]
| office1 = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Odisha]]
| term_start1 = 24 March 2023 | 1blankname1 = National President
| 1namedata1 = [[JP Nadda]] [[Nitin Nabin]]
| predecessor1 = Samir Mohanty
| term_start2 = 1999
| term_end2 = 2004
| predecessor2 = [[Jual Oram]]
| successor2 = [[Jual Oram]]
| office3 = Minister of Revenue [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start3 = 18 May 2004
| term_end3 = 10 December 2008
| 1blankname3 = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| predecessor3 = [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
| successor3 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| office4 = Minister of Food Supplies & Consumer Welfare [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start4 = 18 May 2004
| term_end4 = 10 December 2008
| 1blankname4 = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata4 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| predecessor4 = [[Bed Prakash Agarwal]]
| successor4 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| office5 = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start5 = 2004
| term_end5 = 2009
| predecessor5 = Manas Ranjan Mallik
| successor5 = Rajendra Kumar Das
| constituency5 = [[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start6 = 4 April 2000
| term_end6 = 23 May 2004
| successor6 = [[Rudra Narayan Pany]]
| constituency6 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|Odisha]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1959|04|15}}
| birth_place = [[Bhadrak]], [[Odisha]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Pranati Samal|1994}}
| children = 1 son, 1 daughter
| father = Kambhupani Samal
| mother = Basant Kumari Samal
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]] [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]]
| profession = Politician
| source = https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=785
| website = https://manmohansamal.in/
}}

'''Manmohan Samal''' is an Indian politician currently serving as the President of [[BJP Odisha]] since 24-March-2023,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-24 |title=Ex-minister Manmohan Samal becomes Odisha BJP president |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/ex-minister-manmohan-samal-becomes-odisha-bjp-president/articleshow/98959863.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref> a post which he had earlier held from 1999 to 2004. He is also currently serving as a [[Rajya Sabha]] member from Odisha.<ref name="Pragativadi2026">{{cite web |last=Rout |first=Yajati |url=https://pragativadi.com/odisha-rajya-sabha-election-results-2026-bjp-wins-3-seats-including-independent-dilip-ray-bjds-santrupt-mishra-wins-amid-cross-voting/ |title=Odisha Rajya Sabha Election Results 2026: BJP Wins 3 Seats Including Independent Dilip Ray; BJD's Santrupt Mishra Wins Amid Cross-Voting |website=[[Pragativadi]] |date=16 March 2026 |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref>He had won [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency]] and was inducted as the Minister of Revenue, Food Supplies & Consumer Welfare.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajya Sabha Members from Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samal, Manmohan}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Odisha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Odisha]]

New Delhi–Howrah main line

2026-03-30T06:14:01Z

Svetlananhr: adding new details

{{Short description|Railway line connecting Delhi and Kolkata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = New Delhi–Howrah main line
| color = 800000
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = File:Lal Quila Express (Kolkata - Delhi) Route map.png
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Route map of Howrah–Delhi main line
| type =
| system = Electrified
| status = Operational
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]]
| start = {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Howrah}}
| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1866
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]], [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]], [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]], [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{plainlist|
* via [[Patna]]: {{cvt|1523|km|mi|0}}<ref name = "CAG - Report 22 of 2021">{{cite report |last= |first= |date=6 April 2022 |title=Report No.22 of 2021 - Compliance Audit on Union Government (Railways) for the year ended March 2020 |url=https://cag.gov.in/en/audit-report/details/116032 |work=[[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] |location= |publisher= |docket=No. 22 of 2021 |access-date=11 January 2026 |page=44 |quote=The total distance of HWH-NDLS is about 1445 Km via Gaya and 1523 Km via Patna. The route falls under the zonal jurisdiction of Eastern, East Central, North Central and Northern Railways.}}</ref>
* via [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]: {{cvt|1445|km|mi|0}}<ref name = "CAG - Report 22 of 2021" />
}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2/4
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV 50 Hz AC]] [[Overhead line|OHLE]] fully operational in 2002
| speed = up to {{cvt|130|km/h|round=5}}
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Howrah–Delhi main line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''New Delhi–Howrah main line''' is a railway line connecting [[Delhi]] and [[Kolkata]] cutting across northern India. The {{convert|1531|km|abbr=on|adj=on}} railway line was opened to traffic in 1866 with the introduction of the "1 Down/2 Up Mail" train.

==Sections==
The {{convert|1531|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} long '''Howrah-Delhi''' main line (trunk route) has been divided in 6 sections:
# [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord]]
# [[Bardhaman–Asansol section]]
# [[Asansol–Patna section]]
# [[Patna–Mughalsarai section]]
# [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction – Kanpur section|Mughalsarai–Kanpur section]]
# [[Kanpur–Delhi section]]

==History==
===The first 1 Down/2 Up Mail train===
Railway transportation was introduced in India within 30 years of its [[Stockton and Darlington Railway|maiden run]] in England. The Governor General [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] foresaw a tremendous potential for the speedy means of transport in securing British control over a vast country, not only in moving goods and people but also in the movement of the armed forces.

The [[East Indian Railway Company]] which was formed on 1 June 1845, completed its survey for a railway line from Kolkata, then called Calcutta, to Delhi via [[Mirzapur]] in 1846. The company initially became defunct on refusal of government guarantee, which was given in 1849. Thereafter, an agreement was signed between East Indian Railway Company and the East India Company, for the construction and operation of an "experimental" line between Kolkata and Rajmahal, which would later be extended to Delhi via Mirzapur. Construction began in 1851.

[[File:First Train of East Indian Railway-1854.jpg|thumb|left|350px|First train of the East Indian Railway, 1854]]

Howrah station was a tin shed and to reach it from Kolkata one had to cross the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] in a ferry. On 15 August 1854, the first passenger train in the eastern section was operated up to [[Hugli-Chuchura|Hooghly]], {{convert|39|km|abbr=on}} away. On 1 February 1855 the first train ran from Hooghly to [[Raniganj]], {{convert|195|km|abbr=on}} from Howrah.

The line was extended up to [[Rajmahal]] in October 1859, crossing [[Ajay River]] on the way. From Rajmahal, construction progressed rapidly, moving westward along the banks of the [[Ganges]], reaching [[Bhagalpur]] in 1861, [[Munger]] in February 1862, and opposite [[Varanasi]] (across the Ganges) in December 1862 and then on to Naini on the bank of the [[Yamuna]]. The work included EIR's first tunnel at [[Jamalpur, Munger|Jamalpur]] and first major [[Koilwar Bridge|bridge]] across the [[Son River]] at [[Arrah]].

During 1863–64, work progressed rapidly on the [[Prayagraj]]–[[Kanpur]]–[[Tundla]] and [[Aligarh]]–[[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]] sections. The Yamuna bridge near Delhi was completed in 1864 and EIR established the Delhi terminus. On 1 August 1864, coaches were ferried across the Yamuna at Allahabad to allow the first through train to travel from Kolkata to Delhi. The Yamuna bridge at Allahabad opened on 15 August 1865 and in 1866 Kolkata and Delhi were directly linked. The ''1 Down/2 Up Mail train'', predecessor of the [[Kalka Mail]], started running.

===The "shorter main line"===
With the completion of the {{convert|406|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=mid|-long}} line connecting Raniganj with Kiul in 1871, a "shorter main line" was in position. Initially, it was called the '''Chord Line'''. However, as it attracted more traffic it was designated the main line and the original line became the [[Sahibganj loop]].

On 6 December 1906, the [[Grand Chord]] line from [[Sitarampur]] to [[Mughalsarai]] via [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], which shortened further the Kolkata–New Delhi distance, was inaugurated by the [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Earl of Minto]], the Viceroy and Governor-General of India. It was thrown open to traffic in 1906. The total Howrah–New Delhi distance, via [[Grand Chord]] is {{convert|1448|km|abbr=on}}, as against {{convert|1532|km|abbr=on}} of the Main line,<ref name=india9>{{cite web |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Howrah-New-Delhi-Rajdhani-Express-51279.htm |title=Howrah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express |publisher=india9 |access-date=2011-11-12}}</ref> and {{convert|1686|km|mi|abbr=on}} via [[Sahibganj loop]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html |title=The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian |publisher=railindia |access-date=2011-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015721/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html |archive-date=16 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===New buildings===
A [[Howrah Bridge#Pontoon bridge|pontoon bridge]] was built across the [[Hooghly River]] in 1874 to provide easy access to Howrah Station.

EIR constructed the Delhi Junction building in 1903. It then had 12 broad-gauge and 3 metre-gauge platforms. Howrah terminus was rebuilt as the largest railway station in India in 1905.

===Reorganisation===
On 1 January 1925 the British Indian Government took over the management of the East Indian Railway<ref>Rao, M.A. (1988). ''Indian Railways'', New Delhi: National Book Trust, p.35</ref> and divided it into six divisions: [[Howrah]], [[Asansol]], [[Danapur]], [[Allahabad]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Moradabad]].

On 14 April 1952, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the Prime Minister of India, inaugurated two new zones of the first six zones of the [[Indian Railways]]. One of them, the [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]] had the three "up-stream" divisions of East Indian Railway: Allahabad, Lucknow and Moradabad, while the other, the [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]] had the three "down-stream" divisions: Howrah, Asansol and Danapur and the complete [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]].<ref>Rao, M.A. (1988). ''Indian Railways'', New Delhi: National Book Trust, pp.42–43</ref> Eastern Railway also had the Sealdah division, which it had acquired from the truncated Assam Bengal Railway at the time of partition.

[[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] was carved out of Eastern Railway on 1 August 1955. [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]] was created on 1 October 2002 with separation of three divisions{{spaced ndash}}Dhanbad, Mughalsarai and Danapur{{spaced ndash}}of Eastern Railway.

==Electrification==
Except for the Sitarampur–Gaya–Mughalsarai sector called [[Grand Chord]] and the Howrah–Bardhaman sector, the [[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line]] shares the rest of the track with Howrah–Delhi main line. The Howrah–Gaya–Delhi route was the first trunk route in India to be completely electrified (AC traction).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html |title=IR History:Part V (1970–95) |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> As a result, most of the Howrah–Delhi main line was electrified earlier than the Sitarampur–Patna–Mughalsarai sector.

Around 1957–58 the [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]] was electrified with 3 kV DC traction for Suburban services, which was later converted to 25 kV AC traction, around 1968–69.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://irfca.org/faq/faq-elec.html |title=Electric Traction – I |work=History of Electrification |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref> The Bardhaman–Waria sector was electrified in 1964–1966, Waria–Sitarampur sector in 1960–61, the Asansol–Patna sector during the period 1994–95 to 2000–2001, the Patna–Mughalsarai sector in 1999–2002, Mughalsarai–Kanpur sector during the period 1964–65 to 1968–69, and Kanpur–Delhi sector between 1968–69 and 1976–77.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html |title=History of Electrification |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref>

==Speed limits==
The Howrah–Delhi main line is planned to be upgraded as Group 'A' line where trains can operate up to {{convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=5 August 2019 |title=Increasing the Speed to 160 kmph on existing New Delhi - Howrah Route (including Kanpur - Lucknow) has been approved by the Government |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1581392&reg=3&lang=2 |website= |location= |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau|PIB]] |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref> The Howrah–Bandel–Bardhaman sector and the Sitarampur–Patna–Mughalsarai sector is classified as 'B' class line where trains can run up to {{convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-pway.html |title=Permanent Way |work=IRFCA |access-date=15 January 2012}}</ref>

The New Delhi-Howrah Rajdhani Express (via Patna) is the fastest train of this route (and is one of the fastest Rajdhani train of India) to cover a distance of 1531 Km in just 19 hours and 25 minutes, while New Delhi-Rajendranagar Terminal (Patna) Tejas Rajdhani Express is one of the fastest train on this route as it covers this journey in 11 hours 30 minutes. Some of the other fast trains such as [[Poorva Express]] take around twenty-three hours. Some of the slower trains such as Toofan Express and Lal Quila, with more frequent stoppages, take around thirty hours.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiamike.com/india/indian-railways-f10/train-from-delhi-to-howrah-calcutta-t21355/ |title=Train from Delhi to Howrah (Calcutta) |publisher=India Mike.com| access-date=2011-11-12}}</ref>

=== Some important trains on the route ===
* [[Howrah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express (via Patna)]]
* [[Poorva Express]]
* [[Rajendra Nagar-New Delhi Tejas Rajdhani Express]] [Patna Rajdhani]
* [[Sampoorna Kranti Express]]
* [[Howrah–New Delhi Duronto Express]]
* [[Howrah-Amritsar Express]]

{{see also | High-speed rail in India | Duronto Express}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah-Delhi main line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Main railway lines of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]

Marathi people

2026-03-24T21:08:33Z

Svetlananhr: rework section as per guidelines and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group}}
{{Redirect|Maratha}}
{{Redirect|Maharashtrian people||Maharashtrian (disambiguation){{!}}Maharashtrian}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Marathi people
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = [[File:Marathi wedding rituals.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Marathi bride and groom during Kaan-pilni ceremony
| population = '''{{circa|83 million}}'''<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{e22|mar}}</ref>
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 = 82,801,140 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])
| ref1 = <ref name="Census 2011">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|title=Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011|access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201042328/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2022}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flag|United States}}
| pop2 = 127,630<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/library/data/tables/2008/demo/language-use/2009-2013-acs-lang-tables-nation.xls|title=US Census Bureau American Community Survey (2009–2013) |quote=See Row #63 |website=Census.gov|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref>
| region3 = {{flag|Israel}}
| pop3 = 60,000 ([[Bene Israel]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Bene Israel of Mumbai, India |url=https://www.bh.org.il/bene-israel-mumbai-india/ |website=Beit Hatfutsot |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref>
| region4 = {{flag|Mauritius}}
| pop4 = 25,200
| region5 = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop5 = 13,055<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/census-shows-indian-population-and-languages-have-exponentially-grown-in-australia |title=Marathi people in Australia}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop6 = 9,755<ref>{{cite web|title=Total – Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=3|website=Census Profile, 2016 Census|date = 8 February 2017|publisher=Statistics Canada Statistique Canada|access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref>
| region7 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| pop7 = 500<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desai |first=Shweta |date=22 October 2015 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-create-problems-when-we-live-in-peace-marathi-speaking-community-from-karachi-to-shiv-sena-2137208 |title=Why create problems when we live in peace: Marathi-speaking community from Karachi to Shiv Sena |work=DNA India |access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref>
| langs = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| religions = '''Majority''': [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Marathi Hindus|Hinduism]] '''Minority''': {{hlist| [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Marathi Muslims|Islam]] [[File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg|18px]] [[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]] |[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Marathi Christians|Christianity]] |[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|12px]] [[Marathi Jains|Jainism]] | [[File:Star of David.svg|18px]] [[Bene Israel|Judaism]]}}
| related_groups = Other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
}}
The '''Marathi people''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|t|i}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> [[Marathi language|Marathi]]: {{lang|mr|मराठी लोक}}, ''Marāṭhī lōk'') or '''Marathis''' (Marathi: मराठी, ''Marāṭhī'') are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] who are native to [[Maharashtra]] in [[western India]]. They natively speak [[Marathi language|Marathi]], an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]]. Maharashtra was formed as a Marathi-speaking state of [[India]] on 1 May 1960, as part of a nationwide linguistic reorganisation of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]]. The term "Maratha" is generally used by historians to refer to all Marathi-speaking peoples, irrespective of their [[Caste system in India|caste]];<ref name="O'Hanlon2002">{{cite book|author=Rosalind O'Hanlon|title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMrsTj1NeYC|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52308-0|page=17}}</ref> However, it may refer to a Maharashtrian caste known as the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] which also includes farmer sub castes like the [[Kunbi]]s.<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/363851/Maratha |title=Maratha (people) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=12 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Phadke |first1=Manasi |date=6 November 2023 |title=Related communities with agrarian roots — why Marathas are claiming to be Kunbis amid quota stir |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/related-communities-with-agrarian-roots-why-marathas-are-claiming-to-be-kunbis-amid-quota-stir/1833394/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Patil |first1=Abhijeet |date=1 November 2023 |title=Researcher says 1881 survey recorded Marathas as Kunbis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/researcher-says-1881-survey-recorded-marathas-as-kunbis/articleshow/104874459.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>

The Marathi community came into political prominence in the 17th century, when the [[Maratha Empire]] was established by [[Shivaji]] in 1674.<ref name="pearson">{{cite journal |first = M. N.|last = Pearson|title = Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire|journal = The Journal of Asian Studies|volume = 35|issue = 2|pages = 221–235|date = February 1976|jstor = 2053980|doi=10.2307/2053980| s2cid=162482005 }}</ref><ref name="Delhi, the Capital of India">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28|title=Delhi, the Capital of India|first=John|last=Capper|date=2017|publisher=Asian Educational Services|access-date=11 August 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=978-8120612822}}</ref><ref name="Sen 2017">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA1941-IA82|title=An Advanced History of Modern India|first=Sailendra Nath|last=Sen|date=2017|publisher=Macmillan India|access-date=11 August 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0230328853}}</ref>

==Etymology==
According to [[R. G. Bhandarkar]], the term Maratha is derived from Rattas, a tribe which held political supremacy in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] from the remotest time. The Rattas called themselves ''Maha Rattas'' or Great Rattas, and thus the country in which they lived came to be called [[Maharashtra]], the Sanskrit of which is Maha-rashtra.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Peoples of India |date=2017 |publisher=CUP Archive |pages=53 |language=en}}</ref> In the [[Harivamsa]], the [[Yadava|Yadava kingdom]] called [[Anarta Kingdom|Anaratta]] is described as mostly inhabited by the [[Abhira people|Abhiras]] (Abhira-praya-manusyam). The [[Anarta Kingdom|Anartta country]] and its inhabitants were called [[Saurashtra (region)|Surastra]] and the [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurastras]], probably after the Rattas (Rastras) akin to the Rastrikas of Asoka's rock Edicts, now known as [[Maharashtra]] and the Marathas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahadur) |first=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai |title=Man in India |date=1974 |publisher=A.K. Bose |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
===Ancient to medieval period===
During the ancient period, around 230 BC, [[Maharashtra]] came under the rule of the [[Satavahana dynasty]], which ruled the region for 400 years.<ref name="autogenerated440">India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic: p. 440</ref> The [[Vakataka dynasty]] then ruled Maharashtra from the 3rd century to the 5th century AD,<ref>History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. by Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann p. 392</ref> and the [[Chalukya dynasty]] from the 6th century to the 8th century. The two prominent rulers were [[Pulakeshin II]], who defeated the Kannauj Emperor [[Harsha|Harsh]], and [[Vikramaditya II]], who defeated Arab invaders (Umayyad Caliphate) in the 8th century. The [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] ruled Maharashtra from the 8th to the 10th century.<ref>Indian History, p. B-57</ref> The Persian merchant and traveller, [[Sulaiman al-Tajir]], who wrote of his many voyages to India and China in the {{nobr|mid-9th century}}{{nbsp}}CE, called the ruler of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, [[Amoghavarsha]], "one of the four great kings of the world".<ref name="autogenerated203">''A Comprehensive History Of Ancient India'' (3 Vol. Set): p. 203</ref>

From the early 11th century to the 12th century, the [[Deccan Plateau]] was dominated by the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] and the [[Chola dynasty]].<ref name="autogenerated365">''The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300'' by [[Romila Thapar]]: pp. 365–366</ref>

The [[Yadava dynasty]] of [[Deogiri]], ruled Maharashtra from the 13th century to the 14th century.<ref>''People of India: Maharashtra'', Part 1 by B. V. Bhanu p. 6</ref> The Yadavas were defeated by the Khaljis in 1321. After the defeat of Yadavas, the area was ruled for the next 300 years by a succession of Muslim rulers including (in chronological order): the [[Khalji dynasty|Khaljis]], the [[Tughlaq]]s, and the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and its successor states called the [[Deccan sultanates]], such as [[Adilshahi]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Nizamshahi]], and the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBahamanis.htm|title=Kingdoms of South Asia – Indian Bahamani Sultanate|publisher=The History Files, United Kingdom|access-date=12 September 2014}}</ref>

The early period of Islamic rule saw the imposition of a [[Jaziya]] tax on non-Muslims, temple destruction and forcible conversions.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Paranjape|first1=Makarand|title=Cultural Politics in Modern India: Postcolonial prospects, colourful cosmopolitanism, global proximities|date=2016|publisher=Routledge India|isbn=978-1138956926|pages=34, 35}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Haidar|first1=Navina Najat|last2=Sardar|first2=Marika|title=Sultans of the South: Arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323–1687|date=2011|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-0300175875|page=186}}</ref> However, the mainly Hindu population and their Islamic rulers came to an accommodation over time. For most of this period [[Brahmin]]s were in charge of accounts, whereas revenue collection was in the hands of [[Maratha]]s who held [[Vatandar|watans]] (hereditary rights) of [[Patil (title)|Patil]]ki (revenue collection at village level), and [[Deshmukh]]i (revenue collection over a larger area). A number of families such as [[Bhosale]], [[Shirke]], Ghorpade, [[Jadhav]], [[Jaoli State|More]], [[Mahadik]], [[Kagal|Ghatge]], Gharge and [[Nimbalkar]] loyally served different sultans at different periods of time. All [[vatandar|watandar]] considered their watan a source of economic power and pride and were reluctant to part with it. The watandars were the first to oppose Shivaji because it hurt their economic interests.<ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal|last1=Kulkarni|first1=G.T.|title=DECCAN (MAHARASHTRA) UNDER THE MUSLIM RULERS FROM KHALJIS TO SHIVAJI: A STUDY IN INTERACTION, PROFESSOR S.M KATRE Felicitation|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|date=1992|volume=51/52|pages=501–510|jstor=42930434}}</ref> Since most of the population was Hindu and spoke Marathi, even the sultans such as [[Ibrahim Adil Shah I]] adopted Marathi as the court language for administration and record-keeping.<ref name="jstor.org"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=Stewart|title=Cambridge History of India: The Marathas 1600–1818|date=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|page=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&q=marathi++nizamshahi+stewart+gordon&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kamat|first1=Jyotsna|title=The Adil Shahi Kingdom (1510 CE to 1686 CE)|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/bijapur/adilshahis.htm|website=Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref>

Islamic rule also led to Persian vocabulary entering the Marathi language. Per Kulkarni, for the elites of the era using Persian words was a status symbol. Surnames derived from service during that period such as Fadnis, [[Chitnis]], Mirasdar, etc. are still in use today.<ref name="jstor.org"/>

Most of the Marathi [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] poet saints, who worshipped [[Vithoba|Vitthal]], belonged to the period between late Yadava and the late Islamic era. These include [[Dnyaneshwar]], [[Namdev]], [[Eknath]], [[Bahinabai]] and [[Tukaram]].<ref name="GaneshThakkar2005">{{cite book|author1=Kamala Ganesh|author2=Usha Thakkar|title=Culture and the Making of Identity in Contemporary India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_mHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA164|date=2005|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0354-7|pages=164–173}}</ref> Other important religious figures of this era were [[Narsimha Saraswati]], and [[Mahanubhava]] sect founder [[Chakradhar Swami]]. [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] saints like [[:mr:मन्मथ स्वामी|Manmath swami]], and Sant [[Narahari Sonar]]. All of them used the [[Marathi language]] rather than [[Sanskrit]] for their devotional and philosophical compositions.

The decline of Islamic rule in Deccan started when [[Shivaji]] (1630–1680) founded the [[Maratha Kingdom]] by annexing a portion of the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur Sultanate]]. Shivaji later led rebellions against Mughal rule, thus becoming a symbol of Hindu resistance and self-rule. The Marathas contributed greatly to weakening imperial Mughal rule and went on to rule over a large realm stretching from [[Gwalior]] to [[Cuttack]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chary|first1=Manish Telikicherla|title=India: Nation on the Move: An Overview of India's People, Culture, History, Economy, IT Industry, & More|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1440116353|pages=96–98|year=2009}}</ref>

===Early modern period (1650–1818)===
====Political history====
In the mid-17th century, [[Shivaji]] founded the [[Maratha Kingdom]] by conquering the [[Desh, Maharashtra|Desh]] and the [[Konkan]] regions from Bijapur kingdom, and established ''[[Hindavi Swarajya|Hindavi Swaraj]]'' ("self-rule of Hindu people").<ref name="9780754639503p38">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxvDNBc4qwUC&pg=PA38|title=Vijayanagara voices: exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature|last=Jackson|first=William Joseph|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|year=2005|isbn=978-0754639503|page=38}}</ref> The Marathas are credited to a large extent with weakening Mughal rule in India.<ref name="pearson2">{{cite journal |first=M. N.|last=Pearson|title=Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=35|issue=2|pages=221–235|date=February 1976|jstor=2053980|doi=10.2307/2053980|s2cid=162482005 }}</ref><ref name="Delhi, the Capital of India"/><ref name="Sen 2017"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/444417/is-the-pakistan-army-martial/|title=Is the Pakistan army martial?|date=29 September 2012|work=The Express Tribune}}</ref> After Shivaji's death, the [[Mughals]] invaded the Deccan in 1681. Shivaji's son [[Sambhaji]], also his successor as [[Chhatrapati]], led the Marathas against the much stronger Mughal opponent, but in 1689, after being betrayed, Sambhaji was captured, tortured and killed by the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>''Sambhaji'' – Patil, Vishwas, Mehta Publishing House, Pune, 2006</ref> The war against the Mughals was then led by Sambhaji's younger brother and successor [[Rajaram I]]. Upon Rajaram's death in 1700, his widow [[Tarabai]] became the regent of her infant son and took command of Maratha forces. In 1707, upon the death of Aurangzeb, the Deccan wars came to an end after Shahu, son of Sambhaji who had grown up under Mughal captivity was released, and quickly reclaimed the Maratha throne. Shahu and Tarabai briefly fought a succession battle with Shahu eventually prevailing. Shahu formally recognised Mughal suzerainty in return for tax collection rights over six Deccan provinces, and the release of his mother from Mughal captivity.<ref name="Tarabai">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eh1BAAAAMAAJ&q=rajaram+became+chhatrapati|title=Maharani Tarabai of Kolhapur, c. 1675–1761 A.D.|first=Śālinī|last=Pāṭīla|date=1987|publisher=S. Chand & Co.|access-date=11 August 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=978-8121902694}}</ref><ref>Mehta, J. L. (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=d1wUgKKzawoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=mehta+advanced+history&ots=HOSZj4diWj&sig=8dda4j6ZbPKpCct1kKMBmTLI3dU#v=onepage&q=yesubai%201719&f=false|page=81</ref>

[[File:India1760 1905.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Territory under Maratha control in 1760 (yellow), with its vassals]]
[[Shahu I]], the grandson of Shivaji, with the help of capable Maratha administrators and generals such as the [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Vishwanath]] and his descendants, saw the greatest expansion of the Maratha power. After Shahu's death in 1749, the [[Peshwa]] Nanasaheb and his successors became the virtual rulers of the Maratha Confederacy. The Maratha Confederacy was expanded by many Marathi chieftains including Peshwa [[Bajirao I|Bajirao Ballal I]] and his descendants, the [[Scindia|Shindes]], [[Gaekwad]], [[Pawar]], [[Bhonsle (clan)|Bhonsale]] of Nagpur, and the [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]s. The Confederacy at its peak stretched from northern Karnataka in the south to [[Peshawar]] (modern-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) briefly during the Maratha–Afghan War<ref name="XWiACEwPR8C p.162">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PR22|title=An Advanced History of Modern India|first=Sailendra Nath|last=Sen|date= 2017|publisher=Macmillan India|access-date=11 August 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0230328853}}</ref> in the north, and to Orissa in the east.<ref name="pearson2" /><ref name="andamanonline.in">[http://www.andamanonline.in/about/Profile/History/index.html Andaman & Nicobar Origin | Andaman & Nicobar Island History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215163141/http://www.andamanonline.in/about/Profile/History/index.html |date=15 December 2014 }}. Andamanonline.in.</ref> However, after the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in 1761, in which the Marathas were defeated by the Afghans under [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]], the Maratha power was greatly diminished. Due to the efforts of [[Mahadji Shinde]], it remained a confederacy until the [[British East India Company]] defeated Peshwa [[Bajirao II]]. Nevertheless, several Maratha states remained as [[vassals]] of the British until 1947 when they acceded to the [[Dominion of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/selectionsfromp01metcgoog/selectionsfromp01metcgoog_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "Selections from the papers of Lord Metcalfe; late governor-general of India, governor of Jamaica, and governor-general of Canada"|work=archive.org|year=1855 }}</ref>

[[File:Poonah - British Library X123(13).jpg|thumb|right|A watercolor painting of Pune from the late Peshwa era as seen from the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers, by British artist [[Henry Salt (Egyptologist)|Henry Salt]]. The picture clearly shows the permanent features of the place and cremations. River confluences have been popular in Hinduism for cremations and also for ceremonial disposal of ashes]]
The Marathas also developed a potent coastal navy around the 1660s. At its peak under Maratha [[Koli People|Koli]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/as-nda-cadet-i-was-witness-to-vice-admiral-awatis-kindness/145378/|title=As NDA cadet, I was witness to Vice Admiral Awati's kindness|last=Lt Gen K. J.|first=Singh |website=ThePrint.In|date=5 November 2018|access-date=7 November 2018}}</ref> [[Admiral]] [[Kanhoji Angre]], the naval force dominated the territorial waters of the western coast of India from [[Mumbai]] to [[Savantwadi|Sawantwadi]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sridharan|first1=K|title=Sea: Our Saviour|publisher=New Age International (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-224-1245-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PiwJF7V4EQC&q=kanhoji+angre&pg=PA43|year=2000}}</ref> It would engage in attacking [[Company Rule in India|British]], [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]], [[Dutch India|Dutch]], and [[Siddi]] naval ships and kept a check on their naval ambitions. The [[Maratha Navy]] dominated until around the 1730s, but was in a state of decline by the 1770s, and ceased to exist entirely by 1818.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Yogesh|title=Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-00-9|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTTGWSme30YC&q=maratha+dhulap+navy&pg=PA66|year=2010}}</ref>

===Social history===
Before British rule, the Maharashtra region was divided into many revenue divisions. The medieval equivalent of a county or district was the [[pargana]]. The chief of the pargana was called [[Deshmukh]] and record keepers were called [[Deshpande]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=Stewart|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|date=1993|publisher=Cambridge University|location=New York|isbn=978-0521268837|pages=22, xiii|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&q=%22deshmukh%22+%22deshpande%22+sultanate+pargana&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi's Tiger and Sita's Smile: Essays on Gender, Sexuality, and Culture - Google Books">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN4nTmnlwsAC&q=deshpande+surname&pg=PA74 | title=Gandhi's Tiger and Sita's Smile: Essays on Gender, Sexuality, and Culture |via=Google Books | publisher=Yoda Press | author=Ruth Vanita | year=2005 | page=316 | isbn=978-8190227254}}</ref> The lowest administrative unit was the village. Village society in Marathi areas included the Patil or the head of the village, collector of revenue, and [[Kulkarni]], the village record-keeper. These were hereditary positions. The Patil usually came from the Maratha caste. The Kulkarni were usually from the Marathi Brahmin or [[CKP]] caste.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Deshpande|first1=Arvind M.|title=John Briggs in Maharashtra: A Study of District Administration Under Early British rule|date=1987|publisher=Mittal|location=Delhi|isbn=978-0836422504|pages=118–119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79sS_w_bOQYC&q=balutedar+maharashtra&pg=PP15}}</ref> The village also used to have twelve hereditary servants called the [[Bara Balutedar|Balutedar]]. The Balutedar system was supportive of the agriculture sector. Servants under this system provided services to the farmers and the economic system of the village. The base of this system was caste. The servants were responsible for tasks specific to their castes. There were twelve kinds of servants under Bara Balutedar: Joshi (village priest and astrologer from Brahmin caste),<ref>Kulkarni, A. R. “SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POSITION OF BRAHMINS IN MAHARASHTRA IN THE AGE OF Chhatrapati SHIVAJI.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 26, 1964, pp. 66–75. {{JSTOR|44140322}}. Accessed 15 June 2020.</ref> [[Sunar|Sonar]] (goldsmith from [[Daivadnya]] caste), Sutar (carpenter), [[Gurav]] (priest of [[Shiva]] temple), Nhawi (barber), Parit (washerman), [[Teli]] (oil pressers), Kumbhar (potter), Chambhar (cobbler), Dhor, Koli (fisherman or water carrier), Chougula (assistant to Patil), Mang (rope maker), and Mahar (village security).<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Kosambi |editor-first=Meera |last=Kulkarni |first=A. R. |chapter=The Mahar Watan: A Historical Perspective |title=Intersections: Socio-Cultural Trends in Maharashtra|date=2000|publisher=Sangam|location=London|isbn=978-0863118241|pages=121–140|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XU8dmAiaZSgC&pg=PA121|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref> In this list of Balutedar: Dhor, Mang, Mahar, and Chambhar belonged to the untouchable group of castes.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Anand |last1=Sugandhe |first2=Vinod |last2=Sen |title=Scheduled castes in Maharashtra: struggle and hurdles in their socio-economic development |journal=Journal of Indian Research |issn=2321-4155 |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=July–September 2015 |page=56 |url=http://mujournal.mewaruniversity.in/JIR%203-3/4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809044311/http://mujournal.mewaruniversity.in/JIR%203-3/4.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2017}}</ref>

In exchange for their services, the ''Balutedars'' were granted complex sets of hereditary rights (watan) to a share in the village harvest.<ref>Fukazawa, H., 1972. Rural Servants in the 18th Century Maharashtrian Village – Demiurgic or Jajmani System? Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 12(2), pp. 14–40.</ref>

===British colonial rule===
[[File:Mahatma Jotirao Phule.jpg|100px|thumb|right|[[Jotirao Phule|Mahatma Jyotirao Phule]], Social reformer]]
[[File:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg|100px|thumb|right|[[B. R. Ambedkar]], a polymath and Social reformer]]
[[File:Sayajirao Gaekwad III, Maharaja of Baroda, 1919.jpg|100px|right|thumb|[[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]], the Maratha Maharaja of Baroda]]
The British rule of more than a century in the present-day Maharashtra region saw huge changes for the Marathi people in every aspect of their lives. Areas that correspond to present-day Maharashtra were under direct or indirect British rule, first under the [[East India Trading Company]] and then under the [[British Raj]], from 1858. During this era Marathi people resided in the [[Bombay presidency]], [[Berar Province|Berar]], [[Central Provinces|Central provinces]], [[Hyderabad state]] and in various [[princely states]] that are currently part of present-day Maharashtra. The 1951 census of India had 4.5 million people in the erstwhile Hyderabad state who stated Marathi as their mother tongue.<ref name="Narayan1882">{{cite book|author=B. K. Narayan|title=Agricultural Development in Hyderabad State, 1900–1956: A Study in Economic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Av89AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1|year=1882|publisher=Keshav Prakashan|page=9}}</ref> Significant Marathi populations also resided in Maratha princely states far from Maharashtra such as [[Baroda State|Baroda]], [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], [[Indore State|Indore]], and [[Tanjore]].

The [[British Raj|British colonial period]] saw standardisation of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christian missionary [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]]. Carey also published the first dictionary of Marathi in [[Devanagari]] script. The most comprehensive Marathi-English dictionary was compiled by Captain [[James Thomas Molesworth]] and Major [[Thomas Candy]] in 1831. The book is still in print nearly two centuries after its publication.<ref>{{cite book |contributor=Narayan G Kalelkar |contribution=Preface to the reprint |author=James, Molesworth |others=Assisted by George and Thomas Candy |title=Molesworth's, Marathi-English dictionary |orig-year=1857 |edition=2nd corrected reprint |year=1975 |publisher=J.C. Furla, Shubhada Saraswat Prakashan |location=Pune |isbn=978-81-86411-57-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owHmI3qi_BIC&q=william+carey+printing++marathi+sharma+modi&pg=PP7}}</ref> Molesworth also worked on standardising Marathi. He used Brahmins of Pune for this task and adopted the Sanskrit-dominated dialect spoken by this caste in the city as the standard dialect for Marathi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chavan|first1=Dilip|title=Language politics under colonialism: caste, class and language pedagogy in western India|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge Scholars|location=Newcastle upon Tyne|isbn=978-1443842501|pages=136–184|edition=first|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuIxBwAAQBAJ&q=pune+standard+dialect&pg=PA148|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Deo |first1=Shripad D. |chapter=Twentieth-Century Marathi Literature |editor-last1=Natarajan|editor-first1=Nalini |title=Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India|date=1996|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=978-0313287787|page=212|edition=1. publ.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&q=pune+culture+theatre+movies&pg=PA207}}</ref> The introduction of printing, standardisation of Marathi, and establishment of modern schools and colleges during the early colonial era led to the spread of literacy and knowledge to many different sections of society such as women, the dalits and the cultivator classes.<ref name="Naregal2002">{{cite book|author=Veena Naregal|title=Language, Politics, Elites and the Public Sphere: Western India Under Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm7OD7aSq-4C&pg=PR8|year=2002|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-055-6|pages=155, 172, 182–183}}</ref>

The Marathi community played an important part in the social and religious reform movements, as well as the Indian nationalist movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Notable [[civil society]] bodies founded by Marathi leaders during the 19th century include the [[Poona Sarvajanik Sabha]], the [[Prarthana Samaj]], the Arya Mahila Samaj, and the [[Satya Shodhak Samaj]]. The Pune Sarvajanik Sabha took an active part in relief efforts during the famine of 1875–1876. It is considered the forerunner of the [[Indian National Congress]] established in 1885.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Gordon|title=Provincial Politics and Indian nationalism : Bombay and the Indian National Congress, 1880–1915|date=1973|publisher=Univ. Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521202596|page=92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kaZV5CdzsAC&q=poona+brahmin+maratha++congress&pg=PR6|access-date=20 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Roy|editor-first1=Ramashray|title=India's 2004 elections : grass-roots and national perspectives|date=2007|publisher=Sage|location=New Delhi [u.a.]|isbn=978-0761935162|page=87|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gS9XKBfi50C&q=poona+sarvajanik+samaj&pg=PA86|access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> The most prominent personalities of Indian nationalism in the late 19th and early 20th century, [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] and [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], on opposite sides of the political spectrum, were both Marathi. Tilak was instrumental in using Shivaji and Ganesh worship in forging a collective Maharashtrian identity for the Marathi people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=James |chapter=A Question of Maharashtrian identity |editor-last1=Kosambi |editor-first1=Meera |title=Intersections : socio-cultural trends in Maharashtra |date=2000 |publisher=Sangam |location=London |isbn=978-0863118241 |pages=59–70 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XU8dmAiaZSgC&q=++shivaji+maharashtra+ramdas+mahipati&pg=PA59}}</ref> Marathi social reformers of the colonial era include [[Mahatma Jyotirao Phule]] and his wife [[Savitribai Phule]], [[Justice Ranade]], feminist [[Tarabai Shinde]], [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]], [[Vitthal Ramji Shinde]], and [[Pandita Ramabai]].<ref>Ramachandra Guha, "The Other Liberal Light," [http://www.tnr.com/article/books-and-arts/magazine/104203/the-other-liberal-light ''New Republic'' 22 June 2012]</ref> Jyotirao Phule was a pioneer in opening schools for girls and Marathi [[dalits]] castes.

The non-Brahmin Hindu castes started organising at the beginning of the 20th century with the blessing of [[Shahu of Kolhapur|Shahu]], the ruler of the princely state of [[Kolhapur]]. The campaign took off in the early 1920s under the leadership of [[Keshavrao Jedhe]] and Baburao Javalkar. Both belonged to the non-Brahmin party. Capturing the Ganpati and Shivaji festivals from Brahmin domination were their early goals.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hansen|first1=Thomas Blom|title=Wages of violence : naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay|date=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, N.J.|isbn=978-0691088402|page=33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA31|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> They combined nationalism with anti-casteism as the party's aims.<ref>Omvedt, G., 1973. Non-Brahmans and Communists in Bombay. Economic and Political Weekly, pp. 749–759.</ref> Later on in the 1930s, Jedhe merged the non-Brahmin party with the Congress party and changed that party from an upper-caste-dominated body to a more broadly based but also Maratha-dominated party.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Omvedt|first1=Gail|title=Non-Brahmans and Nationalists in Poona|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1974|volume=9|issue=6/8|pages=201–219|jstor=4363419}}</ref>

The early 20th century also saw the rise of [[B. R. Ambedkar]], who led the campaign for the rights of the [[Dalit|dalits]] caste that included his own [[Mahar]] caste.

The Hindu nationalist organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ([[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]) was founded and led by Marathis from [[Nagpur]] for many decades.<ref name="Puniyani2005">{{cite book|author=Ram Puniyani|title=Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioyHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|date=2005|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0206-9|pages=131–132}}</ref> [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] (1889–1966), a Marathi from Nashik district,<ref name="McKean1996">{{cite book |author=Lise McKean |title=Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsI7Hy8H34YC&pg=PR11 |date=1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-56010-6 |page=72}}</ref> an [[List of Indian independence activists|Indian independence activist]], who advocated violence to overthrow British rule in his youth, later formulated the [[Hindu nationalist]] philosophy of [[Hindutva]].<ref name="chandra145">{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Bipan |title=India's Struggle for Independence |url=https://archive.org/details/indiasstrugglefo00chan |url-access=limited |publisher=Penguin Books India |location=New Delhi |year=1989 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indiasstrugglefo00chan/page/n167 145] |isbn=978-0-14-010781-4}}</ref><ref name="pandav">{{Cite book |title=Savarkar |first=Dhananjay |last=Keer |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Bombay |year=1966 |oclc=3639757 |isbn=978-0-86132-182-7}}</ref><ref name="VDB">{{cite encyclopedia| title= Overview of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vinayak-Damodar-Savarkar | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | access-date= 27 February 2020}}</ref> He was a leading figure in the [[Hindu Mahasabha]].<ref name="VDB"/> Savarkar's Hindutva philosophy remains the guiding principle for organisations that are part of the RSS-affiliated organisations.<ref>Katju, Manjari (2013). Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics. Orient Blackswan. {{ISBN|978-81-250-2476-7}}.</ref>

Although the British originally regarded India as a place for the supply of raw materials for the factories of England, by the end of the 19th century a modern manufacturing industry was developing in the city of Mumbai.<ref>Majumdar, Sumit K. (2012), India's Late, Late Industrial Revolution: Democratizing Entrepreneurship, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|1-107-01500-6}}, retrieved 7 December 2013</ref> The main product was cotton and the bulk of the workforce in these [[cotton mills|mills]] was of Marathi origin<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lacina|first1=Bethany Ann|title=Rival Claims: Ethnic Violence and Territorial Autonomy Under Indian Federalism|date=2017|publisher=University of Michigan press|location=Ann Arbor|isbn=978-0472130245|page=129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd1CDgAAQBAJ&q=%22ravindra+kumar%22+maharashtra+marathi&pg=PR7}}</ref> from Western Maharashtra, but more specifically from the coastal Konkan region.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Morris|first1=David|title=Emergence of an Industrial Labor Force in India: A Study of the Bombay Cotton Mills, 1854–1947|date=1965|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520008854|page=[https://archive.org/details/emergenceofindus0000morr/page/63 63]|url=https://archive.org/details/emergenceofindus0000morr|url-access=registration|quote=konkan.}}</ref>
The census recorded for the city in the first half of the 20th century showed nearly half the city's population listed Marathi as their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chandavarkar|first1=Rajnarayan|title=The origins of industrial capitalism in India business strategies and the working classes in Bombay, 1900–1940|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge [England]|isbn=978-0521525954|page=33|edition=1st pbk.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFa5tb75QUsC&q=marathi+migration+bombay+mill&pg=PR10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Gugler|editor-first1=Josef|title=World cities beyond the West : globalization, development, and inequality|date=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521830034|page=334|edition=Repr.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw3iPzyfpdQC&q=bombay+industry++marathi+%22working+class%22+colonial&pg=PA328}}</ref>

During the period of 1835–1907, a large number of Indians, including Marathi people, were taken to the island of [[Mauritius]] as indentured labourers to work on [[sugarcane]] plantations. The Marathi people on the island form the oldest diaspora of Marathi people outside India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Benedict |first1=Burton |chapter=Slavery and indenture in Mauritius and Seychelles |editor-last1=Watson |editor-first1=James L. |title=Asian and African systems of slavery |date=1980 |publisher=Basil Blackwell |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0631110118 |page=151 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4DMk9-mIJ8C&q=marathi+mauritius+migration&pg=PA135}}</ref>

===Since Indian independence in 1947===
After India gained independence from Britain in 1947, all princely states lying within the borders of the [[Bombay Presidency]] acceded to the Indian Union and were integrated into the newly created [[Bombay State]] in 1950.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Kolhapur City|url=http://www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in/english/Ancient_Historical_Places.html|publisher=Kolhapur Corporation|access-date=12 September 2014|archive-date=12 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912164315/http://www.kolhapurcorporation.gov.in/english/Ancient_Historical_Places.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The small community of Marathi Jews ([[Bene Israel]] – Sons of Israel) started emigrating to the newly created country of Israel in the late 1940s and early 1950s.<ref name="Weil, S. 2012">Weil, S. (2012). "The Bene Israel Indian Jewish family in Transnational Context." ''Journal of Comparative Family Studies'', 71–80.</ref><ref name="academia.edu">Shalva Weil, ''Journal of Comparative Family Studies'' Vol. 43, No. 1, "The Indian Family: A Revisit" (January–February 2012), pp. 71–80, https://www.academia.edu/3524659/The_Bene_Israel_Indian_Jewish_Family_in_Transnational_Context</ref> The number of Bene Israel remaining in India was estimated to be around 4,000–5,000 in 1988.<ref name="Katz, N. 1988">Katz, N., & Goldberg, E. (1988). "The Last Jews in India and Burma." Jerusalem Letter, 101.</ref>

In 1956, the [[States Reorganisation Act]] reorganised the Indian states along linguistic lines, and the Bombay Presidency State was enlarged by the addition of the predominantly Marathi-speaking regions of [[Marathwada]] ([[Aurangabad Division]]) from the erstwhile Hyderabad state and the [[Vidarbha]] region from the [[Central Provinces and Berar]]. The enlarged state also included [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-speaking areas. The southernmost part of Bombay State was ceded to [[Karnataka|Mysore]]. From 1954 to 1955, Marathi people strongly protested against the bilingual [[Bombay State]], and the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti]] was formed to agitate for a Marathi-speaking state.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Radheshyam Jadhav|title=Samyukta Maharashtra movement|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Pune-pioneered-Samyukta-Maharashtra-movement/articleshow/5874479.cms|access-date=12 September 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Bennet, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=30 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Samyukta Maharashtra movement|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-what-is-the-samyukta-maharashtra-movement-1983811|access-date=12 September 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|agency=Diligent Media Corporation|publisher=Dainik Bhaskar Group|date=1 May 2014}}</ref>

At the same time, the [[Mahagujarat Movement]] was started, seeking a separate Gujarati-speaking state. A number of mainly Pune-based leaders such as Keshavrao Jedhe, [[S.M. Joshi]], [[Shripad Amrit Dange]], and [[Pralhad Keshav Atre]] formed the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Movement]], alongside Vidarbha-based leaders such as [[Gopalrao Khedkar]], to fight for a separate state of Maharashtra with Mumbai as its state capital. Mass protests, 105 deaths, and heavy losses in the Marathi-speaking areas by the ruling Congress Party in the 1957 election, led the government under Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to change its policy and agree to the protesters' demands. On 1 May 1960, the separate Marathi-speaking state was formed by dividing the earlier Bombay State into the new states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. The city of Mumbai was declared the capital of the new state.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhagwat|first1=Ramu |title=Linguistic states|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/People-dont-want-Vidarbha-to-be-treated-as-colony-of-Maharashtra/articleshow/21564818.cms|access-date=12 September 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Bennet, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=3 August 2013}}</ref> The state continues to have a dispute with [[Karnataka]] regarding the districts of [[Belgaum]] and [[Karwar]], both with a large population of Marathi people.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Banerjee|first1=S|title=The Saffron Wave: The Eleventh General Elections in Maharashtra|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1997|volume=32|issue=40|pages=2551–2560|jstor=4405925}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sirsikar|first1=V.M.|title=Politics in Maharashtra, Problems and Prospects|date=1966|publisher=University of Poona|location=Poona|page=8|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAD260.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129073441/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAD260.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Belgaum border dispute|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140730/nation-current-affairs/article/belgaum-border-dispute-karnataka-govt-warns-against-taking-law|access-date=12 September 2014|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|agency=Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited|date=30 July 2014}}</ref>

For the first time, the creation of Maharashtra brought most Marathi people under one state with the mainly rural [[Kunbi|Kunbi-Maratha]] community as the largest social group. This group has dominated the rural economy and politics of the state since 1960.<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book|last1=Brass|first1=Paul R.|title=The politics of India since independence|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=[New Delhi]|isbn=978-0521543057|page=142|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtKe6XV8z7wC&q=Indian+provincial+elections,+1937+suffrage&pg=PR10|access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Grassroot politics in India">{{cite book|last1=Mishra|first1=Sumita|title=Grassroot politics in India|date=2000|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8170997320|page=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9kQcBmKcOsC&pg=PA27}}</ref> The community accounts for 31% of the population of Maharashtra. They dominate the cooperative institutions and with the resultant economic power control politics from the village level up to the Assembly and [[Lok Sabha]] seats.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Vora|first1=Rajendra|editor1-last=Kumar|editor1-first=Sanjay|editor2-last=Jaffrelot|editor2-first=Christophe|title=Rise of the plebeians? : the changing face of Indian legislative assemblies|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0415460927|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Bharatiya+Janata+Party%22+maharashtra+maratha+brahmin&pg=PP1|chapter=Chapter 7 Maharashtra or Maratha Rashtra}}</ref> Since the 1980s,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sirsikar |first1=V.M. |chapter=Region, Nationality and Religion |editor-last1=Kulkarni |editor-first1=A.R. |editor-last2=Wagle |editor-first2=N.K. |title=State intervention and popular response : western India in the nineteenth century |date=1999 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-7154-835-4 |page=9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&q=congress+%22sugar+lobby%22+maharashtra&pg=PR7}}</ref> this group has also been active in setting up private educational institutions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dahiwale|first1=S. M.|title=Consolidation of Maratha Dominance in Maharashtra Economic and Political Weekly Vol. 30, No. 6 (Feb. 11, 1995), pp. 336–342 Published by|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1995|volume=30|issue=6|pages=336–342|jstor=4402382}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kurtz|first1=Donald V.|title=Contradictions and conflict : a dialectical political anthropology of a University in Western India|date=1994|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden [u.a.]|isbn=978-9004098282|page=50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&q=ckp+prabhu+marathi&pg=PR7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Language and society : steps towards an integrated theory|last1=Singh|first1=R.|last2=Lele|first2=J.K.|date=1989|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-9004087897|pages=32–42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PLiAlGzLFQC}}</ref> Major past political figures of Maharashtra have been from this group. The rise of the Hindu nationalist [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in recent years have not dented Maratha caste representation in the Maharashtra Legislative assembly.<ref name="Routledge"/>

After the Maratha-Kunbi cluster, the scheduled caste (SC) Mahars are numerically the second-largest community among the Marathi people in Maharashtra. Most of them embraced [[Buddhism]] in 1956 with their leader, B. R. Ambedkar.<ref name="Routledge"/> Writers from this group in the 1950s and 1960s were pioneers of [[Dalit Literature]].<ref name=chap23>{{cite book|editor-last1=Kachru|editor-first1=Braj B. |editor-last2=Kachru|editor-first2=Yamuna |editor-last3=Sridhar|editor-first3=S. N.|last1=Zelliot|first1=Eleanor |title=Language in South Asia, Part 9 |chapter=Dalit Literature, Language and Identity |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-52178-141-1 |pages=450–454 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA451}}</ref>

The Portuguese-occupied enclave of [[Goa]] was liberated in 1962. The main political party formed immediately after liberation was the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]. It wanted Goa to merge with Maharashtra because of the affinity between Goan Hindus and the Marathi people. However, the [[Goa Opinion Poll|referendum]] held on this issue rejected the merger. Later, [[Konkani language|Konkani]] was made the official language of Goa, but Marathi is also allowed in any government correspondence.

The 1960s also saw the establishment by [[Bal Thackeray]] of Shiv Sena, a populist sectarian party advocating the rights of Marathi people in the heterogeneous city of Mumbai. Early campaigns by Shiv Sena advocated for more opportunities for Marathi people in government jobs. The party also led a campaign against the city's South Indian population. By the 1980s the party had captured power in the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|Mumbai Corporation]], and in the 1990s it led the government of Maharashtra's coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). During this transition from founding to capturing power, the party toned down its rhetoric against non-Marathi people and adopted a more Hindu nationalist stance.

== Castes and communities ==
The Marathi people form an ethnolinguistic group that is distinct from others in terms of its language, history, cultural and religious practices, social structure, literature, and art.<ref>''Changing India: Bourgeois Revolution on the Subcontinent'' by Robert W. Stern, p. 20</ref>

The traditional caste hierarchy was headed by the Brahmin castes-the [[Deshastha]]s, [[Chitpavan]]s, [[Karhade]]s, [[Saraswat]]s, and the [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]]s.<ref name="Sharmila Rege 2013 28">{{cite book | title =Writing Caste/Writing Gender: Narrating Dalit Women's Testimonies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4-oDAAAQBAJ| page=28|publisher= Zubaan Books|year= 2013 |author= Sharmila Rege|isbn = 978-9383074679|quote= The traditional caste hierarchy was headed by the brahmin castes-the deshasthas, chitpavans, karhades saraswats and the chandraseniya kayastha prabhus.}}</ref> In Mumbai during British rule, this included the [[Pathare Prabhu]] and the other communities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosenzweig |first1=Mark |last2=Munshi |first2=Kaivan |date=September 2006 |title=Traditional Institutions Meet the Modern World: Caste, Gender, and Schooling Choice in a Globalizing Economy |url=http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.96.4.1225 |journal=American Economic Review |volume=96 |pages=1225–1252 |doi=10.1257/aer.96.4.1225 |quote=(p. 1228) High castes include all the Brahmin jatis, as well as a few other elite jatis (CKP and Pathare Prabhus). Low castes include formerly untouchable and backward castes (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Castes, as defined by the government of India). Medium castes are drawn mostly from the cultivator jatis, such as the Marathas and the Kunbis, as well as other traditional vocations that were not considered to be ritually impure. |number=4|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Communal Identity in India: Its Construction and Articulation in the Twentieth Century | chapter=Race, caste and ethnic identity|page=138|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtztAAAAIAAJ&q=Maratha(MK) |author=Bidyut Chakrabarty |year= 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote= Of the six groups, four are Brahmins; one is high non-brahmin caste, Chandraseniya Kayashth Prabhu (CKP), ranking next only to the Brahmins; and the other is a cultivating caste, Maratha (MK), belonging to the middle level of the hierarchy.|isbn=978-0195663303}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title= Rajarshi Shahu: a model ruler | publisher=kirti prakashan|page=20|year=1994|author = V. B. Ghuge| quote= In the Hindu social hierarchy the privileged classes were Brahmins, CKP's and others. Similarly, other elite classes were Parsis and Europeans.}}</ref> The [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]]s are 32% in Western [[Maharashtra]] and the [[Kunbi]]s were 7%, whereas the [[Other Backward Class]] population (other than the Kunbi) was 27%. The other castes in the intermediate category include: [[Gujjars]], [[Veerashaiva|Lingayats]] and [[Rajputs]] who migrated centuries ago to Maharashtra from northern and southern India – and settled in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lingayat - Virasaiva Sect: Migration, Identity & Marathi Lingayat literature in Colonial Maharashtra |url=https://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/lingayat-virasaiva-sect-migration-identity-marathi-lingayat-literature-colonial-maharashtra |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=podcasts.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> The population of the [[Mang (caste)|Mangs]] was 8%.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA217|pages=216, 217|title=Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies (Exploring the Political in South Asia)|editor1=Christophe Jaffrelot|editor2=Sanjay Kumar|publisher=Routledge India|year=2009|isbn=978-1136516627}}</ref>

===Hindu castes in Maharashtra===
Majority of Marathi Hindu belong either to the cultivator caste cluster of [[Maratha]] and [[Kunbi]], or one of the former village servant ([[Bara Balutedar]]) castes which include ‌[[Shimpi]] (Tailor), [[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]] (Iron-smith), [[Suthar]] (carpenters), [[Mali caste|Mali]] (florists and cultivators), [[Dobhi|Dhobhi or Parit]] (washer), [[Gurav]] (village priest), [[Kumbhar]] (potters), Sonar (Goldsmith), [[Teli]] (oil pressers), [[Lingayats]], [[Chamar|Chambhar]] (cobbler), [[Mang (caste)|Mang]] (rope makers), [[Koli people|Koli]] (fishermen or water carriers) and [[Nai (caste)|Nabhik]] (barbers).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Deshpande|first1=Arvind M.|title=John Briggs in Maharashtra: A Study of District Administration Under Early|date=1987|publisher=South Asia Books|isbn=978-0836422504|page=118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79sS_w_bOQYC&pg=PP15}}</ref> The [[Mahar]] were one of the balutedar who adopted Buddhism in 1950s. Some of the other Marathi castes are:
* [[Agri (caste)|Agri]] – A community from coastal region of Mumbai, Thane and Raigad districts. The community has become quite prosperous in recent decades by taking advantage of opportunities offered by rapid industrialisation of this region.<ref name="Hansen2018">{{cite book|author=Thomas Blom Hansen|title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bf5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|date=2018|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-18862-1|pages=103–104}}</ref>
* [[Banjara]] – Formerly a nomadic group
* [[Bhandari caste|Bhandari]] – Traditional extractors of [[Palm wine|Tadi]] from palm trees
* [[Bhoi]] – Traditionally a people carrier community employed by the rulers
* [[Marathi brahmin|Brahmin]] – Priests and writers; these are divided into many sub-castes
* [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]] - Writer, accountant community, sometimes also priests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Maharashtra Caste List PDF 2024 {{!}} OBC, ST, SC & Gen All Marathi Caste List |url=https://allcastelist.com/maharashtra-caste-list-pdf-download/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Dhangar]] – Traditionally a nomadic shepherd caste
* [[Kunbi#Leva or Leva Patil|Leva Patil]]
* [[Lingayats|Lingayat Vani]] – Traders, Zamindars and sometimes priests.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC |title=Maharashtra |last2=Bhanu |first2=B. V. |last3=India |first3=Anthropological Survey of |date=2004 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-101-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5n9nFS661TEC&dq=lingayat+wani+yeotmal&pg=PA91 |title=Yeotmal District Volume A Descriptive: By C. Brown and R. V. Russell |date=1908 |publisher=Printed at the Baptist mission Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parāñjape |first=Tārābāī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Em0uAAAAMAAJ&q=lingayat+vani++veerbhadra+in+marathi |title=Sīmā pradeśātīla bhāvagaṅgā |date=1985 |publisher=Marāṭhī Sāhitya Parishada, Āndhra Pradeśa |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Lonari]]
* [[Pathare Prabhu]]
* [[Ramoshi]] – Soldiers and watchman under Peshwa
* [[Panchkalshi|Somvanshi Kshatriya Pathare]]
* [[Twashta Kasar]] – Artisan caste who traditionally worked with brass.<ref name="Ghurye1969">{{cite book |author=Govind Sadashiv Ghurye |title=Caste and Race in India|url=https://archive.org/details/casteraceinindia0000ghur |url-access=registration |year=1969 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-205-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/casteraceinindia0000ghur/page/32 32]}}</ref>
* [[Vaishya Vani]] – A trader caste from Goa who are [[Konkani language|Konkani]] speakers and found in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]].{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
* [[Vanjari caste|Vanjari]] - Commissariats of armies,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oriental Research Institute Bambay |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.78923 |title=The Indian Antiquary Vol-53 |date=1924}}</ref> Warriors, Merchants,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=G.W. Vidal |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08146 |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency Volume X Ratnagiri and Savantvadi |last2=Vidal |last3=J.F. Lester |last4=James M. Campbell |date=1880 |publisher=Bombay, Government Central Press}}</ref> Cultivators and Landholders.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/gopinath-munde-1949-2014/article6078128.ece |title=Caste and Land Relations in India : Eastern Maharashtra |work=The Hindu |date=3 June 2014 |pages=110}}</ref>

===Non-Hindu communities===
* [[Marathi Buddhist]] – Most members are from the former [[Mahar]] community<ref name="DeShastree1996">{{cite book|author1=Ranjit Kumar De|author2=Uttara Shastree|title=Religious Converts in India: Socio-political Study of Neo-Buddhists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYInC70BSEgC&pg=PP10|year=1996|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-629-3|page=65}}</ref>
* [[Marathi Muslims]]
* [[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christians]] – Marathi Christian communities include [[Bombay East Indians]], based in Greater Mumbai region who are mainly [[Catholic]], [[Korlai Portuguese Creole]] and Protestant [[Marathi Christians]], based mainly in [[Ahmadnagar district]].
* [[Konkani Muslims]]
* [[Sikhs]]
* [[Jainism in Maharashtra|Marathi Jains]]
* [[Bene Israel]] (Marathi Jews)

== Marathi diaspora ==
{{See also|Maharashtra Mandal}}

=== In other Indian states ===
As the Maratha Empire expanded across India, the Marathi population started migrating out of Maharashtra alongside their rulers. [[Peshwa]], [[Holkars]], [[Shinde|Scindia]], and [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwad]] dynastic leaders took with them a considerable population of priests, clerks, army men, businessmen, and workers when they established new seats of power. Most of these migrants were from the literate classes such as various Brahmin sub-castes and [[CKP]]. These groups formed the backbone of administration in the new Maratha Empire states in many places such as [[Vyara]]-[[Songadh]] of ([[Surat]]), [[Baroda]] ([[Vadodara]]), [[Indore]], [[Gwalior]], [[Bundelkhand]], and [[Tanjore]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=John|title=The Movement of Elites in Western India under Early British Rule|journal=The Historical Journal|date=1971|volume=14|issue=2|pages=243–244|jstor=2637955}}</ref> Many families belonging to these groups still follow Marathi traditions even though they have lived more than {{convert|1,000|km}} from Maharashtra for more than 200 years.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Other people have migrated in modern times in search of jobs outside Maharashtra. These people have also settled in almost all parts of the country. They have set up community organisations called [[Maharashtra Mandal]]s in many cities across the country. A national level central organisation, the [[Brihan Maharashtra]] Mandal was formed in 1958<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmmindia.org/bmmindia_history.php|title=Brihan Maharashtra Mandal|author=Synques}}</ref> to promote Marathi culture outside Maharashtra. Several sister organisations of the Brihan Maharashtra Mandal have also been formed outside India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bmmonline.org/|title=India programming {{pipe}} Bruhan Maharashtra Mandal of North America|website=www.bmmonline.org|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref>

=== Population in India by state ===
''Source:''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State || Marathi speakers(2011) || Percentage-2011
|-
| '''India''' || '''83,026,680''' || 6.86% ( Third most spoken in India )
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || 77,461,172 || 69.93%
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || 2,064,906 || 5.38%
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || 85,454 || 0.12%
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]/[[Telangana]] || 674,928 || 2.80%
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]] || 144,035 || 0.56%
|-
| [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] || 8,617 || 0.02%
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || 14,815 || 0.02%
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || 920,345 || 3.52%
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || 890 || 0.07%
|-
| [[Kerala]] || 31,642 || 0.09%
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || 639 || 0.17%
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || 8,481 || 0.03%
|-
| [[Delhi]] || 27,239 || 0.16%
|-
| [[Assam]] || 11,641 || 0.04%
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 1,231,285 || 2.70%
|-
| [[Goa]] || 158,787 || 12.89%
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || 23,240 || 0.03%
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || 20,392 || 0.07%
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || 23,006 || 0.18%
|-
| [[Haryana]] || 12,806 || 0.05%
|-
| [[Tripura]] || 1,412 || 0.04%
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] || 6,028 || 0.06%
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || 2,297 || 0.17%
|-
| [[Nagaland]] || 2,659 || 0.13%
|-
| [[Chandigarh]] || 1,252 || 0.12%
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 3,438 || 0.05%
|-
| [[Manipur]] || 1,583 || 0.06%
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] || 24,105 || 7.01%
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] || 20,751 || 0.70%
|-
| [[Sikkim]] || 1,138 || 0.19%
|-
| [[Daman and Diu]] || 11,008 || 4.53%
|-
| [[Mizoram]] || 408 || 0.04%
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]] || 26 || 0.04%
|-
| [[Bihar]] || 1,975 || 0.001%
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 24,280 || 0.01%
|}

=== International diaspora ===
In the mid-1800s, a large number of [[Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin|Indian people]] were taken to [[Mauritius]], [[Fiji]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[South Africa]], and [[Eastern Africa]] as [[Indian indenture system|indentured labourers]] to work on [[sugarcane]] plantations. The majority of these migrants were from the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] speaking areas or from [[Southern India]], however, a significant number of immigrants to Mauritius were Marathis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mauritiusmarathi.org/menu/history.php|title=mauritiusmarathi.org|website=Mauritiusmarathi.org|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-date=6 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406082846/http://www.mauritiusmarathi.org/menu/history.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Ratnagiri/ratnagiri/pop1_villages.html#4] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210032510/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Ratnagiri/ratnagiri/pop1_villages.html#4|date=10 December 2007}}</ref>

Since the state of Israel was established in 1948, around 25,000–30,000 Indian Jews have emigrated there, of which around 20,000 were from the Marathi speaking [[Bene Israel]] community of Konkan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter9.pdf|title=Chapter 9 : India|website=Indiandiaspora.nic.in|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011172532/http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter9.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Indians, including Marathi People, have migrated to Europe and particularly Great Britain for more than a century.<ref>Chansarkar, B.A. A note on the Maratha community in Britain. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Volume 2, 1973, Issue 3 [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369183X.1973.9975220?journalCode=cjms20]</ref> The Maharashtra Mandal of London was founded in 1932.<ref>[http://www.mmlondon.co.uk/index.asp] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619144843/http://www.mmlondon.co.uk/index.asp|date=19 June 2008}}</ref> A small number of Marathi people also settled in [[British East Africa]] during the colonial era.<ref>Pathak, A.R., 1995. Maharashtrian Immigrants in East Africa and Their Leisure. World Leisure & Recreation, 37(3), pp. 31–32.</ref> After the [[African Great Lakes]] countries of [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]] and [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]] gained independence from Britain, most of the [[South Asian]] population residing there, including Marathi people, migrated to the United Kingdom,<ref>Quest for equality (New Delhi, 1993), p. 99</ref><ref>Donald Rothchild, 'Citizenship and national integration: the non-African crisis in Kenya', in Studies in race and nations (Center on International Race Relations, University of Denver working papers), 1}3 (1969±70), p. 1</ref><ref name="BBC On This Day">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/7/newsid_2492000/2492333.stm |title=1972: Asians given 90 days to leave Uganda |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=21 August 2011 | date=7 August 1972}}</ref> or India.

Large-scale immigration of Indians into the United States started when the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]] came into effect. Most of the Marathi immigrants who came after 1965 were professionals such as doctors, engineers or scientists. The second wave of immigration took place during the I.T. boom of the 1990s and later.

Since the 1990s due to the [[Information technology|I.T.]] boom and because of the general ease of travel, Marathi people are now found in greater numbers in all corners of the world including the United States, Australia,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marathi.org.au/ |title=Marathi Sydney, MASI, Maharastrians in Sydney, Marathi Mandal « Marathi Association Sydney Inc (MASI) |publisher=Marathi.org.au |access-date=9 May 2013 |archive-date=7 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207084039/http://www.marathi.org.au/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Canada,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbmtoronto.com/history.htm |title=Marathi Bhashik Mandal Toronto, Inc |publisher=Mbmtoronto.com |date=15 November 2008 |access-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> the Gulf countries, and European countries.

After the third battle of Panipat, Marathi people settled in Sindh and Balochisthan region (modern day Pakistan). After partition of India, many Marathi Hindus came to India. But, 500–1000 Marathi Hindus also lives in Karachi city of Sindh province.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=January 2020}}

== Culture ==
=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Maharashtra}}

The majority of Marathi people are [[Hindu]]s.<ref name="Maharashtra Religions">{{cite web|url = http://www.bharatonline.com/maharashtra/culture/religion.html|title = Maharashtra Religions|access-date =11 August 2017 |website = Bharatonline.com}}</ref> Minorities by religion include [[Marathi Muslims|Muslims]], [[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhists]], [[Marathi Jains|Jains]], [[Marathi Christians|Christians]], [[Parsis]] and [[Bene Israel|Jews]].<ref name="Maharashtra Religions"/>

===Marathi Hindu customs===
[[File:Deepmala Deep Stamb.jpg|right|thumb|Deepmala Deep Stamb in Omkareshwar Temple in Pune]]
The main life ceremonies in Hindu culture include those related to birth, weddings, initiation ceremonies, as well as death rituals. Other ceremonies for different occasions in Hindu life include ''Vastushanti'' and "Satyanarayan" which is performed before a family formally establishes residence in a new house. [[Satyanarayana Puja]] is a ceremony performed before commencing any new endeavour or for no particular reason. Invoking the name of the family's [[gotra]] and the ''[[kuladevata]]'' are important aspects of these ceremonies for many communities.
[[File:Khandoba in a household shrine.JPG|right|thumb|A Marathi household shrine with [[Khandoba]] at the forefront]]
Like most other Hindu communities, the Marathi people have a household shrine called a ''devaghar'' with idols, symbols, and pictures of various deities for daily worship. Ritual reading of religious texts known as ''[[Palm-leaf manuscript|pothi]]'' is also popular in some communities.

In some traditional families, food is first offered to the preferred deity in the household shrine, as ''[[naivedya]]'', before being consumed by family members and guests.<ref>Czerniak-Drożdżowicz, M. (2018). The food of gods–«naivedya/nirmālya» in the Pāñcarātrika sources. Consonanze.|105</ref> Meals or snacks are not taken before this religious offering. In present times, the ''naivedya'' is offered by families only on days of special religious significance.<ref>DANDEKAR, G. (1988). WITH JAYANT KARVE. The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra, 223.|[https://books.google.com/books?id=7PDr-QF4YmYC&q=naivedya&pg=PA223]</ref>

Many Marathi people trace their paternal ancestors to one of the seven or eight sages, the [[Saptarshi]]. They classify themselves as gotras, named after the ancestor [[rishi]]. Intra-marriage within gotras (Sagotra Vivaha) was uncommon until recently, being discouraged as it was likened to incest.

Most Marathi families have their own family patron or protective deity or the ''kuladevata''. This deity is common to a lineage or a clan of several families who are connected to each other through a common ancestor.{{sfn|Walunjkar|pp=285–287}} The [[Khandoba]] of Jejuri is an example of a ''kuladevata'' of some families; he is a common ''kuladevata'' to several castes ranging from [[Brahmin]]s and [[Dhangar]] to [[Dalit]]s.{{sfn|Government of Maharashtra|1962|p=}} The practice of worshiping local or territorial deities as ''kuladevatas'' began in the period of the [[Yadava dynasty]].{{sfn|Walunjkar|pp=285–287}} Other family deities of the people of Maharashtra are [[Bhavani]] of [[Tuljapur]], [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur|Mahalaxmi]] of [[Kolhapur]], Mahalaxmi of [[Amravati]], [[Renuka]] of [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]], [[Parashuram]] in Konkan, [[Saptashringi]] on Saptashringa hill at Vani in Nasik district, and [[Venkateswara|Balaji]]. Despite the system of worshipping kuladevatas, the worship of [[Ganesha]], [[Vitthal]]a, and other popular [[avatar]]s of [[Vishnu]] such as [[Rama]] or [[Krishna]] are extremely popular across the entire community. The festivals of [[Ganeshotsav]] and annual [[Pandharpur Wari|wari pilgrimage]] to the Vitthal temple at [[Pandharpur]] are of significant importance to all Marathis alike.

====Ceremonies and rituals====
[[File:मंगलाष्टका.jpg|right|thumb|Antarpat and mangalashtaka ceremony, part of the Marathi Hindu wedding ceremony when gathered guests collectively bless the bride and the groom]]
[[File:Shamshan Ghat.jpg|right|thumb|Smashan-bhoomi (cremation place), Chinawal village of Maharashtra]]
[[File:पितृपक्षातील श्राद्धाचा नैवेद्य.jpg|right|thumb|Naivedya (Food offering) for the ancestors during a Pitru paksha ceremony]]
At birth, a child is initiated into the family ritually. The child's naming ceremony may happen many weeks or even months later, and it is called the ''bārsa''. In many Indian Hindu communities, the naming is most often done by consulting the child's horoscope, which suggests various names depending on the child's lunar sign (called ''rashi''). However, in Marathi Hindu families, the name that the child inevitably uses in secular functions is the one decided by their parents. If a name is chosen on the basis of the horoscope, then that is kept a secret to ward off the casting of a spell on the child during their life. During the naming ceremony, the child's [[paternal aunt]] has the honour of naming the infant. When the child is 11 months old, they get their first hair-cut.This is also an important ritual and is called ''Jawal (जावळ)''. In the Maratha community, the maternal uncle is given the honour of the first snip during the ceremony.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal|last1=Carter|first1=A. T.|title=A Comparative Analysis of Systems of Kinship and Marriage in South Asia|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland No. 1973 (1973), Pp. 29-54|date=1973|issue=1973|page=33|doi=10.2307/3031719|jstor=3031719}}</ref>

In Brahman, CKP, Gaud Saraswat Brahman Gurav, Daivednya, and some Maratha communities when a male child undergoes the initiation thread ceremony variously known as Munja (in reference to the Munja grass that is of official ritual specification), ''Vratabandha'', or [[Upanayanam]].{{sfn|Mookerji|1989|pp=174–175}}<ref>O'Hanlon, Rosalind. “CULTURES OF RULE, COMMUNITIES OF RESISTANCE: Gender, Discourse and Tradition in Recent South Asian Historiographies.” Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice, no. 25, 1989, pp. 94–114. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23163054. Accessed 24 June 2024.</ref>

Marathi Hindu people are historically [[endogamous]] within their caste but exogamous with their clan.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} [[Parallel and cross cousins|Cross-cousin]] alliances are allowed by most Marathi Hindu communities.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> [[Hindu wedding|Hindu marriages]], more often than not, take place by negotiation. The [[Mangalsutra|mangalasutra]] is the symbol of marriage for the woman. Studies show that most Indians' traditional views on caste, religion, and family background have remained unchanged when it came to marriage,{{sfn|Bahuguna|2004|p=}} that is, people marry within their own castes,{{sfn|Srinivasa-Raghavan|2009|p=}} and matrimonial advertisements in newspapers are still classified by caste and sub-caste.{{sfn|The Economist|2010|p=}}

While arranging a marriage, ''gana'', ''gotra'', ''pravara'', ''devaka'' are all kept in mind. Horoscopes are matched.{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=289}} The marriage ceremony is described as follows: 'The groom, along with the bride's party goes to the bride's house. A ritual named ''Akshata'' is performed in which people around the groom and bride throw ''haldi'' (turmeric) and ''kunku'' (vermilion) coloured rice grains on the couple. After the ''[[kanyadana]]'' ceremony, there is an exchange of garlands between the bride and the groom. Then, the groom ties the Mangalsutra around the neck of the bride. This is followed by ''granthibandhan'' in which the end of the bride's ''sādi/sāri'' is tied to the end of the groom's dhoti, and a feast is arranged at the groom's place.'{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=289}}

Elements of a traditional Marathi Hindu wedding ceremony include ''seemant poojan'' on the wedding eve. The ''dharmic'' wedding includes the ''antarpat'' ceremony followed by the Vedic ceremony which involves the bridegroom and the bride walking around the sacred fire seven times to complete the marriage. Modern urban wedding ceremonies conclude with an evening reception. A Marathi Hindu woman becomes part of her husband's family after marriage and adopts the gotra as well as the traditions of her husband's family.{{#tag:ref|Until about 300 BC, Hindu men were about 24 years of age when they got married and the girl was always post-pubescent.{{sfn|Nagi|1993|pp=6–9}} The social evil of child marriage established itself in Hindu society sometime after 300 BC as a response to foreign invasions.{{sfn|Nagi|1993|p=7}} The problem was first addressed in 1860 by amending the Indian Penal Code which required the boy's age to be 14 and the girl's age to be 12 at minimum, for a marriage to be considered legal. In 1927, the Hindu Child Marriage Act made a marriage between a boy under 15 and a girl under 12 illegal. This minimum age requirement was increased to 14 for girls and 18 for boys in 1929. It was again increased by a year for girls in 1948. The Act was amended again in 1978 when the ages were raised to 18 for girls and 21 for boys.{{sfn|Nagi|1993|p=9}}|group=note}}

After weddings and after thread ceremonies, many Maratha, Deshastha Brahmin and Dhangar families arrange a traditional religious singing performance by a Gondhali group.{{sfn|Zelliot|Berntsen|1988|p=176}}

Decades ago, girls married the groom of their parents' choice by their early teens or before. Even today, girls are married off in their late teens by rural and orthodox educated people. Urban women may choose to remain unmarried until the late 20s or even early 30s.

Marathi Hindu people dispose their dead by [[Antyesti|cremation]].<ref>{{cite book |title=India's Communities, Volume 6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC |author=Kumar Suresh Singh |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |page=3316 |isbn=9780195633542}}</ref> The deceased's son carries the corpse to the cremation ground atop a [[bier]]. The eldest son lights the fire for the corpse at the head for males and at the feet for females. The ashes are gathered in an earthen pitcher and immersed in a river on the third day after death. This is a 13-day ritual with the ''pinda'' being offered to the dead soul on the 11th and a ''[[Śrāddha]] (Shrāddha) ceremony'' followed by a funeral feast on the 13th. Cremation is performed according to Vedic rites, usually within a day of the individual's death. Like all other Hindus, the preference is for the ashes to be immersed in a river. Holy rivers such as the [[Ganges]] river or [[Godavari River|Godavari]] have increasingly become popular for this ritual as travelling has become easier in modern times. ''Śrāddha'' becomes an annual ritual in which all forefathers of the family who have passed on are remembered. These rituals are expected to be performed only by male descendants, preferably the eldest son of the deceased. The annual ''Śrāddha'' for all the ancestors is usually performed during the [[Pitru Paksha]], the dark fortnight of the Hindu month of Bhadrapada.<ref name="Nahm2017">{{cite book|author=Oliver Nahm|title=Dealing with Death: A Search for Cross-cultural and Time-transcending Similarities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xszDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|year=2017|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-90933-6|page=114}}</ref>

=== Hindu calendar and festivals ===
[[File:Gudi.jpg|thumb|252x252px|A [[Gudi Padwa|Gudhi]] is erected on Gudhi Padwa.]]The Marathi, [[Kannada people|Kannada]] and [[Telugu people]] follow the Deccan [[Shalivahana]] [[Hindu calendar]], which may have subtle differences with calendars followed by other communities in India. The calendar follows the Amanta tradition where the lunar month ends on no moon day.<ref name="Underhill1921">{{cite book|author=Muriel Marion Underhill|title=The Hindu Religious Year|url=https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.23377|year=1921|publisher=Association Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.23377/page/n19 22]}}</ref>
Marathi Hindus celebrate most of the Indian Hindu festivals such as [[Navratri|Dasara]], [[Diwali]] and [[Raksha Bandhan]]. These are, however, celebrated with certain Maharashtrian regional variations. Others festivals like [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganeshotsav]] have a more characteristic Marathi flavour. The festivals described below are in chronological order as they occur during a Shaka year, starting with Shaka new year festival of [[Gudhi Padwa]].<ref>Betham, R.M., 1908. Marathas and Dekhani Musalmans. Asian Educational Services.</ref><ref>Lall, R. Manohar. Among the Hindus: A Study of Hindu Festivals. Asian Educational Services, 1933.</ref>
* [[Gudi Padwa|Gudhi Padwa]]: A victory pole or Gudi is erected outside homes on the day. This day is considered one of the three-and-a-half most auspicious days of the Hindu calendar and many new ventures and activities such as opening a new business etc. are started on this day. The leaves of [[Azadirachta indica|''Neem'']] or and [[shrikhand]] are a part of the day's cuisine. The day is also known as [[Ugadi]], the Kannada and Telugu New Year.{{sfn|Express News Service|2009|p=1}}{{sfn|Ahmadnagar District Gazetteers|1976a|}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lall|first1=R. Manohar|title=Among the Hindus : a study of Hindu festivals|date=2004|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8120618220|pages=58–59|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlqH4Q_gqCQC&pg=PR4|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref>
* [[Akshaya Tritiya]]: The third day of [[Vishākhā|Vaishakh]] is celebrated as Akshaya Tritiya. This is one of the three-and-a-half most auspicious days in the Hindu Calendar and usually occurs in the month of April. In the [[Vidharbha]] region, this festival is celebrated in remembrance of the departed members of the family. The upper castes feed a Brahmin and married couple on this day. The [[Mahar]]s community used to celebrate it by offering food to crows.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lall|first1=R. Manohar|title=Among the Hindus : a study of Hindu festivals|date=2004|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8120618220|pages=79–91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlqH4Q_gqCQC&q=kojagiri+maharashtra&pg=PR4|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> This marks the end of the [[Haldi Kumkum|''Haldi''-''Kunku'']] festival which is a get-together organised by women for women. Married women invite lady friends, relatives, and new acquaintances to meet in an atmosphere of merriment and fun. On such occasions, the hostess distributes bangles, sweets, small novelties, flowers, betel leaves, and nuts as well as coconuts. The snacks include ''kairichi panhe'' (raw [[mango juice]]) and ''vatli dal'', a dish prepared from crushed [[chickpea]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lall|first1=R. Manohar|title=Among the Hindus : a study of Hindu festivals|date=2004|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8120618220|pages=79–89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlqH4Q_gqCQC&pg=PR4|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref>
* [[Vat Purnima|Vat Pournima]]: This festival is celebrated on [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]] [[Full Moon|Pournima]] (full moon day of the Jyeshtha month in the Hindu calendar), around June. On this day, women fast and worship the [[banyan]] tree to pray for the growth and strength of their families, like the sprawling tree which lives for centuries. Married women visit a nearby tree and worship it by tying red threads of love around it. They pray for well-being and long life for their husband.
[[File:Palkhi Near Saswad.JPG|thumb|right|Dnyaneshwar palakhi on its way to Pandharpur]]
* [[Ashadhi Ekadashi]]: [[Shayani Ekadashi|Ashadhi Ekadashi]] (11th day of the month of [[Ashadha]], (falls in July–early August of [[Gregorian calendar]]) is closely associated with the Marathi ''[[Sant (religion)|sant]]''s [[Dnyaneshwar]], [[Tukaram]] and others. Twenty days before this day, thousands of [[Varkari|Warkari]]s start their pilgrimage to [[Pandharpur]] from the resting places of the saint. For example, in the case of Dynaneshwar, it starts from [[Alandi]] with Dynaneshwar's ''paduka'' (symbolic sandals made out of wood) in a ''Palakhi''. Varkaris carry ''tals'' or small cymbals in their hand, wear [[Hindu prayer beads]] made from ''[[Ocimum tenuiflorum|tulasi]]'' around their necks and sing and dance to the devotional hymns and prayers to [[Vitthala]]. People all over Maharashtra fast on this day and offer prayers in the temples. This day marks the start of [[Chaturmas]] (The four [[monsoon]] months, from [[Asharh|Ashadh]] to [[Kartik (month)|Kartik]]) according to the [[Hindu calendar]]. This is one of the most important fasting days for Marathi Hindu people.
* [[Guru Purnima|Guru Pournima]]: The full moon day of the month of [[Ashadha|Ashadh]] is celebrated as [[Guru Purnima|Guru Pournima]]. For Hindus ''Guru-Shishya'' (teacher-student) tradition is very important, be it educational or spiritual. Gurus are often equated with God and always regarded as a link between the individual and the immortal. On this day spiritual aspirants and devotees worship Maharshi [[Vyasa]], who is regarded as [[Guru]] of Gurus.
* Divyanchi Amavasya: The new moon day/last day of the month of Ashadh/आषाढ (falls between June and July of Gregorian Calendar) is celebrated as Divyanchi Amavasya. This new moon signifies the end of the month of Ashadh, and the arrival of the month of [[Shravana (month)|Shravan]], which is considered the most pious month of the Hindu calendar. On this day, all the traditional lamps of the house are cleaned and fresh wicks are put in. The lamps are then lit and worshiped. People cook a specific item called ''diva'' (literally lamp), prepared by steaming sweet wheat dough batter and shaping it like little lamps. They are eaten warm with ghee.
* [[Nag Panchami]]: One of the many festivals in India during which Marathi people celebrate and worship nature. ''Nags'' ([[cobra]]s) are worshiped on the fifth day of the month of Shravan (around August) in the Hindu calendar. On Nagpanchami Day, people draw a ''nag'' family depicting the male and female snake and their nine offspring or ''nagkul''. The ''nag'' family is worshiped and a bowl of milk and wet ''chandan'' (sandalwood powder) offered. It is believed that the ''nag'' deity visits the household, enjoys languishing in the moist ''chandan'', drinks the milk offering, and blesses the household with good luck. Women put temporary [[henna]] tattoos (''[[mehndi]]'') on their hand on the previous day, and buy new bangles on Nagpanchami Day. According to folklore, people refrain from digging the soil, cutting vegetables, frying and roasting on a hot plate on this day, while farmers do not harrow their farms to prevent any accidental injury to snakes. In a small village named [[Battis Shirala]] in Maharashtra a big snake festival is held which attracts thousands of tourists from all over the world. In other parts of Maharashtra, snake charmers are seen sitting by the roadsides or moving from one place to another with their baskets holding snakes. While playing the lingering melodious notes on their [[pungi]], they beckon devotees with their calls—''Nagoba-la dudh de Mayi'' ('Give milk to the cobra oh mother!'). Women offer sweetened milk, popcorn (''lahya'' in Marathi) made out of jwari/dhan/corns to the snakes and pray. Cash and old clothes are also given to the snake-charmers. In [[Barshi]] Town in the Solapur district, a big ''jatra'' (carnival) is held at Nagoba Mandir in Tilak chowk.
* [[Raksha Bandhan|Rakhi Pournima]] and [[Narali Purnima|Narali Pournima]]: Narali Pournima is celebrated on the full moon day of the month of [[Shravana (month)|Shravan]] in the Shaka Hindu calendar (around August). This is the most important festival for the coastal [[Konkan]] region because the new season for fishing starts on this day. Fishermen and women offer coconuts to the sea and ask for a peaceful season while praying for the sea to remain calm. The same day is celebrated as [[Raksha Bandhan|Rakhi Pournima]] to commemorate the abiding ties between brother and sister in Maharashtra as well other parts of Northern India. ''Narali bhaat'' (sweet rice with coconut) is the main dish on this day. On this day, Brahmin men change their [[sacred thread]] (''Janve''; Marathi: जानवे) at a common gathering ceremony called Shraavani (Marathi:श्रावणी).
[[File:Govindashtami.jpg|thumb|right|Gokulashtami dahi-handi celebration]]
* [[Gokul Ashtami]]: The birthday of [[Krishna]] is celebrated with great fervour all over India on the eighth day of second fortnight of the month Shravan (usually in the month of August). In Maharashtra, Gokul Ashtami is synonymous with the ceremony of ''[[dahi handi]]''. This is a reenactment of Krishna's efforts to steal butter from a ''matka'' (earthen pot) suspended from the ceiling. Large earthen pots filled with milk, curds, butter, honey, fruits, etc. are suspended at a height of between {{convert|20|and|40|ft}} in the streets. Teams of young men and boys come forward to claim this prize. They construct a human pyramid by standing on each other's shoulders until the pyramid is tall enough to enable the topmost person to reach the pot and claim the contents after breaking it. Currency notes are often tied to the rope by which the pot is suspended. The prize money is distributed among those who participate in the pyramid building. The ''dahi-handi'' draws a huge crowd and they support the teams trying to grab these pots by chanting 'Govinda ala re ala'.
[[File:मंगळागौरी खेळ -झिम्मा.jpg|thumb|right|Woman playing Zimma on the night of a Mangala Gauri celebration in the Month of Shravan]]
* Mangala Gaur: Pahili Mangala Gaur (first Mangala Gaur) is one of the most important celebrations for the new brides among [[Deshastha Brahmin|Marathi Brahmins]]. On the Tuesday of the month of the Shravan falling within a year after her marriage, the new bride performs [[Lingam|Shivling]] puja for the well-being of her husband and new family. It is also a get-together of all womenfolk. It includes chatting, playing games, ''ukhane'' (married women take their husband's name woven in 2/4 rhyming liners) and sumptuous food. They typically play zimma, fugadi, bhendya (more popularly known as [[Antakshari]] in modern India) until the early hours of the following morning.

[[File:Pola in Chinawal 1.jpg|thumb|right|Oxen decorated for Pola in a village.]]
* [[Pola (festival)|Bail Pola]]: the festival is celebrated on the new moon day (Pithori Amavasya) of the month of Shravan (August - September), to honour farm [[ox]]en for their service. On this day the oxen are decorated by their owners and taken around the village in a parade.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edward Balfour|title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/cyclopdiaindiaa09balfgoog|year=1885|publisher=B. Quaritch|page=[https://archive.org/details/cyclopdiaindiaa09balfgoog/page/n249 241]}}</ref> The festival is popular in rural areas of Maharashtra and other Southern Indian States.<ref>{{cite book|author=Usha Sharma|title=Festivals In Indian Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6OYRUEAF7oC&pg=PA77|year=2008|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-113-7|page=77}}</ref>
* [[Hartalika]]: The third day of the month of [[Bhadrapada]] (usually around August/September) is celebrated as [[Teej|Hartalika]] in honour of Harita Gauri or the green and golden goddess of harvests and prosperity. A lavishly decorated form of Parvati, Gauri is venerated as the mother of Ganesha. Women fast on this day and worship [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] in the evening with green leaves. Women wear green bangles and green clothes and stay awake till midnight. Both married and unmarried women may observe this fast.

[[File:Anant Chaturdashi.jpg|thumb|right|A clay idol of [[Ganesh]] being immersed in water at the conclusion of the annual [[Ganeshotsav]] on the 11th day or [[Anant Chaturdashi]]]]

* [[Ganeshotsav]]: This 11-day festival starts on [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] on the fourth day of [[Bhadrapada]] in honour of Ganesha, the God of wisdom. Hindu households install in their house, Ganesha idols made out of clay called ''shadu'' and painted in watercolours. Early in the morning on this day, the clay idols of Ganesha are brought home while chanting ''Ganpati Bappa Morya'' and installed on decorated platforms. The idol is worshiped in the morning and evening with offerings of flowers, [[Cynodon dactylon|durva]] (strands of young grass), [[Gujia|karanji]] and [[modak]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the significance of 'durva' in Ganesh Poojan ? |url=http://www.sanatan.org/en/a/69_durva.html|website=Sanatan.org|date=9 September 2000|access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=Durva>{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Usha|title=Festivals In Indian Society (2 Vols. Set)|date=2008|publisher=Mittal publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8324-113-7|page=144|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sqz4eWbAMSkC&q=ganesh+durva&pg=PA143}}</ref> The worship ends with the singing of an ''[[aarti]]'' in honour of Ganesha, other gods and saints. The worship includes singing the ''aarti'' '[[Sukhakarta Dukhaharta]]', composed by the 17th-century saint [[Samarth Ramdas]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shanbag|first1=Arun|title=Prarthana: A Book of Hindu Psalms|date=2007|publisher=Arun Shanbag|location=Arlington, MA|isbn=978-0-9790081-0-8|page=163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=try8sVpY_JYC&q=ganesh+aarti+sant+ramdas+sukhkarta&pg=PR11}}</ref> Family traditions differ about when to end the celebration. Domestic celebrations end after {{frac|1|1|2}}, 3, 5, 7 or 11 days. At that time the idol is ceremoniously brought to a body of water (such as a lake, river or the sea) for immersion. In Maharashtra, Ganeshotsav also incorporates other festivals, namely [[Teej|Hartalika]] and the Gauri festival, the former is observed with a fast by women on the day before Ganesh Chaturthi, while the latter by the installation of idols of Gauris.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pattanaik|first1=Devdutt|title=99 thoughts on Ganesha : [stories, symbols and rituals of India's beloved elephant-headed deity]|date=2011|publisher=Jaico Pub House|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-81-8495-152-3|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wh22qvzQuowC&q=gauri+ganpati+festival+marathi&pg=PP9|access-date=29 August 2016}}</ref> In 1894, Nationalist leader [[Lokmanya Tilak]] turned this festival into a public event as a means of uniting people toward the common goal of campaigning against British colonial rule. The public festival lasts for 11 days with various cultural programmes including music concerts, orchestra, plays, and skits. Some social activities are also undertaken during this period like blood donation, scholarships for the needy, or donations to people suffering from any kind of natural calamity. Due to environmental concerns, a number of families now avoid bodies of water, and let the clay statue disintegrate in a barrel of water at home. After a few days, the clay is spread in the home garden. In some cities, a public, eco-friendly process is used for the immersion.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zha|first=Bagish K.|title=Eco-friendly 'Ganesh Visarjan' save water and soil from getting polluted in Indore|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/Eco-friendly-Ganesh-Visarjan-save-water-and-soil-from-getting-polluted-in-Indore/articleshow/22808957.cms|access-date=12 February 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 September 2013}}</ref>
* Gauri/Mahalakshmi: Along with Ganesha, [[Parvati|Gauri]] (also known as Mahalaxmi in the Vidharbha region of Maharashtra) festival is celebrated in Maharashtra. On the first day of the three-day festival, Gauris arrive home, the next day they eat lunch with a variety of sweets, and on the third day, they return to their home. Gauris arrive in a pair, one as ''Jyeshta'' (the Elder one) and another as ''Kanishta'' (the Younger one). They are treated with love since they represent the daughters arriving at their parents' home. In many parts of Maharashtra including Marathwada and Vidarbha, this festival is called [[Mahalakshmi]] or Mahalakshmya or simply Lakshmya.
* [[Anant Chaturdashi]]: The 11th day of the Ganesh festival (14th day of the month of Bhadrapada) is celebrated as [[Anant Chaturdashi]], which marks the end of the celebration. People bid a tearful farewell to the God by immersing the installed idols from home/public places in water and chanting 'Ganapati Bappa Morya, pudhchya warshi Lawakar ya!!' ('Ganesha, come early next year.') Some people also keep the traditional wow (Vrata) of Ananta Pooja. This involves the worship of Ananta the coiled snake or Shesha on which Vishnu resides. A delicious mixture of 14 vegetables is prepared as ''naivedyam'' on this day.
* [[Navratri|Navaratri]] and Ghatasthapana: Starting with the first day of the month of Ashvin in the Hindu calendar (around the month of October), the nine-day and -night festival immediately preceding the most important festival [[Vijayadashami|Dasara]] is celebrated all over India with different traditions. In Maharashtra, on the first day of this 10-day festival, idols of the Goddess [[Durga]] are ritually installed at many homes. This installation of the Goddess is popularly known as Ghatasthapana.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Hillary Peter|title=Ritual worship of the great goddess : the liturgy of the Durgā Pūjā with interpretations|date=2003|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, NY|isbn=978-0791454008|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onyaEhwhJBUC&pg=PR3}}</ref>
[[File:भोंडला.jpg|right|thumb|Women performing Bhondla dance during the festival of Navratri]]
During this Navavatri, girls and women perform 'Bhondla/Hadga' as the Sun moves to the thirteenth constellation of the zodiac called 'Hasta' (Elephant). During the nine days, Bhondla (also known as 'Bhulabai' in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra) is celebrated in the garden or on the terrace during evening hours by inviting female friends of the daughter in the house. An elephant is drawn either with [[Rangoli]] on the soil or with a chalk on a slate and kept in the middle. The girls go around it in a circle, holding each other's hands and singing Bhondla songs. All Bhondla songs are traditional songs passed down through the generations. The last song typically ends with the words '...khirapatila kaay ga?' ('What is the special dish today?'). This 'Khirapat' is a special dish, or dishes, often made laboriously by the mother of the host girl. The food is served only after the rest of the girls have correctly guessed what the covered dish or dishes are. There are some variations with how the Navratri festival is celebrated. For example, in many Brahmin families, celebrations include offering lunch for nine days to a specially invited a group of guests. The guests include a married Woman (Marathi:सवाष्ण ), a Brahmin and, a Virgin (Marathi:कुमारिका). In the morning and evening, the head of the family ritually worships either the goddess [[Durga]], [[Lakshmi]] or [[Saraswati]]. On the eighth day, a special rite is carried out in some families. A statue of the goddess Mahalakshmi, with the face of a rice mask, is prepared and worshiped by newly married girls. In the evening of that day, women blow into earthen or metallic pots as a form of worship to please the goddess. Everyone in the family accompanies them by chanting verses and [[Bhajans]]. The nine-day festival ends with a [[Yagna|Yadna]] or reading of a Hindu Holy book (Marathi:पारायण ).<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|pages=120, 137|title=Gokhale Kulavruttanta |script-title=mr:गोखले कुलवृत्तान्त |edition=2nd |editor=[[Gangadhar Pathak|Gangadhar Ramchandra Pathak]] |publisher=Sadashiv Shankar Gokhale |year=1978 |language=mr|place=[[Pune]], India}}</ref>
* [[Vijayadashami|Dasara]]: This festival is celebrated on the tenth day of the Ashvin month (around October) according to the Hindu Calendar. This is one of the three-and-a-half most auspicious days in the Hindu Lunar calendar when every moment is important. On the last day (Dasara day), the idols installed on the first day of the [[Navratri|Navaratri]] are immersed in water. This day also marks the victory of [[Rama]] over [[Ravana]]. People visit each other and exchange sweets. On this day, people worship the [[Bauhinia racemosa|Aapta tree]]<ref>Kolte, R.R., Kulkarni, R.S., Shinde, P.V., Padvekar, H.K., Magadum, V.G. and Apate, S.A., Studies on the ethno-medicinal plants used on the occasion of festivals with special reference to Ratnagiri district from Maharashtra state.[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vishal_Magadum/publication/308791976_Studies_on_the_ethno-medicinal_plants_used_on_the_occasion_of_festivals_with_special_reference_to_Ratnagiri_district_from_Maharashtra_state/links/57f21d0808ae91deaa561f5c/Studies-on-the-ethno-medicinal-plants-used-on-the-occasion-of-festivals-with-special-reference-to-Ratnagiri-district-from-Maharashtra-state.pdf]</ref> and exchange its leaves (known as golden leaves) and wish each other a future like gold. There is a legend involving [[Raghu]]raja, an ancestor of Rama, the Aapta tree and [[Kuber]]. There is also another legend about the Shami tree where the [[Pandava]] hid their weapons during their exile.
* Kojagari Pournima: Written in the short form of [[Sanskrit]] as 'Ko Jagarti (को जागरति) ?' ( [[Sandhi]] of 'कः जागरति,' meaning 'Who is awake?'), [[Kojagiri]] is celebrated on the full moon day of the month of [[Ashwin]]. It is said that on this Kojagiri night, the Goddess [[Lakshmi]] visits every house asking 'Ko Jagarti?' and blesses those who are awake with fortune and prosperity. To welcome the Goddess, houses, temples, streets, etc. are illuminated. People get together on this night, usually in open spaces (e.g. in gardens or on terraces), and play games until midnight. At that hour, after seeing the reflection of the full moon in milk boiled with [[saffron]] and various varieties of dry fruits, they drink the concoction. The eldest child in the household is honoured on this day.[[File:दिवाळी किल्ला.jpg|right|thumb|A replica fort made by children during Diwali]]
* [[Diwali]]: Just like most other parts of India, Diwali, a four to five day-long festival, is one of the most popular Hindu festivals. Houses are illuminated for the festival with rows of clay lamps known as ''panati'' and decorated with [[rangoli]] and ''aakash kandils'' (decorative lanterns of different shapes and sizes). Diwali is celebrated with new clothes, firecrackers and a variety of sweets in the company of family and friends. In Marathi tradition, during days of Diwali, family members have a ritual bath before dawn and then sit down for a breakfast of fried sweets and savoury snacks. These sweets and snacks are offered to visitors to the house during the multi-day festival and exchanged with neighbours. Typical sweet preparations include ''[[Laddu|Ladu]]'', ''[[Anarsa|Anarse]]'', [[Shankarpali]], and ''[[Dumpling|Karanjya]]''. Popular savoury treats include ''[[chakli]]'', ''shev,'' and ''[[chiwda|chivada]]''.<ref name="Edmund2001">{{cite book |author1=Edmund W. Lusas |author2=Lloyd W. Rooney |title=Snack Foods Processing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_5wlzckPkMC&pg=PA488 |date= 2001 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-1254-5 |pages=488–}}</ref> Being high in fat and low in moisture, these snacks can be stored at room temperature for many weeks without spoiling.
* Kartiki Ekadashi and Tulshicha Lagna: The 11th day of the month of Kartik marks the end of [[Chaturmas]] and is called Kartiki Ekadashi (also known as [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]]). On this day, Hindus, particularly the followers of Vishnu, celebrate his awakening after a [[Yoganidra]] of four months of [[Chaturmas]]. People worship him and fast for the entire day. The same evening, or the evening of the next day, is marked by Tulshi Vivah or Tulshicha Lagna. The [[Tulsi]] (Holy Basil plant) is held sacred by the Hindus as it is regarded as an incarnation of Mahalaxmi who was born as Vrinda. The end of Diwali celebrations mark the beginning of Tulshicha Lagna. Marathis organise the marriage of a sacred Tulshi plant in their house with Krishna. On this day the Tulshi vrundavan is coloured and decorated as a bride. Sugarcane and branches of [[tamarind]] and [[Indian gooseberry|amla]] trees are planted along with the tulsi plant. Though a mock marriage, all the ceremonies of an actual Maharashtrian marriage are conducted including chanting of [[mantra]]s, [[Mangal Ashtaka]] and tying of [[Mangal Sutra]] to the Tulshi. Families and friends gather for this marriage ceremony, which usually takes place in the late evening. Various ''pohe'' dishes are offered to Krishna and then distributed among family members and friends. This also marks the beginning of marriage season.
The celebration lasts for three days and ends on Kartiki [[Purnima (day)|Pournima]] or Tripurari Pournima.
[[File:Khandoba temple Pune.jpg|thumb|Devotees showering turmeric powder (bhandara) on each other at Khandoba Temple in [[Jejuri]] during Champa Shashthi.]]
* [[Khandoba]] Festival/Champa Shashthi: This is a six-day festival, from the first to the sixth lunar day of the bright fortnight of the Hindu month of [[Margashirsha]]. It is celebrated in honour of [[Khandoba]] by many Marathi families. Ghatasthapana, similar to Navaratri, also takes place in households during this festival. A number of families also hold fast during this period. The fast ends on the sixth day of the festival called Champa Shashthi.<ref>[A HISTORY OF THE MARATHA PEOPLE, C A. KINCAID, CV.O., I.CS. AND Rao Bahadur D. B. PARASNIS, VOL II, page 314, HUMPHREY MILFORD, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS, 1922]</ref> Among some Marathi Hindu communities, the [[Chaturmas]] period ends on Champa Sashthi. As it is customary in these communities not to consume onions, garlic, and [[egg plant]] (Brinjal / Aubergine) during the Chaturmas, the consumption of these food items resumes with ritual preparation of Bharit ([[Baingan Bharta]]) and ''rodga'', small round flat bread prepared from ''jwari'' (white [[millet]]).
*Darshvel Amavasya: It is last day of the Hindu month ''Pausha''. This festival is mostly celebrated in [[Marathwada]] region, especially in [[Latur]], [[Osmanabad]], [[Beed]], [[Nanded]] and [[Bidar]] districts. Special for farmers, people get to their farms and invite friends and relatives their. Place deity (''Sthan daivata'') is worshipped on occasion. [[Alum]] powder is applied to five stones representing five [[Pandavas]]. They are covered with hut of grass and pink cloth (''shalu'') is tied to hut. Farmer pours [[buttermilk]] around the deity idol and all over the field praying "ol ghe ol ghe saalam pol ge" (meaning ''be wet and let the year be wealthy till next Darshvel Amavasya'').
* [[Bhogi]]: The eve of the Hindu festival '[[Makar Sankranti]]' and the day before is called Bhogi. Bhogi is a festival of happiness and enjoyment and generally takes place on 13 January. It is celebrated in honour of Indra, 'the God of Clouds and Rains'. Indra is worshiped for the abundance of the harvest, which brings plenty and prosperity to the land. Since it is held in the winter, the main food for Bhogi is mixed vegetable curry made with carrots, lima beans, green [[capsicum]]s, [[Drumstick (vegetable)|drumsticks]], [[green beans]] and peas. Bajra roti (i.e. roti made of [[pearl millet]]) topped with sesame as well as rice and ''moog dal khichadi'' are eaten to keep warm in winter. During this festival people also take baths with sesame seeds.
[[File:Tilgul kha god god bola.jpg|right|thumb|Traditional Sesame seed based sweets for Makar Sankrant]]
* [[Makar Sankranti]]: Sankraman means the passing of the sun from one zodiac sign to the next. This day marks the sun's passage from the Tropic of Dhanu ([[Sagittarius (astrology)|Sagittarius]]) to Makar ([[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]]). Makar Sankranti falls on 14 January in non-leap years and on 15 January in leap years. It is the only Hindu festival that is based on the solar calendar rather than the [[Lunar calendar]]. Maharashtrians exchange tilgul or sweets made of jaggery and sesame seeds along with the customary salutation, ''Tilgul ghya aani god bola'', which means 'Accept the Tilgul and be friendly'. ''Tilgul Poli'' or ''gulpoli'' are the main sweet preparations made on the day in Maharashtra. It is a wheat-based flatbread filled with [[sesame seed]]s and [[jaggery]].,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Naik|first1=S.N.|last2=Prakash|first2=Karnika|title=Bioactive Constituents as a Potential Agent in Sesame for Functional and Nutritional Application|journal=Journal of Bioresource Engineering and Technology|date=2014|volume=2|issue=4|pages=42–60}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Colleen Taylor|title=Food culture in India|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood|location=Westport, Conn.[u.a.]|isbn=978-0313324871|page=142|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIyV_5wrplMC&q=bhakri&pg=PA41|access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref>
* [[Maha Shivratri]]: Maha Shivratri (also known as Shivaratri) means 'Great Night of Shiva' or 'Night of Shiva'. It is a Hindu festival celebrated every year on the 13th night and 14th day of [[Hindu calendar#Tithi|Krishna Paksha]] (waning moon) of the month of [[Maagha]] (as per ''Shalivahana'' or ''Gujarati Vikrama'') or [[Phalguna]] (as per ''Vikrama'') in the Hindu Calendar, that is, the night before and day of the new moon. The festival is principally celebrated by offerings of [[Aegle marmelos|bael]] (bilva) leaves to Shiva, all day fasting, and an all-night long vigil. The fasting food on this day includes [[chutney]] prepared with the pulp of the kavath fruit (''[[Limonia (plant)|Limonia]]'').{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
[[File:शिमगा उत्सव हर्णै बंदर.jpg|thumb|right|Shimga being celebrated on the port of Harne on the Konkan coast]]
* [[Holi]], Shimga and Rangapanchami: The festival of Holi falls in [[Falgun]], the last month of the Marathi Shaka calendar. Marathi people celebrate this festival by lighting a bonfire and offering ''puran poli'' to the fire. In North India, Holi is celebrated over two days with the second day celebrated with throwing colours. In Maharashtra it is known as Dhuli Vandan. However, Maharashtrians celebrate colour throwing five days after Holi on Rangapanchami. In Maharashtra, people make [[puran poli]] as the ritual offering to the holy fire.<ref name="Taylor Sen 2014 p. 105">Taylor Sen, Colleen (2014). Feasts and Fasts A History of Indian Food. London: Reaktion Books. p. 105. {{ISBN|978-1-78023-352-9}}. Retrieved 10 June 2016.</ref>
In coastal Konkan area, the festival of Shimga is celebrated which not only incorporates Holi but also involves other rituals and celebrations which precede Holi and extends for a few days more.
[[File:Bailgada manchar.png|thumb|right|Bullock cart race at a Jatra in Manchar, Maharashtra]]
* Village Urus or [[Jatra (Maharashtra)|Jatra]]: A large number of villages in Maharashtra hold their annual festivals (village carnivals) or ''uru''s in the months of January–May. These may be in the honour of the village Hindu deity (Gram daivat) or the tomb ([[dargah]]) of a local [[Sufi]] [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]] saint.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Feldhaus|editor-first1=Anne|title=Images of women in Maharashtrian society : [papers presented at the 4th International Conference on Maharashtra: Culture and Society held in April, 1991 at the Arizona State University]|date=1998|publisher=State Univ. of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=978-0791436592|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FobxiflfVQC&q=urus+maharashtra&pg=PA61}}</ref> Apart from religious observations, celebrations may include bullock-cart racing, [[kabbadi]], wrestling tournaments, a fair and entertainment such as a [[lavani]]/[[tamasha]] show by travelling dance troupes.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shodhganga|title=Sangli District|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9550/10/10_chapter%203.pdf|work=Shodhganga|access-date=17 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Maharashtra asks high court to reconsider ban on bullock cart races|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-asks-high-court-to-reconsider-ban-on-bullock-cart-races/articleshow/16872364.cms|access-date=17 April 2014|newspaper=Times of india|date=19 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=TALEGAON DASHASAR - The Gazetteers Department|publisher=The Gazetteers Department, Maharashtra|url=http://amravati.nic.in/gazetteer/gazetteerb/places_Talegaon%20Dashasar.html}}</ref> A number of families eat meat preparations only during this period. In some villages, women are given a break from cooking and other household chores by their menfolk.<ref name=Jatra>{{cite book|last=Betham|first=R. M.|title=Maráthas and Dekhani Musalmáns|year=1908|location=Calcutta|isbn=978-81-206-1204-4|page=71|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mATx3PBupsC&q=jatra++urus&pg=PA71 |publisher=Asian Educational Services}}</ref>

=== Festivals and celebrations observed by other communities ===
==== Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din ====
On 14 October 1956 at [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra, India, B. R. Ambedkar embraced Buddhist religion publicly and gave Deeksha of Buddhist religion to his more than 380,000 followers.<ref>This was Ambedkar's own figure given by him in a letter to [[Devapriya Valishinha]] dated 30 October 1956. ''The Maha Bodhi'' Vol. 65, p.226, quoted in [http://www.sangharakshita.org/_books/Ambedkar_and_Buddhism.pdf Dr. Ambedkar and Buddhism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094012/http://www.sangharakshita.org/_books/Ambedkar_and_Buddhism.pdf|date=24 September 2015}} by [[Sangharakshita]].</ref> The day is celebrated as [[Dharmacakra]] Pravartan Din. The grounds in Nagpur on which the conversion ceremony took place is known as [[Deekshabhoomi]]. Every year more than a million Buddhist people, especially [[Dalit Buddhist movement|Ambedkarite]], from all over the world visit Deekshabhoomi to commemorate Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din.<ref name="COLLECTOR">{{cite web|url=http://nagpur.nic.in/zpnagpur/English/Tourism1.htm |title=Places to Visit |publisher=District Collector Office, Nagpur Official Website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521005841/http://nagpur.nic.in/zpnagpur/English/Tourism1.htm |archive-date=21 May 2013 }}</ref>

==== Buddha Purnima ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
Festival commemorates Lord Buddha's enlightenment and birth. Buddhist community celebrates this day with great fervor and zeal across the world. Maharashtra has India's largest Buddhist population, about 5.8% of the State's total population. The State not only has rich Buddhist heritage and culture, it is also dotted with large and small Buddhist caves. Buddhists go to common Viharas to observe a rather longer-than-usual, full-length Buddhist sutra, akin to a service. The dress code is pure white. Non-vegetarian food is normally avoided. Kheer, sweet rice porridge is commonly served to recall the story of Sujata, who offered the Buddha a bowl of milk porridge.

==== Christmas ====
[[Christmas]] ([[Marathi language|Marathi]] : नाताळ) is celebrated to mark the birthday of [[Jesus Christ]]. Like in other parts of India, Christmas is celebrated with zeal by the indigenous Marathi Catholics such as the [[Bombay East Indians]] & [[Korlai Portuguese Creole]] Luso-Indians.<ref name="Banerji2008">{{cite book|author=Chitrita Banerji|title=Eating India: An Odyssey into the Food and Culture of the Land of Spices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfjOQfPtmw0C&pg=PR11|date= 2008|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-59691-712-5|pages=194–195}}</ref>

=== Food ===
{{Main|Maharashtrian cuisine|Malvani cuisine}}
[[File:Bhaji-Bhakari.jpg|thumb|right|A simple Maharashtrian meal with bhaaji, bhakari, raw onion and pickle]]
[[File:Diwalicha pharal.JPG|200px|thumb|A typical Diwali plate of snack (''pharal''). Clockwise from top: [[chakli]], kadboli, [[Sev (food)|shev]], gaathi, [[Chevdo|chivda]] and in the center are yellow [[besan]] and white [[Semolina|rava]] [[Laddoo|ladu]].]]
The many communities in Marathi society result in a diverse cuisine. This diversity extends to the family level because each family uses its own unique combination of spices. The majority of Maharashtrians do eat meat and eggs, but the Brahmin community is mostly [[lacto-vegetarian]]. The traditional staple food on Desh (the Deccan plateau) is usually ''[[bhakri]]'', spiced cooked vegetables, ''[[dal]]'' and rice. Bhakri is an [[unleavened bread]] made using Indian millet (''[[jowar]]''), [[Pearl millet|''bajra'']] or ''bajri''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Khatau|first=Asha|title=Epicure S Vegetarian CuisinesJOf India|year=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan ltd.|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-81-7991-119-8|page=57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16mU1bzJx3AC&q=bhakri+maharashtra+recipe&pg=PA15}}</ref> However, the North Maharashtrians and urbanites prefer [[roti]], which is a plain bread made with [[wheat]] flour.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Reejhsinghani|first1=Aroona|title=Delights From Maharashtra|date=2007|publisher=Jaico|isbn=978-8172245184|edition=7th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwMRaDxJcWwC&pg=PT10|access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> In the coastal Konkan region, rice is the traditional staple food. An aromatic variety of ''[[ambemohar]]'' rice is more popular among Marathi people than the internationally known [[basmati]] rice. Malvani dishes use more wet coconut and coconut milk in their preparation. In the Vidarbha region, little coconut is used in daily preparations but dry coconut, along with peanuts, is used in dishes such as spicy ''[[savji]]''s or mutton and chicken dishes.

''Thalipeeth'' is a popular traditional breakfast flat bread that is prepared using ''bhajani'', a mixture of many different varieties of roasted lentils.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Epicure S Vegetarian Cuisines Of India|publisher=Mumbai: Popular Prakashan ltd. p. 63.}}</ref>

Marathi Hindu people observe fasting days when traditional staple food like rice and chapatis are avoided. However, milk products and non-native foods such as potatoes, peanuts and ''[[sabudana]]'' preparations (''sabudana khicdi'') are allowed, which result in a carbohydrate-rich alternative fasting cuisine.

Some Maharashtrian dishes including ''sev bhaji'', ''misal pav'' and ''patodi'' are distinctly regional dishes within Maharashtra.

In metropolitan areas including Mumbai and Pune, the pace of life makes fast food very popular. The most popular forms of fast food among Marathi people in these areas are: ''[[Pakora|bhaji]]'', ''[[vada pav]]'', ''[[Misal Pav|misal pav]]'' and ''[[pav bhaji]]''. More traditional dishes are ''[[Sabudana Khichadi|sabudana khichdi]]'', ''[[pohe]]'', ''[[upma]]'', ''[[sheera]]'' and ''[[panipuri]]''. Most Marathi fast food and snacks are purely lacto-vegetarian in nature.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/oct/03/vada-pav-sandwich-recipe-potato-chutney|title=Vada pav sandwich recipe|date=3 October 2013|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/article3657300.ece|title=In search of Mumbai Vada Pav|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

In South Konkan, near [[Malvan]], an independent exotic cuisine has developed called [[Malvani cuisine]], which is predominantly non-vegetarian. ''[[Kombdi vade]]'', fish preparations and baked preparations are more popular here. [[Kombdi Vade]], is a recipe from the Konkan region. Deep fried flatbread made from spicy rice and [[Vigna mungo|urid]] flour served with chicken curry, more specifically with Malvani chicken curry.

Desserts are an important part of Marathi food and include ''[[puran poli]]'', ''[[shrikhand]]'', ''[[basundi]]'', ''[[kheer]]'', ''[[gulab jamun]]'', and ''[[modak]]''. Traditionally, these desserts were associated with a particular festival, for example, ''modak''s are prepared during the [[Ganpati|Ganpati Festival]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSTRAQAAQBAJ&q=marathi+wedding+recipe+alu&pg=PT36|title=SAVOUR MUMBAI: A CULINARY JOURNEY THROUGH INDIA'S MELTING POT|page=36|access-date=11 August 2017|isbn=978-9382618959|last1=Khanna|first1=Vikas|date=2013|publisher=Westland }}</ref>

=== Attire ===
[[File:Maharani Chimnabai of Baroda with her daughter Indira Devi.jpg|thumb|Princess [[Indira Raje]] (1892-1968) of [[Baroda State|Baroda]] as a young girl with her mother,
[[Maharani Chimnabai|Chimnabai II]], wearing a 'Nauvari', a traditional Maharashtrian sari]]

Traditionally, Marathi women commonly wore the [[sari]], often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs.<ref name=Costumes/> Most middle aged and young women in urban Maharashtra dress in western outfits such as skirts and trousers or [[shalwar kameez|salwar kameez]] with the traditionally ''[[Kasta sari#Nauvari|nauvari]]'' or nine-yard sari, disappearing from the markets due to a lack of demand.{{sfn|Kher|2003|p=}} Older women wear the five-yard sari. In urban areas, the five-yard sari is worn by younger women for special occasions such as weddings and religious ceremonies.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kher |first1=Swati |title=Bid farewell to her |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=69578 |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=Indian Express, Mumbai Newsline |date=2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301122101/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=69578 |archive-date=1 March 2010 }}</ref> Among men, western dress has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such as the [[dhoti]] and [[Pheta (turban)|pheta]] on cultural occasions. The [[Gandhi cap]] along with a long white shirt and loose pajama style trousers is the popular attire among older men in rural Maharashtra.<ref name=Costumes/><ref>{{cite book|last=Bhanu|first=B.V|title=People of India: Maharashtra, Part 2|year=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|pages=1033, 1037, 1039|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&q=%22gandhi+cap%22+maharashtra+men+headgear&pg=PA1033}}</ref><ref name=tradition/> Women wear traditional jewellery derived from Marathas and Peshwas dynasties. [[Kolhapuri saaj]], a special type of necklace, is also worn by Marathi women.<ref name=Costumes>{{cite web|title=Costumes of Maharashtra|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.net/culture-lifestyle/costumes/|publisher=Maharashtra Tourism|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> In urban areas, many women and men wear western attire.<ref name=tradition>{{cite web|title=Traditional costumes of Maharashtra|url=http://www.marathiheritage.com/costumes.html|publisher=Marathi Heritage Organization|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028002852/http://www.marathiheritage.com/costumes.html|archive-date=28 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Names===
Marathi Hindu people follow a partially [[Patronymic]] naming system. For example, it is customary to associate the father's name with the given name. In the case of married women, the husband's name is associated with the given name. Therefore, the constituents of a Marathi name as given name /first name, father/husband, family name /surname. For example:
* [[Mahadeo Govind Ranade]]: Here Mahadeo is the given name, Govind is his father's given name, and Ranade is the surname.<ref name="Mittal Publications">{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=D.D.|title=Panorama of Indian anthroponomy : (an historical, socio-cultural & linguistic analysis of Indian personal names|date=2005|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8183240789|page=192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4rccspy46sC&q=%22hindu+personal+names%22+&pg=PR5 |ref=none}}</ref>
* Jyotsna Mukund Khandekar: Here Jyotsna is the given name, Mukund is the husband's given name, and Khandekar is the surname of the husband.<ref name="Mittal Publications"/>

====Personal names====
Marathi Hindus choose given names for their children from a variety of sources. They could be characters from [[Hindu mythology|Hindu mythological]] epics such as the [[Ramayana]] or [[Mahabharat]], names of holy rivers such as [[Yamuna]] and [[Godavari]], Hindu historical figures from Maratha or Indian history such as [[Shivaji]] and [[Ashoka]], Marathi varkari saints such as [[Tukaram]], [[Dnyaneshwar]], [[Janabai]], popular characters from modern Marathi literature, names of fragrant flowers for girls (e.g. [[Mimusops elengi|Bakul]], Kamal/Kamla for [[Lotus flower|lotus]]), senses such as ''Madhura'' for sweetness, precious metals such female name ''Suwarna'' for gold, heavenly bodies such as the Sun and the Moon, ''Vasant'' and ''Sharad'' for spring and autumn respectively, names of film stars or sportsmen, and after virtues (e.g. ''Vinay'' for modesty). Nicknames such as Bandu, Balu, Sonya and Pillu for males and Chhabu and Bebi for girls have been popular too.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dhongde |first1=R. V. |title=Personal Names in Marathi |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |date=1986 |volume=45 |pages=25–36 |jstor=42930151 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=D.D.|title=Panorama of Indian anthroponomy : (an historical, socio-cultural & linguistic analysis of Indian personal names|date=2005|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8183240789|pages=192–195|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4rccspy46sC&q=%22hindu+personal+names%22+&pg=PR5 |ref=none}}</ref>

====Surnames====
A large number of Maharashtrian surnames are derived by adding the suffix ''kar'' to the village from which the family originally hailed.{{sfn|Chopra|1982|p=52}} For example, Junnarkar came from town of [[Junnar]], Waghulkar comes from the town of Waghul. According to Bhandarkar, the tradition of using place name as the surname can be traced back to the Chalukya era in the 7th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sankalia. |first1=Hasmukh D. |title=Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat. |date=1949 |publisher=Deccan College |location=Poona |page=117 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104107/page/n157/mode/2up?q=bai |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> Names like [[Kumbhar]], [[Sutar]], [[Kulkarni]], [[Deshpande]], [[Deshmukh]], [[Patil (surname)|Patil]], [[Desai]], and [[Joshi]] denote the family's ancestral trade, profession, or administrative role.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kulkarni|first1=A.R|title=Maharashtra in the Age of Shivaji|date=1969|publisher=R.J. Deshmukh |page=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJNirJVU9PUC&q=patilki+brahmin|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Ramananda|title=The Modern Review, Volume 16|publisher=Modern Review Office|page=604|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1l_k7kNP95QC&q=patilki+brahmin|access-date=2 April 2018|year=1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gaborieau|first1=Marc|last2=Thorner|first2=Alice|title=Colloques internationaux du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Issue 582|date=1979|publisher=Ed. du Centre national de la recherche scientifique|pages=201, 202|quote=Patilki vatan is both coveted and fought over: Brahmins, Marathas and Mahars may all be past and present sharers in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Proceedings of the Session, Volume 38|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India|date=1967|quote=Most of the Brahmin families hereditarily enjoyed the patilki (village headmanship) or kulkarnigiri (village accountancy) of villages}}</ref><ref name="IWI">{{cite journal |title=Their surnames |journal=The Illustrated Weekly of India |volume=91 |issue=3|date=July 1970 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |page=12 |quote=Generally speaking, excepting names such as Kulkarni, Thackerey, Chitnis, Deshmukh, Deshpande, which are common to many communities in Maharashtra, a C.K.P. can be recognised by his surname. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Home, Family and Kinship in Maharashtra|editor1=Irina Glushkova |editor2= Rajendra Vora |publisher=Oxford University Press|page=118|quote= The wada tells us of a story of three generations of a family called Deshpande who belong to the Deshastha Brahmin caste. ....Spread all over Maharashtra as a result of this process, Deshastha Brahmans held, in particular, the office of kulkarni.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hassan|first1=Syed Siraj ul|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1|publisher=Times Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&q=desai+deshastha+brahmin&pg=PA111|access-date=2 April 2018|isbn=978-8120604889|year=1989}}</ref>

Families of the historical Maratha chiefs use their clan name as their surname. Some of these are Jadhav, Bhosale, Chavan, [[Shinde]], [[Shirke]], [[Morè (clan)|More]], [[Nimbalkar]], [[Pawar]], Masaram, Gharge-Desai (Deshmukh) and Ghatge.<ref name="Dumont1980">{{cite book|author=Louis Dumont|title=Homo hierarchicus: the caste system and its implications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsOtRGdvIigC&pg=PA121|access-date=13 May 2011|year=1980|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-16963-7|pages=121–}}</ref> Members of the numerically largest Maratha [[Kunbi]] cultivator class among Marathi people have also adopted some of the Maratha clan names, either to indicate allegiance to the Maratha chief they served, or as an attempt at upward mobility.{{sfn| O'Hanlon2002|p=17}}

====Honorifics and suffixes====
Marathi people use various suffixes and prefixes with names. Most of these are intended as honorific when addressing older people, or people with authority. The common suffixes include bai, and sometimes tai for women, rao, and saheb for men.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moon |first1=Vasant |last2=Omvedt |first2=Gail |last3=Zelliot |first3=Eleanor |title=Growing up untouchable in India: A dalit autobiography. |date=2002 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=0-7425-0880-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWtPAQAAQBAJ&dq=rao+saheb+bai%2C+tai+&pg=PT7}}</ref> According to Sankhelia, the first use of the word, bai was in the 13th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sankalia. |first1=Hasmukh D. |title=Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat. |date=1949 |publisher=Deccan College |location=Poona |pages=141–142 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.104107/page/n157/mode/2up?q=bai |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> In modern times, the prefixes Shree for men, and Saubhagyavati (abbreviated as Sau) for married women have become common.

=== Language and literature ===
{{Main|Marathi literature}}
It has been noted by scholars that there is [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]] influence in the development of the Marathi language.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Polomé|first1=Edgar C.|title=Reconstructing Languages and Cultures|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|page=521|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIj-nZWsX_0C&q=dravidian+marathi&pg=PA521|isbn=978-3110867923|date=24 June 2011}}</ref>

====Ancient Marathi inscriptions====
Marathi, also known as Seuna at that time, was the court language during the reign of the [[Yadava Dynasty|Yadava Kings]]. Yadava king Singhania was known for his magnanimous donations. Inscriptions recording these donations are found written in Marathi on stone slabs in the temple at Kolhapur in Maharashtra. Composition of noted works of scholars like [[Hemadri]] are also found. Hemadri was also responsible for introducing a style of architecture called Hemadpanth.{{ref|1}} Among the various stone inscriptions are those found at Akshi in the Kolaba district, which are the first known stone inscriptions in Marathi. An example found at the bottom of the statue of Gomateshwar ([[Bahubali]]) at [[Shravanabelagola]] in Karnataka bears the inscription 'Chamundraye karaviyale, Gangaraye suttale karaviyale'{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} which gives some information regarding the sculptor of the statue and the king who ordered its creation.{{ref|2}}

====Classical literature====
Marathi people have a long literary tradition which started in the ancient era.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=June 2017}} It was the 13th-century saint [[Dnyaneshwar]] who produced the first treatise in Marathi on the Geeta. The work called [[Dnyaneshwari]] is considered a masterpiece. Along with Dnyaneshwar, his contemporary, [[Namdev]] was also responsible for propagating Marathi religious [[Bhakti]] literature. Namdev is also important to the [[Sikh]] tradition, since several of his compositions were included in the Sikh Holy book, the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]''. [[Eknath]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://santeknath.org/home.html |title=Sant Eknath Maharaj |publisher=Santeknath.org |access-date=9 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614095018/http://santeknath.org/home.html |archive-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> [[Tukaram|Sant Tukaram]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sankeertanam.com/saints%20texts/Sant%20TukArAm.pdf|title=Sant TukArAm|author=Thiruvaiyaru Krishnan|website=Sankeertanam.com|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-date=16 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216075740/http://www.sankeertanam.com/saints%20texts/Sant%20TukArAm.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Mukteshwar'' and [[Samarth Ramdas]] were equally important figures in the 17th century. In the 18th century, writers like [[Vaman Pandit]], [[Raghunath Pandit]], Shridhar Pandit, [[Mahipati]],<ref name="Novetzkep53">{{cite book|last=Novetzke|first=Christian Lee|title=Religion and Public Memory: A Cultural History of Saint Namdev in India|year=1969|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York Chichester|isbn=978-0231-14184-0|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdRVOv9TUC}}</ref> and [[Moropant]] produced some well-known works.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=June 2017}} All of the above-mentioned writers produced religious literature.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=June 2017}}

====Modern Marathi literature====
The first English book was translated into Marathi in 1817 while the first Marathi newspaper started in 1841.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.printingindia.com/history/indianhistory.htm |title=Printing India |publisher=Printing India |access-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> Many books on social reform were written by Baba Padamji (''Yamuna Paryatana'', 1857), [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule]], [[Gopal Hari Deshmukh|Lokhitawadi]], [[Mahadev Govind Ranade|Justice Ranade]], and [[Hari Narayan Apte]] (1864–1919). [[Lokmanya Tilak]]'s newspaper ''[[Kesari (Marathi newspaper)|Kesari]]'' in Marathi was a strong voice in promoting Ganeshotsav or Chhatrapati Shivaji festival. The newspaper also offered criticism of colonial government excesses. At this time, Marathi efficiently aided by Marathi Drama. B. R. Ambedkar's newspaper, ''Bahishkrut Bharat,'' set up in 1927, provided a platform for sharing literary views.

In the mid-1950s, the 'little magazine movement' gained momentum. It published writings which were non-conformist, radical, and experimental. The [[Dalit literature]] movement also gained strength due to the little magazine movement. This radical movement was influenced by the philosophy of non-conformity, and challenged the literary establishment, which was largely middle class, urban, and upper [[caste]].<ref name=han>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&dq=Baburao+Bagul&pg=PA368 Issues of Language and Representation:Babu Rao Bagul] ''Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India'', Editors: Nalini Natarajan, Emmanuel Sampath Nelson. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. {{ISBN|0-313-28778-3}}. p. 368.</ref> The little magazine movement was responsible for many excellent writers including the well-known novelist, critic, and poet [[Bhalchandra Nemade]]. Dalit writer [[N. D. Mahanor]] is well known for his work, while Dr. Sharad Rane is a well-known children's writer.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nagarkar|first=Kiran|title=The Language Conflicts: The Politics and Hostilities between English and the Regional Languages in India|year=2006|url=http://www.khg.uni.wroc.pl/files/khg7nagarkart.pdf}}</ref>

== Martial tradition ==
{{multiple image
| footer = Maratha Armour from Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, Russia.
| align = right
| direction =
| width =
| image1 = Maratha_Armor.jpg
| width1 = 140
| alt1 = Maratha Helmet
| caption1 = Maratha Empire Armory
| image2 = Maratha Armour.jpg
| width2 = 140
| alt2 = Maratha Armor
| caption2 = Signature Maratha Empire helmet with curved back.
}}
Although ethnic Marathis have taken up military roles for many centuries,<ref name="Minahan2012">{{cite book|author=James B. Minahan|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PA178|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-660-7|page=178 |access-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> their martial qualities came to prominence in 17th-century India, under the leadership of [[Shivaji]]. He founded the Maratha Empire, which at the time of the mid-18th century controlled large parts of the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book|title=Career's Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_p5B-PUf-_sC&q=maratha+empire+whole+of+india&pg=PA141|publisher=Bright Publications|page=141}}</ref><ref name="KhanHussain1999">{{cite book|author1=Ansar Hussain Khan|author2=Ansar Hussain|title=Rediscovery of India, The: A New Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRpFol4AnO0C&pg=PA133|date=1999|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1595-6|page=133}}</ref> It was largely an ethnic Marathi polity,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&q=maratha+empire+marathi+ethnic&pg=PT234|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|isbn=978-1598846607|last1=Minahan|first1=James B.|date=30 August 2012|publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref> with its chiefs and nobles coming from the Marathi ethnicity, such as the [[Bhonsle]]s (''Maratha'' caste), the [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]s (''Dhangar'' caste),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMrsTj1NeYC&q=holkar+dhangar+caste&pg=PA21|title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology|isbn=978-0521523080|last1=O'Hanlon|first1=Rosalind|date= 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> the [[Peshwa]]s (1713 onwards; ''Chitpavan'' caste),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Citpavan|title=Citpavan – Indian caste|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> the Angres, chief of [[Maratha Navy]] (''Maratha'' caste; 1698 onwards).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bakshi|first1=SR|title=Contemporary Political Leadership in India|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|page=41|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iP433CnEW_gC&q=koli+angre&pg=PA41|isbn=978-8176480079|year=1998}}</ref> The Maratha Empire is credited to a large extent for reducing the Mughal emperor to a mere figurehead.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46986/The-Marathas |title=The Marathas |date=16 October 2023 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/595729/Bal-Gangadhar-Tilak |title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=11 April 2024 }}</ref> Further, they were also considered by the British as the most important native power of 18th-century India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&q=1818+british+india+maratha&pg=PA271|title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950|isbn=978-1843310044|last1=Markovits|first1=Claude|date=2004|publisher=Anthem Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZ2F6BE6n2QC&q=1818+british+india+maratha&pg=PA82|title=Justice System and Mutinies in British India|isbn=978-8171003723|last1=Bhatia|first1=H. S.|year=2001|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications }}</ref> Today this ethnicity is represented in the [[Indian Army]], with two regiments deriving their names from Marathi communities {{mdash}}the [[Maratha Light Infantry]]<ref name="bharat-rakshak.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/103-Maratha-LI.html |title=Land Forces Site – The Maratha Light Infantry |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |date=30 January 2003 |access-date=9 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104094159/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/103-Maratha-LI.html |archive-date=4 November 2012 }}</ref> and the [[Mahar Regiment]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/114-Mahar-Regt.html |title=Land Forces Site – The Mahar Regiment |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=9 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011161008/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/114-Mahar-Regt.html |archive-date=11 October 2012 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[Marhatta (region)|Maharatta]]
* [[List of Marathi people]]
* [[Magar (Maharashtra)]]
* [[Thanjavur Marathi (people)|Thanjavur Marathi (disambiguation)]]
* [[Western Satraps]]

== References ==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=note}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{citation |last=Ahmadnagar District Gazetteers |year=1976a |title=The People: Feasts and Festivals |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |url=http://ahmednagar.nic.in/gazetteer/people_feast.html}}
* {{Citation |last=Bahuguna |first=Nitin Jugran |title=The marriage market |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=5 November 2004 |url=http://www.blonnet.com/life/2004/11/05/stories/2004110500130300.htm |access-date=10 October 2010}}
* {{Citation |last=Chopra |first=Pran Nath |year=1982 |title=Religions and communities of India |publisher=Vision Books |isbn=978-0-85692-081-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAtuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/this-gudi-padwa-plant-a-neem-and-reap-its-benefits/437436/ |last=Express News Service |year=2009 |title=This Gudi Padwa, plant a neem and reap its benefits |access-date=12 December 2009}}
* {{Citation |url=http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/RATNAGIRI/people_religions.html |last=Government of Maharashtra |title=Ratnagiri District Gazetteer |year=1962 |access-date=10 October 2010}}
* {{Citation |title=Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist |first=Radhakumud |last=Mookerji |isbn=978-81-208-0423-4 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjFfqpq7HhkC}}
* {{Citation |title=Child marriage in India: a study of its differential patterns in Rajasthan |first=B. S |last=Nagi |isbn=978-81-7099-460-2 |year=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhF5rFHIEWQC}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Usha |year=2005 |title=Marriage in Indian Society: From Tradition to Modernity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fk1dhn9W-44C |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170999980}}
* {{Citation |first1=T.C.A |last1=Srinivasa-Raghavan |title=Caste, cost and cause |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=22 July 2009 |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2009/07/22/stories/2009072250760900.htm |access-date=10 October 2010}}
* {{Citation |title=Caste in doubt: The perilous arithmetic of positive discrimination |publisher=The Economist |last=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2010/06/10/caste-in-doubt |date=10 June 2010 |access-date=10 October 2010}}
* {{Citation |chapter-url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/Land%20&%20People%20%20Final/L%20&%20P%20pdf/Chapter%20VII/1%20Chapter%20VII%20Religion.pdf |title=Maharashtra: Land and its people |first=Dr. T. N |last=Walunjkar |chapter=VII |publisher=State of Maharashtra |access-date=10 October 2010}}
* {{Citation |title=The Experience of Hinduism: essays on religion in Maharashtra |first1=Eleanor |last1=Zelliot |first2=Maxine |last2=Berntsen |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-88706-664-1 |publisher=SUNY Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pyon3IOpX-AC}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* John Roberts (June 1971) "The Movement of Elites in Western India under Early British Rule", The Historical Journal '''24'''(2) pp. 241–262
* Hiroshi Fukazawa (February 1972) Rural servants in the 18th century Maharashtrian village-demiurgic of Jajmani system? Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, '''12'''(2), pp. 14–40

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|Maharashtrian}}

{{Maharashtra}}
{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathi People}}
[[Category:Marathi people| ]]
[[Category:Marathi culture]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]

Super Hungama

2026-03-24T02:41:38Z

Svetlananhr: expanded content

{{short description|Indian pay television channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Super Hungama
| logo = Super Hungama Logo.png
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2022
| launch_date = {{Launch date and age|df=y|2004|12|17}}
| picture_format = [[576i]] [[Standard-definition television|SDTV]]
| owner = [[JioStar]]
| country = India
| language = {{Plainlist|
* [[English language|English]]
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
* [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
* [[Hindi]]
}}
| area = {{Plainlist|
* [[India]]
* [[Sri Lanka]]
* [[Maldives]]
* [[Bangladesh]] (until February 2013)
* [[Nepal]]
* [[Bhutan]]
}}
| sister_channels = [[Hungama TV]] [[Jio Star#Owned channels|JioStar Channels]]
| replaced =
| replaced_by =
| former_names = {{ubl|Toon Disney/Jetix (2004–2009)|Disney XD (2009–2019)|Marvel HQ (2019–2022)}}
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| website =
| online_serv_1 = [[Airtel Digital TV]] India
| online_chan_1 = SD
}}

'''Super Hungama''' is an Indian [[pay television]] channel operated by [[JioStar]], a joint venture between [[Disney India]] and [[Viacom18]]. It primarily focuses on animated children's series and is a direct sister channel to [[Hungama TV|Hungama]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Strengthening its kids portfolio, Disney to launch 'Super Hungama' channel on 1 March |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/super-hungama-is-set-to-replace-marvel-hq-from-march/ |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=AnimationXpress |language=en-US |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301125120/https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/super-hungama-is-set-to-replace-marvel-hq-from-march/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The channel was started as the Indian version of [[Toon Disney]] in December 2004 and also carried the [[Jetix]] block in India. Both brands were replaced by [[Disney XD]] on 14 November 2009. The channel became Marvel HQ on 20 January 2019 and Super Hungama on 1 March 2022.

==History==
In December 2004, [[The Walt Disney Company]] launched two television channels in India—[[Disney Channel (Indian TV channel)|Disney Channel]] and [[Toon Disney]]—as a part of an effort to expand their presence in the South Asian market. Both channels broadcast in English, Hindi, Tamil, and Telugu. Toon Disney started with English, Tamil and Telugu and gained a Hindi-language audio track on 1 September 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Disney launches India TV channels |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4104089.stm |last=Bajoria |first=Jayshree |date=17 December 2004 |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=[[BBC]] |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425062740/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4104089.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=After Tamil & Telugu, Toon Disney goes Hindi from 1 September |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/aug/aug244.htm |date=22 August 2005 |access-date=6 April 2022 |work=Indian Television |archive-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301233453/http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k5/aug/aug244.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Toon Disney carried the [[Jetix]] programming block in India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rohn|first1=Ulrike|last2=Lang|first2=Peter|title=Cultural Barriers to the Success of Foreign Media Content|year=2009 |isbn=9783631594308|page=280|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWl7coVHCncC&pg=PA280|access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Dr. A.G. Sudha|author2=Dr. L. Manivannan|title=A Study on Impact of Cartoon Programs on School Children with Special Reference to Salem City|publisher=Archers & Elevators Publishing House|isbn=9789385640322|page=52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtZvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref> Among all children's television channels in India, Toon Disney had the lowest number of local programming. It was also one of the leading Indian children's channels at the time.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rohn|first1=Ulrike|last2=Lang|first2=Peter|title=Cultural Barriers to the Success of Foreign Media Content|year=2009 |isbn=9783631594308|page=280|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWl7coVHCncC&pg=PA280|access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Dr. A.G. Sudha|author2=Dr. L. Manivannan|title=A Study on Impact of Cartoon Programs on School Children with Special Reference to Salem City|publisher=Archers & Elevators Publishing House|isbn=9789385640322|page=52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtZvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref>

[[Disney XD]] replaced Toon Disney and Jetix in November 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2009 |title=Jetix rebrands to Disney XD in India |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/jetix-rebrands-to-disney-xd-in-india |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505184133/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/broadcasting/tv-channels/kids/jetix-rebrands-to-disney-xd-in-india |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jetix gets a new name! |url=https://www.adgully.com/jetix-gets-a-new-name-41289.html |date=13 November 2009 |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=Adgully |archive-date=29 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329023115/https://www.adgully.com/jetix-gets-a-new-name-41289.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2011, Disney India planned to launch [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language audio tracks for Disney XD in 2012 as a part of its regional expansion within the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/disney-xd-to-launch-bengali-and-marathi-feeds-in-the-new-year/415544|title=Disney XD to launch Bengali and Marathi feeds in the new year|date=28 December 2011|access-date=7 July 2022|website=Campaign India}}</ref> The channel ceased to be available in Bangladesh in February 2013 as being an unapproved service; the move came as the government banned broadcasts of the Hindi-dubbed cartoon series ''[[Doraemon]]'' over fears that children would learn Hindi and not [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="govt">{{Cite web|title=Govt slaps ban on Hindi-dubbed Doraemon telecast|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/02/14/govt-slaps-ban-on-hindi-dubbed-doraemon-telecast|access-date=6 July 2022|website=bdnews24.com|archive-date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526070302/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/02/14/govt-slaps-ban-on-hindi-dubbed-doraemon-telecast|url-status=live}}</ref>

Marvel HQ replaced the Indian version of [[Disney XD]] on 20 January 2019.<ref name="bmi">{{cite news |title=Disney India to replace Disney XD with Marvel HQ |url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2019/01/disney-india-to-replace-disney-xd-with-marvel-hq/ |access-date=18 January 2019 |work=Best Media Info |date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402233449/https://bestmediainfo.com/2019/01/disney-india-to-replace-disney-xd-with-marvel-hq/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Disney India noted that Marvel was a "pop-culture phenomenon" worthy of a dedicated Marvel channel.<ref name="x4m">{{cite news |title=Marvel HQ, the TV channel for your all-day superhero fix |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/marvel-hq-the-tv-channel-for-your-all-day-superhero-fix-94011.html |access-date=24 January 2019 |work=Exchange4media |publisher=Adsert Web Solutions Pvt. Ltd. |date=17 January 2019 |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124203612/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/marvel-hq-the-tv-channel-for-your-all-day-superhero-fix-94011.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The channel targeted children aged 6–17 with action-adventure animation and live action programming.<ref name="etbe">{{cite news |title=Disney India to launch Marvel HQ on January 20|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/business-of-brands/disney-india-to-launch-marvel-hq-on-january-20/67553821 |access-date=24 January 2019 |work=ET BrandEquity |publisher=Economic Times |date=16 January 2019 |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124203700/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/business-of-brands/disney-india-to-launch-marvel-hq-on-january-20/67553821 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="tvp">{{cite news |title=Disney India to launch new kids channel Marvel HQ in place of Disney XD |url=https://www.televisionpost.com/disney-india-to-launch-new-kids-channel-marvel-hq-in-place-of-disney-xd/ |access-date=24 January 2019 |work=TelevisionPost |date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020253/https://www.televisionpost.com/disney-india-to-launch-new-kids-channel-marvel-hq-in-place-of-disney-xd/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At launch, the main Marvel programming would consist of four animated shows<ref name="bmi" /> and 40 percent of the total schedule,<ref name="x4m" /> with additional Marvel animated series added or seasons started in March 2019. Over time, non-Marvel animated series were added, including ''[[Pokémon (TV series)|Pokémon]]'' and ''[[Beyblade]]''.<ref name="bmi" />

On 18 October 2021, Disney announced that Marvel HQ would be rebranded as Super Hungama on 1 December.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Breaking News: Disney Star India exits English general entertainment; Star World, Star World HD and Star World Premiere HD to go off air by November 30|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2021/10/disney-star-india-exits-english-general-entertainment-star-world-star-world-hd-and-star-world-premiere-hd-to-go-off-air-by-november-30/|access-date=16 October 2021|website=www.bestmediainfo.com|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016094251/https://bestmediainfo.com/2021/10/disney-star-india-exits-english-general-entertainment-star-world-star-world-hd-and-star-world-premiere-hd-to-go-off-air-by-november-30/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 November, one day before the intended launch, it was delayed until 1 March 2022 due to issues involving the implementation of the [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]]'s New Tariff Order 2.0.<ref>{{cite news|work=Indian Television|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/viewership/star-and-disney-india-postpones-new-channel-launches-till-further-intimation-211130|title=Star and Disney India postpones new channel launches till further intimation|date=30 November 2021|access-date=30 November 2021|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130062540/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/viewership/star-and-disney-india-postpones-new-channel-launches-till-further-intimation-211130|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/disney-kids-network-to-launch-new-channel-super-hungama-118684.html|date=24 February 2022|title=Disney Kids Network to launch new channel Super Hungama|access-date=1 March 2022|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228024944/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/disney-kids-network-to-launch-new-channel-super-hungama-118684.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Programming ==
{{Main|List of programmes broadcast by Super Hungama}}

== Former logos ==
<gallery>
File:Toon Disney logo.svg|2004–2007
File:Jetix logo.png|2007–2009
File:Logo Disney XD.svg|2009–2016
File:2015 Disney XD logo.svg|2016–2019
File:Marvel HQ logo.svg|2019–2022
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Disney Junior (Indian TV channel)|Disney Junior]]
* [[List of Disney Channel (Indian TV channel) series]]
* [[List of programs broadcast by Jetix#India|List of programmes broadcast by Jetix India]]
* [[List of programs broadcast by Fox Kids#India|List of programmes broadcast by Fox Kids India]]
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Disney Channel (Indian TV channel)|List of programmes broadcast by Disney Channel (India)]]
* [[List of Indian animated television series]]
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Hungama TV]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Disney Channel}}

[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Children's television channels in India]]
[[Category:Indian animation]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Disney India Media Networks]]
[[Category:Marvel Entertainment]]
[[Category:Disney XD]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]

Khurshid Anwar (Major)

2026-03-19T07:07:03Z

Svetlananhr: further update layout based on references and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Pakistani activist and militant}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox office holder
| honorific_prefix = [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]]
| name = Khurshid Anwar
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Major Khurshid Anwar.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Portrait of Khurshid Anwar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Khurshid Anwar Khan
| other_name =
| nickname =
| birth_date = 1905<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmir 1947: A case of Pakistani perfidy |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/kashmir-1947-a-case-of-pakistani-perfidy20201019232226 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126191054/https://aninews.in/news/world/asia/kashmir-1947-a-case-of-pakistani-perfidy20201019232226/ |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=ANI News |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], British India
| death_date = c. 1950s{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
| death_place = [[Abottabad]], [[Dominion of Pakistan]]
| death_cause = complications from wounds<ref name="Hasan">{{Cite news |last=Hasan |first=Khalid |author-link=Khalid Hasan (journalist) |title=The other Khurshid Anwar |newspaper=Friday Times |date=11 February 2005 |url=https://apnaorg.com/prose-content/english-articles/page-119/article-1/index.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |via=apnaorg.com}}</ref>
| resting_place = [[Rawalpindi War Cemetery]], [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| office = 2nd [[Pakistan Football Federation|President of the PFF]]
| predecessor = [[Fazlur Rahman (politician)|Fazlur Rehman]]
| successor = [[Khawaja Shahabuddin]]
| term_start = 1948
| term_end = 1949
| allegiance = {{flagicon|British India}} [[British India]] {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]]
| branch = {{flagicon|British India|army}} [[British Indian Army]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Muslim League.svg}} [[Muslim League National Guards]]
| branch_label = 
| serviceyears =
| serviceyears_label =
| rank = [[File:British Army OF-3.svg|20px]] [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]]
| rank_label =
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands =
| known_for = Commanding [[Khasadar|Tribal lashkars]] during the [[First Kashmir War]]
| battles = {{Tree list}}
* [[First Kashmir War|Indo-Pakistan War 1947-1948]]
**[[Battle of Muzaffarabad]]
**[[Battle of Badgam]]{{WIA}}
{{tree list/end}}
| battles_label =
| awards =
| memorials =
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| spouse = Mumtaz Jamal<ref name="Hasan"/>
| children =
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
'''Khurshid Anwar''' was an activist of [[All-India Muslim League]], heading its private militia, the [[Muslim League National Guards]].<ref>
{{citation |last=Talbot |first=Phillip |title=An American Witness To India's Partition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhBDwAAQBAJ |date=2007 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5150-018-6 |page=353 |quotation=To the embarrassment of the Pakistan government, the deputy commander of the Muslim National Guards, a private army maintained by the Muslim League before the creation of Pakistan, took a personal hand.}}
</ref>{{sfnp|Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited|2008|loc=pp. 120–121: "Shaukat Hayat also had another plan in hand, which included the use of INA officers such as M. Zaman Kiani and Khurshid Anwar, a commander of the Muslim League National Guards, to mount crossborder operations under the overall command of Shaukat Hayat."}} Described as a "shadowy figure" and "complete adventurer", he is generally addressed as a "Major" in Pakistani sources. He was a key figure in the rise of the Muslim League during 1946–1947, organising its campaigns in [[Punjab]] and [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]], prior to India's [[Partition of India|partition]]. After the independence of Pakistan, he was instrumental in organising the tribal invasion of princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]], leading to the [[First Kashmir War]].

== Early career ==
Khurshid Anwar was a Punjabi<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |url= |title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War |date=1996 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-86064-036-0 |pages=142 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Lamb |url= |title=Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, 1846–1990 |date=1991 |publisher=Roxford Books |isbn=978-0-907129-05-9 |pages=141 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=174}} from [[Jullundhar]] in Punjab.{{sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=174}}{{sfn|Hiro, The Longest August|2015|pp=117-118}} A source also states him to be a Pathan from the North-West Frontier Province.{{sfn|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|p=63}} Anwar has been described as a "shadowy figure", "complete adventurer",{{sfn|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|p=63}}{{sfn|Panigrahi, India's Partition|2004|p=65, 307}} and a "Muslim League's most important secret weapon in the creation of Pakistan".{{sfn|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|p=31}}

Anwar is said to have worked as an official in the civil supplies department in Delhi prior to [[World War II]]. Due to the close association of this department with the military during the War, he is said to have been given the rank of a Major. He is generally referred to as a "Major" in Pakistani sources. Anwar was suspected of bribe-taking and supplying goods to civilians. This ended his association with the Army.{{sfn|Hiro, The Longest August|2015|pp=117-118}}{{sfn|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|p=63}}

== Muslim League National Guards ==
The All-India Muslim League had a volunteer militia called the [[Muslim League National Guards]] (MLNG), originally headed by Siddique Ali Khan.{{sfnp|Talbot, Freedom's Cry|1996|pp=59–60}} Khurshid Ahmed served as the second-in-command.{{sfnp|Talbot, Freedom's Cry|1996|pp=69–70}} According to scholar [[Ayesha Jalal]], Khurshid Anwar was appointed as the commander (''Salar'') of MLNG in October 1946. He was given a target of rising 200,000 volunteers. Anwar is said to have devoted 'considerable energy' to the effort, impressing upon the League workers the danger posed by the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], which was, in his view, financed by the [[Indian National Congress]].{{sfn|Jalal, Self and Sovereignty|2002|p=482}} By the end of 1946, the National Guards ranks swelled to 60,000 members. The [[1946 Bihar riots]] were instrumental in mobilising the Muslims of India to activism.{{sfn|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|p=63}} After he was appointed by Jinnah to lead the group, one intelligence report read, ‘Instruction is being given in the art of knife and acid throwing, and in the use of fire-arms.'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=Sam |title=SHATTERED LANDS Five Partitions and the Making of Modern Asia |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2025 |isbn=978-93-6989-485-7 |edition=1st}}</ref>

When the Muslim League led a civil disobedience movement against the Unionist government of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], vexing its prime minister [[Khizar Hayat Tiwana]], Tiwana banned the Muslim League National Guards in January 1947. But Anwar went underground to keep the agitation going.{{sfn|Hiro, The Longest August|2015|loc=Chapter 6}} Under his leadership, the National Guards blew up bridges and railway lines during the Punjab civil disobedience campaign.{{sfnp|Talbot, Freedom's Cry|1996|pp=69–70}} Eventually the Unionist government was overthrown.{{sfn|Hiro, The Longest August|2015|loc=Chapter 6}}

Afterwards, Anwar went to the North-West Frontier Province, where he worked with the Muslim League leaders Khan [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]] and [[Pir of Manki Sharif]] to launch a direct action campaign against the Congress government.{{sfn|Hiro, The Longest August|2015|loc=Chapter 6}}{{sfnp|Talbot, Freedom's Cry|1996|pp=38–39}} He is said to have organised an underground movement publishing cyclostyled newspapers and broadcasting on a wireless transmitter.{{sfn|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|p=55}}
Anwar's rallies led to attacks on the local communities of Hindus and Sikhs,{{sfn|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|loc=Chapter 4}} generating a stream of refugees into Kashmir, which closed off any possibility of the Maharaja of Kashmir acceding to Pakistan.{{sfn|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|p=170}} Anwar is also said to have gotten away with a good deal of loot from his attacks on the minorities.{{sfn|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|p=55}}

== Invasion of Kashmir ==
[[File:North-Western India in 1946 map of India by National Geographic.jpg|thumb|290x290px|The [[Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Kashmir]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] and the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] including the princely states of [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]], [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]] and [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]] and [[Federally Administered Tribal Area|Frontier Tribal agencies]] in 1946, a year before partition and first Kashmir war.]]
On 12 September 1947, the Pakistani Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] held a meeting in Lahore to formulate a strategy for capturing Kashmir. In addition to Khurshid Anwar, the meeting was attended by Punjab politicians Mian [[Iftikharuddin]] and Sardar [[Shaukat Hayat Khan]], Colonel [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]], Major General [[Zaman Kiani]]. A three-pronged approach was decided at the meeting, for Akbar Khan to organise the rebellion inside Kashmir, General Kiani to organise an invasion from the south using former [[Indian National Army]] personnel, and for Anwar to organise an invasion via [[Muzaffarabad]] using activists from Pakistan.{{sfn|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|p=30}}{{sfn|Lamb, Incomplete Partition|2002|p=125}}{{sfn|Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited|2008|pp=120-121}}{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=48-49}}

According to Shaukat Hayat Khan, no decision was made at the 12 September meeting to involve Pashtun tribes. He claims that he had explicitly ordered Anwar not to involve them, and that Anwar had 'disobeyed' by recruiting the [[Mahsud]] tribesmen of [[Waziristan]].{{sfn|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|p=53–55}} There were other meetings however, Around 20 September, Kashmir's [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference|Muslim Conference]] leaders were summoned to a meeting in [[Lahore]], where Shaukat Hayat Khan was present along with the premier of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), Abdul Qayyum Khan.<ref>{{citation |last=Khan |first=Aamer Ahmed |title=The Herald, Volume 25 |pages=54 |year=1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qby_oTLRi40C |chapter=Look Back in Anger |publisher=Pakistan Herald Publications |quote=The meeting was a hush-hush affair, attended by Sardar Shaukat Hayat, Mian Iftikharuddin, Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan and General Sher Khan besides some other officers. "We were told about the plan to attack Kashmir. Liaquat Ali Khan said that it would all be over within hours. The Frontier government was to mastermind the attack from Garhi Abdullah while the Punjab government would control the attack from Kahuta to Jammu." }}</ref> Anwar's allies in the NWFP for the organisation of the tribal invasion were Abdul Qayyum Khan, the Pir of [[Wana, Pakistan|Wana]] and the Pir of Manki Sharif. Both the Pirs had wanted to launch a ''jihad'' against Kashmir to free their Muslim brethren from Hindu rule.{{sfn|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|p=53–55}}

According to Shaukat Hayat Khan, they had fixed a 'D-day' in September, but discovered that Anwar had married a Muslim League worker in Peshawar and disappeared on a honeymoon.{{sfn|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|p=52}} His wife, Begum Mumtaz Jamal<ref name="Hasan"/> was said to be a Kashmiri Pathan: her father was a Kashmiri while her mother was a [[Swati people (Pakistan)|Swati]].{{sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=174}}

Anwar himself has given other 'D-days': 15 October in one instance,<ref>{{harvnb|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=174}}: "In early October Khurshid Anwar came to Pindi and asked Syed Nazir Hussain Shah for four or five guides on the 12th of October to guide his five hundred men to the airfield in Srinagar. He claims that the original plan was to attack Muzaffarabad on the 15th of October."</ref> and 21 October in another.<ref>{{harvnb|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|p=60}}: "Khurshid Anwar, the man who can best be described as the military commander of the invasion of the Kashmir Valley, said that D-day had been fixed for Tuesday, 21 October, but had to be delayed until the following morning."</ref> Eventually, the invasion did take place on 22 October.

With the help of the NWFP Chief Minister Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan, the divisional commissioner Khawaja Abdur Rahim of [[Rawalpindi]] and the political agents of the tribal agencies, Anwar mobilised [[Afridi]]s from the [[Khyber Agency]] and Mehsuds from the [[Waziristan Agency]].{{sfn|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=50}}{{sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=174}} They were further joined by Wazirs, Daurs, Bhittanis, Khattaks, Turis, Swatis and men of [[Dir, Pakistan|Dir]].{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=50}} Trucks belonging to the paramilitary [[Frontier Corps]] were used to transport them to the Kashmir border.{{sfn|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=50}}

On 22 October 1947, Anwar entered Kashmir near Muzaffarabad heading a lashkar of 4,000 tribesmen.{{sfn|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|p=60}} They quickly secured Muzaffarabad, took [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] and proceeded to [[Baramulla]]. At each location, they stopped to plunder the local population, especially the Hindus and Sikhs. It was part of their arrangement with Anwar; "they had no other remuneration," according to Colonel Akbar Khan.{{sfn|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|p=61}} When they reached Baramulla, a rich provincial capital, their desire for loot was overwhelming, and they stopped listening to Anwar's orders. Anwar and some of the tribal elders grew deeply ashamed of what was done in Baramulla.{{sfn|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|pp=124–125}}

The tribal lashkar stopped in Baramulla for two days, during which the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir negotiated his accession to India and India air-lifted troops to Srinagar. According to some accounts, Anwar asked for an undertaking from the tribal leaders to abstain from looting, respect government property and protect treasuries. The tribesmen are said to have refused. Scholar Andrew Whitehead states that Anwar appears to have summoned political and religious leaders of the tribesmen to instil discipline in them. The Pir of Manki Sharif himself was among them.{{sfn|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|pp=133–134}}

On 29 October, Governor [[George Cunningham (governor)|George Cunningham]] of NWFP claims to have convinced [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] of providing better support to the tribal lashkar. Consequently, the government decided to maintain a contingent of 5,000 tribesmen in Kashmir, provide their rations and ammunition, and establish a directing committee of five officials in Abbottabad to control recruitment and supplies. A battalion of troops was also sent to maintain order among tribesmen.{{sfn|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|pp=136–137}}

After the tribesmen advanced again, about 1,000 of them reached [[Budgam]] by 3 November, which was within five miles of the Srinagar airfield. Here they were [[Battle of Badgam|engaged by Indian troops]]. According Brigadier L. P. Sen of the Indian Army, the tribesmen failed to press home their advantage in reaching the airfield. Anwar states that he reached within one mile of the airfield along with twenty men, but lacked the strength to press forward.{{sfn|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|pp=156}} Around 6 November, Srinagar was exposed to its closest encounter with war as the city "reverberated to the sound of machine-gun and mortar firing". Three hundred tribesmen faced a roadblock of the Indian Army 4.5 km west of the city, and engaged in a pitched battle in the early hours of the morning. By dawn, they were repulsed.{{sfn|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|pp=157–158}} The tribesmen then gathered at Shalateng, northwest of Srinagar. The Indians deployed newly arrived armoured cars and air support. The tribesmen were routed, with heavy casualties, and dispersed. The Indians pursued them and recaptured Pattan, Baramulla and Uri within the next few days.{{sfn|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|pp=159–160}}

Around 10 November, Anwar was injured in leg by a bomb splinter and was evacuated to Abbottabad. Colonel [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]] took over the command of the tribal lashkar.{{sfn|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007|p=191}}

== Pakistan Football Federation ==
Anwar served as president of the [[Pakistan Football Federation]] between 1948 and 1949.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Football Federation |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404135433if_/http://www.pff.com.pk/history.php}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Amin |first=Maj Agha Humayun |chapter=The 1947-48 Kashmir War: The war of lost opportunities |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/The1947-48KashmirWarTheWarOfLostOpportunities |title=The Pakistan Army Till 1965 |publisher=Strategicus and Tactitus |year=1999 |ref={{sfnref|Amin, The 1947–48 Kashmir War|1999}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hajari |first=Nisid |author-link=Nisid Hajari |title=Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJGdBAAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-547-66924-3 |ref={{sfnref|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hiro |first=Dilip |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Nation Books |isbn=978-1-56858-503-1 |ref={{sfnref|Hiro, The Longest August|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA482 |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59937-0 |ref={{sfnref |Jalal, Self and Sovereignty |2002}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jamal |first=Arif |title=Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNO5MAAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Melville House |isbn=978-1-933633-59-6 |ref={{sfnref|Jamal, Shadow War|2009}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |author-link=Prem Shankar Jha |title=The Origins of a Dispute: Kashmir 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kluAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566486-7 |ref={{sfnref|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute, 1947-1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vi9WAAAAYAAJ |year=2002 |orig-year=first published 1997 by Roxford Books |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195797701 |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, Incomplete Partition|2002}}}}
* {{citation |first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir – Today, Tomorrow? |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=28 |number=3 |pages=315–324 |doi=10.1080/714857150 |year=1997 |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir – Today, Tomorrow?|1997}}}}
* {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}}}}
* {{citation |first=Shuja |last=Nawaz |title=The First Kashmir War Revisited |journal=India Review |volume=7 |number=2 |pages=115–154 |doi=10.1080/14736480802055455 |date=May 2008 |s2cid=155030407 |ref={{sfnref|Nawaz, The First Kashmir War Revisited|2008}}}}
* {{citation |last=Panigrahi |first=Devendra |title=India's Partition: The Story of Imperialism in Retreat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-uQAgAAQBAJ |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-76813-3 |ref={{sfnref|Panigrahi, India's Partition|2004}}}}
* {{citation |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |author-link=Muhammad Yusuf Saraf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 |year=2015 |orig-year=first published 1979 by Ferozsons |publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies |location=Mirpur |ref={{sfnref|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Talbot |first=Ian |title=Freedom's Cry: The Popular Dimension in the Pakistan Movement and Partition Experience in North-West India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |ISBN=019-577657-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/freedomscrypopul0000talb |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |ref={{sfnref|Talbot, Freedom's Cry|1996}}}}
* {{citation |last=Whitehead |first=Andrew |title=A Mission in Kashmir |url=http://www.andrewwhitehead.net/full-text-a-mission-in-kashmir.html |year=2007 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-670-08127-1 |ref={{sfnref|Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir|2007}}}}

{{Pakistan Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anwar, Khurshid}}
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:People of the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:People of the 1947 Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Pakistan Football Federation]]

Lodha Altamount

2026-03-17T02:02:35Z

Svetlananhr: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Residential building in Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Lodha Altamount
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Lodha Altamount - An epitome of luxury.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| caption =
| former_names =
| highest_prev =
| highest_next =
| highest_start =
| materials =
| status = {{Color|green|Completed}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1236485/lodha-altamount-mumbai-india |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821190947/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1236485/lodha-altamount-mumbai-india |url-status=usurped |archive-date=21 August 2021 |title=Lodha Altamount |website=Emporis}}</ref>
| building_type = [[Luxury apartment|Luxury]] [[Residential]] [[Skyscraper]]
| location = [[Altamount Road]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18|58|05.9304|N|72|48|37.5084|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location_city =
| location_country = India
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date = 2017
| cost =
| owner = Lodha Group
| operator =
| floor_count = 43
| material = [[Glass]] / [[Concrete|Reinforced Concrete]]
| floor_area =
| elevator_count = 6
| height = {{convert|195|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Ctbuh|id=16493|title=Lodha Altamount}}</ref>
| architect = Hadi Tehrani
| developer = [[Lodha Group]]
| structural_engineer = MKA Chicago, Sterling Consultants
| other_designers = Building Envelope Specialists (BES)
| construction_contractor =
| architectural =
| tip =
| roof =
| top_floor =
| observatory =
| opened_date =
| architectural_style = [[postmodern architecture|Post Modern]]
| main_contractor =
| website = {{URL|www.lodhaluxury.com/altamount}}
}}
'''Lodha Altamount''' is a [[postmodern architecture|postmodern]] [[Luxury apartment|luxury residential]] [[skyscraper]] located in the [[Altamount Road|billionaires row]] of [[Mumbai|Mumbai, India]]. Designed by [[Hadi Teherani]], it has an all-[[glass]] black façade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Altamount Road Lodha Project |website=skyscraperpage.com |url=https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=102658 | access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref> The building has 43 floors and is {{convert|195|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} tall. It is the [[List of tallest buildings in India|68th tallest building in India]].

== History ==
The three-story Washington House, home to [[Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai|US Consul General]], was previously built on the site, covering an area of 2,702 square meters. It was in Coastal Regulation Zone 2 and was listed as a Grade 3 Property. In 2012, [[Lodha Group]] acquired the land from the US consulate for {{INR|341.8 crore}}, surpassing the bids made by [[Mahindra Lifespace Developers|Mahindra Lifespaces]] and [[Tata Housing Development Company|TATA Housing]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Prime Altamont Road property of US consulate sells for Rs 342 crore
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Prime-Altamont-Road-property-of-US-consulate-sells-for-Rs-342-crore/articleshow/17577670.cms|accessdate=4 December 2015|date=12 December 2012}}</ref>

In 2015, a 10,000-square-foot apartment at the building was sold for over {{INR}}1.6 billion at {{INR}}160,000 per square foot,<ref>{{cite news|title=Lodha Group sells super-luxury duplex apartment in Mumbai for Rs 160 crore|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/real-estate/news/lodha-group-sells-super-luxury-duplex-apartment-in-mumbai-for-rs-160-crore/articleshow/49928324.cms|accessdate=13 February 2019| first=Kailash | last=Babar | date=26 November 2015}}</ref> which, according to ''[[The Times of India]]'', is the highest price per square foot ever paid in India at that time.<ref>{{cite news|title=At Rs 160 crore, flat in Altamount Rd bldg sets national record|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/At-Rs-160-crore-flat-in-Altamount-Rd-bldg-sets-national-record/articleshow/49928641.cms|accessdate=4 December 2015|date=26 November 2015}}</ref> This also beat the record for the previous sale in the same building at {{INR}}141,543 per square foot.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lodha sells super luxury apartment in South Mumbai for Rs40 crore|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/7aZbWLCnrw9kgxiVIwxM7O/Lodha-sells-super-luxury-apartment-in-South-Mumbai-for-Rs40.html|accessdate=4 December 2015|date=21 October 2015}}</ref>

In September 2016, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reported that the Urban Development department of [[Government of Maharashtra]] has granted more rights for Lodha Group to build the building's 38th floor, after a dispute between the developer and [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) on [[floor space index]] (FSI) incentive in the Public Parking Lot scheme,{{efn | name = FSII-PPL scheme | The scheme stated that the developer could get 50 per cent of the total built-up parking area for the FSI incentive, which then became the input for the total buildable area, which is 1.33 FSI times the remaining net plot area, after a 15 per cent deduction of road and Recreation Ground (RG) area, with the total buildable area capped at four times the net plot area. Lodha Group argued that they have the rights to use the full incentive without RG area deduction, while BMC stated that the incentive applies only on net plot area after the deduction, not on gross plot area, except for the use in affordable housing construction.<ref name="TIE2016-1"/> }} which the developer chose in 2012.<ref name="TIE2016-1">{{cite news | title = Mumbai: Altamount Road project in tussle with BMC, Lodha firm gets support of CM-led dept | first = Sandeep | last = Ashar | newspaper = The Indian Express | date = September 15, 2016 | access-date = April 9, 2025 | url = https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-altamount-road-project-in-tussle-with-bmc-lodha-firm-gets-support-of-cm-led-dept-3031578/ }}</ref>

== Location ==
The development is built on the former location of Washington House, a property of US Consulate General for which the acquisition was announced in 2012 for a sum of {{INR}}341.82 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Babar|first=Kailash|title=Lodha announces buying US Consulate property Washington House for Rs 341.82 cr - The Economic Times|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/lodha-announces-buying-us-consulate-property-washington-house-for-rs-341-82-cr/articleshow/17587170.cms|access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref> The development is located at SK Barodawalla Marg, popularly known by its former name, [[Altamount Road]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Mumbai businessman buys ₹125 crore flat, becomes Ambani's neighbour | first = Lalatendu | last = Mishra | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | date = July 1, 2017 | access-date = April 9, 2025 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mumbai-based-businessman-buys-flat-opposite-antilla-for-147-lakh-per-sq-ft/article19192348.ece/amp/ }}</ref> It's right in front of [[Mukesh Ambani]]'s [[Antilia (building)]].

== Architecture ==
Lodha Altamount has 43 floors, including 8 floors of [[podium]], and 52 residential units. The apartment's amenities are located on the 8th floor, which comprises a gymnasium, spa, outdoor infinity pool, movie lounge, and a boardroom. The entrance lobby of Lodha Altamount features La Plage, Juan-les-Pins, an artwork by Spanish painter [[Pablo Picasso]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-18|title=Rajiv Saini on his quest to get a Picasso to Mumbai's Lodha Altamount|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/picasso-lodha-altamount-mumbai/|access-date=2020-07-14|website=Architectural Digest India|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Design ===
The building was designed by Hamburg-based architect [[Hadi Teherani]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Buying into a piece of Mumbai's storied legacy|url=http://gulfnews.com/business/property/buying-into-a-piece-of-mumbai-s-storied-legacy-1.1626126|accessdate=4 December 2015|date=25 November 2015}}</ref> It has a black, all-glass façade, which, according to Lodha Group, was designed to provide privacy for the residents without obstructing the outside view and to maintain moderate climate conditions within.<ref>{{cite news | title = Lodha to build 30-storey tower at Washington House | newspaper = Construction Week India | date = December 11, 2012 | access-date = April 9, 2025 | url = https://www.constructionweekonline.in/business/lodha-to-build-30-storey-tower-at-washington-house }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in India]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in different cities in India]]
* [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the Indian subcontinent]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.lodhaluxury.com/altamount/ Official Page]

{{Skyscrapers in Mumbai}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|India|Architecture}}

[[Category:Residential skyscrapers in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 2017]]
[[Category:Residential buildings completed in 2017]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Postmodern architecture in India]]

Kailash Madbaiya

2026-03-16T14:03:13Z

Svetlananhr: Added some pg needs work

{{Short description|Indian writer from Bundelkhand}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kailash Madbaiya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|10|2}}
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|poet|educator}}
| known_for = Contributions to [[Bundeli language|Bundeli literature]] and folk culture
| notable_works =
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Padma Shri]] (2019)
}}
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}

'''Kailash Madbaiya''' ({{IPA|hns|ˈkɛː.l̪ɑːʃ mə.ɽə.ˈbɛː.jɑː|pron}}, {{Langx|hi|कैलाश मड़बैया}}) is an Indian writer, poet, and educator from [[Madhya Pradesh]], noted for his contributions to [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]] literature and the promotion of folk culture from the [[Bundelkhand]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Kovind presents Padma Shri to Shri Kailash Madbaiya |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=594393264407003&id=246140099232323&set=a.594391907740472 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honour, in 2019 for his work in the field of literature and education.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2019-03-16 |title=President Ram Nath Kovind confers Padma awards |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Mar/16/president-ram-nath-kovind-confers-padma-awards-1951941.html |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-11 |title=Padma Awards 2019: President Ram Nath Kovind confers the awards; check full list of recipients - Padma Awards 2019: President Ram Nath Kovind confers the awards; check full list of recipients BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/padma-awards-2019-president-ram-nath-kovind-confers-awards-check-full-list-recipients-179494-2019-03-11 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> He is also the president of Akhil Bhartiya Bundelkhand Sahitya and Sanskrit Parishad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2019-01-28 |title=Tea-seller, retired IPS officer among Padma awardees |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2019-01-28/Tea-seller-retired-IPS-officer-among-Padma-awardees/483373 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Madbaiya was born in Banpur village of [[Lalitpur district, India|Lalitpur district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=कैलाश मड़बैया : ख्यात हिन्दी-बुन्देली कवि-लेखक (Bundeli Writer-Poet, Kailash Madbaiya) {{!}} Bundelkhand Research Portal |url=https://bundelkhand.in/kailash-madbaiya |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=bundelkhand.in}}</ref>

== Career ==
Madbaiya has focused his literary and academic career on the [[Bundeli language]], which is spoken in the Bundelkhand region spanning parts of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. His writings often explore and aim to preserve Bundeli folk traditions, social customs, and cultural identity.<ref name=":1" /> He has authored multiple books in [[Hindi]] and Bundeli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बुन्देली साहित्यकार एवं कवि कैलाश मड़बैया को मिला 'पद्म श्री' सम्मान (Bundeli Writer Poet Kailash Madbaiya awarded Padma Shri 2019) {{!}} Bundelkhand Research Portal |url=https://bundelkhand.in/kailash-madbaiya/padma-shree-award |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=bundelkhand.in}}</ref>

In addition to his writing, Madbaiya has worked in education. He served as a professor and principal, reportedly at Government PG College in Bina, [[Sagar district]], Madhya Pradesh. His efforts include academic work on the language and initiatives to promote Bundeli culture more broadly, including while working outside of India.

== Awards ==

* [[Padma Shri]] (2019) <ref name=":0" />

== Selected bibliography ==
{{Empty section|date=April 2025}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mahindra Two Wheelers

2026-03-16T12:38:58Z

Svetlananhr:

{{Short description|Indian two-wheelers manufacturing company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Mahindra Two Wheelers
| logo = Logo Mahindra two wheelers.png
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Division (business)|Division]]
| traded_as =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2008}}
| defunct = {{End date and age|2020}}
| location_city = [[Pune]]
| location_country = India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Anand Mahindra]] {{Small|(Chairman & Managing Director)}}
| industry = [[Motorcycle]]
| brands = [[BSA Company]] [[Jawa Moto|Jawa]] [[Yezdi]]
| products = {{Unbulleted list|[[Motorcycles]]}}
| parent = [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]
| homepage = {{URL|mahindratwowheelers.com}}
}}
'''Mahindra Two Wheelers Limited''' (MTWL) was a group venture owned by [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] (M&M), which manufactures [[scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]]s and [[motorcycles]]. Mahindra Two Wheelers Limited was founded in 2008, when Mahindra & Mahindra acquired the business assets of [[Kinetic Engineering Limited|Kinetic Motor Company Limited]].<ref name="Mahindra Acquires Kinetic">{{cite news|title=Mahindra acquires Kinetic Motors|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_mahindra-acquires-kinetic-motors_1180738|newspaper=DNA}}</ref> MTWL has partnered with Taiwan's [[SYM Motors|Sanyang Industry Company (SYM)]] to help develop its scooter portfolio, and with Italy-based Engines Engineering for research and product design. In October 2016, Mahindra purchased BSA trademark for £3.4 million in an effort to reintroduce motorcycles bearing the famous BSA name.

==Facilities==
The company has a manufacturing facility at Pithampur, near [[Indore]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]].

Mahindra Two Wheelers Limited has a Research and Development unit located at [[Pune|Chinchwad, Pune]], equipped with necessary design and development facilities right from renderings to prototype manufacture and testing. It has invested {{INRConvert|100|c|0}} to make it functional.<ref name="Mahindra Investments">{{cite news|title=Mahindra opens two-wheeler R&D centre|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/article3602744.ece|newspaper=The Hindu | location=Chennai, India|date=5 July 2012}}</ref>

== Discontinued ==
===Scooters===
*Mahindra Flyte
*Mahindra Kine
*[[Mahindra Rodeo]]
*Mahindra Rodeo RZ
*Mahindra Rodeo UZO 125
*Mahindra Duro
*Mahindra Duro DZ
*Mahindra Gusto
*Mahindra Gusto 125
*Mahindra Gusto 110

===Motorcycles===
*Mahindra Pantero
*Mahindra Stallio
*[[Mahindra Centuro]]
*Mahindra Centuro XT
* Mahindra Centuro NXT
* Mahindra Centuro Disc Brake
* Mahindra Centuro Rockstar
* Mahindra Centuro Rockstar Kick Alloy
*Mahindra Mojo
*Mahindra Mojo XT
*Mahindra Mojo UT
*Mahindra Mojo Bs6

== Awards ==
* Mahindra Duro was declared the Scooter of the Year at the annual NDTV Car & Bike Awards in 2010.<ref name="Awards">{{cite news|title=Cars and Bike awards 2010|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/new/award_results.aspx?catg=TWO%20WHEELERS|newspaper=NDTV}}</ref>
* [[Mahindra Rodeo]] won the Gulf Monsoon Scooter Rally in its first year of participation.<ref name="Mahindra Duro">{{cite news | url=http://www.sportzpower.com/?q=content/new-mahindra-rodeo-rz-wins-pit-stop-monsoon-rally-very-1st-year-participation | title=New Mahindra Rodeo RZ wins Pit stop Monsoon Rally in very 1st year of participation | publisher=SportzPower | date=22 August 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904115730/http://www.sportzpower.com/?q=content%2Fnew-mahindra-rodeo-rz-wins-pit-stop-monsoon-rally-very-1st-year-participation | archive-date=4 September 2012 | access-date=8 June 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Mahindra Rodeo]] won the Best Website Award - Automotive at Campaign India's Digital Media Awards.<ref name="Abby Award">{{cite news|title=Campaign India Digital Media Awards 2012|url=http://www.campaignindiadma.in/public/general/winners_2010|newspaper=Campaign India|access-date=27 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204005824/http://www.campaignindiadma.in/public/general/winners_2010|archive-date=4 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Mahindra Rodeo|Mahindra Rodeo RZ]] won Gulf Dirt Track National Championship.<ref>[http://www.mahindra2wheelers.com/pdf/Press%20Release%20-%20Rodeo%20RZ%20wins%20Gulf%20Dirt%20Track%20Championship%20Oct%202012.pdf Shamim Khan steers the New Mahindra Rodeo RZ to victory]. Mahindra2wheelers.com.</ref>

==See also==
* {{Portal-inline|Sports}}
* {{Portal-inline|Transport}}
* [[List of electric bicycle brands and manufacturers]]
* [[GenZe (company)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mahindratwowheelers.com/ Mahindra Two Wheelers Official Website]

{{Automotive industry in India}}
{{Two wheelers in India|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Mahindra Group]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Pune#]]
[[Category:Motorcycle manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 2008]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Vassal

2026-03-13T09:26:19Z

Svetlananhr: cleaned up formatting also

{{Short description|Person aligned with a lord or monarch}}
{{For multi|subsidiary states|Vassal state|other uses}}
{{globalize|date=September 2017}}

{{English feudalism}}
[[File:Lehenbuch pfalzgraf friedrichs-r2.jpg|thumb|A vassal swears the oath of fealty before [[Frederick I, Elector Palatine|Count Palatine Frederick I of the Palatinate]].]]

A '''vassal'''<ref>Hughes, Michael (1992). ''Early Modern Germany, 1477–1806'', MacMillan Press and University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, p. 18. {{ISBN|0-8122-1427-7}}.</ref> or '''liege subject'''<ref name="LiegeSubjectDefinit">{{cite web |title=liege subject |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/liege+subject |website=[[The Free Dictionary]] |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a [[lord]] or [[monarch]], in the context of the [[Feudalism|feudal]] system in [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]] and elsewhere. While the subordinate party is called a vassal, the dominant party is called a [[Suzerainty|suzerain]]. The rights and obligations of a vassal are called '''vassalage''', while the rights and obligations of a suzerain are called [[suzerainty]].
The obligations of a vassal often included military support by knights in exchange for certain privileges, usually including land held as a tenant or [[fief]].<ref>F. L. Ganshof, "Benefice and Vassalage in the Age of Charlemagne" ''Cambridge Historical Journal'' '''6'''.2 (1939:147-75).</ref>

In contrast, [[fealty]] (''fidelitas'') is sworn, unconditional loyalty to a monarch.<ref>Ganshof 151 note 23 and ''passim''; the essential point was made again, and the documents on which the historian's view of vassalage are based were reviewed, with translation and commentary, by Elizabeth Magnou-Nortier, ''Foi et Fidélité. Recherches sur l'évolution des liens personnels chez les Francs du VIIe au IXe siècle'' (University of Toulouse Press) 1975.</ref>

== European vassalage ==
In fully developed vassalage, the lord and the vassal would take part in a [[commendation ceremony]] composed of two parts, the [[Homage (feudal)|homage]] and the [[fealty]], including the use of Christian sacraments to show its sacred importance. According to [[Eginhard]]'s brief description, the ''commendatio'' made to [[Pippin the Younger]] in 757 by [[Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria]], involved the relics of [[Saint Denis of Paris|Saints Denis, Rusticus, Éleuthère]], [[Martin of Tours|Martin]], and [[Germain of Paris|Germain]] – apparently assembled at [[Compiegne]] for the event.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.noctes-gallicanae.org/Charlemagne/Annales/Pepin_le_Bref.htm |title=at |publisher=Noctes-gallicanae.org |access-date=2012-02-13 |url-status=usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091205213132/http://www.noctes-gallicanae.org/Charlemagne/Annales/Pepin_le_Bref.htm |archive-date=2009-12-05 }}</ref> Such refinements were not included from the outset when it was time of crisis, war, hunger, etc. Under feudalism, those who were weakest needed the protection of the knights who owned the weapons and knew how to fight.

Feudal society was increasingly based on the concept of "lordship" (French ''[[Fiefdom|seigneur]]''), which was one of the distinguishing features of the [[Early Middle Ages]] and had evolved from times of [[Late Antiquity]].{{NoteTag|The Tours formulary, which a mutual contract of rural patronage, offered parallels; it was probably derived from Late Antique [[Gallo-Roman]] precedents, according to Magnou-Nortier 1975.}}

In the time of [[Charlemagne]] (ruled 768–814), the connection slowly developed between vassalage and the grant of land, the main form of wealth at that time. Contemporaneous social developments included agricultural "[[manorialism]]" and the social and legal structures labelled — but only since the 18th century — "[[feudalism]]". These developments proceeded at different rates in various regions. In [[Merovingian]] times (5th century to 752), monarchs would reward only the greatest and most trusted vassals with lands. Even at the most extreme devolution of any remnants of central power, in 10th-century France, the majority of vassals still had no fixed estates.<ref>
Ganshof, François Louis, ''Feudalism'' translated 1964</ref>

The stratification of a fighting band of vassals into distinct groups might roughly correlate with the new term "[[fief]]" that had started to supersede "benefice" in the 9th century. An "upper" group comprised great territorial magnates, who were strong enough to ensure the inheritance of their benefice to the heirs of their family. A "lower" group consisted of landless [[knight]]s attached to a [[count]] or [[duke]]. This social settling process also received impetus in fundamental changes in the conduct of warfare. As co-ordinated [[cavalry]] superseded disorganized [[infantry]], armies became more expensive to maintain. A vassal needed economic resources to equip the cavalry he was bound to contribute to his lord to fight his frequent wars. Such resources, in the absence of a money economy, came only from land and its associated assets, which included [[peasant]]s as well as wood and water.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

==See also==
* [[Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire]]
* [[Freeborn]]
* ''[[Lehnsmann]]''
* [[Mandala (political model)]]
* [[Suzerainty]]
* [[Thegn]]
* [[Vavasour]], a type of vassal
* [[Zamindar]]
* {{ill|Multiple vassalage|de|Mehrfachvasallität}}

===Similar terms===
* ''[[Gokenin]]'', vassals of the [[shogunate]] in [[Japan]]
* [[Manrent]], [[Scottish Clan]] treaties of offensive and defensive alliance
* ''Nöken'' (plural: ''nöker'') was the [[Mongol]] term for a tribal leader acknowledging another as his liege
* [[Villein]], a [[Serfdom|serf]], or low-born worker under feudalism

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
;Citations
{{Reflist}}

;Sources
{{refbegin}}
* [[Norman Cantor|Cantor, Norman]], ''The Civilization of the Middle Ages'' 1993.
* Rouche, Michel, "Private life conquers state and society," in ''A History of Private Life'' vol I, Paul Veyne, editor, Harvard University Press 1987 {{ISBN|0-674-39974-9}}.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle = Vassal |short = x }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Feudalism]]
[[Category:Medieval titles]]
[[Category:History of work]]

Masood Azhar

2026-03-08T05:33:07Z

Svetlananhr:

{{Short description|Pakistani militant leader (born 1968)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Masood Azhar
| image = Masood Azhar.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|07|10|df=y}}
| birth_name = Muhammad Masood Azhar Alvi
| birth_place = [[Bahawalpur]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| allegiance = [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]], [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]], [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]
| branch =
| serviceyears =
| rank =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles =
| awards =
| laterwork =
| relations = [[Abdul Rauf Azhar]] (brother)
}}
'''Muhammad Masood Azhar Alvi'''{{Efn|{{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|محمد مسعود اظہر علوی}}}}}} (born 10 July or 7 August 1968) is a Pakistani militant leader, who is the founder and current leader of militant organisation [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], a Pakistan-based Islamic [[Deobandi jihadism|Deobandi jihadist]] organisation.<ref>{{cite news |title=The astonishing rise of Jaish-e-Mohammed: It's bad news for Kashmir, India and Pakistan |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/jaish-e-mohammad-and-its-phenomenal-rise-its-bad-news-for-india-kashmir-and-pakistan-2582192.html |access-date=17 January 2016 |agency=FirstPost |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116124623/http://www.firstpost.com/world/jaish-e-mohammad-and-its-phenomenal-rise-its-bad-news-for-india-kashmir-and-pakistan-2582192.html |archive-date=16 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His actions are not limited to the [[South Asia]]n region; for instance, ''[[BBC News]]'' described him as "the man who brought jihad to Britain".<ref name="bbc20160405">[https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35959202 "Masood Azhar: The man who brought jihad to Britain"] (5 April 2016), ''BBC News''. Retrieved 6 April 2020.</ref> On 1 May 2019, he was listed as an international terrorist by the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref name="UNSC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/mohammad-masood-azhar-alvi|title=Mohammad Masood Azhar Alvi|date=1 May 2019|work=United Nations Security Council|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref><ref>Outlook Web Bureau (15 February 2019), [https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-what-is-jaish-e-mohammed-why-india-calls-for-global-ban-on-masood-azhar/325499 "What Is Jaish-e-Mohammad? Who Is Masood Azhar?]", ''Outlook India''. Retrieved 9 April 2020.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Masood Azhar is now a UN global terrorist: Know what it means|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/masood-azhar-as-un-global-terrorist-know-what-it-means/articleshow/68251894.cms|website=Economic Times}}</ref>

==Early life==
Muhammad Masood Azhar Alvi<ref name="UNSC" /> was born in [[Bahawalpur]], Punjab, Pakistan on 10 July 1968<ref name=kashmirherald /> (although some sources list his birth date as 7 August 1968<ref name="frontlinev19">
{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780066210636|title=India's most wanted|publisher=Frontline|year=2002|isbn=0066210631|volume=19|issue=2|url-access=registration}}
</ref>) as the third of 11 children. Azhar's father, Allah Bakhsh Shabbir, was the [[headmaster]] at a government-run school as well as a cleric with [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]] leanings, and his family operated a dairy and poultry farm.<ref name="kashmirherald" /><ref name="indianexpress20171110">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/kashmir-masood-azhar-talha-rashid-killed-jaish-e-muhammad-lashkar-hizb-ul-mujahideen-indian-army-militancy-terrorism-4930417/|title=How significant is Jaish-e-Muhammad in Kashmir today?|date=10 November 2017|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref>

Azhar dropped out of mainstream school after class 8 and joined the [[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]], from where he graduated out in 1989 as an ''alim'' and was soon appointed as a teacher''.''<ref name="indianexpress20171110" />

Azhar has also been described as "an old devotee of [[Haq Nawaz Jhangvi]]", a radical Deobandi scholar who founded the [[Anti-Shi'ism|anti-Shia]] organisation [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan]].<ref name=":0">Sushant Sareen, ''The Jihad Factory: Pakistan's Islamic Revolution in the Making'', Har-Anand Publications, 2005, p. 171</ref>

== Harkat-ul-Ansar ==
{{Main|Harkat-ul-Ansar}}
The madrasa was heavily involved with [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]] and Azhar was subsequently assumed under its folds, after being enrolled for a [[Afghan jihadist camp|jihad training camp in Afghanistan]].<ref name="kashmirherald" /> Despite failing to complete the course; he joined the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] and retired after suffering injuries. Thereafter, he was chosen as the head of Harkat's department of motivation. He was also entrusted with the editorial responsibilities for the [[Urdu]]-language magazine ''Sad'e Mujahidin'' and the [[Arabic]]-language ''Sawte Kashmir''.<ref name="frontlinev19" /><ref name="kashmirherald">{{cite journal |title=Maulana Masood Azhar |journal=Kashmir Herald |volume=1 |issue=8 |publisher=kashmiri-pandit.org |date=January 2002 |url=http://kashmirherald.com/profiles/masoodazhar.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211065030/http://www.kashmirherald.com/profiles/masoodazhar.html |archive-date=11 December 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=8 June 2009 }}</ref><ref name="The Hindu fortifying">{{cite news |date=4 March 2019 |title=India fortifying case to put Jaish on ban list |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/india-fortifying-case-to-put-jaish-on-ban-list/article26426600.ece |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Azhar later became the [[general secretary]] of Harkat-ul-Ansar and visited many international locations to recruit, to raise funds and to spread the message of [[Pan-Islamism]]. Among his destinations were [[Zambia]], [[Abu Dhabi]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Mongolia]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Albania]].<ref name=kashmirherald />

Azhar confessed that in 1993 he traveled to [[Nairobi]], Kenya to meet with leaders of [[al-Itihaad al-Islamiya]], an [[al-Qaeda]]-aligned Somali group, who had requested money and recruits from [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] (HuM). Indian intelligence officials believe that he made at least three trips to [[Somalia]] and that he also helped bring [[Yemen]]i mercenaries to Somalia.<ref name=latimes>
{{cite news |last=Watson |first=Paul |author2=Sidhartha Barua |title=Somalian Link Seen to Al Qaeda |newspaper=[[LA Times]] |date=25 February 2002 |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-022502hawk.story |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020225225917/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-022502hawk.story |archive-date=25 February 2002}}
</ref>

In August 1993, Azhar entered the United Kingdom for a speaking, fundraising, and recruitment tour. His message of [[Jihadism|jihad]] was given at some of Britain's most prestigious Islamic institutions, including the [[Darul Uloom Bury]] seminary, Zakariya Mosque, Madina Masjid in Blackburn and Burnley, and [[Congregational mosque|Jamia Masjid]]. His message was that "substantial proportion of the [[Quran|Koran]] had been devoted to 'killing for the sake of [[Allah]]' and that a substantial volume of sayings of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] were on the issue of jihad." Azhar made contacts in Britain who helped to provide training and logistical support for the terror plots, including "[[7 July 2005 London bombings|7/7]], [[21 July 2005 London attempted bombings|21/7]] and the attempt in [[2006 transatlantic aircraft plot|2006 to smuggle liquid bomb-making substances on to transatlantic airlines]]."<ref name="bbc20160405"/> [[Rashid Rauf]], who was implicated in the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot, was married to a relative of Azhar.<ref>"[http://www.ndtv.com/morenews/showmorestory.asp?slug=JeM+chief's+father+questioned+about+Rauf&id=91718# JeM chief's father questioned about Rauf]", ''NDTV'', 18 August 2006. Retrieved on 18 August 2006</ref>

==Arrest in India==
In early 1994, Azhar travelled to [[Srinagar]] under a fake identity, to ease tensions between Harkat-ul-Ansar's feuding factions of [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]] and [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]].<ref name=kashmirherald/> India arrested him in February from [[Khanabal]] near [[Anantnag]] and imprisoned him for his terrorist activities with the groups.<ref name=latimes/><ref name="kashmirherald" /> On being arrested, he said "Soldiers of [[Islam]] have come from 12 countries to liberate [[Kashmir]]. We will answer your [[carbine]]s with [[rocket launcher]]s" <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19940515-specter-of-subversion-looms-over-india-as-pakistan-sponsored-arms-mercenaries-and-funds-from-muslim-world-pour-in-to-destabilise-kashmir-809140-1994-05-15|title=Specter of subversion looms over India as Pakistan sponsored arms, mercenaries and funds from Muslim world pour in to destabilise Kashmir|first=Shekhar Gupta Rahul|last=Pathak|date=15 May 1994|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref> He was imprisoned at the [[Badami Bagh|Badami Bagh Cantonment]] in [[Srinagar]], [[Tihar Jail]] in [[Delhi]], and lastly the Kot Balwal Jail in [[Jammu]] (from where he would eventually be released).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sachdeva |first1=Sujata Dutta |title=Networking in Tihar: How it works|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/networking-in-tihar-how-it-works/articleshow/1197888.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |date=17 February 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Still remember the day Masood Azhar was released,' recalls former jailor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/still-remember-the-day-masood-azhar-was-released-recalls-former-jailor/story-Tnbe4lODLSa0JGxLbWkSXL.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |date=1 May 2019}}</ref>

In July 1995, six [[1995 kidnapping of western tourists in Jammu and Kashmir|foreign tourists were kidnapped]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The kidnappers, referring to themselves as [[Al-Faran]] (a pseudonym of the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen),<ref>{{cite web |title=Al Faran |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Al+Faran |website=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]]|publisher=[[WordNet]], [[Princeton University]]}}</ref> included the release of Masood Azhar among their demands.<ref name=kashmirherald/> One of the hostages managed to escape whilst another was found in a decapitated state in August.<ref name="latimes" /> The others were never seen or heard from since 1995.<ref>
{{cite news |title=IndoPak: New book claims India-backed group killed kidnapped Kashmir tourists |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-04-03/indopak-new-book-claims-india-backed-group-killed-kidnapped-kashmir-tourists |publisher=[[Public Radio International]] |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=31 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401010857/https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-04-03/indopak-new-book-claims-india-backed-group-killed-kidnapped-kashmir-tourists |archive-date=1 April 2018 |url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title=Middlesbrough hostage Keith Mangan abducted in Kashmir 20 years ago today |url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/middlesbrough-hostage-keith-mangan-abducted-9584023 |publisher=Gazettelive.co.uk |date=4 July 2005 |access-date=31 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401005605/https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/middlesbrough-hostage-keith-mangan-abducted-9584023 |archive-date=1 April 2018 |url-status=live}}
</ref> [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] had interrogated Azhar multiple times during his jail-stay on the locus of the kidnappings.<ref name="latimes" />

In 1998, U.S.'s [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) in its report stated, "HuA, an Islamic extremist organisation that Pakistan supports in its proxy war against Indian forces in Kashmir, increasingly is using terrorist tactics against Westerners and random attacks on civilians that could involve Westerners to promote its pan-Islamic agenda." CIA also stated that HuA had abducted at least 13 persons, of which 12 were from western countries, in the period from early 1994 to 1998.<ref name="The Hindu fortifying" />

=== Release after hijacking ===
Four years later, in December 1999, an [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] (IC814) en route from [[Tribhuvan International Airport|Kathmandu]] in Nepal to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|New Delhi]] was hijacked and eventually landed in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]] after being flown to multiple locations. Kandahar at that time was controlled by the [[Taliban]], which was supported by Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]]. Masood Azhar was one of the three militants demanded to be released in exchange for freeing the hostages. Subsequently, Azhar was freed by the [[Indian government]] in a decision criticised by many including [[Ajit Doval]] as a "diplomatic failure", and that no one worth any consequence was contacted either by the (then) [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|foreign minister]] ([[Jaswant Singh]]) or the (then) [[Foreign Secretary (India)|foreign secretary]] ([[Lalit Mansingh]]), and as a consequence, the [[List of ambassadors of India to the United Arab Emirates|Indian ambassador]] could not even get inside the [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi airport]].<ref>
{{cite news |last=Gannon |first=Kathy |title=Hopes for end to jet hijack |work=The Independent |date=31 December 1999 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/hopes-for-end-to-jet-hijack-740023.html |access-date=11 February 2009 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221171131/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/hopes-for-end-to-jet-hijack-740023.html |archive-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/24/kandahar-hijack-was-indias-diplomatic-failure.htm|title = 'Kandahar hijack was India's diplomatic failure'}}</ref> The hijackers of IC814 were led by Masood Azhar's brother,<ref>
{{cite news |last=Jaleel |first=Muzamil |title=After Kandahar swap, India offered Taliban cash to get me: JeM chief |publisher=The IndianExpress |date=6 June 2016 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/after-kandahar-hijack-indian-airlines-flight-ic-814-india-offered-taliban-cash-to-get-me-jem-chief-maulana-masood-azhar-2836668/ |access-date=5 November 2017 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107173305/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/after-kandahar-hijack-indian-airlines-flight-ic-814-india-offered-taliban-cash-to-get-me-jem-chief-maulana-masood-azhar-2836668/ |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live}}
</ref> Ibrahim Athar. His release from Kot Bhalwal jail was supervised by [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer, [[S. P. Vaid]].<ref name="Kot_Bhalwal">
{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/even-without-kandahar-azhar-may-have-walked-out/399321/2 |title=Even without Kandahar, Azhar may have walked out |date=17 December 2008 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}
</ref> His younger brother [[Abdul Rauf Azhar]] had planned this attack. Once Masood Azhar was handed over to the hijackers, they fled to Pakistani territory. Pakistan had said the hijackers would be arrested if found. The Pakistani government also previously indicated that Azhar would be allowed to return home since he did not face any charges there.<ref name=hussainz/>

Shortly after his release, Azhar made a public address to an estimated 10,000 people in [[Karachi]]. He proclaimed, "I have come here because this is my duty to tell you that Muslims should not rest in peace until we have destroyed [[India]]," vowing to liberate the Kashmir region from Indian rule.<ref name=hussainz>
{{cite news |last=Hussain |first=Zahid |title=Freed Militant Surfaces |agency=Associated Press |date=5 January 2000 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/sections/world/DailyNews/militants000105.html |access-date=7 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901092056/https://abcnews.go.com/sections/world/DailyNews/militants000105.html |archive-date=1 September 2000}}
</ref>

In 1999, after Masood's release, the Harkat-ul-Ansar was proscribed by the U.S. and added to the list of banned terrorist organisations. This move forced Harkat-ul-Ansar to change its name to the [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] (HuM).<ref name="The Hindu fortifying" />

== Jaish-e-Mohammed ==
Azhar planned to start a new outfit named [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM). He reportedly received assistance from Pakistan's spy agency [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI), the [[Taliban]] regime in Afghanistan, [[Osama bin Laden]] and multiple Sunni sectarian organisations based in Pakistan.<ref name="The Hindu fortifying" /> JeM is run by Azhar's family like a family enterprise.<ref name="The Hindu fortifying" /> [[Jamia Binoria]] [[madrasa]] linked JeM with the Afghan Taliban.<ref name="The Hindu fortifying" />

===2001 Indian Parliament attack===
{{Main|2001 Indian Parliament attack}}
Jaish-e-Mohammed carried out a string of deadly attacks against Indian targets, including the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|attack on the Indian parliament]] in December 2001 that brought India and Pakistan to the brink of a full-scale war.<ref>Tanner, Marcus (17 December 2001) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081221172052/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/pakistan-blamed-by-india-for-raid-on-parliament-620439.html Pakistan blamed by India for raid on parliament]. The Independent</ref> The [[terrorism|terrorist]] attack on the [[Parliament of India]] in New Delhi happened on 13 December 2001. The perpetrators belonged to [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), both Pakistan-based terrorist organisations.<ref name="indianembassy.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm |title=Terrorist Attack on the Parliament of India |date=18 December 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611152203/http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm |archive-date=11 June 2010 |publisher=Embassy of India – Washington DC |access-date=12 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The attack led to the deaths of five terrorists, six [[Delhi Police]] personnel, two [[Parliament Security Services|Parliament Security Service]] personnel and a gardener{{snd}}in total 14{{snd}}and to increased tensions between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], resulting in the [[2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbearings.net/2011/10/image-from-gates-of-pakistan-naval.html |title=From Kashmir to the FATA: The ISI Loses Control |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127094835/http://www.globalbearings.net/2011/10/image-from-gates-of-pakistan-naval.html |archive-date=27 January 2012 |website=Global Bearings |date=28 October 2011}}</ref>

Soon after the Indian parliament attack, on 29 December 2001, Masood Azhar was detained for a year by Pakistani authorities, after diplomatic pressure by India and the International community, in connection with the attack, but was never formally charged.<ref name="The Hindu fortifying" /> The [[Lahore High Court]] ordered an end to the house arrest on 14 December 2002, much to the fury of India.<ref name=bbc2002>
{{cite news |title=Indian fury over freed militant |publisher=BBC News |date=14 December 2002 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2575199.stm |access-date=8 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103073224/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2575199.stm |archive-date=3 January 2009 |url-status=live}}
</ref> Azhar was never arrested after that.<ref name="The Hindu fortifying" />

===2008 Mumbai attacks===
{{main|2008 Mumbai attacks}}
On 7 December 2008, it was claimed that he was among several arrested by the Pakistani government after a military raid on a camp located on the outskirts of [[Muzaffarabad]] in connection with the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]. He continued to live in [[Bhawalpur]].<ref>
{{cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Nirupama |title=Restrictions put on Masood Azhar |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 December 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/10/stories/2008121058230100.htm |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212223734/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/10/stories/2008121058230100.htm |archive-date=12 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title=JeM chief Masood Azhar under house arrest |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date=9 December 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/JeM_chief_Masood_Azhar_under_house_arrest/articleshow/3811634.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212155051/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/JeM_chief_Masood_Azhar_under_house_arrest/articleshow/3811634.cms |archive-date=12 December 2008 |url-status=live }}
</ref> Pakistan's government denied it had arrested Masood Azhar and said it was unaware of his whereabouts <ref>
{{cite news |title=Pakistan denies militant arrested. |publisher=BBC News |date=18 December 2008 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7789056.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221083457/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7789056.stm |archive-date=21 December 2008 |url-status=live }}
</ref>
On 26 January 2014, Azhar reappeared after a seclusion of two years. He addressed a rally in Muzaffarabad, calling for the resumption of jihad in Kashmir. In March 2014, a spokesperson of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] claimed that he was in [[Srinagar]], India.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://newsweekpakistan.com/in-plain-view/ |title=In Plain View |date=23 March 2014 |access-date=15 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180013/http://newsweekpakistan.com/in-plain-view/ |archive-date=16 April 2014 |url-status=live}}
</ref>

===2016 Pathankot attack===
{{main|2016 Pathankot attack}}
The [[2016 Pathankot attack]] on an [[Pathankot Airport|Indian air base]] is said to have been masterminded by Masood Azhar and his brother [[Abdul Rauf Azhar]]. They were in direct touch with terrorists even after the attack had begun. Indian investigative agencies have given dossiers containing proofs of Azhar's complicity in the terror attack and also sought a second ʽ[[Interpol notice|red corner noticeʼ]] from ʽ[[Interpol]]ʼ.<ref>
{{Cite news |title=Jaish chief Masood Azhar identified as mastermind of Pathankot terror attack – Times of India |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jaish-chief-Masood-Azhar-identified-as-mastermind-of-Pathankot-terror-attack/articleshow/50484182.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908235050/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jaish-chief-Masood-Azhar-identified-as-mastermind-of-Pathankot-terror-attack/articleshow/50484182.cms |archive-date=8 September 2017 |url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |title=The 1267 Committee, China's hold and Masood Azhar: A short history |author=The Hindu Net Desk |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/the-1267-committee-chinas-hold-and-masood-azhar-a-short-history/article17353817.ece}}
</ref>

===2019 Pulwama attack===
{{main|2019 Pulwama attack}}
On 14 February 2019, a convoy of vehicles carrying security personnel on the [[Jammu–Srinagar National Highway]] was attacked by a vehicle-bound [[Suicide attack|suicide bomber]] in [[Lethapora|Lethpora]] near [[Awantipora]], [[Pulwama district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. The attack resulted in the death of 44 [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) personnel and the attacker. The responsibility for the attack was claimed by Jaish-e-Mohammed.<ref name="BBC_What_is_JeM">{{cite news |title=What is Jaish-e-Mohammad |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47249982 |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=BBC |date=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="aq_sanctions_list">{{Cite web|title=Sanctions List Materials {{!}} United Nations Security Council|url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1267/aq_sanctions_list|access-date=11 August 2021|website=www.un.org}}</ref> He approved the attacks from the Pakistani Army Hospital where he is under protective custody.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/azhar-gave-nod-for-pulwama-attack-from-army-base-hospital-in-pakistan/articleshow/68029942.cms|title=Masood Azhar gave nod for Pulwama attack from Army base hospital in Pakistan – Times of India ►|website=The Times of India|date=17 February 2019 |access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref> After the attack, [[France]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[United States]] moved a proposal at UN Security Council to ban Masood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/yusuf-azhar-jaish-balakot-iaf-airstrike-pakistan-1465297-2019-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227080253/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/yusuf-azhar-jaish-balakot-iaf-airstrike-pakistan-1465297-2019-02-26|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 February 2019|title=Surgical airstrike: Kandahar Jaish hijacker Yusuf Azhar was present at Balakot camp, say sources – India News|date=27 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Funding methods ===
According to Indian intelligence reports from 2025, Masood Azhar and his family were linked to a network of digital wallets used to finance [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]’s (JeM) operations. These wallets, operating through platforms such as EasyPaisa and SadaPay, were allegedly managed by Azhar’s son Abdullah Azhar, his brother Talha Al Saif, and other senior JeM figures. The reports indicated that funds were initially collected in primary wallets and then distributed to multiple secondary accounts, with approximately 30 new wallets created each month to avoid detection. This method, described as a form of “digital hawala,” was believed to have facilitated a significant portion of JeM’s financial activity, including arms purchases, operational costs, and support for Azhar’s family, with Pakistan’s intelligence agency [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter Services Intelligence]] (ISI) reportedly enabling the migration of JeM’s funding to these platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-21 |title=Jaish's Fintech Terror: Inside Masood Azhar's Digital Fundraising Empire - EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/asia/jaishs-fintech-terror-inside-masood-azhars-digital-fundraising-empire-exclusive-article-152498957 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-08-21 |title=From grey list to digital hawala: Pakistan's dirty trick to keep Jaish alive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/from-grey-list-to-digital-hawala-pakistans-dirty-trick-to-keep-jaish-alive-glbs-2774388-2025-08-21 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Loss of family members during the 2025 India–Pakistan conflict ===
{{Main|2025 India–Pakistan conflict}}
On 7 May 2025, [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|India conducted missile strikes]] against [[Terrorist training camp|terrorist camps]] in Pakistan, in retaliation for the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam attack]], including Jaish-e-Mohammed's camp in [[Bahawalpur]]. Masood Azhar reported the loss of ten family members, including his older sister and her husband, his nephew and his nephew's wife, his niece and five children from his family.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-07 |title=Militant group chief says relatives killed in India strike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjewen7w192o |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Masood Azhar's family members, aides killed in India's Operation Sindoor strike in Pakistan: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/india-pakistan-strike-operation-sindoor-jaish-e-mohammad-chief-masood-azhar-family-members-aides-killed-2720861-2025-05-07 |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=India Today}}</ref> He however, did not list his brother ([[Abdul Rauf Azhar]]) among those killed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sridevi |first=Prema |title=Masood Azhar, JeM Founder: Is His Brother Dead or Alive? |url=https://theprobe.in/security/masood-azhar-jem-founder-is-his-brother-dead-or-alive-9057210 |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=theprobe.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roggio |first=Bill |date=8 May 2025 |title=India claims Jaish-e-Mohammad leader killed during airstrikes in Pakistan |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2025/05/india-claims-jaish-e-mohammad-leader-killed-during-airstrikes-in-pakistan.php |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=FDD's Long War Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2025, JeM commander Masood Ilyas Kashmiri stated that Maulana Masood Azhar’s family was “torn into pieces” by Indian forces during the strikes on the group’s headquarters in Bahawalpur. Speaking at the Mission Mustafa Conference, Kashmiri expressed outrage over the attack, revealing that Azhar’s family members were killed despite their "sacrifices" in what he described as a jihad to protect Pakistan’s borders. His statement marked a rare public acknowledgment of the operation’s impact, with a separate note attributing the death of ten family members and four close associates to an Indian strike on Jamia Masjid Subhan Allah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-09-17 |title=Masood Azhar’s family ‘torn into pieces’ in India’s Operation Sindoor in Pakistan: JeM commander |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/masood-azhars-family-torn-into-pieces-in-indias-operation-sindoor-in-pakistan-jem-commander/article70058557.ece |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=Masood Azhar's family 'torn into pieces' in Operation Sindoor, Jaish commander admits {{!}} Video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/jaish-commander-admits-masood-azhars-family-torn-into-pieces-in-op-sindoor-strikes-video-101758007988790.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Sanctions==
The [[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury]] is prohibiting Americans from "engaging in any transactions" with three Pakistan-based militants and a front group. Al Rehmat Trust, called "an operational front" for Jaish-e-Mohammed, was designated for providing support to and for acting for or on behalf of that group and Azhar was designated as a [[Specially Designated Global Terrorist]] on the [[Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List]] for acting on behalf of the group.<ref>
{{cite news |title=U.S. Treasury targets Pakistani militants |work=CNN |date=4 November 2010 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/11/04/us.pakistan.terror/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108214419/http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/11/04/us.pakistan.terror/ |archive-date=8 November 2012 |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref>
[http://www.treas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/actions/20100901.shtml US Department of the Treasury] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111054728/http://www.treas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/actions/20100901.shtml |date=11 November 2010 }}. Treas.gov. Retrieved on 14 March 2013.
</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Maulana Mohammad Masood Azhar |url=https://sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov/Details.aspx?id=11459 |website=sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov}}</ref>

The Chinese government blocked a [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] Sanctions Committee listing of Azhar as a terrorist, thwarting international efforts to disrupt the activities of his group.<ref>
{{cite news |title=China's move to block ban against Azhar came just before deadline |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 April 2016 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/just-before-deadline-china-moved-to-ensure-masood-azhar-wasnt-banned/article8425860.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402043440/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/just-before-deadline-china-moved-to-ensure-masood-azhar-wasnt-banned/article8425860.ece |archive-date=2 April 2016 |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=China fumes after India issues visa to Uyghur 'terrorist' |author=Sutirtho Patranobis |journal=Hindustan Times |date=23 April 2016 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/china-seething-after-india-issues-visa-to-uyghur-terrorist/story-uKjeZnyrRaRCkmBHxIwxaJ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423123404/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/china-seething-after-india-issues-visa-to-uyghur-terrorist/story-uKjeZnyrRaRCkmBHxIwxaJ.html |archive-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=live }}
</ref>
Starting in 2009, there had been 4 attempts to put Masood Azhar on the UN Security Council's counter-terrorism sanctions list. All the attempts were vetoed by China, citing 'lack of evidence'. China moved to protect Azhar again in October 2016 when it blocked India's appeal to the United Nations to label him as a terrorist.<ref>{{cite news |title=China blocks India's move to ban Jaish chief Masood Azhar, again |date=1 October 2016 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/china-extends-veto-on-india-s-move-for-un-blacklisting-of-jaish-chief-masood-azhar/story-Ut9sxWSJGQJb5Rc70cIweM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012232716/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/china-extends-veto-on-india-s-move-for-un-blacklisting-of-jaish-chief-masood-azhar/story-Ut9sxWSJGQJb5Rc70cIweM.html |archive-date=12 October 2016 |url-status=live}}
</ref>
China also blocked the US move to get Azhar banned by the UN in February 2017.<ref>
{{cite news |title=China blocked US move to get Masood Azhar banned by UN |newspaper=Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/china-blocked-us-move-to-get-masood-azhar-banned-by-un/articleshow/57029498.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209170856/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/china-blocked-us-move-to-get-masood-azhar-banned-by-un/articleshow/57029498.cms |archive-date=9 February 2017 |url-status=live}}
</ref> The most recent attempt was on 13 March 2019.<ref name="Firstpost14">{{cite news |title=If China continues to block Masood Azhar's designation as 'global terrorist', UN may be forced to pursue other actions: UNSC diplomat |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/if-china-continues-to-block-masood-azhars-designation-as-global-terrorist-un-may-be-forced-to-pursue-other-actions-unsc-diplomat-6256771.html |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=Firstpost |date=14 March 2019}}</ref> However, China pulled the blockade in May 2019, finally resulting listing of Masood Azhar as a global terrorist by the [[Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee]].<ref name = "UNSC"/><ref name="aq_sanctions_list"/>

==Bibliography==
===Books and booklets by him===
Described as a "prolific writer",<ref>Ben Brandt, "AZHAR, MASOOD" in Peter Chalk, ''Encyclopedia of Terrorism'', ABC-CLIO (2013), vol. 1, p. 79</ref> he has authored some 20 books mainly on [[jihad]],<ref>Zahid, Farhan. "Profile of Jaish-e-Muhammad and Leader Masood Azhar." ''Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses'', vol. 11, no. 4, 2019, p. 2</ref> including:
* ''Fatah-ul-Jawad'', described by scholar [[Ayesha Siddiqa]] as "his seminal work", it is a book on jihad "with two volumes of 2,000 pages each."<ref>Ayesha Siddiqa (13 March 2019), [https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/jaish-e-mohammed-under-the-hood/ "Jaish-e-Mohammed: Under the Hood"], ''The Diplomat''. Retrieved 30 March 2020.</ref>
* ''Faz̤āʼil-i jihād, kāmil''. On the importance of Jihad; a 850-page commentary on ''Mashāriʻal-Ashwāq ilʹa-Maṣariʻ al-ʻUshshāq'' by the medieval scholar [[Ibn Nuhaas|Ibn an-Naḥās]]. In 2002, it was estimated that some 20,000 copies of this book had been sold in Pakistan.<ref>[[Husain Haqqani]], "Review" in ''Foreign Policy'', No. 132 (Sep.-Oct. 2002), p. 73</ref>
* ''Yahūd kī cālīs bīmāryān̲'' ("Forty Diseases Of The Jews"). [[Middle East Media Research Institute]] noted that it may be one of the most antisemitic books of the [[Urdu language]], with 424 pages and 440 Qur'anic verses quoted.<ref name="DiseaseJews">{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Tufail |title='Forty Diseases Of The Jews' – Pakistan Army-Backed Jihadi Commander Maulana Masood Azhar's Book Says: 'Jews Are The Cancer Seeping Into All Of Humanity' |url=https://www.memri.org/reports/forty-diseases-jews-%E2%80%93-pakistan-army-backed-jihadi-commander-maulana-masood-azhars-book-says |website=memri.org |publisher=[[Middle East Media Research Institute]] |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228212106/https://www.memri.org/reports/forty-diseases-jews-%E2%80%93-pakistan-army-backed-jihadi-commander-maulana-masood-azhars-book-says |archive-date=28 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> He has criticized the whole of [[Judaism]], calling it "another name for those beliefs, ideas, and practices which were invented by [[Satan]]."<ref>Shrenik Rao (19 February 2019), [https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/.premium-how-china-became-pakistan-s-partner-in-jihadist-terror-1.6940053 "China Is Now Pakistan's Partner in Jihadist Terror"], ''Haaretz''. Retrieved 12 May 2020.</ref>
* ''Muskurāte zak̲h̲m''. Political autobiography.
* ''K̲h̲ut̤bāt-i jihād''. Islamic sermons in two volumes on the eminence of Jihad according to the teachings of Islam.
* ''Rang o nūr''. Collected columns chiefly on jihad and criticising the Pakistani government for following United States policies.
* ''Jamāl-i Jamīl''. On the life of Muḥammd Jamīl K̲h̲ān, 1953–2004, a noted religious scholar.
* ''Zād-i mujāhid : maʻ maktūbāt-i k̲h̲ādim''. On the eminence, views and interpretation of Jihad.
* ''7 din raushnī ke jazīre par''. 7 Days comprehensive course on Islamic teaching.
* ''Tuḥfah-yi saʻādat''. Study of God's names in the Qur'an.

===Books and booklets about him===
* ''Maulānā Masʻūd Aẓhar, mujāhid yā dahshatgard'' by Muḥammad T̤āriq Maḥmūd Cug̲h̲tāʼī.
* ''Asīr-i Hind : Maulānā Masʻūd Aẓhar ke paidāʼish parvarish jihād men̲ shirkat'' by ʻAbdullāh Masʻūd.

==See also==
* [[Abdul Rauf Azhar]]
* [[Mullah Omar]]
* [[List of Deobandis]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==External links==
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/578369.stm BBC Profile (includes photos)]
* [http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=maulana_masood_azhar History Commons profile]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/masood_azhar.htm Global Security profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183804/http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/masood_azhar.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/just-before-deadline-china-moved-to-ensure-masood-azhar-wasnt-banned/article8425860.ece China's move to block ban against Azhar came just before deadline]
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Fugitives wanted by India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azhar, Masood, Maulana}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted by India]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted on terrorism charges]]
[[Category:Leaders of jihadist groups]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bahawalpur]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Critics of Judaism]]
[[Category:People designated by the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee]]
[[Category:Pakistani people imprisoned abroad]]
[[Category:Pakistani people imprisoned on terrorism charges]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List]]
[[Category:Individuals designated as terrorists by the United States government]]
[[Category:Pakistani Islamists]]
[[Category:People of the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Kashmiri militants]]
[[Category:People charged with terrorism]]
[[Category:People of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in Somalia]]
[[Category:Pakistani conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Saraiki people]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:2000 millennium attack plots]]

Venkya

2026-03-05T18:52:45Z

Svetlananhr: Created initial pg needs work

{{short description|Indian film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Venkya
| native_name =
| image = Venkya poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = Sagar Purannik
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Pawan Wadeyar
* Avinash V Rai
* Mohan Lal Menon
}}
| writer =
Sagar Puranik
| screenplay = Shreenidhi DS
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Sagar Puranik]] Rupali Sood
| narrator =
| music = [[Hemanth Jois]]
| cinematography = Pranav Mulay
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|11||IFFI}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Venkya''''' is a 2024 Indian Kannada-language film directed and written by [[Sagar Puranik]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-10-11 |title='Kerebete' and 'Venkya' to be screened at 55th IFFI 2024 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Oct/26/kerebete-and-venkya-to-be-screened-at-55th-iffi-2024 |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=13 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113053132/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/kannada/2024/Oct/26/kerebete-and-venkya-to-be-screened-at-55th-iffi-2024 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news |title=55th IFFI showcases powerful stories through movies 'Venkya,' 'Bhootpori,' and 'Article 370' |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2077456 |work=PIB Gov |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=13 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214233800/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2077456 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":25">{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-11 |title=Sagar Puranik to debut as a lead in his upcoming directorial Venkya |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Mar/18/sagar-puranik-to-debut-as-a-lead-in-his-upcoming-directorial-venkya |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> It is produced by Wadeyar Films along with Pawan Wadeyar, Avinash V Rai and Mohan Lal Menon.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":0" /> The film stars [[Sagar Puranik]] and Rupali Sood.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |title=I auditioned for a role in my own directorial: Sagar Puranik |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-auditioned-for-a-role-in-my-own-directorial-sagar-puranik/articleshow/108682809.cms |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113053131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-auditioned-for-a-role-in-my-own-directorial-sagar-puranik/amp_articleshow/108682809.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-04-01 |title=Rupali Sood set to make acting debut with Sagar Puranik's 'Venkya' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Apr/01/rupali-sood-set-to-make-acting-debut-with-sagar-puraniks-venkya |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=13 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113053131/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/kannada/2024/Apr/01/rupali-sood-set-to-make-acting-debut-with-sagar-puraniks-venkya |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Model Rupali Sood To Debut As Lead With Kannada Film Titled Venkya |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/model-rupali-sood-to-debut-as-lead-with-kannada-film-titled-venkya-8836985.html |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=13 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113053131/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/model-rupali-sood-to-debut-as-lead-with-kannada-film-titled-venkya-8836985.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was officially selected for the [[Indian Panorama]] Feature Film category and premiered at the [[55th International Film Festival of India|55th International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFI Festival 2024 Feature film |url=https://www.iffigoa.org/indian-panorama/official-selection-feature?year=2024 |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=Iffi |archive-date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208004710/https://iffigoa.org/indian-panorama/official-selection-feature?year=2024 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Venkya', 'Bhootpori', and 'Article 370' shine in Indian Panorama at IFFI |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%25EF%25BB%25BF%E2%80%98venkya%E2%80%99-%E2%80%98bhootpori%E2%80%99-and-%E2%80%98article-370%E2%80%99-shine-in-indian-panorama-at-iffi/122424.html |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=13 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113053131/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%25EF%25BB%25BF%E2%80%98venkya%E2%80%99-%E2%80%98bhootpori%E2%80%99-and-%E2%80%98article-370%E2%80%99-shine-in-indian-panorama-at-iffi/122424.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sowmya |first=Rakshitha |title=ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಗೋವಾ ಫಿಲ್ಮ್ ಫೆಸ್ಟಿವಲ್‌ಗೆ ಆಯ್ಕೆಯಾದ ಸಾಗರ್‌ ಪುರಾಣಿಕ್‌ 'ವೆಂಕ್ಯಾ' ಸಿನಿಮಾ: ನ.20 ರಿಂದ ಚಿತ್ರೋತ್ಸವ ಆರಂಭ |url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-update-sagar-puranik-starring-venkya-movie-selected-for-international-goa-film-festival-2024-rsm-181729847986721.html |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=Kannada Hindustan Times |language=kn}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Sagar Puranik]]
* Rupali Sood
* Yash Raj Soni

== Plot ==
Venkya's Journey follows a struggling goon from Hubballi as he searches for his estranged brother, Ganya, to secure property rights and escape financial ruin.<ref name=":22" /> Using [[social media]], Venkya embarks on a cross-India journey, encountering diverse cultures, [[scam]]s, and kind strangers.<ref name=":23" /> Along the way, he undergoes personal growth, embracing humility and family values, in a tale of redemption and self-discovery.<ref name=":22" />

== Shooting ==
The shooting of the film started on 15 March 2024, in Hubbali.<ref name=":25" /> The film was shot across 12 states of India, showcasing the country's cultural diversity.<ref name=":22" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|31989245|Venkya}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]

{{2020s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Manisha Naik

2026-03-04T21:25:10Z

Svetlananhr:

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Manisha Naik
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|4|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Keonjhar]], [[Odisha]], India
| currentclub = [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
| clubnumber = 9
| height =
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Sports Odisha]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = Odisha Police
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2024–
| clubs3 = [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 = 2020
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2025–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 1
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 3 June 2025
}}

'''Manisha Naik''' (born 1 April 2003) is an Indian professional footballer from [[Odisha]], who plays as a forward for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Nita Football Academy|Nita]] and the [[India women's national football team|India national football team]]. She has also played for [[Sports Odisha]] and [[Odisha women's football team|Odisha state]] in the domestic competitions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=AIFF - Malavika Naik |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/76074?type=club |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=The AIFF}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Naik is from [[Keonjhar]], Odisha. She learnt her basics at the Sports Hostel, Bhubaneswar. One of her first coaches were Mamata Sawant and Geetanjali Khuntia. She is employed with Odisha Police. She now trains under [[Crispin Chettri]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Orisports.com |url=https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=MzcwMA== |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.orisports.com}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Domestic ===
Naik started as a sub-junior player for Odisha which reached the semifinals of the sub-junior Girls National Football Championship played at Imphal, [[Manipur]] in October 2017. She played the sub Junior Nationals again at home in Cuttack and scored 10 goals as part of the Odisha team in July 2018.<ref name=":0" />

One of her first medals with senior Odisha women came when they won the silver medal in the 36th National Games at [[Ahmedabad]] on 10 October 2022. She played the 28th Senior National (final round) at Kolkata in May 2024 and the 29th Senior Women National Football Championship for Odisha at [[Chhattisgarh]] in December 2024, where as part of Odisha team, she won a silver medal. In February 2025, she was also part of the Odisha team that won the silver medal in the 38th [[National Games of India|National Games]] at [[Haldwani]], Uttarakhand.<ref name=":0" />

In March 2020, she also represented the bronze winning Odisha state police team at the BN Mullik Memorial All India Police Football championships at [[Agartala]], Tripura in March 2025.<ref name=":0" />

=== International ===
Naik made her Senior India debut in the first of the two FIFA Women’s International Friendlies against [[Uzbekistan women's national football team|Uzbekistan]] played on 30 May 2025 at the Padukone-Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence stadium, Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debutants Manisha Naik, Malavika, Priyadharshini dream of more Blue Tigresses caps |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/debutants-manisha-naik-malavika-priyadharshini-dream-of-more-blue-tigresses-caps |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-05-30 |title=India women's football team suffers narrow defeat against Uzbekistan |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-womens-football-team-defeat-against-uzbekistan-match-report-fifa-international-friendly/article69638846.ece |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2025 |title=Debutants Manisha Naik, Malavika, Priyadharshini dream of more Blue Tigresses caps |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/debutants-manisha-naik-malavika-priyadharshini-dream-of-more-blue-tigresses-caps20250601185221/ |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=ANI}}</ref>

She was part of the under 17 Indian women’s team that won the two FIFA International Friendlies against [[Romania]] U-17 team at Turkey in February 2020.<ref name=":0" />

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|3 June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=1|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2025
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!1
!0
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/76074?type=club Manisha Naik] at [[All India Football Federation]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Manisha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Kendujhar district]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Sports Odisha players]]
[[Category:Nita Football Academy players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Girlfriend (2019 film)

2026-03-04T09:41:01Z

Svetlananhr: formatting fix

{{short description|2019 Marathi language film}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Girlfriend
| image = Girlfriend_Film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Upendra Sidhaye]]
| producer = Anish Jog Ranjit Gugle Afeefa Suleman Nadiadwala
| music = Saurabh Bhalerao
| studio = Huge Production Pratishad Production Triple Ace Entertainment
| writer = [[Upendra Sidhaye]]
| starring = [[Amey Wagh]] [[Sai Tamhankar]] [[Kavita Lad]] [[Rasika Sunil]]
| cinematography = Milind Jog
| editing = Faisal and Imran
| distributor = AA Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|07|26}}
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}

'''Girlfriend''' ({{langx|mr|Preyasi|italics=yes}}) a 2019 [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language film is directorial debut of [[Upendra Sidhaye]], starring [[Amey Wagh]], [[Sai Tamhankar]], [[Isha Keskar]], Uday Nene, [[Yatin Karyekar]] and [[Kavita Lad]].<ref name="Intro">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/girlfriend-marks-upendra-sidhayes-directorial-debut/articleshow/69631291.cms|title=Girlfriend marks Upendra Sidhaye's directorial debut – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/isha-makes-her-marathi-film-debut/articleshow/70014489.cms|title=Isha makes her Marathi film debut – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref> The film is produced by Anish Joag, Ranjit Gugle, Kaustubh Dhamane, Ameya Patil, Salil Milind Datar and Afeefa Nadiadwala, under the banner of Huge Production, Pratishad Production and Triple Ace Production.<ref name="producers">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/girlfriend-amey-waghs-girlfriend-identity-revealed/articleshow/69423987.cms|title='Girlfriend': Amey Wagh's girlfriend identity revealed! – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> It was theatrically released on 26 July 2019.<ref name="ReleaseDate">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/girlfriend-new-teaser-director-upendra-sidhaye-gives-us-a-glimpse-of-the-story-set-to-unfold/articleshow/69725196.cms|title='Girlfriend' new teaser: Director Upendra Sidhaye gives us a glimpse of the story set to unfold – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/girlfriend-amey-waghs-girlfriend-identity-revealed/articleshow/69423987.cms|title='Girlfriend': Amey Wagh's girlfriend identity revealed! – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/may/21/20779|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526073820/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/may/21/20779|url-status=live|archive-date=26 May 2019|title=Girlfriend poster: Sai Tamhankar is revealed as Amey Wagh's girlfriend|last=Seta|first=Keyur|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref>

== Plot Summary==
The story revolves around Nachiket, a nerdy youngster who wants to get a girlfriend. He finds one in Alisha.<ref name="Intro"/>

== Cast ==
* [[Amey Wagh]] as Nachiket Pradhan
* [[Sai Tamhankar]] as Alisha Nerurkar/Payal Mehta
* [[Kavita Lad]] as Nachiket's mother
* [[Yatin Karyekar]] as Nachiket's father
* [[Isha Keskar]] as Kaveri, Nachiket's friend's wife
* Uday Nene as Aditya, Nachiket's friend
* [[Rasika Sunil]] as Shweta, Nachiket's colleague
* [[Suyog Gorhe]] as Sandy, Nachiket's friend
* Sagar Deshmukh as Nachiket's Boss
* Pratyancha Narale as Baby

==Marketing and release==
The film was released on 26 July 2019.<ref name="ReleaseDate"/> For promotion of the film, Amey Wagh made a facebook post asking for name for a girl. He later revealed a poster of the film and stated that the name was for the girlfriend in the movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/amey-wagh-new-marathi-movie-girlfriend-1891314/|title=…म्हणून अमेय वाघला हवं होतं मुलीसाठी नाव|date=2019-05-10|website=Loksatta|language=mr-IN|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> The title track for the film, "Nachya Got a Girlfriend" was released on 18 June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/girlfriend-amey-wagh-shares-a-glimpse-of-the-title-song-nachya-got-a-girlfriend/articleshow/69812554.cms|title='Girlfriend': Amey Wagh shares a glimpse of the title song 'Nachya Got A Girlfriend' – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-04}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Girlfriend
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Hrishikesh – Saurabh – Jasraj
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 18 June 2019
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =Dawn Studios, Pune
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:37
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label = Video Palace
| producer =
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|P6LKud40nmY|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The soundtrack of the film is composed by Hrishikesh, Saurabh and Jasraj while lyrics are written by [[Kshitij Patwardhan]]. The chorus are by Darshana Jog, Amita Ghugari, Pranjali Barve, Bhagyashree Abhyankar, Poonam Godbole, Yash Gokhale, Hrishikesh Kelkar, Ajit Vispute, Saurabh Daftardar and Sandeep Ubale.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 18:37
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nachya Got A Girlfriend
| extra1 = Jasraj Joshi
| music1 = Hrishikesh, Saurabh and Jasraj
| lyrics1 = [[Kshitij Patwardhan]]
| length1 = 4:10
| title2 = Love Story
| extra2 = Jasraj Joshi, Shruti Athavale
| music2 = Hrishikesh, Saurabh and Jasraj
| lyrics2 = [[Kshitij Patwardhan]]
| length2 = 5:48
| title3 = Kode Sope Thode
| extra3 = Shruti Athavale
| music3 = Hrishikesh, Saurabh and Jasraj
| lyrics3 = [[Kshitij Patwardhan]]
| length3 = 4:34
| title4 = Querida Querido
| extra4 = [[Shalmali Kholgade]], Jasraj Joshi
| music4 = Hrishikesh, Saurabh and Jasraj
| lyrics4 = [[Kshitij Patwardhan]], Jasraj Joshi
| length4 = 4:04
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|10706640}}

[[Category:2019 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

1946 Indian provincial elections

2026-03-04T05:17:52Z

Svetlananhr: added info

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1946 Indian provincial elections
| country = British India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1937 Indian provincial elections
| previous_year = 1937
| next_election =
| next_year = {{nowrap|[[1951–52 elections in India|India (1952)]]→ Pakistan (1951)}}
| election_date = 1946
| seats_for_election = 1585 provincial seats contested
| image1 = File:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 1988 stamp of India (cropped).jpg
| image1_size = 100px
| leader1 = [[Abul Kalam Azad]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 = ''Did not contest''
| seats1 = 923
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 = 
| image2 = Jinnah1945c.jpg
| image2_size = 100px
| leader2 = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Byculla]]
| party2 = [[All-India Muslim League|AIML]]
| alliance2 =
| seats2 = 425
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| color2 = {{party color|All-India Muslim League}}
| map = [[File:1946 Indian Provincial Elections.png|300px]]
}}

Provincial elections were held in [[British India]] in January 1946 to elect members of the legislative councils of the Indian provinces.<ref name="Vohra">{{cite book |last=Vohra |first=Ranbir |year=2013 |orig-year=First published 1997 |title=The Making of India: A Political History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3oXLluy2m_MC&pg=PA177 |edition=3rd |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |page=176 |isbn=978-0-7656-2985-2}}</ref> The Congress, in a repeat of the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 elections]], won 90% of the general non-Muslim seats, while the Muslim League won the 87% of the Muslim seats in the provinces. Voting in this election was restricted on property-owning qualifications.<ref name="z773"/><ref name="books.google.com">Stern, R. W. (2001). Democracy and dictatorship in South Asia: dominant classes and political outcomes in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Greenwood Publishing Group. p=37 [https://books.google.com/books?id=r8ZQaJGkPiEC&q=%22electorate%22+1946+%22Indian+provincial+elections%22&pg=PP11]</ref><ref name="Vanderbok, W. 1988">Vanderbok, W., & Sisson, R. (1988). Parties and Electorates from Raj to Swaraj: An Historical Analysis of Electoral Behavior in Late Colonial and Early Independent India. Social Science History, 12(2), 121-142. doi:10.1017/S0145553200016084</ref><ref name="Palshikar, S. 2006">Palshikar, S. (2006). The Promise of Democracy:'Democracy'in the Pre-independence India. Project on State of Democracy in South Asia as part of the Qualitative Assessment of Democracy Lokniti (Programme of Comparative Democracy). Delhi: Centre for the Study of Developing Societies.</ref> The franchise under [[Government of India Act 1935]] was quite limited compared to universal suffrage and less than 10% of the population in provinces under direct British control were eligible to vote based on their property and income.<ref name="z773"/><ref name="books.google.com">Stern, R. W. (2001). Democracy and dictatorship in South Asia: dominant classes and political outcomes in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Greenwood Publishing Group. p=37 [https://books.google.com/books?id=r8ZQaJGkPiEC&q=%22electorate%22+1946+%22Indian+provincial+elections%22&pg=PP11]</ref><ref name="Vanderbok, W. 1988">Vanderbok, W., & Sisson, R. (1988). Parties and Electorates from Raj to Swaraj: An Historical Analysis of Electoral Behavior in Late Colonial and Early Independent India. Social Science History, 12(2), 121-142. doi:10.1017/S0145553200016084</ref><ref name="Palshikar, S. 2006">Palshikar, S. (2006). The Promise of Democracy:'Democracy'in the Pre-independence India. Project on State of Democracy in South Asia as part of the Qualitative Assessment of Democracy Lokniti (Programme of Comparative Democracy). Delhi: Centre for the Study of Developing Societies.</ref>

The All India Muslim League verified its claim to be the sole representative of Muslim India.<ref name="z773">{{cite book |last=Sajjad |first=M. |title=Muslim Politics in Bihar: Changing Contours |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-55981-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiRHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT221 |language=id |access-date=2024-08-14 |pages=221–222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Barbara Metcalf |author2=Thomas Metcalf |title=A Concise History of Modern India |url=http://apnaorg.com/books/english/concise-history-india/concise-history-india.pdf |edition=2nd |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=212–213 |isbn=978-0-511-24558-9}} "The Muslim League, on its part, won all 30 reserved Muslim seats in the central legislature, and 442 of the 500 Muslim seats in the provincial assemblies. In striking contrast to its dismal showing in 1937, the League had now made good on Jinnah's claim that the League, and the League alone, represented India's Muslims."</ref><ref name="The Partition of India">{{cite book |author1=Ian Talbot |author2=GuSingh |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-13aHAAACAAJ |date=23 July 2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |page=36}}</ref> The election laid the path to [[Pakistan]].<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1105473/the-election-that-created-pakistan |title=The election that created Pakistan |newspaper=Dawn |author=Nadeem F. Paracha |date=11 May 2014 |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="The Partition of India"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Jinnahs-constituency-gears-up-for-elections/articleshow/4961005.cms |title=Jinnah's constituency gears up for elections |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 September 2009 |author=Mateen Hafeez |access-date=20 August 2019}}</ref>

==Background==
On 19 September 1945, following negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India]] from the United Kingdom, the [[Viceroy]] [[Lord Wavell]] announced that elections to the provincial and [[1945 Indian general election|central legislatures]] would be held from December 1945 to January 1946. It was also announced that an executive council would be formed and a constitution-making body would be convened after these elections.<ref name="Vohra"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=S. N. |year=1997 |title=History of the Freedom Movement in India (1857–1947) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hssXP1hBYscC&pg=PA318 |edition=3rd |publisher=New Age International |page=317 |isbn=978-81-224-1049-5}}</ref> These elections were important, as the provincial assemblies thus formed were to then elect a new [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]], which would begin formulating a Constitution for an independent India. All contesting parties began campaigning. The [[Indian National Congress]] represented almost the entire Hindu population, while the Muslim League professed to speak for the whole Muslim population.<ref name="Yasmin1">{{cite book |author=Yasmin Khan |author-link=Yasmin Khan |year=2007 |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |url=https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan |url-access=registration |publisher=Yale University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/31 31] |isbn=978-0-300-12078-3 |quote=While the Congress claimed to speak for all Indians, irrespective of religion, the League claimed to be the mouthpiece of all Muslims.}}</ref> The dominant issue of the election campaign became the issue of Pakistan.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name="Yasmin2">{{cite book |author=Yasmin Khan |author-link=Yasmin Khan |year=2007 |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |url=https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan |url-access=registration |publisher=Yale University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/32 32] |isbn=978-0-300-12078-3 |quote=Before long, though, economic issues were supplanted by a more trenchant issue. The campaigning focal point quickly emerged as Pakistan.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Victor Sebestyen |title=1946: The Making of the Modern World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sH4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT246 |year=2014 |publisher=Pan Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-74353-456-4 |pages=246– |quote=...it became a plebiscite on one issue: whether Muslims should be granted a separate state, Pakistan – 'land of the pure'. Overwhelmingly, the Muslims voted in favor.}}</ref>

Originally, the Muslim League had been a party that received most of its support from the Muslim-minority provinces, where manufactured fear of Hindu 'domination' was greater, as was a sort of a sense of 'loss of privilege', and to showcase its argument for Muslim nationhood, the League needed support from both Muslim-majority as well as Muslim-minority provinces. In the election campaign, the League resorted to establishing networks with traditional power bases, such as landowners and the religious elite, in the Muslim-majority provinces to win support. Religious slogans were utilized, and the term 'Pakistan' was put forward. Some scholars state that the meaning of Pakistan was kept vague so that it meant different things to different people.<ref>Aparna Pande (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ceg-kSmft94C&pg=PA11 ''Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India'']. Taylor & Francis. pp. 11–. {{ISBN|978-1-136-81894-3}}.</ref> On the other hand, Venkat Dhulipala observes that, rather than being vague, the proposals for Pakistan were vigorously debated in public, maps were printed, economic foundations were analysed and Pakistan was envisioned as a modern Islamic state.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dhulipala |first=Venkat |title=Creating a New Medina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z6TBQAAQBAJ&pg=PG194 |year=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=194 |isbn=978-1-107-05212-3 |ref={{sfnref|Dhulipala, Creating a New Medina|2015}}}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. By Venkat Dhulipala |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=74 |issue=4 |year=2015 |pages=1054–1055 |issn=0021-9118 |doi=10.1017/S0021911815001461 |s2cid=165006865}}</ref> The Muslim League's support for the [[United Kingdom in World War II|United Kingdom's war efforts]] during [[World War II]] had nurtured the possibility of establishing a Muslim nation.<ref name="g688">{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=S.C. |title=The Cold War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes] |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=979-8-216-06249-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZX3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1567 |page=1567 |quote=Jinnah's Muslim League strongly supported the Allied war effort and thereby greatly advanced the possibility of the creation of a separate Muslim state in the Indian subcontinent after the war.}}</ref>

In contrast to earlier elections, the religious commitment was intertwined with a declaration of Muslim communal unity. Casting the vote became an Islamic act.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Barbara Metcalf|author2=Thomas Metcalf|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=http://apnaorg.com/books/english/concise-history-india/concise-history-india.pdf|edition=2nd|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=214|isbn=978-0-511-24558-9}}</ref> Consequently, for the Muslim electorate, Pakistan represented both a nation-state for India's Muslims, but one that surpassed the common state structure, and an awakening of an Islamic polity where Islam would be blended with the state's functioning.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Barbara Metcalf|author2=Thomas Metcalf|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=http://apnaorg.com/books/english/concise-history-india/concise-history-india.pdf|edition=2nd|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=215|isbn=978-0-511-24558-9}}</ref> However, only 13% of the Muslims were allowed to vote in this election, and "even educated Muslims did not know what Pakistan meant or implied".<ref name="z773"/>

The voting in this election was restricted on property-owning qualifications.<ref name="z773"/><ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="Vanderbok, W. 1988"/><ref name="Palshikar, S. 2006"/>

==Results==
Of the total of 1585 seats, the [[Indian National Congress]] won 923 (58.23%),<ref name="world today">{{cite journal |author=W. W. J. |date=April 1946 |title=The Indian Elections – 1946 |journal=The World Today |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=167–175 |jstor=40391905}}</ref> and the [[All-India Muslim League]] won 429 seats out of 492 Muslim reserved seats (26.81% of the total), placing it as the second-ranking party. It captured all Muslim constituencies in the central assembly as well as most of the Muslim constituencies in the provincial legislatures.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Barbara D. Metcalf |author2=Thomas R. Metcalf |year=2012 |title=A Concise History of Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7UgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=213– |isbn=978-0-511-24558-9}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Judith Margaret |author-link=Judith M. Brown |title=Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq7tAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=328–329 |isbn=978-0-19-873112-2 |quote=The acquiescence of the politically aware (though possibly not of many villagers even at this point) would have been seriously in doubt if the British had displayed any intention of staying in India.}}</ref> The vote opened the path to Pakistan.<ref name="The Partition of India"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Sajjad |first=M. |title=Muslim Politics in Bihar: Changing Contours |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-55981-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiRHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT221 |page=221}}</ref> The system of separate electorates ensured that Muslim contestants would compete with other Muslim candidates instead of facing non-Muslim contestants. Thus, the establishment of Pakistan was debated mainly among Muslims themselves.<ref>{{cite book |author=David Gilmartin |editor=Barbara D. Metcalf |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C&pg=PA410 |year=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8 |pages=410– |chapter=Muslim League Appeals to the Voters of Punjab}}</ref>

The Muslim League's biggest success was in Bengal, where out of 119 seats for Muslims, it won 113. The League reinforced its vote in the Muslim minority provinces. It won 54 out of 64 Muslim seats in the United Provinces and 34 of Bihar's 40 Muslim seats. It captured all Muslim seats in Bombay and Madras. The party demonstrated that it was the representative of Muslim India.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name="The Partition of India"/>

The [[Communist Party of India]] had presented 108 candidates, out of whom only 8 won a seat.<ref name="c"/> The setback came as a result of the decision of the party not to support the [[Quit India]] movement of 1942.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sharma, Shalini |year=2010 |title=Radical Politics in Colonial Punjab: Governance and Sedition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiATbhiMY54C&pg=PA7 |publisher=Routledge |page=7 |isbn=978-0-203-86969-7}}</ref> Seven out of the eight seats it won were reserved for labour representatives. All in all, the Communist Party obtained 2.5% of the popular vote. Albeit far from competing with the two main parties, the communists became the third force in terms of the popular vote.<ref name="c">{{cite book |author1=Gene D. Overstreet |author2=Marshall Windmiller |year=1959 |title=Communism in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAFBW743Bi4C&pg=PA236 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=236–237 |oclc=502979}}</ref> Among the communist candidates elected were [[Jyoti Basu]] (railways constituency in Bengal), [[Ratanlal Brahmin]] (Darjeeling), and [[Rupnarayan Roy]] (Dinajpur).<ref>{{cite book |author=Samāddāra, Raṇabīra |year=2007 |title=The Materiality of Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoQ1-4jk6OkC&pg=PA45 |publisher=Anthem Press |page=45 |isbn=978-1-84331-276-5}}</ref>

The results for the North-West Frontier Province came through in March. Congress achieved a strong majority, largely due to the personality of [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], enabling them to form a government without trouble.<ref name="world today" />

In Punjab, the concerted effort of the Muslim League led to its greatest success, winning 75 seats of the total Muslim seats and becoming the largest single party in the Assembly. The Unionist Party suffered heavy losses, winning only 20 seats in total. The Congress was the second-largest party, winning 43 seats, whilst the [[Sikh]]-centric [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Dal]] came third with 22 seats.<ref name="world today" /> The INC, Akalis, and [[Khizar Hayat Tiwana|Khizar Hayat Khan]]'s Unionist Party kept the League out of government by forming the Punjab Coalition Party. This was controversial both among supporters of the INC, who previously had decried Khizar Khan as a reactionary, and with Jinnah, who denounced the 'Khizar-led [[Quisling]] ministry' as 'an insult to the determined will of the Mussulmans and a blot on the fair name of [the Punjab]'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=Partition of India: why 1947? |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807760-2 |series=Debates in Indian history and society |location=New Delhi Oxford (GB) |pages=218}}</ref>

In Assam, Congress won all the general seats, and most of those were reserved for special interests, thus forming the local government. The Muslim League won all the Muslim seats.<ref name="world today" />

In the Muslim-majority province of Sind, the Muslim League won the most seats. Congress, however, also achieved strong results and initially hoped to form a coalition in government with four Muslims who had defected from the Muslim League. At the last minute, one of the four Muslim dissidents went over to the Muslim League, handing them a majority of one. Congress then lobbied three European members, who would swing the balance of power into their favour, but their overtures were rejected. The Governor of Sind, therefore, asked the Muslim League to form the local government.<ref name="world today" />

=== Legislative assemblies ===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:centre
!Province
!Congress
!Muslim League
!Other parties
!Independents
!Total
|-
|align=left|[[Assam Province|Assam]]||58||31||Europeans 9 Others 3||7||108
|-
|align=left|[[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]||86||113||Europeans 25 Others 12||14||250
|-
|align=left|[[Bihar Province|Bihar]]||98||34||8||12||152
|-
|align=left|[[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]||125||30||2||18||175
|-
|align=left|[[Central Provinces]]||92||13|| ||7||112
|-
|align=left|[[Madras Presidency|Madras]]||163||28||[[Communist Party of India]] 2<ref>{{cite book |author=Andrew Wyatt |year=2010 |title=Party System Change in South India: Political Entrepreneurs, Patterns, and Processes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9RHlzMCiasC&pg=PA56 |publisher=Routledge |page=56 |isbn=978-0-203-86220-9}}</ref>||22||215
|-
|align=left|[[North-West Frontier Province|North West Frontier Province]]||30||17||2||1|| 50
|-
|align=left|[[Orissa Province|Orissa]]||47||4|| ||9|| 60
|-
|align=left|[[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]||51||73||Akalis 22 Unionist Party 20 [[Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam]] 2||7|| 175
|-
|align=left|[[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sind]]||18||28||10||4|| 60
|-
|align=left|[[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]]||153||54||7||14|| 228
|-
|align=left|'''Total'''|| '''923''' || '''425''' || '''123''' || '''114''' || '''1585'''
|}
<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/fullscreen.html?object=110|title=-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

=== Overall Muslim League performance ===
According to Robert Stern, religious fervour played a part in the League's victory. In Punjab also, religious appeal was the factor in the battle between the league and the Muslim members of the Unionist party who were not interested in Pakistan.<ref name="Stern2001">{{cite book|author=Robert W. Stern|title=Democracy and Dictatorship in South Asia: Dominant Classes and Political Outcomes in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8ZQaJGkPiEC&pg=PP11|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97041-3|page=27}}</ref>
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:centre
!Province
!Muslim Seats
!Muslim League
! Win %
|-
|align=left|[[Assam]]||34||31||91%
|-
|align=left|[[Bengal]]||119||113||95%
|-
|align=left|[[Bihar]]||40||34||85%
|-
|align=left|[[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]||30||30||100%
|-
|align=left|[[Central Provinces]]||14||13||93%
|-
|align=left|[[1946 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election|Madras]]||29||29||100%
|-
|align=left|[[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|NWFP]]||36||17||47%
|-
|align=left|[[Orissa, India|Orissa]]||4||4||100%
|-
|align=left|[[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]||86||74||86%
|-
|align=left|[[Sind]]||34||28||82%
|-
|align=left|[[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]]||66||54||82%
|-
|align=left|'''Total'''|| '''492''' || '''429''' || '''87%'''
|}
<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu"/>

Compared to the above table, Indian Annual Register, 1946, vol. I shows a different scenario.<ref name="The Annual Register">{{Cite journal|date=August 1946|title=The Annual Register|journal=Nature|volume=158|issue=4008|pages=254|doi=10.1038/158254d0|bibcode=1946Natur.158R.254.|issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name ="The Annual Register- Full">{{Cite web|last=Mitra|first= Nripendra Nath|date= August 1946|title=The Indian Annual Register|format= PDF|URL=https://library.bjp.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/509/1/The-Indian-Annual-Register-Jan-June-1946-Vol.1.pdf|website= BJP Library |access-date=2026-03-04}}</ref> There are some differences between the results of the two sources.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Province'''
|'''Congress'''
|'''Muslim League'''
|'''Others'''
|'''Total seats'''
|-
|'''[[Assam]]'''
|58
|31
|19
|108
|-
|'''[[Bengal]]'''
|86
|113
|51
|250
|-
|'''[[Bihar]]'''
|98
|34
|20
|152
|-
|'''[[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]'''
|125
|30
|20
|175
|-
|'''[[Central Provinces|C.P.]]'''
|92
|13
|71
|112
|-
|'''[[Madras]]'''
|165
|29
|21
|215
|-
|'''[[N.W.F.P]]'''
|30
|17
|3
|50
|-
|'''[[Orissa]]'''
|47
|4
|9
|60
|-
|'''[[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]'''
|51
|73
|51
|175
|-
|'''[[Sind]]'''
|18
|27
|15
|60
|-
|'''[[United Provinces (1937–50)|U.P.]]'''
|154
|54
|21
|228
|-
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Source:''' N. N. Mitra (ed.), Indian Annual Register, 1946, vol. I, pp. 230–231.<ref name="The Annual Register"/>

Chatterji, J. (2002). ''Bengal divided: Hindu communalism and partition, 1932-1947'' (No. 57). Cambridge University Press.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chatterji|first=Joya|title=Bengal divided : Hindu communalism and partition, 1932-1947|date=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-41128-9|location=Cambridge [England]|oclc=28710875}}</ref>
|}

==Aftermath==
{{See also|Partition of India}}
The Congress formed its ministries in Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Central Provinces, Madras, NWFP, Orissa, and United Provinces. The Muslim League formed its ministries in Bengal and Sind. A [[coalition government]] consisting of the Congress, Unionist Party, and the Akalis was formed in [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=260&view=text|title=Schwartzberg Atlas|website=A Historical Atlas of South Asia|author=Joseph E. Schwartzberg|access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref> Members of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] were selected through an [[indirect election]] by the elected legislators in the [[1946 Indian Constituent Assembly election]], conducted under the British government's [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India|Cabinet Mission plan]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Assembling India's Constitution: Towards a New History|first1=Rohit|last1=De|first2=Ornit|last2=Shani|issue=263|year=2024|page=206|doi=10.1093/pastj/gtad009|journal=[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Punjab Province ===
A well-documented account of how the coalition government − under popular [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Punjabi Muslims|Muslim]], [[Punjabi Hindus|Hindu]], and [[Sikhs|Sikh]] leaders such as [[Khizar Hayat Tiwana]], [[Chhotu Ram]], and [[Tara Singh (activist)|Tara Singh]] − led by the [[Secularism|secular]] [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]] in [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] collapsed as a result of a massive campaign launched by the then [[Punjab Muslim League]] has been given by Sharma, Madhulika.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Madhulika|date=2012-12-13|title=The Punjab bloodied, partitioned and cleansed: unravelling the 1947 tragedy through secret British reports and first-person accounts edited by Ishtiaq Ahmed|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2012.745746|journal=Asian Ethnicity|volume=14|issue=3|pages=381–383|doi=10.1080/14631369.2012.745746|s2cid=147877672|issn=1463-1369|url-access=subscription}}</ref> AIML (Punjab) deemed the coalition government 'non-representative' and thought it was their right to bring such a government down (notwithstanding the fact that it was a legal and democratically elected government). AIML (P) called for a 'Civil Disobedience' movement − fully backed by Mr. Jinnah and Mr. [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], after they had failed to enlist Sikh support to help form an AIML-led government in Punjab. This led to bloody communal riots in Punjab during the later part of 1946.

By early 1947, the law and order situation in the province came to such a point where civil life was utterly paralyzed. It was under such circumstances that the [[Premier of the Punjab|Premier of Punjab]] ([[Chief minister]]), [[Khizar Hayat Tiwana]] of the coalition-led [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]], was forced to resign on 2 March 1947. His cabinet was dissolved the same day. As there was no hope left for any other government to be formed to take the place of the Khizer government, the then [[Governor of the Punjab|Punjab Governor]] [[Sir Evan Jenkins]] imposed Governor's rule in Punjab on 5 March, which continued up to the partition day, that is, 15 August 1947.

Akali-Dall Sikhs, with 22 seats, were major stakeholders in the coalition along with Congress (51) and the Unionist Party (20), who were infuriated over the dissolution of the Khizer Government. It was in this backdrop that on 3 March 1947, Akali Sikh leader [[Tara Singh (activist)|Master Tara Singh]] brandished his ''[[kirpan]]'' outside the Punjab Assembly, saying openly, "down with Pakistan and blood be to the one who demands it". From this day onwards, Punjab was engulfed in such bloody communal riots that history had never witnessed before. Eventually, Punjab had to be [[Partition of India#Punjab|partitioned]] into the [[Punjab, India|Indian]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]]. In the process, a huge number of people were massacred, millions were forced to cross over and become refugees, and thousands of women were abducted, raped, and killed across all religious communities in Punjab.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}
{{Pakistani elections}}

[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]
[[Category:Political history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:1946 elections in India]]
[[Category:1946 in British India]]
[[Category:Provincial Assembly elections in British India]]
[[Category:January 1946 in Asia]]

Manam Oru Kurangu

2026-03-04T05:11:18Z

Svetlananhr: started first entry w/ infobox...

{{short description|1967 film by A. T. Krishnaswamy}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manam Oru Kurangu
| image = Manam Oru Kurangu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. T. Krishnaswamy]]
| screenplay = [[Cho Ramaswamy]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]''|[[George Bernard Shaw]]}}
| producer = T. V. Arasu
| starring = Cho Ramaswamy [[R. Muthuraman]] [[T. S. Balaiah]] [[A. V. M. Rajan]] [[K. R. Vijaya]] Vijayarani
| music = D. B. Ramachandran
| studio = Sashti Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1967|1|14}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Manam Oru Kurangu''''' ({{translation|Mind is a monkey}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[satire (film and television)|satirical film]] directed by [[A. T. Krishnaswamy]] and produced by T. V. Arasu. Based on the play of the same name, itself inspired by the 1913 [[George Bernard Shaw]] play ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'', the film stars [[Cho Ramaswamy]] (who also wrote the screenplay), [[R. Muthuraman]], [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[K. R. Vijaya]] and Vijayarani. It was released on 14 January 1967 and became a commercial success.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=December 2022}}
Maruthayi is a village-based vegetable seller who, by sheer accident, becomes an actress named Mallika Devi. Murgesa, a farmer from the same village, loves Maruthayi and wants to marry her, but after she becomes an actress, she moves away from him. It was Gopinath, a wealthy socialite, who made her an actress as he laid a challenge that he would transform a vegetable seller into an actor if his regular heroine exited at the last second. A rich man's son Chellappa aspires to marry Maruthayi, but ends up marrying another girl. Murgesa realises that Maruthayi has a new status; when he tries to meet her, Gopinath discourages him, and he returns to his village. When Gopinath confesses his love for Maruthayi, she does not reciprocate. She is left alone, with nowhere to go.

== Cast ==
* [[Cho Ramaswamy]] as Chellappa<ref name="dinamalarnellai" />
* [[R. Muthuraman]] as Murugesa<ref name="RandorGuy" />{{sfn|Pandian|2009|pp=132–133}}
* [[T. S. Balaiah]] as Chellappa's father<ref name="RandorGuy" />
* [[A. V. M. Rajan]] as Gopinath<ref name="RandorGuy" />
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Maruthayi / Mallika Devi<ref name="dinamalarnellai" /><ref name="RandorGuy" />
* Vijayarani as Chellappa's wife<ref name="RandorGuy" />

== Production ==
''Manam Oru Kurangu'' was a play written by [[Cho Ramaswamy]] and inspired by the [[George Bernard Shaw]] play ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]''. It was originally announced as ''Dil Ek Bandhar'', a pun on the title ''[[Dil Ek Mandir]]''.<ref name="RandorGuy" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatachalapathy |first=AR |date=11 December 2016 |title=Cho Ramaswamy articulated the anxieties of conservative, middle-class Brahmins |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cho-ramaswamy-articulated-the-anxieties-of-conservative-middle-class-brahmins/articleshow/55915938.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190303133612/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cho-ramaswamy-articulated-the-anxieties-of-conservative-middle-class-brahmins/articleshow/55915938.cms |archive-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> The play ''Manam Oru Kurangu'', which also starred [[Delhi Ganesh]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 August 2016 |title=ராகவேந்திரா படத்தில் நடித்ததன் மூலம் எனக்கு நல்ல வரவேற்பு கிடைத்தது: நடிகர் டெல்லி கணேஷ் பேட்டி |language=ta |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/08/26153639/1034906/Actor-delhi-ganesh-says-got-a-good-reception-in-the.vpf |url-status=live |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303140811/https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2016/08/26153639/1034906/Actor-delhi-ganesh-says-got-a-good-reception-in-the.vpf |archive-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> was later adapted into a feature film with the same name directed by [[A. T. Krishnaswamy]] and produced by T. V. Arasu under Sashti Films. Cho was part of the cast and also wrote the screenplay.<ref name="RandorGuy" /><ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> M. P. Viswanathan worked as an assistant make-up artist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2016 |title=He would reach studio at 7am with a bowl of porridge |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/He-would-reach-studio-at-7am-with-a-bowl-of-porridge/articleshow/55865142.cms |url-status=live |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190303135122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/He-would-reach-studio-at-7am-with-a-bowl-of-porridge/articleshow/55865142.cms |archive-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>

== Themes ==
The film exposes the snobbish values dominating society in everyday life.{{sfn|Ramanujam|1971|p=161}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by D. B. Ramachandran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manam Oru Kurangu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/manam-oru-kurangu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1283485290 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725062034/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/manam-oru-kurangu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1283485290 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The title song, performed by [[T. M. Soundararajan]], became the film's most popular song.<ref name="RandorGuy" />{{sfn|Velayutham|2008|p=129}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aruppu Kotta Machchan
| extra1 = [[L. R. Eswari]]
| lyrics1 = Vidwan Ve. Lakshmanan
| length1 = 3:24
| title2 = Beautiful Marvellous
| extra2 = [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], L. R. Eswari
| lyrics2 = Vidwan Ve. Lakshmanan
| length2 = 3:05
| title3 = Manam Oru Kurangu
| extra3 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| lyrics3 = V. Seetharaman
| length3 = 3:17
| title4 = Pattanathu Santhaiyile
| extra4 = [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
| lyrics4 = Vidwan Ve. Lakshmanan
| length4 = 3:02
| title5 = Pogiren Pudhiya
| extra5 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
| lyrics5 = Vidwan Ve. Lakshmanan
| length5 = 3:52
| total_length = 16:40 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Manam Oru Kurangu'' was released on 14 January 1967,<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> during the festive occasion of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]].<ref name="dinamalar" /> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called it a film worth watching for relieving stress.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=5 February 1967 |title=மனம் ஒரு குரங்கு |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/feb/05-02-1967/p17.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=17 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725053007/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/feb/05-02-1967/p17.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref> Despite facing competition from other Pongal releases such as ''[[Kandhan Karunai]]'', ''[[Pattathu Rani]]'' and ''[[Penne Nee Vaazhga]]'',<ref name="dinamalar" /> the film emerged a commercial success.<ref name="RandorGuy" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1967 –மனம் ஒரு குரங்கு –ச்ஷ்டி பிலிம்ஸ் |trans-title=1967 –Manam Oru Kurangu –Sashti Films |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967-cinedetails38.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181219064522/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967-cinedetails38.asp |archive-date=19 December 2018 |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="RandorGuy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=25 December 2016 |title=Manam Oru Kurangu (1967) TAMIL |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Manam-Oru-Kurangu-1967-TAMIL/article16940690.ece |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181219065659/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Manam-Oru-Kurangu-1967-TAMIL/article16940690.ece |archive-date=19 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="dinamalarnellai">{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=24 December 2016 |title=கலைமாமணி வாமனனின் 'நிழலல்ல நிஜம்' – 56 {{!}} திரை வடிவம் பெற்ற சோவின் மேடை நாடகங்கள்! |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/20258 |url-status=usurped |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181219104119/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/20258 |archive-date=19 December 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite news |date=22 November 2015 |title=சாண்டோ சின்னப்பா தேவர்! (16) |language=ta |work=[[Dinamalar]] |url=http://t.dinamalar.in/supplementary_detail.asp?id=27841&ncat=2 |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181219102238/http://t.dinamalar.in/supplementary_detail.asp?id=27841&ncat=2 |archive-date=19 December 2018}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Pandian |first=Anand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOqgYpCgCXsC&q=%22manam+oru+kurangu%22&pg=PA132 |title=Crooked Stalks: Cultivating Virtue in South India |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8223-9101-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramanujam |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oagc3Fap_LwC&q=snobbish |title=Challenge and Response: An Intimate Report of Tamil Nadu Politics, 1967–1971 |publisher=Sundara Prachuralayam |year=1971 |oclc=482334}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsR8AgAAQBAJ&q=manam+oru+kurangu |title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-15446-3 |editor-last=Velayutham |editor-first=Selvaraj}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Pygmalion}}

[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s satirical films]]
[[Category:1967 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on Pygmalion (play)]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. T. Krishnaswamy]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Cho Ramaswamy]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bastu-Shaap

2026-03-04T00:29:30Z

Svetlananhr: corrected references further and fixed typos per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bastu-Shaap
| native_name = {{langx|bn|বাস্তু-শাপ}}
| image = Bastu Shaap Bengali Movie 2016 Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
| producer = [[Arijit Dutta]]
| screenplay = [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
| story = Kaushik Ganguly
| starring = [[Raima Sen]] [[Abir Chatterjee]] [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] [[Churni Ganguly]] [[Kaushik Ganguly]]
| music = [[Indradeep Dasgupta]]
| cinematography = [[Gopi Bhagat]]
| editing = Subhajit Singha
| studio =
| distributor = GreenTouch Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|1|15}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bastu-Shaap''''' ({{langx|bn| বাস্তু শাপ}}, {{langx|en|Cursed House}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] with story, screenplay and direction by [[Kaushik Ganguly]], starring [[Raima Sen]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Churni Ganguly]], and [[Kaushik Ganguly]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-28 |title=‘Bastu-Shaap’ to air this weekend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bastu-shaap-to-air-this-weekend/articleshow/83035010.cms |access-date=2025-05-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bastushaap Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/bastushaap/movie-review/50603796.cms |access-date=2025-05-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kushal ([[Parambrata Chatterjee]]) and Timir ([[Kaushik Ganguly]]) are [[Vastu shastra|Vaastu Shastra]] experts who are hired by Arjun ([[Abir Chatterjee]]) to examine the Vaastu of his Bungalow in Darjeeling. Kushal is instructed to masquerade as Arjun's school friend and Timir as Kushal's business partner, and are brought in to Arjun's Bungalow for the project under the pretext of a chance reunion between Arjun and Kushal. Arjun introduces them to his older sister Antara ([[Churni Ganguly]]) and his wife Bonya ([[Raima Sen]]), who seemingly recognizes Kushal.

It becomes apparent that the household is in a disarray. Years earlier, Arjun and his family met with a car accident, due to which Arjun has suffered a permanent injury to his leg, and Antara has lost her husband and her only child. Upon Arjun's recovery, he moved to Darjeeling, but the family is unable to recuperate from their losses. Arjun and Bonya become distant while Antara obsesses over Bonya's son as a coping mechanism for losing her own, which creates tension between Bonya and Antara. Timir and Kushal get to work on their Vaastu Shastra modifications to the Bungalow.

It is also revealed in interleaved flashbacks that Kushal and Bonya had met earlier after Bonya's family accident at the same hospital, where Arjun and Kushal's wife were admitted. Kushal and Bonya developed a slow friendship, and he gave her a crystal ball, asking her to put it beside Arjun's bed in hopes of speeding his recovery. One day Bonya visits Kushal's house and she sees a painting of Kushal's palm painted by Kushal's wife, dubbed ''The Lotus''. Arjun recovers from his coma soon after, but Kushal's wife dies the same day. Kushal leaves for his wife's cremation while Bonya unable to find him moves on with Arjun.

Kushal sees ''The Lotus'' hanging on Bonya's bedroom wall. Bonya is distraught with Arjun no longer being attracted to her, and the two express their love for each other momentarily. Bonya asks Kushal to do everything in his power to restore Arjun back to her. The very next day Arjun challenges Kushal to a duel, with Timir serving as Kushal's champion. After reaching a stalemate, Arjun decides to settle the duel on a sudden death—Bonya would volunteer with a bottle on her head as the target for the shooters. Timir, realizing Kushal's love and fear for Bonya's safety deliberately loses the duel. Later that afternoon Arjun rudely asks Kushal and Timir to leave his Bungalow the next morning after collecting their fees.

Kushal agrees to leave, but instead of money he says he wants to take away with him their Bastu-Shaap—a snake or a curse that lives in a household and yet is not killed or warded off despite being a potential danger to everyone in the house, since everyone gets used to it. He says this is the least he can do for the family before he departs without completing his project. He asks to take with him ''The Lotus'', which Arjun confesses to have never liked, although Bonya always refused to give it away. He privately also asks Antara to leave Arjun and Bonya alone in their house and come with him to an NGO to take care of orphan children—a place that would fulfil her need to be a motherly figure while leaving Arjun and Bonya to resume a normal family.

Next morning, Antara is nowhere to be found and Arjun departs to search for her. Kushal bids farewell to Bonya who asks him to take his old crystal ball and bring it to her father who is very sick, believing that it will miraculously save him, just like it saved Arjun in the past. Driving out of the Bungalow Kushal and Timir meet Arjun, who confesses that he heard Bonya and Kushal professing their love for each other, when Bonya accidentally dropped her phone and it dialed his number. He says that hearing them, made him jealous and realize how much he loved and was possessive about Bonya and hence the duel and him throwing Kushal and Timir out rudely earlier. Later down the road they meet Antara, who was waiting for them to arrive. She gets in their car, and asks if the scarf she was knitting earlier would fit anyone in the orphanage. Kushal smiles and realizes that Antara has agreed to move out of Arjun and Bonya's household, and move on with her life. The three drive away and fade into the hilly fog of Darjeeling having effectively solved all of Arjun and Bonya's household problems.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-22 |title=Bastushaap |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/bastushaap-news-296459 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
[[File:The Director Kaushik Ganguly with the Cast and crew of ‘Bastu Shaap’ at a press conference, during the 47th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2016), in Panaji, Goa on November 25, 2016.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Film crew, at [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[47th International Film Festival of India|2016]]) ]]
* [[Abir Chatterjee]] as Arjun
* [[Churni Ganguly]] as Antara, Arjun's elder sister
* [[Kaushik Ganguly]] as Timir
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] as Kushal
* [[Raima Sen]] as Bonya, Arjun's wife

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bastu-Shaap
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Singer(S)
| all_music = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]

| title1 = Tomake Chhuye Dilam (Male)
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]]

| title2 = Tomake Chuye Dilam (Female)
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]

| title3 = Raja Ranir Bhalo Hok
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]

| title4 = Amar To Golpo Bola Kaaj
| extra4 = [[Rupankar Bagchi]]

| title5 = Gache Gache Rod
| extra5 = [[Bonnie Chakraborty]]
}}

== Nominations ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s)
!Result
|-
|rowspan="15"|[[Filmfare Awards East 2017]]
| Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Bengali
| [[Churni Ganguly]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Filmfare Award for Best Music - Bengali
| [[Indraadip Das Gupta]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Filmfare Award for Best Lyrics - Bengali
| [[Srijato]] for ''Tomake Chuye Dilam''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Filmfare Award for Best Playback (Female) - Bengali
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] for ''Tomake Chuye Dilam (Female)''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Filmfare Award for Best Playback (Male) - Bengali
| [[Arijit Singh]] for ''Tomake Chuye Dilam (Male)''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design - Bengali
| Anirban Sengupta
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

==Production==

===Filming===
Shooting begun from early June 2015 and was completed by November.{{Citation needed|date=January 2016}}

==Release==
''Bastu-Shaap ''released on 15 January 2016 in [[West Bengal]] and nationally.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5352898}}

{{Kaushik Ganguly}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kaushik Ganguly]]
[[Category:Films scored by Indradeep Dasgupta]]
[[Category:Greentouch Entertainment films]]

Ab To Aaja Saajan Mere

2026-03-03T23:25:26Z

Svetlananhr: add content after review and fixed typos after review

{{unreferenced|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ab To Aaja Saajan Mere
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Rakesh Nahata
| producer = Rakesh Nahata
| writer = [[Pooja Bhatt]] Seema Nahata
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = Arvind Joshi Shalini Kapoor
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1994}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ab To Aaja Saajan Mere''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Bollywood]] film produced and directed by Rakesh Nahata. It stars Arvind Joshi and Shalini Kapoor
.

==Cast==
* Arvind Joshi... Mahenga
* Shaiini Kapoor... Ganga
* Roma Manik... Jamuna D. Singh
* Arvind Rathod... Ramdas
* Suresh Varma... Shyamkumar 'Shyam' V. Singh

==Soundtrack==
#"Ab To Aaja Sajan" – [[Alka Yagnik]]
#"Jab Tak Hai Dum" – [[Shabbir Kumar]]
#"Khul Gaya Kajra" – [[Shabbir Kumar]]
#"Odhni Odhu Toh" – [[Falguni Pathak]]

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=1252544}}

[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Prana Snehithulu

2026-03-03T20:15:07Z

Svetlananhr: page fix

{{short description|1988 film directed by V. Madhusudhana Rao}}
{{No plot|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{infobox film
| name = Prana Snehitulu
| image = Prana Snehithulu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1988|9|2|ref1=<ref name="Prana Snehithulu" />}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| story = [[Rakesh Roshan]]
| based_on = ''[[Khudgarz]]''
| starring = [[Krishnam Raju]] [[Sarath Babu]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] Mucherla Aruna
}}
'''''Prana Snehithulu''''' ({{Translation|Lifelong friends}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]. It is a remake of the 1987 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Khudgarz]]'', which itself was based on [[Jeffrey Archer]]'s 1979 novel ''[[Kane and Abel (novel)|Kane and Abel]]''. The generous borrowing had prompted Archer to call Bollywood directors “a bunch of thieves” for stealing his storylines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherwin |first=Adam |date=2015-03-04 |title=Jeffrey Archer accuses Bollywood of stealing his bestselling |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/jeffrey-archer-accuses-bollywood-stealing-his-bestselling-storylines-10085842.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505111938/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/jeffrey-archer-accuses-bollywood-stealing-his-bestselling-storylines-10085842.html |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Sarath Babu]] and [[Radha (actress)|Radha]].

== Cast ==
* [[Krishnam Raju]]<ref name="TheHindu" />
* [[Sarath Babu]]<ref name="TheHindu" />
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]
* [[Mucherla Aruna]]
* [[Murali Mohan]]
* [[M. Balaiah]]
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
* Saradhi
* Sagarika
* A. J. V. Prasad
* Lakshmi Priya
* Baby Prasanna Lakshmi

== Production ==
''Prana Snehithulu'', directed by [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]], is a remake of the 1987 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Khudgarz]]'', itself inspired by Jeffrey Archer's 1979 novel ''[[Kane and Abel (novel)|Kane and Abel]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |pages=146 |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}</ref> Shooting took place at [[Padmalaya Studios]].<ref name="TheHindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by the duo [[Raj–Koti]] while the lyrics were written by [[Bhuvana Chandra]]. Audio was released through LEO music.<ref name="Prana Snehithulu" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:59
| title1 = Kanchu Kanchu
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 3:58
| title2 = Snehaanikanna Minna
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 4:28
| title3 = Mudduku Haddulu
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length3 = 4:29
| title4 = Mithramaa Mithramaa
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Raj Seetharam
| length4 = 4:34
| title5 = Bhuvanam Gaganam
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
| length5 = 4:30
}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="TheHindu">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=10 June 2017 |title=Snehanikanna minna, lokana ledura: A pleasant ending |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/snehanikanna-minna-lokana-ledura-song-a-pleasant-ending/article18955497.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112002308/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/snehanikanna-minna-lokana-ledura-song-a-pleasant-ending/article18955497.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="Prana Snehithulu">{{Cite web |title=Prana Snehithulu |url=https://indiancine.ma/ADCB/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230819075815/https://indiancine.ma/ADCB/info |archive-date=19 August 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=indiancine.ma}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=1373208}}

{{V. Madhusudhana Rao}}

[[Category:1988 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1980s action drama films]]
[[Category:1980s buddy films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

Vishnu (2003 film)

2026-03-03T18:15:34Z

Svetlananhr: general added structure per sources additionally and fixed typos based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vishnu
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Shaji Kailas]]
| producer = [[Mohan Babu]]
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| story =Mohan Rao Duriki
| starring = [[Manchu Vishnu]] [[Shilpa Anand|Ohanna Shivanand]]
| music = [[Ismail Darbar]]
| cinematography = [[S. Saravanan]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio =[[Sri Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2003|10|03|df=yes}}
| runtime = 180 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
}}

'''''Vishnu''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[romance film]] directed by [[Shaji Kailas]] (his Telugu debut) and starring [[Manchu Vishnu]] in his debut role and [[Shilpa Anand]]. It was produced by [[Mohan Babu]]. The screenplay is by [[Paruchuri Brothers]], and the music is composed by [[Ismail Darbar]]. The film was released on 3 October 2003.

== Plot ==
Vishnu ([[Manchu Vishnu]]) meets his childhood love after fifteen years and tries to woo her without revealing his true identity. But it leads to a misunderstanding and her father fixes her marriage elsewhere.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Manchu Vishnu]] as Vishnu
* [[Shilpa Anand|Ohanna Shivanand]] as Vaishnavi / Vedika
* [[Neetu Chandra]] as Teju, Vishnu's friend
* [[Brahmanandam]]
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
* [[Giri Babu]]
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
* [[Jayasudha]] as Vishnu's mother
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]]
* [[Murali Mohan]] as Vishnu's father
* Siva Parvathi
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]]
* [[Chitram Srinu]]
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
* [[Abhinaya Krishna]]
* [[Deepak Jethi]]
* [[Ramya Sri]] as Kanakam
* [[Raghu Babu]]
}}

== Production ==
The film was in the news when [[Mohan Babu]] reportedly slapped [[Shilpa Anand|Shilpa Shivanand]] for refusing to kiss [[Manchu Vishnu]]. He also allegedly beat up her mother. When Shilpa's sister in Bombay went to the Hyderabad Police to report his misconduct, there was nobody present at the film studio.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3089455.stm |title=Actress 'slapped' for refusing to kiss |work=BBC News |date=23 July 2003 |access-date=30 October 2022}}</ref> The song "Vandanam" was shot in Tirupathi.<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vishnu.html|title = Telugu cinema review - Vishnu - Manchu Vishnu Vardhan Babu, Vedika - Shilpa Shivanand - Shaji Kailas - Mohan Babu|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=jeevi}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Song
! Singer(s)
! Lyricist
|-
| "Are Are Mama"
| [[Udit Narayan]]
| Guru Charan
|-
| "Happy Happy"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| Guru Charan
|-
| "Nee Pere Thana Paina"
| [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
|-
| "Nelluri Nerajana"
|[[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Kavita Krishnamurti]]
| Guru Charan
|-
| "Oka Saari"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurti]]
| Guru Charan
|-
| "Ravoyee Chandamama"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| Suddala Ashokteja
|-
| "Vandanam"
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| Bhuvana Chandra
|}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote "The taking of director Shaji Kailas is good in parts" and concluded that "You may watch this film for Vishnu's performance".<ref name="I"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0383702}}
{{Shaji Kailas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishnu (Film)}}
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ismail Darbar]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shaji Kailas]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}
{{2000s-romance-film-stub}}

Sangamam (1999 film)

2026-03-03T04:44:39Z

Svetlananhr: Created a info v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sangamam (1999 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Suresh Krissna]]
| writer = [[E. Ramdoss]] Gopu-Babu '''(Dialogues)'''
| screenplay = Suresh Krissna
| story = Bhoopathy Raja
| producer = [[Pyramid Natarajan]]
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]|[[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]]}}
| cinematography = [[S. Saravanan]]
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| studio = Pyramid Films International
| released = {{Film date|1999|07|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sangamam''''' ({{translation|Confluence}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic musical]] [[dance film]] co written and directed by [[Suresh Krissna]] and produced by V. Natarajan of Pyramid Films. The film stars [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] and newcomer [[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]], with [[Manivannan]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Radha Ravi]], and [[Vadivelu]] playing supporting roles. The film's music was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], while [[S. Saravanan]] handled the cinematography. The film was released on 16 July 1999 and became a financial failure, but won the [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics]] ([[Vairamuthu]]) and four [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=June 2024}}
This film depicts the disputes between two forms of the dance styles and music, Classical Indian (in particular [[Carnatic music]] and [[Bharathanatyam]] danceform) against rural Tamil folk music and dance. The film depicts the misunderstanding and mutual ignorance of the two factions. The parallel plot in the movie is of the children and intended successors of the respective dance doyens falling in love with each other. After initial disagreements, a classical dancer and a rural folk artist charm each other and fall in love. However, they face issues when the girl's father disapproves of their relationship.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Selvam
* [[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]] as Abhirami
* [[Manivannan]] as Aavudapillai
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Sivasankaramoorthy
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Nagaraj
* [[Vadivelu]] as Haridas
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Abhirami's uncle
* [[Charle]] as Shanmugam
* [[Srividya]] as Sivagami
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Meenakhi alias Meenu
* [[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]] as Selvam's sister
* [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] as Selvam's friend
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Narayana
* [[Kavithalaya Krishnan]] as Abhirami's uncle
* [[Madhan Bob]] as an instrument vendor
* Kumar Natarajan
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] in an uncredited role
}}

== Production ==
V. Natarajan launched a film to be directed by [[Suresh Krissna]] and [[A. R. Rahman]] was signed on to compose the music for the film in early 1998, while he was also working with the producer [[Pyramid Natarajan]] in ''[[Rhythm (2000 film)|Rhythm]]'' and ''[[Udhaya (film)|Udhaya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Old news |url=http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/old_news.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414202603/http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/old_news.htm |archive-date=14 April 2012 |access-date=28 January 2013 |website=pvv.ntnu.no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 1998 |title=Rahmaan + Rahmaan |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/5-06-98/rahmaan.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980615065915/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/5-06-98/rahmaan.htm |archive-date=15 June 1998 |access-date=3 July 2021 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> In an interview in August 1998, Rahman revealed that he was working on "a very small budget movie called ''Sangamam'' which is based on classical and folk dance".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 1998 |title=The A R Rahman Chat |url=http://m.rediff.com/chat/rahmchat.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220060131/http://m.rediff.com/chat/rahmchat.htm |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=28 January 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film would feature his co-brother, actor [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] in the lead role with newcomer [[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]] playing the lead female role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 1999 |title=Gossip from the Southern film industry |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/feb/12ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215092929/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/feb/12ss.htm |archive-date=15 February 2009 |access-date=28 January 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

During production it was reported that the film would be a remake of the 1968 film ''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]'', but this was subsequently found to be untrue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News bits |url=http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/bits.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307145530/http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/bits.htm |archive-date=7 March 2013 |access-date=28 January 2013 |website=pvv.ntnu.no}}</ref> The film was briefly delayed in 1999 as A. R. Rahman was too busy to complete the background score for the film, with Natarajan initially refusing to pay him, causing further delays for the producer's next venture, ''Rhythm''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Gopal |title=The Complete Biography of A.R.Rahman |url=http://gopalhome.tripod.com/arrbio.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615145414/http://gopalhome.tripod.com/arrbio.html |archive-date=15 June 2014 |access-date=28 January 2013 |website=Gopalhome.tripod.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by A. R. Rahman, with lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]]. The album marked the first collaboration between the veteran musician [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and A. R. Rahman. The song "Mudhal Murai Killipparthaein" is set in [[Bihag]] raga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Sandhya |date=15 November 2020 |title=Behag – Love |url=https://thebridge.psgtech.ac.in/behag/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210830150711/https://thebridge.psgtech.ac.in/behag/ |archive-date=30 August 2021 |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=The Bridge}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 34:30
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mazhai Thulli
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| length1 = 6:49
| title2 = Varaha Nadhikarai
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length2 = 6:17
| title3 = Sowkiyama Kannae
| extra3 = [[Nithyashree Mahadevan]]
| length3 = 5:55
| title4 = Mudhal Murai Killi Parthen
| extra4 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length4 = 6:10
| title5 = Margazhi Thingal Allava
| extra5 = [[S. Janaki]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Srimathumitha]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2000 |title=Soaring musical heights |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/27/stories/09270703.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050122074928/http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/27/stories/09270703.htm |archive-date=22 January 2005 |access-date=28 January 2013 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| length5 = 6:57
| title6 = Aalaala Kanda
| extra6 = Hariharan, M. S. Viswanathan
| length6 = 2:19
}}

== Release ==
''Sangamam'' was released on 16 July 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangamam / சங்கமம் (1999) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/sangamam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240618095258/https://screen4screen.com/movies/sangamam |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> The film was also set to be dubbed and released in Telugu under the same name, but the financial losses suffered had deterred the version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2000 |title=A.R. Rahman Facts!! [long article] |url=https://groups.google.com/g/rec.arts.movies.local.indian/c/Crpzd12yYiQ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230629051838/https://groups.google.com/g/rec.arts.movies.local.indian/c/Crpzd12yYiQ |archive-date=29 June 2023 |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=[[Google Groups]]}}</ref> Due to the film's failure, [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], who bought the satellite rights of the film, premiered it in September 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Power gets you anything |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/rehm.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818181522/http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/rehm.shtml |archive-date=18 August 2000 |access-date=29 August 2020 |website=Tamil Star}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
R. Ananthanarayanan wrote for ''pvv.ntnu.no'' that "Sangamam is a credible movie with good music by A. R. Rahman and superlative performance by Manivannan". Ananthanarayanan added that "Rahman does justice to his role and has brought a certain dignity and understatement to his character" but that "Vindhya, the heroine is the only weak link".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananthanarayanan |first=R |title=Sangamam – A Review |url=http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/sangamam/review.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083409/http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/sangamam/review.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=28 January 2013 |website=pvv.ntnu.no}}</ref> K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote "You should see this movie if you like A. R. Rahman's music. It makes for a pleasant viewing".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=31 July 1999 |title=A feast of A.R. Rahman's tunes |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FPdOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qBQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3877%2C5797312 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629053135/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FPdOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qBQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3877,5797312 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |access-date=29 June 2023 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Arts 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Kala Krishnan Ramesh of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' praised the acting, music, editing and dialogues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 1999 |title=Sangamam (Tamil) |url=http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep05/enter.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000614113548/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep05/enter.htm |archive-date=14 June 2000 |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> K. P. S. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote the film's story was reminiscent of the films ''[[Karakattakkaran]]'' and ''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]'', the screenplay is like a town bus that stops and moves at every stop, and ''Sangamam'', which should be properly positioned to push the two together, is half-positioned.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கே. பி. எஸ். |date=15 August 1999 |title=சங்கமம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-08-15/page/n33/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230629051454/https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-08-15/page/n33/mode/2up |archive-date=29 June 2023 |access-date=13 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=33 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "THE FOCUS is more on the fusion of two hearts than the two arts in question – Bharatanatyam and one form of folk dance, other varieties not getting their due – in Pyramid Films' ''Sangamam''. The surprise element is the performance of Manivannan, no humour dipped snide remarks but enjoyable emotional stuff, a rare portrayal by this seasoned actor-director".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=23 July 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Anthapuram / Viralukkaetha Veekkam / Sangamam |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/07/23/stories/09230224.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010604213121/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/07/23/stories/09230224.htm |archive-date=4 June 2001 |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Rahman dancing folk art is unbearable but his acting is good in emotional scenes. Vindya has nothing much in her debutante role except to look pretty. Manivannan steals the show with his dramatic performance as a folk art exponent. AR Rahman`s music is the only highlight of the film. His background music is good and folk art music art is catchy. Credit also goes to Vairamuthu for his lyrics. Its always better to buy an audio cassette and forget the movie".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangamam |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=6006710&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229090512/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=6006710&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=29 December 2004 |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Event
!Category
!Awardee
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|[[47th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]]
|Vairamuthu (for "Mudhal Murai Killipparthaein")
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=47th National Films Festival |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022161229/http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013 |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|-
|Dinakaran Cinema Awards
|Best Female Playback Singer
|[[S. Janaki]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards: "Dinakaran Cinema Awards"--1999 |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/28-1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625100834/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/28-1.htm |archive-date=25 June 2008 |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|A. R. Rahman
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2000 |title=Awards: Tamilnadu Government Announces Cinema State Awards -1999 |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622010121/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |archive-date=22 June 2008 |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyrics]]
|Vairamuthu
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|S. Janaki (for "Margazhi Thingal Allava")
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
|Krishnamurthy
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Suresh Krissna}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1990s dance films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suresh Krissna]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films set in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Indian dance films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Viqar-ul-Umra

2026-02-21T22:39:04Z

Svetlananhr: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Hyderabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2011}}
{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals = H.E. Nawab Sir Viqar-ul-Umara, Iqtidar ul-Mulk, Iqbal ud-Daula,
| post-nominals = Secundar Jung
| name = Muhammad Fazl-ud-Din Khan Bahadur, [[Knight Commander of the Indian Empire|KCIE]], [[Kaiser-i-Hind]],
| image = Sir Viqar-ul-Umra.jpg
| family = [[Paigah family]]
| spouse =Princess Jahandar un-Nisa of Hyderabad Muneer Un-nisa Begum, Dr. Gul Bai Vicajee
| children = Prince Sultan ul-Mulk Bahadur, Prince Wali ud-Dowla, Princess Liyaqat un-nisa Begum, Princess Tabarak un-Nisa Begum
| father = Amir e Kabir III Nawab Raheeduddin Khan Bahadur, Shams-ul-Umara IV
| mother = Princess Hashmath un-nisa Begum Saheba (daughter of Nawab Sikandar Jah Bahadur, Nizam III of Hyderabad)
| relatives = [[Nawab Asman Jah Bahadur|Asman Jah]] (cousin) [[Asaf Jah VI]] (brother-in-law) [[Asaf Jah V]] (father-in-law)
| birth_date = 13 August 1856
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], Hyderabad State, India
| death_date = 15 February 1902 (age 45)
| death_place = Yalghadap-Khanapur, Hyderabad-Deccan, [[Hyderabad State]], India
| burial_place = [[Paigah Tombs]], [[Hyderabad]]
| module =
{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes
| office = [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]]
| term_start = 1893
| term_end = 1901
| predecessor = [[Sir Asman Jah|Nawab Asman Jah]]
| successor = [[Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad]]
| monarch = [[Asaf Jah VI]]
| office2 = Amir-e-Paigah
| term_start2 = 1881
| term_end2 = 1902
| predecessor2 = Nawab Raheeduddin Khan Bahadur
| successor2 = Nawab Sultan ul Mulk Bahadur
}}
|}}
'''Sir Viqar ul-Umara''', '''Iqtidar ul-Mulk''', '''Iqbal ud-Dowla''', '''Secundar Jung''', [[Nawab]] '''Muhammad Fazl-ud-din Khan Bahadur''' (13 August 1856 – 15 February 1902), was the [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad|Prime Minister of Hyderabad State]] from 1893 to 1901, and also the '''Amir-e-Paigah''' from 1881 to 1902.<ref name="B1">{{cite book |title=The Days of the Beloved |last1=Lynton |first1=Harriet Ronken |last2=Rajan |first2=Mohini |year=1974 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-02442-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/daysofbeloved0000unse |url-access=registration |pages=83–105}}</ref>

The town of [[Vikarabad]] is named after him.

==Early life and ancestry==
Viqar-ul-Umra was born as Muhammad Fazluddin Khan on 13 August 1856 to Rashiduddin Khan and Hashmatunnisa Begum. Viqar-ul-Umra's maternal grandmother was Bashirunnisa Begum, a daughter of [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Nizam Ali Khan]], [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] and Berar.{{sfn|Lynton|Rajan|1974|p=86}}

Viqar-ul-Umra was a member of the [[Paigah family]]. The family was hierarchically second to the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. The family members were staunch loyalists of the Nizam.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Safvi |first1=Rana |title=The Paigah's necropolis |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/the-paigahs-necropolis/article22481683.ece|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 April 2019 |date=21 January 2018}}</ref> The family descends from the [[Rashidun caliphate|Rashidun caliph]] [[Umar]]. One of the family's ancestor is the Sufi saint [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar]]. Another ancestor Muhammad Abu’l Khair Khan was a ''[[mansabdar]]'' during Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s reign.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/bhopal14 |title=bhopal14}}</ref>

==Tenure as prime minister==
[[File:Viqar-ul-Ulama Buggy.jpeg|thumb|200px|left|Viqar ul-Umara in buggy (c. 1900)]]
[[File:Tomb of Sir Vicar ul-Umra.jpg|thumb|200px|upright 0.6|left|His tomb in [[Hyderabad]]]]

He was the fifth [[Amir]] of a noble family, the [[Paigah family|Paigahs]], and was the maternal grandson of [[Asaf Jah III]].{{cn|date=February 2026}}

==Architecture==
Viqar-ul-Umra commissioned the [[Spanish Mosque]] (original name: Jama Masjid Aiwan-e-Begumpet) at [[Begumpet]], Hyderabad in 1887. He started its construction after getting inspired by [[Spanish architecture]] during one of his trips to Spain. It is built in the [[Moorish architecture]] style and has [[calligraphy]], [[horseshoe arch]]es and influences of [[Ancient Roman architecture|Roman architecture]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Syed Akbar |title=On Independence Day, Spanish mosque in Hyderabad will open to all faiths |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/on-independence-day-spanish-mosque-in-begumpet-to-open-for-people-of-all-faiths/articleshow/65346575.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 March 2019 |date=11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gopalan |first1=Madhumita |title=The Spanish mosque: Moorish architecture in the heart of Hyderabad |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/spanish-mosque-moorish-architecture-heart-hyderabad-50366 |publisher=The News Minute |access-date=31 March 2019 |date=24 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad's Spanish mosque: A serene place of worship and acceptance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/spanish-mosque-hyderabad-a-serene-place-of-worship-and-acceptance-visit-my-mosque/article24703946.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=31 March 2019 |date=16 August 2018}}</ref>

Viqar-ul-Umra constructed the [[Falaknuma Palace]] in 1893. Later on this palace was allegedly gifted to the Nizam [[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI|Mahbub Ali Khan]] under political pressure. This palace was built with a blend of [[Architecture of Italy|Italian]] and [[Tudor architecture]] and the ceiling is adorned with [[fresco]]s. It also has the world's largest dining wall in which chairs made of [[rosewood]] are present. Currently, it is a hotel, leased to [[Taj Hotels]]. Notable dignitaries to stay in this palace include [[Nicholas II of Russia|Czar Nicholas II]], [[George V]], [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], [[Narendra Modi]] and [[Ivanka Trump]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mirror to the sky: All about the Falaknuma Palace, playing regal host to Ivanka Trump|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mirror-sky-all-about-falaknuma-palace-playing-regal-host-ivanka-trump-72305 |publisher=The News Minute |access-date=31 March 2019 |date=28 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Taneja |first1=Richa |title=All About Hyderabad's Falaknuma Palace Where PM Modi, Ivanka Trump Will Dine |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hyderabad-s-falaknuma-palace-where-pm-modi-ivanka-trump-will-dine-10-points-1780669 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=31 March 2019 |date=27 November 2017}}</ref>

After Nizam bought the Falaknuma Palace, Viqar-ul-Umra built the [[Paigah Palace]] (originally known as Aiwan-e-Viqar) for himself. The Zenana Mahal in it was built with a blend of [[Gothic Revival architecture|Neo Gothic]], [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] and [[Mughal architecture]]. A part of the palace houses the [[Consulate General of the United States, Hyderabad|U.S. consulate]] and a part of it is inhabited by his descendants.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saumya |first1=Kota |title=A palace straight out of a storybook |url=https://telanganatoday.com/palace-straight-storybook |publisher=Telangana Today |access-date=31 March 2019 |date=11 November 2017}}</ref> By {{circa|1900}}, he built scores of monuments, public buildings, Dams, water reservoirs, artificial lakes, and about 21 palaces and mansions in the state of Hyderabad including the palace of [[Paigah Palace]] also known as [[Chiraan Fort Palace|Aiwan-e-Begumpet]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Palace with a view |url=https://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/03/24/stories/2004032400410300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=31 March 2019 |date=24 March 2004}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Viqar-ul-Umra founded the city of [[Vikarabad]] in what became Telangana state, India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vikarabad is a gift of Paigahs |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/131016/vikarabad-is-a-gift-of-paigahs.html |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=31 March 2019 |date=13 October 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In {{circa|1873}}, Viqar-ul-Umra married Jahanderunnisa Begum. She was the fourth daughter of Nizam [[Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V]] Tahniyath Ali Khan and a sister of Nizam [[Mahboob Ali Khan]]. After Nawab Viqar-ul-Umra Bahadur was knighted, his wife took the title Lady Viqar-ul-Umra.{{sfn|Lynton|Rajan|1974|p=90}} Their son [[Sultan-ul-Mulk]] was born on 3 November 1875. He later became the Amir-i-Paigah-Viqar-ul-Umra (Amir-i-Paigah of Viqar-ul-Umra branch).{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} They also had a daughter – Liaqatunnisa Begum.

In 1878, Viqar-ul-Umra married Munirunnisa Begum, the daughter of Nawab Hamza Ali Khan Bahadur. Their son Waliuddin Khan was born on 13 March 1880. He later served as the [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]]. They also had a daughter – Taharaqunnisa Begum.

Although Viqar-ul-Umra's previous marriages were [[Arranged marriage|arranged]], he fell in love with Dr. Gulbai Viccajee, a Hyderabadi [[physician]]. They first met in [[Mumbai]].{{sfn|Lynton|Rajan|1974|p=103}} In 1900, they married. As she was a [[Zoroastrian]] by faith (colloquially known as [[Parsis|Parsi]]), she converted to Islam to marry him. She took the name Nur Jahan Begum. After marriage, she left her medical profession and lived in ''[[purdah]]'' at [[Vikhar Manzil]].{{sfn|Lynton|Rajan|1974|p=104}}

Viqar-ul-Umra died while hunting at [[Yalghadap - Khanapur]] (in present-day [[Nizamabad district]] in [[Telangana]]) on 15 February 1902. He is buried at the [[Paigah Tombs]].

===Polo===
Viqar-ul-Umra was an avid player of [[polo]]. He discovered the sport during a tour to Europe and later brought it to [[Hyderabad]]. He went on to popularise the sport amongst the [[nobility|nobles]] of the state. He also constructed polo grounds in the state and organized polo tournaments for the royal families.<ref name="Viqar-ul-Umra">{{cite web |title=Who was Viqar-ul-Umra |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31809&articlexml=Who-was-Viqar-ul-Umra-23082014106032 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331192842/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31809&articlexml=Who-was-Viqar-ul-Umra-23082014106032 |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 March 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 March 2019 |date=23 August 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040919030526/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/31/stories/2003123100350300.htm Feature on a palace he built]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080212103737/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/06/stories/2006100612200400.htm The Hindu feature on Paigah tombs]

{{Nizam of Hyderabad}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{Succession box |
before=[[Nawab Asman Jah Bahadur]]|
title=[[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]] |
years=1893–1901|
after=[[Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viqar-Ul-Umra}}
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1902 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Hyderabad State]]

Fateh Singh (Sikh warrior)

2026-02-18T22:23:12Z

Svetlananhr: Created a biography

{{Short description|Sikh warrior (died 1716)}}
{{other uses|Fateh Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Fateh Singh}}
[[File:Possible depiction of Bhai Fateh Singh from an illustrated folio of ‘Tawarikh-i Jahandar Shah’, Awadh or Lucknow, ca.1770.png|thumb|Detail of an illustrated folio of ‘Tawarikh-i Jahandar Shah’, Awadh or Lucknow, ca.1770, showing the climax of the [[Battle of Chappar Chiri|Battle of Sirhind]] fought in 1710. Fateh Singh is on his horse]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}

'''Fateh Singh''' (died July 1716) was a warrior in [[Sikh]] history. He is known for beheading [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]] who was the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Deputy Governor]] of [[Sirhind]], administering a territory of the [[Mughal Empire]] between the [[Sutlej]] and [[Yamuna]] rivers. Wazir Khan was infamous for ordering the execution of the two young sons of [[Guru Gobind Singh]], [[Sahibzada Fateh Singh]] and [[Sahibzada Zorawar Singh]] in 1704.

==Early life and conquest==
[[File:Bhai Fateh Singh statue on Fatehburj sahib.jpg|thumb|Fateh Singh statue at Fatehburj Sahib]]
Not much is known about Fateh Singh’s early life. Bhai Fateh Singh was the great-grandson of prominent Sikh preacher Bhai Bhagtu. Fateh Singh would join [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] in his liberation of [[Punjab]]. He participated in the [[Battle of Samana]] in 1709, launching an attack on the town of Samana on 26 November of the same year.{{Sfn|Ganda Singh|1935|p=35-39}} Samana was home to Jalad-ud-Din who was the executioner of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]].{{Sfn|Ganda Singh|1935|p=35-39}} It was also home to Shasil Beg and Bashil Beg, the executioners of [[Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)|Baba Zorawar Singh]] and [[Fateh Singh (Sikhism)|Baba Fateh Singh]].{{Sfn|Ganda Singh|1935|p=35-39}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dātā |first=Piārā Siṅgha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xQhAAAAMAAJ |title=Banda Singh Bahadur |date=1988 |publisher=National Book Shop |isbn=978-81-7116-049-5 |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLCBJiEHs4cC&dq=banda+singh+samana&pg=PA184 |title=The Making of Punjab |date=2003 |publisher=Unistar Books |pages=184 |language=en}}</ref> Due to this, the town was widely hated among the Sikhs.{{Sfn|Ganda Singh|1935|p=35-39}} The town also contained large amounts of treasure and loot that would finance the Sikh war effort.{{Sfn|Ganda Singh|1935|p=35-39}} Banda Singh camped around 20 kilometres from Samana where he held a meeting with his generals to plan the attack. Among them was Fateh Singh. Their intelligence told them that the head of Samana was confident that he could repulse the Sikh attack. He did not increase defences out of confidence.<ref name=":0" /> Banda Singh, Fateh Singh, and the Sikh forces advanced upon Samana and were able to enter the town before the gates of the town could be closed.{{Sfn|Ganda Singh|1935|p=35-39}} Fighting ensued in the streets of Samana between the Sikh and Mughal forces.{{Sfn|Ganda Singh|1935|p=35-39}} The Local peasantry who were resentful towards the rich nobles of the town, began setting fire to the various mansions of the town.{{Sfn|Ganda Singh|1935|p=35-39}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Patwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC&dq=banda+singh+samana&pg=PT68 |title=The Sikhs |date=2007-12-18 |publisher=Crown Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-42933-9 |language=en}}</ref> According to one source, “pools of blood flowed through the drains.” Another says that nearly 10,000 muslims being massacred.{{Sfn|Ganda Singh|1935|pp=40-44}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Harish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg89BAAAQBAJ&q=banda+singh+samana |title=First Raj of the Sikhs: The Life and Times of Banda Singh Bahadur |date=2013-05-01 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-39-5 |language=en}}</ref>

Banda Singh, impressed by Fateh Singh’s bravery and spirt in battle, appointed him as [[Faujdar]] of [[Samana, India|Samana]] as well as Samana’s 9 [[Pargana|parganhas]].<ref name="ReferenceA">''Gian Singh, Giani, Panth Prakash''. Patiala, 1970</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">''Bhangu, Ratan Singh, Prachin Panth Prakash. Amritsar, 1914 ''</ref><ref>{{Cite book |ref={{harvid|Ganda Singh|1935}} |last=Sikh Digital Library |url=http://archive.org/details/LifeOfBandaSinghBahadurBasedOnContemporaryAndOriginalRecordsDr.GandaSingh |title=Life Of Banda Singh Bahadur Based On Contemporary And Original Records - Dr. Ganda Singh |date=1935-04-17 |publisher=Sikh Digital Library |others=Sikh Digital Library |pages=40}}</ref> Banda Singh conquered [[Ghuram]] and added it into Fateh Singh’s administration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Umair Mirza |url=http://archive.org/details/life-of-banda-singh-bahadur-based-on-contemporary-and-original-records-dr.-ganda-singh |title=Life of Banda Singh Bahadur, based on Contemporary And Original Records |date=1935-04-01 |pages=43}}</ref>

==Battle of Chappar Chiri ==
Fateh Singh was in the [[Khalsa Fauj|Sikh Army]] led by [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] during the [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]] in May 1710.<ref>{{Cite book|last=The Later Mughals|first=Wazir Khan Death|title=Wazir Khan beheaded by fateh singh ji|year=1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&q=firuz+mewati&pg=PA96|pages=96–106}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Battle of Chappar Chiri|work=The tribune|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070617/spectrum/society1.htm}}</ref> Wazir Khan was killed in the battlefield by two Sikhs, Fateh Singh and [[Baj Singh]]. Fateh Singh, with the help of [[Baj Singh]], beheaded [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]], who marched from [[Sirhind]] and joined the battle against the Sikhs on 10 May 1710, at Chappar Chiri where today [[Fateh Burj]] commemorates the battle. A fierce battle ensued between the Sikhs and the Mughals. Wazir Khan was killed by the combined effort of two Sikhs Baj Singh and Fateh Singh who dealt the death blow vertically cutting down Wazir Khan from his shoulder to his waist. The [[Mughal Army]] of Sirhind took to heel and the [[Khalsa Fauj|Sikh Army]] captured Sirhind on 12 May 1710. The city was thoroughly sacked and retribution was wreaked on [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]]'s soldiers, officials and anyone even remotely connected with the execution of the younger sons of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. The planned razing of Sirhind could not be carried out as the Sikh Army had to switch over to [[guerrilla warfare]] once the [[Mughal Army]] came.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wazir Khan Death in the battlefield|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/shooting-straight/the-razing-of-sirhind/|journal=}}</ref>

== Later life and death ==
Fateh Singh was eventually taken prisoner by the [[Mughal Army]] at [[Lohgarh (Bilaspur)|Lohgarh]] in December 1710 and, after several years in jail, he was executed in [[Delhi]] in June 1716 along with Banda Singh Bahadur and his other companions including many famous soldiers of the [[Khalsa Fauj|Sikh Army]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref>''Ganda Singh, Life of Banda Singh Bahadur''. Amritsar, 1935</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sikhs executed by the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:People executed for refusing to convert to Islam]]
[[Category:18th-century executions by the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:People executed by starvation]]
[[Category:1716 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]

Bhavapriya

2026-02-06T17:26:03Z

Svetlananhr: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|44th raga in the Melakarta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Bhavapriya
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|N2|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}
{{Carnatic}}
'''Bhavapriya''' (meaning ''The one dear to Bhava (Shiva)'') is a [[raga]]m (musical scale) in [[Carnatic music]] (South Indian classical music). It is the 44th ''[[Melakarta]]'' rāgam in the 72 ''melakarta'' rāgam system of Carnatic music.

It is called '''Bhavāni'''<ref name="dikshitar">''Sri Muthuswami Dikshitar Keertanaigal'' by Vidwan A Sundaram Iyer, Pub. 1989, Music Book Publishers, Mylapore, Chennai</ref><ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref> in [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] school of Carnatic music.

==Structure and Lakshana==
[[Image:Bhavapriya scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Bhavapriya scale with Shadjam at C]]

It is the 2nd rāgam in the 8th ''chakra Vasu''. The mnemonic name is ''Vasu-Sri''. The mnemonic phrase is ''sa ra gi mi pa dha ni''.<ref name="ragas" /> Its {{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}} structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see ''[[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|swaras in Carnatic music]]'' for details on below notation and terms):
*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|N2|S'|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]]: {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|P|M2|G2|R1|S|foot=yes}}
(''shuddha rishabham, sadharana gandharam, prati madhyamam, shuddha dhaivatham, kaisiki nishadham'')

As it is a ''melakarta'' rāgam, by definition it is a [[sampoorna raga|''sampoorna'' rāgam]] (has all seven notes in ascending and descending scale). It is the ''prati madhyamam'' equivalent of ''[[Hanumatodi]]'' (also known as ''Todi''), which is the 8th ''melakarta''.

==Janya Rāgams==
''Bhavapriya'' has a minor ''[[janya]]'' rāgam (derived scale) associated with it. See [[List of Janya Ragas#Bhavapriya|List of ''Janya'' rāgams]] for full list of ''janya'' rāgams associated with ''Bhavapriya'' and other ''melakarta'' rāgams.

==Compositions==
A few compositions set to ''Bhavapriya'' are:

*''Srikanta niyeda'' by [[Thyagaraja]]
*''Jayathi Siva'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]
*''Maam Avasrita'' by [[Swathi Thirunal]]
*''Sentiru velan'' by [[Koteeswara Iyer]]
*''Vennai tirudi'' by [[Periyasaamy Thooran]]
*''Madhava mamava'' by Dr. [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
*''Kanikarumbuto'' by [[Kalyani Varadarajan]]
*''Bhuvaneshwari Brihannayaki'' by Ashok Madhav

==Related rāgams==
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

''Bhavapriya's'' notes when shifted using ''[[Graha bhedam]]'', yields two other minor ''melakarta'' rāgams, namely, ''[[Vagadheeswari]]'' and ''[[Naganandini]]''. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the ''shadjam'' to the next note in the rāgam. For further details and an illustration refer ''[[Graha bhedam#Naganandini|Graha bhedam on Naganandini]]''.

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Melakarta ragas]]

Bodoland Martyrs Gold Cup

2026-01-21T19:22:55Z

Svetlananhr: Created post

{{Morefootnotes|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Short description|Association football tournament in India}}
{{Infobox football tournament
|name = Bodoland Martyrs Gold Cup
|organiser = Kokrajhar District Sports Association
|region = [[India]]
|founded = {{start date and age|2000}}
|number of teams = 12
|current champions = Global FC Gossaigaon
|current = 2025
}}

The '''Bodoland Martyrs Gold Cup''' is a [[association football|football]] tournament in the [[Bodoland Territorial Region]], [[Assam]], [[India]]. This tournament is organised by Kokrajhar District Sports Association (KDSA) in memory of Bodoland martyrs, who sacrificed their lives for the cause of Bodoland movement.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/20275 | title=Bodoland martyrs gold cup kicks off | date=19 November 2017 | access-date=3 December 2017 | archive-date=3 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224619/https://www.assamtimes.org/node/20275 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The 21st edition of the tournament was won by [[United Chirang Duar FC]], Runikhata by defeating Baarhoongkha Athletic Club, Kokrajhar 1–0 in the final, played at Banargaon Jaiklong Sports Club ground. They got [[I-League 2]] qualifier spot, since the [[Assam State Premier League]] has not been held.

==2017 season==
The 2017 season was won by Gobinda Basumatary FC (GBFC) from Gossaigaon defeating NF Railway Sports Club, Maligaon by a scoreline of 1–0. Chuinedu Gnene scored the lone goal in the 70th minute.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://assamtimes.org/node/20392| title=GB FC lift martyrs gold cup| website=assamtimes.org| date=29 November 2017| access-date=26 September 2022| archive-date=26 September 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926141428/https://assamtimes.org/node/20392| url-status=live}}</ref>

A trophy and cash award of Rs 1 lakh was handed over to the champion team by BTC chief [[Hagrama Mohilary]]. Doneswar Goyari, executive member of BTC handed over the runners-up trophy along with cash award of Rs 50,000 to the NF Railway team. IGP BTAD Anurag Agarwal gave away the best player of the match trophy along with a cash award of Rs 5,000 to Chuinedu Gnene of GBFC.

==Results==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of Bodoland Martyrs Gold Cup finals
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Winners
! scope="col" |Score
! scope="col" |Runners-up
! scope="col" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2004
| [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2012/mohammedan_sporting_club_history.html|title=Mohammedan Sporting Club, Kolkata: A New Horizon|first=Kushal|last=Chakrabarty|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182733/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2012/mohammedan_sporting_club_history.html|archive-date=9 July 2021|website=kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football|date=12 July 2012|access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| FCI, Guwahati
| 2–1
| [[ASEB Sports Club|ASEB]], Guwahati
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofassam.com/sports/fci-lifted-bodoland-gold-cup/amp/?bamp-skip-redirect=1|title=FCI lifted Bodoland Gold Cup|website=timesofassam.com|date=3 November 2010|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924075951/https://www.timesofassam.com/sports/fci-lifted-bodoland-gold-cup/amp/?bamp-skip-redirect=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| Gossaigaon Global Sports Academy
| 1–0
| Kashibari Youth Club, Udalguri
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assamtimes.org/node/12297|title=Global lifts Bodoland Martyrs Gold Cup|website=assamtimes.org|date=10 November 2014|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924080025/https://assamtimes.org/node/12297|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| Shalbagan FC, Gossaigaon
| 2–0
| Gobinda Basumatary Football Academy, Jaraguri
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assamtimes.org/node/15837|title=Shalbagan lifts martyrs gold cup|website=assamtimes.org|date=20 November 2015|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| Baarhoongkha Athletic Club
| 3–1
| [[Assam Police Blues]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://assamtimes.org/node/17812|title=Baarhoonkha Atheletic [sic] Club win Bodoland Martyrs Gold Cup|website=assamtimes.org|date=6 October 2016|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| Gobinda Basumatary Football Club
| 1–0
| NF Railway Sports Club, Maligaon
|
|-
| 2018
| [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
| 0–0 {{pso|5–4}}
| [[Oil India FC|Oil India]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/mohammedan-sporting-crowned-bodoland-martyrs-gold-cup-champions/|title=Mohammedan Sporting crowned Bodoland Martyrs Gold Cup champions!|website=arunfoot.com|date=25 November 2018|access-date=23 September 2022|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128225020/http://www.arunfoot.com/mohammedan-sporting-crowned-bodoland-martyrs-gold-cup-champions/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| Elevenstar Club, Bongaigaon
| 1–0
| Baarhoongkha Athletic Club, Kokrajhar
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/eleven-stars-club-win-bodoland-martyrs-gold-cup/|title=Eleven Stars Club win Bodoland Martyrs’ Gold Cup|website=sentinelassam.com|date=29 November 2019|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924075951/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/local-sports/eleven-stars-club-win-bodoland-martyrs-gold-cup/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| [[United Chirang Duar FC|United Chirang Duar]], Runikhata
| 1–0
| Baarhoongkha Athletic Club, Kokrajhar
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehillstimes.in/sports/local-sports/united-chirang-duar-fc-lift-trophy|title=United Chirang Duar FC Lift Trophy|website=thehillstimes.in|date=11 April 2022|access-date=21 April 2022|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923055233/https://thehillstimes.in/sports/local-sports/united-chirang-duar-fc-lift-trophy|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| Baarhoongkha Athletic Club, Kokrajhar
| 2–0
| Shalbagan FC, Gossaigaon
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/baarhoongkha-ac-lift-bodoland-martyrs-gold-cup-football-championship-trophy-at-kokrajhar-675261|title=Baarhoongkha AC lift Bodoland Martyrs’ Gold Cup Football championship trophy at Kokrajhar|website=sentinelassam.com|access-date=13 November 2023|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112115527/https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/baarhoongkha-ac-lift-bodoland-martyrs-gold-cup-football-championship-trophy-at-kokrajhar-675261|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| Jothai Club, Kokrajhar
| 2–1
| Elevenstar Club, Bongaigaon
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/local-sports/jothai-club-defeats-eleven-stars-club-to-clinch-bodoland-martyrs-gold-cup|title=Jothai club defeats Eleven Stars Club to clinch Bodoland Martyr’s gold Cup|website=sentinelassam.com|access-date=15 December 2024|archive-date=13 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113012930/https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/local-sports/jothai-club-defeats-eleven-stars-club-to-clinch-bodoland-martyrs-gold-cup|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| Global FC, Gossaigaon
| 1–1 {{pso|3–2}}
| Shalbagan FC, Gossaigaon
|<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Global FC lift 25th Bodoland Martyrs Gold Cup, defeat Salbagan FC in final |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJrQ8ZyeXiw |via=[[YouTube]] |series=IndiaTodayNE |date=19 December 2025 }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Assam Football Association]]
* [[Bordoloi Trophy]]
* [[ATPA Shield]]
* [[Assam State Premier League]]
* [[Bodousa Cup]]
* [[All India Independence Day Cup]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football in India}}
{{Football in Assam}}

[[Category:Bodoland]]
[[Category:Football in Assam]]
[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Assam]]

Benyamin (writer)

2026-01-20T04:29:14Z

Svetlananhr: quick fix

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{For|others with similar name|Benjamin (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Benyamin
| image = Benyamin_Writer.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption = Benyamin in July 2018
| pseudonym = Benyamin
| birth_name = Benny Daniel
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|05|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kulanada]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Kerala]], India
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Novelist]]|[[Screenwriter]]|}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| education =
| spouse = {{marriage|Asha Mathew|2000}}
| children =Rohan Benny Kezia Ann Benny
| alma_mater =
| period = 2000 - present
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''[[Goat Life]]'' ''Manja Veyil Maranangal''
| relatives =
| awards = {{Bulleted_list|[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]|[[JCB Prize]]|[[Vayalar Award]]}}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Benny Daniel''' (born on 18 May 1971), better known by his pen name '''Benyamin''', is an Indian writer in [[Malayalam]] from [[Kerala]]. He is the author of about thirty books in various genres – from short stories to novels and memoirs. For his novel ''[[Goat Days]]'' (''Aadujeevitham''), he won the [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]], [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] and [[JCB Prize]], and was shortlisted for the [[Man Asian Literary Prize]]. The novel ''Manthalirile 20 Communist Varshangal'' won the [[Vayalar Award]] in 2021.

Apart from literature he ventured [[Malayalam film industry]] in 2023 as a co-writer of the Malayalam film ''[[Christy (2023 film)|Christy]]'' with the writer [[G.R. Indugopan]], which marked his debut as a screenwriter. His magnum opus novel ''[[Aadujeevitham]]'' has been adapted by director [[Blessy]] into a film,''[[The Goat Life]]'', which was released on 28 March 2024.

== Early life ==
Benyamin was born on May 18, 1971, in the Njettoor area of [[Kulanada]] village, near [[Pandalam]], in [[Pathanamthitta]] district in the southern part of [[Kerala]].After living in Bahrain from 1992 to 2013, he returned to Kerala.
He also spent some time in Australia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/the-prodigal-son-returned-author-benny-daniel-on-his-return-to-india/|title=The prodigal son returned: Author Benyamin on his return to India|date=2015-12-06|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-10-25|language=en-US}}</ref>
At present, he resides in his Mannil Puthenveedu home in Njettoor.

==Personal life==
Benyamin married Asha Mathew on 2 January 2000 and they have two children Rohan Benny and Kezia Ann Benny.
===Family Tree===
{{align|left|'''Mannil Puthanveedu Family'''}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | |||||| }}
{{Tree chart| | |||Benyamin|v|Asha|||||||||||||||||||||||Benyamin=Benyamin (Benny Daniel)|Asha=Asha Mathew|}}
{{Tree chart| |||||,|-|^|-|.| | ||||||||||||}}
{{Tree chart|||||Rohan||Kezia|Rohan=Rohan Benny |Kezia=Kezia Ann Benny}}
{{Tree chart/end|align=center}}

== Education ==
He had his primary education at Manthuka Government U.P. School. Later, he completed his pre-degree from Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta, and earned a diploma from Nanjappa Institute of Technology in Coimbatore.

== Writing Career ==
In 2000, ''Euthanasia'' was the first short story collection in Malayalam literature.
===Goat Days (2008)===
''[[Goat Days]]'' (''Aadujeevitham''), his most famous novel, portrays the life of Najeeb, an Indian labourer and how he survives the hardships and tortures in [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is used as a textbook at [[Kerala University]], [[Calicut University]], [[Bharathiar University]], [[Pondicherry University]] and 10th standard for Kerala State syllabus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=Aadujeevitham novel: The Best Malayalam Novel(adujeevitham)|url=https://theinfomate.com/aadujeevitham-novel/|access-date=2021-10-05|website=The Infomate|language=en-US}}</ref> It was a magnum opus and a turning point work of Bennyamin in his writing career. ''[[The Goat Life]]'' is a film adaptation of this novel directed by [[Blessy]].

===Yellow Lights Of Death (2011) ===
Yellow Lights Of Death (Manjaveyil Maranagal) describes that once the author unexpectedly receives half of a story by email from a young man named Christy Andraper. At a seaside cafe, two friends, Christy and Jesinta, witness a murder. Christy discovers that his classmate Senthil was shot. But the police say that no such crime has been committed so far. The hospital authorities say he had a heart attack. Christy begins to suspect a conspiracy and begins to investigate. It's a beautiful work that leaves the readers to be confused as to whether it was a real incident or a fictional event, keeping it a mystery from start to the end.

===Jasmine Days (2014)===
''[[Jasmine Days]]'' (''Mullappoo Niramulla Pakalukal'') tells the story of a young woman Sameera Parvin who moves to a middle eastern city and finds herself in the middle of a revolution. It revolves around the [[Tunisian Revolution|Jasmine Revolution]] that sprang up in December 2010 and was quelled by January 2011.<ref name="One is the loneliest number">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/read/one-is-the-loneliest-number/article25687804.ece | title=One is the loneliest number | publisher=The Hindu BusinessLine | date=December 7, 2018 | accessdate=January 22, 2019}}</ref> The English translation of the novel won the inaugural [[JCB Prize for Literature]], the richest literary award in the country. The jury chairperson Vivek Shanbag called the novel "brilliant and intense".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/malayalam-author-benyamins-jasmine-days-wins-first-jcb-prize-for-literature/article25319469.ece|title=Malayalam author Benyamin's 'Jasmine Days' wins first JCB Prize for literature|date=2018-10-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-10-25|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-04|title=Debuts and translations make up the JCB Prize 2021 shortlist|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/talking-point/debuts-and-translations-make-up-the-jcb-prize-2021-shortlist-111633324178619.html|access-date=2021-10-05|website=Mintlounge|language=en}}</ref>
===Tharakans Grandhavari (2022) ===
''Tharakans Grandhavari'' (''The Chronicles of Tharakan'') is a unique experiment in narrative style as well as in production and publication. The plot revolves around the life of Mathu Tharakan and is narrated through 120 incidents. The book is published as 120 loose cards and the readers are given the choice to dictate the narrative. Each copy of the book is uniquely assembled such that each copy is a distinct permutation of the many possibilities in which the novel could be read.<ref>[http://www.allaboutbookpublishing.com/9590/a-unique-book-by-dc-books/ "A Unique Book By DC Books"]. Allaboutbookpublishing.com. 3 August 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.madhyamam.com/culture/literature/tharakans-grandhavari-994238 "ബെന്യാമിന്‍റെ "തരകന്‍സ് ഗ്രന്ഥവരി: അത്യപൂര്‍വ്വമായ ഒരു നോവല്‍ പരീക്ഷണം"]. ''[[Madhyamam]]'' (in Malayalam). 4 May 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</ref>

===Christy (2023) ===
Beyond novel writing, In 2023, he made his debut as a screenwriter by co-writing the script of the film ''[[Christy (2023 film)|Christy]]'' with novelist [[G. R. Indugopan]] and he also played a small character in the film.<ref>[https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/christy/mathew-thomas-malavika-movie-christy-benyamin-character-poster-revealed-1.8309742 "തോമസായി ബെന്യാമിന്‍; ക്രിസ്റ്റിയിലെ ക്യാരക്ടര്‍ പോസ്റ്റര്‍ പുറത്ത്"]. ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' (in Malayalam). 14 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</ref> Also, the screenplay of this film is written by both of them has been published in book form by Manorama Books, which was launched during the audio launch of the film.

==Film Career==
Benyamin took his first step into cinema through the early discussions about adapting 2008 published novel, Aadujeevithamninto a film. Many renowned filmmakers, including Lal Jose and Adoor Gopalakrishnan, approached him to make the adaptation, but he eventually joined hands with acclaimed director Blessy.

Although deeply connected and affectionate toward literature, he did not hold the same attachment toward cinema; hence, he did not write the screenplay for Aadujeevitham, entrusting that responsibility entirely to Blessy. In 2018, the shooting of Aadujeevitham finally began, marking Benyamin’s true entry into the world of cinema. When the film released in 2024, it quickly achieved massive acceptance, just like the novel itself.

Yet, despite being one of the main creative spirits behind Aadujeevitham, he remained more like a shadow during the writing phase. Before the release of Aadujeevitham, Benyamin—who generally kept a distance from screenplay writing—stepped into the field through the film Christy, co-writing the script with another writer, G. R. Indugopan, while also appearing in a small role. The film began production in September 2022, wrapped up in December, and released in 2023, but turned out to be a complete failure.

Later, his next appearance in cinema came through a small cameo in Osler, released in 2024.

==Awards and honours==

* 2008 [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] (Novel), Winner, ''[[Goat Days|Aadujeevitham]]''<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/books/benyamin/article4336130.ece "Benyamin"]. ''The Hindu''. 26 January 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</ref>
* 2009 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]], Winner, ''[[Goat Days|Aadujeevitham]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3065:aboutkerala-literary-awards&catid=271:about-kerala&Itemid=2379|publisher=Government of Kerala|title=Literary Awards|accessdate=August 18, 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701184347/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3065%3Aaboutkerala-literary-awards&catid=271%3Aabout-kerala&Itemid=2379|archivedate=July 1, 2014}}</ref>
* 2012 [[Man Asian Literary Prize]], Longlist, ''Goat Days''<ref name=pw2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.pw.org/content/man_asian_literary_prize_announces_longlist?cmnt_all=1 |title=Man Asian Literary Prize Announces Long List |work=[[Poets & Writers]] |date=December 18, 2012 |accessdate=January 9, 2013}}</ref>
*2013 [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]], Shortlist, ''Goat Days''<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/indian-writers-dsc-prize-south-asian-literature-2014-anand-benyamin-cyrus-mistry-218298-2013-11-22|title=Three Indians in race for DSC prize for South Asian Literature 2014|date=November 22, 2013|access-date=November 22, 2013|author=Ashlin Mathew}}</ref>
* 2014 [[Padmaprabha Literary Award]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://metrovaartha.com/en/2015/08/30/benyamin-chosen-for-padma-prabha-puraskaram/|title=Benyamin chosen for Padma Prabha puraskaram|date=August 30, 2015|publisher=Metro Vaartha|accessdate=22 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122221205/http://metrovaartha.com/en/2015/08/30/benyamin-chosen-for-padma-prabha-puraskaram/|archive-date=22 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2018 [[JCB Prize|JCB Prize for Literature]], Winner, ''[[Jasmine Days]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thejcbprize.org/winner2018/index/2806361d-0c52-4c94-a207-993f47734595|title=Jasmine Days - Benyamin|website=thejcbprize.org|access-date=2018-10-25|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025110234/https://thejcbprize.org/winner2018/index/2806361d-0c52-4c94-a207-993f47734595|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2018 [[Crossword Book Award]] for Indian language translation, Winner, ''Jasmine Days''<ref name="Crossword Book Award - Winners">{{Cite web |url=https://www.crossword.in/winning_titles |title=Crossword Book Award - Winners |date=2019-03-31 |website=www.crossword.in |access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref>
* 2019 [[Muttathu Varkey Award]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.in/2019/04/27/benyamin-gets-muttathu-varkey-award.html |title=Benyamin gets Muttathu Varkey Award |date=27 April 2019 |website=East Coast Daily |access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref>
* 2021 [[Vayalar Award]], ''Manthalirile 20 Communist Varshangal''<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2021 |title=Vayalar Award for Benyamin |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/vayalar-award-for-benyamin/article36912743.ece |access-date=21 November 2021 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!! style=width:15em | Title
!! style=width:15em | Title in English
!! style=width:15em | Category
!! style=width:14em | Publisher
|-
| 2000
| ''Euthanasia''
| ''Mercy Killing''
| Collection of stories
| [[Calicut]]: [[Mulberry Publications]]
|-
| 2000
| ''Irunda Vanasthalikal''
| ''Dark Forest Places''
| Diary notes
| [[Aluva]]: Pen Books
|-
| 2006
| ''Abeesagin''
| ''Abeesagin''
| Novel
| [[Thrissur]]: Current Books
|-
| 2006
| ''Penmarattam''
| ''Ladies Sex''
| Collection of stories
| [[Calicut]]: Haritham Books
|-
| 2007
| ''Pravachakanmarude Randam Pustakam''
| ''The Second Book of Prophets''
| Novel
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Aadujeevitham]]''
| ''Goat Days''
| Novel
| [[Thrissur]]: Green Books
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Akkapporinte Irupathu Nasrani Varshangal]]''
| ''Twenty Years of Christian Quarrels''
| Novel
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|-
| 2010
| ''E M Ssum Penkuttiyum''
| ''EMS and the Girl''
| Collection of stories
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|-
| 2011
| ''Manja Veyil Maranangal''
| ''Yellow Lights of Death''
| Novel
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|-
| 2012
| ''Anubhavam, Orma, Yathra''
| ''Experience, Memories & Travel''
| Memoirs
| [[Calicut]]: Olive Publications
|-
| 2013
| ''Kathakal''
| ''Stories''
| Selected stories
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|-
| 2013
| ''Manushyan Enna Sahajeevi''
| ''Human, a fellow being''
| Collection of stories
| [[Calicut]]: [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Books]]
|-
| 2014
| ''Al Arabian Novel Factory''
| ''Al Arabian Novel Factory''
| Novel
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Mullappoo Niramulla Pakalukal]]''
| ''Jasmine Days''
| Novel
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|-
| 2014
| ''Ottamarathanal''
| ''Single tree shade''
| Memoirs
| [[Thrissur]]: Green Books
|-
| 2015
| ''Irattamukhamulla Nagaram''
| ''A double faced city''
| Travelogue
| [[Thrissur]]: Green Books
|-
| 2015
| ''Green Zoninu Veliyil Ninnu Ezhuthumbol''
| ''While writing outside from green zone''
| Collection of essays
| [[Calicut]]: [[Mathrubhumi Books]]
|-
| 2016
| ''Kudiyettam: Pravasathinte Malayalivazhikal''
| ''Migration: The malayali ways of exile''
| Essays
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Manthalirile 20 Communist Varshangal]]''
| ''20 Communist years of Manthalir''
| Novel
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|-
| 2017
| ''Ente Priyapetta Kathakal''
| ''My favourite stories''
| Selected stories
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|-
| 2018
| ''Shareera Shasthram''
| ''Physiology''
| Novel
| [[Calicut]]: [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Books]]
|-
| 2018
| ''Postman''
| ''Postman''
| Collection of stories
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|-
| 2020
| ''Marquez Illatha Macondo''
| ''Macondo Without Marquez''
| Travelogue
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|-
| 2020
| ''Nishabda Sancharangal''
| ''The journey of silence''
| Novel
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|-
| 2020
| ''Akathe Christhu Purathe Christhu''
| ''Christ within and Christ without''
| Collection of speeches
| [[Thrissur]]: Green Books
|-
| 2020
| ''Ennu Swantham'' (editor)
| ''Your's Own''
| Letters
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|-
| 2020
| ''Puzhameenukale Kollunna Vidham'' (co-author)
| ''How to kill river fishes?''
| Novel
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|-
| 2021
| ''Ennathullikalum Upputharikalum''
| ''Oil droplets and Salt flakes''
| Collection of essays
| [[Calicut]]: [[Mathrubhumi Books]]
|-
| 2022
| ''Tharakans Grandhavari''
| ''Chronicles of Tharakan''
| Novel
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|-
| 2023
| ''Ethoru Manushyanteyum Jeevitham''
| ''Any human's life''
| Jottings
| [[Calicut]]: [[Mathrubhumi Books]]
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Christy (2023 film)|Christy]]'' (co-authored with [[G. R. Indugopan]])<ref>{{cite news |title='ക്രിസ്റ്റി' സിനിമയുടെ തിരക്കഥ പുസ്തക രൂപത്തിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/02/11/christy-movie-script-turn-to-book.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=11 February 2023 |language=ml}}</ref>
| ''Christy''
| Screenplay
| [[Kottayam]]: Manorama Books
|-
|2024
|''Montricher Diary''
|''Montricher Diary''
|Diary notes
|[[Calicut]]: [[Mathrubhumi Books]]
|-
|2025
|''Aanoyude pirake, Gaamayude pirake''
|''Behind Aano, behind Gaama''
|Travelogue
|[[Calicut]]: [[Mathrubhumi Books]]
|-
| 2025
| ''Badal Vayanakal''
| ''Alternative Readings''
| Articles
| [[Thrissur]]: Green Books
|-
|2025
|''Mulberry, Ennod Ninte Sorbayekkurich Parayu''
|''Mulberry, Tell Me About Your Sorba''
|Novel
| [[Kottayam]]: [[DC Books]]
|}

===Translations in English===
* {{cite book |last=Benyamin |date=2012 |title=[[Goat Days]] |translator=Joseph Koyippally |url= |language= |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-143-41633-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Benyamin |date=2015 |title=Yellow Lights of Death |translator=Sajeev Kumarapuram |url= |language= |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-143-42089-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Benyamin |date=2018 |title=[[Jasmine Days]] |translator=[[Shahnaz Habib]] |url= |language= |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Juggernaut Books]] |isbn=978-9-386-22874-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Benyamin |date=2019 |title=Al Arabian Novel Factory |translator=[[Shahnaz Habib]] |url= |language= |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Juggernaut Books]] |isbn=978-9-353-45066-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Benyamin |date=2021 |title=Addis Ababa |translator=Veena Muthuraman |url= |language= |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Juggernaut Books]] |isbn=}}
* {{cite book |last=Benyamin |date=2023 |title=Marquez, EMS, Gulam and Others: Selected Short Stories |trans-title= |translator=Swarup B. R. |url= |language= |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-9-356-29567-4}}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:105%"
! scope="col" style="width:5%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:40%" | Film
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Director
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Contribution
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Notes
|-
|2023
| [[Christy (2023 film)|''Christy'']] ||Alvin Henry|| Screenplay, Acting (played the role of Thomas)
|Debut as a [[Scriptwriter]]
|-
|2023
| ''[[Abraham Ozler]]'' ||[[Midhun Manuel Thomas]]||Acting (played the role of Himself)
|[[Cameo Appearance]]
|-
|2024
| ''[[The Goat Life]]'' ||[[Blessy]] || Story
|Adaptation of novel ''[[Aadujeevitham]]''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Benyamin (writer)}}
*{{IMDb name|7976141}}
*[https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/excerpts/benyamin-new-book-ethoru-manushyanteyum-jeevitham-aadujeevitham-novel-and-film-1.8292154 Excerpts from the book ''Ethoru Manushyanteyum Jeevitham'']. [[Mathrubhumi Books]] (in Malayalam)

{{Authority control}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benyamin}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]

Madhuri Bhattacharya

2026-01-18T18:30:04Z

Svetlananhr: basic enhanced formatting for consistency and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Indian actress and former model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhuri Bhattacharya
| image = MadhuriBhattacharya.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Bhattacharya in 2010
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Model, actress
}}

'''Madhuri Bhattacharya''' is an Indian actress and former model who has appeared in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Madhuri is ready to play! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Madhuri-is-ready-to-play/articleshow/5492437.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 March 2011 |date=24 January 2010 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707100303/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-24/news-interviews/28125770_1_madhuri-dixit-kheny-s-prem-kaa-game-ashok-kheny-s-prem-kaa |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Sandalwood-beckons-Madhuri-Bhattacharya/articleshow/8694405.cms |title=Sandalwood beckons Madhuri Bhattacharya - Times of India |website=The Times of India |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701165445/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-03/news-interviews/29613563_1_three-films-sandalwood-ypd |archive-date=1 July 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in Bangalore in a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] family, Bhattacharya studied at the [[Indian Army Public Schools|Army Public School]] and later went to [[Mount Carmel College, Bangalore|Mount Carmel College]] to study psychology and Ramaiah College to study law.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} She lived in [[R.T. Nagar]], [[Bangalore]] along with her parents, before moving to [[Mumbai]] to pursue modelling.<ref>{{cite news |title=Game on |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article258132.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=15 March 2011 |author=Shilpa Sebastian R. |location=Chennai, India |date=19 March 2010 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629143034/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article258132.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> She won several beauty contests including the Miss Bangalore title before moving on to films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Madhuri is ready to play! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Madhuri-is-ready-to-play/articleshow/5492437.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 March 2011 |date=24 January 2010 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707100303/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-24/news-interviews/28125770_1_madhuri-dixit-kheny-s-prem-kaa-game-ashok-kheny-s-prem-kaa |url-status=live}}</ref> She is now married to a businessman Anurag Arya.

==Career==
Bhattacharya started her film career by appearing in the [[Kannada]] films ''[[Khushi (2003 Kannada film)|Khushi]]'' and ''Bisi Bisi''. She also modelled for two videos of [[Sonu Nigam]] from his album ''[[Neene Bari Neene]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arbaaz is a dear friend: Madhuri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Arbaaz-is-a-dear-friend-Madhuri/articleshow/4914367.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 March 2011 |date=21 August 2009 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701180212/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-21/news-interviews/28153500_1_kannada-film-arbaaz-khan-madhuri-bhattacharya |url-status=live}}</ref> She acted in [[Sahara One]]'s television series ''[[Kuchh Love Kuchh Masti]]'' which was the Indian adaptation of the popular series ''[[Sex and the City]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unfazed by rumours |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/60290/unfazed-rumours.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |accessdate=17 March 2011 |author=Nina C George |archive-date=28 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628192302/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/60290/unfazed-rumours.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Awesome threesome |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/16/stories/2004111600280400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=17 March 2011 |date=16 November 2004 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629063823/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/16/stories/2004111600280400.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2009, she appeared in two Bollywood films, ''Bachelor Party'' and ''3 Nights 4 Days''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madhuri Bhattacharya: Filmography |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/19482/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archive-date=21 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321095610/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/19482/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her first full fledge role came in the 2010 [[comedy film|comedy]], ''[[Prem Kaa Game]]'' alongside [[Arbaaz Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the girl who plays Prem Ka Game |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/05/01/5168/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=17 March 2011 |date=1 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519114315/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/05/01/5168/index.html |archivedate=19 May 2010}}</ref> In 2011, she featured in the popular item song "Tinku Jiya" alongside [[Dharmendra]] and [[Bobby Deol]] in the film ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Madhuri magic on the Deols |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Madhuri-magic-on-the-Deols/articleshow/7253248.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 March 2011 |date=11 January 2011 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405211149/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-11/news-interviews/28355907_1_die-hard-fan-tinku-jiya-yamla-pagla-deewana |url-status=live}}</ref> She has completed her third Kannada film ''Prasad'', in which she plays the mother of a deaf-mute eight-year-old boy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Madhuri-Bhattacharya-is-two-timing/articleshow/11338247.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707074716/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-03/news-interviews/30581563_1_deaf-mute-arjun-sarja-glam |url-status=live |archive-date=7 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Madhuri Bhattacharya is two-timing |date=3 January 2012}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Khushi (2003 Kannada film)|Khushi]]'' || Simran || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Bisi Bisi]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''Bachelor Party'' || Pooja || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| ''3 Nights 4 Days'' || Zoha || Hindi ||
|-
|| 2010 || ''[[Prem Kaa Game]]'' || Twinkle Chopra || Hindi ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2011 || ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana]]'' || Item song "Tinku Jiya" || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Hero Hitler in Love]]'' || Item Song "Shabab" || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Prasad (2012 film)|Prasad]]'' || Malathi || Kannada ||
|}

== See also ==
* [[Unnati Davara]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3825676}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Madhuri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Female models from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Dalip Singh Tapiala

2026-01-10T07:20:37Z

Svetlananhr: Created new biography

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dalip Singh Tapiala
| image = Dalip Singh Tapiala at Sohan Singh Bhakna Funeral. 21 Dec 1968.jpg
| caption = Dalip Singh Tapiala in 1968
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1980
| preceded = ''Constituency established''
| succeeded = Iqbal Singh
| constituency = [[Raja Sansi Assembly constituency|Raja Sansi]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]](1964–till death) [[Communist Party of India]] (Until 1964)
}}

'''Dalip Singh Tapiala''', (also known as '''D. S. Tapiala'''), was an Indian revolutionary, Communist activist and firebrand [[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|Kisan Sabha]] leader from [[Punjab]]. Tapiala was one of the founding members of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and later became a prominent fighter of the CPI(M) in Punjab as well as in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dalip Singh Tapiala remembered |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/dalip-singh-tapiala-remembered-4414/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Communnist Movement ==
Dalip Singh Tapiala was very much active in the Indian freedom struggle and was arrested in the [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]].<ref name=":0" /> After independence in 1947, he joined the [[Communist Party of India]] and became an [[All India Kisan Sabha]] leader, and in the 15th conference of the All India Kisan Sabha held in [[Bangaon]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]], Tapiala was elected as the member of the Central Kisan Council, the highest decision-making body of the All India Kisan Sabha. In 1964 Tapiala became one of the founding members of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and eventually left the [[All India Kisan Sabha]] of the [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] and also became a founding member of the [[All India Kisan Sabha (36 Canning Lane)|All India Kisan Sabha]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=XV Conference – All India Kisan Sabha |url=https://kisansabha.org/category/aiks/resources/conference-documents/xv-conference/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Political ==
Dalip Singh Tapiala was twice elected to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}

{{India-activist-stub}}
{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians]]
[[Category:Farmers' rights activists]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

List of Odia films of 1991

2026-01-07T04:23:27Z

Svetlananhr: started the data initial version...

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Ollywood films}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 1991:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1991 in film|1991]]'''
|-
| ''[[Aadi Mimansa]]'' || [[A. K. Bir]]|| [[Mohan Gokhale]], [[Neena Gupta]], [[Lalatendu Ratha]]|| ||A. K. Bir won the Best Cinematography award, National Film Awards, 1991
|-
|''[[Aam Ghara Aam Sansara]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Aama Ghara Aama Sansara|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431201/|access-date=2019-02-06}} {{unreliable source?|date=September 2022}}</ref>|| || [[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|''[[Bastra Haran]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Bastra Haran|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0242302/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Sisir Misra]] ||[[Sriram Panda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Bhabantaran]]'' || [[Kumar Sahani]] ||[[Kelucharan Mohapatra]] || ||
|-
|''[[Doora Diganta]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Doora Diganta|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431236/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Kumar Misra]] || [[Ashrumochan]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Kapala Likhana]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Kapala Likhana|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431260/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>||[[Hara Patnaik]] || [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Ajit Das]], Aparajita Mohanty|| ||
|-
|''[[Ki Heba Sua Posile]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Ki Heba Sua Posile|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431262/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Basant Sahu]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Arura]] || ||
|-
|''[[Kotia Manish Gotiye Jaga]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Kotia Manish Gotiye Jaga|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431264/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Bijaya Bhaskar]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|''[[To Binu Anya Gati Nahin]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=To Binu Anya Gati Nahin|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431338/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Mahmad Mahsin]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1991 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1991]]
[[Category:Lists of 1991 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1990s in Orissa]]
[[Category:1991 in Indian cinema]]

Parminder Singh (rower)

2026-01-05T22:16:43Z

Svetlananhr: adding bio

{{Short description|Indian rower}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Parminder Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|02|06}}
| birth_place = [[Bilaspur, Haryana|Bilaspur]] Yamuna Nagar, [[Haryana, India]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| height = 200 cm
| weight =
| sport = [[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]]
| occupation = [[Rower]]
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Rowing at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] }}
{{MedalBronze|[[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's quadruple sculls|Quadruple sculls]]}}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Asian Championship]] }}
{{Medal|Gold|2019 Bangkok|Single sculls|}}
{{Medal|Gold|2019 Bangkok|Double sculls|}}
{{Medal|Silver|2019 Bangkok| Mix four|}}
{{Medal|Silver|2021 Thailand|Single sculls|}}
{{Medal|Competition| [[National Championship]] }}
{{Medal|Gold |2023 Pune|Double sculls|}}
{{Medal|Gold |2023 Pune|Quadruple sculls|}}
{{Medal|Competition| National Championship Sprint }}
{{Medal|Gold |2023 Pune|Double sculls|}}
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{Navy|India}}
| unit =
| serviceyears = 2022–present
| rank =
[[File:Chief-Petty-Officer navy.jpg|25px|thumb]]
[[Chief Petty Officer]]
}}
}}

'''Parminder Singh''' (born 6 February 2000) is an Indian rower from [[Haryana, India|Haryana]], He was selected as part of the Indian team for the rowing competitions in the 2022 [[Huangzhou]] [[Asian Games]]. He was part of the team that won the bronze medal in the men's quadruple sculls.

== Early life and background ==
Parminder Singh hails from [[Yamunanagar]] in Haryana. He is the son of former Indian rower [[Inderpal Singh (rower)|Inderpal Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/athletes/inderpal-singh|title=Inderpal SINGH | Olympics.com|website=Olympic Channel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/water-or-land-inderpal-singhs-keep-rowing-5657427/|title=Water or land, Inderpal Singhs keep rowing|date=4 April 2019}}</ref> His father has won a medal in the men's coxless four at the Asian Games in [[Busan]] in 2002. They joined a rare club of father-and-son pairs who won a medal in Asian Games.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-25 |title=Rower Parminder Singh emulates his father's bronze-winning feat |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/rower-parminder-singh-emulates-his-fathers-bronze-winning-feat/articleshow/103937889.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Inderpal is now a coach of the Indian team. Parminder is a product of College of Military Engineering, Pune, which hosts the Army Rowing Node.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==

* 2023: In September, he won a Bronze medal as part of the Indian team in the men's quadruple sculls at the 2022 Asian Games.
* December 2021: He won silver at the Asian Rowing Championships in Thailand in the single sculls.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-01-06 |title=With Olympian father Inderpal as coach, Parminder eyes Asiad glory |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/with-olympian-father-inderpal-as-coach-parminder-eyes-asiad-glory/articleshow/88730597.cms |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Instagram|parminderrowingg}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Parminder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Indian male rowers]]
[[Category:Rowers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in rowing]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

2020–21 Goa Professional League

2025-09-25T20:14:02Z

Svetlananhr: Adding post...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football league season
|competition = [[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]]
|season = 2020–21
|winners = [[Sporting Clube de Goa]]<ref>[https://khelnow.com/football/goa-pro-league-2020-21-sporting-clube-de-goa-champions Sporting Clube de Goa crowned champions of 2020-21 Goa Professional League] ''Khel Now''. Retrieved 5 September 2021</ref> 6th GPL title 6th [[List of Goan state football champions|Goan title]]
|relegated =
|continentalcup1 =
|continentalcup1 qualifiers =
|continentalcup2 =
|continentalcup2 qualifiers =
|best goalkeeper = Ozen Silva
|biggest win = *9 - 0 (Sporting vs Guardian Angel), 30 April 2021
|biggest away win =
|highest scoring = *9 - 0 (Sporting vs Guardian Angel), 30 April 2021
|matches = 66
|total goals = 176
|league topscorer = [[Marcus Masceranhas]]
|longest wins = Sporting (4)
|longest unbeaten = Sporting (11)
|longest winless = Guardian Angel (8)
|longest losses = Velsao Guardian Angel (4)
|highest attendance =
|lowest attendance =
|attendance =
|average attendance =
|prevseason = [[2019–20 Goa Professional League|2019–20]]
|nextseason = [[2021–22 Goa Professional League|2021–22]]
}}

The '''2020–21 Goa Professional League''' was the 23rd season of the [[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]], the top [[association football|football]] league in the [[India]]n state of [[Goa]], since its establishment in 1996. The league season commenced on 27 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goa Pro League 2020-21 season postponed due to withdrawal of Corps|url=https://khelnow.com/football/goa-pro-league-2021-postponed|work=Khel Now}}</ref>

Selvel Advertising Pvt Ltd is the title sponsor of '''Goa Professional League 2020-21''' season. The [[Kolkata]] based media firm has signed a five-year deal with the state association for the sponsorship.

This season, the GPL was played with 12 teams in a single leg, which will have 66 matches and all of them will broadcast on an [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] app and will also have [[Square Circle]] as digital partners. The matches of the league were played at [[Duler Stadium]], [[Mapusa]], through to the end of April 2021.

[[Sporting Clube de Goa]] and [[Churchill Brothers]] were defending champions as the 13 remaining games could not be played last season due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and the remaining teams wouldn't have topped the league even if they had played.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goa Pro League 2020-21: Fixtures, results, standings & more|url=https://khelnow.com/football/goa-pro-league-2020-21-fixtures-results-telecast|work=Khel Now}}</ref>

==Teams==
{{Location map many | India Goa | width = 500 | caption = Bases | lat1_deg = 15.50 | lon1_deg = 73.83 | label1 = '''[[Panjim]]''' | | lat2_deg = 15.40 | lon2_deg = 73.81 | label2 = '''[[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]]''' | lat3_deg = 15.27 | lon3_deg = 73.96 | label3 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa]] | lat4_deg = 15.54 | lon4_deg = 73.76 | label4 = Calangute Association| lat5_deg = 15.51 | lon5_deg = 73.93 | label5 = [[Dempo S.C.]] | lat6_deg = 15.26 | lon6_deg = 74.10 | label6 = Guardian Angel F.C. | lat7_deg = 15.62 | lon7_deg = 73.87 | label7 = [[Sesa Football Academy]] | lat8_deg = 15.35 | lon8_deg = 73.89 | label8 = Velsao S.C.C. | lat9_deg = 15.31 | lon9_deg = 73.97 | label9 = Manora Y.C. | lat10_deg = 15.30 | lon10_deg = 73.78 | label10 = Panjim teams
*[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy]]
*Panjim Footballers
*[[Sporting Clube de Goa]]| lat11_deg = 15.30 | lon11_deg = 73.58 | label11 = Vasco da Gama teams
*[[Salgaocar FC]]
*[[Vasco S.C.]]}}

==Format==
The competition has been cut short to single-leg fixtures across three months, as opposed to the two-legged system that was in place till the last season. Every team will face all the other teams once each and the side that finishes at the top spot on the points table at the end of the league will be declared champions.

==Rules to note==
* The team standing last in the league shall be demoted to [[Goa Football Association|GFA]] First Division season 2021–22.
* Only three substitutions per team will be allowed in each match. A maximum of seven substitutes will be allowed on the bench.
* A minimum of two U-20 players of Goan origin have to be present in the starting XI of both teams in each match.
* Only two foreign players can be fielded per match.

== Standings==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update= 30 April 2021
|source=[https://theawayend.co/goa-pro-league/]


|team2=DSC 
|team3=SFC 
|team7=CHU 
|team6=VSC 
|team5=FCG 
|team1=SCG 
|team10=GUA 
|team9=PAN 
|team4=CAL 
|team11=VSCC 
|team8=YCM 
|team12=SESA 


|result1=C |result12=R



|win_DSC=6|draw_DSC=3|loss_DSC=2|gf_DSC=24|ga_DSC=12 
|win_SFC=6|draw_SFC=2|loss_SFC=3|gf_SFC=20|ga_SFC=6 
|win_CHU=4|draw_CHU=3|loss_CHU=4|gf_CHU=12|ga_CHU=18 
|win_VSC=5|draw_VSC=1|loss_VSC=5|gf_VSC=11|ga_VSC=12 
|win_FCG=4|draw_FCG=4|loss_FCG=3|gf_FCG=13|ga_FCG=11 
|win_SCG=6|draw_SCG=5|loss_SCG=0|gf_SCG=30|ga_SCG=8 
|win_GUA=2|draw_GUA=4|loss_GUA=5|gf_GUA=14|ga_GUA=25 
|win_PAN=3|draw_PAN=1|loss_PAN=7|gf_PAN=8|ga_PAN=17 
|win_CAL=6|draw_CAL=2|loss_CAL=3|gf_CAL=16|ga_CAL=13 
|win_VSCC=2|draw_VSCC=2|loss_VSCC=7|gf_VSCC=8|ga_VSCC=22 
|win_YCM=3|draw_YCM=2|loss_YCM=6|gf_YCM=9|ga_YCM=15 
|win_SESA=2|draw_SESA=5|loss_SESA=4|gf_SESA=11|ga_SESA=17 


|name_CAL=Calangute Association
|name_CHU=[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|name_DSC=[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|name_SESA=[[SESA Football Academy]]*
|name_FCG=[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa Reserves]]
|name_GUA=Guardian Angel
|name_PAN=[[Panjim Footballers]]
|name_SFC=[[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|name_VSCC=Velsao Sports & Cultural Club
|name_SCG=[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|name_VSC=[[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|name_YCM=Youth Club of Manora


|show_limit=5
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored


|res_col_header=QR
|col_C=green1 |text_C='''Champions'''
|col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegation to the [[2021–22 Goa First Division|First Division]]
}}</onlyinclude>

*'''Six points have been deducted of SESA Football Academy as they fielded an ineligible player in two of their games'''.

==Matches==
===Round 1===
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 27 January 2021
|round=
|team1= [[FC Goa Reserves]]
|score= 0–2
|team2= [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Saeesh Halarnkar]] {{goal|38|pen.}} [[Stephen Satarkar]] {{goal|90}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 28 January 2021
|round=
|team1= Guardian Angel
|score= 1–0
|team2= Panjim Footballers
|goals1= [[Beneston Barreto]] {{goal|45+1}}
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 29 January 2021
|round=
|team1= Velsao SCC
|score= 0–2
|team2= Calangute Association
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Kouame Kossonou]] {{goal|26}} [[Sidharth Kundaikar]] {{goal|85}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 30 January 2021
|round=
|team1= [[Churchill Brothers]]
|score= 0–2
|team2= [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Joaquim Abranches]] {{goal|9}} [[Mathew Colaco]] {{goal|69}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 14 February 2021
|round=
|team1= YC Manora
|score= 0 - 1
|team2= [[Sporting Clube de Goa]]
|goals1=
|goals2= [[Marcus Masceranhas]] {{goal|84}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 1 February 2021
|round=
|team1= [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|score= 4 - 1
|team2= [[Sesa Football Academy]]
|goals1= [[Beevan D'Mello]] {{goal|9}} [[Uttam Rai]]
{{goal|45+1, 83}} [[Gaurav Vaigankar]] {{goal|80}}
|goals2= [[Kunal Salgaonkar]] {{goal|53}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Round 2===
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 2 February 2021
|round=
|team1= [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|score= 5 - 0
|team2= [[Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1= [[Stephen Satarkar]]{{goal|63, 76, 79}} [[Steflon D'Costa]] {{goal|84}} [[Fhezer Gomes]] {{goal|88}}
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 3 February 2021
|round=
|team1= [[Sporting Clube de Goa]]
|score= 1 - 0
|team2= [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|goals1= [[Dattaraj Gaonkar]] {{goal|45+2}}
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 4 February 2021
|round=
|team1= Calangute Association
|score= 1 - 2
|team2= [[FC Goa Reserves]]
|goals1= [[Jirjar Terang]] {{goal|36}}
|goals2= [[Aaren D'Silva]] {{goal|80, 88}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 5 February 2021
|round=
|team1= [[Sesa Football Academy]]
|score= 1 - 1
|team2= Velsao SCC
|goals1= [[Viraj Naik]] {{goal|57|own goal}}
|goals2= [[Klusner Pereira]] {{goal|32}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 6 February 2021
|round=
|team1= Guardian Angel
|score= 2 - 2
|team2= [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|goals1= [[Jovial Dias]]{{goal|15}} [[Joel Barreto]] {{goal|90+6}}
|goals2= [[Shallum Pires]] {{goal|58}} [[Leny Fernandes]] {{goal|78|own goal}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 7 February 2021
|round=
|team1= Panjim Footballers
|score= 1 - 0
|team2= YC Manora
|goals1= [[Chandan Gawas]] {{goal|48}}
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Round 3===
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 8 February 2021
|round=
|team1= [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|score= 3 - 0
|team2= Velsao SCC
|goals1= [[Stephen Satarkar]] {{goal|39, 78}} [[Valentino Nazareth]] {{goal|87}}
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 9 February 2021
|round=
|team1= [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|score= 1 - 2
|team2= [[FC Goa Reserves]]
|goals1= [[Darrel Mascarenhas]] {{goal|68}}
|goals2= [[Vasim Inamdar]] {{goal|43}} [[HP Lalremruata]] {{goal|63}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 10 February 2021
|round=
|team1= [[Churchill Brothers]]
|score= 1 - 0
|team2= Panjim Footballers
|goals1= [[Rakesh Das]] {{goal|41}}
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 11 February 2021
|round=
|team1= Guardian Angel
|score= 1 - 1
|team2= YC Manora
|goals1= [[Mevan Dias]] {{goal|90+2}}
|goals2= [[Nicholas Fernandes]] {{goal|19}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 12 February 2021
|round=
|team1= [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|score= 1 - 0
|team2= [[Sesa Football Academy]]
|goals1= [[Joaquim Abranches]]{{goal|86}}
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 28 March 2021
|round=
|team1= [[Sporting Clube de Goa]]
|score= 2 - 2
|team2= Calangute Association
|goals1= [[Philip Odogwu]] {{goal|39}} [[Marcus Masceranhas]] {{goal|66}}
|goals2= [[Sidharth Kundaikar]] {{goal|53, 90+6}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

===Round 4===
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 19 February 2021
|round=
|team1= [[FC Goa Reserves]]
|score= 2 - 0
|team2= Velsao SCC
|goals1= [[Romeo Fernandes]] {{goal|60}} [[Kapil Hoble]] {{goal|90+7}}
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 20 February 2021
|round=
|team1= [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|score= 2 - 0
|team2= [[Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1= [[Richard Cardozo]] {{goal|6}} [[Gaurav Vaigankar]] {{goal|40}}
|goals2=
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 21 February 2021
|team1= [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|score= 2 - 0
|team2= Guardian Angel
|goals1= [[Anil Gaonkar]] {{goal|45+3, 68}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 3 April 2021
|team1= [[Sporting Clube de Goa]]
|score= 5 - 0
|team2= Panjim Footballers
|goals1= [[Marcus Masceranhas]] {{goal|19}} [[Akeraj Martins]] {{goal|40, 45+2}} [[Philip Odogwu]] {{goal|50}} [[Gourav Kankonkar]] {{goal|68}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 26 April 2021
|team1= [[Sesa Football Academy]]
|score= 0 - 3
|team2= [[Salgaocar F.C. |Salgaocar]]
|report= '''walkover'''
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 24 February 2021
|team1= Calangute Association
|score= 1 - 2
|team2= YC Manora
|goals1= [[Rohan Pednekar]] {{goal|75}}
|goals2= [[Nicholas Fernandes]] {{goal|32}} [[Jeh Williamson]] {{goal|73}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}

===Round 5===
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 26 February 2021
|team1= Panjim Footballers
|score= 1 - 0
|team2= [[FC Goa Reserves]]
|report=
|goals1= [[Prasil Kankonkar]] {{goal|26}}
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 27 February 2021
|team1= Guardian Angel
|score= 2 - 3
|team2= Calangute Association
|goals1= [[Basanta Singh]] {{goal|54}} [[Gilbert Oliveira]]{{goal|81}}
|goals2= Siddhant Shirodkar {{goal|3, 46}} [[Krishnanath Shirodkar]] {{goal|90+4}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 28 February 2021
|team1= [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|score= 3 - 2
|team2= Velsao SCC
|report=
|goals1= [[Desmon Gama]] {{goal|8}} [[Denil Rebello]] {{goal|18}} [[Anil Gaonkar]] {{goal|65}}
|goals2= [[Ronil Azavedo]] {{goal|4}} [[Brian Mascarenhas]] {{goal|90+2}}
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 1 March 2021
|team1= [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|score= 0 - 0
|team2= [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 12 April 2021
|team1= [[Sesa Football Academy]]
|score= 3 - 2
|team2= YC Manora
|goals1=[[Sameer Kashyap]] {{goal|6}} Suraj {{goal|35}} [[Rizbon Fernandes]] {{goal|37}}
|goals2= [[Sweden Barbosa]] {{goal|20}} [[Eldon Colaco]] {{goal|22}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 3 March 2021
|team1= [[Sporting Clube de Goa]]
|score= 2 - 0
|team2= [[Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1= [[Philip Odogwu]] {{goal|70}} [[Allen Fernandes]] {{goal|87|own goal}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}

===Round 6===
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 4 March 2021
|team1= [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|score= 3 - 1
|team2= Panjim Footballers
|goals1= [[Beevan D'Mello]] {{goal|56, 58}} [[Pedro Gonsalves]] {{goal|78}}
|goals2= [[Lloyd Cardozo]] {{goal|45}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 28 March 2021
|team1= [[FC Goa Reserves]]
|score= 1 - 1
|team2= Guardian Angel
|goals1=[[Joybert Almeida]] {{goal|69}}
|goals2=[[Joel Barreto]] {{goal|87}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 6 March 2021
|team1= Calangute Association
|score= 1 - 0
|team2= [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]]
|goals1= [[Kouame Kossonou]] {{goal|60}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 7 March 2021
|team1= [[Sporting Clube de Goa]]
|score= 4 - 0
|team2= Velsao SCC
|goals1= [[Philip Odogwu]] {{goal|10}} [[Rohit Totad]]{{goal|30}} [[Marcus Masceranhas]] {{goal|57}} [[Sachidanand Satelkar]] {{goal|66}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 8 March 2021
|team1= [[Churchill Brothers]]
|score= 1 - 0
|team2= [[Sesa Football Academy]]
|goals1= [[Trijoy Dias]] {{goal|40}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 9 March 2021
|team1= YC Manora
|score= 0 - 1
|team2= [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
|goals2= [[Selwyn Miranda]] {{goal|26}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}

===Round 7===
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 10 March 2021
|team1= Panjim Footballers
|score= 1 - 2
|team2= Velsao SCC
|goals1= [[Akram Yadwad]] {{goal|78}}
|goals2= [[Jesloy Moniz]] {{goal|38}} [[Brian Mascarenhas]] {{goal|86}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 11 March 2021
|team1= Sesa Football Academy
|score= 1 - 1
|team2= Sporting Clube de Goa
|goals1= [[Myron Fernandes]] {{goal|89|own goal}}
|goals2= [[Marcus Masceranhas]] {{goal|6}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 12 March 2021
|team1= Guardian Angel
|score= 2 - 3
|team2= Churchill Brothers
|goals1= [[Gilbert Oliveira]] {{goal|7}} [[Beneston Barreto]] {{goal|58}}
|goals2= [[Trijoy Dias]] {{goal|26}} [[William Niasso]] {{goal|53|own goal}} [[Clinton Niasso]] {{goal|83}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 13 March 2021
|team1= Dempo
|score= 1 - 2
|team2= Calangute Association
|goals1= [[Suraj Hadkonkar]] {{goal|85}}
|goals2= Siddhant Shirodkar {{goal|27}} [[Kouame Kossonou]] {{goal|34}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 14 March 2021
|team1= Vasco
|score= 0 - 4
|team2= Salgaocar
|goals2= [[Steflon D'Costa]] {{goal|38, 70, 81}} [[Mark Mascarenhas]] {{goal|47}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 15 March 2021
|team1= FC Goa Reserves
|score= 2 - 0
|team2= YC Manora
|goals1= [[Joybert Almeida]] {{goal|37}} [[HP Lalremruata]] {{goal|89}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
===Round 8===
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 16 March 2021
|team1= Calangute Association
|score= 0 - 0
|team2= Sesa Football Academy
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 17 March 2021
|team1= Guardian Angel
|score= 0 - 1
|team2= Velsao SCC
|goals2= [[Savelon Cardozo]] {{goal|44}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 18 March 2021
|team1= Churchill Brothers
|score= 1 - 1
|team2= FC Goa Reserves
|goals1= [[Afdal Varikkodan]] {{goal|39}}
|goals2= [[Sarineo Fernandes]] {{goal|7}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 19 March 2021
|team1= YC Manora
|score= 0 - 3
|team2= Dempo
|goals2= [[Edwin Viegas]] {{goal|17, 45}} [[Beevan D'Mello]] {{goal|90}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 20 March 2021
|team1= Vasco
|score= 1 - 1
|team2= Panjim Footballers
|goals1= [[Joaquim Abranches]] {{goal|76}}
|goals2= [[Joyson Gauncar]] {{goal|10}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 21 March 2021
|team1= Sporting Clube de Goa
|score= 1 - 1
|team2= Salgaocar
|goals1= [[Marcus Masceranhas]] {{goal|5}}
|goals2= [[Saeesh Halarnkar]] {{goal|29}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
===Round 9===
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 22 March 2021
|team1= Churchill Brothers
|score= 2 - 0
|team2= Calangute Association
|goals1= [[Franky Oliveiro]] {{goal|34, 67}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 23 March 2021
|team1= YC Manora
|score= 1 - 0
|team2= Velsao SCC
|goals1= [[Nicholas Fernandes]] {{goal|34}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 24 March 2021
|team1= Dempo
|score= 1 - 0
|team2= Vasco
|goals1= [[Desmond Pereira]] {{goal|77}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 25 March 2021
|team1= FC Goa Reserves
|score= 0 - 0
|team2= Sporting Clube de Goa
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 26 March 2021
|team1= Guardian Angel
|score= 2 - 2
|team2= Sesa Football Academy
|goals1= [[Joel Barreto]] {{goal|20}} [[Beneston Barreto]] {{goal|45+1}}
|goals2= [[Cajetan Fernandes]] {{goal|52, 55}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 27 March 2021
|team1= Panjim Footballers
|score= 1 - 0
|team2= Salgaocar
|goals1= [[Joyson Gauncar]] {{goal|80}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
===Round 10===
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 30 March 2021
|team1= Velsao SCC
|score= 2 - 2
|team2= Churchill Brothers
|goals1= [[Brian Mascarenhas]] {{goal|18}} [[Ronil Azavedo]] {{goal|90+5}}
|goals2= [[Jobern Cardozo]] {{goal|42, 54}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 18 April 2021
|team1= Sesa Football Academy
|score= 2 - 2
|team2= FC Goa
|goals1= [[Shajam P]] {{goal|14}} [[Cajetan Fernandes]] {{goal|90+3}}
|goals2= [[Christy Davis]] {{goal|40}} [[Kapil Hoble]] {{goal|75}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 5 April 2021
|team1= Guardian Angel
|score= 3 - 1
|team2= Salgaocar
|goals1= [[Beneston Barreto]] {{goal|1, 53, 80}}
|goals2= [[Steflon D'Costa]] {{goal|16}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 6 April 2021
|team1= Calangute Association
|score= 3 - 2
|team2= Panjim Footballers
|goals1= Siddhant Shirodkar {{goal|9, 12}} [[Sidharth Kundaikar]] {{goal|75}}
|goals2= [[Lloyd Cardozo]] {{goal|43}} [[Pandurang Gawas]] {{goal|48}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 7 April 2021
|team1= Sporting
|score= 4 - 4
|team2= Dempo
|goals1= [[Gourav Kankonkar]] {{goal|5, 68}} [[Kunal Kundaikar]] {{goal|31}} [[Joel Colaco]] {{goal|60}}
|goals2= [[Uttam Rai]] {{goal|8, 10, 29}} [[Desmond Pereira]] {{goal|27}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 8 April 2021
|team1= Vasco
|score= 0 - 1
|team2= Manora
|goals2= [[Melisho Camotio]] {{goal|24}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}

===Round 11===
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 13 April 2021
|team1= Calangute association
|score= 0 - 0
|team2= Salgaocar
|report= ('''Match Abandoned at the 75th minute''')
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 30 April 2021
|team1= Calangute association
|score= 1 - 0
|team2= Salgaocar
|goals1= [[Domnic Fernandes]] {{goal|73}}
|report= ('''Rematch''')
|stadium= [[Chowgule Ground]]
|location= [[Margao]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 14 April 2021
|team1= Vasco
|score= 2 - 1
|team2= FC Goa
|goals1= [[Mathew Colaco]] {{goal|67}} [[Denil Rebello]] {{goal|90+2}}
|goals2= [[Delton Colaco]] {{goal|66}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 15 April 2021
|team1= Sesa Football Academy
|score= 1 - 0
|team2= Panjim Footballers
|goals1= [[Minesh Kunkolkar]] {{goal|19}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 20 April 2021
|team1= Churchill Brothers
|score= 2 - 2
|team2= YC Manora
|goals1= [[Anford Fernandes]] {{goal|37}} [[Myron Mendes]] {{goal|90}}
|goals2= [[Aniston Fernandes]] {{goal|69}} [[Sweden Barbosa]] {{goal|71}}
|report=
|stadium= [[Rosary Church Ground]]
|location= [[Navelim]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 20 April 2021
|team1= Velsao SCC
|score= 0 - 3
|team2= Dempo
|report= '''walkover'''
|stadium= [[Duler Stadium]]
|location= [[Mapusa]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date= 30 April 2021
|team1= Sporting Clube de Goa
|score= 9 - 0
|team2= Guardian Angel
|report=
|goals1= [[Marcus Masceranhas]] {{goal|30, 77, 90}} [[Gourav Kankonkar]] {{goal|48}} [[Akeraj Martins]] {{goal|50}} [[Gautam Dias]] {{goal|54, 71}} [[Philip Odogwu]] {{goal|56, 87}}
|stadium= [[Chowgule Ground]]
|location= [[Margao]]
}}

==Statistics==

===Top scorers===
{{updated|30 April 2021}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Rank
! Player
! Club
! Goals
|-
|1
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Marcus Masceranhas]]
| align="left" |Sporting
|9
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| 2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Stephen Satarkar]]
|align="left"|Salgaocar
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| 6
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Beneston Barreto]]
|align="left"|Guardian Angel
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Philip Odogwu]]
| align="left" |Sporting
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| 3
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Steflon D'Costa]]
| align="left" |Salgaocar
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| 5
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Siddhant Shirodkar
| align="left" |Calangute
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Uttam Rai]]
|align="left"|Dempo
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| 4
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Beevan D'Mello]]
|align="left"|Dempo
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| 4
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sidharth Kundaikar]]
| align="left" |Calangute
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gourav Kankonkar]]
| align="left" |Sporting
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| 5
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anil Gaonkar]]
| align="left" |Vasco
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| 3
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|CIV}} [[Kouame Kossonou]]
|align="left"|Calangute
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Joaquim Abranches]]
|align="left"|Vasco
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nicholas Fernandes]]
| align="left" |Manora
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Joel Barreto]]
| align="left" | Guardian Angel
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Brian Mascarenhas]]
| align="left" |Velsao
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Cajetan Fernandes]]
| align="left" | SESA
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akeraj Martins]]
| align="left" |Sporting
|-
| rowspan="19" style="text-align:center;"| 6
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aaren D'Silva]]
|align="left"|FC Goa
| rowspan="19" style="text-align:center;"| 2
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Vaigankar]]
| align="left" |Dempo
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gilbert Oliveira]]
| align="left" |Guardian Angel
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Trijoy Dias]]
| align="left" |Churchill
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[HP Lalremruata]]
| align="left" |FC Goa
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Edwin Viegas]]
| align="left" |Dempo
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saeesh Halarnkar]]
|align="left"|Salgaocar
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Franky Oliveiro]]
|align="left"|Churchill
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Joyson Gauncar]]
| align="left" |Panjim
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Joybert Almeida]]
| align="left" |FC Goa
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ronil Azavedo]]
| align="left" |Velsao
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jobern Cardozo]]
| align="left" |Churchill
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lloyd Cardozo]]
| align="left" |Panjim
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Desmond Pereira]]
| align="left" |Dempo
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mathew Colaco]]
|align="left"|Vasco
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Denil Rebello]]
| align="left" |Vasco
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kapil Hoble]]
| align="left" |FC Goa
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sweden Barbosa]]
| align="left" |Manora
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gautam Dias]]
| align="left" |Sporting
|-
| rowspan="50" style="text-align:center;"| 7
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kunal Salgaonkar]]
| align="left" |SESA
| rowspan="50" style="text-align:center;"| 1
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Fhezer Gomes]]
| align="left" |Salgaocar
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dattaraj Gaonkar]]
| align="left" |Sporting
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jirjar Terang]]
| align="left" |Calangute
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Klusner Pereira]]
| align="left" |Velsao
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jovial Dias]]
| align="left" | Guardian Angel
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shallum Pires]]
| align="left" | Dempo
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chandan Gawas]]
| align="left" | Panjim
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Valentino Nazareth]]
| align="left" |Salgaocar
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Darrel Mascarenhas]]
| align="left" |Dempo
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vasim Inamdar]]
| align="left" |FC Goa
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakesh Das]]
| align="left" |Churchill
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mevan Dias]]
| align="left" |Guardian Angel
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Romeo Fernandes]]
| align="left" |FC Goa
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Richard Cardozo
| align="left" |Dempo
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeh Williamson]]
| align="left" |Manora
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Pednekar]]
| align="left" |Calangute
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prasil Kankonkar]]
| align="left" |Panjim
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Basanta Singh]]
| align="left" |Guardian Angel
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishnanath Shirodkar]]
| align="left" |Calangute
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Desmon Gama]]
| align="left" |Vasco
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pedro Gonsalves]]
| align="left" |Dempo
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohit Totad]]
| align="left" |Sporting
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sachidanand Satelkar]]
| align="left" |Sporting
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Selwyn Miranda]]
| align="left" |Salgaocar
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jesloy Moniz]]
| align="left" |Velsao
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Akram Yadwad]]
| align="left" |Panjim
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Clinton Niasso]]
| align="left" |Churchill
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Suraj Hadkonkar]]
| align="left" |Dempo
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mark Mascarenhas]]
| align="left" |Salgaocar
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Savelon Cardozo]]
| align="left" |Velsao
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sarineo Fernandes]]
| align="left" |FC Goa
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Afdal Varikkodan]]
| align="left" |Churchill
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pandurang Gawas]]
| align="left" |Panjim
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kunal Kundaikar]]
| align="left" |Sporting
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Joel Colaco]]
| align="left" |Sporting
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Melisho Camotio]]
| align="left" |Manora
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sameer Kashyap]]
| align="left" |SESA
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Suraj
| align="left" |SESA
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rizbon Fernandes]]
| align="left" |SESA
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Eldon Colaco]]
| align="left" |Manora
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Delton Colaco]]
| align="left" |FC Goa
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Minesh Kunkolkar]]
| align="left" |SESA
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shajam P]]
| align="left" |SESA
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Christy Davis]]
| align="left" |FC Goa
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anford Fernandes]]
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Myron Mendes]]
| align="left" |Churchill Brothers
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aniston Fernandes]]
| align="left" |Manora
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Domnic Fernandes]]
| align="left" |Calangute
|}

===Clean Sheets===
{{updated| 30 April 2021}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Clean sheets
|-
|1
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ozen Silva]]
| align="left" |Sporting
|7
|-
|2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jason D'Mello]]
|align="left"|Salgaocar
|6
|-
|3
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Melroy Fernandes]]
| align="left" |Dempo
|4
|-
| rowspan="5" |4
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanju Thapa]]
| align="left" |Vasco
| rowspan="5" |3
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Debnath Mondal]]
| align="left" |Churchill
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Antonio Dylan Da Silva]]
| align="left" |FC Goa
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Preston Rego]]
| align="left" |Panjim
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Paramveer Singh
| align="left" |Calangute
|-
|5
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Luis Barreto]]
| align="left" |Manora
|2
|-
| rowspan="5" |6
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prateesh Dinkan]]
| align="left" |Guardian Angel
| rowspan="5" |1
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeet Gupta]]
| align="left" |Calangute
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sapam Singh]]
| align="left" |SESA
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Presley Mascarenhas]]
| align="left" |Velsao
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Roanal Gaunkar]]
| align="left" |SESA
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{2020–21 in Indian football}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:2020-21 Goa Professional League}}
[[Category:Goa Professional League seasons]]

Ram Bhavan

2025-09-25T07:14:44Z

Svetlananhr: adding new pg

{{Short description|Indian family drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| creator = Rahul Kumar Tewary
| developer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Khushbu Tiwari
* [[Mishkat Varma]]
}}
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| producer = {{ubl|Rahul Kumar Tewary}}
| company = Rolling Tales Productions
| executive_producer =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| runtime = 20–25 minutes
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 156
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|01|29|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|07|11|df=y}}
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| narrated =
| related =
}}
'''''Ram Bhavan''''' is an Indian Hindi-language television [[family drama]] series which aired from 29 January 2025 to 11 July 2025 on [[Colors TV]] and streams digitally on JioHotstar.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=4 July 2025|title=Daily soap Ram Bhavan goes off air after five months: Television has become ruthless, says actor Khushbu Rajendraa|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/daily-soap-ram-bhavan-goes-off-air-after-five-months-television-has-become-ruthless-says-actor-khushbu-rajendraa-101751629302482.html|access-date=12 July 2025|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> It is produced by Rahul Kumar Tewary<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=28 January 2025|title=Rahul Kumar Tewary Brings Another Compelling Drama with 'Ram Bhavan'|url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/indian-tv-news/2025/01/rahul-kumar-tewary-brings-another-compelling-drama-with-ram-bhavan/|access-date=4 March 2025|work=Urban Asia|language=en}}</ref> under Rolling Tales Productions and stars Khushbu Tiwari and [[Mishkat Varma]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=12 January 2024|title=Mishkat Verma, Samiksha Jaiswal and Khushbu Tiwari share their excitement about their upcoming show Ram Bhavan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mishkat-verma-samiksha-jaiswal-and-khushbu-rajendra-share-their-excitement-about-their-upcoming-show-ram-bhavan/articleshow/117175735.cms|access-date=4 March 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> It is an official remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] TV series ''[[Deivamagal]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=12 January 2024|title=Ram Bhavan remake of Tamil serial|url=https://www.justshowbiz.net/colors-tv-unveils-teaser-for-new-show-ram-bhavan-starring-mishkat-varma-khushbu-rajendra-and-samiksha-jaiswal/#google_vignette|access-date=4 March 2025|work=www.justshowbiz.net|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set in the heart of Prayagraj, Ram Bhavan tells the story of a crumbling mansion that has witnessed decades of family feuds and shifting power dynamics. The show spotlights the clash between Om Vajpayee, a resourceful and ambitious young man, and his cunning sister-in-law, Gayatri, who holds the reins of the family's fortune, as well as Isha, a tenacious woman, navigating her way through life's challenges while battling Gayatri's oppressive rule. Together, Om and Isha take on Gayatri in a battle that threatens to shake the foundations of Ram Bhavan.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Khushbu Rajendra as Isha "Ishu" Mishra Vajpayee: Subhash and Sumitra's daughter, Milli and Anjali's elder sister; Om's wife (2025)
* [[Mishkat Varma]] as Om Ramdas Vajpayee: Mrs and Ramdas's second son; Jagdish, Jay and Ragini's brother; Isha's husband (2025)
* [[Samiksha Jaiswal]] as Gayatri Vajpayee: Jagdish's wife; Naysa's mother (2025)

=== Recurring ===
* [[Vijay Kashyap]] as Ramdas Vajpayee: Jagdish, Jay, Om and Ragini's father
* Hitanshu Jinsi as Dhruv Shukla: Maya's son
* [[Waseem Mushtaq]] as Jagdish Vajpayee: Ramdas's eldest son; Gayatri's husband; Naysa's father; Jay, Om, and Ragini's brother
* Aliraza Namdar as Dilip Singh
* [[Sudesh Berry]] as Subhash Mishra: Sumitra's husband; Isha's father (Dead)
* Seema Kapoor as Maya Shukla: Dhruv's mother
* Anindita Sinha as Sumitra Subhash Mishra: Subhash's widow; Isha's mother
* Amit Poddar as Jay Vajpayee: Ramdas's son; Jagdish, Om and Ragini's brother
* Srushti Mishra as Ragini Vajpayee: Jagdish, Jay and Om's sister; Ramdas's daughter
* Vikash Tiwari as Murari: Om's friend
* Shalu Shreya as Mala Vajpayee
* Summit Jaiswal as Sunny
* [[Ajay Chaudhary]] as Raghvendra Thakur
* [[Aneri Vajani]] as Shivani
* Shanu Rao as Sana

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
[[Mishkat Varma]] was cast as male lead Om Ramdas Vajpayee.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=19 January 2024|title=Mishkat Verma shines in the show Ram Bhavan|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/mishkat-verma-shines-in-the-show-ram-bhavan/|access-date=4 March 2025|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref> Seema Kapoor was cast as Maya Shukla.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=6 February 2025|title=Seema Kapoor Talks About Her Character In Ram Bhavan: 'She Stands By Her Convictions'|url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/seema-kapoor-talks-about-her-character-in-ram-bhavan-she-stands-by-her-convictions-aa-9216859.html|access-date=4 March 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref> In May 2025, [[Ajay Chaudhary]] entered as Raghvendra Thakur, a politician.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=18 May 2025|title=Drama in Ram Bhavan|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/drama-in-ram-bhavan/|access-date=18 May 2025|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Colors Programmes}}
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]
{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Bais (clan)

2025-08-19T17:10:13Z

Svetlananhr: Adding a article...

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{short description|Rajput clan of India}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
[[File:Bais, Rajpoot tribe, Hindoos, Oude..jpg|thumb|Bais Rajput in the 19th century, from ''[[The People of India]]'']]

The '''Bais''' ({{IPA|hns|ˈbɛ̃ːs ˈraːdʒpuːt̪|pron}}) is a [[Rajput]] clan from India.<ref name="Fox1971">{{cite book|author=Richard Gabriel Fox|title=Kin, Clan, Raja, and Rule: Statehinterland Relations in Preindustrial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHEcBTmxlOEC&pg=PA38|year=1971|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01807-5|pages=38–}}</ref><ref name="Pandey2002">{{cite book|author=Gyanendra Pandey|title=The Ascendancy of the Congress in Uttar Pradesh: Class, Community and Nation in Northern India, 1920-1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_g1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|date=1 July 2002|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-0-85728-762-5|pages=13–}}</ref>

== History ==
Their wealth caused [[Donald Butter]], a visiting doctor who wrote ''Outlines of the Topography and Statistics of the Southern Districts of Oudh, and of the Cantonment of Sultanpur-Oudh'', to describe the Bais Rajput in the 1830s as the "best dressed and housed people of the southern [[Oudh State|Oudh]]".<ref name="BCA1">{{cite book |title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870 |volume=28 |series=Cambridge South Asian Studies |first=C. A. |last=Bayly |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-31054-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA96 |pages=96–100}}</ref>

The Bais Rajputs were known for well-fighting spirit.<ref name="BCA1"/>

== See also ==
* [[Baiswara]]
* [[Rajput clans]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}
{{Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh]]

Article 311 of the Constitution of India

2025-06-28T07:51:34Z

Svetlananhr: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Constitution of India#Structure]]
[[Category:Articles of Part XIV of the Constitution of India]]

Alladi

2025-05-09T02:55:29Z

Svetlananhr:

{{for|the village in Gilan Province, Iran|Alladi, Iran}}

'''Alladi''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: అల్లాడి) is a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] surname and given name. Notable people with the name include:

* [[Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer]] (1883–1953), Indian lawyer and member of the Constituent Assembly of India
* [[Alladi Kuppu Swamy]] (1920–2012), Indian lawyer of Chief Justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court
* [[Alladi Ramakrishnan]] (1923–2008), Indian physicist and the founder of the Institute of Mathematical Sciences
* [[Krishnaswami Alladi]] (born 1955) Indian-American mathematician who specializes in number theory
{{given name|type=both}}
[[Category:Telugu-language surnames]]

Palladam

2025-03-23T12:49:53Z

Svetlananhr:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Palladam, Tiruppur district
| native_name = பல்லடம், திருப்பூர் மாவட்டம்
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town & municipality
| image_skyline = Avinashi-Tirupur-Palladam-SH.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = Poultry City
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India (Kongunadu Region)
| coordinates = {{coord|10.99|N|77.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Metropolitan area|Metropolitan]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Tiruppur metropolitan area|Tiruppur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1964<ref>[http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Palladam/salient_citizen.html Palladam Municipality Information] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130108054653/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Palladam/salient_citizen.html |date=8 January 2013 }}</ref>
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = First Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Palladam Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 19.42
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 325
| population_total = 62,225
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2011census/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 641664
| area_code = +91-04255
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = TN-42
| website = [https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/palladam/ www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/palladam]
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| leader_title = [[Municipal Commissioner|Commissioner]]
| leader_name = Thiru.Muthuswamy.<ref>[https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/palladam/commissioner/ Palladan commissioner]</ref>
}}
'''Palladam ({{Langx|ta|பல்லடம்}})''' is a town and First Grade Municipality in [[Tiruppur district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is the headquarters of [[Palladam Taluk]] of [[Tiruppur district]]. Palladam is located on National Highway [[National Highway 81 (India)|NH 81]]. Palladam is a major town with large source of income collected from the business community, which includes Textile industries, Poultry farms, and Agriculture. Palladam High-tech weaving park is a milestone of the town. It is a part of the Coimbatore MP Constituency. Palladam is well known for production of [[Broiler|Broiler chicken]] production and head office of Broiler coordination committee (BCC) situated here.

== Geography ==
Palladam is located at {{Coord|10.98|N|77.3|E}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Palladam.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Palladam, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|accessdate=28 March 2023}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|325|m|ft|abbr=off}}. Palladam is located near to [[Tirupur]] (14 km away) which is called the 'Dollar City' of [[Tamil Nadu]], 15 km from the village of [[Putharachal]] and located 38 km east of the city of [[Coimbatore]], ‘‘‘[[Manchester Of South India|Manchester of South India]]‘‘‘ . Palladam is the gateway to Coimbatore from the eastern and south-eastern parts of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The soil is predominantly [[Red soil|Red]], suitable for cultivating [[vegetable]]s and other [[cash crop]]s.

== Demographics ==
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Palladam had a population of 42,225 with a sex-ratio of 1,009 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 4,742 were under the age of six, constituting 2,416 [[male]]s and 2,326 [[female]]s. The average [[literacy]] of the town was 74.08%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 12054 households. There were a total of 18,375 workers, comprising 140 cultivators, 717 main agricultural labourers, 293 in house hold industries, 15,764 other workers, 1,461 marginal workers, 19 marginal cultivators, 165 marginal agricultural labourers, 35 marginal workers in household industries and 1,242 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Palladam(05905)|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=707040|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Language ===
Tamil is the official language and [[Kongu Tamil]], a dialect, is predominantly spoken. Palladam also has a significant number of North Indians who have come as labourers for employment in textile industries.

=== Religion ===
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|86.77}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|7.71}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|5.39}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.01}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.09}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.02}}}}As per the religious census of 2011, Palladam had 86.77% [[Hindus]], 7.71% [[Muslims]], 5.39% [[Christians]], 0.01% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.09% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name="religion2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|format=XLS|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
Palladam cuisine is predominantly [[south Indian]] with rice as its base. famous dishes of the Kongu region is cooked still in the rural households. Green Dal, Pongalur opputtu, Arisiyum Paruppu (Dal Rice) is an ubiquitous dish savoured by many. Most local restaurants still retain their rural flavour, with many restaurants serving food over a banana leaf.

== Transport and communication ==
Palladam is well-connected with [[Tirupur]] & [[Coimbatore]] city and other neighbouring suburbs through roads. It lies on the routes of [[Chidambaram]] - [[Trichy]] - [[Coimbatore]] [[National Highway 81 (India)|National Highway 81]]. [[Sulur]] is also close to Palladam. The nearest airport is [[Coimbatore International Airport]] about 35 km south of the city from Palladam via Sulur & L&T bypass Road. There is no Rail or Air transport to the town. The nearest Railway Station is at [[Tirupur]], about 16 km away from Palladam. From Palladam to [[Madurai]] (via [[Dharapuram]]), frequent buses are available. A good transport is connected between Palladam and [[Pollachi]] through [[Pollachi Road, Coimbatore|Palladam-Pollachi Main Road]]. The key public mass transport for the people here is the buses run by the State Government & Private Sector thus providing a competitive service to the people. Buses are available very frequently from Palladam to [[Pollachi]], [[Vellakovil]], [[Udumalaipettai|Udumalpet]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Karur]], [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchy]], [[Dharapuram]] and [[Madurai]].

==Education==

Government Arts and Science College, Palladam inaugurated in 2017 has wide variety of courses including Bachelor of Science in chemistry, Mathematics, Costume Design and Computer Science and Bachelor of Arts in English and Tamil Literature. Also the college offers courses in Bachelor of Commerce.

SCAD Institute of Technology established in 2012 offers courses in [[Bachelor of Engineering]] in various disciplines including [[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical]], [[Computer engineering|Computers]], [[Civil engineering|Civil]], [[Electrical engineering|Electrical]], [[Electronics industry|Electronics]] and [[Telecommunications engineering|Communications]].

Palladam has also many remarkable schools. Some of them include- [[Kannammal Institution]], Blue bird, Swami Vivekananda, Government Higher Secondary School, Adharsh, Kingsberry, Infant Jesus and so on.

==Economy==

The economy of Palladam and its surroundings is mainly based on [[textile industry]], [[agriculture]] and [[poultry farming]].

[[File:Strickmaschine im Museum.JPG|thumbnail|alt=Powerloom|Powerloom Machine]]

===Textile industry===
In and around Palladam there are many [[weaving]] and [[knitting]] centres mostly meant for export to foreign countries, thus earning a considerable [[Foreign exchange market|foreign exchange]]. Most of the major textile houses are set up as vertically integrated units enabling them to produce clothing at a better quality and competitive price. This sector along with the poultry sector provides direct and indirect employment to numerous people in the region. The region also attracts [[Laborer|labourers]] from other part of the nation, for weaving more than 4,50,000 power looms are working around palladam.
Nowadays many Hi-Tech weaving machines like [[Sulzer (manufacturer)|Sulzer]] and [[Air-jet loom|Airjet looms]] are installed.

====Textile mills====
There are many Textile mills are located in and around Palladam. They provide the essential raw materials for the Textile industry in and around Palladam as well as Exports to various other countries.

==== Palladam HiTech Weaving Park (PHWP) ====
The [[Palladam Hi-Tech Weaving Park]] (India's First and Largest Hi tech Textile weaving Park) was commissioned in 2007 and is one of the nations advanced weaving parks. It is a cluster of the textile industry and contains a variety of textile factories. This park serves as a model for the different other textile parks that been planned by the Govt. of INDIA (GoI). Spreads over 65 acres, the Palladam Hi-Tech Weaving Park (PHWP) is the first of the integrated textile park models. The PHWP functions on the model of a Public-Private partnership, managed by user entrepreneurs. The PHWP acts as a sourcing hub for the global industrial fabrics, home furnishing, and garments market. Leading strategic and project management support to the integrated textile parks, is IL&FS CDI, a leading multidisciplinary conglomerate with interests in infrastructure, finance, capacity building initiatives, technology and marketing.

===Poultry industry===
Major Indian Poultry firms are from this region, some of the well known poultry farms are Suguna Poultry Farms, Pioneer Poultry Group, Shanthi Poultry Group, Swathi Poultry Farms (Hatcheries), which are in the [[Indian Poultry industry]]. The chickens raised here are transported to nearby states and these companies have also set up similar contract farming in other parts of the nation. Palladam Broiler Rate is the benchmark in the Indian Poultry industry. The Broiler rates are fixed by the BCC called as [[Broiler Coordination Committee]]. It is a very powerful organization in the Indian Poultry Industry. Its members are one of the leading poultry integrators in INDIA.

===Agriculture===
Agriculture has a great history in Palladam right from the introduction of modern farming in the early 1980s to the plantation of variety of medicinal and other trial based plantation till date. The people here are involved mainly in Agriculture like [[Cotton]] and [[Tobacco]]. The people of Palladam have always relied upon Agriculture like many other towns in INDIA. The association with Agriculture hasn't largely diminished over the years due to the continuous involvement of community & the participation from the younger generation.

The primary vegetation was cotton in the early 1970s and 1980s at the time of the textile boom. Later the town adopted the [[Maize]] crop with the boom in the Poultry industry thus aiding the industries with local supplies to compete with both quality and pricing.

Other vegetation are largely based on the local demands like common vegetables consumed by the house holds like the [[Onion]]s (both small & big), [[Tomato]]es, [[Brinjal]], [[Okra]], [[Pea]]s, etc. Large amount of [[Cattle]] & [[Poultry]] in the region also leads to vegetation consumed by them.

Currently this industry is not doing well due to insufficient and un-timely rains along with the decrease in the ground water levels by significant amount in the recent years.

=== Wind turbines ===

The surrounding areas has seen a surge in [[wind turbine]] installations because of the location of the town across the Palghat Gap.
The wind turbines installed here ranges from as low as 200 kW to 2000 kW. The power generated by these wind turbines largely accounts for the State's Electricity Supply & INDIA's highest installed wind capacity is in and around this town. Thus it is also known as the green city for its renewable expertise. This industry also accounts for both direct and indirect employment to the communities nearby.

[[File:Pitstone-windmill.600px.jpg|thumbnail|alt=Windmill|Windmill]]

==Politics==
Palladam assembly constituency is part of [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-11
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 31 October 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The present MLA for this constituency is Mr. [[M. S. M. Anandan|MSM Anandhan]] from [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]].

==External links==
* [https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/palladam/ Official Website]
* [https://palladam.in/ Palladam Portal]
* [http://www.phwp.in/ Palladam HiTech Weaving Park]

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Tiruppur district}}{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruppur district]]

Jambai, Kallakurichi

2025-03-03T04:43:05Z

Svetlananhr: Added initial stub basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Historic Site
| name = Jambai
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| designation1 =
| designation1_date =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = State Party
| designation1_free1value = {{IND}}
| designation1_free2name = Region
| designation1_free2value =
| location = [[Kallakurichi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| elevation =
| built =
| architect =
| architecture =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.014472|79.054527|display=inline}}
| locmapin = India#Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Jambai, [[Kallakurichi district]], Tamil Nadu, India
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}

'''Jambai''' is a village with an area of {{cvt|1|km2}} in [[Tirukkoyilur]] ({{langx|ta|திருக்கோயிலூர்}}) taluk in [[Kallakurichi district]] ({{langx|ta|கள்ளக்குறிச்சி மாவட்டம்}}) in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The major occupation of the people living at this place is agriculture and handloom. In 2011, it had a population of 2,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiamapped.com/tamil-nadu/viluppuram/tirukkoyilur/jambai/|title=Tehsil Jambai of district Viluppuram, Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Jambai got its name from Jambunatheshwarar temple, a [[Chola]] period ([[Shiva]]) temple. According to the inscriptions present inside the temple, this village was called as Valayur during the [[Parantaka Chola I]] period. Hence, "Jambai" might be a later name to this village. This temple is situated at the banks of river Thenpenaiyaar, where much kora grass grew, the Tamil word for kora grass is sambu, hence the name Jambu and also there is an inherited old story that the elephant belonging to the king went there to dip itself in water, where it stumbled upon the Shivlinga, blood started oozing from the Shivlingam, hearing the call of the frightened elephant people started to gather and this incidence reached the ears of the king and then the temple was built. Jambu means elephant. As the Shivalingam was found by the elephant the village and temple were named after it.

==Location==
Jambai is located on the northern bank of the river, Thenpennai. It is {{convert|19|km|mi}} northwest of [[Tirukkoyilur]] and {{convert|25|km|mi}} south of [[Thiruvannaamalai]].

==About the village==
Jambai village has more-than-1000-year-old heritage. At Jambai, [[Saivism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Saktism]] prevailed. In 2006, a beautifully carved 10th century A.D. [[Buddha]] sculpture was stolen from the middle of the fort area paddy field. There are two Siva temples, One Saptamatrika shrine, one Ayynar temple on the hill and other Ayyanar temple in north east corner of the village. Jain Tirthankara relief carving is seen in the hill on the way to Pallichandal. The importance of the village comes from the presence of the Shiva temple called Jambunatheshwarar temple and Jambaimalai containing 1st century CE [[Tamil Brahmi]] inscriptions, Jain abode, caves and beds.

==Jambunatheshwarar Temple==
[[File:Jambai temple.jpg|thumb|Jambunatheshwarar Temple]]
In [[Telugu language|Tamil]], this temple is called Thanthondreeswarar temple ({{langx|ta|தான்தோன்றீஸ்வரர் கோயில்}}). This Shiva temple was built by [[Cholas]] during 10th century. The temple walls contain full of Tamil vattezhuttu inscriptions of [[Cholas]]. This place was under [[Rashtrakuta]] rule during the mid-10th century, the statues of Lord [[Muruga]], Jyestha Devi, Kalabairavar, Durga belonging to Rashtrakuta architecture, are found inside the temple. Since the temple become very old and damaged, reconstruction works are carried by local people of Jambai now.<ref>K. Selvaraj, "Jambai oru aayvu", State Department of Archeology, Chennai</ref>

==Jambaimalai==
[[File:Jambai Tamil Brahmi.jpg|thumb|1st century CE Tamil Brahmi inscription]]
This is a small hillock in the north east of the village. Between a split area of this hillock there are signs of megalithic period settlement. The hillock contains a cavern called Dasimadam where [[Tamizhi]] inscriptions dated to 1st century CE<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brahmi Inscription {{!}} Department Of Archaeology|url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/brahmi-inscription-0|access-date=2020-06-18|website=www.tnarch.gov.in}}</ref> is found. The epigraph is in Tamil (except for the title in Prakrit) and reads "Satiyaputo Atiyan Nedumaan Anjji itta Paali". In ({{langx|ta|ஸதியபுதோ அதியந் நெடுமாந் அஞ்சி ஈத்த பாழி}}).<ref>K. Selvaraj, "Jambai oru aayvu", State Department of Archeology, Chennai</ref> The meaning of the epigraph may be rendered as "The abode (pali) given by (itta) Atiyan Nedumaan Anji (name), the Satyaputra (title)". Though the record is a short one in a single line, it throws valuable light on various aspects of South Indian history. The inscription clears the doubt about the identity of the Satyaputras, a dynasty of rulers, mentioned in Ashoka's inscriptions in the 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tamilartsacademy.com/books/roman%20karur/chapter13.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207092710/http://www.tamilartsacademy.com/books/roman%20karur/chapter13.html |archive-date=7 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Opposite to this cavern, another cave with four Jain stone beds have been found which confirms that Jambai was a [[Jain]] centre.<ref>D. Ramesh, "Nadunaattu Samanakovilkal" (2nd ed.) Tamilventhan Pathippagam, Ulundurpettai (2005)</ref> West of this hillock in a small stone boulder, a 10th-century C.E. Tamil inscription of Kannaradeva or [[Krishna III]], a Rashtrakuta king, found along with a relief work of Jyestha Devi. South of this inscription a lake for irrigation was constructed.<ref>K. Selvaraj, "Jambai oru aayvu", State Department of Archeology, Chennai</ref>

==Pictures==
<gallery>
File:Jambaimalai.JPG|Jambaimalai along with lake
File:Jambaimalai Jyestha devi.jpg|Jyestha devi
File:Jambaimalai1.jpg|jambaimalai hillock
File:Jambaimalai Jain cave.jpg|Jain cave
File:Jambaimalai jain beds.jpg|Jain beds
File:Jambaimali rock pit.jpg|Rock pit used by Jain monks
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Velirs]]
* [[Jainism]]
* [[Ennayiram]]
* [[Cholapandiyapuram]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kallakurichi district}}
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Villages in Kallakurichi district]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]

National Highway 244A (India)

2025-02-26T21:50:49Z

Svetlananhr: started post.

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{One source|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 244A
|map =
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=
|ahn=
| length_km = 57.21
| direction_a =
| direction_b =
| terminus_a =
| terminus_b =
| junction =
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route =
| next_route =
| states = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| destinations =
|image_notes=
}}

'''National Highway 244A''', commonly called '''NH 244A''', is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in the union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in [[India]]. It is a [[Spur route|secondary]] route of [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|title=New National highways notification by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812194639/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|archive-date=12 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13011657 NH 244A on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH44 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{India-NH-stub}}