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Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-06T20:11:20Z

Svetlanakxj: starting new stub added tags!

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|type = LS
|established = 1951–present
|reservation = None
|party = [[Indian National Congress ]]
|mp = [[Ujjwal Raman Singh]]
|name = Allahabad {{Small|UP-52}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Allahabad.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|assembly_cons = [[Meja Assembly constituency|Meja]] [[Karachhana Assembly constituency|Karachhana]] [[Allahabad South Assembly constituency|Allahabad South]] [[Bara Assembly constituency|Bara]] [[Koraon Assembly constituency|Koraon]]
|electors = 1716160<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=17 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525214134/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=25 May 2014}}</ref>
}}

'''Allahabad''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) [[constituency]] in the [[Prayagraj district]] (former Allahabad district) of Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

Allahabad saw two MPs elected and became the prime minister. [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] became the prime minister from 1964 to 1966. [[V. P. Singh]] was elected twice from this constituency and later went on to become the prime minister from 1989 to 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-allahabad-lok-sabha-constituency-candidates-for-2019-ls-poll-past-results-all-updates-2747557|title=Allahabad Lok Sabha Constituency: Candidates for 2019 LS poll, past results, all updates|publisher=DNA India|date=19 May 2019|access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/phulpur-allahabad-lok-sabha-seats-lok-sabha-elections-2019-5717449/|title=A battle of turncoats in Phulpur, Allahabad Lok Sabha seats|publisher=The Indian Express|date=8 May 2019|access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/key-constituencies-in-phase-6-of-lok-sabha-polls/articleshow/69280263.cms|title=Key constituencies in Phase 6 of Lok Sabha polls|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=11 May 2019|access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|value1=43.33|value2=21.38|value5=4.2|value3=12.83|value4=8.5|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' ( 10 Times)]]|label2=[[BJP|'''BJP '''(5 Times)]]|label5=[[Janata Party|'''Janata Party''' (1 time)]]|label3=[[Janata Dal|'''Janata Dal''' (3 times)]]|label4=[[Samajwadi Party|'''Samajwadi Party''' (2 times)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|color3={{party color|Janata Dal}}|color5={{party color|Janata Party}}|color4={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Allahabad Lok Sabha}}

==Vidhan Sabha Segments==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|259
|[[Meja Assembly constituency|Meja]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
|[[Sandeep Singh Patel]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|260
|[[Karachhana Assembly constituency|Karachhana]]
|[[Piyush Ranjan Nishad]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|263
|[[Prayagraj South Assembly constituency|Allahabad South]]
|[[Nand Gopal Gupta]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|265
|[[Koraon Assembly constituency|Koraon]] (SC)
|[[Rajmani Kol]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|264
|[[Bara Assembly constituency|Bara]] (SC)
|[[Vachaspati (politician)|Dr.Vachaspati]]
|{{party name with color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}
|-
|}

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phulpur (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Phulpur Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/phulpur.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Sri Prakasa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|1952^
|[[Purushottam Das Tandon]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Hari Krishna Shastri]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Janeshwar Mishra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[V. P. Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|1980^
|Krishna Prakash Tiwari
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1988^
|[[V. P. Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jan Morcha}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Janeshwar Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Saroj Dubey]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rewati Raman Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Shyama Charan Gupta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Rita Bahuguna Joshi]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Ujjwal Raman Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}
^ denotes Bye-poll

==Election results==

=== 2024 elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Allahabad]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Allahabad Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/allahabad |access-date=31 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531171752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/allahabad |archive-date=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Allahabad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2452.htm |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531171816/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2452.htm |archive-date=31 May 2025}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ujjwal Raman Singh]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=462,145|percentage=48.80|change={{Increase}}45.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Neeraj Tripathi|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=403,350|percentage=42.59|change={{down}}13.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Bahujan Samaj Party |candidate=Ramesh Kumar Patel|votes=49,144|percentage=5.19|change={{increase}}5.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|votes=9,952|percentage=1.05|change={{up}}0.19}}
{{Election box majority||votes=58,795|percentage=6.21|change={{decrease}}14.52}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=947,000|percentage=51.82|change={{Decrease}}0.01}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Allahabad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate=[[Rita Bahuguna Joshi]]
|votes=4,94,454
|percentage=55.62
|change= +20.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Rajendra Singh Patel
|party=Samajwadi Party
|votes=3,10,179
|percentage=34.89
|change=+6.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Yogesh Shukla
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes=31,953
|percentage=3.59
|change=-7.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Giridhar Gopal Tripathi
|party=Communist Party of India
|votes=10,403
|percentage=1.17
|change=''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 7,625
|percentage = 0.86
|change = +0.45
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes= 1,84,275
|percentage= 20.73
|change=+13.78
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=8,89,553
|percentage=51.83
|change=-1.67
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +20.43
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Allahabad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shyama Charan Gupta]]
|votes = 3,13,772
|percentage = 35.19
|change = +24.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kunwar Rewati Raman Singh]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,51,763
|percentage = 28.24
|change = -9.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Keshari Devi Patel]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,62,073
|percentage = 18.18
|change = -13.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Nand Gopal Gupta|Nand Gopal Gupta Nandi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,02,453
|percentage = 11.49
|change = +4.89
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Draupadi Devi
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 8,321
|percentage = 0.93
|change = +0.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Adarsh Shastri]]
|votes = 6,439
|percentage = 0.72
|change = +0.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 3,624
|percentage = 0.41
|change = +0.41
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 62,009
|percentage = 6.95
|change = +0.61
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,91,635
|percentage = 53.50
|change = +10.09
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = +24.08
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 elections ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Allahabad]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kunwar Rewati Raman Singh]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=209,431|percentage=38.06|change=+2.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashok Kumar Bajpai|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=174,511|percentage=31.72|change=+14.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Yogesh Shukla|votes=60,983|percentage=11.09|change=-20.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shyam Krishna Pandey|party=Indian National Congress|votes=33,027|percentage=6.73|change=+0.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bihari Lal Sharma|party=Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|votes=22,086|percentage=4.01|change=+0.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hira Lal|party=Independent (politician)|votes=7,537|percentage=1.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abhay Srivastava|party=Independent (politician)|votes=5,976|percentage=1.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kusum Kumari|party=Independent (politician)|votes=4,236|percentage=0.77|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Akbal Mohammd|party=Independent (politician)|votes=2,358|percentage=0.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Narendra Kumar Tiwari|party=Independent (politician)|votes=2,340|percentage=0.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Om Prakash
|party = RMSP
|votes = 2,253
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sarfuddin|party=NELU|votes=2,062|percentage=0.37|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=34,920|percentage=6.34|change=+2.02}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=5,50,197|percentage=43.41|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004 elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: [[Allahabad]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kunwar Rewati Raman Singh]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,34,008
|percentage = 35.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,05,625
|percentage = 31.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[R. K. Singh Patel]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,11,576
|percentage = 17.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Satya Prakash Malaviya]]
|votes = 40,545
|percentage = 6.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Raj Karan Bind
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 25,426
|percentage = 3.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,383
|percentage = 4.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,56,498
|percentage = 42.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 elections ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Allahabad]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,19,114
|percentage = 33.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kunwar Rewati Raman Singh]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,48,783
|percentage = 22.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rita Bahuguna Joshi|Dr. Rita Bahuguna Joshi]]
|votes = 1,33,428
|percentage = 20.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Dular Singh Patel
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,09,383
|percentage = 16.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Prakash Singh Patel
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 15,231
|percentage = 2.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = C. P. Srivastava
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 10,486
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shiv Dutt Shukla
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,002
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 70,331
|percentage = 10.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,48,551
|percentage = 45.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 elections ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Allahabad]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,65,232
|percentage = 39.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shyama Charan Gupta]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,21,942
|percentage = 33.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. K. P. Srivastava
|votes = 1,14,179
|percentage = 17.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dal Bahadur Singh
|votes = 29,092
|percentage = 4.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|candidate = Dr. Kailash Nath Singh Patel
|votes = 22,210
|percentage = 3.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 43,290
|percentage = 6.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,68,083
|percentage = 47.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 elections ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Allahabad]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,16,844
|percentage = 42.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Saroj Dubey]]
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 1,13,321
|percentage = 22.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Sewak Singh
|votes = 1,02,352
|percentage = 20.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jagdish Narayan Mishra
|votes = 30,007
|percentage = 5.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vijay Shankar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 7,827
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,03,523
|percentage = 20.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,07,695
|percentage = 36.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1991 elections ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: [[Allahabad]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Saroj Dubey]]
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 1,14,898
|percentage = 29.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shyama Charan Gupta]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,09,702
|percentage = 28.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Anil Shastri]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 61,488
|percentage = 15.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jang Bahadur Singh Patel]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 56,279
|percentage = 14.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Moti Lal Kushwaha
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 21,549
|percentage = 5.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,196
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,86,549
|percentage = 39.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 elections ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = [[Janeshwar Mishra]]
| votes = 1,78,508
| percentage = 42.92
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kamala Bahuguna]]
| votes = 1,39,568
| percentage = 33.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = [[Jang Bahadur Singh Patel]]
| votes = 79,004
| percentage = 19.00
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rama Kant
| votes = 2,690
| percentage = 0.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shasharka Mishra
| votes = 2,193
| percentage = 0.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 38,940
| percentage = 9.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 4,15,896
| percentage = 43.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser = Jan Morcha
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 bye-poll elections===
{{Election box begin | title=By Election, 1988}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[V. P. Singh]]
|party = Jan Morcha
|votes = 2,02,996
|percentage = 52.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sunil Shastri]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 92,245
|percentage = 23.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kanshi Ram]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 69,517
|percentage = 17.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hari Shankar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,067
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = L. Sharma
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,917
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,10,751
|percentage = 28.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,90,091
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Jan Morcha
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1984 elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,97,461
|percentage =68.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna]]
|party = Lok Dal
|votes = 1,09,666
|percentage = 25.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,87,795
|percentage = 43.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,36,120
|percentage = 56.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 elections ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = [[Janeshwar Mishra]]
|votes = 1,90,697
|percentage = 57.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[V. P. Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,00,709
|percentage = 30.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Om Prakash Nirala
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
|votes = 14,761
|percentage = 4.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kripal Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 7,363
|percentage = 2.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Govind Mishra
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,297
|percentage = 1.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 89,988
|percentage = 27.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,30,419
|percentage = 52.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 elections ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Indian general election]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,37,324
|percentage = 58.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Gopal Sand
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes = 68,791
|percentage = 29.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 68,533
|percentage = 28.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,36,488
|percentage = 53.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1957 elections===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,24,896
|percentage = 58.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Radhey Shyam Pathak
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|votes = 68,864
|percentage = 32.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 56,032
|percentage = 26.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,13,814
|percentage = 51.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of mayors of Prayagraj]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]|years=1964-1966}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]}}
{{end}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Allahabad division topics}}
{{coord|25.4|81.8|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Prayagraj]]

Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-06T13:46:08Z

Svetlanakxj: created new article!

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Tamluk {{Small|WB-30}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Tamluk.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Tamluk Lok Sabha Constituency
|established = 1951
|reservation = None
|mp = [[Abhijit Gangopadhyay]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|assembly_cons = [[Tamluk Assembly constituency|Tamluk]] [[Panskura Purba Assembly constituency|Panskura Purba]] [[Moyna Assembly constituency|Moyna]] [[Nandakumar Assembly constituency|Nandakumar]] [[Mahisadal Assembly constituency|Mahisadal]] [[Haldia Assembly constituency|Haldia]] [[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]]
|electors = 18,50,741<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/grfYnWoV4R.pdf | title=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA | website=elections24.eci.gov.in | access-date=25 May 2024 | archive-date=24 May 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524040654/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/grfYnWoV4R.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

'''Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Tamluk]] in [[West Bengal]]. All seven assembly segments under Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Purba Medinipur district]].

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. '''Tamluk''', 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] issued in 2006 in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 30 Tamluk is composed of the following segments:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 27 May 2009 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|203
|[[Tamluk Assembly constituency|Tamluk]]
|rowspan=7|[[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
|Hare Krishna Bera
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 204
|[[Panskura Purba Assembly constituency|Panskura Purba]]
|Subrat Maity
|-
|206
|[[Moyna Assembly constituency|Moyna]]
|[[Ashok Dinda]]
|-
|207
|[[Nandakumar Assembly constituency|Nandakumar]]
|Khanra Nirmal
|-
|208
|[[Mahisadal Assembly constituency|Mahishadal]]
|Subhash Chandra Panja
|-
|209
|[[Haldia Assembly constituency|Haldia]]
|Pradipkumar Bijali
|-
|210
|[[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]]
|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|}

Prior to delimitation Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 1 October 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref> [[Panskura Purba Assembly constituency|Panskura East]] (assembly constituency no. 201), [[Tamluk Assembly constituency|Tamluk]] (assembly constituency no. 202), [[Moyna Assembly constituency|Moyna]] (assembly constituency no. 203), [[Mahisadal Assembly constituency|Mahisadal]] (assembly constituency no. 204), [[Sutahata Assembly constituency|Sutahata (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 205), [[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]] (assembly constituency no. 206) and [[Narghat Assembly constituency|Narghat]] (assembly constituency no. 207).

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha!!Name of M.P.!!colspan=2|Party affiliation
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|1952]]||rowspan="5" |[[Satish Chandra Samanta]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<ref name=loksabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title = General Elections, India, 1951- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=loksabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=loksabha1962>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|1957]]
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|1962]]
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|1967]]||{{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|1971]]
|-
|[[6th Lok Sabha|1977]]||[[Sushil Kumar Dhara]]||{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title = General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|1980]]||rowspan=4|[[Satyagopal Mishra]]||{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<ref name =loksabha1980>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title = General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|1984]]
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|1989]]
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|1991]]
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|1996]]||[[Jayanta Bhattacharya]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|1998]]||rowspan=3|[[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=3}}<ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title = General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|1999]]
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|2004]]
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|2009]]||rowspan=2|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title = General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha|2014]]
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha|2016^]]||rowspan=2|[[Dibyendu Adhikari]]
|-
|[[17th Lok Sabha|2019]]
|-
|[[18th Lok Sabha|2024]]||[[Abhijit Gangopadhyay]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party }}
|}
^ – By poll

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Tamluk]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Tamluk">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Tamluk |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2530.htm |access-date=20 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720155631/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2530.htm |archive-date=20 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tamluk Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Tamluk Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/tamluk |access-date=20 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720155658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/tamluk |archive-date=20 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Abhijit Gangopadhyay]]
|votes = 765,584
|percentage = 48.54
|change = {{increase}}11.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=Debangshu Bhattacharya|votes=687,851 |percentage=43.61|change={{decrease}}6.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sayan Banerjee|votes=85,389|percentage=5.41|change={{decrease}}4.0}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=8,553|percentage=0.52|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=77,733|percentage=4.93|change={{down}}}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=14,04,353|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Tamluk]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate=[[Dibyendu Adhikari]]
|party=All India Trinamool Congress
|votes=724,433
|percentage=50.08
|change=-3.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Siddharth Naskar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 534,268
|percentage = 36.94
|change = +30.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sk. Ibrahim Ali
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 136,129
|percentage = 9.41
|change = -25.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes=16,001
|percentage=1.11
|change=-1.09
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 190,165
|percentage = 13.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,446,940
|percentage = 85.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==== 2016 by-election ====
{{Election box begin
|title=By-election 2016 : Tamluk}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Dibyendu Adhikari]]
|votes = 7,79,594
|percentage = 59.76
|change = +6.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Mandira Panda
|votes = 2,82,066
|percentage = 21.62
|change = -13.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Prof. Ambujaksha Mahanti
|votes = 1,96,450
|percentage = 15.06
|change = +8.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Batabyal Partha
|votes = 19,851
|percentage = 1.52
|change = -0.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Dilip Maiti
|votes = 10,179
|percentage = 0.78
|change = -0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dhananjoy Dalai
|votes = 3,859
|percentage = 0.30
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Subhrajit Bhaduri
|votes = 2,718
|percentage = 0.21
|'''change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 9,801
|percentage = 0.75
|change = -0.12
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 497,528
|percentage = 38.14
|change = +19.74
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 13,04,518
|percentage = 82.04
|change = -5.56
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,590,004
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Tamluk]]<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 19 June 2016}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 7,16,928
|percentage = 53.60
|change = -1.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sk. Ibrahim Ali
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 4,70,447
|percentage = 35.20
|change = -5.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Badsha Alam
|votes = 86,265
|percentage = 6.40
|change = +4.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sk. Anwar Ali
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 29,645
|percentage = 2.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vivekananda Roy
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 10,197
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajyasree Chaudhuri
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,609
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kamal Bag
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 3,110
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kalisankar Jana
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,658
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Abdur Rezak Sk
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,682
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manick Chandra Mondal
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|votes = 1,500
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 11,643
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 246,481
|percentage = 18.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 13,37,684
|percentage = 87.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Tamluk]]<ref name=loksabha2009/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|votes = 6,37,664
|percentage = 55.54
|change = +11.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]
|votes = 4,64,706
|percentage = 40.50
|change = - 8.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajyashree Chaudhuri
|votes = 20,573
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Assam United Democratic Front
|candidate = Jahed Sek
|votes = 8,486
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manoranjan Mandal
|votes = 5,891
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Sheikh Nurul Islam
|votes = 5,401
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Manik Chandra Mondal
|votes = 2,044
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bhakti Adhikary
|votes = 1,985
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Abdur Rejak Seikh
|votes = 1,456
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 172,958
|percentage = 15.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,48,206
|percentage = 90.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Tamluk]]<ref name=loksabha2009/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]
|votes = 507,228
|percentage = 49.20
|change = -0,84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|votes = 449,848
|percentage = 43.60
|change = +0.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sudarsan Panja
|votes = 34,794
|percentage = 3.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ajit Das
|votes = 14,087
|percentage = 1.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Manab Bera
|votes = 13,339
|percentage = 1.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Hossain Mahmud Sheikh
|votes = 6,239
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Trilochan Kuila
|votes = 6,082
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bhakti Adhikary
|votes = 3,652
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 57,380
|percentage = 5.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 10,30,848
|percentage = 86.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: [[Tamluk]]<ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title = General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]
|votes = 455,168
|percentage = 50.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate =[[Nirmalendu Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 400,342
|percentage = 43.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Manik Bhowmik
|votes = 44,622
|percentage = 4.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Srikesh Pramanik
|votes = 7,623
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Buddhadeb Jana
|votes = 1,105
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Bhakti Adhikari
|votes = 822
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 54,826
|percentage = 6.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,19,886
|percentage = 83.8%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: [[Tamluk]]<ref name=loksabha1998/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]
|votes = 477,516
|percentage = 51.10
|change ={{increase}}3.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Nirmalendu Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 389,564
|percentage = 41.30
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jayanta Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 56,538
|percentage = 6.00
|change = {{decrease}}42.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Ashutosh Samanta
|votes = 7,542
|percentage = 0.80
|change = {{decrease}}0.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Ananata Kumar Paul
|votes = 837
|percentage = 0.10
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 87,952
|percentage = 9.30
|change = {{increase}}5.99
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,42,965
|percentage = 86.6
|change = {{decrease}}3.20
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}3.28
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: [[Tamluk]]<ref name=loksabha1996/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jayanta Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 450,473
|percentage = 48.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]
|votes = 442,563
|percentage = 47.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Saswati Bag
|votes = 19,475
|percentage = 2.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Ashutosh Samanta
|votes = 10,330
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Ananta Kumar Das
|votes = 1,029
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Muktinath Bag
|votes = 976
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Shishir Kumar Panda
|votes = 669
|percentage = 0.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 7,910
|percentage = 3.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,25,515
|percentage = 89.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1951-2004===
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Winner
|
!Runner-up
|
|-
|
!Candidate
!Party
!Candidate
!Party
|-
|1951
|[[Satish Chandra Samanta]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Tripati Hrishikesh
|[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]<ref name=loksabha1952/><ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.travelindia-guide.com/elections-indian-lok-sabha/election-results/wb/tamluk.php | title = Election results for Tamluk| access-date = 22 August 2009 }}</ref>
|-
|1957
|[[Satish Chandra Samanta ]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Gobinda Chandra. Bhowmick
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]<ref name=loksabha1957/>
|-
|1962
|[[Satish Chandra Samanta]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Govinda Chandra. Bhowmick
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]<ref name=loksabha1962/>
|-
|1967
|[[Satish Chandra Samanta]]
|[[Bangla Congress]]
|G. Bhowmick
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1971
|[[Satish Chandra Samanta]]
|[[Bangla Congress]]
|[[Aruna Asaf Ali]]
|[[Communist Party of India]]<ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1977
|[[Sushil Kumar Dhara]]
|[[Bharatiya Lok Dal]]
|[[Satish Chandra Samanta]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1977/>
|-
|1980
|[[Satyagopal Mishra]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|Shyam Das Bhattacharya
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name =loksabha1980/>
|-
|1984
|[[Satyagopal Mishra]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|Saradindu Samanta
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title = General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1989
|[[Satyagopal Mishra]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Jayanta Bhattacharya]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title = General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1991
|[[Satyagopal Mishra]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Jayanta Bhattacharya]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title = General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1996
|[[Jayanta Bhattacharya]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=loksabha1996/>
|-
|1998
|[[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Nirmalendu Bhattacharya]]
|[[Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1998/>
|-
|1999
|[[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Nirmalendu Bhattacharya]]
|[[Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1999/>
|-
|2004
|[[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|[[Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Purba Medinipur topics}}

{{coord|22.3|87.9|display=title}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Medinipur district]]

INS Darshak

2026-05-06T12:37:46Z

Svetlanakxj:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}{{italic title|string=Darshak}}

{{Short description|Indian survey ship}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS_Darshak_in_Seychelles.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Darshak'' in Seychelles
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Darshak''
| ordered =
| awarded =
| builder = [[Goa Shipyard Limited]]
| original_cost =
| yard_number =
| way_number =
| laid_down =
| launched = 28 April 1998
| sponsor =
| christened =
| completed =
| acquired =
| commissioned = 28 April 2001
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| reclassified =
| refit =
| struck =
| identification = *{{IMO Number|9129536}}
*{{MMSI Number|419207000}}
*[[Maritime call sign|Callsign]]: VVYV
*[[Hull number]]: J21
| reinstated =
| homeport =
| motto =
| nickname =
| honours =
| fate =
| status = {{shipactive}}
| notes =
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/j-sandhayak.htm |title=J 18 Sandhayak Class |work=globalsecurity.org |year=2012 |accessdate=24 February 2012}}</ref>
| type = [[Sandhayak-class survey ship (1981)|Sandhayak-class survey ship]]
| displacement = {{convert|1929|LT|t|0}} full
| length = {{convert|87.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|12.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| draft = {{convert|3.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| propulsion =
| speed = {{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}
| range = *{{convert|6000|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|14|kn}}
*{{convert|14000|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}}
| complement = 18 officers + 160 enlisted
| armament = 1 × [[Bofors 40 mm]] gun
| aircraft = 1 × [[HAL Chetak]] helicopter
| aircraft_facilities = [[Helipad]]
| notes =
}}
}}
'''INS ''Darshak'' (J21)''' ([[Hindi]]: दर्शक lit.audience) is a [[Sandhayak-class survey ship (1981)|Sandhayak-class]] hydrographic [[survey ship]] in the [[Indian Navy]], under the [[Eastern Naval Command]].

==Ship history==
Built by [[Goa Shipyard Limited]] and [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the Naval service at [[Visakhapatnam]] under the command of Captain S.S. Karnik in 2001, ''Darshak'' is the Indian Navy's eighth [[hydrographic survey]] ship to have been [[indigenous peoples of Asia|indigenous]]ly designed and constructed. Incidentally, the first indigenously built survey ship of the Navy, inducted in 1964 and [[Ship decommissioning|decommission]]ed in 1990, was also named INS ''Darshak''.

The new ''Darshak'' is equipped with a range of [[hydrographic survey|surveying]], [[navigation]]al and [[communication]] systems. The next-generation surveying systems provided onboard include the multi-beam swath [[Echo (phenomenon)|echo]] sounding system, differential global positioning system, [[motion sensors]], sea [[gravimeter]], [[magnetometer]] oceanographic sensors, side scan [[sonar]]s and an automated data logging system. These are designed to meet the stringent international/[[ISO 9002]] digital survey accuracy standards required for the production of electronic navigation charts and publications.

The ''Darshak'' is powered by two diesel engines and is capable of sustained speeds. The ship's multi-role capability places her in the league of the most versatile survey vessels in the world. It can undertake a variety of tasks under trying conditions.

==Archaeological investigations==
INS ''Darshak'' was used to investigate historically significant [[shipwreck]]s off the coast of [[Tamil Nadu]]. This included exploring the [[Underwater|submerged]] remains of the lost city of [[Poompuhar]] in Tamil Nadu.

''Darshak'', under the command of Captain P. Jayapal, was deployed off Poompuhar, about {{convert|15|nmi|km|0}} north of [[Nagapattinam]]. The ship carried out an extensive hydrographic survey and diving operations in the area off the [[Tharangambadi]] coast. During the operations, which lasted for nearly a month, the ship recovered some objects of [[archaeological]] importance. A U-shaped structure, located three miles (5 km) off the coast at a depth of 23 metres, was discovered during one of the dives. The structure was 85 metres in peripheral length and about two metres in height while the distance between the arms was about 13 metres. The structure was covered with marine growth and the centre was buried under [[silt]]. Local fishermen claimed that the structure was one of six such submerged structures.

''Darshak'' also recovered a shipwreck supposed to be of a [[Netherlands|Dutch]] ship sunk by the [[France|French]] near the end of the 18th century. Three [[lead]] [[ingot]]s, each about a metre long and weighing approximately 80 kg, were recovered by divers. They were marked with "W. Blackett" which was the name of a [[United Kingdom|British]] company and the marking "1792" which is presumed to be the date of their manufacture. Moreover, the ingots bear the emblem of the [[Dutch East India Company]].

Navy divers carried out further dives at the site and identified a two-metre long [[cannon]] which, although attached to the wreck, was deeply embedded in the seabed. The ship's diving team managed to recover the cannon, despite adverse sea conditions and the ship not being equipped to carry out excavations. The cannon, which was covered with extensive marine growth, is 2.1 metres in length and weighs approximately 700 kg.

==Survey work==
INS ''Darshak'' in 2016 completed the hydrographic survey of [[Tanga Port]], [[Tanzania]] coast for the [[Government of Tanzania]]. This survey work was of particular importance for the country's government due to upcoming [[oil pipeline]] being laid at the port from [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=INS Darshak completes hydrographic survey|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/INS-Darshak-completes-hydrographic-survey/articleshow/55693590.cms}}</ref> In late 2016 the ship also carried out survey work off the waters of [[Mauritius]] to prepare two new charts of the Mauritian waters as per charting scheme agreed the two governments. The survey was useful for the [[tourism industry]] based in northern Mauritius. Areas off [[Mon Choisy]], [[Grand Bay, Mauritius|Grand Bay]] and other smaller islands in the north were surveyed comprehensively. Also survey data was collected for [[aquaculture]] site off [[Anse La Raie]] and deep sea transacts for scientific research at request of [[Mauritius Oceanography Institute]]. The survey is also expected to help in [[Deep Ocean Water]] Application Projects done on request of [[Continental Shelf Department]] of [[Prime Minister]]'s Office.<ref>{{Cite web|title=INS Darshak Completes Hydrographic Survey in Mauritius|url=http://chinditsdefence.blogspot.in/2017/01/ins-darshak-completes-hydrographic.html|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305034917/http://chinditsdefence.blogspot.in/2017/01/ins-darshak-completes-hydrographic.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Earlier in 2015, INS ''Darshak'' conducted hydrographic survey in [[Seychelles]] for a period of 1 month concentrating off the coast of [[Victoria, Seychelles|Port Victoria]] and in nearby areas covering the north east of the [[island]] of [[Mahé, Seychelles]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian naval ship 'INS Darshak' on one-month mission to gather hydrographic data in Seychelles|url= http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/4022/Indian+naval+ship+'INS+Darshak'+on+one-month+mission+to+gather+hydrographic+data+in+Seychelles#sthash.1aivq2id.dpuf}}</ref> On 3 March 2017 the ship was deployed to Sri Lanka for a two-month-long [[hydrographic survey]] trip in collaboration with [[Sri Lanka Navy]]. During the trip Sri Lanka Navy personnel joined their counterparts on the ship to undertake advanced hydrographic practices. The ship also made port calls to [[Colombo]] and [[Galle]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=INS Darshak, Indian navy Hydrographic Survey ship undertakes survey in Sri Lanka|date=4 March 2017 |url=https://www.yovizag.com/ins-darshak-indian-hydrographic-survey-sri-lanka/}}</ref>

She participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=IFR & MILAN 2026 |url=https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219124733/https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |archive-date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=IFR & MILAN 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|INS Darshak (J21)}}
*[http://www.trankebar.net/info/ship/ship2004.htm Report on archaeological dives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051115104747/http://trankebar.net/info/ship/ship2004.htm |date=15 November 2005 }}
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/39461018.cms INS Darshak to be commissioned on Sunday]

{{Sandhayak-class survey ship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darshak, INS}}
[[Category:1998 ships]]
[[Category:Sandhayak-class survey ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]

Goa (2010 film)

2026-05-03T14:02:08Z

Svetlanakxj:

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{short description|2010 film by Venkat Prabhu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Goa 2010 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Venkat Prabhu]]
| producer = [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]]
| writer = Venkat Prabhu
| starring = [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] [[Vaibhav Reddy]] [[Premji Amaran|Premji]] [[Aravind Akash]] [[Sampath Raj]] [[Piaa Bajpai]] [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] '''Additional score:''' Premji Amaren
| cinematography = [[Sakthi Saravanan]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]] [[N. B. Srikanth]]
| studio = [[Ocher Studios]]
| distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] [[Soundarya Rajinikanth|Ocher Picture Productions]] [[Kalasangham Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|01|29}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}6 crore
| gross = {{INR}}17 crore
}}
'''''Goa''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[sex comedy]] film written and directed by [[Venkat Prabhu]] in his third directorial project. Starring his regular cast consisting of [[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[Vaibhav Reddy]], and [[Premji Amaran|Premji]] along with [[Aravind Akash]], [[Sampath Raj]], [[Piaa Bajpai]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], and the debutant Australian model Melanie Marie in other roles, the film is the first production of [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]]'s Ocher Picture Productions. Actors [[Silambarasan Rajendar]], [[Nayantara]] and [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] make guest appearances in the film, which features music composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], cinematography by [[Sakthi Saravanan]] and editing by [[Praveen K. L.]] and [[N. B. Srikanth]].

The film follows the journey of three young men, Vinayagam, Ramarajan and Saamikannu, who flee from their remote, conservative village to escape their overly strict families and travel to the international tourist-destination [[Goa]], after encountering a friend who had fallen in love with a [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] girl whilst on holiday there. The film explores their time in Goa, the people they meet ranging from [[gay]] hoteliers to suave casino owners, and dwells on the relationships they encounter in the region.

The film, which began pre-production work in August 2008, became highly anticipated before release due to the successes of the director's prior two films ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' and [[Saroja (2008 film)|''Saroja'']]. Filming began in April 2009 and took place in various locations: in the title location of Goa as well as in [[Pannapuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Langkawi]], [[Malaysia]] with the latter being used due to the [[monsoon]] season of Goa, forcing the team to relocate.<ref name="Langkawi">{{Cite web |date=4 July 2009 |title=Venkat Prabhu's Goa goes to Langkawi! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14897847 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260415085646/https://ibb.co/wZ29pSvp |archive-date=15 April 2026 |access-date=4 July 2009 |website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> The film released on 29 January 2010. It was remade in [[Kannada]] [[Goa (2015 film)|under the same title]] in 2015.

== Plot ==
The plot begins in [[Pannaipuram]], a village in [[Theni district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The director [[Venkat Prabhu]] wished to God for the movie to launch. Samikannu ([[Premgi Amaran|Premgi]]), the son of a [[Karaga (festival)|karagattam]] artist named Karagattakkarar ([[Shanmugasundaram]]); Vinayakam ([[Jai (actor)|Jai]]), the son of a military man named Manickam ([[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]]); and Ramarajan ([[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]]), the village [[casanova]] and the son of the local bigwig Nattamai ([[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]) are three rebellious youths who repeatedly attempt to flee their village and see the outside world but are usually caught and punished by the conservative elders. After being punished harshly, they attempt one last escape and succeed. The trio runs away to [[Madurai]], hoping to stay with Vinay's friend Azhagar.

On arriving at Azhagar's place, they find him marrying an American named Angelina Jolie. Azhagar tells them that he had met her in [[Goa]] months ago and they fell in love. He tells the trio that they will spend their honeymoon in London, and after that, he will move to [[London]] as his father-in-law has secured him a nice job there. The three friends are inspired to travel to Goa, meet a foreign woman there, and marry her to escape from their miserable lives in India. The next day, upon finding out that Samikannu had mistakenly brought along a pile of sacred golden jewels from their village temple and the three can never return, they pack their bags and head to Goa.

In Goa, they meet a fellow Tamil named Jack ([[Aravind Akash]]), who provides food and shelter and introduces them to Goa's party culture. Jack also hosts a party, where Ramarajan meets Suhashini ([[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]). Vinay falls in love with Roshini ([[Piaa Bajpai]]), a club singer. Sam attempts to woo an American named Jessica Alba (Melanie Marie), whom he had seen earlier at the wedding in Madurai. The three friends are given a makeover by Jack and Roshini, and they begin a new lifestyle in Goa.

At this point, Daniel ([[Sampath Raj]]), a hotelier and Jack's lover, enters. Danny is attracted by Sam's innocence and begins making affectionate advances toward him; Sam is oblivious. This invokes the jealousy of Jack, who hires ninja-themed henchmen to beat up Sam. In an awkwardly heroic scene, Sam nullifies their attack.

Ram's life takes a turn after he comes across Suhasini Fernando ([[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]). They begin dating, and Ram learns that she is a wealthy entrepreneur who owns a luxury cruise ship named ''Casino Royale''. The two eventually get married, and Ram gifts her the golden jewel from his village, which she locks in a secret room aboard her yacht. Soon, the trouble starts. Ram learns that Suhasini is slightly [[neurosis|neurotic]]: a fact revealed to him by her former husband Shakthi ([[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]]). The marriage takes a bitter turn, and Ram asks his friends for help. Together, they plan a covert mission and successfully retrieve the jewel.

Vinay and Sam are successful in their romance. The three boys eventually return to Pannaipuram, along with Roshini, Jessica, Danny, and Jack. There, a surprise awaits Ram, in the form of [[Nayantara]]. The epilogue takes place in Goa, showing Suhasini falling in love with Madhan Kumar ([[Silambarasan Rajendar]]). As they hug, Madhan's nose begins to bleed, indicating that Suhasini has become a victim of ''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]''.

The film parodies various themes prevalent in Tamil cinema, as well as many popular Tamil songs. Director Venkat Prabhu makes several cameos throughout the film.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] as Vinayagam Manickam "Vinay"
* [[Vaibhav Reddy]] as Ramarajan Ambalavanar "Ram"
* [[Premji Amaren]] as Samikannu "Sam"
* [[Aravind Akash]] as Jack
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Daniel "Danny"
* [[Piaa Bajpai]] as Roshini
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as Suhasini Fernando
* Melanie Marie as Jessica Alba
* [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Manickam
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Nattamai
* [[Shanmugasundaram]] as Karagattakkarar
* [[Anandaraj]] as Village Rowdy
* Srilekha Rajendran as Ram's mother
* [[Sathyapriya]] as Sam's mother
* [[Ravikanth (Tamil actor)|Ravikanth]] in many characters, such as a lorry driver, a priest at marriage, casino player, newcomer at village, police officer, custom official, sardarji, and a foreigner
* [[Periya Karuppu Thevar]] as Village Elder
* Kottai Perumal as Villager
* [[Kovai Senthil]] as Villager
* [[Sangeeta Krishnasamy]] as Priya, Jessica's friend (Uncredited role)
{{colend}}
;Guest appearances (in order of appearance)
{{cast listing|
* [[Ajay Raj]] in "Yellalu Thalamuraikku" Song
* [[Silambarasan]] as [[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan/Madhan Kumar]]
* [[Nayantara]] as the New Girl in Village
* [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] as Shakthi Saravanan, Suhansini's ex-husband
* [[Venkat Prabhu]] as Himself
* [[Vasuki Bhaskar]] as Herself
* [[Sakthi Saravanan]] as Himself
* [[Stunt Silva|Silva]] as Himself
* [[T. Siva]] as Casino Player
* [[Bhavatharini]] as Herself
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===

The film was to be produced by the American production company [[Warner Bros.]] in association with [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]]'s production company Ocher Studios. Despite reports in April 2009 that Warner Bros. backed out of the project,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2009 |title=Rajnikant daughter's tie-up with Hollywood studio ends |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Apr/20/rajnikant-daughters-tie-up-with-hollywood-studio-ends-42576.html |access-date=30 January 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130153916/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Apr/20/rajnikant-daughters-tie-up-with-hollywood-studio-ends-42576.html|archive-date=30 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> in May 2009, Soundarya denied such reports, disclosing that "any rumor that suggests otherwise is simply not true", that Warner Bros. and Ocher Studios have "established a very successful relationship" and that they are still a part of the ''Goa'' project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2009 |title=Soundarya denies break-up with Warner Bros |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14887373 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715213604/http://www.sify.com/movies/soundarya-denies-break-up-with-warner-bros-news-tamil-kkfrXHhagdf.html |archive-date=15 July 2012 |access-date=12 May 2009 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> According to the director [[Venkat Prabhu]], ''Goa'' would be in the same genre like the American films ''[[American Pie (film)|American Pie]]'' and ''[[Road Trip (2000 film)|Road Trip]]''.<ref name=":0" />

=== Casting ===

At a press conference in December 2008, Venkat revealed that there would be three lead female roles in the film, one of which would be a non-Indian, "white girl", playing a foreigner in Goa whilst declaring his interest in signing [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] actress [[Jessica Alba]] with [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] and [[Genelia D'Souza]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2008 |title=Jessica in Goa? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/Dec/27/jessica-in-goa-13785.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131084939/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/Dec/27/jessica-in-goa-13785.html |archive-date=31 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2008 |title=Jessica Alba in Venkat Prabu's Goa? |url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14825078 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105062851/http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14825078 |archive-date=5 January 2009 |access-date=22 April 2009 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Alba ultimately did not sign the project. Kartik Gangadharan, [[chief marketing officer]] of Ocher Studios, said the reason for Alba's drop out was not the money, which "was not an issue" and "could have been negotiated", but her unavailability and the impossibility of reworking the schedules "around her dates".<ref name="Jessica won't play Scarlett">{{Cite web |date=28 January 2009 |title=Jessica won't play Scarlett |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=31&task=view&id=26529&sectionid=67&Itemid=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904054748/https://www.indiatoday.in/ |archive-date=4 September 2024 |access-date=6 September 2009 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Since Alba's departure, unsuccessful talks were held with [[Amanda Seyfried]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2009 |title=Mamma Mia Amanda in Goa? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Jan/29/mamma-mia-amanda-in-goa-21761.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131082314/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Jan/29/mamma-mia-amanda-in-goa-21761.html |archive-date=31 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> before the role was eventually handed to popular American television actress and model Julie Fine.<ref name="American beauty">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=20 April 2009 |title=American beauty |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/04/20/stories/2009042050060100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427062314/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/04/20/stories/2009042050060100.htm |archive-date=27 April 2009 |access-date=23 April 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2009 |title=The new Goa girl |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Apr/13/the-new-goa-girl-40544.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260312074235/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Apr/13/the-new-goa-girl-40544.html |archive-date=12 March 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> However Fine, too, was no longer part of the project, as she was surreptitiously replaced by a Swedish actress and model, Nouva Monika Wahlgren, who predominantly works in India, having earlier acted in several Indian films, including ''Fun Aur Masti'' and ''[[The Other End of the Line]]''. She also appeared in Indian advertisements and who was finally said to be confirmed to play the foreign character. Before Wahlgren was hired, it was reported that an Australian actress, Melanie Marie Jobstreibitzer, was approached and confirmed for the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2012 |title=Melanie's 'GOA' trip |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Jan/28/melanies-goa-trip-164918.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131090211/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Jan/28/melanies-goa-trip-164918.html |archive-date=31 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Eventually, it turned out, that indeed Melanie Marie was chosen for the role. Early rumours suggested, that the foreign girl would play the murdered Scarlett Keeling, which were later revealed to be fictitious,<ref name="Jessica won't play Scarlett" /> with the character actually portraying Premji's pair.<ref name="American beauty" />

Regarding the other two lead female roles, it turned out that discussions with [[Genelia D'Souza]] proved to be unsuccessful, with the actress citing she had no available dates until June 2009, having already signed up for a couple of Hindi films,{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} whereas talks with [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] resulted in success as the actress signed on to be a part of the film in late January 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2009 |title=Sneha in Goa |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=497 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426023349/http://www.ayngaran.com/newsdetails.php?newsid=497 |archive-date=26 April 2009 |access-date=25 April 2009 |website=[[Ayngaran International]]}}</ref> The role initially offered to Genelia was subsequently taken over by [[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]].<ref name=":1" /> According to reports, Pooja was signed after [[Preetika Rao]], sister of Hindi film actress [[Amrita Rao]], who was supposed to do the role, backed out at last-minute for reasons unknown.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=21 May 2009 |title=Pooja's Goa bound |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Poojas-Goa-bound/articleshow/4555753.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811063822/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-21/news-interviews/28179719_1_pooja-image-makeover-chikku-bukku |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=24 May 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In June 2009, however, [[Piaa Bajpai]], who had acted in films like ''[[Poi Solla Porom]]'' and ''[[Aegan]]'' earlier, joined the crew, and was said to have replaced Pooja again, who was apparently busy completing her Sinhalese projects. Bajpai plays the love interest of Jai.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=25 June 2009 |title=Piaa joins the Goa gang! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14896195 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628160921/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14896195 |archive-date=28 June 2009 |access-date=25 June 2009 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In November 2009, additionally [[Nayantara]] was hired for a [[cameo appearance]] in the last scene of the film.<ref name="Nayan's new role">{{Cite news |date=8 November 2009 |title=Nayan's new role |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Nayans-new-role/articleshow/5207056.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811063827/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-08/news-interviews/28079720_1_special-appearance-film-new-role |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=8 November 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Nayanthara does a cameo in Goa">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2009 |title=Nayanthara does a cameo in Goa |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14918356 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109102957/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14918356 |archive-date=9 November 2009 |access-date=7 November 2009 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Reports indicated that she shot for the scene, involving herself and the lead cast, for one day without taking any remuneration as she was a "big fan of Venkat Prabhu's movies".<ref name="Nayan's new role" />

The technical crew remained mostly the same as in Venkat Prabhu's earlier ventures. His cousin [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] composes the musical score, whereas his songs featured lyrics provided by veterans [[Vaali (poet)|'Kavignar' Vaali]] and [[Gangai Amaran]]. Sakthi Saravanan, Videsh and Vasuki Bhaskar were signed as the cinematographer, art director and costume designer, respectively, joining Venkat Prabhu for the third time in his third venture. Praveen K. L. and Srikanth N. B. were selected to edit the film, whilst dance moves were choreographed by Kalyan again, who is joined by Ajay Raj and Saravana Rajan. Whilst the former had worked with Venkat Prabhu in his debut venture, ''Chennai 600028'', the latter was part of Prabhu's second film, ''Saroja''. Kalyan was a choreographer in all Venkat Prabhu films.

=== Filming ===
Initially, the film was intended to begin production from January 2009 but was postponed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2008 |title=Goa to commence from January |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/Dec/13/goa-to-commence-from-january-10249.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/v5o24 |archive-date=12 March 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Before the production began, a [[photo shoot]] was held in the "City studio" in the last week of February 2009, featuring [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] and [[Premji Amaran|Premji]]. The shooting was slated to start on 12 March 2009 but had to be postponed, because of a complaint lodged against actor Jai at the [[Tamil Film Producers Council]], who had stated that some of his forthcoming films would flop at the box office. Soundarya reportedly approached the council and requested to lift the ban, explaining the loss due to the ban, after which the ban on Jai was revoked and the filming started.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2009 |title=Soundarya Rajnikanth, Goa and Jai's ban |url=http://chennaionline.com/film/news/Mar09/08Soundarya-Rajnikanth-Goa-and-Jais-ban.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419193104/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/news/Mar09/08Soundarya-Rajnikanth-Goa-and-Jais-ban.aspx |archive-date=19 April 2009 |access-date=25 April 2009 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Some filming was held in [[Theni]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2010 |title=Journey to Goa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Journey-to-Goa/article16840468.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260224081923/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Journey-to-Goa/article16840468.ece |archive-date=24 February 2026 |access-date=24 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> and the eponymous location itself.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2010 |title=Venkat Prabhu's holiday in Goa |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/2010/jan/27/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-venkat-prabhu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260224082649/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/2010/jan/27/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-venkat-prabhu.htm |archive-date=24 February 2026 |access-date=24 February 2026 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Plans to continue filming in Goa were moved to [[Langkawi]], an [[archipelago]] under Malaysian sovereignty, because of the monsoon season that had set in heavy rains, affecting the west coastal area of India. Prabhu chose Langkawi as it has "very similar locations and looks" to Goa and a good climate.<ref name="Langkawi" /> In late 2009, two more songs were filmed in [[Kerala]] and Goa, with which the film's shooting completed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 2009 |title='Goa' team sings for joy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/goa-team-sings-for-joy/articleshow/4976001.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225025908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/goa-team-sings-for-joy/articleshow/4976001.cms |archive-date=25 February 2026 |access-date=24 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Goa (soundtrack)}}

The film score and soundtrack for ''Goa'' are composed by Venkat Prabhu's cousin and regular music composer, [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. The soundtrack was released on 6 January 2010.<ref name="'Rajini launches Goa audio!">{{Cite web |date=7 January 2010 |title=Rajini launches Goa audio! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14925964 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108210519/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14925964 |archive-date=8 January 2010 |access-date=7 January 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Release==
''Goa'' was given an [[A certificate]] by the [[censor board]], reportedly because of its content that "requires a mature audience",<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=25 January 2010 |title=It's Go'A' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Its-GoA/articleshow/5494965.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714155401/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-25/news-interviews/28117037_1_censors-glitz-and-glam-film |archive-date=14 July 2012 |access-date=25 January 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> while also describing it as a "path breaking entertainer which explores human sexuality very beautifully". The film released with over 200 prints in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Venkat's Goa gets 'A' certificate!">{{Cite web |title=Venkat's Goa gets 'A' certificate!|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14928564|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202041415/http://www.sify.com/movies/venkat-s-goa-gets-a-certificate-news-tamil-kkfqXUgdfdi.html|archive-date=2 February 2013|access-date=25 January 2010|website=[[Sify]]|date=23 January 2010}}</ref> The film's release, initially expected to happen in late 2009, got postponed several times. It was released on 29 January 2010 worldwide with ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' and ''[[Jaggubhai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=Will 'Goa' keep its promise |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Jan/26/will-goa-keep-its-promise-164426.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131102620/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Jan/26/will-goa-keep-its-promise-164426.html |archive-date=31 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Venkat Prabhu operates on the belief that having funny people on screen is enough to get laughs. He simply has no story to tell, just some funny village bumpkins on a trip to Goa and their misadventures".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14929420&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202044658/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14929420&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=2 February 2010 |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "Sadly, despite all the hype that ''Goa'' raised, it cannot even pass as one of those flicks that allow you to lean back and enjoy".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=1 February 2010 |title=Gautaman Bhaskaran's Review: Goa |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/gautaman-bhaskaran-s-review-goa/story-CCC2Loe6QqR5dMFEliQE6N.html |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=11 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411140705/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/gautaman-bhaskaran-s-review-goa/story-CCC2Loe6QqR5dMFEliQE6N.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

R. S. Prakash of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "Only if Venkat had worked harder on the script, it would have been a hattrick".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=R. S. |date=30 January 2010 |title=Goa: Not a cool ride |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/goa-not-a-cool-ride/articleshow/21935274.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260131083451/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/rann-the-news-battle-more-pose-than-expose/articleshow/21936260.cms |archive-date=31 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> Y. Sunita Chowdary of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Bereft of any smart lines, the drama stands out visually and for most of its running time it will keep one engaged."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|date=9 July 2011|title=Goa: Men on a mission|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/goa-men-on-a-mission/article2214212.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131081836/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/goa-men-on-a-mission/article2214212.ece|archive-date=31 January 2026|access-date=31 January 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]|language=en}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "Enjoy this holiday for what it is, with no great expectations about a story and ''Goa'' might keep you entertained."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=29 January 2010 |title=Story-less Goa nevertheless entertains |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-movie-review-goa/20100129.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008153207/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-movie-review-goa/20100129.htm |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
.The film was number one at the Chennai box office during its opening week.<ref name="Goa tops the collection list">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2010 |title=Chennai Box Office – January 29 to 31 |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14929920&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203010207/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14929920&cid=13525926 |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=3 February 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" | {{Reference column heading}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| Best Romantic Movie
| ''Goa''
| {{Won}}
| align="centre" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2011 |title=4th Edison Awards 2011 Winners |url=http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-news/6946-4th-edison-awards-2011-winners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521094407/http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/movie/movie-news/6946-4th-edison-awards-2011-winners |archive-date=21 May 2011 |access-date=19 May 2011 |publisher=reviews.in.88db.com}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
|Listeners' Choice Award – Song of the Year
|"[[Idhu Varai]]"
| {{won}} (4th place)
| rowspan="3" align="centre" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2011 |title=Uninor Mirchi Music Awards South 2010 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/uninor-mirchi-music-awards-south-2010/articleshow/9957366.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131095737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/uninor-mirchi-music-awards-south-2010/articleshow/9957366.cms |archive-date=31 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2011 |title=Mirchi's ode to music! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-events/mirchis-ode-to-music/articleshow/10204293.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260131100122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-events/mirchis-ode-to-music/articleshow/10204293.cms |archive-date=31 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Mirchi Music Awards Listener's Choice 2010 |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/tamil/listners_choice2010.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830153808/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/tamil/listners_choice2010.html |archive-date=30 August 2012 |accessdate=13 September 2011 |website=[[Radio Mirchi]]}}</ref>
|-
|Technical – Sound Mixer
|Ramji Soma and Kumaraguruparan – ("[[Idhu Varai]]")
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Upcoming Singer of the Year – Male
|[[Ajesh]] – ("[[Idhu Varai]]")
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Vijay Awards]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Sampath Raj]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" align="centre" |<ref>{{cite news |date=26 June 2011 |title=Legends steal the show at Close Up Vijay Awards |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062660100200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629053628/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/26/stories/2011062660100200.htm |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Andrea Jeremiah]] – ("[[Idhu Varai]]")
|
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]] – ("[[Idhu Varai]]")
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Vijay Music Awards]]
|Best Folk Song of the Year
|"Adida! Nayandiya"
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="5" align="centre" |<ref>{{cite web |date=12 May 2011 |title=Rhythmic ripples of 'Mellisai' mark function |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2009923.ece?homepage=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517090521/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2009923.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=17 May 2011 |accessdate=28 May 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|Popular Melody of the Year
|"[[Idhu Varai]]"
| {{nom}}
|-
|Popular Duet of the Year
|[[Andrea Jeremiah]] and [[Ajesh]] – ("[[Idhu Varai]]")
| {{won}}
|-
|Popular Female Singer of the Year
|[[Andrea Jeremiah]] – ("[[Idhu Varai]]")
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Debut Male Playback Singer – Jury Award
|[[Ajesh]] – ("[[Idhu Varai]]")
| {{nom}}
|}

== Legacy ==
[[Sudhish Kamath]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that both ''Goa'' and ''Tamizh Padam'' (which also released on the same day) provided the essence of how "Tamil cinema learned to laugh at itself. The very concept of matinee idol took a beating and the sacred image of the quintessential Tamil film hero came crashing down." He noted ''Goa''{{'s}} pop culture references were "more celebratory than satirical", while ''Tamizh Padam'' being a full-length spoof film, where "is a no-holds barred review of the eccentricities, clichés and ridiculous conventions of Tamil cinema."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=6 February 2010 |title=Double blast of irreverence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Double-blast-of-irreverence/article11628376.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420033638/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Double-blast-of-irreverence/article11628376.ece |archive-date=20 April 2024 |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en }}</ref> Even during the clash, both the film's crew members, took a dig at each other through their post-release promotional materials.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2020 |title=10 Years of Thamizh Padam: 30 iconic Tamil movie scenes that the hilarious film spoofed |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/Jan/29/10-years-of-thamizh-padam-30-iconic-tamil-movie-scenes-that-the-hilarious-film-spoofed-876.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411140717/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/Jan/29/10-years-of-thamizh-padam-30-iconic-tamil-movie-scenes-that-the-hilarious-film-spoofed-876.html |archive-date=11 April 2025 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Vinay's (Jai) comic sense where he speaks broken English was popular in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2010 |title='We all speak bad English' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2010/May/12/we-all-speak-bad-english-154138.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131131751/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2010/May/12/we-all-speak-bad-english-154138.html |archive-date=31 January 2026 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2Kv8bFP96Q |title=Goa – Back-to-Back Comedy Scenes {{!}} Premji {{!}} Jai {{!}} Vaibhav {{!}} Venkat Prabhu {{!}} Sun NXT |date=15 March 2025 |publisher=[[Sun NXT]] |access-date=31 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315173347/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2Kv8bFP96Q |archive-date=15 March 2025 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Actor [[Ravikanth (actor)|Ravikanth]] was also notable for his role where he played around 12 characters in the film.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zCzn0MT15c |title=12 Characters in Goa Movie – Fun & Jolly Interview with Ravikanth |date=4 February 2020 |publisher=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |access-date=31 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925134346/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zCzn0MT15c |archive-date=25 September 2020 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> ''Goa'' was the first mainstream film in Tamil cinema to feature a same-sex relationship, focused on Jack (Sampath) and Danny (Akash).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=30 January 2020 |title=A rainbow in black and white |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/Jan/30/a-rainbow-in-black-and-white-2096370.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130090521/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/Jan/30/a-rainbow-in-black-and-white-2096370.html |archive-date=30 January 2020 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |author-link=Sowmya Rajendran |date=27 September 2023 |title=Goa to Mark Antony: Queer Representation in Tamil Cinema |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/goa-to-mark-antony-queer-representation-in-tamil-cinema-adhik-ravichandran-vijay-sethupathi-venkat-prabhu-pa-ranjith |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917180204/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/goa-to-mark-antony-queer-representation-in-tamil-cinema-adhik-ravichandran-vijay-sethupathi-venkat-prabhu-pa-ranjith |archive-date=17 September 2025 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> Venkat Prabhu tweeted in his [[Twitter|X]] platform, that Sampath's performance as a gay character never received much accolades, in response to [[Kalidas Jayaram]] winning the [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]] for his performance as a queer character in ''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2021 |title=Venkat Prabhu: Sampath never got recognised for his role in Goa |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/Sep/22/venkat-prabhu-sampath-never-got-recognised-for-his-role-in-goa-26829.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127104519/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/Sep/22/venkat-prabhu-sampath-never-got-recognised-for-his-role-in-goa-26829.html |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Venkat Prabhu}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:2010 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2010s coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:2010s sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Venkat Prabhu]]
[[Category:Films produced by Soundarya Rajinikanth]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films set in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films set in Theni]]
[[Category:Films set on beaches]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Sudhir Tambe

2026-05-03T12:35:08Z

Svetlanakxj:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sudhir Tambe Patil
| image = Dr. Sudhir Tambe.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|01|17}}
| birth_place = Sangamner, Maharashtra, India
| spouse = DurgaTai Tambe
| office1 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = (2009-2010), (2010-2016), (2017
| term_end1 = 2023)
| predecessor1 = [[Pratap Narayanrao Sonawane]]
| constituency1 = Nashik Graduates
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children = [[Satyajeet Tambe]], Dr.Harshal Tambe
}}

'''Sudhir Bhaskarrao Tambe Patil''' is an Indian politician and a former member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] from the Nashik Graduate constituency in [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sudhir Tambe wins polls |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/tambe-wins-grad-constituency-polls/articleshow/57028194.cms}}</ref> He is the Chief trustee of Amrutvahini rural charitable hospital, [[Sangamner]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculty |url=https://medicallearninghub.com/faculty/sudhir-tambe |website=Medical Learning Hub |publisher=Medical Learning Hub}}</ref> He contested and won the Maharashtra Legislative Council elections from Nashik Graduate constituency in 2009, 2010 and 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudhir Tambe wins grad constituency polls |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/tambe-wins-grad-constituency-polls/articleshow/57028194.cms |accessdate=9 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=नाशिक पदवीधर मतदारसंघ निवडणुकीत डॉ. सुधीर तांबेंची हॅटट्रीक |url=https://www.loksatta.com/maharashtra/sudhir-tambe-graduate-constituency-padvidhar-matdarsangh-nashik-victory-congress-1400359/|accessdate=7 February 2017}}</ref> His son [[Satyajeet Tambe]] won from same constituency in 2023 elections.

== Education ==
Sudhir Bhaskarrao Tambe is General Surgeon and Completed his Master of Surgeon from [[B. J. Medical College]] Pune.<ref>{{cite web |title=M.S In 1982 & M.B.B.S B. In 1979 From J. Medical College Pune, Pune Vidyapeeth |url=https://myneta.info/maharashtramlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=74}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sudhir Tambe had represented Nashik Graduate constituency for 3 terms. He won in 2009, 2011 and 2017.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Sudhir Tambe wins Nashik divisional graduates seat of Maharashtra Legislative Council |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-sudhir-tambe-wins-nashik-divisional-graduates-seat-of-maharashtra-legislative-council-1326335/amp|accessdate=22 December 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tambe, Sudhir}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nashik municipal councillors]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]

Kurian Joseph

2026-05-02T05:56:09Z

Svetlanakxj: new basic page more to come

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1953)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox Judge
| image = Justice_Kurian_Joseph.JPG
| name = Kurian Joseph
| native_name =
| image_size =
| term_start = 8 March 2013
| term_end = 29 November 2018
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| nominator = [[Altamas Kabir]]
| appointer = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = Chief Justice of the [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start2 = 8 February 2010
| term_end2 = 7 March 2013
| nominator2 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 = Judge of the [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start3 = 12 July 2000
| term_end3 = 7 February 2010
| nominator3 = [[Adarsh Sein Anand]]
| appointer3 = [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|11|30}}
| birth_place = 
| alma_mater = [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] [[University of Kerala]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| caption = Joseph in 2009
}}

'''Kurian Joseph''' (born 30 November 1953) is a former judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Previously, he has served as chief justice of the [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] and judge of the [[Kerala High Court]].

==Early life==
Kurian Joseph was born on 30 November 1953 in Thannipuzha a village near Angamaly. He was educated at St. Joseph's U.P. School, Chengal, Kalady, St. Sebastian's High School, [[Kanjoor]]. For higher education, he attended [[Bharata Mata College]], [[Thrikkakara]] and Sree Sankara College, both affiliated colleges of [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], and [[Kerala Law Academy]], [[University of Kerala]] in [[Trivandrum]].<ref name="Himachal Pradesh Judicial Academy - patron">{{Cite web |url=http://hpsja.nic.in/patron.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212011950/http://hpsja.nic.in/patron.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Career==
Joseph began his legal career in 1979.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} He was a member of the Academic Council, [[Kerala University]] from 1977 to 1978, General Secretary of Kerala University Union in 1978, Senate member of [[Cochin University]] from 1983 to 1985, member of the Board of Studies, Indian Legal Thought of [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] in 1996, president of Kerala Judicial Academy from 2006 to 2008, chairman of Kerala High Court Legal Services committee from 2006 to 2009 and chairman of Lakshadweep Legal Services Authority in 2008.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} He served as government pleader in 1987 and as additional advocate general from 1994 to 1996. He was designated as senior advocate in 1996.<ref name="Himachal Pradesh Judicial Academy - patron"/><ref name="Justice Kurian Joseph's profile at Kerala HC">{{Cite web |url=http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/kurianj.html |title=Justice Kurian Joseph |access-date=26 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083818/http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/kurianj.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Joseph has also been chairman of the Indian Law Institute Kerala Branch, Chairman of Indian Law Reports (Kerala Series) and executive member of the National University of Advanced Legal Studies.<ref name="Himachal Pradesh Judicial Academy - patron"/><ref name="Justice Kurian Joseph's profile at Kerala HC"/>

In 2000, Kurian Joseph was appointed a judge of the [[Kerala High Court]]. In February 2010, he was elevated as Chief Justice of the [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]. On 8 March 2013, he became a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name="Justice Kurian Joseph to be sworn in on March 8"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://barandbench.com/supreme-court-get-two-more-judges-chief-justices-andhra-pradesh-and-himachal-pradesh-be/|title=SC to get two more judges CJ of Andhra Pradesh & Himachal Pradesh|date=23 February 2013}}</ref>

Joseph believes the judiciary should play a proactive role to meet people's high expectations of the judiciary.<ref name="Justice Kurian Joseph to be sworn in on March 8">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/new-supreme-court-judge-to-be-sworn-in-on-march-8/article4485595.ece|title=New Supreme Court judge to be sworn in on March 8|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 March 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Notable cases==
The bench of Justice [[R. M. Lodha]], Justice [[Madan Lokur]] and Justice Joseph heard the controversial [[Indian coal allocation scam|coal allocation scam case]] and vowed to free the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) from any political and bureaucratic interference.<ref name="Coalgate probe: SC livid, vows to rid CBI of all interference">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Coalgate-probe-SC-livid-vows-to-rid-CBI-of-all-interference/articleshow/19812917.cms?|title=Coalgate probe: SC livid, vows to rid CBI of all interference | India News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 May 2013 }}</ref> A bench of Chief Justice Lodha, Kurian Joseph<ref>{{Citation|last=Manorama News|title=ശബരിമല വിധി ബെഞ്ചിൽ നിന്ന് കുര്യൻ ജോസഫ് ഒഴിവാക്കപ്പെട്ടോ? {{!}} Justice Kurian Joseph {{!}} Nere chovve|date=December 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_-Pw8-P97w|access-date=2018-12-19}}</ref> and R. F. Nariman overruled the Afsal Guru decision on the point of admissibility of electronic evidence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/eevidence-needs-authentication-sc/article6432863.ece|title=e-evidence needs authentication: SC|first=Krishnadas|last=Rajagopal|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 September 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>{{When|date=July 2021}}

On 22 August 2017, Joseph gave a verdict against the controversial [[Triple Talaq]]. In his judgement he said, "I find it extremely difficult to agree with the learned Chief Justice that the practice of triple talaq has to be considered integral to the religious denomination in question and that the same is part of their personal law...."<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 August 2017|title=This Is What Supreme Court Said In Triple Talaq Judgment [Read Judgment]|url=https://www.livelaw.in/supreme-court-said-triple-talaq-judgment-read-judgment/|website=www.livelaw.in}}</ref>

==Post retirement==
Joseph has been appointed the arbitrator on behalf of the government of Kerala in the dispute with [[Adani Group]] over the completion of Vizhinjam Port in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Feb 22 |first1=KP Saikiran / TNN / |title=Vizhinjam port: Govt appoints Kurian Joseph as arbitrator {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/vizhinjam-port-govt-appoints-kurian-joseph-as-arbitrator/articleshow/81140831.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, Kurian}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Advocates general for Indian states]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, alumni]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholics]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]

Mahyco

2026-04-30T20:56:35Z

Svetlanakxj: started a stub

{{Short description|Indian agricultural company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Mahyco Private Limited
| industry = Seeds
| founded = 1964
| founder = [[B.R. Barwale]]
| hq_location = [[Badnapur]]
| hq_location_city = [[Maharashtra]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = International
| website = https://www.mahyco.com/index.html
}}

'''Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Co.''' ('''Mahyco''') is an agricultural company based in [[India]] and a major producer of seeds. As of 2015, the company also operates in [[Vietnam]], [[Indonesia]], [[Philippines]] and [[Bangladesh]], with plans for expansion into [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company to expand in Africa, South East Asia|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-15/news/60137589_1_bt-brinjal-mahyco-maharashtra-hybrid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018215359/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-15/news/60137589_1_bt-brinjal-mahyco-maharashtra-hybrid|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 18, 2015|accessdate=8 June 2016|work=The Economic Times|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|date=15 March 2015}}</ref>
The company produces seeds for cotton, wheat, rice, sorghum, pearl millet, maize oilseeds and vegetables crops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/Mahyco-pins-hopes-on-new-Government-to-speed-up-regulatory-approvals/article20844931.ece|title=Mahyco pins hopes on new Government to speed up regulatory approvals|first=Nalinakanthi|last=V|website=@businessline}}</ref>
Through a joint venture with [[Monsanto]] named Mahyco Monsanto Biotech, Mahyco sublicenses [[Bt cotton]] technology in India.<ref name="vyas">{{cite news|last1=Vyas|first1=Maulik|title=CCI finds Mahyco-Monsanto Biotech practice monopolistic: Orders Investigation|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/chem-/-fertilisers/cci-finds-mahyco-monsanto-biotech-practice-monopolistic-orders-investigation/articleshow/51028233.cms|accessdate=8 June 2016|publisher=Economic Times|date=17 February 2016}}</ref> The Indian government has maintained price controls on Bt cotton seeds since at least 2011.<ref name="kazmin">{{cite news|last1=Kazmin|first1=Amy|title=Monsanto faces growing troubles in India|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7197ffa8-7551-11e5-a95a-27d368e1ddf7.html#axzz4AxpAIGWG|accessdate=8 June 2016|publisher=Financial Times|date=18 October 2015}}</ref>

Mahyco has 21 notified research varieties<ref>[http://archivepharma.financialexpress.com/20110930/research01.shtml]{{dead link|date=April 2021}}</ref> and production of 115
products across 30 crop species.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.agricultureinformation.com/postings/maharashtra-hybrid-seeds/ |title=Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds - AgricultureInformation.com |access-date=2016-08-29 |archive-date=2016-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911141220/http://www.agricultureinformation.com/postings/maharashtra-hybrid-seeds/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mahyco has six research centres in India focusing on molecular breeding, applied genomics, crop transformation, plant virus interaction, [[molecular microbiology]], abiotic stress tolerance and molecular entomology.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/156286/mahyco |title=Mahyco | website=BioSpectrumIndia |access-date=2016-08-29 |archive-date=2016-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911021555/http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/156286/mahyco |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The company has a research and development center at Dawalwadi near [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]] in Maharashtra, with an ongoing hybrid breeding program in over 30 crop species. Apart from the main R&D centre in Jalna, Mahyco has 3 research centres and 18 other location offices distributed across the country with over 150 scientists engaged in the research programs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dealcurry.com/20141125-Mahyco-Buys-Majority-Stake-In-Zimbabwe-s-Seed-Firm-Quton.htm |title=DealCurry.com : Mahyco Buys Majority Stake in Zimbabwe's Seed Firm Quton |access-date=2016-11-11 |archive-date=2016-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112014139/http://www.dealcurry.com/20141125-Mahyco-Buys-Majority-Stake-In-Zimbabwe-s-Seed-Firm-Quton.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2014 Mahyco is present in over 20 countries, with offices in Singapore, Vietnam and recently acquired a controlling stake in Quton, the largest Cotton seeds company in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/mahyco-acquires-60-stake-in-zimbabwean-seed-co-quton-114112400433_1.html|title=Mahyco acquires 60% stake in Zimbabwean seed co Quton|first=B. S.|last=Reporter|date=November 24, 2014|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

==History==

[[B. R. Barwale]] founded the company in 1964.<ref name="Honour for a 'seedsman'">{{cite news|last1=PADMANABHAN|first1=R|title=Honour for a 'seedsman'|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1523/15230900.htm|accessdate=8 June 2016|work=Frontline (India)|publisher=The Hindu|date=7 November 1998}}</ref>

In 2002, Monsanto and Mahyco's joint venture introduced Bt cotton technology to India.<ref name="kazmin" /> The joint venture's later attempt to introduce [[Bt brinjal]] to India was controversial and ultimately unsuccessful.

In 2012, the government of [[Maharashtra]] blocked sale of Mahyco Bt Cotton seed in response to distribution and transparency problems. The company's licence to sell was reinstated in May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahyco allowed to sell Bt cotton seeds|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mahyco-allowed-to-sell-bt-cotton-seeds/article4689665.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=8 June 2016|date=7 May 2013}}</ref>
The first hybrid wheat seed in India "Pratham 7070" was developed by MAHYCO.

==Awards==

2013: The Association of Biotechnology Led Enterprises (ABLE) recognizes Mahyco for outstanding contribution to the Indian agriculture sector<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/185700/mahyco-bags-able-award-contributions-agri-biotech-sector |title=Mahyco bags ABLE award for contributions to the agri-biotech sector | website=BioSpectrumIndia |access-date=2016-11-11 |archive-date=2016-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111195827/http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/185700/mahyco-bags-able-award-contributions-agri-biotech-sector |url-status=dead }}</ref>

1990: Awards from the International Seeds and Science Technology (ISST) and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FICCI)<ref>[https://www.scribd.com/document/123080007/Biotech-News-Dec-2009] http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/185700/mahyco-bags-able-award-contributions-agri-biotech-sector</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Agriculture in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Seed companies]]
[[Category:Agriculture companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1964]]
[[Category:Companies based in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Agriculture companies established in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1964]]

Sudhakar Mangalodayam

2026-04-27T08:08:18Z

Svetlanakxj: created a pg!

{{Short description|Indian writer and screenwriter (1956–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sudhakar Mangalodayam
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = 14 January 1956
| birth_place = [[Velloor]], [[Vaikom]], [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = 17 July 2020
| death_place = [[Velloor]], [[Vaikom]], [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Writer, screenwriter
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre = Fiction, cinema
| subject =
| spouse = Usha (m. 1988)
| children = Sreevidya
| parents = {{ubl|Parameswaran Nair (father)|Janakiamma (mother)}}
| movement =
| notableworks = {{ubl|''Murappennu''|''Nandini Oppol''|''Maunasarovaram''|''Namam Japikkunna Veedu''|''Padasaram''|''Safalam''|''Chitta''|''Thillana''|''Amma''|''Kungumappottu''}}
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Sudhakar P. Nair''' (14 January 1956 – 17 July 2020), popularly known as '''Sudhakar Mangalodayam''', was an Indian writer of Malayalam literature and a story and screenwriter in Malayalam cinema. He was known for his popular novels as well as for the screenplay of ''[[Njan Ekananu]]'', a 1982 Malayalam language film. He was the author of over 50 novels and wrote the story for films such as ''[[Kariyilakkattu Pole]]'', ''[[Nandini Oppol]]'' and ''[[Vasantha Sena (1985 film)|Vasantha Sena]]''.

== Biography ==
Sudhakar Mangalodayam was born Sudhakar P. Nair<ref name="നോവലിസ്‌റ്റ് സുധാകർ മംഗളോദയം അന്തരിച്ചു">{{Cite web |title=നോവലിസ്‌റ്റ് സുധാകർ മംഗളോദയം അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/novelist-sudhakar-mangalodayam-passed-away/articleshow/77021341.cms |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=malayalam.samayam.com |language=ml}}</ref> in [[Velloor]], in [[Vaikom]], in [[Kottayam district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]], to Parameswaran Nair and Janakiamma.<ref name="Sudhakar Mangalodayam no more, his novels cast a spell on women">{{Cite web |title=Sudhakar Mangalodayam no more, his novels cast a spell on women |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/07/18/sudhakar-mangalodayam-novelist-malayalam-no-more.html |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=OnManorama |language=en}}</ref> After schooling at St. Ignatius School, [[Kanjiramattom]], he did his college education at [[NSS College, Ottapalam]] from where he obtained his graduate degree. He started writing during this period, starting with radio plays. Later, he served as an assistant to noted film director, [[P. Chandrakumar]]. Soon, he started writing novels and published them as serials in periodicals,<ref name="Popular fiction writer Sudhakar Mangalodayam passes away">{{Cite web |title=Popular fiction writer Sudhakar Mangalodayam passes away |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/authors/popular-fiction-writer-sudhakar-mangalodayam-passes-away-1.4911850 |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> sometimes writing up to nine novels simultaneously.<ref name="Sudhakar Mangalodayam no more, his novels cast a spell on women" />

Sudhakar Mangalodayam, who followed the literary style popularized by such writers as [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair|MT Vasudevan Nair]],<ref name="Renowned novelist Sudhakar Mangalodayam passes away">{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Renowned novelist Sudhakar Mangalodayam passes away |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=350423&u=renowned-novelist-sudhakar-mangalodayam-passes-away-350423 |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref name="About Author Sudhakar Mangalodayam">{{Cite web |title=About Author Sudhakar Mangalodayam |url=https://keralabookstore.com/about-author/sudhakar-mangalodayam/1174/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=keralabookstore.com |language=ml}}</ref> wrote over 50 novels which include ''Murappennu'', ''Nandini Oppol'', ''Koodappirappu'', ''Maunasarovaram'', ''Namam Japikkunna Veedu'', ''Padasaram'', ''Safalam'', ''Chitta'', ''Thillana'', ''Amma'' and ''Kungumappottu''.<ref name="ജനപ്രിയ നോവലിസ്റ്റ് സുധാകര്‍ മംഗളോദയം അന്തരിച്ചു">{{Cite web |title=ജനപ്രിയ നോവലിസ്റ്റ് സുധാകര്‍ മംഗളോദയം അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/breaking-news/2020/07/17/popular-novelist-sudhakar-mangalodayam-passes-away-17.html |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Manoramanews |language=en}}</ref> His foray into films was with ''[[Njan Ekananu]]'', a 1982 film directed by [[P. Chandrakumar]], for which he wrote the story, screenplay and dialogues.<ref name="Njaan Ekanaanu (1982)">{{Cite web |title=Njaan Ekanaanu (1982) |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1296 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref> Subsequently, he wrote the story for three more films, ''[[Vasantha Sena (1985 film)|Vasantha Sena]]'' (1985),<ref name="Vasanthasena (1985)">{{Cite web |title=Vasanthasena (1985) |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1731 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref> ''[[Kariyilakkattu Pole]]'' (1986)<ref name="Kariyila Kattu Pole">{{Cite web |date=1986-03-21 |title=Kariyila Kattu Pole |website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0248934/ |access-date=2020-09-19}}</ref> and ''[[Nandini Oppol]]'' (1994).<ref name="Nandini Oppol (1994)">{{Cite web |title=Nandini Oppol (1994) |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2783 |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref name="സുധാകർ മംഗളോദയം അന്തരിച്ചു; സാധാരണക്കാരുടെ മനസ്സറിഞ്ഞ എഴുത്തുകാരൻ">{{Cite web |title=സുധാകർ മംഗളോദയം അന്തരിച്ചു; സാധാരണക്കാരുടെ മനസ്സറിഞ്ഞ എഴുത്തുകാരൻ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2020/07/17/novelist-sudhakar-mangalodayam-passed-away.html |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

Sudhakar was married to G. Usha and the couple had a daughter, Sreevidya.<ref name="Sudhakar Mangalodayam no more, his novels cast a spell on women" /> He died on 17 July 2020, at the age of 64,<ref name="ജനപ്രിയനോവലിസ്റ്റ് സുധാകർ മംഗളോദയം അന്തരിച്ചു">{{Cite web |title=ജനപ്രിയനോവലിസ്റ്റ് സുധാകർ മംഗളോദയം അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/novelist-sudhakar-mangalodayam-passed-away-qdm9us |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref> succumbing to age-related illnesses; his wife had predeceased him.<ref name="Novelist Sudhakar Mangalodayam dead">{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2020-07-17 |title=Novelist Sudhakar Mangalodayam dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/popular-novelist-sudhakar-mangalodayam-passes-away/article32117263.ece |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/തലാഖ്/5191/ |title=Thalakh |publisher=CICC Book House |isbn=9789350930014 |page=134 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/കൃഷ്ണതുളസി/9172/ |title=Krishnathulasi |publisher=CICC Book House |isbn=9789350930205 |page=212 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/വേനല്‍വീട്/9177// |title=Venalveedu |publisher=CICC Book House |isbn=9789350930212 |page=276 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/ഹംസതടാകം/13606/ |title=Hamsathadakam |publisher=CICC Book House |isbn=9789350930472 |page=182 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/ചാമരം/13610/ |title=Chamaram |publisher=CICC Book House |isbn=9788171749553 |page=264 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81-%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0-%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/1977/ |title=Oru Sisira Ravil |publisher=CICC Book House |page=135 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82/1980/ |title=Padaswaram |publisher=CICC Book House |page=100 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D/14679/ |title=Ottakolussu |publisher=CICC Book House |isbn=9789350930595 |page=280 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0/4687/ |title=Pachakuthira |publisher=CICC Book House |isbn=9788171749546 |page=172 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D/4998/ |title=Kavadichinthu |publisher=CICC Book House |page=110 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/5183/ |title=Chuvappu Koodarangal |publisher=CICC Book House |page=160 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%82/5190/ |title=Poomancham |publisher=CICC Book House |isbn=9789350930045 |page=100 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D/1972/ |title=Mudiyettu |publisher=CICC Book House |page=100 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF/1971/ |title=Panchali |publisher=CICC Book House |page=130 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7/1965/ |title=Swantham Radha |publisher=CICC Book House |page=100 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82/1958/ |title=Padavinyasam |publisher=CICC Book House |page=115 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82/1974/ |title=Pranamam |publisher=CICC Book House |page=80 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A-%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0/1976/ |title=Sooryane Snehicha Thamara |publisher=CICC Book House |page=175 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8/1979/ |title=Thillana |publisher=CICC Book House |page=115 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF/1978/ |title=Vasthubhali |publisher=CICC Book House |page=115 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3/1975/ |title=Ottuvala |publisher=CICC Book House |page=135 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url= https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0/1973/|title=Althara |publisher=CICC Book House |page=110 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |title=Oru Poovinte Moham |publisher=CICC Book House|id={{ASIN|8171748449|country=in}} }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |title=Vellithira |publisher=CICC Book House|id={{ASIN|8171749496|country=in}} }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |title=Poomanjam |publisher=CICC Book House|id={{ASIN|9350930048|country=in}} }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://www.amazon.in/Kilivaathil-Sudhakar-Mangalodayam/dp/B007E4WCEW/ref=sr_1_9?dchild=1&qid=1600607045&refinements=p_27%253ASudhakar+Mangalodayam&s=books&sr=1-9 |title=Kilivaathil |date=7 February 2012 |publisher=CICC Book House}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |title=Penmakkal |publisher=CICC Book House|id={{ASIN|9385366211|country=in}} }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://www.paperbackswap.com/Velutta-Cemparatti-Noval-Sudhakar-Mangalodayam/book/8124002533/ |title=Velutta Chemparatti |year=1995 |publisher=Current Books |isbn=8124002533}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://www.indulekha.com/priye-charuseele-novel-sudhakar-mangalodayam?author_id= |title=Priye Charuseele |publisher=Saikatham Books |page=207}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://www.indulekha.com/suvarnayude-bharthavu-novel-sudhakar-mangalodayam?author_id= |title=Suvarnayude Bharthavu |publisher=Saindhava Books |page=279}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://www.indulekha.com/njangal-sukhamayirikkunnu-novel-sudhakar-mangalodayam?author_id= |title=Njangal Sukhamayirikkunnu |publisher=Saindhava Books |page=230}}
{{div col end}}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:75%"
! scope="col" style="width:10%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:25%" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | Screenplay
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | Story
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | Dialogues
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Director
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Njan Ekananu]]'' || Yes || Yes || Yes || [[P. Chandrakumar]]
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Vasantha Sena (1985 film)|Vasantha Sena]]'' || No || Yes || No || [[K. Vijayan]]
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Kariyilakkattu Pole]]'' || No || Yes || No || [[P. Padmarajan]]
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Nandini Oppol]]'' || No || Yes || No || [[Mohan Kupleri]]
|-
|}
1998 കളിയൂഞ്ഞാൽ

== See also ==
* [[Muttathu Varkey]]
* [[Kanam E. J.]]
{{portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |date=2020-07-17 |title=Obituary - എഴുത്തുകാരൻ സുധാകർ മംഗളോദയം അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/obituary-novelist-sudhakar-mangalodayam-passes-away-new-2-ar-260177.html |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=News18 Malayalam}}
* {{Cite web |date=2020-07-17 |title=Fiction writer Sudhakar Mangalodayam passes away |url=http://www.uniindia.com/fiction-writer-sudhakar-mangalodayam-passes-away/south/news/2084313.html |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=UNI India}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm2575123}}
* {{Cite web |title=Sudhakar Mangalodayam on Malayala Chalachithram |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=7994 |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}
* {{Cite web |title=Amma (Chapter 1) |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_LwZKj8VKo |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=Manorama weekly - YouTube video|date=29 July 2020 }}
* {{Cite web |title=Amma (Chapter 2) |last=Mangalodayam |first=Sudhakar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajVJ4-02pSE |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=Manorama weekly - YouTube video|date=5 August 2020 }}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangalodayam, Sudhakar}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Kottayam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Writers from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

Jaher Ayo

2026-04-27T05:05:34Z

Svetlanakxj: new initial details added tags

{{Short description|Deity of the Santal, Bhumij, Ho and Munda tribes}}

{{Infobox deity
| type = Sarnaist
| image =
| caption = Jaher Ayo
| day =
| mantra = Johar Jaher Ayo, Hirla Jaher Ayo ([[Santali language|Santali]])
| affiliation = [[Sarnaism|Sarna Dharam]] [[Sari Dharam]]
| deity_of = God of creation and life
| weapon = Sickle
| symbols =
| children =
| abode = [[Jaherthan]]
| mount =
| festivals = [[Sarhul]], [[Baha parab]], [[Sohrai]], Mage
| other_names = ᱡᱟᱦᱮᱨ ᱟᱭᱳ
| member_of =
| consort = [[Marang Buru]]
}}
{{Sarnaism}}

'''Jaher Ayo''' ([[Santali language|Santali]]:ᱡᱟᱦᱮᱨ ᱟᱭᱳ) or '''Jahera Mai''', is the supreme deity of productivity, prosperity, and the savior of mankind in [[Sarnaism]] and [[Sari Dharam]], followed by the native [[Santal]] tribal people in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]]. She is also the consort of the supreme deity [[Marang Buru]]. Literally, in [[Santali language|Santali]] ''Jaher Ayo'' means ᱡᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱦᱟ (ᱡᱤᱣᱤ) ᱮ-ᱮᱨ ᱤᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱳ / ᱜᱚᱜᱚ (Jang Baha E-erid Ayo), which translates to "The Mother of Life."

== Scriptures==
The details of Jaher Ayo can be found in ''Jomsim binti'',<ref>[https://www.biblio.com/book/jomsim-binti-tudu-kanhai-lal/d/304148351 Jomsim Binti]</ref> ''Karam binti'',<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40458237 Karam Binti]</ref><ref>[https://www.abebooks.com/Karam-Binti-Tudu-Kanhal-Lal-Ashaperej/2453812202/bd Karam Binti]</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2025}} compiled by Dhirendranath Baskey,<ref>[http://libnet.vidyasagar.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=47774 Karam Binti]</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2025}} and ''Kherwal Bonso Dhorom Puthi''.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Santhal]]
[[Category:Indian deities]]
[[Category:Sacred groves]]

Raja Sansi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:43Z

Svetlanakxj: made a stub!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raja Sansi
| map_image = 12-Raja Sansi.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar]]
| reservation = None
| established = 1951
| mla = [[Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:177713}}<ref name="electorate2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=2294&l=En&q=election |title=Voter Turnout Report - General Elections to Punjab Vidhan Sabha, 2022 |publisher=Chief Election Officer, Punjab |access-date=13 March 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 12
}}
'''Raja Sansi Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 12) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency that includes [[Rajasansi]] in [[Amritsar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|accessdate= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archivedate= 23 April 2016}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1977
|rowspan=1|[[Dalip Singh Tapiala]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=1}}
|-
|1980
|rowspan=1|Iqbal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
|1985
|rowspan=1|Shashpal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=1}}
|-
|1992
|rowspan=1|Parminder Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
|1997
| rowspan=2|Vir Singh Lopoke
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2002
|-
|2007
|rowspan=4|[[Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|2012
|-
|2017
|-
|2022
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Raja Sansi<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS1912.htm?ac=12 |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria]]
|votes = {{formatnum:46872}}
|percentage = 35.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Veer Singh Lopoke
|votes = {{formatnum:41398}}
|percentage = 30.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Baldev Singh Meadian
|votes = {{formatnum:37426}}
|percentage = 28.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mukhwinder Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2409}}
|percentage = 1.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Sanyukt Samaj Morcha
|candidate = Satnam Singh Ajnala
|votes = {{formatnum:1527}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:1306}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:5474}}
|percentage = 4.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:133615}}
|percentage = 74.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:178818}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}{{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Raja Sansi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/17|title= Raja Sansi Assembly election result, 2017|accessdate= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria]]
|votes = {{formatnum:59628}}
|percentage = 45.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Vir Singh Lopoke
|votes = {{formatnum:53901}}
|percentage = 40.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Jagjot Singh Dhillon
|votes = {{formatnum:13213}}
|percentage = 10.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Virsa Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1040}}
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aapna Punjab Party
|candidate = Sardool Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:824}}
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lakhbir Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:819}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:917}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:5727}}
|percentage = 4.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:131091}}
|percentage = 79.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:167203}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Raja Sansi<ref name=election2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3455-punjab-2012/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria]]
|votes = {{formatnum:62085}}
|percentage = 48.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Vir Singh Lopoke
|votes = {{formatnum:61001}}
|percentage = 47.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1084}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:127671}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:155672}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Amritsar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.72|74.8|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Amritsar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]

Singai G. Ramachandran

2026-04-12T12:26:06Z

Svetlanakxj: created a entry!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Singai G. Ramachandran
| image = SingaiRamachandran.jpg
| image size =
| caption =
| office = Students' Wing Secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 1blankname = [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|General Secretary]]
| 1namedata = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| term_start = 25 December 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[S. R. Vijayakumar]]
| successor =
| office1 = IT Wing President of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start1 = 27 September 2023
| term_end1 = 25 December 2024
| 1blankname1 = General Secretary
| 1namedata1 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| predecessor1 = ''position established''
| successor1 = Kovai Sathyan
| office2 = IT Wing Secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start2 = November 2017
| term_end2 = 27 September 2023
| 1blankname2 = General Secretary
| 1namedata2 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| predecessor2 = V. V. R. Raj Satyen
| successor2 = V. V. R. Raj Satyen
| term_start3 = 21 March 2016
| term_end3 = 8 February 2017
| 1blankname3 = [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|General Secretary]]
| 1namedata3 = {{ubl|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]|[[V. K. Sasikala]] (acting)|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]}}
| predecessor3 = Aspire K. Swaminathan<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayalalithaa removes Aspire Swaminathan, elevates IIM alumnus as IT wing secretary|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/220316/jayalalithaa-removes-aspire-swaminathan-elevates-iim-alumnus-as-it-wing-secretary.html|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=March 22, 2016|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531140015/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/220316/jayalalithaa-removes-aspire-swaminathan-elevates-iim-alumnus-as-it-wing-secretary.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| successor3 = V. V. R. Raj Satyen
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|12|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = Shruthi Ramachandran
| parents = [[Singai Govindarasu]] (father)
| children = 1 son (Nandhivarman)
| education = B.E., M.B.A.
| alma_mater = [[PSG College of Technology]] [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]
}}
'''Singai Govindarasu Ramachandran''' is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]], affiliated with the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK).<ref name=E>{{cite news |last1=Kamath |first1=Vinay |title=IIM‑A graduate opts out of placements, plunges into politics |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on‑campus/iima‑graduate‑opts‑out‑of‑placements‑plunges‑into‑politics/article7024761.ece |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=23 March 2015 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126224324/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on‑campus/iima‑graduate‑opts‑out‑of‑placements‑plunges‑into‑politics/article7024761.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamath |first1=Vinay |title= Why this IIM‑A graduate is plunging full time into politics |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/why‑this‑iima‑graduate‑is‑plunging‑full‑time‑into‑politics/article7028708.ece |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=10 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210222524/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/why‑this‑iima‑graduate‑is‑plunging‑full‑time‑into‑politics/article7028708.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
In March 2016, the AIADMK general secretary and then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa appointed him as Secretary of the party’s Information Technology Wing.<ref name=B>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa appoints IIM graduate to head party IT team ahead of polls |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa‑appoints‑iim‑graduate‑head‑party‑it‑team‑ahead‑polls‑40616 |publisher=The News Minute |date=22 March 2016 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531132719/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jayalalithaa‑appoints‑iim‑graduate‑head‑party‑it‑team‑ahead‑polls‑40616 |url-status=live}}</ref>
He also served as President of the IT Wing of the party from 2023 to 2024. On 25 December 2024, he was appointed as the AIADMK Student Wing Secretary by the party general secretary Edappadi K. Palaniswami.<ref>{{cite news |title=“Kovai Sathyan to head AIADMK IT wing” |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil‑nadu/kovai‑sathyan‑to‑head‑aiadmk‑it‑wing/article69026486.ece |date=25 December 2024 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

He is the son of [[Singai Govindarasu]], who was an MLA in [[Singanallur Assembly constituency|
Singanallur]] from 1991 to 1996.<ref name=B/>
He did his schooling from [[Perks Matriculation Higher Secondary School]],<ref name=India/> then went on to earn a diploma in [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]] (EEE) at PSG Polytechnic College, and subsequently obtained his Bachelor of Engineering (BE) in [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]] (ECE) from [[PSG College of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2016-03-22 |title=Jaya Appoints IIM Graduate to Lead IT team |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/Mar/22/jaya-appoints-iim-graduate-to-lead-it-team-914580.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He worked for three years at Focus Academy for Career Enhancement before joining the [[IIM Ahmedabad]] to pursue an MBA in 2013.<ref name=A>{{cite news |title=The tech whiz's transition from Amma to Annan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-tech-whiz%E2%80%99s-transition-from-Amma-to-Annan/article17285426.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=February 11, 2017 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021185811/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/The-tech-whiz%E2%80%99s-transition-from-Amma-to-Annan/article17285426.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Preetha |first1=M. Soundariya |title=IIM graduate prefers politics to placement |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/iim-graduate-prefers-politics-to-placement/article7060620.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021185807/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/iim-graduate-prefers-politics-to-placement/article7060620.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Ramachandran was also active in student politics. He participated in the Students Affairs Council (SAC) election at IIM Ahmedabad and was elected as the general secretary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannan |first=S. Mannar |date=2015-03-30 |title=Jaya-inspired IIM Grad Shuns Job to Take Political Plunge |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2015/Mar/30/jaya-inspired-iim-grad-shuns-job-to-take-political-plunge-735410.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="B" />

In an interview with [[Rediff.com]], he said that he joined the party when he was 18.<ref name=C>{{cite news |title=The pulse of Tamil Nadu is with OPS |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/the-pulse-of-tamil-nadu-is-with-ops/20170227.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=February 27, 2017 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531132719/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/the-pulse-of-tamil-nadu-is-with-ops/20170227.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
On 21 March 2016, Ramachandran was appointed as the secretary of the IT wing of [[AIADMK]] by party supremo and Chief Minister, [[Jayalalithaa]].<ref name=India>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa appoints IIM-A alumnus to forefront online campaign for state elections |url=https://www.india.com/education/jayalalithaa-appoints-iim-a-alumnus-to-forefront-online-campaign-for-state-elections-1569323/ |publisher=[[India.com]] |date=March 22, 2016 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531132719/https://www.india.com/education/jayalalithaa-appoints-iim-a-alumnus-to-forefront-online-campaign-for-state-elections-1569323/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He opted out of placements and started working for party.<ref name=E/> He went abroad to get trained for his IT wing activities. He has set up E-Sevai centers free of charge for the public at various places in [[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singhanallur assembly constituency]] of Coimbatore district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=யார் இந்த சிங்கை ராமச்சந்திரன்? கோவை தொகுதியில் அதிமுக வேட்பாளராக அறிவிப்பு! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/coimbatore-news/profile-about-singai-ramachandran-admk-candidate-in-coimbatore/articleshow/108683076.cms |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>

Under his leadership, the IT Wing contributed to the party's victory in the Tamil Nadu Assembly Elections 2016.

After the death of CM [[J.Jayalalithaa]], he was among the first party secretaries to lend support to the [[O. Panneerselvam]] faction.<ref name="C" /><ref name="A" /><ref>{{cite news |title=அதிமுக தகவல் தொழில்நுட்ப பிரிவு ஓ.பி.எஸ்.க்கு ஆதரவு |url=https://patrikai.com/aiadmk-it-wing-functionaries-back-panneerselvam/ |publisher=Patrika |date=February 8, 2017 |language=Tamil |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531132721/https://patrikai.com/aiadmk-it-wing-functionaries-back-panneerselvam/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2017, he was expelled from the party by [[V. K. Sasikala]] for alleged anti-party activities.<ref name=deccanchronicle>{{cite news |title=AIADMK IT wing head sacked |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/090217/aiadmk-it-wing-head-sacked.html |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=February 9, 2017 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531132719/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/090217/aiadmk-it-wing-head-sacked.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, his removal comes after he offered support to [[O Panneerselvam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sasikala sacks AIADMK's IT wing secy Ramachandran for 'anti-party activities' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national-sasikala-sacks-aiadmk-it-wing-secy-ramachandran-for-anti-party-activities-368197 |publisher=[[India TV News]] |date=February 8, 2017 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531132720/https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national-sasikala-sacks-aiadmk-it-wing-secy-ramachandran-for-anti-party-activities-368197 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='I was sacked because I supported O Panneerselvam', says G Ramachandran |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/i-was-sacked-because-i-supported-o-panneerselvam-says-g-ramachandran/542642/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |date=February 8, 2017 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531132719/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/i-was-sacked-because-i-supported-o-panneerselvam-says-g-ramachandran/542642/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=அதிமுக தொலைத்தொடர்புத் துறை செயலாளரை அதிரடியாக நீக்கம் செய்த சசிகலா! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/admk-general-secretary-sasikala-sacked-it-wing-secretary/articleshow/57041044.cms |publisher=Samayam.com |date=February 8, 2017 |language=Tamil |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531134222/https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/admk-general-secretary-sasikala-sacked-it-wing-secretary/articleshow/57041044.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the merger of the two factions, he was re-appointed as the [[AIADMK]] IT Wing State Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Govardan |first1=D. |title=AIADMK's IT Wing in disarray, post EPS & OPS merger |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aiadmks-it-wing-in-disarray-post-eps-ops-merger/articleshow/61635252.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=November 14, 2017 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021191308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aiadmks-it-wing-in-disarray-post-eps-ops-merger/articleshow/61635252.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Website backing OPS gaining support |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20170226/283871572974267 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=February 26, 2017 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531132718/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20170226/283871572974267 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=D Govardan |first1=D |title=AIADMK struggles to resolve power tussle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aiadmk-struggles-to-resolve-power-tussle-in-partys-it-wing/articleshow/65956657.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=September 26, 2018 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928194356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/aiadmk-struggles-to-resolve-power-tussle-in-partys-it-wing/articleshow/65956657.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Positions held ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || November 2017 || September 2023 || Secretary, [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], IT Wing ||
|-
| 02 || March 2016 || February 2017 || Secretary, [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], IT Wing ||
|-
| 03 || March 2014 || April 2015 || General Secretary, Students Affairs Council, [[IIM Ahmedabad]] ||
|-
|}

==Electoral performance ==
===Lok Sabha elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;background:#E5F4EA;text-align:center"
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Elections
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Lok Sabha
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Constituency
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=3 rowspan=2|Political party
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Result
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"rowspan=2|Vote percentage
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=5|Opposition
|-
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Candidate
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"colspan=3|Political party
!style="background-color:#009933;color:white"|Vote percentage
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]||[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]||[[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]||[[AIADMK]]||[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||{{Lost}}||17.23%||[[Ganapathi P. Rajkumar|P. Ganapathy Rajkumar]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|20px]]||{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}||41.39%
|}

== Controversies ==

=== Social Media Manipulation Allegations (2021) ===
The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) alleged that the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) IT Wing, under Ramachandran's leadership, engaged in improper social media practices. The allegations were based on circulated screenshots that purportedly showed instructions for creating multiple social media accounts and using automated tools to amplify content. A DMK spokesperson characterized the alleged activities as violations of information technology laws and electoral conduct regulations. Ramachandran disputed the authenticity of the screenshots, describing them as fabricated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2016-04-17 |title=TN polls: DMK alleges that AIADMK IT wing is manipulating social media trends |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tn-polls-dmk-alleges-aiadmk-it-wing-manipulating-social-media-trends-41762 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

=== MLA Quota Admission Controversy (2024) ===
During the 2024 Coimbatore Lok Sabha election campaign, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) candidate K. Annamalai alleged that Ramachandran obtained his college admission through an "MLA quota" based on paternal influence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-28 |title=Annamalai files papers, shows assets of 1.48 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/annamalai-files-papers-shows-assets-of-1-48-crore/articleshow/108833158.cms |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He responded by demanding an apology, stating that Annamalai's comments were hurtful.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-03-27 |title=Annamalai's comments on dad hurting, he should apologise, says AIADMK candidate |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Mar/27/annamalais-comments-on-dad-hurting-he-should-apologise-says-aiadmk-candidate |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Ramachandran had previously stated in interviews that his father died when he was 11 years old.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govindarasu, Ramachandran}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore district]]

Seven Screen Studio

2026-04-11T05:57:07Z

Svetlanakxj: created a pg

{{short description|Indian film studio}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Seven Screen Studio
| logo = Seven Screen Studio.jpg
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Entertainment]]
| foundation = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| founder = S. S. Lalit Kumar Leena Lalitkumar L. K. Vishnu Kumar
| location_city = [[Chennai]]
| products = [[Films]]
| parent = Kal Flick Private Limited
| website = {{URL|https://7screenstudio.com/}}
}}

'''Seven Screen Studio''' is an Indian film production and distribution company headed by S. S. Lalit Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/jayam-ravi-to-act-two-films-with-seven-screen-studios-lalit-kumar.html|title=jayam ravi to act two films with Seven Screen studios Lalit Kumar|date=4 February 2022|website=Behindwoods|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=23 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223131937/https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/jayam-ravi-to-act-two-films-with-seven-screen-studios-lalit-kumar.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/vijay-sethupathi-nayanthara-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-cast-and-crew-list/lalit-kumar-producer.html|title=Lalit Kumar - Producer | Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal - Official cast and crew list|date=14 February 2020|website=Behindwoods|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=23 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223131937/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/vijay-sethupathi-nayanthara-kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal-cast-and-crew-list/lalit-kumar-producer.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
S. S. Lalit Kumar set up Chennai-based film production house Seven Screen Studio in 2017, before moving on to produce the [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]]-starrer ''[[Asuravadham]]'' (2018) and distribute ''[[96 (film)|96]]'' (2018) across Tamil Nadu. The film's initial projects were released with the name of Lalit's wife, Leela Lalitkumar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/feb/01/its-a-wrap-for-sasikumars-asuravadham-4308.html|title=It's a wrap for Sasikumar's Asuravadham|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=23 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223131937/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/feb/01/its-a-wrap-for-sasikumars-asuravadham-4308.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He subsequently went on to work on higher-profile projects, notably beginning with [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]'s ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021) featuring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Vijay Sethupathi]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-agrees-to-act-in-the-next-film-under-lalit-kumars-production/articleshow/75862419.cms|title=Vijay agrees to act in one of the future films under Lalit Kumar's production?|website=The Times of India|date=21 May 2020|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=23 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223144859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-agrees-to-act-in-the-next-film-under-lalit-kumars-production/articleshow/75862419.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/thalapathy-vijay-master-co-producer-141908529.html|title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'Master' Co-Producer Demands Rs 25 Crore for Leaked Scenes From the Accused - Reports|website=ca.news.yahoo.com|date=20 January 2021|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=23 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223132347/https://ca.news.yahoo.com/thalapathy-vijay-master-co-producer-141908529.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The release of the film was delayed multiple times owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, with Lalit Kumar often making announcements that the studio awaits a theatrical release rather than going to a streaming platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/master-will-directly-come-to-theaters-only-producer-lalit/|title=Master will directly come to theaters only: Producer Lalit|first=Only|last=Kollywood|date=2 May 2020|website=Only Kollywood|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=23 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223131937/https://www.onlykollywood.com/master-will-directly-come-to-theaters-only-producer-lalit/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/lifestyletopnews/2020/11/02/master-release-depends-on-universal-conduciveness-producer-lalit-kumar|title=Master's release depends on universal conduciveness: Producer Lalit Kumar|website=DT next|date=2 November 2020|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=23 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223131936/https://www.dtnext.in/lifestyletopnews/2020/11/02/master-release-depends-on-universal-conduciveness-producer-lalit-kumar|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, the studio has worked on ventures including [[Karthik Subbaraj]]'s ''[[Mahaan (2022 film)|Mahaan]]'' and [[R. Ajay Gnanamuthu]]'s ''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]'', both featuring [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in the lead. It also produced [[Vignesh Shivan]]'s ''[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]'' featuring [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Nayanthara]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/cobra-producer-lalit-kumar-surprises-ajay-gnanamuthu-with-a-special-cake-see-photo/articleshow/78444654.cms|title='Cobra' producer Lalit Kumar surprises Ajay Gnanamuthu with a special cake; see PHOTO|website=The Times of India|date=2 October 2020|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=23 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223134843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/cobra-producer-lalit-kumar-surprises-ajay-gnanamuthu-with-a-special-cake-see-photo/articleshow/78444654.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, it produced and distributed the most-expected action flick [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]], the second collaboration of [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]], the third installment in the [[Lokesh Cinematic Universe]]. The film emerged as the [[List of Tamil films of 2023|highest-grossing Tamil film of 2023]], the [[List of Indian films of 2023|sixth highest-grossing Indian film of 2023]], the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in the overseas markets|highest-grossing Tamil film overseas]] and the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films#Tamil Nadu gross collection|highest-grossing film in Tamil Nadu]].

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year || Film || Director || Cast
! Ref
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Asuravadham]]'' || Maruthupandian
| [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]], [[Nandita Swetha]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Asuravadham Movie Review {3/5}: If the film finally feels a little underwhelming, it is only because the initial portions are terrific |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/asuravadham/movie-review/64784357.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2018-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225030352/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/asuravadham/movie-review/64784357.cms |archive-date=2022-12-25 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021 || ''[[Sarbath]]'' ||Prabhakaran
| [[Kathir (actor)|Kathir]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], Rahasya Gorak
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2021/apr/14/sarbath-movie-review-kathir-soori-shine-in-asimple-no-frillscomfort-film-23914.html|title=Sarbath Movie Review: Kathir, Soori shine in a simple, no-frills comfort film|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=23 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223131934/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2021/apr/14/sarbath-movie-review-kathir-soori-shine-in-asimple-no-frillscomfort-film-23914.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tughlaq Durbar]]'' || Delhi Prasad Deenadayalan
| [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Raashii Khanna]], [[Manjima Mohan]], [[R. Parthiban]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/tughlaq-durbar/ottmoviereview/86064831.cms|title=Tughlaq Durbar Review: Tughlaq Durbar is largely entertaining|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=23 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223144900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/tughlaq-durbar/ottmoviereview/86064831.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022 || ''[[Mahaan (2022 film)|Mahaan]]'' || [[Karthik Subbaraj]]
| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Dhruv Vikram]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/mahaan/ottmoviereview/89110708.cms|title=Mahaan Review: Mahaan is a unique father-son drama|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=24 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224173431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/mahaan/ottmoviereview/89110708.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]'' ||[[Vignesh Shivan]]
| [[Vijay Sethupathi]],[[Nayanthara]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal/movie-review/91139509.cms|title=Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal Review: Vijay Sethupathi, Samantha & Nayanthara's romcom with a dream combo manages to entertain only in parts|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=28 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428160042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaathuvaakula-rendu-kaadhal/movie-review/91139509.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]'' || [[R. Ajay Gnanamuthu]]
| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Srinidhi Shetty]], [[Irfan Pathan]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/cobra/movie-review/93894271.cms|title=Cobra Movie Review: Cobra is overwrought, overlong and over-indulgent|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=23 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223144853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/cobra/movie-review/93894271.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|''Leo'']]||[[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
| [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]], [[Sanjay Dutt]]
|<ref>{{cite web|date=31 January 2023|title=Vijay's 'Thalapathy 67' goes for official announcement production underway|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/vijays-thalapathy-67-goes-for-official-announcement-production-underway/articleshow/97490707.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154022/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/vijays-thalapathy-67-goes-for-official-announcement-production-underway/articleshow/97490707.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Sirai (2025 film)|Sirai]]''
|Suresh Rajakumari
|[[Vikram Prabhu]], LK Akshay Kumar, [[Anishma Anilkumar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |date=2025-10-10 |title=சிறை படத்தின் வெளியீட்டு தேதி அறிவிப்பு! {{!}} Seven Screen Studio {{!}} Vikram Prabhu {{!}} LK Akshay Kumar |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/cinema/tamil-cinema-news/sirai-got-release-date |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=Puthiyathalaimurai |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Love Insurance Kompany]]''
|Vignesh Shivan
|[[Pradeep Ranganathan]], [[Krithi Shetty]], [[S. J. Suryah]]
|<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1735306976249487581 |user=7screenstudio|author=7 Screen Studio |title=Tweet|access-date=2023-12-14 |language=en |url=https://twitter.com/7screenstudio/status/1735306976249487581?t=keyfWXP5YMreCCYXKhOW1Q&s=19 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Hi}}
|Vishnu Edavan
|[[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]], [[Nayanthara]]
|
|-
|}

===As distributor===
*''[[96 (film)|96]]'' (2018)
*''[[Gorilla (film)|Gorilla]]'' (2019)
*''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021)
*''[[Varisu]]'' (2023)
*''[[Vaathi]]'' (2023)
*''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://7screenstudio.com/movies/ Official website]
*{{IMDb name|0705743}}

[[Category:Film production companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2017]]

Paape Maa Jeevanajyothi

2026-04-07T16:31:19Z

Svetlanakxj:

{{Short description|Indian Telugu television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Paape Maa Jeevanajyothi.jpg
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| based_on = [[Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena]]
| writer = '''Dialogues:''' Jajula Nookarajunaidu
| screenplay = K Usharani
| director = V Madhav Vasavi Kanth Venkat
| starring = Pallavi Ramishetty Priyatham Baby Sahasra And after generation jump Hemashree Sidharth R Swamy
Diya Siby Yamini
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 1401+
| producer = S Bharathi S Bharathi Krishna
| cinematography = K Ramana Mohan
| editor = Sandeep B
| camera = Multi-camera
| company = Sandalwood Media
| network = [[Star Maa]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2021|04|26}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Paape Maa Jeevanjyothi'''''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-24 |title='పాపే మా జీవనజ్యోతి' అంటోంది స్టార్ మా |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/paape-maa-jeevana-jyothi-serial-telecast-star-maa-1359073 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref> is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language drama series airing on [[Star Maa]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='స్టార్ మా' వెలిగిస్తున్న 'జీవన జ్యోతి' |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/star-maa-new-serial-paape-maa-jeevanajyothi-1921042510554198 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=andhrajyothy |language=te |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304085812/https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/star-maa-new-serial-paape-maa-jeevanajyothi-1921042510554198 |url-status=dead }}</ref> from Monday to Saturday at 12:00 PM from 26 April 2021. It stars Pallavi Ramishetty, Priyatham and Baby Sahasra in lead roles. After the generation jump it is led by Hemashree and Sidharth R Swamy. It is also available on digital streaming platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The main plot of the series was taken from popular [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language television series ''[[Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena]]'', which aired on [[Star Jalsha]] from 19 October 2009 to 3 August 2014.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-13 |title=Bhutu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/arshiya-mukherjee-to-meghan-chakraborty-most-popular-bengali-child-actors-and-their-iconic-on-screen-characters/photostory/87680917.cms |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
It is the story of a mother, Jyothi (Pallavi Ramishetty) and her daughter, Jeevana (Baby Sahasra).<ref name=":0" /> At the age of 2 years Jeevana was kidnapped by Karpagam (Mahathi) and handed over to Mallika. Mallika (Bhavana Samanthula) raises Jeevana and names her Kutti. After some series of consequences, Mallika dies due to cancer and reveals truth to Kutti about her mother. Kutti decided to reveal truth to Surya (Priyatham) and Jyothi but failed because of Shambu's evil actions. Meanwhile, she made friendship with orphan girl Malli. Kutti hides the truth and introduces Malli as Jyothi and Surya's biological daughter Jeevana. And Mallika is revealed to be Shambu Prasad's illegitimate daughter.

== Cast ==

=== Main ===

* [[Pallavi Ramisetty]] / Jyothi / Unknown as Jyothi – Raghavaiah's daughter; Surya's wife; Kutti and Sreethan's mother; Malli's foster mother; Aditya's mother-in-law.
* Priyatham as Surya Prasad – Gowri and Hymavathi's second son; Vishwa's brother; Jyothi's husband; Kutti and Sreethan's father; Malli's foster father; Aditya's father-in-law..
* Sidharth R Swamy as Suraj
* Hemashree as Jeevana aka Kutti / Anandi – Jyothi and Surya's daughter; Simhadri and Padma's foster daughter; Sreethan's sister; Aditya's wife.
** Sahasra Darpalli as Child Jeevana aka Kutti
** Maira as Baby Jeevana aka Kutti

=== Recurring ===

* [[Preeti Nigam]] as Hymavathi – Gowri Prasad's wife; Surya and Vishwa's mother; Harsha, Kutti and Sreethan's grandmother
* JL Srinivas as Gowri Prasad – Shambu's brother; Hymavathi's husband; Surya and Vishwa's father; Harsha, Kutti and Sreethan's grandfather
* Mahathi as Karpagam aka Kannamma – Shambu's partner; Jeevana's kidnapper
* Lakshmi Raj as Shambu Prasad – Gowri's brother; Indhu's husband; Vamshi and malli's father; Chaitanya's father-in-law (Dead)
* Diya Siby as Yamini Prasad – Gowri and Hymavathi's first daughter-in-law; Harsha's mother
* Bhavana Reddy as Indhumathi aka Indhu – Shambu's wife; Vamsi's mother;Malli's step-mother; Chaitanya's step-mother-in-law
* Bhavana Samanthula as Mallika – Kutti's foster mother in childhood (Dead)
* Hritesh Avasty as Gowri and Hymavathi's eldest son; Surya and Vishwa's brother; Yamini's husband; Harsha's father
* Kushal Naidu as Vishwa Prasad – Gowri and Hymavathi's youngest son; Surya's brother; Priya's husband
* Shilpa Reddy as Priya – Vishwa's wife
* Darshini Delta as Malli – Fake Jeevana; Shambu's daughter; Indu's step-daughter; Vamshi's step-sister; Jyothi and Surya's foster daughter; Sreethan's foster sister; Chaitanya's wife
** Aaradya as Child Malli
* Sreetan as Sreethan Prasad – Jyothi and Surya's son; Jeevana's brother; Malli's foster brother
* Ganesh Reddy as Harsha Prasad – Yamini's son
** Abhiram as Child Harsha Prasad
* Tanav as Vamshi Prasad – Shambu and Indu's son; Malli's step-brother
* Geya Kiran Thangella as Seenu - Jeevana aka kutti's friend
* Meka Ramakrishna as Ragavaiah – Jyothi's father
* Madhu Reddy as Manjari – Kutti's fake mother
* Ajay as Priya's father
* Ayesha as Tulasamma – Gowri Prasad's maid
* Vikram as Karapgam's henchman
* Jabardasth Ashok as Constable
* Jabardasth Ganesh as Constable
* Nandini as Priya's mother
* Unknown as Diwakar
* Sumith as Nishanth

=== Cameo appearances ===

* Mukesh Gowda as Rishi (reprised his role from ''[[Guppedantha Manasu]]'')
* Raksha Gowda as Vasu (reprised her role from ''[[Guppedantha Manasu]]'')
* Arjun Ambati as Aditya (reprised his role from ''[[Devatha - Anubandhala Alayam]])''

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Purple; "| Language
! style="background:Purple; "| Title
! style="background:Purple; "| Original release
! style="background:Purple; "| Network(s)
! style="background:Purple; "| Last aired
! style="background:Purple; "| Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena]]'' মা....তোমায় চারা ঘুম আশেনা
| 19 October 2009
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 3 August 2014
| Original
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Meri Maa (Indian TV series)|Meri Maa]]'' मेरी माँ
| 18 December 2011
| [[Life OK]]
| 22 April 2012
| rowspan="4" | Remake
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Amma'' അമ്മ
| 2 January 2012
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 4 July 2015
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Bommukutty Ammavukku]]'' பொம்முக்குட்டி அம்மாவுக்கு
| 3 February 2020
| [[Star Vijay]]
| 5 December 2020
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Chikoo - Yeh Ishq Nachaye]]'' चिकू - ये इश्क नचाए
| 6 September 2021
| [[StarPlus]]
| 19 March 2022
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/paape-maa-jeevanajyothi/1260060916 Paape Maa Jeevanajyothi] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Star Maa original programming]]

Thendrale Ennai Thodu

2026-04-01T04:59:44Z

Svetlanakxj: created a post!

{{Short description|1985 Indian romantic comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thendrale Ennai Thodu.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[C. V. Sridhar|Sridhar]]
| screenplay = Sridhar [[Chithralaya Gopu]]
| story = Sridhar
| starring = [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] [[Jayashree (Tamil actress)|Jayashree]]
| cinematography = [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Devi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1985|05|31}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thendrale Ennai Thodu''''' (''Oh Breeze, Touch Me'') is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film co-written and directed by [[C. V. Sridhar|Sridhar]]. The film stars [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] and [[Jayashree (Tamil actress)|Jayashree]] (in her first film), with [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] and [[Y. G. Mahendran]] in supporting roles. It was released on 31 May 1985 to critical acclaim, and was a box-office success.

== Plot ==
Malu, an independent young [[Tamil people|Tamil]] graduate in [[Chennai|Madras]] whose car frequently breaks down, discovers that Raghunath (alias Raghu) is a pickpocket. The young man, on the way to an interview, misses his bus. He meets Malu and fixes her car, and she drives him to the interview. Raghu is angry to learn that the position has been filled, but Rajasekhar (one of the interviewers and Malu's father, appreciates his enthusiasm. Raghu is hired and meets his colleagues: Balu (an older, married man) and Ramu (a young, unmarried man).

Both men meet women via Ramaiya, who visits their workplace regularly. Ramu rents a room in Balu's house, and is joined by Raghu as a second tenant. Raghu encounters Malu and tells her the good news about his new job. Eventually, they fall in love. Malu tells Raghu that she is betrothed to Shankar, but eventually tells the truth. Happier than ever, they are part of [[Love's Young Dream|love's young dream]]. Malu tells her father about her decision to marry Raghu. Although he approves of her choice, he cautions her about the difference in their social classes.

Raghu is invited to a party at a luxurious hotel with a restaurant, where Malu arrives with her aunt and uncle. Malu complains about the party, and is concerned about Raghu's presence. To test his honesty, Malu makes a sex-worker appointment with him at the hotel. Raghu goes there with Balu and Ramu, and Malu breaks up with him. He quits his job and returns to [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]], where his mother lives. Ramu fails to convince Malu that Raghu is honest. Balu is promoted and transferred to [[Bangalore]] with his wife, Sundari. He persuades Raghu come with him with a job with Malu's uncle, who came to see him to change his ideas. Malu sees Raghu, and tries vainly to rekindle their romance. Raghu falsely tells Balu that the page is turned between him and Malu; neither one can admit their love. Raghu is popular with the neighboring women, especially Meena (Balu's niece) and Rani, the daughter of a taxi owner. Raghu takes advantage of the love triangle.

== Cast ==

*[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Raghunath (Raghu)
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Balasubramaniam (Balu)
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as the taxi owner
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Ramu
*[[A. R. Srinivasan]] as Rajasekar
*[[Typist Gopu]] as Ramaiah
*[[Jayashree (Tamil actress)|Jayashree]] as Malathi (Malu)
*[[Gandhimathi]] as Sundari

== Production ==
Gaurishankar, who owned the Devi Theatre in Madras, formed the Devi Films production company and approached Sridhar to do a romantic comedy similar to ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' (1964).<ref>{{Cite web |last=நரசிம்மன் |first=டி. ஏ. |date=21 December 2018 |title=சி(ரி)த்ராலயா 46: கமலின் விருதும் ரஜினியின் அன்பும் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/149804-46-6.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202105624/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/149804-46-6.html |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Sridhar and Gopu discussed the script which became ''Thendrale Ennai Thodu'' at the [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] statue in [[Marina Beach]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=நரசிம்மன் |first=டி. ஏ. |date=28 December 2018 |title=சி(ரி)த்ராலயா 47: எழுத்துக்கு முதுமை இல்லை! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/149713-47.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202105624/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/149713-47.html |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=1 February 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was announced in 1984 as ''Thendrale Ennai Thottu Vidu'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 1984 |title=தென்றலே என்னை தொட்டு விடு |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_29/4.jp2/full/1000,1375/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626013053/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_29/4.jp2/full/1000,1375/0/default.jpg |archive-date=26 June 2025 |access-date=26 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> and was Jayashree's film debut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2008 |title=Actress Jaishree is back! |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article15144.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304145652/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article15144.ece |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=28 February 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A fight scene was filmed at Saradha Studios.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 1985 |title=மோகனின் சூராதித்தனம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_132/4.jp2/full/1000,1360/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250630042156/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_132/4.jp2/full/1000,1360/0/default.jpg |archive-date=30 June 2025 |access-date=30 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thendrale Ennai Thodu Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/thendrale-ennai-thodu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119102309/https://mossymart.com/product/thendrale-ennai-thodu-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thendrale Ennai Thodu (1985) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/thendrale-ennai-thodu-songs-T0000171 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605221920/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/thendrale-ennai-thodu-songs-T0000171 |archive-date=5 June 2025 |access-date=2 February 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref> "Kanmani Nee Vara Kaathirunthen" is set to the [[Carnatic raga]] [[Malayamarutam]];<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2013 |title=Morning ragas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/morning-ragas/article4791531.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203045829/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/morning-ragas/article4791531.ece |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=136}} "Kavithai Paadu" is set to [[Madhyamavati]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2013 |title=The power of three |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-power-of-three/article5075368.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203053036/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-power-of-three/article5075368.ece |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=138}} "Pudhiya Poovithu Poothathu" is set to [[Suddha Dhanyasi]],{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=155}} and "Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum" is set to [[Hamsanadam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=1 February 2013 |title=Call of the swan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/call-of-the-swan/article4368746.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326053448/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/call-of-the-swan/article4368746.ece |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=19 November 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=161}} Fifteen mandolins and four guitars were used to record "Pudhiya Poovithu Poothathu"<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2018 |title=இளையராஜா 75 |trans-title=Ilaiyaraaja 75 |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2018/jun/17/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE-75-2940953.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527213916/https://www.dinamani.com/web/20250527213916/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/sunday-kondattam/2018/Jun/16/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE-75-2940953.html |archive-date=27 May 2025 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> in 1984 at Prasad Studios.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 1984 |title=புதிய பூ |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_337/4.jp2/full/1000,1442/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102103403/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_8_337/4.jp2/full/1000,1442/0/default.jpg |archive-date=2 November 2025 |access-date=25 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 04:16
| title2 = Kanmani Nee Vara Kaathirunthen
| extra2 = K. J. Yesudas, [[Uma Ramanan]]
| length2 = 04:27
| lyrics2 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| title3 = Pudhiya Poovithu Poothathu
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], S. Janaki
| length3 = 04:33
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| title4 = Ennanga Maapilla
| lyrics4 = Vaali
| extra4 = S. Janaki
| length4 = 04:03
| title5 = Kavithai Paadu
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 04:23
| lyrics5 = Vaali
| title6 = Emma Anthi Mayakama
| extra6 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| length6 = 03:57
| lyrics6 = Vaali
| total_length = 25:39 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Thendrale Ennai Thodu'' was released on 31 May 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2022 |title=37 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் பிகினி உடையில் ரசிகர்களை திணறடித்த ஜெயஸ்ரீ |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-fans-stunned-after-seeing-jayashree-in-a-bikini-dress-37-years-ago-vin-jbr-752985.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203055305/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-fans-stunned-after-seeing-jayashree-in-a-bikini-dress-37-years-ago-vin-jbr-752985.html |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> A ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' reviewer praised Ilaiyaraaja's music and Ashok Kumar's cinematography, but felt that the film lacked a storyline and asked Sridhar to come up with at least some plot in his next film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=7 July 1985 |title=தென்றலே என்னை தொடு! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1985-07-07/page/n23/mode/2up |access-date=2 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=22 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |language=en |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{C. V. Sridhar}}

[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Navibbaru Namagibbaru

2026-03-30T00:42:01Z

Svetlanakxj: started new details

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language, comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Navibbaru Namagibbaru
| image =
| caption =
| writer = T. N. Narasimhan
| producer = [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]] [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| director = [[M. S. Rajashekar]]
| starring = [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] [[Malashri]] [[Subhashri]]
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = R. Madhusudhan
| editing = T. Shashikumar
| studio = Anjana Enterprises
| distributor = [[Parvathamma Rajkumar|Poornima Enterprises]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|11|10}}
| runtime = 147 mins
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Navibbaru Namagibbaru''''' is a 1993 [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language, [[comedy drama film]] written by T. N. Narasimhan, directed by [[M. S. Rajashekar]] and produced by [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]. It stars [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] in dual roles, along with [[Malashri]] and [[Subhashri]]. [[K. S. Ashwath]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[Dheerendra Gopal]] and [[Doddanna]] play supporting roles. The music is composed by [[Upendra Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/navibbaru-namagibbaru-1993|title=Navibbaru Namagibbaru (1993) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |work=Chiloka}}</ref> The film was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/raghavendra-rajkumar-recuperating-will-resume-movie-shoot-soon-673493|title=Raghavendra Rajkumar Recuperating, Will Resume Movie Shoot Soon|date=22 February 2021|work=[[The Hans India]]|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/raghavendra-rajkumar-shares-poster-of-his-next-titled-operation-u-take-a-look-5932183.html|title=Raghavendra Rajkumar Shares Poster of His Next Titled Operation U, Take A Look|date=11 September 2022|work=[[News18]]|access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] in dual roles
*[[Malashri]]
*[[Subhashri]] (credited as Padmashree)
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
*[[K. S. Ashwath]]
*[[Dheerendra Gopal]]
*[[Doddanna]]
*[[Pandari Bai]]
*Shivakumar
*Lakshmi Bhat
*Ashwath Narayan
*Bheema Rao
*[[Honnavalli Krishna]]
*Nataraj
*[[Vinay Rajkumar|Master Vinay Raghavendra]]
*[[M. S. Umesh]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Navibbaru Namagibbaru
| type = film
| artist = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1993
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 23:46
| label =
| producer = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[Upendra Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/navibbaru-namagibbaru/FA4tdAMCeks|title=Navibbaru Namagibbaru (Songs)|work=JioSaavn |date=23 January 1993 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Andadalli Mindiruva"
|[[Geethapriya]]
|[[Raghavendra Rajkumar]]
|4:54
|-
|2
|"Shringeri Sharadakka"
|[[Hamsalekha]]
|Raghavendra Rajkumar, [[Sangeetha Katti]]
|4:44
|-
|3
|"Ninna Anda Nodidanthe"
|[[Chi. Udayashankar]]
|Raghavendra Rajkumar
|3:34
|-
|4
|"Yavudu Ee Bandha"
|M. N. Vyasa Rao
|Raghavendra Rajkumar, Sangeetha Katti
|3:55
|-
|5
|"Mai Gada Gada Naduguva"
|Sri Ranga
|[[Dr. Rajkumar]]
|4.05
|-
|6
|"Navibbaru Namagibbaru"
|Chi. Udayashankar
|Raghavendra Rajkumar
|4.03
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|navibbaru_namagibbaru}}
*{{IMDb title}}

{{M. S. Rajashekar}}

[[Category:1993 drama films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. S. Rajashekar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Upendra Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

JaiHind TV

2026-03-29T15:45:05Z

Svetlanakxj:

{{short description|Indian Malayalam-language television channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Jaihind TV
| logo = Jaihind TV Logo.jpg
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2007
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2007|08|17|df=yes}}
| owner = Bharat Broadcasting Network Ltd
| key_people = [[Ramesh Chennithala]] {{small|([[Chairman]])}}
| picture_format = [[576i]] [[SDTV]]
| country = [[India]]
| area = India
| sister_channels =
| website = {{URL|http://www.jaihindtv.in}}
}}

'''Jaihind TV''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]] language [[free-to-air]] news and entertainment channel. owned by Bharat Broadcasting Network Limited. it was launched on 17 August 2007, in [[Delhi]] by the [[Indian National Congress]] then President and [[United Progressive Alliance]] Chairperson [[Sonia Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/sonia-gandhi-to-inaugurate-jaihind-tv/articleshow/2276022.cms?from=mdr|title=Sonia Gandhi to inaugurate Jaihind TV|date=12 August 2007|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/congress-backed-jaihind-tv-taken-air-day-three-years-after-airing-adult-movie|title = Congress backed Jaihind TV taken off air for a day, three years after airing adult movie|date = 16 April 2015|access-date = 29 November 2019|archive-date = 19 April 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210419125548/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/congress-backed-jaihind-tv-taken-air-day-three-years-after-airing-adult-movie|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cong-s-jaihind-tv-to-join-kerala-channel-war-107062101001_1.html|title=Cong's Jaihind TV to join Kerala channel war|first=Aasha|last=Khosa|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=21 June 2007|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

This channel is promoted by the Indian National Congress with the support of [[Indian diaspora|non-resident Indians]]. [[Ramesh Chennithala]], is the Chairman of the Channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/200617/plum-post-for-bindu-krishna-irks-congress-a-camp.html|title=Plum post for Bindu Krishna irks Congress 'A' camp|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=20 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2012/may/08/fifth-jaihind-tv-awards-announced-366085.html|title=Fifth Jaihind TV Awards Announced|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://jaihindtv.in/ Official site]
* [https://www.facebook.com/JaihindNewsChannel// Official Facebook]
{{Television news in India}}
{{Malayalam journalism}}

[[Category:Television stations in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television channels]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Kerala]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Nitish Kumar

2026-03-29T09:56:38Z

Svetlanakxj:

{{Short description|22nd Chief Minister of Bihar since 2015}}
{{About|the politician|the cricketer|Nitish Kumar (cricketer)}}
{{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nitish Kumar
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Nitish Kumar addressing at 55th anniversary of Vishwa Shanti Stupa establishment in Rajgir (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kumar in 2024
| nickname = Nitish Babu Sushashan babu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|03|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bakhtiarpur]], [[Bihar]], India
| alma_mater = [[National Institute of Technology, Patna]] ([[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|30px]] [[Janata Dal (United)]] (since 2005)
| 1blankname = Departments<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20251122140334/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-got-what-in-nitish-kumars-new-cabinet-check-full-list-of-bihar-portfolios-101763732410568.html</ref>
| 1namedata = {{collapsible list|General Administration|
Cabinet Secretariat|
Vigilance|
Elections|
Civil Aviation|**Other departments not allocated to any Minister**}}
| otherparty = [[National Democratic Alliance]] (since 2024; 2017–2022; 1999–2013) [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] (2023–2024) [[United Progressive Alliance]] (2022–2023; 2015–2017) [[Samata Party]] (until 2005) [[Janata Dal]] (1989–1994)
| father =
| mother =
| spouse = {{marriage|Manju Sinha|1973|2007|end=died}}
| children = [[Nishant Kumar (politician)|Nishant Kumar]]
| deputy = {{collapsible list|{{ubl|[[Samrat Chaudhary]]|[[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]}}}}
| governor2 = [[V. C. Pande]]
| governor = {{collapsible list|{{ubl|[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]|[[Satya Pal Malik]]|[[Lalji Tandon]]|[[Phagu Chauhan]]|[[Rajendra Arlekar]]|[[Arif Mohammad Khan]]|[[Syed Ata Hasnain]]}}}}
| governor1 = {{collapsible list|{{ubl|[[Buta Singh]]|[[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]]|[[R. S. Gavai]]|[[R. L. Bhatia]]|[[Devanand Konwar]]|[[D. Y. Patil]]}}}}
| office = Chief Minister of Bihar
| status = Outgoing
| order = 22nd
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Nitish Kumar ministry|Nitish Kumar X]]
| term_start = 22 February 2015
| term_end = 
| predecessor = [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]
| successor =
| termstart1 = 24 November 2005
| termend1 = 20 May 2014
| predecessor1 = [[President's rule]]
| successor1 = Jitan Ram Manjhi
| deputy1 = [[Sushil Kumar Modi]] (''until 2013'')
| termstart2 = 3 March 2000
| termend2 = 10 March 2000
| predecessor2 = [[Rabri Devi]]
| successor2 = Rabri Devi
| office3 = 27th [[Minister of Railways (India)|Union Minister of Railways]]
| term_start3 = 20 March 2001
| term_end3 = 21 May 2004
| president3 = {{ubl|[[K. R. Narayanan]]|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]}}
| primeminister3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| predecessor3 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| successor3 = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
| term_start4 = 19 March 1998
| term_end4 = 5 August 1999
| president4 = K. R. Narayanan
| primeminister4 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| predecessor4 = [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| successor4 = Mamata Banerjee
| office5 = 24th [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Union Minister of Agriculture]]
| term_start5 = 27 May 2000
| term_end5 = 21 July 2001
| president5 = K. R. Narayanan
| primeminister5 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| predecessor5 = [[Sunder Lal Patwa]]
| successor5 = [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
| term_start6 = 22 November 1999
| term_end6 = 3 March 2000
| president6 = K. R. Narayanan
| primeminister6 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| predecessor6 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| successor6 = [[Sunder Lal Patwa]]
| office7 = 11th [[Ministry of Surface Transport (India)|Union Minister of Surface Transport]]
| term_start7 = 13 October 1999
| term_end7 = 22 November 1999
| president7 = K. R. Narayanan
| primeminister7 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| predecessor7 = [[M. Thambidurai]]
| successor7 = [[Jaswant Singh]]
| term_start8 = 14 April 1998
| term_end8 = 5 August 1999
| president8 = K. R. Narayanan
| primeminister8 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| predecessor8 = Jaswant Singh
| successor8 = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| office9 = 24th [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Union Minister of State for Agriculture]]
| minister9 = [[Devi Lal]] [[V. P. Singh]]
| term_start9 = 23 April 1990
| term_end9 = 10 November 1990
| predecessor9 = [[Janardhana Poojary]]
| successor9 = [[Upendra Nath Verma]]
| office10 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| status10 = Designate
| term_start10 = 10 April 2026
| succeeding10 = [[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]
| constituency10 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]
| website =
| signature = Signature of Nitish Kumar.svg
| source = https://cm.bihar.gov.in/users/cmprofile.aspx
| suboffice11 = {{Collapsed infobox section begin
| last = Yes
| Parliamentary offices
| titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|embed=yes
| office6 = [[Member of Legislative Council|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start6 = 7 May 2006
| term_end6 = 
| constituency6 = ''Elected by the MLAs''
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| office7 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start7 = 13 May 2004
| term_end7 = 25 November 2005
| constituency7 = [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda, Bihar]]
| predecessor7 = [[George Fernandes]]
| successor7 = [[Ram Swaroop Prasad]]
| term_start8 = 28 November 1989
| term_end8 = 21 May 2004
| constituency8 = [[Barh Lok Sabha constituency|Barh, Bihar]]
| predecessor8 = [[Prakash Chandra Yadav]]
| successor8 = [[Vijay Krishna (politician)|Vijay Krishna]]
| office11 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start11 = 1995
| term_end11 = 1996
| predecessor11 = [[Braj Nandan Yadav]]
| successor11 = Arun Kumar Singh
| constituency11 = [[Harnaut Assembly constituency|Harnaut]]
| term_start12 = 1985
| term_end12 = 1990
| predecessor12 = Arun Kumar Singh
| successor12 = [[Braj Nandan Yadav]]
| constituency12 =[[Harnaut Assembly constituency|Harnaut]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}}}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin
| last = Yes
| Party political offices
| titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|embed=yes
| office13 = [[President (corporate title)|National President]] of [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| term_start13 = 29 December 2023
| term_end13 =
| predecessor13 = [[Lalan Singh]]
| successor13 =
| office14 =
| term_start14 = 10 April 2016
| term_end14 = 27 December 2020
| predecessor14 = [[Sharad Yadav]]
| successor14 = [[Ramchandra Prasad Singh|RCP Singh]]{{Collapsed infobox section end}}}}
}}

'''Nitish Kumar''' (born 1 March 1951) is an Indian politician who is currently serving as the [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]] since 2015, having previously held the office from 2005 to 2014 and briefly in 2000. The national president of the [[Janata Dal (United)]], he is Bihar's longest-serving chief minister, holding the post for 10 terms.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/india/nitish-kumar-is-not-the-longest-serving-cm-heres-top-10-longest-serving-cms-in-india-ws-l-9721057.html|title= Nitish Kumar Is Not The Longest Serving CM: Here’s Top 10 Longest Serving CMs In India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/nitish-kumar-sworn-in-as-cm-for-sixth-time-a-look-at-the-life-of-the-chanakya-of-bihar-politics-3861789.html |title=Nitish Kumar sworn-in as CM for sixth time: A look at the life of the 'Chanakya of Bihar politics' |work=Firstpost |date=27 July 2017 |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216003725/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/nitish-kumar-sworn-in-as-cm-for-sixth-time-a-look-at-the-life-of-the-chanakya-of-bihar-politics-3861789.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kumar first entered politics as a member of the [[Janata Dal]], becoming an MLA in 1985. A socialist, Kumar founded the [[Samata Party]] in 1994 along with [[George Fernandes]]. In 1996, he was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], and served as a Union Minister in the government of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], with his party joining the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA). In 2003, his party merged into the Janata Dal (United), and Kumar became its leader. In [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]], the NDA won a majority in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]], and Kumar became chief minister heading a coalition with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).

In the [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010 state election]], the governing coalition won re-election in a [[landslide victory|landslide]]. In June 2013, Kumar broke with the BJP after [[Narendra Modi]] was named as their candidate for prime minister, and formed the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]], a coalition with the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD) and [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and joined in [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA). On 17 May 2014, Kumar resigned as chief minister after the party suffered severe losses in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]], and was replaced by [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]. However, he attempted to return as chief minister in February 2015, sparking a [[2015 Bihar political crisis|political crisis]] that eventually saw Manjhi resign and Kumar become chief minister again. Later that year, the Mahagathbandhan won a large majority in the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|state election]]. In 2017, Kumar broke with the RJD over corruption allegations and returned to the NDA, leading another coalition with the BJP; at the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020 state election]] his government was narrowly reelected. In August 2022, Kumar left the NDA, rejoining the Mahagathbandhan; he would also become a founding member of the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]].<ref name="quiting-nda-2022">{{cite news |title=Nitish Kumar rejoins Grand Alliance in Bihar after quitting NDA for the second time |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1030117/nitish-kumar-rejoins-grand-alliance-in-bihar-after-quitting-nda-for-the-second-time |access-date=9 August 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820130149/https://scroll.in/latest/1030117/nitish-kumar-rejoins-grand-alliance-in-bihar-after-quitting-nda-for-the-second-time |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nitish Kumar hits reset, reunites with RJD; oath today {{!}} Top Points |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-political-crisis-nitish-kumar-dumps-bjp-reunited-rjd-tejashwi-yadav-grand-alliance-government-1985934-2022-08-09 |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=India Today |date=9 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007074621/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-political-crisis-nitish-kumar-dumps-bjp-reunited-rjd-tejashwi-yadav-grand-alliance-government-1985934-2022-08-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2024, Kumar again left the Mahagathbandhan and rejoined the NDA, with the government winning the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025 state election]] in a landslide.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nitish-kumar-takes-oath-as-cm-for-9th-time-twice-in-two-years-101706441309154.html | title=Nitish Kumar takes oath as Bihar CM for 9th time; Samrat Chaudhury, Vijay Kumar Sinha to be deputy CMS | date=28 January 2024 }}</ref> In March 2026, Kumar announced his pending resignation as chief minister and intention to contest the [[2026 Rajya Sabha elections]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Nitish to take oath at Gandhi Maidan on Thursday, Arif Mohammad eighth Governor to swear him in | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/nitish-to-take-oath-at-gandhi-maidan-again-arif-mohammad-eighth-governor-to-swear-him-in-101763444433489-amp.html }}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Nitish Kumar paying tribute to Manju Sinha.jpg|thumb|Nitish Kumar paying tribute to his wife Manju Sinha through her statue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/main/cache/1/Smart%20City/Heartfelt%20tribute%20paid%20to%20late%20Manju%20Sinha%20on%20her%20birth%20anniversary/2.jpg|title=Nitish Kumar paying tribute to Manju Sinha|website=Government of Bihar|accessdate=1 April 2023|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401171608/https://state.bihar.gov.in/main/cache/1/Smart%20City/Heartfelt%20tribute%20paid%20to%20late%20Manju%20Sinha%20on%20her%20birth%20anniversary/2.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Kumar was born on 1 March 1951 in [[Bakhtiarpur]], Bihar, to his mother Parmeshwari Devi and his father Kaviraj Ram Lakhan Singh, an [[Ayurveda|ayurvedic practitioner]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/nitish-kumar-1605036925-1|title=Biography of Nitish Kumar|website=jagranjosh|accessdate=5 July 2022|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191131/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/nitish-kumar-1605036925-1|url-status=live}}</ref> Nitish belongs to [[Kurmi]] agricultural caste.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Sanjay|title=Post mandal politics in Bihar:Changing electoral patterns|publisher=SAGE publication|isbn=978-93-528-0585-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zhODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|date=5 June 2018|access-date=16 September 2020|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191705/https://books.google.com/books?id=2zhODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bio">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-to-attend-nit-p-alumni-meet-on-feb-3/articleshow/67678893.cms |title=Chief Minister of Bihar |newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 January 2019 |publisher=Government of Bihar |access-date=29 January 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331192319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-to-attend-nit-p-alumni-meet-on-feb-3/articleshow/67678893.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> His nickname is 'Munna'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/happy-birthday-nitish-kumar-10-interesting-facts-about-bihar-chief-minister-1818587|title=Nitish Kumar's Nickname Is 'Munna': 10 Facts About Bihar Chief Minister On His Birthday|access-date=4 September 2022|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904091546/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/happy-birthday-nitish-kumar-10-interesting-facts-about-bihar-chief-minister-1818587|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/munna-se-nitish-in-poll-bound-bihar-a-comic-starring-the-chief-minister-774570|title='Munna Se Nitish': In Poll-Bound Bihar, a Comic Starring the Chief Minister|access-date=4 September 2022|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904091552/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/munna-se-nitish-in-poll-bound-bihar-a-comic-starring-the-chief-minister-774570|url-status=live}}</ref> His native village is Kalyan Bigha, situated in the [[Nalanda district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Utsav |date=14 May 2019 |title='Generous' Nitish turns his native Kalyan Bigha into a model village |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/generous-nitish-turns-his-native-kalyan-bigha-into-a-model-village/articleshow/69313834.cms |access-date=15 April 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

He has earned a degree in Electrical Engineering<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nitish Kumar|newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 January 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-to-attend-nit-p-alumni-meet-on-feb-3/articleshow/67678893.cms|access-date=31 March 2022|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331192319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-to-attend-nit-p-alumni-meet-on-feb-3/articleshow/67678893.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> from Bihar College of Engineering (now [[NIT Patna]]) in 1972.<ref name="ht20150818"/> He joined the [[Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited|Bihar State Electricity Board]], half-heartedly, and later moved into politics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/the-many-sides-of-sushasan-babu-1134772.html|title=The many sides of 'sushasan babu'|website=Deccan Herald|accessdate=16 April 2023|archive-date=10 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810024915/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/the-many-sides-of-sushasan-babu-1134772.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/I-dream-of-the-old-glory-days-of-Bihar/articleshow/11323112.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=I dream of the old glory days of Bihar | date=1 January 2012 | access-date=21 October 2018 | archive-date=15 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415131521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/I-dream-of-the-old-glory-days-of-Bihar/articleshow/11323112.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> He married Manju Kumari Sinha (1955–2007) on 22 February 1973 and the couple has one son, named [[Nishant Kumar (politician)|Nishant]].<ref name="bio"/> Manju Sinha died in New Delhi on 14 May 2007 due to [[pneumonia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2007 |title=Nitish Kumar's wife passes away in Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nitish-kumar-s-wife-passes-away-in-delhi/story-W6jz9FvoNtuKkb772mo5zH.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=4 October 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007170437/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nitish-kumar-s-wife-passes-away-in-delhi/story-W6jz9FvoNtuKkb772mo5zH.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early political career==
Kumar belongs to a [[socialist]] class of politicians. During his early years as a politician, he was associated with [[Ram Manohar Lohia]], [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha|S. N. Sinha]], [[Karpuri Thakur]], and [[V. P. Singh]].<ref name="ht20150818">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-elections-the-leaders-who-matter-the-most/article1-1378907.aspx|title=Bihar leader-Mr. Nitish Kumar|work=Hindustan Times|date=18 August 2015|access-date=18 August 2015|archive-date=17 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817201004/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-elections-the-leaders-who-matter-the-most/article1-1378907.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://polityindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=192:a-politician-other-politicians-should-emulate-&catid=13:article&Itemid=61|title=A Politician other Politicians should Emulate!|publisher=Polityindia.com|date=18 January 2011|access-date=17 September 2012|archive-date=30 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330154556/http://polityindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=192:a-politician-other-politicians-should-emulate-&catid=13:article&Itemid=61|url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar participated in [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]'s movement between 1974 and 1977<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/current-issues/article25188707.ece|title=Jayaprakash Narayan- His Journey & Movements|website=www.thehinducentre.com|date=11 October 2018 |access-date=12 November 2019|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607121135/https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/current-issues/article25188707.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and joined the Janata party headed by [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha|Satyendra Narain Sinha]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEzIDAAAQBAJ&dq=Nitish+Kumar+joined+Janata+party&pg=PP4 |title=Nitish Kumar |first=A.K |last=Gandhi |date=1 January 2021 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=9788184304718 |access-date=4 August 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806221252/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Nitish_Kumar/MEzIDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Nitish+Kumar+joined+Janata+party&pg=PP4&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> Unlike [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], who is considered as a crowd puller, Kumar is considered as a deft communicator.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/person-of-the-year-10/nitish-kumar-the-super-ceo/20592/1|title=Nitish Kumar: The Super CEO|website=Fobes india|accessdate=27 July 2023}}</ref>

Kumar fought and won his first election to the state assembly from [[Harnaut (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harnaut]] in 1985. In the initial years, Lalu Prasad Yadav was backed by Kumar as leader of the opposition in the Bihar Assembly in the year 1989, but Kumar later switched his loyalty to the BJP in 1996, after winning his first [[Lok Sabha]] seat from [[Barh]].<ref name="TOI"/>

The [[Janata Dal]] had survived splits in the past, when leaders like Kumar and [[George Fernandes]] defected to form the [[Samata Party]] in 1994. Still, it remained a baseless party after the decision of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] to form [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] in 1997. The second split took place before [[Rabri Devi]] assuming power, which resulted in Janata Dal having only two leaders of any consequence in it, namely [[Sharad Yadav]] and [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]. Paswan was regarded as the rising leader of Dalits and had the credit of winning his elections with unprecedented margins. His popularity reached the national level when he was awarded the post of Minister of Railways in the [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] government in 1996 and was subsequently made the leader of Lok Sabha. His outreach was witnessed in the western [[Uttar Pradesh]] too, when his followers organised an impressive rally at the behest of a newly floated organisation called ''Dalit Panthers''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Paranjoy Guha Thakurta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ur6GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA296|title=Divided We Stand: India in a Time of Coalitions|author2=Shankar Raghuraman|publisher=SAGE Publications India|year=2007|isbn=978-8132101642|pages=296–297|access-date=18 December 2020|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806221252/https://books.google.com/books?id=ur6GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA296|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sharad Yadav was also a veteran socialist leader, but without a massive support base. In the 1998 parliamentary elections, the [[Samata Party]] and Janata Dal, which were in a much weaker position after the formation of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]], ended up eating each other's vote base. This made Kumar merge both parties to form the [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=M. Govinda Rao|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_bzCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT170|title=The Making of Miracles in Indian States: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and Gujarat|author2=Arvind Panagariya|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0190236649|page=170|access-date=18 December 2020|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806221252/https://books.google.com/books?id=0_bzCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT170|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[1999 Indian general election|1999 Lok Sabha elections]], Rashtriya Janata Dal received a setback at the hands of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]+[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] combine. The new coalition emerged leading in 199 out of 324 assembly constituencies, and it was widely believed that in the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|forthcoming election to the Bihar state assembly]], the Lalu-Rabri rule would come to an end. The RJD had fought the election in an alliance with the Congress, but the coalition didn't work, making state leadership of Congress believe that the maligned image of Lalu Prasad after his name was drawn in the [[Fodder Scam]] had eroded his support base. Consequently, Congress decided to fight the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000 assembly elections]] alone.<ref name="Sanjay2"/>

The RJD had to be satisfied with the communist parties as coalition partners, but the seat-sharing conundrum in the camp of [[National Democratic Alliance]] made Kumar pull his Samta Party out of the Sharad Yadav and Ram Vilas Paswan faction of the Janata Dal. Differences also arose between the BJP and Kumar as the latter wanted to be projected as the Chief Minister of Bihar, but the former was not in favour. Even Paswan also wanted to be a [[Chief Minister|CM]] face. The Muslims and OBCs were too divided in their opinion. A section of Muslims, which included the poor communities like Pasmanda, were of the view that Yadav only strengthened upper Muslims like Shaikh, Sayyid and Pathans, and they were in search of new options.<ref name="Sanjay2">{{cite book|author=Sanjay Kumar|title=Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns|publisher=SAGE publishing India|year=2018|isbn=978-9352805860|pages=85–86|chapter=Re-emergence of RJD: elections of 2000|access-date=19 December 2020|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806221253/https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85|url-status=live}}</ref>

Yadav also alienated other dominant backward castes like [[Koeri]] and [[Kurmi]] since his projection as the saviour of Muslims. It is argued by Sanjay Kumar that the belief that "the dominant OBCs like the twin caste of Koeri-Kurmi will ask for a share in power if he seeks their support, while the Muslims will remain satisfied with the protection during communal riots only" made Yadav neglect them. Moreover, the divisions in both camps made the political atmosphere in the state a charged one in which many parties were fighting against each other with no visible frontiers. JD(U) and BJP were fighting against each other on some of the seats, and so was the Samta Party. The [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|result]] was a setback for the BJP, which in media campaigns was emerging with a massive victory. RJD emerged as the single largest party and with the political manoeuvring of Lalu Yadav, [[Rabri Devi]] was sworn in as the Chief Minister again.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/rjd-silver-jubilee-high-and-low-points-the-bihar-party-went-through-in-the-last-25-years-9779821.html|website=Firstpost|title=RJD silver jubilee: High and low points the Bihar party went through in last 25 years|date=5 July 2021|access-date=4 September 2022|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904090224/https://www.firstpost.com/india/rjd-silver-jubilee-high-and-low-points-the-bihar-party-went-through-in-the-last-25-years-9779821.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The media largely failed to gauge the ground level polarisation in Bihar.<ref name="Sanjay2" /> According to Sanjay Kumar:
{{Blockquote|There can be no doubt about one thing: the upper-caste media was always anti-Lalu, and it was either not aware of the ground-level polarisation in Bihar, or deliberately ignored it. If the election result did not appear as a setback for RJD, it was largely because of the bleak picture painted by the media. Against this background, RJD's defeat had appeared like a victory.<ref name="Sanjay">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85|title=Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns|chapter=Re-emergence of RJD: elections of 2000|author=Sanjay Kumar|publisher=SAGE publishing India|year=2018|isbn=978-9352805860|pages=85–86|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806221253/https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Even after serving imprisonment in connection with the 1997 scam, Lalu seemed to relish his role as the lower-caste jester. He argued that corruption charges against him and his family were the conspiracy of the upper-caste bureaucracy and media elites threatened by the rise of peasant cultivator castes.

In [[2004 Indian general election|2004 General elections]], Lalu's RJD had outperformed other state-based parties by winning 26 Lok Sabha seats in Bihar. He was awarded the post of [[Minister of Railways (India)|Union Railway minister]] but the rising aspirations of the extremely backward castes unleashed by him resulted in JD(U) and BJP led coalition to defeat his party in [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 Bihar Assembly elections]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book|author=Jason A. Kirk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07ONmXvnb2oC&pg=PA129|title=India and the World Bank: The Politics of Aid and Influence|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0857289513|page=129|access-date=20 December 2020|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806221253/https://books.google.com/books?id=07ONmXvnb2oC&pg=PA129|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Kumar as a Union Minister===
[[File:The Union Minister for Railways Shri Nitish Kumar entering Parliament to present Interim Railway Budget (2004-05) in New Delhi on January 30, 2004.jpg|thumb| [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Union Minister for Railways]] Shri Nitish Kumar entering Parliament to present Interim Railway Budget (2004–05) in New Delhi on 30 January 2004]]
Nitish was briefly the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Union Minister for Railways]] and Minister for Surface Transport and later, the [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Minister for Agriculture]] in 1998–99, in the NDA government of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. In August 1999, he resigned following the [[Gaisal train disaster]], for which he took responsibility as a minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bihar/know-how-many-times-nitish-kumar-resigned-from-govt-in-past-2027323.html|title=Know how many times Nitish Kumar resigned from govt in past|website=Zee News|accessdate=16 July 2022|archive-date=16 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716213142/https://zeenews.india.com/bihar/know-how-many-times-nitish-kumar-resigned-from-govt-in-past-2027323.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in his short stint as Railway Minister, he brought in widespread reforms, such as internet ticket booking facility in 2002,<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/2002/08/04/stories/2002080401231000.htm Railway online booking through credit cards]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/railway-reservation-through-internet/73655 |title=Railway Reservation through internet |access-date=25 April 2017 |archive-date=26 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151416/http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/railway-reservation-through-internet/73655 |url-status=live }}</ref> opening a record number of railway ticket booking counters and introducing the [[tatkal scheme]] for instant booking.

Later that year, he rejoined the Union Cabinet as Minister for Agriculture. From 2001 to May 2004, he was – again – the Union Minister for Railways.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-political-journey-of-nitish-kumar-6th-time-becomes-chief-minister-of-bihar-1204747.html|title=राजनीतिक सफर: बिहार के CM नीतीश कुमार के बारे में जानिए सब कुछ|website=livehindustan.com|date=27 July 2017 |accessdate=17 March 2023|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317050556/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-political-journey-of-nitish-kumar-6th-time-becomes-chief-minister-of-bihar-1204747.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2004 Lok Sabha elections, he contested elections from two places, when he was elected from [[Nalanda]] but lost from his traditional constituency, [[Barh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/13nitish.htm |title=Nitish Kumar voted out of Barh, wins in Nalanda |work=rediff.com |date=13 May 2004 |access-date=23 December 2012 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221170834/http://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/13nitish.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Chief Minister of Bihar==
Kumar is a member of the [[Janata Dal (United)]] political party. As the chief minister, he appointed more than 100,000 school teachers, ensured that doctors worked in primary health centres, electrified many villages,<ref name="sify1">{{cite news
|url=http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jfbn4Ebeibj&title=Nitish_Kumar_s_development_agenda_makes_waves_in_Bihar&?vsv=TopHP3
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524065254/http://www.sify.com/news/fullstory.php?a=jfbn4Ebeibj&title=Nitish_Kumar_s_development_agenda_makes_waves_in_Bihar&%3fvsv=TopHP3
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=24 May 2015
|title=Nitish Kumar's development agenda makes waves in Bihar
|date=1 May 2009|department=Lok Sabha Elections 2009
|work=Sify News
|access-date=26 May 2009}}</ref> paved roads, cut female illiteracy by half, turned around a lawless state by cracking down on criminals and doubled the income of the average Bihari.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Antholis|first1=William|title=New Players on the World Stage: Chinese Provinces and Indian States|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/essays/2013/new-players-on-the-world-stage#section4|publisher=Brookings Institution|date=22 October 2013|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-date=13 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113190312/http://www.brookings.edu/research/essays/2013/new-players-on-the-world-stage#section4|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Promotion inline|date=July 2025}} Nitish Kumar is often criticised for frequently changing and dumping alliances<ref>{{cite web |title=INDIA bloc failed my expectations, Nitish Kumar says after resigning as Bihar CM: Latest developments |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/india-bloc-failed-my-expectations-nitish-kumar-says-after-resigning-as-bihar-cm-latest-developments/ar-BB1hmTww |website=[[MSN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar a 'chameleon', 'expert' of betrayal: Congress |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/bihar-chief-minister-nitish-kumar-a-chameleon-expert-of-betrayal-congress/ar-BB1hnoaX |website=[[MSN]]}}</ref> throughout his political career for the sake of continuing as chief minister. This behavior has resulted in him earning the nickname ''Paltu Ram'', meaning a person who frequently changes allegiance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why is Nitish Kumar named 'Paltu Ram'? Bihar CM to rejoin NDA; this is 4th time he switched sides since 2015 |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/01/28/why-is-nitish-kumar-nicknamed-paltu-ram-bihar-cm-resigns-switch-sides-4-times.html |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>

=== First term (2000) ===
{{main|First Nitish Kumar ministry}}

In March 2000, Nitish was elected [[Chief Minister of Bihar]] for the first time at the behest of the [[Vajpayee Government]] in the centre, as Samata Party member.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From the archives (2000) {{!}} When Nitish Kumar became Bihar CM for first time |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-archives-2000-when-nitish-kumar-became-bihar-cm-for-first-time-1985894-2022-08-09 |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=India Today |date=9 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904085537/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-archives-2000-when-nitish-kumar-became-bihar-cm-for-first-time-1985894-2022-08-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> NDA and allies had 151 MLAs whereas [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] had 159 MLAs in the 324 member house. Both alliances were less than the majority mark that is 163. Nitish resigned before he could prove his numbers in the house.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Abhay |date=24 November 2019 |title=March 2000: When Nitish quit as CM, before floor test |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/march-2000-when-nitish-quit-as-cm-before-floor-test-779422.html |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407134118/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/march-2000-when-nitish-quit-as-cm-before-floor-test-779422.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20000320-nitish-kumars-government-in-bihar-not-outvoted-as-much-as-outmanoeuvred-by-laloo-yadav-777236-2000-03-20 |title=Outvoted as much as outmanoeuvred by Laloo Yadav |date=20 March 2000 |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407134118/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20000320-nitish-kumars-government-in-bihar-not-outvoted-as-much-as-outmanoeuvred-by-laloo-yadav-777236-2000-03-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> He lasted 7 days in the post.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nitish-kumars-swinging-affections-for-bjp-and-rjd/article65751235.ece |title=Nitish Kumar's wavering affections for BJP and RJD |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 August 2022 |last1=Nair |first1=Sobhana K. |access-date=4 September 2022 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904090016/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nitish-kumars-swinging-affections-for-bjp-and-rjd/article65751235.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> There was no one as deputy cm. This was the only time he served as chief minister of United Bihar before bifurcation of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nitish to take oath at Gandhi Maidan on Thursday, Arif Mohammad eighth Governor to swear him in | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/nitish-to-take-oath-at-gandhi-maidan-again-arif-mohammad-eighth-governor-to-swear-him-in-101763444433489-amp.html }}</ref>

=== Second term (2005–2010) ===
{{main|Second Nitish Kumar ministry}}

[[File:The Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar discussing with the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh about the relief operations on flood-affected areas, in Bihar, August 28, 2008.jpg|thumb|
Nitish Kumar and [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] discussing with the Prime Minister, [[Manmohan Singh]] about the relief operations on flood-affected areas, in Bihar, 28 August 2008]]

After victory in [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 Bihar Assembly elections]], Kumar a leader of OBC [[Kurmi]] caste was sworn in as the chief minister with Sushil Modi as his deputy. During Lalu's time, backward caste candidates came to dominate the Bihar assembly claiming half of the seats in it and it was the aspiration of this powerful social community that led to friction among the united backwards, leading to the rise of Kumar who made both social justice and development as his political theme.<ref name=":0" />

=== Third term (2010–2014) ===
{{main|Third Nitish Kumar ministry}}

Kumar's government also initiated bicycle and meal programs. Giving bicycles to girls who stayed in school resulted in the state getting a huge number of girls into schools and a reduction in school dropout rates.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/asiaview/2010/11/indias_poorest_state%26fsrc%3Dnwl | newspaper=The Economist | title=A triumph in Bihar | date=25 November 2010 | access-date=13 July 2017 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041612/http://www.economist.com/blogs/asiaview/2010/11/indias_poorest_state%26fsrc%3Dnwl | url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]], Kumar's party swept back to power along with its then allies, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and he again became Chief Minister alongwith Sushil Modi as deputy.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-kumars-political-journey-from-a-socialist-leader-to-saffron-ally/articleshow/79158616.cms|title=Nitish Kumar's political journey: From a socialist leader to saffron ally|website=Times of India|date=12 November 2020 |access-date=16 July 2022|archive-date=16 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716214026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-kumars-political-journey-from-a-socialist-leader-to-saffron-ally/articleshow/79158616.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The alliance won 206 seats, while the RJD won 22.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 November 2010 |title=Nitish sweeps Bihar polls; Cong crushed, Lalu eclipsed |work=The Times of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-25/india/28213318_1_nitish-kumar-bihar-hands-bihar-assembly-elections |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714235847/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-25/india/28213318_1_nitish-kumar-bihar-hands-bihar-assembly-elections |archive-date=14 July 2013}}</ref> For the first time, electorates witnessed high turnout of women and young voters, while this was declared as the fairest election in Bihar, with no bloodshed or poll violence.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 November 2010 |title=A landslide sweep for JD(U)-BJP combine in Bihar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/bihar-elections-2010/election-updates/story/a-landslide-sweep-for-jdubjp-combine-in-bihar-86103-2010-11-23 |access-date=17 September 2012 |publisher=India Today |archive-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719053039/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/a-landslide-sweep-for-jdubjp-combine-in-bihar/1/121031.html |url-status=live }}</ref>On 16 June 2013, the [[JDU]] separated from [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] after [[Narendra Modi]] was announced as the Prime Ministerial candidate of the [[BJP]] for the [[2014 Indian general election]], following which Ministers from the [[BJP]] were dropped from the cabinet.

On 17 May 2014, Kumar submitted his resignation to the [[Governor of Bihar]], [[D. Y. Patil]] a day after his party fared poorly in the [[2014 Indian general election in Bihar|2014 Lok Sabha elections]], winning just 2 seats against 20 seats in the previous election by contesting alone.<ref name="TOI"/> Kumar resigned, taking the moral responsibility of his party's poor performance in the election, and [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]] took over.<ref name="bp">{{cite web|title=Nitish Kumar resigns as the Chief Minister of Bihar|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/nitish-kumar-resigns-as-the-chief-minister-of-bihar/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517161946/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/nitish-kumar-resigns-as-the-chief-minister-of-bihar/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Fourth term (2015) ===
{{main|Fourth Nitish Kumar ministry}}

Nitish served a fourth term for a brief period of time in 2015. Kumar again became Chief Minister on 22 February 2015, on the backdrop of upcoming [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], considered to be his toughest election to date with no one as deputy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/745887/frenemies-nitish-kumar-and-lalu-yadav-finally-reach-breakthrough-in-seat-sharing-talks|title=Frenemies Nitish Kumar and Lalu Yadav finally reach breakthrough in seat-sharing talks|date=3 August 2015 |access-date=3 August 2015|archive-date=6 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806001342/http://scroll.in/article/745887/frenemies-nitish-kumar-and-lalu-yadav-finally-reach-breakthrough-in-seat-sharing-talks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/nitish-kumar-/bihar-elections-2015-impa_b_7917778.html|title=Why The Upcoming Election In Bihar Is Critical For The State And Beyond|access-date=3 August 2015|archive-date=5 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805012447/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/nitish-kumar-/bihar-elections-2015-impa_b_7917778.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His JD(U), along with RJD and Congress, formed the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] (Grand Alliance) to counter the BJP in Bihar.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.abplive.in/india/2015/02/22/article508925.ece/My-priority-is-to-work-for-Bihars-development-Nitish-Kumar| work=ABP News| title=Nitish Kumar returns as Bihar CM| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223084835/http://www.abplive.in/india/2015/02/22/article508925.ece/My-priority-is-to-work-for-Bihars-development-Nitish-Kumar| archive-date=23 February 2015| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Fifth term (2015–2017) ===
{{main|Fifth Nitish Kumar ministry}}

{{external media| video1 =[https://youtube.com/watch?v=fRqFLycqiU0 Fir se ek bar ho Bihar me Bahar ho, fir se ek bar ho Nitish Kumar ho] Official song of Nitish Kumar's election campaign for 2015 Bihar Assembly elections.}}

Kumar campaigned aggressively during the elections for the Grand Alliance, countering the allegations raised by [[Narendra Modi]] and the BJP.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sajjad|first1=Mohammad|title=How Nitish Kumar and Lalu Yadav won Bihar|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/how-nitish-kumar-and-lalu-yadav-won-bihar/20151108.htm|access-date=9 November 2015|work=rediff.com|date=8 November 2015|archive-date=9 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109033835/http://www.rediff.com/news/column/how-nitish-kumar-and-lalu-yadav-won-bihar/20151108.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Grand Alliance won the Assembly election by a margin of 178 over the BJP and its allies, with RJD emerging as the largest party with 80 seats and JD(U) placed second with 71.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nitish-kumar-wont-contest-polls-will-devote-time-for-campaigning-rabri-devi-286192-2015-08-03|title=Won't contest Bihar polls, will devote time for campaigning, says Nitish Kumar|date=3 August 2015 |access-date=3 August 2015|archive-date=8 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808234934/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nitish-kumar-wont-contest-polls-will-devote-time-for-campaigning-rabri-devi/1/455939.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/wont-contest-bihar-elections-nitish-kumar/articleshow/48329857.cms|title=Won't contest Bihar elections: Nitish Kumar|access-date=3 August 2015|archive-date=6 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806022358/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/wont-contest-bihar-elections-nitish-kumar/articleshow/48329857.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar was sworn in as Chief Minister on 20 November 2015 for a record fifth time and Lalu Prasad's younger son [[Tejashwi Yadav]] became [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar]].<ref name="TOI"/>

Kumar's campaign was managed by [[Prashant Kishor]]'s Indian Political Action Committee (I-PAC) who were hired to manage the campaign for JD(U).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/how-ipac-made-it-click-for-nitish-kumar-in-bihar-1162279.html|title=How IPAC made it click for Nitish Kumar in Bihar|work=News18|access-date=29 September 2018|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929155935/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/how-ipac-made-it-click-for-nitish-kumar-in-bihar-1162279.html|url-status=live}}</ref> I-PAC designed the campaign strategy which included reaching out to a larger set of voters through innovative campaigns, including sending hundreds of branded cycles for outreach,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/how-prashant-kishors-team-swung-the-elections-for-nitish-kumar|title=How Prashant Kishor's Team Swung the Elections for Nitish Kumar|work=The Quint|access-date=29 September 2018|language=en|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929155655/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/how-prashant-kishors-team-swung-the-elections-for-nitish-kumar|url-status=live}}</ref> Har Ghar Dastak (door-to-door outreach)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sunday-story-the-leader-and-his-machine/|title=Sunday Story: The Leader and his machine|date=5 July 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=29 September 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929210039/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sunday-story-the-leader-and-his-machine/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the DNA campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murty |first=B Vijay |date=8 November 2015 |title=Prashant Kishor: Man behind Modi LS campaign crafts Nitish win |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/prashant-kishor-man-behind-modi-ls-campaign-crafts-nitish-win/story-fgqyNqnz6MSVwerb86OHdJ.html |access-date=29 September 2018 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929155634/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/prashant-kishor-man-behind-modi-ls-campaign-crafts-nitish-win/story-fgqyNqnz6MSVwerb86OHdJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref>[[Bihar Excise (Amendment) Act, 2016]]
On 26 November 2015, [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Bihar Chief Minister]] Nitish Kumar announced that alcohol would be banned in the state from 1 April 2016.<ref name=ndtvbihar>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/take-steps-for-alcohol-ban-in-bihar-from-april-nitish-kumar-to-officials-1247852|title=Alcohol Ban in Bihar from April Next Year, Says Chief Minister Nitish Kumar|date=26 November 2015|work=NDTV.com|access-date=18 May 2016}}</ref> Kumar officially declared the total ban on 5 April 2016, and said in a press conference, "All type of liquor will be banned in the state from today. Sale [and consumption] of any type of alcohol in hotels, bars, clubs and any other place will be illegal from today onwards."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Agnihotri|first1=Sanjana|title=What led to an early liquor ban in Bihar? Why did it fail earlier?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/liquor-ban-bihar-nitish-kumar-dry-state-316617-2016-04-06|access-date=7 April 2016|work=India Today}}</ref> Violating the law carries a penalty of 5 years to 10 years imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/latest-headlines/bihar-liquor-ban-7-from-gujarat-up-jailed/139094.html|title=Bihar liquor ban: 7 from Gujarat, UP jailed|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|access-date=18 May 2016|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506054833/http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/latest-headlines/bihar-liquor-ban-7-from-gujarat-up-jailed/139094.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Sixth term (2017–2020) ===
{{main|Sixth Nitish Kumar ministry}}

[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi visiting the Bihar Museum, in Patna on October 14, 2017. The Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar is also seen.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in 2017]]

When corruption charges were levelled against [[Tejashwi Yadav]], the Deputy Chief Minister, Kumar asked for him to resign from the cabinet. The [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] refused to do so, and therefore Kumar resigned on 26 July 2017, thus ending the Grand Alliance.<ref name="TOI"/> He joined the principal opposition, the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]], and came back to power within a few hours with Sushil Modi as deputy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/nitish-kumar-resigns-as-bihar-chief-minister-tejashwi-yadav-lalu-yadav-grand-alliance-jdu-meeting-governor-4768045/|title=Nitish Kumar resigns as Bihar Chief Minister, says had become 'difficult for me to work'|date=26 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=26 July 2017|archive-date=26 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726153636/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/nitish-kumar-resigns-as-bihar-chief-minister-tejashwi-yadav-lalu-yadav-grand-alliance-jdu-meeting-governor-4768045/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Seventh term (2020–2022) ===
{{main|Seventh Nitish Kumar ministry}}

Capitalising on his 15 years consecutive terms as Chief Minister, Kumar highlighted various achievements and developments and listed various schemes carried out by his government and finally managed to get over a tightly contested election. NDA managed to get majority in Legislature Assembly by winning 125 seats as compared to Mahagathbandhan's 110 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2020 |title=NDA retains power in Bihar with 125 seats |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/nda-retains-power-in-bihar-elections/article33071525.ece |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809142336/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/nda-retains-power-in-bihar-elections/article33071525.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He was sworn in as Bihar Chief Minister for seventh time in 20 years in the presence of top leaders of NDA.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nitish Kumar sworn in as Bihar Chief Minister for the seventh time in 20 years |url=https://theprint.in/politics/nitish-kumar-sworn-in-as-bihar-chief-minister-for-the-seventh-time-in-20-years/545540/ |access-date=22 February 2021 |publisher=ThePrint |date=16 November 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806221254/https://theprint.in/politics/nitish-kumar-sworn-in-as-bihar-chief-minister-for-the-seventh-time-in-20-years/545540/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 8 December 2020, his deputy [[Sushil Kumar Modi]] was elected unopposed to the [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Bihar]] to fill the vacant seat after the demise of [[Ram Vilas Paswan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sushil-modi-gets-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/79610448.cms|title = Sushil Modi gets elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha | India News|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=7 December 2020 |access-date = 8 December 2020|archive-date = 8 December 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201208025954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sushil-modi-gets-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/79610448.cms|url-status = live}}</ref> So, Nitish resigned on 16 August 2020 and returned as Chief Minister with his new deputies [[Tarkishore Prasad]] and [[Renu Devi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/renu-devi-from-extremely-backward-caste-becomes-first-woman-deputy-cm-of-bihar/?__twitter_impression=true|title= Renu Devi From Extremely Backward Caste Becomes First Woman Deputy CM Of Bihar|website=She The People}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/bihar/article/renu-devi-bihars-first-woman-deputy-cm-is-rss-womens-wing-leader-bjps-counterweight-to-nitishs-clout/683526|title= Renu Devi, Bihar's first woman Deputy CM is RSS women's wing leader; BJP's counterweight to Nitish's clout|website= Times Now|date= 18 November 2020|language=en |access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-who-is-renu-devi-bihar-bjp-deputy-chief-minister-665114|title= Who is Renu Devi: BJP's surprise pick as Bihar's deputy Chief Minister|website= India Tv|date= 16 November 2020|language=en |access-date=16 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/meet-renu-devi-first-woman-to-be-deputy-cm-of-bihar-177881.html|title= Meet Renu Devi, First Woman To Be Deputy CM Of Bihar|website= Femina|language=hi |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref>

On 9 August 2022, Kumar resigned as chief minister and removed his party from the NDA, announcing that his party had rejoined the Mahagathbandhan, and would form a governing coalition with the RJD and INC.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-jd-u-rjd-congress-realign-after-two-months-of-secret-discussions-101660071006846.html |title=Bihar: JD(U), RJD, Congress realign after two months of secret discussions |date=10 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=[[The Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809205143/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-jd-u-rjd-congress-realign-after-two-months-of-secret-discussions-101660071006846.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Eighth term (2022–2024) ===
{{main|Eighth Nitish Kumar ministry}}

[[File:Nitish Kumar inaugurating caste based census in 2023 part 2.jpg|thumb|Nitish Kumar inaugurating the second phase of caste based survey in his ancestral village of Bakhtiarpur, with his family members]]

On 9 August 2022, Kumar broke the alliance with the BJP and resigned as chief minister and revoked his party from the NDA, announcing that his party had rejoined the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]], comprising [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI]] and other independents, and would form a governing coalition. On 10 August he sworn in as the chief minister of the state for the eighth time in 22 years with Tejaswini as his deputy.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 August 2022 |title=Bihar: JD(U), RJD, Congress realign after two months of secret discussions |website=[[The Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-jd-u-rjd-congress-realign-after-two-months-of-secret-discussions-101660071006846.html |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809205143/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-jd-u-rjd-congress-realign-after-two-months-of-secret-discussions-101660071006846.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bihar caste-based survey 2023]] started in his sixth term.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/t10-january-21-2023/6-let-the-caste-count-begin/articleshow/97181146.cms|title= Let the caste count begin|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 20 January 2023|access-date= 16 April 2023|archive-date= 20 March 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230320103836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/t10-january-21-2023/6-let-the-caste-count-begin/articleshow/97181146.cms|url-status= live}}</ref>

During this term, in January – February 2023, Kumar initiated his Samadhan Yatra, an outreach campaign, through which he visited various localities of the thirty eight districts of the state of Bihar. The primary motive behind these visits was overseeing the status of various state government developmental schemes and expediting their implementation on ground. During these visits, he was accompanied by his deputy [[Tejashwi Yadav|Tejaswi Yadav]] and occasionally his cabinet ministers, when required.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-chief-minister-nitish-kumar-concludes-his-statewide-samadhan-yatra-2335789-2023-02-16|title=Nitish Kumar concludes his statewide Samadhan Yatra|date=16 February 2023 |accessdate=26 September 2023}}</ref>

On 8 November 2023, the Bihar Assembly adjourned amidst protests by the opposition BJP demanding the resignation of Chief Minister Nitish Kumar following his controversial remarks about women's education and population control.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nitish Kumar sex remark: PM Modi says CM has 'no shame' as latter takes his words back |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/nitish-kumar-sex-remark-pm-modi-says-cm-has-no-shame-as-latter-takes-his-words-back-656545 |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=WION |date=8 November 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref> Kumar expressed regret for any offense his comments may have caused. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] criticized Kumar, accusing him of having no shame and insulting women, without directly naming him. Kumar apologized, retracting his statements and reaffirming his support for women's education and empowerment. A complaint was also filed against Kumar for his remarks, with a hearing set for 25 November 2023. Meanwhile, women's organizations condemned the remarks, and the former Chief Minister of Bihar, [[Rabri Devi]], defended Kumar, suggesting the comments were a slip of the tongue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2023 |title=Women education remark {{!}} Bihar CM Nitish Kumar apologises |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/women-education-remark-bihar-cm-nitish-kumar-apologises/article67512000.ece |access-date=8 November 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 28 January 2024, Kumar resigned as chief minister and rejoined NDA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2024 |title=Nitish Kumar resigns as Bihar CM after meeting governor, set to join BJP-led NDA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nitish-kumar-resigns-as-bihar-cm-after-meeting-governor-may-join-bjp-led-nda-101706419257853.html |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Ninth term (2024–2025) ===
{{main|Ninth Nitish Kumar ministry}}

On 28 January, Kumar resigned as the chief minister and broke the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] alliance with [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], and rejoined the [[BJP]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] alliance sparking a [[2024 Bihar political crisis|political crisis]].<ref name=":1" /> On the same day, he was sworn in as the Chief Minister for the ninth time in 24 years.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> On 21 March 2025, a petition was filed against him in a Bihar court for allegedly disrespecting the national anthem during a public event.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 2025 |title='Brought disrepute to the state': Petition filed against Bihar CM Nitish Kumar in court for 'disrespecting' national anthem |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/brought-disrepute-to-the-state-petition-filed-against-bihar-cm-nitish-kumar-in-court-for-disrespecting-national-anthem/articleshow/119301062.cms |access-date=21 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Samrat Chaudhary and Vijay Sinha sworn as his deputies.

=== Tenth term (2025–present) ===
{{main|Tenth Nitish Kumar ministry}}

On 20 November 2025 Kumar took oath as the Chief Minister of Bihar for the 10th time along with 26 Ministers, including one Muslim and three women following the ruling alliace's landslide victory in the assembly elections.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/nitish-kumar-sworn-in-as-bihar-cm-26-ministers-take-oath-including-one-muslim-andthreewomen/article70302158.ece |title=Nitish Kumar sworn in as Bihar CM, 26 Ministers take oath, including one Muslim and three women |work=The Hindu|date=20 November 2025}}</ref> His deputies [[Samrat Chaudhary]] and [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]] were re-elected as the deputy CM.

A video of Kumar pulling down a Muslim female's veil during a ceremony which confirmed her appointment as a doctor of alternative medicine on 15 December 2025 went viral,<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2025 |title=Uproar in India over Bihar chief minister pulling down Muslim woman’s hijab |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/18/uproar-in-india-over-bihar-chief-minister-pulling-down-muslim-womans-hijab |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> and this incident caused widespread condemnation from various political parties.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=2025-12-15 |title=RJD slams Nitish Kumar after video shows Bihar CM removing woman’s hijab |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/rjd-slams-nitish-after-video-shows-cm-removing-womans-hijab/article70399478.ece |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-16 |title=Kashmir parties slam Bihar CM Nitish Kumar over removing veil of a female doctor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/kashmir-parties-slam-bihar-cm-nitish-kumar-over-removing-veil-of-a-female-doctor/article70403582.ece |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-17 |title=Nitish Kumar hijab video row: SP leader files complaint against Bihar CM, UP minister Sanjay Nishad; strict action sought |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-kumar-hijab-video-row-sp-leader-files-complaint-against-bihar-cm-up-minister-sanjay-nishad-strict-action-sought/articleshow/126029130.cms |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2025-12-16 |title=Nitish was being fatherly when he pulled hijab off doctor's face: Bihar Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/nitish-was-being-fatherly-when-he-pulled-hijab-off-doctors-face-bihar-minister/article70403640.ece |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The doctor refused to work as a result.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nitish Kumar-Hijab Row: AYUSH Doctor Misses Last Day to Join Service |url=https://thewire.in/politics/nitish-kumar-hijab-row-ayush-doctor-misses-last-day-to-join-service |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

After Kumar announced his pending resignation in March 2026, his son [[Nishant Kumar (politician)|Nishant]] joined the JD(U); this was seen as a departure from his previous policy of anti-dynasticism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/who-is-nishant-kumar-education-personal-life-and-possible-political-role-8020017.html|title=Who Is Nishant Kumar: Education, Personal Life and Possible Political Role|first=Gaurav|last=Sharma|date=8 March 2026|website=oneindia.com}}</ref>

== Policies ==

=== Law and order reform ===

[[File:Nitish Kumar inspecting Sardar Patel Bhavan with police officials.jpg|thumb|300px|Nitish Kumar in conversation with higher police officials of state, while inspecting Sardar Patel Bhavan, Patna]]

One of the biggest challenge before Kumar after becoming [[Chief Minister]], during his first term, was deteriorated law and order situation of the state. There were many organised criminal gangs active in the state, and [[kidnapping]] was rampant. Besides this, the challenge of [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|left wing extremism]] in some of the backward areas of the state was also persisting for a long time. Kumar brought the [[Arms Act, 1959|Arms Act]], and special courts were set up to expedite the process of conviction of those held under this act. Bringing of the Arms Act and stringent implementation brought two-way benefits for the Government; first, it became easy for the police to arrest a criminal and second, the use of lethal weapons became prohibited.<ref name="Singh Santosh">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVu8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT239|pages=239–241|last=Singh|first=Santosh|year=2015|title=Ruled Or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar|place=India|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=9789385436420|access-date=14 March 2023|archive-date=16 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416110120/https://books.google.com/books?id=SVu8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT239|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kumar also recruited the retired [[Indian Army|army officials]] and soldiers to create a special wing of Police called Special Auxiliary Police (SAP), in order to deal with the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Maoist challenge]] in the state. It brought some kind of economic engagement for the retired military personnel, and at the same time, made available professionally trained [[commando]]s for the [[Bihar Police]] at low budgetary expense. These commandos were better than the [[police constable]]s recruited by the state, in order to deal with the extremists. They just needed a special category of weapons, which was provided by the state under Kumar. The retired [[intelligence officer]]s were also recruited to form an investigation department, called "Special Vigilance Unit" (SVU). This body dealt with the offences at the level of high level government officials. For acquisition of property of the accused during trial, ''Bihar Special Court Act 2009'' was brought, which became effective since 2010. The SVU remained a successful idea in dealing with corruption at the higher level of [[bureaucracy]]. One of the first case before it was the trial of former [[Director General of Police]], Narayan Mishra, who was held for several corruption charges against him.<ref name="Singh Santosh"/>

In order to recruit only the qualified candidates in the state Police, the reform in recruitment examination was also brought. Kumar introduced the "Carbon Copy system" in the written examination, which was to be held to recruit the new entrants. In order to prevent tampering of the examination copy, the original copy marked by the candidate was sent directly to the strong room after the examination. The evaluators used to get only the Carbon Copy, and in case of any discrepancy, the original copy was matched with the Carbon Copy evaluated by the evaluators. Further, a permanent recruitment examination was also made compulsory and the physical examination was made qualifying in determining merit, for selection to [[constabulary]]. In the tenure of Chief Ministers prior to Kumar, only physical examination was deciding factor in selecting the constables. This system was prone to [[corruption]] and [[Cronyism|favoritism]].<ref name="Singh Santosh"/>

The push to the [[speedy trial]] under Kumar's government brought results within a short period of time, and in 2006 itself, a total of 6,839 offenders were convicted. There witnessed a massive drop in cases registered under the Arms act in the forthcoming terms of Kumar as the Chief Minister. It declined to just 495 by the end of 2010 from 1609 in 2006. According to one opinion, the massive decline was a result of fleeing of many criminals from the state, in order to seek refuse in the [[terai]] region of [[Nepal]] as well as eschewing of crime by others to become [[good samaritan]]s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA240|page=|last=Sinha|first=Arun|year=2011|title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar|place=India|publisher=Viking|isbn=9780670084593|access-date=14 March 2023|archive-date=16 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416110127/https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC&pg=PA240|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Nitish Kumar and Tejaswi Yadav inaugurating Bihar Police office.jpg|thumb|Nitish Kumar and Tejaswi Yadav inaugurating the office building of Bihar Police in 2023.]]
Kumar's government also took step to empower the [[District Magistrate]] to apprehend the officials taking bribe in order to reduce corruption. One of the major problem of the prison system of Bihar was laxity available to criminals to operate cell phones from the jail. Many a time, organised crime were planned from within the premise of Bihar's prison. The government took step to fix [[Mobile phone jammer]]s in jails, to prohibit the gangsters from operating cell phones. Bihar also actively enforced the All India Prison reforms program, outlined by [[Supreme Court of India]] in a judgement, in order to reform the entire operating system of jails. It included reducing the number of inmates to be included in a particular prison, a step, which was necessary to prevent the overcrowding.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_bzCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|pages=178–180|last=Rao|first=M G|year=2015|title=The Making of Miracles in Indian States: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and Gujarat|place=United States|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-023664-9|access-date=14 March 2023|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408074122/https://books.google.com/books?id=0_bzCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|url-status=live}}</ref>

In order to break the link of the prisoners with the jail authorities, Kumar's government took step like periodically transferring the dreaded criminals, who were convicted in large number of criminal cases from one prison to more secure cells located in [[Bhagalpur]] and [[Beur Central Jail|Beur]]. One of the significant example of this include, the transfer of Ajay Kanu, a [[naxalite]], who was prime accused in "[[2005 Jahanabad prison attack|2005 Jahanabad Jail Break case]]", to Beur Jail. In 2022, gangsters like [[Rakesh Mahto]], who was leader of crime syndicate being organised from [[Muzaffarpur]], was also transferred from Muzaffarpur to Bhagalpur Jail, in a high security [[Prison cell]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-jehanabad-jailbreak-case-mastermind-hardcore-naxalite-ajay-kanu-now-in-patna-beur-jail-sent-secretly-from-bhagalpur-22774634.html|title=जहानाबाद जेलब्रेक कांड : मास्टरमाइंड हार्डकोर नक्सली अजय कानू अब पटना बेऊर जेल में, भागलपुर से गोपनीय तरीके से भेजा|website=Dainik Jagaran|accessdate=13 March 2023|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313175807/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-jehanabad-jailbreak-case-mastermind-hardcore-naxalite-ajay-kanu-now-in-patna-beur-jail-sent-secretly-from-bhagalpur-22774634.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Other example, which is part of this routine procedure is of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]], [[Ritlal Yadav]], who had numerous cases of [[extortion]] and murder against him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/shift-order-for-44-beur-jail-inmates/cid/1310903|title=Shift order for 44 Beur jail inmates|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=13 March 2023|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313181012/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/shift-order-for-44-beur-jail-inmates/cid/1310903|url-status=live}}</ref> D.N Gautam, who served as Director General of [[Bihar Police]], stated in his autobiography that Nitish Kumar was instrumental in improving the law and order situation in the state of Bihar. Gautam compared the tenures of Kumar's predecessors and has mentioned that in the 1980s, politicians used to come out in support of criminals openly. When Gautam was serving as Rohtas SP and Shahabad Range DIG, he mentions that at least six Members of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] had extended patronage to dreaded dacoit gangs of [[Rohtas Plateau|Kaimur hills]], and they were strictly opposed to any sort of police action against dacoit Ramchandra Koeri, who operated out of Kaimur hills in [[Rohtas district]]. Gautam also mentions that though Kumar had kept his proposal of creation of 'Anti Terrorist Squad' in abeyance, after the Bodhgaya blasts, it was established expeditiously.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/growing-mass-appeal-prevented-lalu-police-reforms-nitish-shot-down-ats-former-bihar-dgp-7946082/|title=Growing mass appeal and hangers-on prevented Lalu from effecting police reforms, Nitish shot down ATS: Former Bihar DGP|website=Indian express|date=31 May 2022 |accessdate=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727192039/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/growing-mass-appeal-prevented-lalu-police-reforms-nitish-shot-down-ats-former-bihar-dgp-7946082/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Consolidation of Extremely Backward Castes===
[[File:Samrat Chaudhary and Nitish Kumar participated in Rajya Sabha nomination of Upendra Kushwaha.jpg|thumb|Nitish Kumar with Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar Samrat Chaudhary participating in nomination of [[Upendra Kushwaha]] to Rajya Sabha.]]
Kumar had dual challenge of keeping his core political base of [[Koeri]]s, [[Kurmi]]s and Extremely Backward Castes together with a section of upper castes. The [[National Democratic Alliance]], of which Kumar's party was a part, was relying upon the support of a section of upper caste. The share of this section in the political power structure was making it difficult for Kumar to carry on his program of [[social justice]], specially with respect to consolidation of 'Extremely Backward Castes' (EBC). This group comprised the lower backwards– the castes other than the Koeri, Kurmi, Yadav and Bania. Kumar's government brought the idea of 50% reservation for the women in the [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj]] institutions at all level. This plan also included 20% reservation in these bodies for the members of Extremely Backward Castes. These quotas, which were given separately to already existing quotas for [[Schedule Caste]]s and [[Schedule Tribe]]s in local bodies, led to political consolidation of Extremely Backward Castes.<ref name=Sammdar>{{cite book|isbn=978-1317125389|title=Government of Peace Social Governance Security and the Problematic of Peace|date=3 March 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ew2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197|publisher=Taylor & Francis|language=English|editor=Ranabir Samaddar|pages=197–198|access-date=11 April 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411184709/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ew2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref>

The reservation to this section of society brought a massive increase in their representation in the three tier Panchayati Raj system. There were many representatives of the EBCs for the post of [[Mukhi]]ya, Pramukhs of Panchayat Samiti as well as President of [[District council (India)|Zila Parishad]]. The membership of this social group in Panchyat Samiti and Zila Parishad also increased.<ref name=Sammdar/> Kumar's government also announced a scheme of 50% reservation in state judicial services, within this, the EBCs were given 21% share as against the Other Backward Class, which was given 12% share. The Schedule Castes were also given 16% share of this 50% reservation pie. The step was intended to bring more and more candidates from these social groups in lower judiciary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nitish-cabinet-declares-50-per-cent-reservation-in-bihar-judicial-services-359840-2016-12-27|title=Nitish cabinet declares 50 per cent reservation in Bihar judicial services|website=India Today|date=27 December 2016 |accessdate=12 April 2023|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412210734/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nitish-cabinet-declares-50-per-cent-reservation-in-bihar-judicial-services-359840-2016-12-27|url-status=live}}</ref>

In order to strengthen his outreach and acceptability among the members of Extremely Backward Castes, and to expand his voter base beyond his traditional vote bank, Nitish Kumar embarked on a project to promote EBC leaders within his party. In 2005, a less known leader from the [[Kahar]] caste, [[Chandeshwar Prasad]] grabbed his attention and Kumar promoted him by making the head of Extremely Backward Caste wing of his party. He was also given significant positions like those of membership of syndicate of [[Magadh University]]. At the behest of Nitish Kumar, National Democratic Alliance in 2019 projected Prasad as the candidate for Indian General Elections from [[Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency]], which was believed to be a [[Bhumihar]] caste dominated constituency. But, with the backing of Janata Dal United, Prasad as a NDA candidate was able to defeat Rashtriya Janata Dal leader [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]. This was first instance in the history of constituency that an Extremely Backward Caste leader was elected from an upper caste dominated constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/jehanabad-mp-bihar-ambulance-contract-row-nitish-kumar-8680149/|title=Jahanabad MP in Bihar Ambulance contract row|website=Indian express|date=22 June 2023 |accessdate=4 October 2023}}</ref> Prior to 2024 Lok Sabha polls, on the direction of Nitish Kumar, JDU state president [[Umesh Singh Kushwaha]] also launched ''Bheem Samvad'', ''Karpoori Charcha'' and ''Bhaichara Yatra'' (campaigns) to mobilize [[Dalit]]s, Extremely Backward Castes and [[Muslim]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-kumars-jdu-launches-three-drives-in-bihar-to-draw-dalit-muslim-ebc-votes-in-2024-lok-sabha-poll/article67166112.ece|title=Nitish Kumar's JDU launched three drive to draw EBC, Dalit and Muslim votes|website=The Hindu|date=6 August 2023 |accessdate=4 October 2023 |last1=Bhelari |first1=Amit }}</ref>
===Promotion of sport culture===
[[File:Samrat Chaudhary and Nitish Kumar at Rajgir Sports Academy.jpg|thumb|Nitish Kumar and Samrat Chaudhary at the Rajgir Sports Academy felicitating sport persons of the state on 29 August 2024.]]
On 29 August 2024, Kumar inaugurated Rajgir Sports Complex and Cricket stadium, which was built in his tenure with the overall funding of
[[₹]] 750 crore. Kumar was joined by Deputy Chief Minister Samrat Chaudhary and Building Construction minister [[Jayant Raj Kushwaha]]. The sport complex was built on 90 acre of land and contained the facilities for more than 23 sports. This was built to realise the vision of Kumar to create a suitable environment for the sport persons of the state to have proper training environment, in order to enhance their performance in the international gaming events. The complex was thus built with world class sporting infrastructure and technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/nalanda/cm-nitish-kumar-inspected-the-rajgir-international-cricket-stadium-worth-rs-750-crore-know-the-features/articleshow/112589102.cms|title=750 करोड़ के क्रिकेट स्टेडियम का CM नीतीश ने किया निरीक्षण, 29 अगस्त को उद्घाटन, जानिए खूबियां|website=Navbharat Times|accessdate=2 September 2024}}</ref> It was only in 2007 that Kumar announced that Rajgir will get its own sport stadium. The complex contains a main cricket stadium along with eight smaller stadiums. It contains a world class sports library and training academies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/bihar-gets-its-first-sports-academy-and-sports-university-cm-nitesh-kumar-inaugurates-facilities-on-sports-day-101724943085066.html|title= Bihar gets its first Sports Academy and Sports University, CM Nitish Kumar inaugurates facilities on sports day|website= Hindustan Times|date= 29 August 2024|accessdate=2 September 2024}}</ref>

Soon after the inauguration by Kumar, [[Asian Hockey Federation]] announced that this state sports academy of Bihar will host the Asian Women's Hockey Championship of 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/cm-nitish-kumar-inaugurates-bihar-sports-university-and-academy-at-rajgir/2244436/|title=CM Nitish Kumar inaugurates Bihar sports university and academy at Rajgir |website=The Print|date=29 August 2024 |accessdate=2 September 2024}}</ref>
===Jeevika project for rural livelihood promotion===
[[File:Nitish Kumar visiting the stalls set up by Jivika Didis.jpg|thumb|CM Nitish Kumar inspecting the stalls set up by Jivika Didis on 2 September 2024.]]
Nitish Kumar's government launched the Jeevika project also known as Bihar Rural Livelihood Project in 2006-07. This was launched with the support of [[World Bank]]. Under this project the bank accounts of rural women were opened and credit was distributed to them for livelihood generation. The women were trained and work according to their skills was provided to them locally. This was achieved through promotion of small cooperatives consisting of group of upto twelve women. Later, the ambit of work given to women under Jeevika project, who are locally known as Jeevika Didis in Bihar, was expanded to providing financial services in rural areas and acting as banking correspondents (Bank Sakhis) from producing agricultural commodities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/central-government-appreciates-jivika-didi-works-started-by-nitish-kumar-in-bihar-skt|title=Bihar: नीतीश कुमार ने वर्ल्ड बैंक से लिया था लोन, अब केंद्र सरकार भी कर रही जीविका दीदियों की तारीफ |website=Prabhat Khabar|date=February 2023 |accessdate=2 September 2024}}</ref>

Kumar government also launched 'Didi Ki Rasoi'. Under this project, women run pantries were opened which were tasked with providing home made fresh food for the schools, hospitals, offices and other places run by state government. Later, states like [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]] also decided to adopt this scheme in their local developmental programmes. The governments of these states thus sent officials to study the implementation of the scheme by the Bihar government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/jivika-didi-rasoi-model-of-nitish-kumar-bihar-to-be-implemened-in-many-states-including-modi-gujrat-201724290190795.html|title=बिहार के इस मॉडल का बजा डंका, नीतीश की जीविका दीदी की रसोई मोदी के गुजरात समेत कई राज्यों में|website=Hindustan|date=22 August 2024 |accessdate=2 September 2024}}</ref>
===Other developmental initiatives===
[[File:Nitish Kumar and Samrat Chaudhary inaugurating Patna Science City.jpg|thumb|Nitish Kumar and Deputy Chief Minister Samrat Chaudhary inaugurating APJ Abdul Kalam science city in Patna in 2025.]]
Kumar government also initiated the project to establish a [[Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Science City|science city]] in the capital city Patna named after former president Dr [[A.P.J Abdul Kalam]]. It was established with the total budget of 889 crores with an aim to explain various scientific principles in a lucid way for the science enthusiasts. Its foundation was laid in 2019 and it completed in 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-opens-science-city-praises-construction/articleshow/124030402.cms|title= CM opens science city, praises construction|website=The Times of India|accessdate=5 December 2025}}</ref>

In 2025, Kumar also led establishment of [[Buddha Samyak Darshan Museum and Memorial Stupa]] in [[Vaishali district]] of Bihar to celebrate Budhhist culture of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/bihar-cm-inaugurates-buddha-samyak-darshan-museum-cum-memorial-stupa-in-vaishali/2706658/|title= Bihar CM inaugurates Buddha Samyak Darshan Museum-cum-Memorial Stupa in Vaishali|website=The Print |accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref>

==Biographies==
[[File:Nitish Kumar with Alok Mehta.jpg|thumb|Nitish Kumar during his Samadhan Yatra (reachout campaign to oversee the implementation of schemes) with ministers [[Alok Kumar Mehta]] (left) and [[Sunil Kumar (born 1988)|Sunil Kumar]] (right)]]
*[[Sankarshan Thakur]] authored ''Single Man: The Life and Times of Nitish Kumar of Bihar''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-when-nitish-cancelled-the-modi-dinner/20140228.htm |title=When Nitish Kumar canceled the Modi dinner |access-date=5 March 2014 |archive-date=5 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305104712/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-when-nitish-cancelled-the-modi-dinner/20140228.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Arun Sinha has authored a book titled Nitish Kumar ''and The Rise of Bihar''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/the-man-who-transformed-bihar/article3013622.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=T. | last=Ramakrishnan | title=The man who transformed Bihar | date=19 March 2012 | access-date=5 March 2014 | archive-date=13 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113190311/http://www.thehindu.com/books/the-man-who-transformed-bihar/article3013622.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==

* Anuvrat Puraskar, by Shwetambar Terapanthi Mahasabha (Jain organisation), for enforcing total prohibition on liquor in Bihar, 2017
* JP Memorial Award, Nagpur's Manav Mandir, 2013<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/The-day-Patil-took-oath-of-office-on-Friday-he-honoured-Nitish-with-the-JP-Memorial-Award-on-behalf-of-Nagpurs-Manav-Mandir-/articleshow/19150828.cms |title=The day Patil took oath of office on Friday he honoured Nitish with the JP Memorial Award on behalf of Nagpur's Manav Mandir. |work=The Times of India |date=23 March 2013 |access-date=21 October 2018 |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222054232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/The-day-Patil-took-oath-of-office-on-Friday-he-honoured-Nitish-with-the-JP-Memorial-Award-on-behalf-of-Nagpurs-Manav-Mandir-/articleshow/19150828.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Ranked 77th in ''[[Foreign Policy Magazine]]''{{'}} top 100 global thinkers 2012<ref>{{cite news|title=Nitish Kumar in Foreign Policy's top 100 global thinkers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/americas/story/nitish-kumar-foreign-policy-top-100-global-thinkers-122606-2012-11-25|access-date=14 June 2016|publisher=indiatoday.intoday.in|archive-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813120812/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nitish-kumar-foreign-policy-top-100-global-thinkers/1/234869.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[XLRI]], Jamshedpur Sir Jehangir Ghandy Medal for Industrial & Social Peace 2011<ref>{{cite web |author=Our Bureau |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article1571232.ece |title=Business Line : Industry & Economy / Economy : XLRI to fete Nitish Kumar |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |access-date=17 September 2012 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806221256/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* "MSN Indian of the Year 2010"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4719413 |title=MSN Indian Of The Year: Nitish Kumar |publisher=News.in.msn.com |date=20 December 2010 |access-date=17 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615165648/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4719413 |archive-date=15 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[NDTV Indian of the Year]] – Politics, 2010<ref>{{cite web |author=NDTV Indian of the Year: The winners |url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/indian-of-the-year/ndtv-s-indian-of-the-year-awards-2010-191081 |title=NDTV Indian of the Year: The winners |publisher=NDTV.com |date=18 February 2011 |access-date=17 September 2012 |archive-date=9 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809001542/http://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/indian-of-the-year/ndtv-s-indian-of-the-year-awards-2010-191081 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Forbes]]''{{'}} "India's Person of the Year", 2010<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/2011/01/03/forbes-india-person-of-the-year-nitish-kumar.html | work=Forbes | title=A Person of the Year: Nitish Kumar | date=3 January 2011 | access-date=6 September 2017 | archive-date=8 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908192605/https://www.forbes.com/2011/01/03/forbes-india-person-of-the-year-nitish-kumar.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[CNN-IBN]] "Indian of the Year Award" – Politics, 2010<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101216084407/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/137243/cnnibn-ioty-in-politics-nitish-kumar.html Nitish Kumar, CNN IBN Indian of the year-2010]</ref>
* NDTV Indian of the Year – Politics, 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/videos/video_player.php?id=1204670 |title=News " Videos |publisher=NDTV |access-date=17 September 2012 |archive-date=28 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228163905/http://www.ndtv.com/news/videos/video_player.php?id=1204670 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Economics Times'' "Business Reformer of the Year 2009"<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4931000.cms | work=The Times Of India | location=India | title=Features | date=25 August 2009 | access-date=23 October 2010 | archive-date=21 February 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221163346/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4931000.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Polio Eradication Championship Award 2009, by Rotary International<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Awards-galore-for-Nitish/articleshow/7153302.cms | work=The Times Of India | location=India | title=Awards galore for Nitish | date=24 December 2010 | access-date=24 December 2010 | archive-date=9 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109184404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Awards-galore-for-Nitish/articleshow/7153302.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[CNN-IBN]] Great Indian of the Year – Politics, 2008<ref>[http://www.indianoftheyear.com/index08.php Indian Of The Year 2008 – Politics Winner Nitish Kumar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025026/http://www.indianoftheyear.com/index08.php |date=13 July 2011 }}</ref>
* The Best [[Chief Minister]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/features/rday/stateofthenation/cm.php |title=IBN |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424025902/http://ibnlive.in.com/features/rday/stateofthenation/cm.php |archive-date=24 April 2012 }}</ref> according to the [[CNN-IBN]] and ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' State of the Nation Poll 2007

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Period
! Positions
! Note
|-
|1977
|Contested first assembly elections on a [[Janata Party]] ticket from [[Harnaut (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harnaut]] but lost
|
|-
|1980
|Contested from [[Harnaut (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harnaut]] again, this time on [[Janata Party (Secular)]] ticket. But he lost again.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1980-election-results.html |title=Bihar Assembly Election Results in 1980 |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612193957/https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/1980-election-results.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|-
|1985–89
|Member, Bihar Legislative Assembly, from [[Harnaut (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harnaut]]
|1st term in Legislative Assembly
|-
|1986–87
|Member, Committee on Petitions, [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|
|-
|1987–88
|President, Yuva Lok Dal, [[Bihar]]
|
|-
|1987–89
|Member, Committee on Public Undertakings, [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].
|
|-
|1989
|Secretary-General, [[Janata Dal]], Bihar
|
|-
|1989
|Elected to [[9th Lok Sabha]] from [[Barh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barh]]
|1st term in [[Lok Sabha]]
|-
|1989 – 16 July 1990
|Member, House Committee
|Resigned
|-
|April 1990 – November 1990
|[[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Union Minister of State, Agriculture and Co-operation]]
|
|-
|1991
|Re-elected to [[10th Lok Sabha]]
|2nd term in [[Lok Sabha]]
|-
|1991–93
|General-Secretary, [[Janata Dal]]. Deputy Leader of [[Janata Dal]] in Parliament
|
|-
|17 December 1991 – 10 May 1996
|Member, [[Railways]] Convention Committee
|
|-
|8 April 1993 – 10 May 1996
|Chairman, Committee on [[Agriculture]]
|
|-
|1996
|Re-elected to [[11th Lok Sabha]]. Member, Committee on Estimates. Member, General Purposes Committee. Member, Joint Committee on the Constitution (Eighty-first Amendment Bill, 1996)
|3rd term in [[Lok Sabha]]
|-
|1996–98
|Member, Committee on Defence
|
|-
|1998
|Re-elected to [[12th Lok Sabha]]
|4th term in [[Lok Sabha]]
|-
|19 March 1998 – 5 August 1999
|[[Minister of Railways (India)|Union Cabinet Minister, Railways]]
|
|-
|14 April 1998 – 5 August 1999
|[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Union Cabinet Minister, Surface Transport (additional charge)]]
|
|-
|1999
|Re-elected to [[13th Lok Sabha]]
|5th term in [[Lok Sabha]]
|-
|13 October 1999 – 22 November 1999
|[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Union Cabinet Minister, Surface Transport]]
|
|-
|22 November 1999 – 3 March 2000
|Union Cabinet Minister, Agriculture
|
|-
| March 2000 – March 2000
|Chief Minister, Bihar
| as 29th Chief Minister of Bihar, only for 7 days
|-
|27 May 2000 – 20 March 2001
|Union Cabinet Minister, Agriculture
|
|-
|20 March 2001 – 21 July 2001
|Union Cabinet Minister, Agriculture, with an additional charge of Railways
|
|-
|22 July 2001 – 21 May 2004
|Union Cabinet Minister, Railways
|
|-
|2004
|Re-elected to [[14th Lok Sabha]], from [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda]]. Member, Committee on Coal & Steel. Member, General Purposes Committee. Member, Committee of Privileges. Leader Janata Dal (U) Parliamentary Party, Lok Sabha
|6th term in [[Lok Sabha]]
|-
|November 2005 – November 2010
|[[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister, Bihar]]
| as 31st Chief Minister of Bihar
|-
|2006
|Elected to [[Bihar Legislative Council|Bihar Vidhan Parishad]], First term
|
|-
|November 2010 – May 2014
|[[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister, Bihar]]
| as 32nd Chief Minister of Bihar
|-
|2012
|Elected to Bihar Vidhan Parishad, Second term
|
|-
|February 2015 – November 2015
| rowspan="3" |[[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister, Bihar]]
| as 34th Chief Minister of Bihar
|-
|November 2015 – July 2017
|as 35th Chief Minister of Bihar
|-
|July 2017 – 16 November 2020
|as 36th Chief Minister of Bihar
|-
|2018
|Elected to Bihar Vidhan Parishad, Third term
|<ref name="No surprises in U.P., Bihar Council polls">{{cite news |title=No surprises in U.P., Bihar Council polls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/no-surprises-in-up-bihar-council-polls/article23608245.ece |access-date=25 November 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125133019/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/no-surprises-in-up-bihar-council-polls/article23608245.ece |archive-date=25 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|16 November 2020 – 10 August 2022
| rowspan="3" |[[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister, Bihar]]
|as 37th Chief Minister of Bihar
|-
|10 August 2022 – January 2024
|as 38th Chief Minister of Bihar
|-
|31 January 2024 – November 2025
|as 39th Chief Minister of Bihar
|-
|2024–2026
|Elected to Bihar Vidhan Parishad, Fourth term
|<ref name="CM Nitish Kumar, RJD leader Rabri Devi among 11 elected unopposed to Bihar Legislative Council">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 March 2024 |title=CM Nitish Kumar, RJD leader Rabri Devi among 11 elected unopposed to Bihar Legislative Council |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-rabri-among-11-elected-unopposed-to-bihar-legislative-council/article67950467.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125132709/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nitish-rabri-among-11-elected-unopposed-to-bihar-legislative-council/article67950467.ece |archive-date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|November 2025 – March 2026
|[[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister, Bihar]]
| as 40th Chief Minister of Bihar
|-
|March 2026 –
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| 1st term in the [[Rajya Sabha]]
|}

==See also==
* {{anl|Ganga Water Lift Project}}
* [[List of politicians from Bihar]]
* [[Pragati Yatra]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://nitishspeaks.blogspot.in/|name=Official Blog}}
* {{Official website|http://gov.bih.nic.in/Governance/NitishKumar.htm|name=Nitish Kumar Website at Government of Bihar}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Rabri Devi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of Bihar]]|years=3 March 2000 – 10 March 2000}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rabri Devi]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[President's rule]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of Bihar]]|years=24 November 2005 – 17 May 2014}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of Bihar]]|years=22 February 2015 – present}}
{{s-aft|after=''incumbent''}}
{{S-end}}
{{Chief Ministers of Bihar}}
{{Current Indian Chief Ministers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Nitish}}
[[Category:Nitish Kumar]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nalanda]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Railway ministers of India]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of India]]
[[Category:V. P. Singh administration]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Indian people of Nepalese descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]

Prateeksha Kashi

2026-03-25T11:16:48Z

Svetlanakxj: made new stub!

{{short description|Indian Kuchipudi dancer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prateeksha Kashi
| image = Prathiksha Kashi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Prateeksha performing Kuchipudi dance in [[Pattambi]], [[Kerala]], on 17 January 2016
| birth_name =
| birth_date = May 29, 1990
| birth_place = [[Bangalore, Karnataka]], India
| father = [[Vijay Kashi]]
| mother = [[Vyjayanthi Kashi]]
| height =
| education = [[B.M.S. Institute of Technology and Management]]
| occupation = Dancer and actress
| known for = [[Kuchipudi|Kuchipudi dancer]]
| years_active =
| website = {{URL|http://www.prateekshakashi.com}}
}}

'''Prateeksha Kashi''' (born 29 May 1990) is an Indian [[Kuchipudi|Kuchipudi dancer]].

== Early life ==
Prateeksha was born on 29 May 1990 in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]], into the family of [[Gubbi Veeranna]].<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Gubbi Veeranna |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1748257993_UBK%20Citation%202013%20&%202014-27.pdf |access-date=2012-03-27 |publisher=www.ourkarnataka.com}}</ref> She is the daughter of the Kuchipudi dancer [[Vyjayanthi Kashi]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramnath|first=Ambili|date=2019-11-14|title=Dancers Vyjayanthi Kashi and Prateeksha Kashi on the bond the mother-daughter duo shares on and off the stage|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/dancers-vyjayanthi-kashi-and-prateeksha-kashi-on-the-bond-the-mother-daughter-duo-shares-on-and-off-the-stage/article29960095.ece|access-date=2021-04-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.associationsargam.com/vyjayanthi_kashi.htm |title=VYJAYANTHI KASHI (Kuchipudi) |publisher=Associationsargam.com |date= |access-date=2013-03-25}}</ref> and [[Vijay Kashi|Vijaya Kashi]], a [[television]] and theatre artist. She began learning [[Kuchipudi]] at the age of five under the guidance of her mother.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=VYJAYANTHI KASHI (Kuchipudi) |url=http://www.associationsargam.com/vyjayanthi_kashi.htm |access-date=2013-03-25 |publisher=Associationsargam.com}}</ref> By the age of thirteen, she had completed her Kuchipudi dance certificate examinations.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date= |title=In the City |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/138289/F |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714023524/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/138289/F |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=2012-03-26 |publisher=Deccan Herald |at=Kuchipudi recitaI}}</ref> She graduated from [[B.M.S. Institute of Technology and Management]] with a degree in Computer Science Engineering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmsce.in/semester/vi?page=5|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130819111124/http://www.bmsce.in/semester/vi?page=5|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-08-19|title=Computer Science Engineer|publisher=www.bmsce.in|date=|access-date=2013-08-19}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== In acting ===
Prateeksha portrayed the female lead role in ''[[Priyamanasam]]'', a [[Sanskrit]] film based on the life of Malayalam poet [[Unnayi Variyar]].<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Priyamanasam- A Sanskrit Movie in New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Third-Sankskrit-Film-after-Two-Decades/2015/06/15/article2867132.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619205214/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Third-Sankskrit-Film-after-Two-Decades/2015/06/15/article2867132.ece |archive-date=19 June 2015 |access-date=2015-06-19 |publisher=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref> She also played the lead role, Mohini, in a Kannada serial titled ''Kaadambari Kanaja,'' which was telecast on [[Udaya TV]].<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Kaadambari Kanaja, Udaya TV |url=http://www.in.com/tv/shows/udaya-134/kaadambari-kanaja-35827.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208005708/http://www.in.com/tv/shows/udaya-134/kaadambari-kanaja-35827.html |archive-date=2013-12-08 |access-date=2013-07-31 |publisher=www.in.com}}</ref> Additionally, she played the lead role of Akkamahadevi in ''Hejjegurthugalu''.<ref>{{cite news |date=2012-04-20 |title=Film on Akka Mahadevi to be screened today |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/film-on-akka-mahadevi-to-be-screened-today/article3334192.ece |access-date=2013-03-25 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> She appeared alongside her mother in ''Mathana''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Ambili |date=2019-11-14 |title=Dancers Vyjayanthi Kashi and Prateeksha Kashi on the bond the mother-daughter duo shares on and off the stage |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/dancers-vyjayanthi-kashi-and-prateeksha-kashi-on-the-bond-the-mother-daughter-duo-shares-on-and-off-the-stage/article29960095.ece |access-date=2025-09-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Prateeksha was featured in a short film series on social awareness, titled ''Dwar: Door for Transformation''.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Dwar- Door For Transformation |url=http://knowyourstar.com/rape/ |access-date=2013-08-01 |publisher=knowyourstar.com}}</ref> She acted in a Kannada film, ''Prakruthi'', which won the National Award for Adaptive Screenplay in 2013 and received the Special Jury Award at the [[Bengaluru International Film Festival|Bangalore International Film Festival]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-17 |title=National awards: Sheshadri, Kasaravalli win laurels |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/National-awards-Sheshadri-Kasaravalli-win-laurels/articleshow/33836209.cms |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Productions ===
Prateeksha was featured in ''The Magic of Kuchipudi'', a dance DVD produced by Shambhavi Dance Theatre. The DVD was released by [[Yamini Krishnamurthy]] as a part of Nayika-Excellence Personified, which was organized on the occasion of the [[International Women's Day]] on 8 March 2014 at Bharatiya Vidhya Bhavan, Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |title=DVD release in "Nayika-Excellence Personified" |url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv14/prv854.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302131843/http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv14/prv854.html |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=2014-03-13 |publisher=www.narthaki.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> She [[Choreography|choreographed]] and presented [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]]'s teachings in the production [[Essence of Life (dance group)|Essence of Life]], a multimedia production by [[Dega Deva Kumar Reddy]] that aimed to spread Krishnamurti's teachings, and performed "Can We Live Without Problems."<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Dancers |url=http://www.degaarts.com/dancers.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410180959/http://www.degaarts.com/dancers.html |archive-date=10 April 2013 |access-date=2013-03-25 |publisher=Dega Arts}}</ref>[[File:The Magic of Kuchipudi DVD release.JPG|thumb|''The Magic of Kuchipudi'' dance DVD featuring Prateeksha, produced by Shambhavi Dance Theatre]]

{{Gallery
|title= [[Essence of Life (dance group)|Essence of Life]]
|width=265
|height=265
|align=center
|File:Prateeksha kashi1.jpg|Prateeksha in the dance group Essence of Life
|File:Prateeksha kashi2.jpg|Prateeksha did the choreography for [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]]'s concept "Can We Live Without Problems" as a part of Essence of Life.
}}[[File:Prateeksha Kashi2.jpg|thumb|250px|Prateeksha performing "Navarasa" with her mother, 2012]]

==Notable performances==

Prateeksha has performed in numerous Indian dance festivals, including:
* Antarjatika Nrutya Sangeet Samaroha 2012, [[Cuttack]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120303/jsp/odisha/story_15204581.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125542/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120303/jsp/odisha/story_15204581.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2015 |title=Solo kuchipudi recital centre of attraction|publisher=www.telegraphindia.com|date= |access-date=2013-08-07}}</ref>
* Kalabharathi National Young Dance Fest 2013, [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv13/prv761.html |title= Kalabharathi Young Dance Fest 2013|publisher=www.narthaki.com |date= |access-date=2013-05-03}}</ref>
* [[International Dance Day|World Dance Day]] 2013 in Alliance Francaise, [[Bangalore]],<ref>{{cite web |date=April 6, 2013 |title=World Dance Day in Alliance Francaise, Bangalore |url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv13/prv767.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033543/http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv13/prv767.html |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=2013-05-03 |publisher=www.thiraseela.com}}</ref> and [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=World Dance Day in Krishna Gana Sabha, Chennai |url=http://www.thiraseela.com/users/info@thiraseela.com/events/1213/brochure.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122722/http://www.thiraseela.com/users/info@thiraseela.com/events/1213/brochure.jpg |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=2013-05-03 |publisher=www.thiraseela.com}}</ref>
* Summer Festival 2013, [[Coonoor]], [[Ooty]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thiraseela.com/main/viewEvents.php?id=1285 |title=Summer Festival, Coonor, Ooty|publisher=thiraseela.com|date= |access-date=2013-06-03}}</ref>
*Kuchipudi and Bharathanatyam duet performance with [[Rukmini Vijayakumar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buzzintown.com/bangalore/events/nayika-excellence-personifed/id--883150.html|title=Rukmini Vijaykumar & Prateeksha Kashi Performance|publisher=www.buzzintown.com|access-date=2014-03-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313085219/http://www.buzzintown.com/bangalore/events/nayika-excellence-personifed/id--883150.html|archive-date=13 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Natya Vriksha Young Dancers Festival, Natya Vriksha, in collaboration with [[UNESCO]], [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] and [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], celebrates World Dance Day<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv14/prv869.html |title=Natya Vriksha Young Dancers Festival in collaboration with UNESCO, Sangeet Natak Akademi and Ministry of Culture, New Delhi|publisher=www.narthaki.com |date= |access-date=2014-04-29}}</ref>

=== Overseas performances ===
Prateeksha has also performed overseas, including:
* US & Canada Tour for Kuchipudi Performances and Workshops<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapost.com/an-evening-of-authentic-kuchipudi-from-india/|title=US & Canada Tour|publisher=www.indiapost.com |date= 23 September 2015|access-date=2015-11-05}}</ref>
* Kuchipudi Faculty at Dance India-Milapfest 2014, [[Liverpool Hope University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.milapfest.com/dance-india/dance-india-tutors/| title=Faculty at Dance India-Milapfest 2014, Liverpool|publisher=www.milapfest.com |date= |access-date=2014-07-21}}</ref>
* Festivals of India 2014 India-China Year of Friendly Exchange, China<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Festivals of India-China Tour |url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/FOI/pdf/non-official-china.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725174806/http://indiaculture.nic.in/FOI/pdf/non-official-china.pdf |archive-date=July 25, 2014 |access-date=2014-07-18 |publisher=indiaculture.nic.in |at=No. 35}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/indian-dance-troupe-s-performance-enlivens-panchsheel-meet-114062900130_1.html| title=Performance at Panchasheel Meet, China|publisher=www.business-standard.com |date= |access-date=2014-07-18}}</ref>
* Sydney Dance Festival of Indian Classical Dances by Madhuram Academy of Performing Arts & Bharathiya Vidhya Bhavan, Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sydhwaney.com/sydney-dance-festival/ |title=Performance at Sydney Dance Festival, Sydney|publisher=sydhwaney.com |date= |access-date=2014-04-21}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Prateeksha has received awards and recognition, including:
* Leader of a Kuchipudi dance group tour to Africa, sponsored by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR).<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Indian Cultural Centre, Dar es Salaam |url=http://www.hcindiatz.org/pdf/Indian%20Culture%20brochure.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619165135/http://www.hcindiatz.org/pdf/Indian%20Culture%20brochure.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2015 |access-date=2015-06-19 |publisher=www.hcindiatz.org}}</ref>
* One of 100 delegates selected by the [[Government of India]] as part of the India–China Year of Friendly Exchanges 2014.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 December 2014 |title=Delegate as a part of India-China Friendly Exchange-2014 |url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/396726/The-New-Indian-Express-Bangalore/16-DECEMBER-2014#page/17/1 |url-access=registration |access-date=2012-12-17 |publisher=epaper.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>
* Grade ‘A’ artiste of [[Doordarshan]], Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sehernow.in/ananya2011htmls/kuchipudi.html |title=A Graded Artist in Doordarshan Kendra |publisher=www.sehernow.in |date= |access-date=2012-03-26}}</ref>

Prateeksha was selected for the Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], [[New Delhi]]. In 2011, she received the 37th annual Aryabhata International Award for excellence in Kuchipudi.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date= |title=About Prateeksha |url=http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=144 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217110227/http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=144 |archive-date=December 17, 2014 |access-date=2013-03-26 |publisher=thiraseela.com}}</ref> She holds the titles Nalanda Nritya Nipuna, instituted by the Nalanda Dance Research Centre,<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Nalanda Nritya Nipuna |url=http://www.ncpamumbai.com/event/ncpa-umang-series-kuchipudi-vaibhavam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719184250/http://www.ncpamumbai.com/event/ncpa-umang-series-kuchipudi-vaibhavam |archive-date=July 19, 2012 |access-date=2012-03-26 |publisher=www.ncpamumbai.com}}</ref> and Nritya Jyoti, awarded at the Naveen Kalakar.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sumathi, Saigan Connection |date=June 28, 2011 |title=Best talent of the 5th Naveen Kalakar |url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/rev11/rev1049.html |access-date=2013-03-25 |publisher=Narthaki}}</ref>

Prateeksha won the dance competition conducted by Pandit Jasraj's Foundation in [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vedicheritageinc.com/component/content/article/37-report/163-holi-2011 |title=Pandit Jasraj's Foundation at New York |publisher=www.vedicheritageinc.com |date= |access-date=2012-03-26}}</ref> She is a recipient of a scholarship from the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India.<ref name=":0" /> In 2014, she was honoured with the Aditya Vikram Birla Kalakiran Puraskar in the field of dance by the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-19 |title=Lifetime achievement award for Pt Birju Maharaj on Saturday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Lifetime-achievement-award-for-Pt-Birju-Maharaj-on-Saturday/articleshow/45207975.cms |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She is an empanelled artist of the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]], Government of India.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Prateeksha Kashi}}
*{{URL|www.prateekshakashi.com|Official website}}

=== Interviews ===
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnO00CU3ae4 Interview with Oz Indian TV Show, Sydney, Australia]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPskMBqts1U Interview with Sdhwaney, Sydney, Australia]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF0v2EoOdGk Prateeksha Kashi interview in Essence of Life Press meet Bangalore]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUZ2lDJIKsY Prateeksha Kashi interview during EOL DVD Launch]

=== Awards ===
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lK2FMayh2Xc Prateeksha Kashi Receiving Aryabhatta International Award]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zQmqEJWspc Prateeksha Kashi Receiving Young Dancer's Award]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashi, Prateeksha}}
[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]
[[Category:Artists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Dancers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:1990 births]]

Scott's Bungalow

2026-03-24T03:40:12Z

Svetlanakxj: created new entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Scott's Bungalow
| former_names =
| image = Scott's Bungalow, Srirangapatna 02.jpg
| image_size = 275px
| caption = Scott's Bungalow, Seringapatam
| pushpin_map =
| map_caption =
| building_type = House
| architectural_style = [[British Architecture|British]] Bungalow
| governing_body = Private Residence
| location = [[Seringapatam]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.4089|76.6864|display=inline,title}}
| construction_start_date = 1800
| completion_date =
| demolished_date =
| height =
| top_floor =
| floor_area =
| other_dimensions =
| architect =
| url =
}}

The '''Scott's Bungalow''' is located in [[Seringapatam]] on the banks of the river [[Cauvery]], at about half a mile from the Mysore Gate of the Seringapatam gate.<ref name=Chetti>{{cite book|last1=Chetti|first1=P Stephen Basappa|title=A Guide to Seringapatam and Its Vicinity; Historical and Traditional|date=1897|publisher=Town Press|location=Mysore (British India)|page=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JeYwAQAAMAAJ&q=Scott%E2%80%99s%20Bungalow%2C%20Seringapatam|access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> The bungalow was the residence of Col. Scott, an officer of the [[Madras Army]] who took part in the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Siege of Seringapatam]] in 1799. The bungalow is associated with the legend and tragedy of Col. Scott. The Deserted Bungalow, a poem by Walter Yeldham that was published in 1875, laments the fate of Scott's Bungalow.<ref name=Mysore>{{cite web|title=Scott's Bungalow|url=http://mysore.ind.in/scotts-bungalow|website=Mysore.ind|access-date=25 September 2015|date=2015}}</ref><ref name=Harshitha>{{cite web|last1=Harshitha|first1=Samyuktha|title=The Srirangapatna that I know|url=http://samharshbangalore.blogspot.com.au/2013/03/the-srirangapatna-that-i-know.html|access-date=25 September 2015|date=12 March 2013}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] between the [[British East India Company]] and the [[Tippu Sultan]] reached its conclusion at the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Siege of Seringapatam]]. The British achieved a decisive victory after breaching the walls of the fortress at Seringapatam and storming the citadel (during which Tipu Sultan was killed). After the fall of Tipu Sultan, the British restored the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] to the original Hindu Rajas (the [[Wodeyar Dynasty]]), from whom [[Hyder Ali]] had usurped the Mysore State. The Fort of [[Seringapatam]] was made into a garrison town of the [[Madras Army]] of the [[East India Company]].
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180">
Scott's Bungalow, Srirangapatna 01.jpg|Scott's Bungalow, Seringapatam (2015)
Scott's Bungalow Gates, Seringapatam Edited.jpg|Scott's Bungalow Gates, Seringapatam (2016)
Scott's Bungalow, Seringapatam Edited.jpg|Scott's Bungalow, Seringapatam (2016)
</gallery>

==Captain Scott==
After the British victory at Seringapatam in 1799, Captain Scott was supervising a gun factory, in the village of Ganjam. This factory was inspected in 1800 by Dr. Buchanan, and in 1803 by Lord Valentia, who remarked that Scott had been able to teach gun-making skills to the locals in a short period of time. For the guns, Scott was using the teak wood from the surrounding forests. By 1817, Scott was promoted as Colonel, and was commanding garrisons at the [[French Rocks]] and at Seringapatam. He is said to have developed close relationship with the Maharaja, who is believed to have built the Bungalow for Scott on the banks of the river.<ref name=Parsons />

==The legend==
Col. Scott was one of the officers of the [[Madras Army]] who participated in the final assault on Tipu Sultan in 1799. After the war, in 1800, Col. Scott was placed in charge of the manufacturing of gun carriages at the Fort, and lived in the Bungalow by the river [[Cauvery]]. One day in April, Scott left on his horse for inspection at the French Rocks garrison, and returned the next day. On return, the day being 19 April 1817, he found his wife and two daughters all dead of [[cholera]]. After this, according to local legend, Col. Scott is said to have disappeared suddenly without a trace. Some other locals believed that he had driven his horse carriage into the torrential Cauvery River. The [[Maharaja of Mysore|Mysore Maharaja]] (according to some accounts, the Governor of Seringapatam<ref name=Isabel>{{cite book|last1=Savory|first1=Isabel|title=A sportswoman in India; personal adventures and experiences of travel in known and unknown India|date=1900|publisher=J B Lippincott Company|location=Philadelphia|page=[https://archive.org/details/sportswomaninind00savorich/page/371 371]|url=https://archive.org/details/sportswomaninind00savorich|access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref>) gave orders for the house and furniture to be maintained as it is, on the hope that Col. Scott would return one day. This never happened, but succeeding kings of the Wodeyar dynasty kept the tradition of maintaining the Scott’s Bungalow alive.<ref name=Mysore /><ref name=Parsons>{{cite book|last1=Parsons|first1=Constance E|title=Seringapatam|date=1931|publisher=H. Milford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/SeringapatamConstanceParsons1931/page/n214 155]–157|url=https://archive.org/details/SeringapatamConstanceParsons1931|access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=Young /><ref name=Malleson>{{cite book|last1=Malleson|first1=George Bruce|title=Seringapatam; Past and Present: A Monograph|date=1876|publisher=Higginbotham|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J02AAAAMAAJ&q=1800|access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=Thompson>{{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Rev. E W|title=The Last Siege of Seringapatam: An Account of the Final Assault, May 4th, I 799; of the Death and Burial of Tippu Sultan; and of the Imprisonment of British Officers and Men; taken from the Narratives of Officers present at the Siege and of those who survived their captivity|date=1923|publisher=Wesleyan Mission Press|location=Mysore City, British India|pages=68, 69|url=http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/NASD/4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a/upgrade-archive-06-14-2007/data/upload-allbooks/disk%203/Jan%20N/ENGLISH/The_Last_Siege_Of_Seringapatam/HTML/00000096.htm|access-date=27 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091442/http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/NASD/4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a/upgrade-archive-06-14-2007/data/upload-allbooks/disk%203/Jan%20N/ENGLISH/The_Last_Siege_Of_Seringapatam/HTML/00000096.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==The reality==
According to other accounts, while the story of the tragedy of Col. Scott losing his wife and children are true, his wife is said to have died during childbirth on 19 April 1817 and his two daughters due to cholera. Also, few others discount the fact that the Cauvery in April is never in a torrential flow. Scott never really vanished as the legend says. Rather, Scott left the Bungalow as it stood, and left to [[Madras]] without informing any locals or the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Government]], and there he was able to get medical leave and proceeded to England (or Ireland). There, in 1821, he was promoted to major-general and died in London on 1 January 1833. The bungalow had remained un-tenanted and untouched. It was cleaned and maintained on a regular basis, and according to witnesses who viewed it in 1906, it was still left the same way as Scott has left it in 1817.<ref name=Young>{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Brigadier-General H A|title=The East India Company's Arsenals & Manufactories|date=1936|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781845740207|page=191|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URK-BAAAQBAJ&q=Aliph+Cheem+The+Deserted+Bungalow&pg=PA191|access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref>

==Caroline Isabella Scott==
Constance Parsons records seeing the grave of Scott's wife at the [[Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam]], with the inscription that reads "Caroline Isabella Scott (and infant child), wife of Colonel I C Scott, Commandant of Seringapatam; who died in child-bed, 19th April 1817". However, the graves of his two daughters could not be traced.<ref name=Parsons />
The death is also recorded in the ''Blackwood's Magazine'' of 1818 and other records, as Mrs. Caroline Grant, lady of Col. J G Scott of the Madras Artillery on 19 April 1817 at Seringapatam.<ref name=Blackwood>{{cite journal|last1=Blackwood|first1=William|title=Register: Marriages and Deaths|journal=Blackwood's Magazine|date=1818|volume=2|page=473|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-s7AQAAMAAJ&q=Caroline+Isabella+Scott+seringapatam&pg=PA473|access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=Cochran>{{cite journal|title=Births, Marriages and Deaths|journal=The Scots Magazine|date=1818|volume=81|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-5HAQAAMAAJ&q=Caroline+Colonel+J+G+Scott+seringapatam&pg=PA94|access-date=27 September 2015|publisher=Sands, Brymer, Murray and Cochran}}</ref><ref name=Constable>{{cite journal|title=Births, Deaths and Marriages|journal=The Edinburgh Magazine and Literary Miscellany|date=1818|volume=81|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QF0AAAAAYAAJ&q=Caroline+Colonel+J+G+Scott+seringapatam&pg=PA94|access-date=27 September 2015|publisher=Archibald Constable}}</ref> Another records the birth of a still born child for the lady of Col. Scott on 14 April 1817.<ref name=Allen>{{cite journal|title=Asiatic Intelligence - Bombay|journal=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany|date=1817|volume=4|page=628|publisher=William H Allen and Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4NxAAQAAIAAJ&q=Caroline+Colonel+J+G+Scott+seringapatam&pg=PA628|access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref>

==Description of the bungalow==
In 1931, Constance Parsons describes the bungalow as nested between pipal, tamarind and casuarina trees, with monkeys bats and birds in abundance. The Bungalow had a few remaining chairs, tables, lamps and cots. There was a large inlaid bed, made of ivory, with an underneath compartment to hold a tiger, which was removed from Tipu Sultan's palace and kept here. The bungalow had [[Mangalore]] tiles and was painted yellow. Near the bungalow, was the grave which was supposedly of Akbar Pasha, who was the 'guru' of Tippu Sultan, as recorded by Rev. F W Spencer.<ref name=Parsons />

==''The Deserted Bungalow'', by Walter Yeldham==
The legend of the Scott's Bungalow at Seringapatam generated much interest after the poem called ''The Deserted Bungalow'' by Walter Yeldham, writing under his pen name of Aliph Cheem, and published in the book ''Lays of Ind''. The poet begins by stating that his poem is "substantially true", and goes on to tell the story in 16 stanzas.<ref name=Walter>{{cite book|last1=Yeldham|first1=Walter|title=Lays of Ind|date=1837|publisher=W Thacker & Co.|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/laysofindbyaliph00yelduoft|access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref>

==Present status==
In 1962, the Scott's Bungalow was purchased by an Australian/English lady Yvette Zerfas, wife of Dr. Freddie Zerfas who was working at the Holdsworth Memorial Mission Hospital, [[Mysore]]. The bungalow served as a venue for green organic markets till the early 2000s.<ref name=Tovey>{{cite book|last1=Tovey|first1=Winifred|title=Cor Blimey! Where 'Ave You Come From?|date=2012|publisher=Little Knoll Press|isbn=978-0956535948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lM3-DLEkZFcC&q=yvette&pg=PT137|access-date=29 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=Tilley>{{cite web|last1=Tilley|first1=Jason Scott|title=Scotts bungalow, Seringhapatam with grandpa 1999|url=https://thebeautifulpeopleblog.wordpress.com/2011/12/26/scotts-bungalow-seringhapatam-with-grandpa-1999/|website=The Beautiful People|access-date=29 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=Rajagopal>{{cite web|last1=Rajagopal|first1=Padma|title=The Green Bazaar|url=http://www.priyashah.com/mig/bazaar.htm|access-date=29 September 2015|date=July 2001}}</ref>

==Lord Harris's House==
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="230">
Lord Harris Residence 02, Seringapatam.jpg|Inscription at the Lord Harris Residence, Seringapatam
Lord Harris Residence 01, Seringapatam.jpg|Lord Harris Residence, Seringapatam
</gallery>
Between the [[Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam|Garrison Cemetery]] and Scott's Bungalow, a path leads to house on the river banks. This house is known as '''Lord Harris's House''' or '''The Doctor's Bungalow''' or '''Puraniah's Bungalow'''. This house was the residence of General Harris, for a short time after the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Siege of Seringapatam]] in 1799, and went on to become headquarters of the commanding officer of Seringapatam. In 1809, this house was the scene of a mutiny by officers of the [[Madras Army]], led by Col. Bell, against [[Sir George Barlow, 1st Baronet|Sir. George Barlow]], the Governor of Madras.

[[Purnaiah]], lived in this house after his retirement from service in 1811, and died here on 28 March 1812. Days before his death, he wrote a letter to his friend Col. Hill, Commandant of Seringapatam, "Old and infirm, after a life of unusual activity and care, I am going to the land of my fathers", for which Col. Hill replied "Say I am travelling the same road", and died a short time after Purnaiah.

A tablet on the wall of this house records the connection of Lord Harris and Puraniah to this house.<ref name=Parsons />

==See also==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|India}}
*[[Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam]]
*[[Gumbaz, Seringapatam]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scott's Bungalow, Seringapatam}}
[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Srirangapatna]]

Battle of Rawalakot

2026-03-19T07:06:47Z

Svetlanakxj: starting a info needs work!

{{Short description|Part of the First Kashmir War (1947)}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Rawalakot
| partof = the [[Kashmir conflict]] and [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]]
| image = {{Location mark | width =310 | image = Pakistan Azad Kashmir location map.svg | caption = Rawalakot on a Map | float = | type = | label = '''Rawalakot''' | position = | x = 320 | y = 635 }}
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = 4 November 1947 – 15 November 1947
| place = [[Rawalakot]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|33|51|12|N|73|45|05|E|region:PK_type:city|display=inline}}
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = Rawalakot becomes part of the territory administered by Pakistan, known as Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK)
| result = Azad Army victory<ref name=":2">{{Harvb|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=159}}</ref>
* J&K State forces withdraw to [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]]
* non-Muslim civilians evacuated to Poonch
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Azad Kashmir}} [[Azad Kashmir Regular Force|Azad Army]]{{efn|Also referred to as the [[Mujahideen]]}}
| combatant2 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]] {{nowrap|{{flagicon|India}} [[Dominion of India|India]]}} {{air force|India}}
| commander1 = [[Captain Hussain Khan]]{{KIA}} Captain Sher Khan Captain Bostan Khan
| strength1 = ~200 men and others{{sfn|Jaffri|2024|p=10}}
| strength2 = ~2,000 men{{sfn|Jaffri|2024|p=11}}
| casualties1 = 260 casualties including 150 killed{{sfn|Jaffri|2024|p=11}}
| casualties2 = 400 killed Many wounded{{sfn|Jaffri|2024|p=11}}
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani war of 1947-1948}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
| commander2 = Colonel Ram Lal Major Amarnath Lakhanpal Captain Prakash Chand
| map_mark = {{Location mark
| width =
| image = Pakistan Azad Kashmir location map.svg
| caption = Rawalakot on a Map
| float =
| type =
| label = '''Cape Wrath'''
| position =
| x = 452 | y = 480
}}
}}
The '''Battle of Rawalakot''', was a battle fought by the [[Azad Kashmir Regular Force]] against the State of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] which took place in the city of Rawalakot and surrounding areas between November 4–14, 1947 during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948|First Kashmir War]], which was initiated by Muslim Sudhan ex-servicemen to fight for the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to the [[Dominion of Pakistan]].<ref>{{Harvb|Jaffri|2024|p=10}} : {{Harvb|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|pp=154-156}} : {{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=217}}</ref> On 15 June, [[Sardar Ibrahim Khan]] addressed a meeting in [[Rawalakot]] attended by 20,000 people, and gave a speech in "most 'seditious' terms". He told his audience that Pakistan, a Muslim state, was coming into being and the people of Jammu and Kashmir could not remain unaffected. After that day, he says, "a strange atmosphere took the place of the usually peaceful life in these parts".<ref name=":3" /> On 22 June, Chaudhary Hamidullah, the acting president of the [[All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference|Muslim Conference]], visited Rawalakot and initiated secret plans to organize the ex-servicemen of the district for an eventual confrontation with the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces.{{sfnp|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=83}}

At Dothan an engagement took place on 30 August. A platoon on their way to Rawalakot to reinforce Hajira force, engaged in a clash with the Sudhan ex-servicemen nearly seven miles inland from Rawalakot, who were commanded by Captain Muhammad Ashraf. The engagement resulted in the casualties of five ex-servicemen which also included Captain Ashraf who suffered injuries and eighteen state forces soldiers. The action at Dothan destroyed culverts and communication network between Rawalakot and Hajira.{{Sfn|Jaffri|2024|p=10}} At Sudhunti tehsil, the remaining Tain post was deserted by state forces, and Colonel Ram instead of reinforcing fallen or besieged posts would consider the withdrawal of both non-Muslim civilians and state forces to Rawalakot. The withdrawal of the state forces from this area was of great convenience for Azad forces, with the withdrawal whole area was turned into an Azad force base.{{Sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|pp=156-158}} On November 4,6,8 Attacks were made by Azad force on Rawalakot Garrison leading heavy casualties on both sides<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> The Indian planes pounded the Azad forces all day but the Azad forces would remain unharmed.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=241}}

Colonel Ram Lal took note of the circumstances and made the decision to withdraw his men to Poonch due to the dire situation regarding ammunition and supplies as well as the increasing number of refugees.<ref name=":1" /> But when the column arrived in Hajira, a fierce battle was ongoing.<ref name=":1" /> Azad forces had taken up positions on the way to Hajira as they anticipated the state forces would retreat from Hajira track, Lieutenant-Colonel Silwal instead decided to retreat to Poonch via the Toli Pir pass.<ref name=":05"/> The retreating state forces were persistently followed by Captain Hussain Khan and Azad forces all the way to Toli Pir, which left them with no breaks and impeding their attempts to reorganize or halt their progress. The column was brought back to Poonch which still caused casualties.<ref name=":05" /> There was only one unit in the garrison at Madarpur. A strong column was dispatched from Poonch on the evening of November 13/14 in order to withdraw these two garrisons, the garrisons would withdraw by 15 November.<ref name=":05" /> Azad forces forced the state forces to vacate Rawalakot and then to withdraw towards Poonch, the battle at Rawalakot was considered an important victory for Azad forces since it eliminated the whole area of state troops.<ref name=":7" />

== Background ==
{{See also|1947 Poonch rebellion}}
A fort called Rawalakot was built by the descendant of a famous ruler Sardar Mako Khan in Rawalakot and a court in the Rawalakot area was called Rahwala-kot was present According to locals and is believed that Rawalakot became famous because of a local ruler and the name was attributed to the forts in the locality.<ref name="Rawalakot's name">{{Cite web |last=Haider |first=Noreen |date=2021-04-05 |title=The untold history behind Rawalakot's name |website=Azadi Times |url=https://azaditimes.com/news/rawalakot/the-untold-history-behind-rawalkots-name/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324020441/https://azaditimes.com/news/rawalakot/the-untold-history-behind-rawalkots-name/ |archive-date=2024-03-24 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In spring 1947 [[Sardar Ibrahim]], the member of Legislative Assembly from [[Bagh District|Bagh]]–[[Sudhnoti District|Sudhnoti]], returned to Poonch after attending the Assembly session in March–April. By his own account, he was thoroughly convinced that there was a conspiracy between the State forces and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and, so, he advised the people of Poonch to organize themselves politically. As a result of his exhortations, he states, people "got courage, became defiant, and started organizing themselves exactly on military lines".{{sfnp|Ibrahim Khan, The Kashmir Saga|1990|p=57}} On 15 June, he addressed a meeting in [[Rawalakot]] attended by 20,000 people, and gave a speech in "most 'seditious' terms". He told his audience that Pakistan, a Muslim state, was coming into being and the people of Jammu and Kashmir could not remain unaffected. After that day, he says, "a strange atmosphere took the place of the usually peaceful life in these parts".<ref name=":3">{{harvp|Suharwardy, Tragedy in Kashmir|1983|p=102}}; {{harvp|Ibrahim Khan, The Kashmir Saga|1990|pp=57–58}}</ref> On 22 June, Chaudhary Hamidullah, the acting president of the Muslim Conference, visited Rawalakot and initiated secret plans to organize the ex-servicemen of the district for an eventual confrontation with the State Forces.{{sfnp|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=83}}

Hussain Khan, would gather Muslim ex-army personnel and volunteers from the Second World war. However, very few joined Captain Hussain.{{Sfn|Jaffri|2024|p=9}}

== Prelude ==

=== Prelude ===
On August 22, over 2000 individuals in Rawalakot requested that the state be admitted to Pakistan. Nonetheless, the people retracted their demands after the state administration called the leaders of the demanders and told them to stop. When the people of Bagh rejected orders, the situation got critical, and the leaders were captured. Following an apology, the leaders were promptly released.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=217}} In the beginning of July, a no-tax campaign was launched in Bagh and Rawalakot, and by September, it went well. At Neelabutt a public meeting was conducted on August 23, 1947, Many important political figures demanded for Pakistani membership and denounced the Jammu and Kashmir state, they threatened to punish the Maharaja severely if he joined India. it faced suppression by the government.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=217}}

Pakistani groups coordinated the 1,000-man march to Poonch from Arja in order to have their demands addressed.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=217}} The groups were split into three and raided shops which were owned by Sikhs and Hindus. One party would stay in Arja, while the other two moved to Poonch and Hari Ghel. After being denied entry into Bagh on August 24, they spent the night near by. Some individuals in the Jatha{{efn|The word [[Jatha]] means an armed parade mostly used for sikhs}} had rifles, Balwan Singh therefore commanded a unit to reinforce the Bagh garrison. At Bagh the previous groups from Arja and Hari Ghel would join the jatha, bringing the total number of protestors to 2000.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=217}} Colonel Krishna Singh, the Officer Commanding Raghupratap described the critical situation to the Chief-of-Staff over the phone, as well as the need for another battalion, which was instantly met, and one party was stationed in Bagh and one in Rawalakot on August 24–26.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=217}} Many other gatherings of a similar nature were conducted, which gave rise to Bloodshed and repression by state forces. [[Unlawful assembly|Section 144]] was imposed by the State government, which banned the gathering of five or more persons on the 26th of August.<ref>{{Harvb|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=141}}</ref>

==== Bani Pissari and Arjah Incident ====
On 26 August, three state soldiers which were carrying supplies from Rawalakot for the troops present at Bagh and these soldiers were attacked by a group of four who took away all their supplies, Meanwhile, a public meeting was conducted at Hurabari.{{Sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|pp=141-142}} The news regarding Bani Pissari incident had been received by state garrison which consisted of a company, they responded by massacring the people present at Bani Pissari and the leaders present there would retreat informing others of the incident.{{Sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|pp=141-142}}

On 27 August Hussain Khan other notables were the guides from Dhirkot who advanced towards a state force detachment. In the Thob forest the detachment was brought under fire. This incident caused the state forces advance to be interrupted for a whole day.{{Sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|pp=144-145}} In retaliation a local mosque was ravaged and the home of Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qaiyum Khan's was razed to ground, who himself would escape to Pakistan. At Chirala and Chamankot military posts were set up and the state forces would conduct intense patrolling and forced extortion's.{{Sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|pp=144-145}}

==== Kharud Singh incident ====
An incident happened in Bagh tehsil on August 27, when a Muslim mob with the size of 500–600, seized Jemadar Khurd Singh and four state force signalers, tied them by hand and foot, and dumped them into the Mahal river. Two of them lost their lives by drowning, but Two were able to save themselves which included Jemadar Kharud Singh, who managed to release himself by swimming downstream.<ref name=":0">{{Harvnb|Palit|1972|p=160}} : {{Harvnb|Singh|2010|p=|pages=217–218}}</ref> The news about the attack was received at Bagh. Captain Balwan Singh sent a reconnaissance group of 10 soldiers, which were halted by intense resistance offered and returned to the garrison.<ref name=":0" />

== Battle & Events ==
[[File:Captain Hussain Khan Kashmiri.jpg|thumb|Captain Hussian Khan the leader of the (Azad forces/Mujahideen) during the battle of Rawalakot]]

=== Azad Forces preparations ===
The state administration was fully informed of the shortcomings to prevent the worsening situation in Jammu and Kashmir.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=216}} The headquarters of Captain Hussain Khan was setup by him in Miral-gala close to [[Banjosa Lake|Banjosa]], and then organized a force.{{Sfn|Jaffri|2024|p=9}} The force would face lack of weapons and ammunition.{{Sfn|Jaffri|2024|p=9}}

=== Dothan Action ===
At Dothan an engagement took place on 30 August. The atrocities by state army at mung in the past were still remembered by locals, the majority of the district's dissolved ex-servicemen, the Sudhan ex-servicemen, covertly assembled and prepared for a confrontation with the state army. The State forces garrison at Rawalakot was established as a second army post, it was strengthened by a platoon recruited from Hajira.{{Sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=143}} The platoon on their way to Rawalakot engaged in a clash with the Sudhan ex-servicemen nearly seven miles inland from Rawalakot, who were commanded by Captain Muhammad Ashraf. The engagement resulted in the casualties of five ex-servicemen which also included Captain Ashraf who suffered injuries and eighteen state forces soldiers. The action at Dothan destroyed culverts and communication network between Rawalakot and Hajira.{{Sfn|Jaffri|2024|p=10}} A defensive position in the Dothan defile to block state forces reinforcement to Rawalakot was taken by Azad forces.{{Sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=144}}

=== Battle ===

==== At Sudhunti Tehsil ====
The post at Mung sector consisted of a Middle school building and was brought under attack by Azad forces led by Subedar Afsar Khan with 30 volunteers on 6 October. The attack was repelled by State forces after a counterattack. Subedar Afsar Khan took his sword and led the volunteers into the building which resulted in a hand-to-hand fight after facing lack of weapons, All of them were killed.{{Sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|pp=156-158}} At Thorar Subedar Bostan Khan led the group of 36 ex-soldiers who attacked the state forces camp. The Thorar post was considered more valuable than at Mung sector due to the supply stored. damage was inflicted to state forces in the first attack and caused casualties, however attackers too were killed like at Mung.{{Sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|pp=156-158}} Three Locals from Nar, volunteered and rushed toward at the post at Thorar other's would follow them, the post would be captured by the attackers but the three volunteers would be killed including the remaining state troops at the Thorar post.{{Sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|pp=156-158}}

The Azad forces would gain substantial amount of supply stored at this post. Colonel Ram Lal would rush for relief after being informed of the attacks at posts in the Tehsil{{efn|A [[Tehsil]] also known as (tahsil, taluk, or taluka) is a local unit of administrative division in India and Pakistan.}} accompanied by a large column. Jemadar Bagga Khan of Hurna Mera led Eight soldier's of Azad forces and attacked the main-supply and ambushed the incoming relief forces which resulted in their considerable delay.{{Sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|pp=156-158}} The Tain post was deserted by state forces, and Colonel Ram instead of reinforcing fallen or besieged posts would consider the withdrawal of both non-Muslim civilians and state forces to Rawalakot. The withdrawal of the state forces from this area was of great convenience for Azad forces, with the withdrawal whole area was turned into an Azad force base.{{Sfn|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|pp=156-158}}

==== At Rawalakot ====
Till 18 October no engagement occurred at Rawalakot, and the column led by Colonel Ram Lal's entered Rawalakot on 13 October.<ref name=":2" /> The village at Trar was attacked and completely ravaged by state forces, on their way to another village the state forces were forced to retreat after being engaged in a skirmish with Azad forces. The village of Barmung was pillaged by state forces on 21 October, the state forces were again forced to retreat after an attack on Pothi Makwalan the clash between the Azad forces and state forces, resulted in death of seventeen state troops and a personal was captured along with the supplies loaded on donkeys.<ref name=":2">{{Harvb|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=159}}</ref> On 19/20 October, Azad forces attacked Rawalakot.{{Sfn|Palit|1972|p=206}} The Mosque in the area was besieged by state forces and kept their supplies and animal support in a bid that it would be left unharmed by Azad forces. A 3" mortar would be brought by Captain Hussain Khan and his Azad forces on foot, the mortar was bound with wooden poles to end the prolonged battle. Havildar Sanwala Khan took charge of the mortar.<ref name=":02">{{Harvb|Palit|1972|p=206}} : {{Harvb|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=159-160}} : {{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=226}}</ref> The first three shots by the mortar didn't bring expected results, all of them missed the enemy and one would hit another mosque. Accurate 3-inch mortar fire as well as medium machine guns assisted in the attack. There were significant casualties after the attack was repelled and a large ammunition expenditure on the state forces side.<ref name=":02" />

The combat in the region went on until the following day, when the state forces were eventually defeated, the remaining survivors among the ones who were killed fled in the direction of Sangula.<ref name=":03">{{Harvb|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=160}}</ref> Azad forces gained control of a sizable amount of weapons, ammo, and supplies here, during the withdrawal of state forces Indian planes would bomb Azad forces locations which would result in five being killed. Hussain Khan requested for two volunteers to clear out remaining a state forces in the Civil Hospital. Akbar Shah and Painda Khan, two of them volunteered and successfully crawled to the place. Akbar grabbed a state forces soldier with lightning speed, and a hand-to-hand combat broke out.<ref name=":03" /> On November 4, 1947, Subedar Bostan Khan led the initial attack on Rawalakot, which was repelled by state forces, resulting in 45 casualties and 23 deaths for the Azad forces.<ref name=":4">{{Harvb|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015|p=160}} : {{Harvb|Jaffri|2024|p=11}}</ref> A renewed attack was led by Captain Hussain Khan on November 6 which has said to inflict heavy losses on state troops. The Azad forces began bombarding the Rawalakot Garrison with relentless fire and the state force's outer defense was compromised.<ref name=":5">{{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=241}} :</ref>

The Indian planes pounded the Azad forces all day but the Azad forces would remain unharmed. On November 8, Captain Hussain Khan led another significant attempt.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=241}} Colonel Ram Lal took note of the circumstances and made the decision to withdraw his men to Poonch due to the dire situation regarding ammunition and supplies as well as the increasing number of refugees.<ref name=":1">{{Harvb|Palit|1972|p=206}}</ref> Colonel Ram's strategy called for the pullout to happen in two stages. A column under Major Amarnath's leadership, comprising B and D companies under the command of Major Ram Prakash and Arjun Dass, carrying 3,000 refugees headed towards Hajira, which was scheduled to depart Rawalakot on October 27. Their mission was to transport the refugees to the Hajira garrison, retrieve supplies and ammunition, and return the refugees to Rawalakot. But when the column arrived in Hajira, a fierce battle was ongoing.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Toli Peer17.jpg|left|thumb|Image of Toli pir in Poonch district Azad Kashmir Pakistan]]
At Hajira Colonel Silwal was informed of immediate need for the return of the column and a strong attack, the column would then leave for Rawalakot for gathering supplies. The Azad forces would then carryout many ambushes which resulted in the state forces taking up three days and nights to advance to Rawalakot. It was difficult for the state soldiers to hold Rawalakot much longer due to a lack of supplies and ammunition from the daily combat with the enemy while it was under control.<ref name=":04">{{Harvb|Palit|1972|p=207}} : {{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=241}}</ref> A Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF) fighter plane dropped a 1000 rounds of ammunition on November 5, but only around 600 of them could be recovered more than half of them were damaged. Decision was made to turn back to Poonch and leave Rawalakot.<ref name=":04" /> Azad forces had taken up positions on the way to Hajira as they anticipated the state forces would retreat from Hajira track, Lieutenant-Colonel Silwal instead decided to retreat to Poonch via the Toli Pir pass.<ref name=":05">{{Harvb|Palit|1972|p=|pp=207-208}} : {{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=|pp=241-242}}</ref>

Toli pir which is one of the tallest peaks in the Poonch district which reached 10,000 feet, the advance of state forces towards Toli Pir peak was slowed down after leaving along Rawalakot together with the non-Muslim refugees. The retreating state forces were persistently and mercilessly followed by Captain Hussain Khan and Azad forces all the way to Toli Pir, which left them with no breaks and impeding their attempts to reorganize or halt their progress. The column was brought back to Poonch which still caused casualties.<ref name=":05"/> Following that, Hajira and Madarpur were the only positions in front of Poonch which were holding out. Under the leadership of Captain Vakil Singh of state forces garrison at Hajira was made up of a variety of sub-units, with a total strength of roughly two companies.<ref name=":05" /> There was only one unit in the garrison at Madarpur. A strong column was dispatched from Poonch on the evening of November 13/14 in order to withdraw these two garrisons, the garrisons would withdraw by 15 November.<ref name=":05" />

== Aftermath ==
{{Blockquote|text="The liberation of Rawalakot has great importance in the liberation Movement because with the fail of this Dogra strong-hold, they were not able to hold the advance of the liberators anywhere short of [[Poonch (town)|Poonch town]]. It not only meant the liberation of the present tehsils of [[Pallandri Tehsil|Pallandari]] and Rawalakot but also cut off the enemy's forward base for the tehsil of [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]]." |author=[[Muhammad Yusuf Saraf]] |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 (2015) |source=p. 161}}
Azad forces forced the state forces to vacate Rawalakot and then to withdraw towards Poonch, the battle at Rawalakot was considered an important victory for Azad forces since it eliminated the whole area of state troops.<ref name=":7">{{Harvb|Jaffri|2024|p=11}}</ref> Following the ending of [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948|hostilities]], the [[Karachi Agreement]] had established a cease-fire line in [[Kashmir]]. [[History of Poonch District|Poonch]] was divided between India and Pakistan, Rawalakot came under the Pakistani-administered [[Azad Kashmir]], becoming the capital of [[Poonch Division]] and [[Poonch District, Pakistan|Poonch District]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nawaz Khan |first=Sardar Muhammad |date=2017 |title=District Disaster Management Plan |url=https://sdma.pk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Poonch-V4.pdf |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=sdma.pk}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]]
* [[Rawalakot]]
* [[Poonch District, Pakistan]]
* [[Battle of Pandu]]
* [[Battle of Muzaffarabad]]
* [[1947 Gilgit rebellion]]
* [[Battle of Shalateng]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Jaffri |first=Imran Haider |title=Captain Hussain Khan, Fakhr-i-Kashmir, OBI, shaheed: A Forgotten Hero of Kashmir Liberation War-1947/48 |journal=Bugle and Trumpet |volume=4 |number=2 |date=Winter 2024 |publisher=Army Institute of Military History, Pakistan |url=https://www.aimh.gov.pk/winter-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627161439/https://www.aimh.gov.pk/winter-2022/ |archive-date=2024-06-27}}
* {{citation |last1=Ibrahim Khan |first1=Muhammad |title=The Kashmir Saga |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCtuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Verinag |ref={{sfnref|Ibrahim Khan, The Kashmir Saga|1990}}}}
* {{citation |last=Suharwardy |first=Abdul Haq |title=Tragedy in Kashmir |year=1983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjRuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Wajidalis |ref={{sfnref|Suharwardy, Tragedy in Kashmir|1983}}}}
* {{citation |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ym1uvgAACAAJ |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/part-ii-kashmiris-fight-for-freedom-vol-2-1947-1978-by-yusuf-saraf |archive-date=2021-03-29 |location=Mirpur |publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies |ref={{sfnref|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015}} |author-link=Muhammad Yusuf Saraf |orig-year=first published 1979 by Ferozsons}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. Brahma |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background |publisher=brahmasingh.co.nf |year=2010 |orig-date=first published Lancer International 1990 |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |url=http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306195332/http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite book |last=Palit |first=D. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGZDnzqQj2QC |title=Jammu and Kashmir Arms: History of the J & K Rifles |publisher=Palit & Dutt |year=1972 |language=en |asin=B0006C8HKM |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3425/page/n1/mode/2up?q=Rawalakot |archive-date=2000-01-20}}
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Diet in Sikhism

2026-03-19T01:17:03Z

Svetlanakxj: adjust lead after review and added references

{{Short description|Views on what followers of Sikhism are permitted to eat}}
{{pp-pc}}
[[File:The famous 'langar'- free meals for one and all (38938496121).jpg|thumb|''Langar'' communal meal being held at the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar, Punjab, northern India, 20 November 2017]]
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
Followers of [[Sikhism]] do not have a preference for meat or vegetarian consumption.<ref name="SHP">[http://www.sikhs.org/meat_au.htm "Misconceptions About Eating Meat - Comments of Sikh Scholars,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228061910/http://www.sikhs.org/meat_au.htm |date=28 December 2008 }} at [http://www.sikhs.org/ The Sikhism Home Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117061657/http://sikhs.org/ |date=17 January 2009 }}</ref><ref> ''Sikhs and Sikhism'', by I.J. Singh, Manohar, Delhi {{ISBN|978-81-7304-058-0}}: ''Throughout Sikh history, there have been movements or subsects of Sikhism which have espoused vegetarianism. I think there is no basis for such dogma or practice in Sikhism. Certainly Sikhs do not think that a vegetarian's achievements in spirituality are easier or higher. It is surprising to see that vegetarianism is such an important facet of Hindu practice in light of the fact that animal sacrifice was a significant and much valued Hindu Vedic ritual for ages. Guru Nanak in his writings clearly rejected both sides of the arguments—on the virtues of vegetarianism or meat eating—as banal and so much nonsense, nor did he accept the idea that a cow was somehow more sacred than a horse or a chicken. He also refused to be drawn into a contention on the differences between flesh and greens, for instance. History tells us that to impart this message, Nanak cooked meat at an important Hindu festival in Kurukshetra. Having cooked it he certainly did not waste it, but probably served it to his followers and ate himself. History is quite clear that Guru Hargobind and Guru Gobind Singh were accomplished and avid hunters. The game was cooked and put to good use, to throw it away would have been an awful waste''.</ref><ref>''Guru Granth Sahib, An Analytical Study'' by Surindar Singh Kohli, Singh Bros. Amritsar {{ISBN|81-7205-060-7}}: ''The ideas of devotion and service in Vaishnavism have been accepted by Adi Granth, but the insistence of Vaishnavas on vegetarian diet has been rejected.''</ref><ref>''A History of the Sikh People'' by Dr. Gopal Singh, World Sikh University Press, Delhi {{ISBN|978-81-7023-139-4}}: ''However, it is strange that now-a-days in the Community-Kitchen attached to the Sikh temples, and called the Guru's Kitchen (or, Guru-ka-langar) meat-dishes are not served at all. May be, it is on account of its being, perhaps, expensive, or not easy to keep for long. Or, perhaps the Vaishnava tradition is too strong to be shaken off.''</ref> There are two views on initiated or "Amritdhari Sikhs" and meat consumption. "Amritdhari" Sikhs (i.e. those that follow the [[Sikh Rehat Maryada]] - the Official Sikh Code of Conduct<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sgpc.net/sikhism/sikh-dharma-manual.html |title=Sikh Reht Maryada, The Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India |publisher=www.sgpc.net |accessdate=29 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820234942/http://www.sgpc.net/sikhism/sikh-dharma-manual.html |archive-date=20 August 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>) can eat meat (provided it is not [[Kutha meat]]).<ref name="Mosher 108"/><ref name="SekhonSingh2005">{{cite book|last1=Sekhon|first1=Devinder Singh|last2=Singh|last3=Devinder|title=Philosophy of Guru Granth Sahib|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHNrD5PE6OgC|accessdate=26 November 2010|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.|isbn=978-81-261-2357-5|pages=143 to 172|chapter=10 Gurmat and Meat}}</ref><ref>Punjabi-English Dictionary, Punjabi University, Dept. of Punjabi Lexicography, {{ISBN|81-7380-095-2}}; Hardcover; 2002-10-01</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kaur|first=Upinder Jit|title=Sikh Religion And Economic Development|year=1990|publisher=National Book Organisation|isbn=9788185135489|page=212}}</ref> "Amritdharis" that belong to some Sikh sects (e.g. [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]], [[Damdami Taksal]], [[Namdhari]]<ref>[http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/2007/4-6/18-32_veggie.shtml Vegetarianism and Meat-Eating in 8 Religions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926115512/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/2007/4-6/18-32_veggie.shtml |date=26 September 2008 }} April/May/June, 2007 [[Hinduism Today]]</ref><ref name="Takhar2005" />) are vehemently against the consumption of meat and eggs.<ref>[http://www.sikhwomen.com/Community/Volunteer/langar.htm "Langar,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502042059/http://www.sikhwomen.com/Community/Volunteer/langar.htm |date=2 May 2009 }} at [http://www.sikhwomen.com/ http://www.sikhwomen.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027205316/http://www.sikhwomen.com/ |date=27 October 2009 }}</ref>

The [[Sikh Gurus]] have indicated their preference for a simple diet,<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus|publisher=Lotus Press|location=New Delhi|year=2006|page=38|chapter=3 Guru Amar Das|isbn=978-81-8382-075-2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EhGkVkhUuqoC&q=The+History+of+Sikh+Gurus+By+Prithi+Pal+Singh}}</ref> which could include meat or be vegetarian. [[Guru Nanak]] said that [[overconsumption]] of food i.e. [[Lobh]] (Greed) involves a drain on the Earth's resources and thus on life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikhs.org/meat_gn.htm |title=The Sikhism Home Page |publisher=Sikhs.org |accessdate=9 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627192504/http://www.sikhs.org/meat_gn.htm |archive-date=27 June 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In the case of meat, passages from the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] (the holy book of Sikhs, also known as the Adi Granth) say that fools argue over this issue. The tenth guru, [[Guru Gobind Singh]], prohibited the Sikhs from the consumption of [[Kutha meat|Kutha]] (any ritually slaughtered) meat because of the Sikh belief that sacrificing an animal in the name of God is mere ritualism (something to be avoided).<ref name="SHP"/>

In [[Sikhism]], only [[lacto-vegetarian]] food is [[Langar (Sikhism)|served]] in the [[Gurdwara]] (Sikh temple) but Sikhs are not bound to be meat-free.<ref name="Sgpc">{{cite web|url=http://sgpc.net/sikh-rehat-maryada-in-english/|title=Only Meat Killed by Ritual (Kutha) Is Banned for a Sikh |publisher=Sgpc |accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref><ref name="Mosher 108">{{cite book|last= Mosher|first=Lucinda|title=Belonging (Faith in the Neighbourhood) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrFYN3IEJ6wC&dq=Belonging+(Faith+in+the+Neighbourhood)&pg=PR10|accessdate=24 November 2010|date=1 June 2005|publisher=Church Publishing Inc |isbn=1-59627-010-1 |page=108|chapter=4 Distance}}</ref> The general consensus is that Sikhs are free to choose whether to adopt a meat diet or not.<ref name="Mosher 108"/><ref name="Sgpc6">{{cite web |url=http://www.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html |title=Eating the meat of an animal slaughtered the Muslim way (Kutha) |publisher=Sgpc |accessdate=2009-08-09 |archive-date=2002-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020202081302/http://www.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Langar==
{{Main|Langar (Sikhism)}}
[[File:Preparing_langar.jpg|thumb|Volunteers preparing langar at the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar, India, 9 January 2007]]
Within the gurdwara, the Guru ka Langar (Guru's community kitchen) serves purely [[lacto-vegetarian]] food because the Langar is open to all. Since people of many faiths have varying dietary taboos, and since Sikhs accept these restrictions and accommodate people regardless of their faith or culture, the Sikh Gurus adopt vegetarian food for Langar. Meat was included in langar at the time of [[Guru Angad]], but was discontinued to accommodate [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavites]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus|publisher=Lotus Press|location=New Delhi|year=2006|pages=38|chapter=3 Guru Amar Das|isbn=81-8382-075-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EhGkVkhUuqoC&q=The+History+of+Sikh+Gurus+By+Prithi+Pal+Singh|accessdate=2019-02-07}}</ref>

==Reincarnation==
Sikhism argues that the soul can possibly undergo millions of transformations as various forms of life before ultimately becoming human. These life forms could be a mineral, vegetation, or an animal. Sikhism does not see a difference between these types of existence,<ref>{{cite book|last=Garces-Foley|first=Kathleen |title=Death and Religion in a Changing World |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0R_MMqNxu4C&q=Death+and+Religion+in+a+Changing+World|access-date=24 November 2010|year=2006|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-1222-9 |page=187|chapter=8. Sikhism and Death}}</ref> however the human has a privileged position compared to other life forms.<ref name="Jagbir">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37i7uAYe6QEC&q=Sikhism+Today++By+Jagbir+Jhutti-Joha | title=Sikhism Today [Religion Today series] | publisher=Bloomsbury Academic | last=Jhutti-Johal |first = Jagbir |author-link=Jagbir Jhutti Johal |year=2011 | location=England | page=17 | isbn=978-1-84706-272-7}}</ref> In terms of the Sikh view of [[karma]], human life is seen as being most precious, and animal, vegetable, and mineral all viewed as being equally below human life. Therefore, Sikhs view eating an animal is the same as eating a plant or mineral.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Morgan|editor1-first=Peggy |editor2-last=Lawton |editor2-first=Clive|title=Ethical Issues in Six Religious Traditions|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|location=Edinburgh|edition=2nd|page=144|chapter=6. Questions of Right and Wrong|year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7486-2330-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NM8a6x3ykTMC&q=Ethical+issues+in+Six+Religious+Traditions|access-date=7 February 2014}}</ref>

== Viewpoints ==

=== Guru Granth Sahib ===
According to Surjit Singh Gandhi, the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' on page 472 and Guru Nanak in early 16th century said that "avoidance of flesh as food was impractical and impossible so long as they used water, since water was the source of all life and the first life principle".<ref>{{cite book |author=Surjit Singh Gandhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qw7-kUkHA_0C |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469–1606 C.E |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |year=2007 |isbn=9788126908578 |page=95 |accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref> [[Guru Nanak]] states that all living beings are connected. Even meat comes from the consumption of vegetables, and all forms of life are based on water.<ref name="Clarke">{{cite book |last=Clarke |first=Steve |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDGsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT117 |title=Religious Studies Route A: Religious, Philosophical and Ethical studies and Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism |publisher=Hachette UK |year=2020 |isbn=9781510479531 |pages=117}}</ref>

{{Quote|O Pandit, you do not know where did flesh originate! It is water where life originated and it is water that sustains all life. It is water that produces grains, sugarcane, cotton and all forms of life.|[[Guru Granth Sahib]] 1290 <ref name="Clarke" />}}

=== Akal Takht ruling ===
The [[Akal Takht]] (Central Body for Sikh Temporal Affairs) represents the final authority on controversial issues concerning the Sikh [[Panth]] (community or collective). The [[Hukamnama]] (edict or clarification), issued by the [[Jathedar of the Akal Takht]] (head priest or head caretaker) [[Jathedar Sadhu Singh Bhaura|Sadhu Singh Bhaura]] dated February 15, 1980, states that eating meat does not violate the code of conduct ([[Khalsa#Prohibitions|Kurehit]]) of the Sikhs; Amritdhari Sikhs can eat meat as long as it is [[Jhatka]] meat.<ref name="Singh 2001 89">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Dharam|title=Perspectives on Sikhism: Papers Presented at the International Seminar on Sikhism: a Religion for the Third Millennium Held at Punjabi University, Patiala on 27-29 March 2000|year=2001|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|isbn=9788173807367|page=89}}</ref>

==== Disagreement with the ruling ====
Some religious sects of Sikhism—[[Damdami Taksal]], [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]], [[Namdhari]]s, [[Guru Nanak Nishkam Sewak Jatha]]<ref name="Takhar2005">{{cite book|last=Takhar|first=Opinderjit Kaur|title=Sikh identity: an exploration of groups among Sikhs|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeKWQzesOc4C&pg=PA51|accessdate=26 November 2010|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5202-1|page=51|chapter=2 Guru Nanak Nishkam Sewak Jatha}}</ref> and the [[3HO]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsBJnpCwWLYC&dq=meat+eating+Sikhs&pg=PA397 |title=Conscious Eating |author=Gabriel Cousens |year=2000 |publisher=North Atlantic Books |isbn=9781556432859 |accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref>—believe that the Sikh diet should be meat-free.<ref name="Takhar2005"/> The reason for the disagreement with this ruling is that these sects had many [[Vaishnav]] converts to Sikhism who were staunchly vegetarian.<ref name="Dhillon">{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Sikhism-origin-development-Dalbir-Dhillon/dp/B0006ERQ7U | title=Sikhism, Origin and Development | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors | author=Singh Dhillon, Dalbir | year=1988 | location=New Delhi | pages=247 | isbn=9788171561520}}</ref>

The [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]] dispute the meaning of the word "[[Kutha meat|kutha]]", claiming it means all meat.<ref name="McLeod2003">{{cite book|last=McLeod|first=W. H.|authorlink=|title=Sikhs of the Khalsa: a history of the Khalsa rahit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIrXAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 November 2010|edition=Hardcover|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford [Oxfordshire]|isbn=978-0-19-565916-0|page=185|chapter=6 The Singh Sabha and the Years After}}</ref> However, in mainstream Sikhism this word has been accepted to mean that which has been prepared according to Muslim rituals.<ref name="H. S. Singha & Satwant Kaur Hemkunt 1994">{{cite book|title=Sikhism, A Complete Introduction |author=H. S. Singha & Satwant Kaur Hemkunt |publisher=Hemkunt Press |location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_SirMuPr54C&dq=Sikhism%2C%20A%20Complete%20Introduction&pg=PP1|format= Limited preview digitized online by Google books |year=1994 |isbn=81-7010-245-6|accessdate=2010-02-07}}</ref>

=== Sikh Rehat Maryada ===
According to the Sikh code of conduct or [[Rehat Maryada]], Sikhs are free to choose whether or not to include meat in their diet.<ref name="Sgpc.net">{{cite web|url=http://new.sgpc.net/sikh-rehat-maryada-in-english/ |title=Only Meat Killed by Ritual Is Banned for a Sikh |publisher=Sgpc.net }}</ref>

{{Quote| In the Rehat Maryada, Article XXIV - Ceremony of Baptism or Initiation (page 38),<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikh Rehat Maryada in English, Section Six, Chapter XIII, Article XXIV-(p)|editor=Sikh Gurudwara Prabhandak Committee|url=http://new.sgpc.net/sikh-rehat-maryada-in-english/|page=38|accessdate=2018-06-26}}</ref> it states: 
The undermentioned four transgressions (tabooed practices) must be avoided:
#Dishonouring the hair
#Eating the meat of an animal slaughtered the [[Halal]] way
#Cohabiting with a person other than one's spouse
#Using tobacco.|Sikh Rehat Maryada|title=|source=}}

The Sikh ''[[Rehat Maryada]]'' states that Sikhs cannot consume meat that is <ref name="H. S. Singha & Satwant Kaur Hemkunt 1994"/> [[Halal]] (Muslim), or [[Kosher]] (Jewish).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhs.org/meat_au.htm |title=Misconceptions About Eating Meat — Comments of Sikh Scholars |author=Sandeep Singh Brar |publisher=Sikhs.org |accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faithandfood.com/Sikhism.php |title=Faithandfood Fact Files — Sikhism|author=Dr Indarjit Singh, OBE
|publisher=Faithandfood.com |accessdate=2009-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Aditya Menon|title=Why Hindutva Outfits Are Calling for a Boycott of Halal Products|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/boycott-halal-products-hindutva-muslims-jhatka-meat|access-date=23 October 2021|work=The Quint|date=14 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Sikh intellectual views ===
I. J. Singh states that throughout Sikh history, there have been many subsects of Sikhism that have espoused vegetarianism. However, this was rejected by the [[Sikh Gurus]].<ref>{{cite book| title=Sikhs and Sikhism |author=I. J. Singh |year=1994 |publisher=Manohar |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-7304-058-0}}</ref> Sikhs consider that vegetarianism and meat-eating are unimportant in the realm of Sikh spirituality. Surinder Singh Kohli links vegetarianism to [[Vaishnavism|Vashnavite]] behaviour.<ref>{{Citation|title=Guru Granth Sahib, An Analytical Study |author=Surindar Singh Kohli |year=1992 |publisher=Singh Bros. |location=Amritsar |isbn=81-7205-060-7}}</ref> Gopal Singh, commenting on meat being served in the langar during the time of Guru Angad<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Sikh People |author=Gopal Singh |year=1988 |publisher=World Sikh University Press |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-7023-139-4}}</ref> Gyani Sher Singh—who was the head priest at the [[Harmandir Sahib|Darbar Sahib]]—notes that [[ahimsa]] does not fit in with Sikh doctrine.<ref>{{Citation|title=Philosophy of Sikhism |author=Gyani Sher Singh |publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |location=Amritsar}}</ref> W. Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi<ref>{{Citation |title=A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism| author=W. Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi | year=1997 |location=England |isbn=978-0-8442-0424-6}}</ref> comment that if the Sikh Gurus had made an issue on vegetarianism, it would have distracted from the main emphasis of Sikh spirituality. H. S. Singha and Satwant Kaur comment on how ritually-slaughtered meat is considered a sin for initiated Sikhs.<ref>{{Citation|title=Sikhism, A Complete Introduction |author=H. S. Singha and Satwant Kaur |year=2005 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |location=Delhi |isbn=81-7010-245-6 }}</ref> G. S. Sidhu also notes that ritually-slaughtered meat is taboo for a Sikh.<ref>{{Citation|title=Introduction to Sikhism |author=G. S. Sidhu |year=1973 |publisher=Shromini Sikh Sangat |location=Toronto |isbn=0-900692-07-3 }}</ref> Gurbakhsh Singh comments on how non-Kutha meat is acceptable for the Sikhs.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Sikh Faith |author=Gurbakhsh Singh |year=2002 |publisher=Canadian Sikh Study and Teaching Society |location=Vancouver |isbn=978-81-7205-188-4}}</ref> Surinder Singh Kohli comments on the "fools wrangle over flesh"<ref>{{Citation|title=Real Sikhism |author=Surinder Singh Kohli |year=1994 |publisher=Harman Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-85151-64-4}}</ref> quotation from the Guru Granth Sahib by noting how Guru Nanak mocked hypocritical vegetarian priests. Gobind Singh Mansukhani states how vegetarianism and meat-eating has been left to the individual Sikh.<ref>{{Citation|title=Introduction to Sikhism |author=Gobind Singh Mansukhani |year=1993 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |location=Delhi |isbn=81-7010-181-6}}</ref> Devinder Singh Chahal comments on the difficulties of distinguishing between plant and animal in Sikh philosophy.<ref>{{Citation|title=Scientific Interpretation of Gurbani |author=Devinder Singh Chahal |url=http://www.iuscanada.com/journal/articles/art002.html }}</ref> H. S. Singha comments in his book how the Sikh Gurus ate meat.<ref>{{Citation|title=Mini Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |author=H. S. Singha |publisher=Hemkunt Press |location=Delhi |isbn=81-7010-200-6}}</ref> [[Khushwant Singh]] also notes that most Sikhs are meat-eaters and decry vegetarians as ''daal khorey'' (lentil-eaters).<ref name=KS>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091107/jsp/opinion/story_11704316.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104210614/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1091107/jsp/opinion/story_11704316.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 4, 2013 |title= An Ancient Brotherhood |author=[[Khushwant Singh]] |date=2009-11-07|accessdate= 2009-11-10}}</ref>

=== Sikh Kharku view ===
In early 1987 ''[[Kharku|Kharkus]]'' issued a moral code banning the sale and consumption of meat. The ban led to much of Punjab being without meat. Those who continued to sell or eat meat risked death and commonly would have their businesses destroyed and be killed. One survey found that there were no meat or tobacco shops between [[Amritsar]] and [[Phagwara]]. In the peak of the militancy most of Punjab was meatless. Famous restaurants that served meat had removed it from their menu and denied ever serving it. The ban was popular among rural Sikhs. Kharkus justified the ban by saying, "No [[Avatar|avatars]], Hindu or Sikh, ever did these things. To eat meat is the job of ''[[Rakshasa|rakshasas]]'' ([[Demon|demons]]) and we don't want people to become ''rakshasas''."<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=AISSF forces shopkeepers to shut liquor and meat shops in Punjab |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19870430-aissf-forces-shopkeepers-to-shut-liquor-and-meat-shops-in-punjab-798798-1987-04-29 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Sikh militants in Punjab, putting a moral edge on... - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/05/10/Sikh-militants-in-Punjab-putting-a-moral-edge-on/5864547617600/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chima |first=Jugdep S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxpBDwAAQBAJ&dq=sikh+militant+meat&pg=PT159 |title=The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements |date=2010-03-11 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5150-953-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fazal |first=Tanweer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2stBAAAQBAJ&dq=sikh+militant+meat&pg=PT181 |title=Nation-state and Minority Rights in India: Comparative Perspectives on Muslim and Sikh Identities |date=2014-08-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-75178-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==Historical dietary behaviour of Sikhs==
[[File:Painting depicting a Sikh horseman hunting boar and deer.jpg|thumb|Painting depicting Sikh horsemen hunting boar and deer, circa 1790]]According to ''[[Dabestan-e Mazaheb|Dabistan-e-Mazhib]]'' (a contemporary Persian chronology of the Sikh Gurus), Guru Nanak did not eat meat, and [[Guru Arjan]] thought that meat eating was not in accordance with Nanak's wishes. This differs from I. J. Singh's research that states that Guru Nanak ate meat on the way to [[Kurukshetra]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Sikhs and Sikhism |author=I. J. Singh |year=1994 |publisher=Manohar |location=Delhi| isbn=978-81-7304-058-0}}</ref> According to Persian records, Guru Hargobind (the 6th Guru) ate meat and hunted, and his practice was adopted by most Sikhs.<ref>{{Citation|title=Sikh History from Persian Sources: Translations of Major Texts |author=J.S. Grewal |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-85229-17-1}}</ref>

==Dietary avoidance out of politeness==

Sikhs also generally avoid eating beef because the cow, the buffalo and the ox are an integral part of rural [[Sikh]] livelihoods.<ref name="skrait">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRfkTq1ykSIC&pg=PA62 | title=Sikh Women in England: Their Religious and Cultural Beliefs and Social Practices | publisher=Trentham Books | last=Rait | first=S.K. | year=2005 | pages=62 | isbn=9781858563534}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=171–172}}</ref> Similarly, Sikhs may avoid eating beef in the company of Hindus and avoid eating pork in the company of Muslims out of respect for their shared values. However, there is no religious prohibition about eating beef and pork.<ref name=skrait/>

==Sarbloh Bibek==
{{Main|Bibek (Sikhism)}}
Some Sikh groups like [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]] keep Sarbloh Bibek. Sikhs who follow this practice eat from iron bowls and iron plates only.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6feCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT341 | title=Sikhs in Europe: Migration, Identities and Representations | publisher=Routledge | last=Myrvold | first=Kristina | year=2016 | pages=341 | isbn=9781317055051}}</ref>

Another key aspect to maintaining Sarbloh Bibek is that Sikhs must only eat food prepared by other [[Amritdhari]] (baptized) Sikhs. Amritdhari Sikhs are also not to eat Jootha food (previously eaten food) from non-Amritdharis.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jacobsen|first=Knut|title=Sikhs in Europe: Migration, Identities and Representations|year=2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=9781409424345|page=262}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Vegetarianism]]
* [[Chapati]]
* [[Meat consumption among Sikhs]]
* [[Jhatka]]
* [[Rehat]]
* [[Prohibitions in Sikhism]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDN35RV9jw4 Film on Halal and Jhatka differences] on [[YouTube]]

{{Sikhism}}
{{Vegetarianism|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vegetarianism In Sikhism}}
[[Category:Sikh beliefs]]
[[Category:Religion-based diets|Sikh]]

Dugong

2026-03-16T05:37:13Z

Svetlanakxj: brief updated lead after review and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Species of marine mammal}}
{{Distinguish|Dougong|Dewgong}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Speciesbox
| italic_title = no
| name = Dugong
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Miocene|recent}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53124|title=Dugong|website=[[Paleobiology Database]]|access-date=17 December 2021|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213005617/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=53124|url-status=live}}</ref>
| image = Dugong.JPG
| image_caption = A dugong photographed underwater
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|author1=Marsh, H.|author2=Sobtzick, S.|year=2019|title=''Dugong dugon''|amends=2015|article-number=e.T6909A160756767|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T6909A160756767.en|access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org|archive-date=3 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203100154/http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
| display_parents = 2
| genus = Dugong
| parent_authority = [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1799<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Sirenia |id=11600005 |page=92}}</ref>
| species = dugon
| authority = ([[Philipp Ludwig Statius Muller|Müller]], 1776)
| range_map = Dugong-range.png
| range_map_caption = Dugong range
}}

The '''dugong''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|(|j|)|uː|ɡ|ɒ|ŋ}}; '''''Dugong dugon''''') is a [[marine mammal]]. It is one of four living species of the order [[Sirenia]], which also includes three species of [[manatee]]s. It is the only living representative of the once-diverse family [[Dugongidae]]; its closest modern relative, [[Steller's sea cow]] (''Hydrodamalis gigas''), was hunted to [[extinction]] in the 18th century.

The dugong is the only sirenian in its range, which spans the waters of some 40 countries and territories throughout the [[Indo-West Pacific]]. The dugong is largely dependent on [[seagrass]] communities for subsistence and is thus restricted to the coastal habitats that support [[seagrass meadow]]s, with the largest dugong concentrations typically occurring in wide, shallow, protected areas, such as bays, [[mangrove]] channels, the waters of large inshore islands, and inter-reefal waters. The northern waters of Australia between [[Shark Bay]] and [[Moreton Bay]] are believed to be the dugong's contemporary stronghold.

Like all modern sirenians, the dugong has a [[Wikt:fusiform|fusiform]] body with no [[dorsal fin]] or hind limbs. The forelimbs or flippers are paddle-like. The dugong is easily distinguishable from the manatees by its fluked, dolphin-like tail; it also possesses a unique skull and teeth. Its snout is sharply downturned, an adaptation for feeding in [[Benthic zone|benthic]] seagrass communities. The molar teeth are simple and peg-like, unlike the more elaborate molar dentition of manatees.

The dugong has been hunted for thousands of years for its meat and oil. Traditional hunting still has great cultural significance in several parts of its modern range, particularly northern Australia and the Pacific Islands. The dugong's current distribution is fragmented, and many populations are believed to be close to extinction. The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] lists the dugong as a species vulnerable to extinction, while the [[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species]] limits or bans the trade of derived products. Despite it being legally protected in many countries, the main causes of population decline remain [[human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] and include fishing-related fatalities, habitat degradation, and hunting. With its long lifespan of 70 years or more and slow rate of reproduction, the dugong is especially vulnerable to extinction.

==Evolution==
{{See also|Evolution of sirenians}}

Dugongs are part of the [[Sirenia]] order of [[Eutheria|placental mammals]] which comprises modern "sea cows" ([[manatee]]s as well as dugongs) and their extinct relatives. Sirenia are the only extant [[Herbivore|herbivorous]] [[marine mammal]]s and the only group of herbivorous mammals to have become completely aquatic. Sirenians are thought to have a 50-million-year-old fossil record (early [[Eocene]]-recent). They attained modest diversity during the [[Oligocene]] and [[Miocene]] but subsequently declined as a result of climatic cooling, oceanographic changes, and human interference.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Return to the Sea: The Life and Evolutionary Times of Marine Mammals|last=Berta|first=Annalisa|publisher=University of California|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-27057-2|location=Berkeley|page=5}}</ref>

==Etymology and taxonomy==
{{Multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Dugong_skeleton_displayed_at_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg
| alt1 = Dugong skeleton
| caption1 = Dugong skeleton displayed at [[National Museum of the Philippines|Philippine National Museum]]
| image2 = Dugong dugon 3d scan Natural History Museum University of Pisa C 527.stl
| alt2 = 3D model of dugong skeleton
| caption2 = 3D model of dugong skeleton
}}

The word "dugong" derives from the [[Bisayan languages|Visayan]] (probably [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]) ''{{lang|ceb|dugung}}''.<ref name="buffon">{{cite book|author=Leclerc, Georges-Louis |author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon |title=Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particuliére, avec la Description du Cabinet du Roi|publisher=L'Imprimerie Royal|year=1765|page=374|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QN5bTgkbOBwC&pg=PA374|quote=Dugon, ''Dugung'', nom de cet anìmal à l'île de Lethy ou Leyte, l'une des Philippines,& que nous avons adopté.}}</ref><ref name="mw">{{cite web |title=Dugong |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dugong |website=Merriam-Webster |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219000854/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dugong |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="weekley">{{cite book|author=Weekley, Ernest |title=An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English|publisher=Courier Corporation|year=2013|page=484|isbn=978-0-486-12287-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fj_CAgAAQBAJ}}</ref> The name was first adopted and popularized by the [[French people|French]] [[naturalist]] [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]], as "''dugon''" in ''Histoire Naturelle'' (1765), after descriptions of the animal from the island of [[Leyte]] in the [[Philippines]].<ref name="buffon"/><ref name="weekley"/><ref name="burnell">{{cite book |editor=Burnell, A.C. |editor2=Yule, Henry |title=Hobson-Jobson: Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases|publisher=Routledge|year=1995|page=330|isbn=978-1-136-60331-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mnl0DwAAQBAJ}}</ref> The name ultimately derives from [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language|Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] *duyuŋ. Despite a [[folk etymology|common misconception]], the term does not come from [[Malay language|Malay]] ''{{lang|ms|duyung}}'' and it does not mean "lady of the sea" ([[mermaid]]).<ref name="Blust">{{cite web |last1=Blust |first1=Robert |last2=Trussel |first2=Stephen |title=*duyuŋ₂ – dugong |url=https://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-s_d.htm?zoom_highlight=dugong |website=Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref>

Other common local names include "sea cow", "sea pig", and "sea camel".<ref name="Audubon">Reeves, R. R. (2002). ''National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World''. [[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf]]. {{ISBN|0375411410}}. pp. 478–481</ref> It is known as the ''balguja'' by the [[Wunambal]] people of the [[Mitchell Plateau]] area in [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|the Kimberley]], [[Western Australia]].<ref name="Bush Heritage Australia">{{cite web | title=Wunambal Gaambera Partnership | website=Bush Heritage Australia | url=https://www.bushheritage.org.au/places-we-protect/western-australia/wunambal-gaambera | access-date=11 November 2020 | archive-date=20 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020231725/https://www.bushheritage.org.au/places-we-protect/western-australia/wunambal-gaambera | url-status=live }}</ref>

''Dugong dugon'' is the only extant species of the family [[Dugongidae]], and one of only four extant species of the [[Sirenia]] order, the others forming the [[manatee]] family.<ref name="IUCNpdf">Marsh, H. ''et al.'' (2002). [https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2002-001.pdf Dugong: status reports and action plans for countries and territories] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121143/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2002-001.pdf |date=7 October 2016 }}. IUCN.</ref> It was first classified by [[Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller|Müller]] in 1776 as ''Trichechus dugon'',<ref name="paleo5">{{Cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=65051|title=Dugong dugon|website=paleodb.org|publisher=Fossilworks|access-date=22 July 2007|archive-date=26 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526024638/http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=65051&is_real_user=0|url-status=live}}</ref> a member of the manatee genus previously defined by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]].<ref name="paleo2">{{Cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=64973|title=Trichechinae|website=paleodb.org|publisher=Fossilworks|access-date=22 July 2007|archive-date=26 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526023449/http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=64973&is_real_user=0|url-status=live}}</ref> It was later assigned as the [[type species]] of ''Dugong'' by [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]]<ref name=paleo3>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53124 Dugong] . The Paleobiology Database. Retrieved on 22 July 2007.</ref> and further classified within its own family by [[John Edward Gray|Gray]]<ref name="paleo4">{{Cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43286|title=Dugongidae|website=paleodb.org|publisher=Fossilworks|access-date=22 July 2007|archive-date=26 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526023416/http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=43286&is_real_user=0|url-status=live}}</ref> and subfamily by [[George Gaylord Simpson|Simpson]].<ref name="paleo5"/>

Dugongs and other sirenians are not closely related to other [[marine mammal]]s, being more closely related to [[elephant]]s.<ref name="Sydney"/> Sirenians and elephants share a [[monophyly|monophyletic]] group with [[hyrax]]es and the [[aardvark]], one of the earliest offshoots of [[eutheria]]ns. The fossil record shows sirenians appearing in the Eocene, when they most likely lived in the [[Tethys Ocean]]. The two extant families of sirenians are thought to have diverged in the mid-Eocene, after which the dugongs and their closest relative, the [[Steller's sea cow]], split off from a common ancestor in the Miocene. The Steller's sea cow became extinct in the 18th century. No fossils exist of other members of the Dugongidae.<ref name=AussieFauna/>

Molecular studies have been conducted on dugong populations using [[mitochondrial DNA]]. The results have suggested that the population in [[Southeast Asia]] is distinct from the others. Australia has two distinct maternal lineages, one of which also contains the dugongs from Africa and Arabia. Limited genetic mixing has taken place between those in Southeast Asia and those in Australia, mostly around [[Timor]].<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> One of the lineages stretches from [[Moreton Bay]] to [[Western Australia]], while the other only stretches from Moreton Bay to the [[Northern Territory]].<ref name="Sydney"/> There is not yet sufficient genetic data to make clear the boundaries between distinct groups.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/>

==Anatomy and morphology==
The dugong's body is large with a cylindrical shape that tapers at both ends. It has thick, smooth skin that is a pale cream colour at birth but darkens [[dorsally]] and laterally to brownish-to-dark-grey with age. The colour of a dugong can change due to the growth of [[algae]] on the skin.<ref name="ADW">{{cite web |last=Fox |first=David L. |title=Dugong dugon: Information |work=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |year=1999 |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dugong_dugon.html |access-date=29 April 2007 |archive-date=8 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408231831/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dugong_dugon.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

An adult's length rarely exceeds {{convert|3|m|ft|0}}. An individual this long is expected to weigh around {{convert|420|kg|lb|-1}}. Weight in adults is typically more than {{convert|250|kg|lb|-1}} and less than {{convert|900|kg|lb|-1}}.<ref name="Burnie">Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), ''Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife''. DK Adult (2005), {{ISBN|0789477645}}</ref> The largest individual recorded was {{convert|4.06|m|ftin|frac=2}} long and weighed {{convert|1016|kg|lb|0}},<ref name=AussieFauna/> and was found off the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] coast of west [[India]].<ref>Wood, Gerald (1983) ''The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats''. Sterling Pub Co Inc. {{ISBN|978-0851122359}}{{page?|date=June 2023}}</ref> Females tend to be larger than males.<ref name=AussieFauna/>

The body is sparsely covered in short hair, a common feature among sirenians which may allow for [[tactition|tactile]] interpretation of their environment.<ref name="BBE">{{cite journal|doi=10.1159/000064161 |pmid=12119533 |last1=Reep |first1=R.L. |year=2002 |title=Tactile Hairs on the Postcranial Body in Florida Manatees: A Mammalian Lateral Line? |url=http://www.tamug.edu/marb/Marshall_Publications/mammalian%20lateral%20line.pdf |journal=Brain, Behavior and Evolution |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=141–154 |last2=Marshall |first2=C.D. |last3=Stoll |first3=M.L. |s2cid=17392274 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111093402/http://www.tamug.edu/marb/Marshall_Publications/mammalian%20lateral%20line.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012 }}</ref> These hairs are most developed around the mouth, which has a large [[horseshoe-shaped]] upper lip forming a highly mobile muzzle.<ref name=AussieFauna/> This muscular upper lip aids the dugong in [[foraging]].<ref name="ADW"/>

[[File:DugongForelimbSkel.jpg|thumb|alt=Diagram of the bones in a dugong forelimb at different stages of life|Bones in the forelimb can fuse variously with age.]]
The dugong's [[tail fluke]]s<ref name="NatGeo">{{cite web|url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/dugong.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705001928/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/dugong.html |archive-date=5 July 2007 |title=Dugong |work=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] |access-date=26 March 2011}}</ref> and flippers<ref name="Sydney">{{Citation|title=Dugongs in the Great Barrier Reef: Current State of Knowledge |url=http://www.reef.crc.org.au/publications/brochures/dugong_2002.pdf |year=2002 |author=Lawler |display-authors=etal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221185455/http://www.reef.crc.org.au/publications/brochures/dugong_2002.pdf |publisher=[[Cooperative Research Centre]] (CRC) for [[The Great Barrier Reef]] World Heritage Area |archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref> are similar to those of [[dolphin]]s. These flukes are raised up and down in long strokes to move the animal forward and can be twisted to turn. The forelimbs are paddle-like flippers which aid in turning and slowing.<ref name=AussieFauna/> The dugong lacks [[nail (anatomy)|nails]] on its flippers, which are only 15% of a dugong's body length.<ref name=AussieFauna/> The tail has deep notches.<ref name=animaldiversity>Myers, P. (2002). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dugongidae.html Dugongidae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805223259/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dugongidae.html |date=5 August 2011 }}. [[University of Michigan]] Museum of Zoology. Retrieved on 10 March 2007.</ref>

A dugong's brain weighs a maximum of {{cvt|300|g|oz}}, about 0.1% of the animal's body weight.<ref name=AussieFauna/> With very small eyes,<ref name="CaseStudy">{{cite web|url=http://www1.american.edu/ted/persian.htm |title=Case Study |publisher=American.edu |access-date=7 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610020406/http://www1.american.edu/TED/persian.htm |archive-date=10 June 2010 }}</ref> dugongs have limited vision, but acute hearing within narrow sound thresholds. Their ears, which lack [[pinna (anatomy)|pinnae]], are located on the sides of their head. The nostrils are located on top of the head and can be closed using valves.<ref name="Sydney"/> Dugongs have two [[nipple|teats]], one located behind each flipper.<ref name=AussieFauna/> There are few differences between the sexes; the body structures are almost the same.<ref name="ADW"/> A male's [[Testicle|testes]] are not externally located, and the main difference between males and females is the location of the genital aperture to the [[navel|umbilicus]] and the [[anus]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marsh |first1=H. |last2=Heinsohn |first2=G. E. |last3=Glover |first3=T. D. |year=1984 |title=Changes in the male reproductive organs of the dugong, Dugong dugon (Sirenia: Dugondidae) with age and reproductive activity |url=http://dugong.id.au/publications/JournalPapers/1984/Marsh%20et%20al%201984%20Aus%20J%20Zoo%2032.pdf |journal=Australian Journal of Zoology |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=721–742 |doi=10.1071/zo9840721 |access-date=5 July 2017 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924034512/http://dugong.id.au/publications/JournalPapers/1984/Marsh%20et%20al%201984%20Aus%20J%20Zoo%2032.pdf }}</ref> The [[Lung|lungs]] in a dugong are very long, extending almost as far as the [[Kidney|kidneys]], which are also highly elongated to cope with the saltwater environment.<ref name=AussieFauna/> If the dugong is wounded, its blood will [[Thrombus|clot]] rapidly.<ref name="ADW"/>

[[File:Dugong dugon fin egypt.jpg|thumb|right|Dugong tail fluke]]
The skull of a dugong is unique.<ref name=animaldiversity/> The skull is enlarged with a sharply down-turned [[premaxilla]], which is stronger in males. The spine has between 57 and 60 [[vertebra]]e.<ref name=AussieFauna/> Unlike in manatees, the dugong's teeth do not continually grow back via horizontal tooth replacement.<ref name="evolutionpdf">{{Citation|title=Evolution of Sirenia|url=http://www.sirenian.org/sirenianevolution.pdf|author=Self-Sullivan, Caryn|publisher=sirenian.org|access-date=10 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231005452/http://www.sirenian.org/sirenianevolution.pdf|archive-date=31 December 2006}}</ref> The dugong has two [[incisor]]s ([[tusk]]s) which emerge in males during puberty. The female's tusks continue to grow without emerging during puberty, sometimes erupting later in life after reaching the base of the premaxilla.<ref name=AussieFauna>Marsh, Helene. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130511221756/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/fauna-of-australia/pubs/volume1b/57-ind.pdf "Chapter 57: Dugongidae"]. ''Fauna of Australia'': Vol. 1B ''Mammalia''. CSIRO. {{ISBN|978-0644060561}}.</ref> The number of growth layer groups in a tusk indicates the age of a dugong,<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> and the cheek teeth move forward with age.<ref name=animaldiversity/>

The full [[dental formula]] of dugongs is {{DentalFormula|upper=2.0.3.3|lower=3.1.3.3}}, meaning they have two incisors, three [[premolar]]s, and three molars on each side of their upper jaw, and three incisors, one canine, three premolars, and three molars on each side of their lower jaw.<ref name=animaldiversity/> Like other sirenians, the dugong experiences [[pachyostosis]], a condition in which the ribs and other long bones are unusually solid and contain little or no [[Bone marrow|marrow]]. These heavy bones, which are among the densest in the animal kingdom,<ref name=SeaLife>Waller, Geoffrey and Dando, Marc (1996). ''Sealife: A Complete Guide to the Marine Environment''. [[Smithsonian Institution]]. {{ISBN|1560986336}}. pp. 413–420</ref> may act as a [[ballast tank|ballast]] to help keep sirenians suspended slightly below the water's surface.<ref name="ADW2">{{cite web |last=Myers |first=Phil |title=ADW: Sirenia: Information |work=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |year=2000 |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sirenia.html |access-date=13 May 2007 |archive-date=3 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903154855/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sirenia.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Dugong - underside.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Dugong on its side stirring up sand|Dugong on the sea floor at [[Marsa Alam]], Egypt]]

Dugongs are found in warm coastal waters from the western Pacific Ocean to the eastern coast of Africa,<ref name="NatGeo"/> along an estimated {{convert|140000|km|mi|sigfig=2}} of coastline<ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author1= Marsh, H. |author2= Sobtzick, S. |title=Dugong dugon |volume=2019 |amends=2015 |year= 2019 |article-number= e.T6909A160756767 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T6909A160756767.en |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> between 26° and 27° to the north and south of the equator.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> Their historic range is believed to correspond to that of seagrasses from the [[Potamogetonaceae]] and [[Hydrocharitaceae]] families. The full size of the former range is unknown, although it is believed that the current populations represent the historical limits of the range,<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> which is highly fractured.<ref name="ADW"/> Their distributions during warmer periods of the [[Holocene]] might have been broader than today.<ref>Erich Fitzgerald, 2005, ''Holocene Record of the Dugong (Dugong Dugon) From Victoria, Southeast Australia'', [[Marine Mammal Science]], 21, pp. 355–361</ref> Today, populations of dugongs are found in the waters of 37 countries and territories.<ref name="Sydney"/> Recorded numbers of dugongs are generally believed to be lower than actual numbers, due to a lack of accurate surveys. Despite this uncertainty, the dugong population is thought to be shrinking,<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> with a worldwide decline of 20 percent in the last 90 years. They have disappeared from the waters of [[Hong Kong]], [[Mauritius]], and Taiwan, as well as parts of [[Cambodia]], Japan, the Philippines, and Vietnam. Further disappearances are likely.<ref name="Sydney"/>

Dugongs are generally found in warm coastal waters<ref name="NatGeo"/> with large numbers concentrated in wide and shallow protected bays.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> The dugong is the only strictly marine herbivorous mammal, as all species of manatee utilise fresh water to some degree.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> Nonetheless, they can tolerate the [[brackish water]]s found in coastal wetlands,<ref>Naik, Prabir Kumar et al. (2008) [http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/nlcp/Indian%20Case%20Studies/Q-33.pdf "Conservation of Chilika Lake, Orissa, India"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528144443/http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/nlcp/Indian%20Case%20Studies/Q-33.pdf |date=28 May 2016 }} in Sengupta, M. and Dalwani, R. (Editors) ''Proceedings of Taal 2007: The 12th World Lake Conference: 1988–1992''</ref> and large numbers are also found in wide and shallow mangrove [[channel (geography)|channels]] and around [[windward and leeward|leeward]] sides of large inshore islands, where seagrass beds are common.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> They are usually located at a depth of around {{cvt|10|m|ft|0}},<ref name="ADW"/> although in areas where the continental shelf remains shallow, dugongs have been known to travel more than {{convert|10|km|mi|0|spell=in}} from the shore, descending to as far as {{convert|37|m|0}}, where deepwater [[seagrass]]es such as ''Halophila spinulosa'' are found.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> Specific habitats are used for different activities. It has been observed that shallow waters are used as sites for calving, minimizing the risk of predation. Deep waters may provide a thermal refuge from cooler waters closer to the shore during winter.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/>

===Australia===
Australia is home to the largest population, stretching from [[Shark Bay]] in Western Australia to [[Moreton Bay]] in [[Queensland]].<ref name="Sydney"/> The population of Shark Bay is thought to be stable with over 10,000 dugongs. Smaller populations exist up the coast, including one in [[Ashmore reef|Ashmore Reef]]. Large numbers of dugongs live to the north of the [[Northern Territory]], with a population of over 20,000 in the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]] alone. A population of over 25,000 exists in the [[Torres Strait]] such as off [[Thursday Island]], although there is significant migration between the strait and the waters of [[New Guinea]].<ref name="IUCNpdf"/>

The [[Great Barrier Reef]] provides important feeding areas for the species;<ref>Hogan, C. Michael. (2011). [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Coral_Sea?topic=49523 "Coral Sea"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525134729/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Coral_Sea?topic=49523 |date=25 May 2013 }} in ''Encyclopedia of Earth''. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC</ref> this reef area houses a stable population of around 10,000, although the population concentration has shifted over time. Large bays facing north on the Queensland coast provide significant habitats for dugong, with the southernmost of these being [[Hervey Bay]] and Moreton Bay.<ref name="Sydney"/> Dugongs had been occasional visitors along the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]]<ref>The Center of coastal management in the [[Griffith University]]. [http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/documents/bf/fs-dugongs.pdf Discovering our coasts – Dugong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101319/http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/documents/bf/fs-dugongs.pdf |date=19 April 2017 }} (pdf). Working for our future – today. Gold Coast City Council. Retrieved on April 19, 2017</ref> where a re-establishment of a local population through range expansions has started recently.<ref>Muir K.. 2017. [http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/national/dugongs-makes-gold-coast-waters-home-after-moving-south-from-moreton-island/news-story/d5bf0522a0b07d8418de16093282c09d Dugongs makes Gold Coast waters home after moving south from Moreton Island]. The [[Gold Coast Bulletin]] via [[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] . Retrieved on April 19, 2017</ref>

===Persian Gulf===
The [[Persian Gulf]] has the second-largest dugong population in the world, inhabiting most of the southern coast,<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> and the current population is believed to range from 5,800 to 7,300.<ref name="reconstructing"/> In the course of a study carried out in 1986 and 1999 on the Persian Gulf, the largest reported group sighting was made of more than 600 individuals to the west of [[Qatar]].<ref name="sillitoe">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vR4fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA280|title=Sustainable Development: An Appraisal from the Gulf Region|author=Paul Sillitoe|publisher=Berghahn Books|page=280|year=2014|isbn=978-1-78238-372-7}}</ref> A 2017 study found a nearly 25% drop in population since 1950.<ref name="reconstructing">{{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/qSBPHFBNmpFiB7m4eQKA/full|title=Reconstructing historical baselines for the Persian/Arabian Gulf Dugong, Dugong dugon (Mammalia: Sirena)|first1=Dalal|last1=Al-Abdulrazzak|first2=Daniel|last2=Pauly|journal=Zoology in the Middle East|issue=2|volume=63|pages=95–102|date=10 April 2017|access-date=20 February 2019|doi=10.1080/09397140.2017.1315853|s2cid=90144436|archive-date=14 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314210926/https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/qSBPHFBNmpFiB7m4eQKA/full|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Reasons for this drastic population loss include illegal poaching, [[oil spill|oil spills]], and net entanglement.<ref name="sillitoe"/>

===East Africa and South Asia===
In the late 1960s, herds of up to 500 dugongs were observed off the coast of [[East Africa]] and nearby islands. Current populations in this area are extremely small, numbering 50 and below, and it is thought likely they will become extinct. The eastern side of the [[Red Sea]] is home to large populations numbering in the hundreds, and similar populations are thought to exist on the western side. In the 1980s, it was estimated there could be as many as 4,000 dugongs in the Red Sea. Dugong populations in [[Madagascar]] are poorly studied, but due to widespread exploitation, it is thought they may have severely declined, with few surviving individuals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://programs.wcs.org/madagascar/Wildlife/Dugong.aspx|title=WCS Madagascar > Wildlife > Dugong|publisher=wcs.org|access-date=24 March 2016|archive-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406032628/http://programs.wcs.org/madagascar/Wildlife/Dugong.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Davis ZR P. [http://c-3.org.uk/madagascars-dugongs-on-the-brink/ Madagascar's dugongs on the brink] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404094956/http://c-3.org.uk/madagascars-dugongs-on-the-brink/ |date=4 April 2016 }}. c-3.org.uk</ref> The resident population around [[Mayotte]] is thought to number just 10 individuals.<ref name="Cremades">{{cite book |last1=Cremades |first1=Caroline |title=Proposition pour une stratégie biodiversité en vue d'un développement durablede Mayotte |date=2013 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-918105-28-2 |url=http://temeum.ofb.fr/sites/default/files/documents/documents/proposition_pour_une_strategie_biodiversite_en_vue_du_developpement_durable_de_mayotte/biodiversite_mayotte-bd.pdf |language=fr |page=33 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902023049/http://temeum.ofb.fr/sites/default/files/documents/documents/proposition_pour_une_strategie_biodiversite_en_vue_du_developpement_durable_de_mayotte/biodiversite_mayotte-bd.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Mozambique]], most of the remaining local populations are very small and the largest (about 120 individuals) occurs at [[Bazaruto Island]],<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0606:MBRIMP]2.0.CO;2|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10912543|title=Marine Biological Research in Mozambique: Past, Present and Future|journal=Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment|volume=31|issue=7|year=2002|last1=Bandeira |first1=S. O. O. |last2=Paula e Silva |first2=R. |last3=Paula |first3=J. |last4=Macia |first4=A. |last5=Hernroth |first5=L. |last6=Guissamulo |first6=A. T. |last7=Gove |first7=D. Z. |pages=606–609|pmid=12572830|hdl=1834/735 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> but they have become rare in historical habitats such as in [[Maputo Bay]] and on [[Inhaca Island]].<ref>[[UNESCO]]. [http://www.vliz.be/projects/marineworldheritage/Features/feature5e.php?item=The%20Indian%20Ocean Assessing potential World Heritage marine sites in the Western Indian Ocean – Marine mammals – Dugong, Whales and Dolphins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711100548/http://www.vliz.be/projects/marineworldheritage/Features/feature5e.php?item=The%20Indian%20Ocean |date=11 July 2021 }}. Retrieved on 18 December. 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.dugongs.org/cons.htm Saving Endangered Dugongs of the Western Indian Ocean] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215101802/http://dugongs.org/cons.htm |date=15 February 2015 }}. dugongs.org</ref> The Bazaruto Island population is possibly the last long-term viable population in East Africa, with only some of its core territory lying within protected waters.<ref name="Trotzuk2022"/>

The East African population is genetically distinct from those of the Red Sea and those off Madagascar.<ref name="Trotzuk2022">{{cite journal |last1=Trotzuk |first1=Evan |last2=Findlay |first2=Ken |last3=Taju |first3=Alima |last4=Cockcroft |first4=Vic |last5=Guissamulo |first5=Almeida |last6=Araman |first6=Armindo |last7=Matos |first7=Lorena |last8=Gaylard |first8=Angela |title=Focused and inclusive actions could ensure the persistence of East Africa's last known viable dugong subpopulation |journal=Conservation Science and Practice |date=4 May 2022 |volume=4 |issue=7 |article-number=e12702 |doi=10.1111/csp2.12702 |s2cid=248644939 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ConSP...4E2702T }}</ref> In [[Tanzania]], observations have recently increased around the [[Mafia Island Marine Park]] where a hunt was intended by fishermen but failed in 2009.<ref name="Wiomsa">{{Cite web |title=The WIOMSA Magazine – People and Environment |url=http://www.wiomsa.org/download/wiomsa_magazine/thewiomsa_magazine_issue_no_3(2).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817211002/http://www.wiomsa.org/download/wiomsa_magazine/thewiomsa_magazine_issue_no_3(2).pdf |archive-date=17 August 2016 |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=[[Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association]]}}</ref> In the [[Seychelles]], dugongs had been regarded as extinct in the 18th century<ref>[http://c-3.org.uk/English/Mauritius/Dugong.htm Are Dugons extinct on Mauritius?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904155653/http://c-3.org.uk/English/Mauritius/Dugong.htm |date=4 September 2017 }}. Retrieved on September 04, 2017</ref> until a small number was discovered around the [[Aldabra|Aldabra Atoll]]. This population may belong to a different group than that distributed among the inner isles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/2451/A+creature+of+mystery++rare+dugong+is+sighted+in+Seychelles+at+Aldabra|title=A creature of mystery – rare dugong is sighted in Seychelles at Aldabra|publisher=[[Seychelles News Agency]]|date=March 2, 2015|author=Amla, Hajira|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230053841/http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/2451/A+creature+of+mystery++rare+dugong+is+sighted+in+Seychelles+at+Aldabra|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/13658816.2011.616510|url=https://www.reefresilience.org/pdf/Hamylton_etal_2012.pdf|title=Observations of dugongs at Aldabra Atoll, western Indian Ocean: lagoon habitat mapping and spatial analysis of sighting records|journal=International Journal of Geographical Information Science|volume=26|issue=5|pages=839–853|year=2012|last1=Hamylton|first1=Sarah M.|last2=Hagan|first2=Annelise B.|last3=Doak|first3=Naomi|bibcode=2012IJGIS..26..839H|s2cid=10433462|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902023054/https://www.reefresilience.org/pdf/Hamylton_etal_2012.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Dugongs once thrived among the [[Chagos Archipelago]] and [[Sea Cow Island]] was named after the species, although the species no longer occurs in the region.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.chagos-trust.org/sites/default/files/images/Conservation%20and%20Management%20Plan.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102064723/http://www.chagos-trust.org/sites/default/files/images/Conservation%20and%20Management%20Plan.pdf|archive-date=2012-11-02|title=Conservation and Management in British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago) |author=Charles Sheppard |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sealifebase.org/country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=826F&Genus=Dugong&Species=dugon|title=Dugong dugon, dugong|work=sealifebase.org|access-date=2 November 2016|archive-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104005251/http://www.sealifebase.org/country/CountrySpeciesSummary.php?c_code=826F&Genus=Dugong&Species=dugon|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are fewer than 250 individuals scattered throughout Indian waters.<ref name="GOBI2020">{{cite web |url=http://gobi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/GOBI_newsletter_Jun20_lowres_pages.pdf |title=GOBI Newsletter Summer 2020 |publisher=GOBI |date=2020 |access-date=19 May 2021 |pages=6–8 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519135938/http://gobi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/GOBI_newsletter_Jun20_lowres_pages.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> A highly isolated breeding population exists in the [[Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch]],<ref>Wells S., Dwivedi N.S., Singh S., Ivan R. [http://www.juniata.edu/projects/it110/ms/References/362_Island%20Ecosystems/Protected%20areas%20and%20management/3_MPAs.pdf Marine Region 10 – Central Indian Ocean] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514082643/http://www.juniata.edu/projects/it110/ms/References/362_Island%20Ecosystems/Protected%20areas%20and%20management/3_MPAs.pdf |date=14 May 2014 }}. p. 19.</ref> the only remaining population in western India. It is {{convert|1500|km|nmi|abbr=off|sigfig=1}} from the population in the Persian Gulf, and {{convert|1700|km|nmi|sigfig=1}} from the nearest population in India. Former populations in this area, centered on the [[Maldives]] and the [[Lakshadweep]], are presumed to be extinct. A population exists in the [[Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park]] and the [[Palk Strait]] between India and [[Sri Lanka]], but it is seriously depleted. Recoveries of seagrass beds along former ranges of dugongs, such as the [[Chilika Lake]] have been confirmed in recent years, raising hopes for re-colonizations of the species.<ref>IANS. 2010. [http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/enviornment/will-growing-seagrass-beds-bring-back-rare-sea-cows-to-chilika_100327885.html Will growing seagrass beds bring back rare sea cows to Chilika?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625050349/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/enviornment/will-growing-seagrass-beds-bring-back-rare-sea-cows-to-chilika_100327885.html |date=25 June 2018 }}. The Thaindian News. Retrieved on April 19, 2017</ref> The population around the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] is known only from a few records, and although the population was large during British rule, it is now believed to be small and scattered.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/>

===Southeast Asia and the West Pacific===
[[File:Dugong Lamen Island Epi Vanuatu.jpeg|thumb|left|alt=Dugong swimming in blue water with a remora attached|Dugong with attached [[remora]] off [[Lamen (island)|Lamen Island]], Vanuatu]]

A small population existed along the southern coast of China, particularly [[Gulf of Tonkin|the Gulf of Tonkin]] (Beibu Gulf), where efforts were made to protect it,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preserving S. China's endangered dugongs - China.org.cn |url=http://www.china.org.cn/environment/2013-09/17/content_30056748.htm |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref> including the establishment of [[:zh:广西合浦儒艮国家级自然保护区|a seagrass sanctuary for dugong and other endangered marine fauna]] ranging in [[Guangxi]].<ref>{{cite report|title=Hepu Seagrass Demonstration Site Summary Sheet |url=http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/885/project_doc/Demo_Site_Seagrass_China_Hepu.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135109/http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/885/project_doc/Demo_Site_Seagrass_China_Hepu.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=2014|title=海广西合浦儒艮国家级自然保护区加入中华白海豚保护联盟|url=http://www.cutv.com/v2/2014-5-22/G15fgffghgjffmkiomoain.shtml|publisher=The Cutv.com|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215241/http://www.cutv.com/v2/2014-5-22/G15fgffghgjffmkiomoain.shtml}}</ref> Despite these efforts, numbers continued to decrease, and in 2007 it was reported that no more dugong could be found on the west coast of the island of [[Hainan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wang P.|author2=Han J.|author3=Ma Z.|author4=Wang N.|year=2007|title=Survey on the resources status of dugong in Hainan Province, China|url=http://www.mammal.cn/EN/abstract/abstract2105.shtml|journal=Acta Theriologica Sinica|volume=27|issue=1|pages=68–73|access-date=20 January 2015|archive-date=20 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120121307/http://www.mammal.cn/EN/abstract/abstract2105.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> Historically, dugongs were also present in the southern parts of the [[Yellow Sea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/yellow_sea.cfm|title=Yellow Sea|publisher=panda.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310083055/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/yellow_sea.cfm|archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> The last confirmed record of dugongs in Chinese waters was documented in 2008. In August 2022, an article published on [[Royal Society Open Science|the Royal Society Open Science]] concluded that dugongs were [[Functional extinction|functionally extinct]] in China, which was based on a large-scale interview survey conducted across four southern Chinese maritime provinces ([[Hainan]], [[Guangxi]], [[Guangdong]], and [[Fujian]]) in the summer of 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-62638485 |title=Dugong: Animal that inspired mermaid tales extinct in China |date=23 August 2022 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=24 August 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414031615/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-62638485 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last1= Lin | first1= Mingli| last2= Turvey| first2= Samuel T.| last3= Han| first3= Chouting| last4= Huang| first4= Xiaoyu| last5= Mazaris| first5= Antonios D.| last6= Liu| first6= Mingming| last7= Ma| first7= Heidi| last8= Yang| first8= Zixin| last9= Tang| first9= Xiaoming| last10= Li| first10= Songhai| date= 24 August 2022| title= Functional extinction of dugongs in China| journal= [[Royal Society Open Science]]| volume= 9| issue= 8| article-number= 211994| doi= 10.1098/rsos.211994| pmid= 36016916| pmc= 9399689| bibcode= 2022RSOS....911994L|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In Vietnam, dugongs have been restricted mostly to the provinces of [[Kiên Giang province|Kiên Giang]] and [[Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province|Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu]], including [[Phú Quốc|Phú Quốc Island]] and [[Con Dao Island|Côn Đảo Island]],<ref>Marsh, Helene; O'Shea, Thomas J. and Reynolds, John E. (2012) ''Ecology and Conservation of the Sirenia: Dugongs and Manatees''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0521716437}}. p. 406.</ref> which hosted large populations in the past.<ref name=Adulyanukosol>{{cite report|author-last=Adulyanukosol |author-first=K.|title=Report of Dugong and seagrass survey in Vietnam and Cambodia|url=http://www.sirenian.org/andulyanukosolfinalreport.pdf|publisher=[[Phuket]] Marine Biological Center|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102115/http://www.sirenian.org/andulyanukosolfinalreport.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Côn Đảo is now the only site in Vietnam where dugongs are regularly seen,<ref>{{cite report|author-last=Cox |author-first=N.|date=February 2002|title=Observations of the Dugong Dugong dugon in Con Dao National Park, Vietnam, and recommendations for further research.|url=http://www.sirenian.org/coxfinalreport.pdf|access-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102118/http://www.sirenian.org/coxfinalreport.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> protected within the [[Côn Đảo National Park]].<ref>{{cite web|year=2008|title=Come to Con Dao National Park to see Dugong!|url=http://www.vietnam-beauty.com/top-destinations/destination-in-the-south/148-come-to-con-dao-national-park-to-see-dugon.html|publisher=The Vietnam-Beauty.com|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151118/http://www.vietnam-beauty.com/top-destinations/destination-in-the-south/148-come-to-con-dao-national-park-to-see-dugon.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nonetheless, dangerously low levels of attention to the conservation of marine organisms in Vietnam and Cambodia may result in increased intentional or unintentional catches, and illegal trade is a potential danger for local dugongs.<ref name=Adulyanukosol/> On Phú Quốc, the first 'Dugong Festival' was held in 2014, aiming to raise awareness of these issues.<ref name=ThanhNien>{{cite news|work=[[Thanh Nien]] News|year=2014|title=Vietnam to host first Dugong Festival on Phu Quoc Island|url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/travel/vietnam-to-host-first-dugong-festival-on-phu-quoc-island-34508.html|access-date=16 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402181430/http://www.thanhniennews.com/travel/vietnam-to-host-first-dugong-festival-on-phu-quoc-island-34508.html}}</ref>

In Thailand, the present distribution of dugongs is restricted to six provinces along the [[Andaman Sea]],<ref name="BP-20191014">{{cite news |last1=Mala |first1=Dumrongkiat |title=Gentle giants' prime pasture |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1771449/gentle-giants-prime-pasture |access-date=14 October 2019 |work=Bangkok Post |date=14 October 2019 |archive-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014020417/https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1771449/gentle-giants-prime-pasture |url-status=live }}</ref> and very few dugongs are present in the [[Gulf of Thailand]].<ref>Adulyanukosol K., Poovachiranon S. (2006) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150319114737/http://chm-thai.onep.go.th/chm/MarineBio/Paper/Mammals/7thSEASTAR.41.pdf "Dugong (''Dugong dugon'') and seagrass in Thailand: present status and future challenges. Part II: Dugong – Adulyanukosol & Poovachiranon"], pp. 41–50 in ''Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on SEASTAR2000 and Asian Bio-logging Science (The 7th SEASTAR2000 workshop)''</ref> The Gulf of Thailand was historically home to a large number of animals, but none have been sighted in the west of the gulf in recent years,<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> and the remaining population in the east is thought to be very small and possibly declining.<ref>Hines, Ellen et al. (2004) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150908055018/http://rtc.sfsu.edu/research/papers/Conservation%20of%20dugongs%20(Dugong%20dugon)%20along%20the%20eastern%20Gulf%20of%20Thailand%20in%20Thailand%20and%20Cambodia.pdf "Conservation of the Dugong (''Dugong dugon'') on the East Coast of the Gulf of Thailand (Thailand & Cambodia)"]. Final Report to: Ocean Park Conservation Foundation Aberdeen, Hong Kong & Project Aware, Australia</ref> Dugongs are believed to exist in the [[Straits of Johor]] in very small numbers. The waters around [[Borneo]] support a small population, with more scattered throughout the [[Malay Archipelago]].<ref name="IUCNpdf"/>

All the islands of the Philippines once provided habitats for sizeable herds of dugongs. They were common until the 1970s when their numbers declined sharply due to accidental drownings in fishing gear and habitat destruction of seagrass meadows. Today, only isolated populations survive, most notably in the waters of the [[Calamian Islands]] in [[Palawan]], [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]] in [[Luzon]], [[Guimaras]], and [[Mindanao]]. The dugong became the first marine animal protected by Philippine law, with harsh penalties for harming them.<ref name="Yan">{{cite news |last1=Yan |first1=Gregg |title=Swimming with the mermaids in Northern Palawan |url=https://www.rappler.com/science-nature/environment/204468-swimming-with-mermaids-dugong-palawan |access-date=30 May 2019 |work=Rappler |date=9 June 2018 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530043606/https://www.rappler.com/science-nature/environment/204468-swimming-with-mermaids-dugong-palawan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Viray-Mendoza |first1=Vicky |title=The Disappearing Dugong |url=https://maritimereview.ph/2016/11/01/the-disappearing-dugong/ |access-date=30 May 2019 |work=The Maritime Review |date=1 November 2016 |archive-date=15 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115235744/http://maritimereview.ph/2016/11/01/the-disappearing-dugong/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Marine Wildlife Watch of the Philippines Formally Joins the DENR as Conservation Partner |url=http://www.bmb.gov.ph/index.php/mainmenu-news-events/mainmenu-news/492-mwwp-formally-joins-the-denr-as-conservation-partner |website=Biodiversity Management Bureau |publisher=Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Republic of the Philippines |access-date=30 May 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Recently, the local marine trash problem in the archipelago remained unabated and became the biggest threat to the already dwindling population of dugongs in the country. Litters of plastic waste (single-use sachets, [[plastic bottle]]s, [[fast food]] to-go containers, etc.) and other non-biodegradable materials abound in the coastal areas. As these materials may be mistaken as food by dugongs, these may lead to death due to plastic ingestion. Overpopulation and lack of education of all coastal fisherfolk in the Philippines regarding marine trash are harming the coastal environment not only in [[Palawan]] but also across the islands of the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fabro |first1=Keith Anthony |title=Plastic trash threatens dugong survival in Palawan |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/252879-military-says-philippines-defend-without-us-help |access-date=2 March 2020 |work=Rappler |date=September 29, 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227144415/https://www.rappler.com/nation/252879-military-says-philippines-defend-without-us-help |url-status=live }}</ref> The first documented sighting in [[Sarangani Bay]] occurred in July 2024.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1230715#:~:text=MANILA%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Department%20of%20Environment,the%20first%20time%20in%20Brgy |title=First dugong sighting in Sarangani recorded |author=Marita Moaje |work=Philippine News Agency |date=7 August 2024 |access-date=4 September 2024}}</ref>

Populations also exist around the [[Solomon Islands (archipelago)|Solomon Islands]] and [[New Caledonia]], stretching to an easternmost population in [[Vanuatu]]. A highly isolated population lives around the islands of [[Palau]].<ref name="IUCNpdf"/>

A single dugong lives at [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]], although the animal is thought to be a [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hobbs A. J.-P. |author2=Frisch J.A. |author3=Hender J. |author4=Justin J. |author5=Gilligan J.J. |title=Long-Distance Oceanic Movement of a Solitary Dugong (Dugong dugon) to the Cocos (Keeling) Islands|url=http://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/attachments/article/186/Hobbs.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604092111/http://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/attachments/article/186/Hobbs.pdf|archive-date=2016-06-04|journal=Aquatic Mammals|year=2007|volume=33|issue=2|doi=10.1578/AM.33.2.2007.175|pages=175–178|bibcode=2007AqMam..33..175H |access-date=2016-04-19}}</ref><ref name=ConservationCommonwealth>{{cite report|year=2009|title=Conservation values in Commonwealth waters of the Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Island remote Australian territories|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/54ebe8f4-f3f3-4a9b-95fa-b4a65e2be9f4/files/conservation-christmas-cocos.pdf|pages=1–222|access-date=2016-04-19|isbn=978-1-921605-23-9|publisher=[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]]|archive-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227035629/http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/54ebe8f4-f3f3-4a9b-95fa-b4a65e2be9f4/files/conservation-christmas-cocos.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Northern Pacific===
Today, possibly the smallest and northernmost population of dugongs exists around the [[Ryukyu Islands|Ryukyu]] islands, and a population formerly existed off Taiwan.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> An endangered population of 50 or fewer dugongs, possibly as few as three individuals, survives<ref>[http://www.qab.co.jp/news/200905048825.html "琉球朝日放送報道部　ニュースQプラス » 独自古宇利島沖にジュゴンの姿"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714094317/https://www.qab.co.jp/news/200905048825.html |date=14 July 2021 }}. ''琉球朝日放送報道部　ニュースQプラス''.</ref> around [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]].<ref name="Okinawa">{{cite web
|last = Galvin
|first = Peter
|title = Saving the Okinawa dugong
|url = http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/mammals/Okinawa_dugong/
|website = Center for Biological Diversity web site
|publisher = [[Center for Biological Diversity]]
|access-date = 2008-05-15
|archive-date = 7 December 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081207040734/http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/mammals/Okinawa_dugong/
}}</ref> New sightings of a cow and calf have been reported in 2017, indicating a possible breeding had occurred in these waters.<ref>The [[:ja:沖縄タイムス|Okinawa Times Plus]]. 2017. [http://www.okinawatimes.co.jp/articles/-/89285 ジュゴン、沖縄で新たな目撃情報　「子どもの個体」] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413072052/http://www.okinawatimes.co.jp/articles/-/89285 |date=13 April 2017 }}. The [[Kyodo News]]. Retrieved on April 13, 2017</ref> A single individual was recorded at [[Amami Ōshima]], at the northernmost edge of the dugong's historic range, more than 40 years after the last previous recorded sighting.<ref>[http://ryukyushimpo.jp/news/storyid-117777-storytopic-86.html "奄美でジュゴン40年ぶり確認/琉大と北大が共同調査"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234950/http://ryukyushimpo.jp/news/storyid-117777-storytopic-86.html |date=26 April 2014 }}. ''[[Ryūkyū Shimpō]]''.</ref> A vagrant strayed into a port near Ushibuka, Kumamoto, and died due to poor health.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.47news.jp/CN/200210/CN2002100401000508.html|title=熊本・牛深の海にジュゴン北限は沖縄のはずなのに…|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426202019/http://www.47news.jp/CN/200210/CN2002100401000508.html|archive-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> Historically, the [[Yaeyama Islands]] held a large concentration of dugongs, with more than 300 individuals. On the [[Aragusuku Islands]], large quantities of skulls are preserved at a [[utaki]] that outsiders are strictly forbidden to enter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/d/p/24570017.ja.html|title=琉球列島ジュゴン個体群保全のための基礎生物学的研究|website=KAKEN|language=ja-JP|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090611/https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/d/p/24570017.ja.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.y-mainichi.co.jp/news/21455/|title=ジュゴンの生息域調査北海道大の大泰司研究員ら|newspaper=八重山毎日新聞社|language=ja-JP|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-date=12 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812060330/http://www.y-mainichi.co.jp/news/21455/}}</ref> Dugong populations in these areas were reduced by historical hunts as payments to the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]], before being wiped out because of large-scale illegal hunting and fishing using destructive methods such as [[Blast fishing|dynamite fishing]] after the Second World War.

In March 2025, a fisherman accidentally caught a dugong in his nets at Fenniaolin in [[Yilan County, Taiwan|Yilin County]] in northeast Taiwan, which he released back into the sea. This was the first sighting of a live dugong in Taiwan waters in 88 years.<ref>{{Cite news | newspaper=[[Taipei Times]] | first1=Chun-chi | last1=Wang | first2=Lery | last2=Hiciano | title=First wild dugong sighted in 88 years | url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2025/03/28/2003834233 | date=28 March 2025 | access-date=28 March 2025 }}</ref>

Populations around Taiwan appear to be almost extinct, although remnant individuals may visit areas with rich seagrass beds such as [[Dongsha Atoll National Park|Dongsha Atoll]].<ref>Hsiao-yun S.. 2013. [http://np.cpami.gov.tw/youth/index.php?option=com_mgzen&view=detail&catid=37&id=480&Itemid=67&tmpl=print&print=1 Featured Project – Removing the Veil of Mystery from the Seagrass Beds of Dongsha Atoll National Park|Dongsha Atoll] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103171214/http://np.cpami.gov.tw/youth/index.php?option=com_mgzen&view=detail&catid=37&id=480&Itemid=67&tmpl=print&print=1 |date=3 January 2015 }}. The National Parks of Taiwan by Taiwan Government. Retrieved on 3 January. 2015</ref> Some of the last reported sightings were made in [[Kenting National Park]] in the 1950s and 60s.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/2002-001.pdf|title=Dugong – Status Report and Action Plans for Countries and Territories|access-date=27 May 2016|archive-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427103949/https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/2002-001.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There had been occasional records of vagrants at the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] before 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wpcouncil.org/managed-fishery-ecosystems/mariana-archipelago/protected-species-mariana/|title=Mariana Archipelago: Protected Species|publisher=wpcouncil.org|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404032317/http://www.wpcouncil.org/managed-fishery-ecosystems/mariana-archipelago/protected-species-mariana/}}</ref> It is unknown how much mixing there was between these populations historically. Some theorize that populations existed independently, for example, that the Okinawan population was isolated members derived from the migration of a [[Philippines|Philippine]] subspecies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mdsweb.jp/doc/674/0674_23a.html|title=Ｑ＆Ａ: ジュゴン保護がめざすもの豊かな海の生態系を守る|website=www.mdsweb.jp|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100950/http://www.mdsweb.jp/doc/674/0674_23a.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Others postulate that the populations formed part of a super-population, where migration between [[Ryukyu Islands|Ryukyu]], [[Taiwan]], and the Philippines was common.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114416/https://www.sof.or.jp/jp/news/151-200/158_2.php "OPRF 海洋政策研究財団人と海洋の共生をめざして｜ニューズレター｜158号｜八重山にジュゴンをとりもどそう"]. ''sof.or.jp''.</ref>

===Extinct Mediterranean population===
It has been confirmed that dugongs once inhabited the water of the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oceana.org/en/explore/marine-wildlife/dugong |title=Dugong |date=2014-12-15 |access-date=17 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215090247/http://oceana.org/en/explore/marine-wildlife/dugong |archive-date=15 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dugong.it/the-dugong/|title=Dugong Production » The Dugong |website=www.dugong.it|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref> possibly until after the rise of civilizations along the [[inland sea]]. This population possibly shared ancestry with the Red Sea population, and the Mediterranean population had never been large due to geographical factors and [[climate change (general concept)|climate changes]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://synapsida.blogspot.jp/2012/05/dugongs-of-italy.html|title=Dugongs of Italy|last=Revell|first=J. K.|website=synapsida.blogspot.jp|date=6 May 2012|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117214936/http://synapsida.blogspot.jp/2012/05/dugongs-of-italy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Mediterranean is the region where the [[Dugongidae]] originated in the mid-late [[Eocene]], along with the [[Caribbean Sea]].<ref name=edge/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mesaxonia/sirenia.html|title=Introduction to the Sirenia|website=www.ucmp.berkeley.edu|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021162745/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mesaxonia/sirenia.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Ecology and life history==
[[File:dugong.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A large dugong swimming towards the right with a smaller dugong half its size hugging its back, both in very shallow water with the surface and seabed just above and below them respectively|A mother and calf in shallow water]]

Dugongs are long-lived, and the oldest recorded specimen reached age 73.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> They have few natural predators, although animals such as crocodiles, [[Orca|killer whales]], and sharks pose a threat to the young,<ref name="Sydney"/> and a dugong has also been recorded to have died from trauma after being impaled by a [[stingray]] barb. A large number of infections and parasitic diseases affect dugongs. Detected pathogens include [[helminth]]s, [[cryptosporidium]], different types of bacterial infections, and other unidentified parasites. 30% of dugong deaths in Queensland since 1996 are thought to be because of disease.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/>

Although they are [[Sociality|social animals]], they are usually solitary or found in pairs due to the inability of seagrass beds to support large populations.<ref name="ADW"/> Gatherings of hundreds of dugongs sometimes happen,<ref name="NatGeo"/> but they last only for a short time.<ref name="ADW"/> Because they are shy and do not approach humans, little is known about dugong behavior.<ref name="ADW"/> They can go six minutes without breathing (though about two and a half minutes is more typical),<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chilvers|first1=B. Louise|author-link=Louise Chilvers|last2=Delean|first2=S.|last3=Gales|first3=N. J.|last4=Holley|first4=D. K.|last5=Lawler|first5=I. R.|last6=Marsh|first6=H.|last7=Preen|first7=A. R.|year=2004|title=Diving behaviour of dugongs, ''Dugong dugon''|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222520395|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=304|issue=2|page=203|doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2003.12.010|bibcode=2004JEMBE.304..203L |via=}}</ref> and have been known to rest on their tails to breathe with their heads above water.<ref name="NatGeo"/> They can dive to a maximum depth of {{convert|39|m|0}}; they spend most of their lives no deeper than {{convert|10|m|ft|0}}. Communication between individuals is through chirps, whistles, barks, and other sounds that echo underwater. Different sounds have been observed with different amplitudes and frequencies, implying different purposes. Visual communication is limited due to poor eyesight and is mainly used for activities such as [[Lek mating|lekking]] for courtship purposes. Mothers and calves are in almost constant physical contact, and calves have been known to reach out and touch their mothers with their flippers for reassurance.<ref name="ADW"/>

Dugongs are [[semi-nomadic]], often traveling long distances in search of food, but staying within a certain range their entire lives.<ref name="ADW"/> Large numbers often move together from one area to another. It is thought that these movements are caused by changes in seagrass availability. Their memory allows them to return to specific points after long travels.<ref name="Sydney"/> Dugong movements mostly occur within a localized area of seagrass beds, and animals in the same region show individualistic patterns of movement. Daily movement is affected by the tides. In areas where there is a large tidal range, dugongs travel with the tide to access shallower feeding areas. In Moreton Bay, dugongs often travel between foraging grounds inside the bay and warmer oceanic waters. At higher latitudes dugongs make seasonal travels to reach warmer water during the winter. Occasionally individual dugongs make long-distance travels over many days and can travel over deep ocean waters.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> One animal was seen as far south as [[Sydney]].<ref name=AussieFauna/> Although they are marine creatures, dugongs have been known to travel up creeks, and in one case a dugong was caught {{convert|15|km|nmi|frac=2|spell=in}} up a creek near [[Cooktown, Queensland|Cooktown]].<ref name="Sydney"/>

===Feeding===
[[File:DugongAreaMoretonBay.jpg|thumb|alt=A river flowing into the ocean forming a small delta|Typical dugong feeding area in [[Moreton Bay]]]]
[[File:Untitled - panoramio - karlee ladyk (23).jpg|thumb|Dugong feeding]]
[[File:Dugong Marsa Alam.jpg|thumb|Dugong feeding, with juvenile [[golden trevally#Biology and ecology|golden trevally]], near [[Marsa Alam]]<ref name="TropWATER/dugong">{{cite web |title=TropWATER leads new assessment of global dugong populations |url=https://www.tropwater.com/post/tropwater-leads-new-assessment-of-global-dugong-populations |website=TropWATER |access-date=28 November 2025 |language=en |date=17 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="henleyspiers/dugong">{{cite web |title=Dugong Debate {{!}} The Shot Chat |url=https://www.henleyspiers.com/iv-dugong-debate |website=Henley Spiers Photography |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>]]
[[File:Dugong in Ritchies archipelago Neil Island Andaman.jpg|thumb|Dugong with juvenile golden trevally, [[Neil Island]], [[Ritchie's Archipelago]]]]
Dugongs, along with other sirenians, are referred to as "sea cows" because their diet consists mainly of [[seagrass]], particularly the genera ''[[Halophila]]'' and ''[[Halodule]]''.<ref name="ADW"/> When eating they ingest the whole plant, including the roots,<ref name="Sydney"/> although when this is impossible they will feed on just the leaves.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> A wide variety of seagrass has been found in dugong stomach contents, and evidence exists they will eat algae when seagrass is scarce.<ref name=AussieFauna/> Although almost completely herbivorous,<ref name="ADW"/> they will occasionally eat invertebrates, such as [[jellyfish]], [[Ascidiacea|sea squirts]], and [[shellfish]].<ref name="Sydney"/> Dugongs in Moreton Bay, Australia, are omnivorous, feeding on invertebrates such as [[Polychaete|polychaetes]]<ref>Berta, Annalisa; Sumich, James L.; Kovacs, Kit M. (2005) ''Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology'', Amesterdam: Elsevier. {{ISBN|0120885522}}</ref> or marine algae when the supply of their choice grasses decreases. In other southern areas of both western and eastern Australia, there is evidence that dugongs actively seek out large invertebrates. This does not apply to dugongs in tropical areas, in which fecal evidence indicates that invertebrates are not eaten.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/>

Most dugongs do not feed in lush areas, but where the seagrass is more sparse. Additional factors such as protein concentration and regenerative ability also affect the value of a seagrass bed.<ref name="Sydney"/> The chemical structure and composition of the seagrass are important, and the grass species most often eaten are low in fiber, high in nitrogen, and easily digestible.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> In the Great Barrier Reef, dugongs feed on low-fiber high-nitrogen seagrass such as ''[[Halophila]]'' and ''[[Halodule]]'',<ref name="Sydney"/> to maximize nutrient intake instead of bulk eating. Seagrasses of a lower [[seral community|seral]] are preferred, where the area has not fully vegetated. Only certain seagrass meadows are suitable for dugong consumption, due to the dugong's highly specialized diet. There is evidence that dugongs actively alter seagrass species compositions at local levels. Dugongs may search out deeper seagrass. Feeding trails have been observed as deep as {{convert|33|m|0}}, and dugongs have been seen feeding as deep as {{convert|37|m|0}}.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> Dugongs are relatively slow-moving, swimming at around {{convert|10|km/h|m/s|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=edge>{{cite web |url=http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=53 |title=44. Dugong (''Dugong dugon'') |publisher=edgeofexistence.org |access-date=8 April 2011 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517080446/http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=53 }}</ref> When moving along the seabed to feed, they walk on their pectoral fins.<ref name=animaldiversity/>

Dugong feeding may favor the subsequent growth of low-fibre, high-nitrogen seagrasses such as ''Halophilia'' and ''Halodule.''<ref name="Preen-1995">{{Cite journal|last=Preen|first=Anthony|date=1995|url=https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/124/m124p201.pdf|title=Impacts of dugong foraging on seagrass habitats: observational and experimental evidence for cultivation grazing|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series|volume=124|issue=1/3|pages=201–213|doi=10.3354/meps124201|jstor=24853413|bibcode=1995MEPS..124..201P|doi-access=free|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923190926/https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/124/m124p201.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Species such as ''[[Zostera capricorni|Zosteria capricorni]]'' are more dominant in established seagrass beds,<ref name="Heinsohn-1976">{{Cite journal|last1=Heinsohn|first1=GE|last2=Wake|first2=J|last3=Marsh|first3=H|last4=Spain|first4=AV|date=15 September 1976|title=The Dugong (Dugong Dugon (Muller)) in the Seagrass System|url=http://www.helenemarsh.com/publications/JournalPapers/1977/Heinsohn%20et%20al%201977.pdf|journal=Aquaculture|volume=12|issue=3|pages=235–248|via=Google Scholar|doi=10.1016/0044-8486(77)90064-3|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921155101/http://www.helenemarsh.com/publications/JournalPapers/1977/Heinsohn%20et%20al%201977.pdf}}</ref> but grow slowly, while ''Halophilia'' and ''Halodule'' grow quickly in the open space left by dugong feeding.<ref name="Preen-1995"/> This behavior is known as cultivation grazing and favors the rapidly growing, higher nutrient seagrasses that dugongs prefer.<ref name="Preen-1995"/> Dugongs may also prefer to feed on younger, less fibrous strands of seagrasses,<ref name="Heinsohn-1976"/> and cycles of cultivation feeding at different seagrass meadows may provide them with a greater number of younger plants.

Due to their poor eyesight, dugongs often use smell to locate edible plants. They also have a strong [[tactile sense]] and feel their surroundings with their long sensitive bristles.<ref name="ADW"/> They will dig up an entire plant and then shake it to remove the sand before eating it. They have been known to collect a pile of plants in one area before eating them.<ref name="animaldiversity"/> The flexible and muscular upper lip is used to dig out the plants. This leaves furrows in the sand in their path.<ref name="ADW"/>

===Reproduction and parental care===
[[File:Dugong mother offspring.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A dugong mother with a calf half its size traveling just above the seabed|Dugong mother and offspring from [[Timor-Leste|East Timor]]]]

A dugong reaches sexual maturity between the ages of eight and eighteen, older than in most other mammals.<ref name=EoM>{{cite book|editor=Macdonald, D.|last=Anderson|first=Paul K.|year=1984|title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/298 298–299]|isbn=978-0-87196-871-5|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/298}}</ref> Females know that a male has reached sexual maturity by the eruption of the male's tusks, since tusks erupt in males when testosterone levels reach a high enough level.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=22393027|year=2012|last1=Burgess|first1=E. A.|title=Testosterone and tusks: Maturation and seasonal reproductive patterns of live, free-ranging male dugongs (''Dugong dugon'') in a subtropical population|journal=Reproduction|volume=143|issue=5|pages=683–697|last2=Lanyon|first2=J. M.|last3=Keeley|first3=T|doi=10.1530/REP-11-0434|doi-access=free}}</ref> The age when a female first gives birth is disputed, with some studies placing the age between ten and seventeen years while others place it as early as six years.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> There is evidence that male dugongs lose fertility at older ages.<ref name=AussieFauna/>

Despite the longevity of the dugong, which may live for 50 years or more, females give birth only a few times during their lives and invest considerable parental care in their young.<ref name=EoM/> The time between births is unclear, with estimates ranging from 2.4 to 7 years.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/>

[[Mating|Mating behaviour]] varies between populations located in different areas.<ref name="ADW"/> In some populations, males establish a territory that females in [[estrus]] then visit.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> In these areas, the male attempts to impress females while defending the area from other males, a practice known as [[Lek mating|lekking]].<ref name="ADW"/> In other areas many males attempt to mate with the same female,<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> sometimes inflicting injuries on the female or each other.<ref name="Sydney"/> During this event, the female copulates with multiple males, who fight to mount her from below. This greatly increases the chances of conception.<ref name="ADW"/>

Females give birth after a 13- to 15-month [[gestation]], usually to just one calf.<ref name=EoM/> Birth occurs in very shallow water, with occasions known where the mothers were almost on the shore.<ref name=AussieFauna/> As soon as the young is born the mother pushes it to the surface to take a breath.<ref name="NatGeo"/> Newborns are already {{convert|1.2|m|ft|0}} long and weigh around {{convert|30|kg|lb|round=5}}.<ref name="Sydney"/> Once born, calves stay close to their mothers, possibly to make swimming easier.<ref name=AussieFauna/> The calf nurses for 14–18 months, although it begins to eat seagrasses soon after birth.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> A calf leaves its mother only after it has matured.<ref name="ADW"/>

==Importance to humans==
Dugongs have historically provided easy targets for hunters, who killed them for their meat, oil, skin, and bones. As the anthropologist A. Asbjørn Jøn has noted, they are often considered the inspiration for [[mermaid]]s,<ref name="NatGeo"/><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280883413|title=Dugongs and Mermaids, Selkies and Seals|last=Jøn|first=A. Asbjørn|date=1998|journal=Australian Folklore: A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies|access-date=30 October 2015|publisher=University of New England|issue=13|pages=94–98|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920195612/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280883413|url-status=live}}</ref> and people around the world developed cultures around dugong hunting. In some areas, it remains an animal of great significance,<ref name=AussieFauna/> and a growing ecotourism industry around dugongs has had an economic benefit in some countries.<ref name="ADW"/>

[[File:Ipoh-tambuncave-dugong.jpg|thumb|alt=Cave painting that has a shape resembling a dugong|A cave painting of a dugong – Tambun Cave, [[Perak]], Malaysia]]
There is a 5,000-year-old wall painting of a dugong, apparently drawn by [[Neolithic]] peoples, in [[Tambun Cave]], [[Ipoh]], Malaysia. This was discovered by Lieutenant R.L. Rawlings in 1959 while on a routine patrol.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lB-hvAEACAAJ |title=Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore |publisher=Cadogan Guides |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-86011-309-3 |location=London |page=185 |oclc=1176258790 |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902012432/https://books.google.com/books/about/Malaysia_Brunei_and_Singapore.html?id=lB-hvAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dugongs feature in Southeast Asian, especially [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]], folklore. In languages like [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Mapun language|Mapun]], [[Yakan language|Yakan]], [[Tausug language|Tausug]], and [[Dusun language|Kadazan Dusun]] of the [[Philippines]] and [[Sabah]], the name for dugongs is a synonym for "mermaid".<ref name="Blust"/> In [[Malay language|Malay]], they are sometimes referred to as ''{{lang|ms|perempuan laut}}'' ("woman of the sea") or ''{{lang|ms|putri duyong}}'' ("mermaid princess"), leading to the misconception that the word "dugong" itself means "lady of the sea".<ref name="Marsh"/><ref name="Blust"/><ref name="Medrano">{{cite web |last1=Medrano |first1=Anthony |title=Crying Dugongs and Ocean Encounters in Southeast Asia |url=https://edgeeffects.net/crying-dugong/ |website=Edge Effects |date=13 April 2017 |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522071720/https://edgeeffects.net/crying-dugong/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A common belief found in [[Philippines|the Philippines]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Thailand]] is that dugongs were originally human or part-human (usually women), and that they cry when they are butchered or [[Cetacean stranding|beached]]. Because of this, it is considered bad luck if a dugong is killed or accidentally dies in nets or [[fish corral]]s in the Philippines, some parts of [[Sabah]] (Malaysia), and northern [[Sulawesi]] and the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]] (Indonesia). Dugongs are predominantly not traditionally hunted for food in these regions and they remained plentiful until around the 1970s.<ref name="Marsh"/><ref name="UNEP">{{cite book |title=Report of the Third Southeast Asian Marine Mammal Symposium (SEAMAM III) |date=2015 |publisher=UNEP/CMS Secretariat |location=Bonn |series=CMS Technical Series No. 32 |url=https://www.informea.org/sites/default/files/imported-documents/SEAMAM_smallfilesize.pdf |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522071730/https://www.informea.org/sites/default/files/imported-documents/SEAMAM_smallfilesize.pdf }}</ref>

Conversely, dugong "tears" are considered [[aphrodisiac]]s in other parts of Indonesia, [[Singapore]], Malaysia, [[Brunei]], Thailand, [[Vietnam]], and [[Cambodia]].<ref name="Rajamani">{{cite journal |last1=Rajamani |first1=Leela |last2=Cabanban |first2=Annabel S. |last3=Rahman |first3=Ridzwan Abdul |title=Indigenous Use and Trade of Dugong (Dugong dugon) in Sabah, Malaysia |journal=Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment |date=August 2006 |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=266–268 |doi=10.1579/05-s-093.1|pmid=16989512 |bibcode=2006Ambio..35..266R |s2cid=3168817 }}</ref> Dugong meat is considered a luxury food and is also believed to have aphrodisiac properties. They are actively hunted in these regions, in some places to near-extinction.<ref name="Marsh">{{cite book |last1=Marsh |first1=Helen |last2=Penrose |first2=Helen |last3=Eros |first3=Carole |last4=Hugues |first4=Joanna |title=Dugong: Status Reports and Action Plans for Countries and Territories |publisher=UNEP |isbn=92-807-2130-5 |series=UNEP/DEWA/RS.02-1 |year=2002 |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2002-001.pdf |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121143/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2002-001.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[Palau]], dugongs were traditionally hunted with heavy spears from canoes. Although it is illegal and there is widespread disapproval of killing dugongs, poaching remains a major problem. Dugongs are also widely hunted in [[Papua New Guinea]], the [[Solomon Islands]], [[Vanuatu]], and [[New Caledonia]]; where their meat and ornaments made from bones and tusks are highly prized in feasts and traditional rituals. However, hunting dugongs is considered [[taboo]] in some areas of Vanuatu.<ref name="Marsh"/> Dugong meat and oil have traditionally been some of the most valuable foods of [[Aboriginal Australians|Australian Aboriginals]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]]. Some Aboriginals regard dugongs as part of their Aboriginality.<ref name="Sydney"/>

Local fishermen in southern China traditionally revered dugongs and regarded them as "miraculous fish". They believed it was bad luck to catch them, and they were plentiful in the region before the 1960s. Beginning in the 1950s, a wave of immigrants from other regions that do not hold these beliefs resulted in dugongs being hunted for food and [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. This led to a steep decline in dugong populations in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]] and the sea around [[Hainan|Hainan Island]].<ref name="Marsh"/> In [[Japan]], dugongs have been traditionally hunted in the [[Ryukyu Islands]] since prehistoric times. Carved ribs of dugongs in the shape of butterflies (a [[psychopomp]]) are found throughout [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]]. They were commonly hunted throughout Japan up until around the 1970s.<ref name="Marsh"/>

Dugongs have also played a role in legends in Kenya, and the animal is known there as the "Queen of the Sea". Body parts are used as food, medicine, and decorations. In the Gulf states, dugongs served not only as a source of food but their tusks were used as sword handles. Dugong oil is important as a preservative and conditioner for wooden boats to people around the [[Gulf of Kutch]] in India, who also believe the meat to be an [[aphrodisiac]].<ref name="IUCNpdf"/>

Dugongs have a key role in indigenous marine governance and cultural identity across northern Australia. They are considered part of “sea-country”, a living network of relationships linking people, animals, and coastal environments, and contemporary management programs in the Torres Strait and northern Queensland increasingly integrate traditional ecological knowledge with scientific monitoring and co-management arrangements.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Delisle |first1=A. |last2=Kiatkoski Kim |first2=M. |last3=Stoeckl |first3=N. |last4=Watkin Lui |first4=F. |last5=Marsh |first5=H. |date=2018 |title=The socio-cultural benefits and costs of the traditional hunting of dugongs *Dugong dugon* and green turtles *Chelonia mydas* in Torres Strait, Australia |journal=Oryx |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=250–261 |doi=10.1017/S0030605317001466}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McNiven |first=Ian J. |url=https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190095611.013.36 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Indigenous Australia and New Guinea |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2024 |editor-last=McNiven |editor-first=Ian J. |chapter=Dugongs and Turtles as Kin: Relational Ontologies and Archaeological Perspectives on Ritualized Hunting by Coastal Indigenous Australians |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190095611.013.36 |access-date=24 October 2025 |editor2-last=David |editor2-first=Bruno}}</ref>

==Conservation==
{{See also|Dugong hunting in Australia}}
[[File:Stamp of Indonesia - 2005 - Colnect 385149 - Dugong Dugong dugon.jpeg|thumb|Dugong on a 2005 [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] stamp]]

Dugong numbers have decreased in recent times. For a population to remain stable, the mortality of adults cannot exceed 5% annually. The estimated percentage of females humans can kill without depleting the population is 1–2%.<ref name="Sydney"/> This number is reduced in areas where [[Birth|calving]] is minimal due to food shortages. Even in the best conditions, a population is unlikely to increase more than 5% a year, leaving dugongs vulnerable to over-exploitation. The fact that they live in shallow waters puts them under great pressure from human activity. Research on dugongs and the effects of human activity on them has been limited, mostly taking place in Australia. In many countries, dugong numbers have never been surveyed. As such, trends are uncertain, with more data needed for comprehensive management.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> The only data stretching back far enough to mention population trends comes from the urban coast of Queensland, Australia. The last major worldwide study, made in 2002, concluded that the dugong was declining and possibly extinct in a third of its range, with unknown status in another half.<ref name="iucn"/>

The [[IUCN Red List]] lists the dugong as vulnerable, and the [[CITES|Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora]] regulates and in some areas has banned international trade.<ref name=AussieFauna/> Most dugong habitats fall within proposed [[important marine mammal area]]s.<ref name="GOBI2020"/> Regional cooperation is important due to the widespread distribution of the animal, and in 1998 there was strong support for [[Southeast Asia]]n cooperation to protect dugongs. [[Kenya]] has passed legislation banning the hunting of dugongs and restricting trawling, but the dugong is not yet listed under Kenya's Wildlife Act as an endangered species. [[Mozambique]] has had legislation to protect dugongs since 1955, but this has not been effectively enforced.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> France has a National Action Plan covering the species, implemented within the [[Mayotte Marine Natural Park]].<ref name="Cremades"/>

Many marine parks have been established on the African coast of the Red Sea, and the [[Egypt]]ian [[Gulf of Aqaba]] is fully protected. The [[United Arab Emirates]] has banned all hunting of dugongs within its waters, as has [[Bahrain]]. The UAE has additionally banned [[Drift netting|drift net]] fishing,<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> and has declared an intention to restore coastal ecosystems dugongs rely on.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/abu-dhabis-restoration-efforts-bring-hope-extinction-prone-dugongs |title=Abu Dhabi's restoration efforts bring hope for extinction-prone dugongs |publisher=UN Environment |date=26 August 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902023054/https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/abu-dhabis-restoration-efforts-bring-hope-extinction-prone-dugongs |url-status=live }}</ref> [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]] ban the hunting and selling of dugongs and their products. [[Japan]] has listed dugongs as endangered and has banned intentional killing and harassment. Hunting, catching, and harassment are banned by the [[China|People's Republic of China]]. The first marine mammal to be protected in the Philippines was the dugong, although monitoring this is difficult. [[Palau]] has legislated to protect dugongs, although this is not well enforced and poaching persists.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> Indonesia listed dugongs as a protected species in 1999, and in 2018 the Fisheries Ministry began implementing a conservation plan.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/><ref name="Hidayat2024">{{cite news |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2024/01/sumatran-dugong-hunter-struggles-to-adapt-to-changing-times/ |title=Sumatran dugong hunter struggles to adapt to changing times |author=Dody Hidayat |work=Mongabay |date=3 January 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329035234/https://news.mongabay.com/2024/01/sumatran-dugong-hunter-struggles-to-adapt-to-changing-times/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Protection is not always enforced and souvenir products made from dugong parts can be openly found in markets in Bali.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee & Nijman|year=2015|title=Trade in dugong parts in Southern Bali|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283905609|journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom|volume=95|issue=8|pages=1717–1721|via=ResearchGate|doi=10.1017/s0025315415001423|bibcode=2015JMBUK..95.1717L|s2cid=86309802|access-date=15 February 2017|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902023100/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283905609_Trade_in_dugong_parts_in_Southern_Bali|url-status=live}}</ref> Traditional dugong hunters continued to hunt for many years, and some have struggled to find alternative incomes after ceasing.<ref name="Hidayat2024"/> The dugong is a national animal of [[Papua New Guinea]], which bans all except traditional hunting. [[Vanuatu]] and [[New Caledonia]] ban the hunting of dugongs. Dugongs are protected throughout Australia, although the rules vary by state; in some areas, indigenous hunting is allowed.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/>

Dugongs are listed under the [[Nature Conservation Act 1992|Nature Conservation Act]] in the Australian state of Queensland as vulnerable. Most currently live in established [[marine park]]s, where boats must travel at a restricted speed and mesh net fishing is restricted.<ref name="Sydney"/> The [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] has purchased [[Gillnetting|gillnet]] licences in northern Queensland to reduce the impact of fishing.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2022/03/wwf-casts-a-wide-net-to-save-dugongs-in-the-great-barrier-reef/ |title=NGOs block gillnet fishing across 100,000 sq km of Great Barrier Reef |author=Elizabeth Claire Alberts |work=Mongabay |date=30 March 2022 |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902023054/https://news.mongabay.com/2022/03/wwf-casts-a-wide-net-to-save-dugongs-in-the-great-barrier-reef/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Vietnam]], an illegal network targeting dugongs had been detected and was shut down in 2012.<ref name="ThanhNien"/> Potential hunts along [[Tanzania]]n coasts by fishermen have raised concerns as well.<ref name="Wiomsa"/>

===Human activity===
Despite being legally protected in many countries, the main causes of population decline remain [[human impact on the environment|anthropogenic]] and include hunting, [[habitat degradation]], and fishing-related fatalities.<ref name=Audubon/> Entanglement in fishing nets has caused many deaths, although there are no precise statistics. Most issues with [[Fishing industry|industrial fishing]] occur in deeper waters where dugong populations are low, with local fishing being the main risk in shallower waters.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> As dugongs cannot stay underwater for a very long period, they are highly prone to death due to entanglement.<ref name="CaseStudy"/> The use of [[Shark net|shark nets]] has historically caused large numbers of deaths, and they have been eliminated in most areas and replaced with baited hooks.<ref name="Sydney"/> Hunting has historically been a problem too, although in most areas they are no longer hunted, except in certain indigenous communities. In areas such as northern Australia, hunting has the greatest impact on the dugong population.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/>

Vessel strikes have proved a problem for manatees, but the relevance of this to dugongs is unknown.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> Increasing boat traffic has increased danger,<ref name="Sydney"/> especially in shallow waters. [[Ecotourism]] has increased in some countries, although the effects remain undocumented. It has been seen to cause issues in areas such as [[Hainan]] due to [[environmental degradation]].<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> Modern farming practices and increased [[land clearing]] have also had an impact, and much of the coastline of dugong habitats is undergoing [[Industrialisation|industrialization]], with increasing human populations.<ref name="Sydney"/> Dugongs accumulate heavy metal ions in their tissues throughout their lives, more so than other marine mammals. The effects are unknown.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

While international cooperation to form a conservative unit has been undertaken,<ref>Wasmi A. N. 2017. [https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/environment/twenty-three-countries-unite-in-abu-dhabi-to-conserve-the-dugong-1.1931/ Twenty-three countries unite in Abu Dhabi to conserve the dugong] . [[The National (Abu Dhabi)]]. Retrieved on April 19, 2017</ref> socio-political needs are an impediment to dugong conservation in many developing countries. The shallow waters are often used as a source of food and income, problems exacerbated by aid used to improve fishing. In many countries, legislation does not exist to protect dugongs, and if it does it is not enforced.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/>

[[Oil spill]]s are a danger to dugongs in some areas, as is [[land reclamation]]. In [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]], the small dugong population is threatened by United States military activity. [[Relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma|Plans exist to build a military base]] close to the [[Henoko Bay|Henoko]] reef, and military activity also adds the threats of noise pollution, chemical pollution, soil erosion, and exposure to depleted [[uranium]].<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> The military base plans have been fought in US courts by some Okinawans, whose concerns include the impact on the local environment and dugong habitats.<ref name="Okinawa"/><ref>King T.. (25 November 2014). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tom-king/pity-the-dugongs-us-dod-s_b_6203790.html "Pity the Dugongs: U.S. DOD Says Court Has No Jurisdiction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202220922/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tom-king/pity-the-dugongs-us-dod-s_b_6203790.html |date=2 February 2015 }} on ''[[The Huffington Post]]''. Retrieved on 5 January. 2015</ref> It was later revealed that the government of Japan was hiding evidence of the negative effects of ship lanes and human activities on dugongs observed during surveys carried out off Henoko reef.<ref>[[Associated Press]]. (21 December 2013). [http://www.47news.jp/CN/201312/CN2013122101001763.html 辺野古、船がジュゴンに悪影響　防衛省、観察記録示さず]. [[Japan News Network]]. Retrieved on 3 January 2015 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232354/http://www.47news.jp/CN/201312/CN2013122101001763.html |date=26 April 2014 }}</ref> One of the three individuals has not been observed since June 2015, corresponding to the start of the excavation operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.okinawatimes.co.jp/articles/-/110408|title=ジュゴン１頭が生息不明辺野古建設に伴う国の監視調査アカウミガメ産卵も判明 | 沖縄タイムス＋プラスニュース|date=4 February 2020|website=沖縄タイムス＋プラス|access-date=23 June 2023|archive-date=23 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623232106/https://www.okinawatimes.co.jp/articles/-/110408|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Environmental degradation===
If dugongs do not get enough to eat, they may calve later and produce fewer young.<ref name="Sydney"/> Food shortages can be caused by many factors, such as a loss of habitat, death and decline in the quality of seagrass, and a disturbance of feeding caused by human activity. Sewage, detergents, [[heavy metals]], hypersaline water, [[herbicide]]s, and other waste products all negatively affect seagrass meadows. Human activity such as mining, trawling, [[dredging]], [[land reclamation]], and boat propeller scarring also cause an increase in [[sedimentation]] which smothers [[seagrass]] and prevents light from reaching it. This is the most significant negative factor affecting seagrass.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/>

''[[Halophila ovalis]]''—one of the dugong's preferred species of seagrass—declines rapidly due to lack of light, dying completely after 30 days. Extreme weather such as [[cyclone]]s and floods can destroy hundreds of square kilometres of seagrass meadows, as well as wash dugongs ashore. The recovery of seagrass meadows and the spread of seagrass into new areas, or areas where it has been destroyed, can take over a decade. Most measures for protection involve restricting activities such as trawling in areas containing seagrass meadows, with little to no action on pollutants originating from land. In some areas, water salinity is increased due to [[wastewater]], and it is unknown how much salinity seagrass can withstand.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/>

Dugong habitat in the Oura Bay area of [[Henoko Bay|Henoko, Okinawa, Japan]], is currently under threat from land reclamation conducted by the Japanese Government in order to build a US Marine base in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-20 |title=「間違いない」辺野古沖でジュゴン遊泳か – 社会ニュース |url=http://www.nikkansports.com/general/news/f-gn-tp0-20140817-1352452.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820005030/http://www.nikkansports.com/general/news/f-gn-tp0-20140817-1352452.html |archive-date=20 August 2014 |website=nikkansports.com |access-date=17 August 2014 }}</ref> In August 2014, preliminary drilling [[Surveying|surveys]] were conducted around the seagrass beds there.<ref>The Asahi Shimbun Company (18 August 2014). [http://www.asahi.com/english/articles/AJ201408180052.html "Protesters kept at bay as Okinawan seabed survey for relocating U.S. air station gets under way"]. ''朝日新聞デジタル''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819225941/http://www.asahi.com/english/articles/AJ201408180052.html |date=19 August 2014 }}</ref> The construction is expected to seriously damage the dugong population's habitat, possibly leading to local extinction.<ref>{{Citation|access-date=19 July 2004|url=http://www.nacsj.or.jp/katsudo/henoko/pdf/041117iucn_dugong.pdf|title=Conservation of Dugong, Okinawa Woodpecker and Okinawa Rail in Japan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820021542/http://www.nacsj.or.jp/katsudo/henoko/pdf/041117iucn_dugong.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2014}}</ref>

===Capture and captivity===
The Australian state of Queensland has sixteen dugong protection parks, and some preservation zones have been established where even [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal Peoples]] are not allowed to hunt.<ref name="Sydney"/> Capturing animals for research has caused only one or two deaths;<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> dugongs are expensive to keep in captivity due to the long time mothers and calves spend together, and the inability to grow the seagrass that dugongs eat in an aquarium.<ref name="Sydney"/> Only one orphaned calf has ever been successfully kept in captivity.<ref name="ADW"/>

{{As of|2018}} only three dugongs are held in captivity worldwide. A female from the Philippines lives at [[Toba Aquarium]] in [[Toba, Mie]], Japan.<ref name="IUCNpdf"/> A male also lived there until he died on 10 February 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aquarium.co.jp/news/2011/jyunnitihuhou.html |script-title=ja:訃報ジュゴン死亡のお知らせ |publisher=Toba Aquarium |date=10 February 2011 |access-date=28 July 2011 |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214095354/http://www.aquarium.co.jp/news/2011/jyunnitihuhou.html |archive-date=14 February 2011 }}</ref> The second resides in [[Sea World Ancol|Sea World Indonesia]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seaworldindonesia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=118&Itemid=130&lang=en |title=Dugong |publisher=seaworldindonesia.com |access-date=6 April 2011 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306021845/http://seaworldindonesia.com/index.php?id=118&itemid=130&lang=en&option=com_content&view=article }}</ref> after having been rescued from a fisherman's net and treated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2000/06/03/littleknown-dugong-center-stage-sea-world-bash.html |title=Little-known dugong center stage at Sea World bash |newspaper=Jakarta Post |date=6 March 2000 |access-date=6 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009105125/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2000/06/03/littleknown-dugong-center-stage-sea-world-bash.html |archive-date=9 October 2012 }}</ref> The last one, a male, is kept at [[Sea Life Sydney Aquarium|Sydney Aquarium]], where he has resided since he was a juvenile.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sydneyaquarium.com.au/explore/dugong-island/ |title=Dugong Sydney Aquarium |date=12 February 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216204656/https://www.sydneyaquarium.com.au/explore/dugong-island/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sydney Aquarium had a second dugong for many years, until she died in 2018.<ref>[https://www.sydneyaquarium.com.au/explore/our-animals/dugongs/ In Memory of Wuru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908092909/https://www.sydneyaquarium.com.au/explore/our-animals/dugongs/ |date=8 September 2018 }}, [[Sea Life Sydney Aquarium|Sydney Aquarium]]</ref>

Gracie, a captive dugong at [[Underwater World, Singapore]], was reported to have died in 2014 at the age of 19, from complications arising from an acute [[digestive disorder]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnp.sg/news/singapore-news/remember-gracie-dugong-shes-died |title=Remember Gracie the Dugong? She died |publisher=www.tnp.sg |access-date=8 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612125311/http://www.tnp.sg/news/singapore-news/remember-gracie-dugong-shes-died |archive-date=12 June 2016 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/animal/dugong-mammal Dugong] - [[britannica.com]]

{{Sirenia}}
{{Sirenian genera|state=autocollapse}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q129544}}
{{Portal bar||Mammals|Marine life}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dugongidae]]
[[Category:EDGE species]]
[[Category:Extinct animals of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1776]]
[[Category:Marine fauna of East Africa]]
[[Category:Marine fauna of Oceania]]
[[Category:Marine fauna of South Asia]]
[[Category:Marine fauna of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller]]
[[Category:Vulnerable animals]]
[[Category:Vulnerable biota of Africa]]
[[Category:Vulnerable fauna of Asia]]
[[Category:Vulnerable fauna of Australia]]
[[Category:Fauna of Timor-Leste]]

Shah Akbar Danapuri

2026-03-15T17:40:19Z

Svetlanakxj: created a data!

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar, writer and Sufi poet (1844–1914)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| name = Shah Akbar Danapuri
| honorific prefix = ''Hazrat''
| honorific suffix = Naqshbandi Abulolai
| official_name = Shah Muhammad Akbar Abulolai Danapuri
| nationality = British Raj
| birth_place = Agra
| birth_date = 1844
| region = Bihar
| lineage = [[Hashmi]]
| Sufi_order = [[Naqshbandi|Naqshbandi Abulolaiya]]
| death_date = 1914
| death_place = [[Danapur]], Bihar
| resting_place = Khanqah Sajjadiya Abulolaiya, Danapur, [[Patna district]]
| teachers = * Maulana Shah Muhammad Qasim Abulolai Danapuri
* Waheed Allahabadi
* Makhdoom Sajjad Pak
| era = Modern era
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| creed = [[Maturidism|Maturidi]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| main interests = [[Sufism]]
| influences = [[Abu Hanifa]] [[Abdul Qadir Jilani]] [[Mu'in al-Din Chishti]] [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] [[Al-Suyuti]] [[Ibn Abidin]] [[Qadi Iyad]] [[Makhdoom Yahya Maneri]] [[Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri]] [[Munim Pak]]
| successor1 = Shah Mohsin Danapuri
| office1 = Sajjadanasheen of Khanqah Sajjadiya-Abulolaiya
| image = Shah Akbar Danapuri portrait (cropped).jpg
| father = Makhdoom Sajjad Pak
| children = Shah Mohsin Danapuri
}}
'''Shah Akbar Danapuri''' (1844–1914) also known as '''Shah Muhammad Akbar Abulolai Danapuri'''{{Efn|His full name is Shah Muhammad Akbar Abulolai Danapuri|name=}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAbdulḥakīm |first=Muḥammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5mUodVjG-PsC |title=Tāriḵẖ-i Aḥsan: mʻarūf bih Muʻīnṳt̤tulabā |date=1911 |publisher=Ma̤tbaʻ-yi Majīdī |pages=14 |language=ur}}</ref> was an Indian Islamic scholar, preacher, writer, linguist and Sufi poet.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-VjAAAAMAAJ |title=مشاهير بهار |date=2000 |publisher=خدا بخش اورينٹل پبلک لائبريرى، |pages=65 |language=ur}}</ref> He belonged to the [[Naqshbandi|Naqshbandi Abulolaiya]] order of Sufism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUpDAAAAYAAJ&q=Akbar+Danapuri |title=Comprehensive History of Bihar |publisher=Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute |year=1976 |location=[[Patna]] |pages=493 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Division |first=Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpT0EAAAQBAJ |title=Aajkal February 2024 (Urdu) |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |pages=98 |language=ur}}</ref> He was contemporary of [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]] and [[Waris Ali Shah]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ORgAAAAMAAJ&q=Akbar+Danapuri |title=Bayaz |date=1977 |publisher=Anjuman-e Farsi |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref>

He had served as the [[Sajjada nashin|Sajjadanasheen]] of Khanqah Sajjadiya-Abulolaiya from 1884 to 1914.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ashrafī |first=Vahāb |author-link=Wahab Ashrafi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMZjAAAAMAAJ |title=تاريخ ادب اردو: ابتداء سے 2000 ء تک |date=2005 |publisher=ايجوکيشنل پبلشنگ ہاؤس، |isbn=978-81-8223-226-6 |pages=368 |language=ur |trans-title=History of Urdu Literature: From Starting Till 2000}}</ref> He was a student of [[Waheed Allahabadi]], a disciple of [[Khwaja Haidar Ali Aatish|Khwaja Haidar Ali Atish]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barq |first=T̤alḥah Riz̤vī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OVjAAAAMAAJ |title=Naqd va sanjish |date=1982 |publisher=Dānish Ikaiḍamī |pages=131 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=عاجز |first1=كليم |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKljAAAAMAAJ |title=مجلس ادب |last2=عاجز |first2=کليم احمد |date=2003 |publisher=خدا بخش اورينٹل پبلک لائبريرى، |pages=12 |language=ur}}</ref> He was the teacher of [[Zohrabai|Zohra Bai]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rezvi |first=Ali Fraz |date=2022-11-15 |title=How Zohra Bai became the unrivalled queen of thumri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/how-zohra-bai-became-the-unravelled-queen-of-thumri/article66139105.ece |access-date=2024-10-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Danapuri was born to Shah Sajjad Pak Danapuri on 11 September 1843 at Nai Basti, Agra district of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Iqbāl |first=Muẓaffar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zy4uAAAAMAAJ |title=بہار میں اردو نثر کا ارتقا: 1857 سے 1914 تک |date=1980 |publisher=Kitāb K̲h̲ānah |pages=392 |language=ur}}</ref>

He started his studies under the tutelage of his uncle, Maulana Shah Muhammad Qasim Abulolai Danapuri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=الحقر |first=فائز پهلواروى، ناذر |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdNHAAAAMAAJ |title=دىوان فائز پهلواروى: سيد شاه نذىر الحق فائز پهلواروى |date=1964 |publisher=پنه، دار الادب، |pages=32 |language=fa}}</ref>

== Lineage ==
He belonged to the lineage of [[Al-Zubayr ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], an uncle of [[Prophet Muhammad]]. Through his ancestors, he descended from [[Taj Faqih|Imam Muhammad Taj Faqih Hashmi]], a revered Sufi saint who is believed to have conquered [[Maner, Bihar|Maner]] in 1180.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Kabeer |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tazkirat-ul-kiraam-khulfa-e-arab-o-islam-shah-kabir-danapuri-ebooks |title=Tazkirat-ul-Kiraam:Khulfa-e-Arab-o-Islam |publisher=Munshi Nawal Kishore |year=1915 |edition=4th |pages=713 |language=ur}}</ref> Imam Muhammad Taj Faqih Hashmi's legacy continued through his youngest son, Shaikh Abdul Aziz, and his grandson, Sulaiman Langar Zameen, who was married to Makhdooma Bibi Kamal bint Shahabuddin Pir Jagjot of Kako.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abulolai |first=Shah Zafar Sajjad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tazkirat-ul-abrar-shah-zafar-sajjad-ebooks-1 |title=Tazkirat-ul-Abrar |publisher=Khanqah Sajjadia Abulolaiya |location=Danapur |pages=47–48 |language=ur}}</ref>
=== Role of the family in Independence activism ===
Shah Akbar Danapuri’s uncle, Maulana Shah Muhammad Qasim Danapuri (1803–1864), was an important figure in the events surrounding the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Known for his opposition to [[British Raj|British rule]], he was actively involved in mobilising local youth and is said to have trained them in military tactics within the [[Agra Fort]]. During this period, he met [[Ahmadullah Shah|Maulana Ahmadullah Shah Madrasi]], a prominent leader of the uprising, and discussed plans to resist colonial authority. Following his involvement in these activities, Shah Qasim Danapuri was arrested by British authorities and sentenced to six months of imprisonment in [[Moradabad]]. However, he was later acquitted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shahabi |first=Intizamullah |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/ulama-e-haq-aur-unki-mazloomiyat-ki-dastanein-mufti-intizamullah-shahabi-akbarabadi-ebooks |title=Ulama-e-haq Aur Unki Mazloomiyat Ki Dastanein |publisher=Deeni Book Depot |location=Delhi |pages=81 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Qadri |first=Hamid Hasan |url=https://archive.org/details/dastan-e-tareekh-e-urdu/ |title=Dastan-e-Tareekh-e-Urdu |publisher=Lakshmi Narayan Tajir Qutub |year=1957 |edition=1st |location=Agra |pages=316}}</ref>

== Career ==
He became the [[Sajjada nashin]] of Khanqah Sajjadiya Abulolaiya, Shah Toli, Danapur in 1884, after the death of his father Shah Sajjad Pak Danapuri.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012|p=91}}

== Personal life ==
In 1865, Danapuri married Bibi Naeema alias Ahmadi Bibi, daughter of Maulana Shah Wilayat Hussain Azimabadi. They had two daughters and one son, Shah Mohsin Danapuri.{{Sfn|Kumar|2012|p=91}}

== Literary works ==

* {{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/kitab-e-mubarak-tareekh-e-arab-sayyad-shah-muhammad-akbar-ebooks |title=Kitab-e-Mubarak Tareekh-e-Arab |publisher=Matba Kayast Hitkari |year=1867 |location=Agra |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maulad-e-ghareeb-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Maulud-e-Ghareeb |publisher=Abulolai Press |year=1875 |location=Agra |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maulad-e-fatimi-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks-1 |title=Maulad-e-Fatimi |publisher=Abulolai Press |year=1889 |location=Agra |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/idrak-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Idrak |publisher=Matba Shaukat Shahjahani |year=1891 |location=Agra |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/iradah-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Iradah |publisher=Matba Dabdaba Hyderi |year=1893 |location=Agra |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/sair-e-dehli-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Sair-e-Dilli |publisher=Matba Riyaz-e-Hind |year=1893 |location=Agra |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tajalliyat-e-ishq-deewan-e-akbar-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Tajjaliyat-e-Ishq |publisher=Matba Shaukat Shahjahani |year=1896 |location=Agra |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/deewan-e-akbar-tajalliyat-e-ishq-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Deewan-e-Akbar |publisher=Matba Shaukat Shahjahani |year=1898 |location=Agra |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/ashraf-ut-tawareekh-part-002-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Ashraf-ut-Tawareekh |publisher=Agra Akhbar Press |year=1907 |location=Agra |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/jazbat-e-akbar-deewan-e-akbar-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Jazbat-e-Akbar |year=1915 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/kalam-e-akbar-danapuri-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Kalam-e-Akbar Danapuri |publisher=The Art Press |year=1966 |location=Patna |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/aal-o-ashab-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Aal-o-Ashab |publisher=Khanqah Sajjadia Abulolaiya |year=2023 |editor-last=Abulolai |editor-first=Raiyan |location=Danapur |language=ur}}
*{{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/khuda-ki-qudrat-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Khuda Ki Qudrat |language=ur}}
*{{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/risala-e-ghareeb-nawaz-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Risala-e-Ghareeb Nawaz |language=ur}}
*{{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/bagh-e-khayal-e-akbar-deewan-e-akbar-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Bagh-e-Khayal-e-Akbar |publisher=Abulolai Press |location=Aagra |language=ur}}
*{{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/ruhani-guldasta-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Ruhani Guldasta |publisher=Khanqah Sajjadia Abulolaiya |location=Danapur |language=ur}}
*{{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/surma-e-binai-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Surma-e-Binai |publisher=Matba Sleemi Barqi |location=Allahabad |language=ur}}
*{{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/najat-e-qasim-nazr-e-mahboob-shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Najat-e-Qasim Aur Nazr-e-Mahboob |publisher=Agra Akhbar Press |location=Agra |language=ur}}
*{{Cite book |last=Danapuri |first=Shah Akbar |title=Ashiqon Paanw Na Ukhre |publisher=Rekhta Publications |year=2022 |isbn=9789394494107 |editor-last=Mishra |editor-first=Suman |location=Delhi |language=hi}}

== Death and legacy ==
Shah Akbar Danapuri died at the age of 67 on 14 Rajab 1327 AH, corresponding to 1 August 1909, at Khanqah Sajjadiya Abulolaiya, Shah Toli, [[Danapur]], and was buried in the Astana Makhdoom Sajjad Pak on the same night. An annual [[urs]] of Shah Akbar Danapuri is celebrated on 14–15 [[Rajab]] of the [[Islamic calendar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abulolai |first=Shah Zafar Sajjad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tazkirat-ul-abrar-shah-zafar-sajjad-ebooks-1 |title=Tazkirat-ul-Abrar |publisher=Khanqah Sajjadia Abulolaiya |year=1940 |location=Danapur |pages=67 |language=ur}}</ref>

[[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]], founder of the Barelvi movement have mentioned Danapuri in his [[Qasida|Qaseeda]] ''Amaal-ul-Abrar fi Lam-ul-Ashrar,'' which was written for people who were against [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama|Nadwa movement]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abulolai |first=Raiyan |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/anwar-e-akbari-volume-001-ebooks |title=Anwar-e-Akbari |publisher=Khanqah Sajjadia Abulolaiya |year=2021 |location=Danapur |pages=54 |language=ur}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Ameer Abulola]]

== Notes ==
=== Footnotes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite book |last=Abulolai |first=Shah Mahfoozullah |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/halaat-e-hazrat-shah-akbar-danapuri-shah-mahfoozullah-abulolai-ebooks |title=Halaat-e-Hazrat Shah Akbar Danapuri |publisher=Khanqah Sajjadia Abulolaiya |year=2017 |location=Danapur |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barq |first=Talha Rizvi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/shah-akbar-danapuri-hayat-aur-shayri-talha-rizvi-barq-ebooks |title=Shah Akbar Danapuri: Hayat Aur Shayri |year=1985 |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Dr. Vijay |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/urdu-sahitya-ke-vikas-mein-bihari-vibhutiyon-ka-yogdan-ebooks?lang=hi |title=Urdu Sahitya Ke Vikas Mein Bihari Vibhutiyon Ka Yogdan |publisher=Bihar Rajya Abhilekhagar Nideshalaya |year=2012 |location=Patna |pages=90–94 |language=hi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kakwi |first=Ata |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/shah-akbar-danapuri-ebooks |title=Shah Akbar Danapuri |language=ur}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.rekhta.org/poets/shah-akbar-danapuri/all Shah Akbar Danapuri] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Danapuri, Shah Akbar}}
[[Category:1844 births]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:Naqshbandi order]]
[[Category:People from Patna district]]
[[Category:Writers from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]
[[Category:Hashemite people]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]

M. P. S. Namboodiri

2026-03-14T18:54:51Z

Svetlanakxj: started new data!

{{Short description|Indian Kathakali exponent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalamandalam M. P. S. Namboodiri
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1943|07|01}}
| birth_place = Karkkad, [[Malabar District]], British Raj
| occupation = Kathakali exponent
| death_date =
| death_place =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] Mukundaraja Smruthi Award
| years_active=
}}
'''Kalamandalam M. P. S. Namboodiri''' is a [[Kathakali]] exponent and academic in the field of Kathakali from [[Kerala]], India. He received several noted awards including the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] 2013 and Kerala Kalamandalam Mukundaraja Smruthi Award 2019.

==Biography==
Namboodiri was born on 1 July 1943 in Karikad in present-day [[Malappuram district]] to Moothedath Palisseri Manakkal Narayanan Namboothiri and Devasena Antharjanam.<ref name="Kathakali">{{Cite web|title=കലാമണ്ഡലം എം.പി.എസ് നമ്പൂ‍തിരി {{!}} കഥകളി.ഇൻഫൊ {{!}} Kathakali.info {{!}} കളിയറിവുകളുടെ തിരമൊഴി {{!}} The internet Kathakali hangout|url=https://kathakali.info/ml/node/27|access-date=2022-01-16|website=kathakali.info|archive-date=2022-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116095444/https://kathakali.info/ml/node/27|url-status=live}}</ref> Namboodiri studied Kathakali in [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] and became a teacher there and retired as a principal.<ref name="Kathakali"/> He was reappointed as the dean of the Department of Kathakali when Kalamandalam was upgraded as Deemed University.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KALAMANDALAM M. P. S. NAMBOODIRI|url=https://www.paralimes.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Namboodiri_BA.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-16|archive-date=2022-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116095438/https://www.paralimes.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Namboodiri_BA.pdf}}</ref> He is a visiting professor at [[University of California]] (UCLA) and the [[University of Wisconsin]] in the United States.<ref name="Kathakali"/> He has published several articles on Kathakali in English and [[Malayalam]] and co-authored a book titled ''Kathakaliyude Rangapathacharithram'' with Killimangalam Vasudevan Namboodirippad.<ref name="Kathakali"/>

==Family==
He and his wife Leela have three children.<ref name="Kathakali"/>

==Awards and honors==
*Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 2013<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2013 |title=India News – എം.പി.എസ്. നമ്പൂതിരിക്ക് കേന്ദ്ര സംഗീതനാടക അക്കാദമി അവാര്‍ഡ് – Kerala, World News – Mathrubhumi Newspaper Edition |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/2635596/2013-11-25/india |access-date=2022-01-16 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126210654/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/online/malayalam/news/story/2635596/2013-11-25/india |archive-date=26 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Kerala Kalamandalam Mukundaraja Smruthi Award 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=കേരള കലാമണ്ഡലം കലാ പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു {{!}} I&PRD : Official Website of Information Public Relations Department of Kerala|url=https://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/ml/node/101660|access-date=2022-01-16|website=www.prd.kerala.gov.in|archive-date=2022-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116101442/https://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/ml/node/101660|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Namboodiri, M. P. S.}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]

Prayagraj Junction railway station

2026-03-09T08:30:06Z

Svetlanakxj: cleanup

{{short description|Railway station in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the Railway Station|other uses|Prayagraj (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|Prayag Junction railway station}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=January 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|Prayagraj Junction railway station}}
| native_name = <hr/>Allahabad Junction
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = File:Prayagraj Jn Railway Station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = [[List of streets and roads in Allahabad#Leader Road|Leader Road]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.4460|N|81.8289|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|316.804|m|ft}}
| line = *[[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
*[[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line]]
*[[Howrah]]-[[Prayagraj]]–[[Mumbai]] line
*[[Prayagraj]]–[[Jabalpur]] section
*[[Mughalsarai]]-[[Kanpur]] section
*[[Mughalsarai]]-[[Varanasi]] line
*[[Mughalsarai]]–[[Ayodhya]] line
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 10
| tracks = 20
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = {{start date and age|1859}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1965–66
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PRYJ
| zone =
| division = {{rwd|Prayagraj}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| services =
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| map_dot_label = Prayagraj Junction
| map_caption = Location in [[Uttar Pradesh]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Prayagraj Junction
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}
{{Railways in Prayagraj|collapse=y}}
'''Prayagraj Junction''' (station code: '''PRYJ'''), formerly and colloquially known as '''Allahabad Junction''',<ref name="NewName">{{cite news |title=After new name, now code initials for Prayagraj Junction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/after-new-name-now-code-initials-for-prayagraj-junction/articleshow/74246419.cms |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=21 February 2020}}</ref> is a major junction and railway station on the [[Howrah-Gaya-Delhi line]],[[Howrah–Delhi main line]], [[Prayagraj–Mau–Gorakhpur main line]] and [[Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line]]. It is the headquarters of the [[North Central Railway zone]]. It is located in [[Prayagraj]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It serves Prayagraj and the surrounding areas.

==History==
The [[East Indian Railway Company]] initiated efforts to develop a railway line from Howrah to [[Delhi]] in the mid nineteenth century. Even when the line to Mughalsarai was being constructed and only the lines near Howrah were put in operation, the first train ran from Prayagraj to [[Kanpur]] in 1859. For the first through train from Howrah to Delhi in 1864, coaches were ferried on boats across the [[Yamuna]] at Prayagraj. With the completion of the [[Old Naini Bridge]] across the Yamuna through trains started running in 1865–66.<ref name=irfcai>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html |title = IR History: Early History (1832–1869) | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 24 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,396,403,500| title = Allahabad Division: A Historical Perspective| publisher = North Central Railway| access-date = 24 May 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130601154617/http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C396%2C403%2C500| archive-date = 1 June 2013| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2022}}<ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Railways-enters-159th-year-of-its-journey/articleshow/12629710.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120822142843/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-12/patna/31330356_1_indian-railways-danapur-division-railway-board | url-status = live | archive-date = 22 August 2012 |title = Railways enter 159th year of its journey|date=12 April 2012| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 24 May 2013}}</ref>

The opening of the Curzon Bridge, across the Ganges, in 1902, linked Prayagraj to regions north of or beyond the Ganges.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselect/PhotoShowDescs.asp?CollID=852 |title = India Office Select Materials |website=The British Library | access-date = 24 May 2013}}</ref>

The Varanasi–Prayagraj City (now called as [[Prayagraj Rambagh railway station]]) line was constructed as a metre-gauge line by the Bengal and North Western Railway between 1899 and 1913. It was converted to broad gauge in 1993–94.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indianrailwaynotes.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/north-eastern-railway.pdf |title = Indian Railway History – North Eastern Railway| work= Former Bengal & North Western Railway lines|publisher= Wordpress| access-date = 24 May 2013}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2022|reason=Looks like a blog}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,338,637 |title=Varanasi Division |publisher=North Eastern Railway |access-date=24 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109151138/http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C6%2C338%2C637 |archive-date= 9 January 2014 }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2022}}

The state government changed the name of the station from Allahabad Junction to Prayagraj Junction in February 2020.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |title=4 railway stations in Uttar Pradesh's Prayagraj get new names |date=21 February 2020 |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/4-railway-stations-in-uttar-pradesh-s-prayagraj-get-new-names-11582258330528.html }}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Cheoki–Subedarganj section was electrified in 1965–66.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 24 May 2013}}</ref>

==Workshops==
There are engineering workshops of Indian Railways at the railway station.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title= Sheds and workshops|publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 29 May 2013 }}</ref>

==Passenger movement==
Prayagraj is amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=30 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2022}} The station has two entry sides i.e. City Side to the south and Civil Lines Side to the north.<ref>{{cite news |title=railway station: Intensive checking at railway station {{!}} Allahabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Intensive-checking-at-railway-station/articleshow/35585185.cms |access-date=1 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=25 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

===Kumbh Mela===
The railways make special arrangements for the huge influx of pilgrims for the [[Kumbh Mela]] at Prayagraj.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Railways-puts-in-place-arrangements-to-check-rush-of-Maha-Kumbh-pilgrims/articleshow/18666938.cms |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130629122046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-25/allahabad/37288653_1_mela-specials-allahabad-railway-junction-special-trains |url-status= live |archive-date= 29 June 2013 |title= Railways puts in place arrangements to check rush of Maha Kumbh pilgrims|date=25 February 2013|work= [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 29 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91540|title= Railways Make Adequate Arrangments [sic] to Ensure Maximum Facilities for Pilgrims of Kumbh Mela – 2013| publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India, 13 January 2013| access-date = 29 May 2013 }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=January 2022}}

==Amenities==
Prayagraj Junction is an 'A' grade railway station. It furnishes 3 double-bedded AC retiring rooms, 9 double-bedded non-AC retiring rooms, a 20-bedded dormitory and Wi-Fi for the comfort of passengers. The North Central Railways (NCR) have introduced airport like boarding facility so that the passengers will be issued boarding pass to avail facilities at the junction from new state of the art check-in counters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajiv |first1=Mani |title=UP: Airport like check-in starts at Prayagraj junction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/airport-like-check-in-starts-at-prayagraj-junction/articleshow/76447386.cms |access-date=1 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |publisher=Times of India |date=18 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180">
File:Prayagraj Express.jpg|Prayag Raj Express at Prayagraj Jn.
</gallery>

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Prayagraj}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=North Central Railway zone|left=Naini|right=Subedarganj|type=[[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
|line2=North Central Railway zone|left2=Naini|right2=Naini|type2=[[Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line]]
|line3=North Eastern Railway zone|left3=Daraganj|right3=|type3=Varanasi–Allahabad link
|line4=Northern Railway zone|left4=Prayag|right4=|type4=Kanpur–Allahabad link}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1859]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Prayagraj district]]

Maasthi Gudi

2026-03-09T05:30:17Z

Svetlanakxj:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maasti Gudi
| image = Maasthi_Gudi.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Nagashekar]]
| producer = Sundar P. Gowdru Anil Kumar V.
| story = Duniya Vijay
| starring = Duniya Vijay [[Kriti Kharbanda]] [[Amulya]]
| music = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| cinematography = [[Satya Hegde]]
| editing = Joni Harsha
| studio = KPS Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|05|12|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/maasthi-gudi.html|title=Maasthi Gudi (2017) | Maasthi Gudi Movie | Maasthi Gudi (Masthi Gudi) Kannada Movie Cast & Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Masti Gudi''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Nagashekar]], starring [[Duniya Vijay]] who plays the titular character, and also credited for the film's story, alongside [[Kriti Kharbanda]] and [[Amulya]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/maasti-gudi-accident-two-actors-die-sets-duniya-vijay-starrer-702919|title=Masti Gudi accident: 2 budding Kannada actors die|date=2016-11-07|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=2016-11-08}}</ref>

On 7 November 2016, actors Anil Kumar and Raghava Uday drowned when they took a 60-feet plunge from a chopper while shooting film's climax. A rescue motorboat scheduled to pull the actors out of the water did not start, resulting in the immediate drowning of both the actors.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/2-stuntmen-feared-drowned-after-jumping-from-copter-near-Bengaluru/articleshow/55292866.cms | title=Two Kannada actors drown after 60-ft plunge during shooting near Bengaluru | work=The Times of India | date=8 November 2016 | accessdate=9 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsable.asianetnews.tv/entertainment/watch-duniya-vijays-masti-gudi-trailer-begins-with-a-tribute-note|title = Watch: Duniya Vijay's Masti Gudi trailer begins with a tribute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/masthi-gudi-tragedy-78-in-charge-sheet-kannada-news-184468.html|title = Masthi Gudi tragedy, 78 in charge sheet - Kannada News|date = 29 April 2017}}</ref>

==Summary==
Maasthi questions powerful people killing tigers, and then takes the law into his own hands. Enter Rani. She learns of Bhavya, who was killed by her own family for eloping with Maasthi. Rani reveals her love for him. But he rejects her, saying that he still has Bhavya in his heart leaving Rani heartbroken. He kills the villains. The film shifts to present where Rani is now old and has written Maasthi's story in a book.

==Cast==
* [[Duniya Vijay]] as Maasthi
* [[Kriti Kharbanda]] as Rani
* [[Amulya]] as Bhavya
* [[B. Jayashree]]
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]]
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]]
* [[Shobaraj]]
* [[Devaraj]] as Forest Officer
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* Raghava Uday
* * Anil Kumar (voice dubbed by [[Vasishta N. Simha]])<ref>{{cite web |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |title=Vasishta dubs for Anil in Maasti Gudi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vasishta-dubs-for-anil-in-maasti-gudi/articleshow/56808877.cms |website=Times of India |date=27 January 2017}}</ref>
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]]
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Ajju
* M. K. Mata
* [[Ravishankar Gowda]]

==Controversies ==
=== Accident ===
Actors Anil Kumar and Raghava Uday drowned while performing an action scene at [[Thippagondanahalli Reservoir]], 35 kilometers west of [[Bangalore]] on 7 November.<ref>{{cite news|title=Video surfaces of Kannada actors jumping along with Duniya Vijay|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/071116/watch-video-surfaces-of-kannada-actors-jumping-along-with-duniya-vijay.html|access-date=7 November 2016|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=7 November 2016}}</ref> The action scene was shot under the supervision of stunt director Ravi Varma and the scene required [[Duniya Vijay]] with Anil Kumar and Raghava Uday jumping off into the lake from the helicopter.<ref>{{cite news|last1=क़ुरैशी|first1=इमरान|title=स्टंट करते समय हादसा, दो के डूबने की आशंका|url=http://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-37896171|accessdate=7 November 2016|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ഉദയിന്റെയും അനിലിന്റേയും ആദ്യ ഹെലികോപ്റ്റർ യാത്ര ദുരന്ത യാത്രയായി|url=http://www.asianetnews.tv/entertainment/we-are-not-good-swimmers-kannada-actors-said-minutes-before-they-drowned-watch-video|accessdate=7 November 2016|publisher=Asianet News|date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ഷൂട്ടിങ്ങിനിടെ തടാകത്തിൽ ചാടിയ കന്നട താരങ്ങളെ കാണാതായി|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/two-kannada-actors-died-malayalam-news-1.1485947|accessdate=8 November 2016|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=7 November 2016}}</ref> Duniya Vijay managed to swim ashore but Anil and Uday were not able to make it to the shore.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Ananya|title=Helicopter stunt goes horribly wrong during Kannada film shoot, 2 actors dead|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/helicopter-stunt-two-people-dead-mastigudi-kannada-film-350688-2016-11-07|access-date=7 November 2016|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Two Kannada actors feared drowned after film stunt goes wrong|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-kannada-actors-feared-dead-after-film-stunt-goes-wrong/story-Kj62L8vzUYlQPwFl0doyyO.html|accessdate=7 November 2016|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Film stunt goes wrong, 2 Kannada actors jump from chopper and drown|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/071116/film-stunt-goes-wrong-2-kannada-actors-jump-from-chopper-and-drown.html|access-date=7 November 2016|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Santhosh|title=Kannada Actors Anil Kumar & Raghav Uday Feared Dead?|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/kannada-actors-anil-kumar-raghav-uday-feared-dead-246503.html|accessdate=7 November 2016|publisher=Filmi Beat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Stunt Gone Wrong: Kannada Film Actor Raghava Uday's Tragic Death|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/11/07/kannada-film-stunt-tragedy-raghava-uday-anil-kumar-death-action-magadi-road-masti-gudi|accessdate=7 November 2016|publisher=The Quint.com|date=7 November 2016}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Masti Gudi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 23 February 2017
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=24|s=43}}
| language = Kannada
| label = Jhankar Music
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Uppi Rupee]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

[[Sadhu Kokila]] composed the soundtrack for the film. The soundtrack album consists of five songs. Lyrics for the tracks were written by [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]].

{{ track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| total_length = 24:43
| title1 = Chippinolagade
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 4:38
| title2 = Summane
| extra2 = Shreya Ghoshal
| length2 = 4:46
| title3 = Bari Nalku Dina
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length3 = 4:48
| title4 = Ondu Huduga
| extra4 = Sonu Nigam
| length4 = 5:07
| title5 = Jenu Thandevo
| extra5 = [[Kailash Kher]], [[B. Jayashree]], [[B. R. Chaya]]
| length5 = 5:22
}}

== Reception ==
The Times of India rated the film 2.5 out of 5, saying, "While this film does seem a tad underwhelming eventually, one can definitely go and watch the film for Vijay's acting and the underlying message about forest conservation".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/maasthi-gudi/movie-review/58642885.cms|title=Maasthi Gudi Movie Review |work=The Times of India| date=12 May 2017| accessdate=18 July 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of film accidents]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:2017 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sadhu Kokila]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:2010s supernatural thriller films]]

Suyetchai MLA

2026-03-07T04:52:24Z

Svetlanakxj: created info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Suyetchai MLA.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Guru Dhanapal]]
| producer = Stanley P. Rajan T. M. Varadharajan A. Abraham Selvakumar M. G. Karunanidhi
| writer = Guru Dhanapal
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Goundamani]]}}
| music = [[Sabesh–Murali]]
| cinematography = D. Shankar
| editing = R. Suresh Rajhan
| distributor =
| studio = Stanwin Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|05|05}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Suyetchai MLA''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[political satire]] film directed by [[Guru Dhanapal]]. The film stars [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Goundamani]]. The film was released on 5 May 2006 after many delays.

==Plot==
Nambirajan ([[Sathyaraj]]) and Visky ([[Goundamani]]) are lorry drivers and best friends. Both of them are very helpful to MLA Arivudaiyan ([[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]) with all his work. Nambirajan's sister Priya (Ammu) loves a rich boy Rakesh (Rakesh). Nambirajan and Rakesh's father Muthiah ([[Rajan P. Dev]]) then prepare their engagement. In the function, Muthiah talks ill about Nambirajan's poverty and insults him. Muthiah says that he would wed his son with Nambirajan's sister only when Nambirajan becomes a rich person. He also says that he would wed his daughter ([[Abitha]]) to Nambirajan at that time. General elections are announced in the State, and the ruling party refuses to again give seat to Arivudayan. He insults the party district leaders, and decides to contest as Independent candidate.

But Arivudayaan is killed before filing nomination. So, Nambirajan contests in his place, and by luck wins the election by 1% vote, and becomes an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]. At the same time, the ruling party MKM gets 116 seats, and opposition TKM also gets 116 seats, with one seat's election postponed due to death of candidate. Since, Nambirajan's support can give either party majority in the House, both parties try to pull him into their coalition. TKM succeeds and Nambirajan visits their HQ. He asks their leader Kumaran to give him [[Tamil Nadu Public Works Department|PWD]] minister post, and this causes the front runner for that post to threaten to leave the group. Then Nambirajan asks for Kumaran to give up his post in the cabinet, to avoid further issue. Since, Kumaran was posed to become [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]], Nambirajan promises him to serve as rubber stamp CM. In order to fulfill his dream, Kumaran gives up the CM post, and becomes [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Deputy Chief Minister]] instead.

Nambirajan starts off to work with clean hands, but the roughness of all politicians forces him to corruption. He earns thousands of crores of black money. When he starts to push Kumaran out of the party, they engage in cold war, resulting in the party siding with Nambirajan and Kumaran being kept as backbench MLA. Kumaran, and MMK leader Nathan then blame corruption charges of Nambirajan. Nambirajan accepts the charges, and forces the court to indict all MLAs including Kumaran and Nathan as accomplices. The Legislature is dissolved, and clean candidates are elected in the new Elections.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Nambirajan
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Ilampirai
*[[Goundamani]] as Visky
*[[Cochin Haneefa|V. M. C. Haneefa]]
*[[Raasi (actress)|Manthra]]
*[[Abitha]] as Muthiah's daughter
*[[Thilakan]]
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Arivudaiyan
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Muthiah
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]]
*[[Delhi Ganesh]]
*Rakesh as Rakesh
*[[Besant Ravi]]
*[[Shakeela]]
*Srilekha
*[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]]
*[[Paravai Muniyamma]]
*Ammu as Priya
*Anjali Devi
*[[Brinda Parekh]] (special appearance in the song "Irungattu Kottai")
*Babilona (special appearance in the song "Irungattu Kottai")
}}

==Production==
After directing comedy films like ''[[Thai Maaman]]'' and ''[[Maaman Magal (1995 film)|Maaman Magal]]'', [[Guru Dhanapal]] teamed up for the third time with the duo [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Goundamani]]. Sathyaraj said, "I feel the film will certainly entertain viewers as it will be an out-and-out laugh riot". Guru Dhanapal, said "Sathyaraj gets a maximum mileage of the story with his histrionic and comedy talent". D. Shankar and R. Suresh Rajhan were the cinematographer and editor respectively.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news |date=2004-07-15 |title=A political satire once again |url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/07/15/stories/2004071512730200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040917150733/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/07/15/stories/2004071512730200.htm |archive-date=2004-09-17 |accessdate=2014-04-18 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The filming was held at Chennai, Pondicherry, Madurai and Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=2 June 2005 |title=Suyetchai MLA |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2005/06smla.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203220509/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2005/06smla.asp |archive-date=3 December 2005 |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> At the time of release, the [[LIC Housing Finance]] took the film to court. The official had stated that Stanley P. Rajan and his associates, who jointly produced the film, had cheated the company of {{INRConvert|50.39|l|year=2005}}. According to him, Stanley P. Rajan had obtained a housing loan of {{INRConvert|25|l|year=2005}} by submitting fake address and false particulars in his application. His associates too applied for and availed themselves of the loan using a similar modus operandi. After obtaining the housing loans, they diverted the sum for film production without using for building houses.<ref>{{cite news |date=2005-09-14 |title=Judge bars film prints release by labs |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/14/stories/2005091416120500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013043207/http://hindu.com/2005/09/14/stories/2005091416120500.htm |archive-date=2007-10-13 |accessdate=2014-04-18 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Suyetchai MLA
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Sabesh–Murali]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2006
| recorded = 2004
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 12:46
| label =
| producer = Sabesh–Murali
| prev_title = [[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Imsai Arasan 23am Pulikesi]]
| next_year = 2006
}}

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by [[Sabesh–Murali]]. The soundtrack, released in 2004, features 3 tracks with lyrics written by [[Gangai Amaran]].

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Irungattu Kottai" || [[Manikka Vinayagam]], Kavitha Gopi || 4:13
|-
| "Mera Mera Mera Ooru" || Kavitha Gopi || 4:19
|-
| "Puli Varuthu Puli Varuthu" || [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]] || 4:14
|}

==Reception==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "It's no doubt a scenario repeated from earlier Satyaraj films. But what keeps this film going is the fairly neatly packaged script, a steady paced narration, the cheeky lines, the real life comparisons, and the inimitable style of Satyaraj, all of which keep the audience engaged despite the distractions".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=17 May 2006 |title=Suyetchai MLA |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/05suyetchaiMLA.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015011640/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/05suyetchaiMLA.asp |archive-date=15 October 2006 |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Guru Dhanapal}}
[[Category:2000s political satire films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 controversies]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Guru Dhanapal]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]]
[[Category:Salary controversies in film]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political satire films]]

Hathras Road railway station

2026-02-26T06:32:17Z

Svetlanakxj: improved details for consistency for consistency

{{short description|Railway Station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Hathras Road railway station
| type = [[List of railway stations in India|Indian Railway station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption = Indian Railways logo
| address = SH 33, [[Hathras]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.6231|78.1397|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| line = [[Mathura–Kanpur section]]
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|183|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (ground station)
| platform = 1
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2 (single electrified [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge]])
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| acessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = HTJ
| zone = [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Izzatnagar}}
}}
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = 
}}
'''Hathras Road railway station''' is a small railway station in [[Hathras district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] with the [[station code]] HTJ. The station consists of a single platform and lacks many facilities including water, sanitation, and shelter.

==About==

Hathras Road railway station is a two platform station located in Hathras district, Uttar Pradesh, serving Hathras City. Its code is HTJ. From this station it is 9 km east to Hathras City railway station and 9 km south to Hathras Kila (Fort) railway station.

==See also==
* [[Hathras City railway station]]
* [[Hathras Kila railway station]]
* [[Hathras Junction railway station]]
* [[Kasganj Junction railway station]]
* [[Mathura Junction]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|252}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Hathras district]]
[[Category:Prayagraj railway division]]
[[Category:Hathras]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Ansha Sayed

2026-02-24T14:41:33Z

Svetlanakxj: refine citations and added references

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ansha Sayed
| image = AnshaSayed.jpg
| caption = Sayed in 2012
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| occupation = Actress
| known for = ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''
| years_active = 2005–present
}}

'''Ansha Sayed'''  is an Indian actress. She is best known for portraying Sub-Inspector Purvi in ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''<ref name="TOISep 26, 2013">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/CID-Shivaji-Satam-Aditya-Srivastava-Dayanand-Shetty-Narendra-Gupta/articleshow/23095468.cms|title=CID completes 1000 episodes|date=26 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 July 2015|archive-date=14 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714024149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/CID-Shivaji-Satam-Aditya-Srivastava-Dayanand-Shetty-Narendra-Gupta/articleshow/23095468.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businessofcinema.com/tele/cid-cast-celebrates-diwali-underprivileged-children/115988|title='CID' Cast Celebrates Diwali With Underprivileged Children|date=1 November 2013|website=Business of Cinema|access-date=20 December 2019|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220113522/https://businessofcinema.com/tele/cid-cast-celebrates-diwali-underprivileged-children/115988|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Pinkvilla">{{cite news |title=Daya, Abhijeet, Fredricks, and other CID cast members' fun-filled reunion; WATCH |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/daya-abhijeet-fredricks-and-other-cid-cast-members-fun-filled-reunion-watch-1141661 |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=PINKVILLA |date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404012917/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/daya-abhijeet-fredricks-and-other-cid-cast-members-fun-filled-reunion-watch-1141661 |archive-date=4 April 2023}}</ref> Her other notable roles include Leelavati on ''[[Laagi Tujhse Lagan]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mulchandani |first=Amrita |date=12 August 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Actress-Ansha-Sayeed-to-quit-the-Colors-show-to-play-the-cop-in-Sony-TVs-CID-/articleshow/9576486.cms |title=Actress Ansha Sayeed to quit the Colors' show to play the cop in Sony TV's CID |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123222102/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Actress-Ansha-Sayeed-to-quit-the-Colors-show-to-play-the-cop-in-Sony-TVs-CID-/articleshow/9576486.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Jenny in ''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2010/throw-mahi-out-260310.html|title=Colleagues conniving to throw Mahi out?|date=26 March 2010|website=FilmiBeat|access-date=20 December 2019|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220085544/https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2010/throw-mahi-out-260310.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sayed grew up in [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]]. She is an alumna of [[M. M. K. College]] in Bandra.<ref name="Interview">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAXV994Th-I | title=Anshed Sayed Lifestyle on the TV channel interview cid/Cif Purvi | website=[[YouTube]] | access-date=1 June 2023 | archive-date=5 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405050502/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=BAXV994Th-I | url-status=live }}</ref> Originally, she wanted to be a journalist, but ended up as an actress after successful auditions.<ref name="Interview"/>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" |Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Hu Narendra Modi Banva Mangu Chu]]''
| Shanti
| [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]]
|
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Yaan Superstar]]''
| Ananya
| [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mangaluru: 'Yan Superstar' Tulu film gets ready to hit screens |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1089542 |access-date=11 September 2023 |work=Daiji World |date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806151531/https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1089542 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Ghudchadi]]''
| Sneh Sharma
| [[Hindi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/filming-begins-sanjay-dutt-raveena-tandon-khushali-kumar-and-parth-samthaan-to-star-in-ghudchadi/|title=Filming Begins: Sanjay Dutt, Raveena Tandon, Khushali Kumar and Parth Samthaan to star in 'Ghudchadi' |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
| {{Unknown}}
|
|
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''[[Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa]]''
| Riti Sehgal
|
|
|-
| 2006–2008, 2011–2018; 2024–2025
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
| Various characters including Inspector Purvi
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/27/tv-cid-a-hit-with-viewers.htm|title=The TV show with the highest ratings|newspaper=[[Rediff]]|access-date=22 April 2015|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510093531/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/27/tv-cid-a-hit-with-viewers.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Doli Saja Ke]]''
| Namrata Veer Kapoor
|
|
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Bandhan Saat Janamon Ka]]''
| Nikita Gupta
|
|
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''Aye Dil-E-Nadaan''
| Sonakshi
|
|
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[Kesariya Balam Aavo Hamare Des]]''
| Dhumri
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli]]''
| Kanika Prakash
|
|
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Laagi Tujhse Lagan]]''
| Leelavati "Leela"
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]]''
| Jenny
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/producer-yash-patnaiks-party-for-his-three-shows-was-a-rocking-affair/articleshow/55650172.cms|title=Producer Yash Patnaik's party for his three shows was a rocking affair!|website=The Times of India|access-date=27 November 2016|archive-date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212043659/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Producer-Yash-Patnaiks-party-for-his-three-shows-was-a-rocking-affair/articleshow/55650172.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[CIF (TV series)|CIF]]''
| Sub-Inspector Meenakshi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/cids-iconic-team-of-dayanand-shetty-aditya-srivastava-and-ansha-sayed-come-together-for-a-new-show/articleshow/69984675.cms|title=CID's team of Dayanand Shetty, Aditya Srivastava, and Ansha Sayed come together for a new show|website=The Times of India|date=28 June 2019|language=en|access-date=12 November 2019|archive-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701061854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/cids-iconic-team-of-dayanand-shetty-aditya-srivastava-and-ansha-sayed-come-together-for-a-new-show/articleshow/69984675.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
| [[Shikhandini]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2021
| ''[[Kaamnaa]]''
| Sangini Holkar
|
|
|-
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Inspector Deepti Singh
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mauka-E-Vardaat]]''
| Inspector Anwesha Purohit
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/television/andtv-new-show-mauka-e-vardaat-to-showcase-mysterious-crime-cases-61065|title=&TV's new show 'Mauka-e-Vardaat' to showcase mysterious crime cases|website=Mumbai Live|date=2 February 2021|accessdate=14 September 2021|archive-date=1 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301165230/https://www.mumbailive.com/en/television/andtv-new-show-mauka-e-vardaat-to-showcase-mysterious-crime-cases-61065|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav]]''
| Vajrangi
|
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Shrimad Ramayan]]''
| [[Tataka]]
|
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2020
| ''Paper''
| Tejaswini Rathod
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2022
| ''[[Maharani (2021 TV series)|Maharani]]''
| Sanjana Dutt
| Season 2
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatti |first1=Zoya |title=Maharani 2 sees Rani Bharti go from political pawn to queen bee. Watch it for Huma Qureshi |url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/maharani-2-sees-rani-bharti-go-from-political-pawn-to-queen-bee-watch-it-for-huma-qureshi/1100937/ |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=26 August 2022 |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827024822/https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/maharani-2-sees-rani-bharti-go-from-political-pawn-to-queen-bee-watch-it-for-huma-qureshi/1100937/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Human (TV series)|Human]]''
| Shalini
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=14 January 2022 |title=Human review: Shefali Shah gives a vicious performance in series about Big Pharma's crimes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/human-review-shefali-shah-gives-a-vicious-performance-in-series-about-big-pharma-s-crimes-101642130783673.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=8 June 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326023445/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/human-review-shefali-shah-gives-a-vicious-performance-in-series-about-big-pharma-s-crimes-101642130783673.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*{{IMDb name|id=nm4623676}}
*{{Instagram|iamrealanshasayed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sayed, Ansha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Iqbal Hasan Mahmud Tuku

2026-02-18T12:37:48Z

Svetlanakxj: further fix citations for accuracy further and fixed typos for consistency

#REDIRECT [[Iqbal Hassan Mahmood]]

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Adampur Airport

2026-02-14T10:27:44Z

Svetlanakxj: further fix page for accuracy for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Sri Guru Ravidas Airport]]

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Abdul Bari Nadvi

2026-02-11T06:54:03Z

Svetlanakxj: starting a page more to come

{{Short description|Indian Muslim scholar (1886–1976)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{More citations needed|date=March 2023}}

'''Abdul Bari Nadvi''' (1886 – 30 January 1976) was an Indian Muslim scholar born in the [[Barabanki district]] near [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. His father Hakim Abdul Khaliq was a student of Maulana Mohammad Naeem Farangi Mahli. His younger brother Saad-ud-Din Ansari was among the founding members of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia|Jamia Millia Delhi]] and taught there for a long time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jmi.ac.in/aboutjamia/profile/history/life_members-18|title = Profile of Jamia Millia Islamia - History - Life Members}}</ref> Abdul Bari Nadvi died in Lucknow in 1976. He was survived by four sons and two daughters, all of whom are now deceased.

==Education and Career==
After his early education at a local madrasah he went to [[Darul-uloom Nadwatul Ulama|Nadwa-tul-Ulama]] for his higher education. He was well reputed as an academic and an established writer in the disciplines of philosophy and theology. He taught at [[Gujarat College]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Dakkan College]] in [[Pune]], and [[Osmania University]] in [[Hyderabad]] from where he retired as professor, having earlier served as Head of the Philosophy Department. He was one of the most capable students of Allama [[Shibli Nomani]] and a contemporary of [[Syed Sulaiman Nadvi]], Abdul Salam Nadvi, [[Abdul Majid Daryabadi]], and [[Manazir Ahsan Gilani]]. He wrote extensively on modern philosophy and religion and translated the works of numerous western philosophers and sociologists such as [[George Berkeley]], [[David Hume]], [[René Descartes]], John Dewey, [[Henri Bergson]], [[William James]], [[G. F. Stout]], and John S. Mackenzie. Some of his works were included in the undergraduate and postgraduate curriculum at Osmania University.

He was influenced in his religious and political ideology by Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi and Maulana Hussain Ahmed Madani, both being students of ''Sheikh-ul-Hind'' Maulana Mahmud Hasan Deobandi of the [[Deobandi movement]]. His formal spiritual association (bay'at) was with Maulana Madni, but he spent more time with Maulana Thanwi who greatly influenced his religious orientation.

==Philosophical Approach and Orientation==
[[File:Nadwa Group picture.pdf|thumb|Nadwa group photo, 1912. Abdul Bari Nadvi standing fourth from right]]
Maulana Nadvi was entirely educated in Muslim seminaries in India and never studied at a (secular/modern) college or university. He self-taught Aristotelian logic (and Muslim additions and commentary to it), and was exposed to Muslim critics of Aristotelian logic such as [[Ibn Taymiyya]] among others. He also learnt Neo-Platonic Muslim philosophy mainly through the works of [[Mulla Sadra]] and through the study of Ilm al Kalam (Muslim theology). He was also exposed to the basic ideas of Aristotle's philosophy especially his ''[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]]''. Today, modern philosophy is not taught in Muslim seminaries in India and Pakistan (with some exceptions). Nadvi taught himself not only English (with support of his teacher Shibli Nomani who arranged a scholarship for him) but also philosophy purely out of self-interest.

His writings on philosophy and religion, and especially on topics arising from the interaction between philosophy and religion in the Islamic context were informed by his religious orientation, influenced by Shibli, Thanwi and Madani. Two of his books from this period stand out, relating to religion and rationality as well as religion and science. He also wrote a chapter on miracles in Shibli Nomani/Sulaiman Nadvi's multiple-volume biography of [[Muhammad]] in which he mainly drew on Hume's ideas to establish the rationality or possibility of miracles.

==Written Works==
Some of his books and written pieces include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Abdul%20Bari%20Nadvi%22|title = Internet Archive Search: Creator%3A%22Abdul%20Bari%20Nadvi%22}}</ref>

'''Translations from English to Urdu'''

* Principles of Human Knowledge (George Berkeley) - translated into Urdu in 1919, Dakkan College Poona
* Manual of Ethics (John S Mackenzie) - translated into Urdu in 1923, Usmania University Hyderabad
* Manual of Psychology (G. F. Stout) - translated into Urdu in 1927, Usmania University Hyderabad
* Introduction to Metaphysics (Henri Bergson) - translated into Urdu in 1931, Usmania University Hyderabad
* Ethics (John Dewey and James Tufts) - translated into Urdu in 1932, Usmania University Hyderabad
* Discourse on Methods and Meditations on First Philosophy (René Descartes) - translated into Urdu in 1932, Usmania University Hyderabad
* William James, some writings from 1902 to 1910 - translated into Urdu in 1937, Usmania University Hyderabad
* Human Understanding (David Hume) - translated into Urdu in 1938, Usmania University Hyderabad

'''Urdu Books and Writings'''

* برکلے اور اس کا فلسفہ - 1918, Dakkan College Poona
* 1920 - معجزات انبیا اور عقلیات جدیدہ - Chapter written in Allama Shibli Nomani/Sulaiman Nadvi's Seerat-ul-Nabi
* 1924 - مذہب اور عقلیات – Lecture delivered in Mohammadan Education Conference in Surat/Gujrat, India
* تجدید تعلیم و تبلیغ – 1948
* تجدید تصوف و سلوک – 1949
* تجدید معاشیات – 1955
* تجدید دین کامل – 1956
* نظام صلاح و اصلاح – 1962
* 1970 - مذہب اور سائنس

'''Arabic Books'''

* بین التصوف والحیات, published in Damascus and Istanbul
* الدین والعلوم العقلیہ, published in India
* المنھج السلامی لتربیت النفس, published in India

==See more==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nadvi, Abdul Bari}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Muslim writers]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]

Raj Madiraju

2026-02-10T02:47:05Z

Svetlanakxj: made a page!

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use British English |date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name=Raj Madiraju
| image= Assistant Director.jpg
| caption = Raj Madiraju assisting Dasari Narayana Rao for ''[[Sammakka Sarakka]]'' in 1997
| native_name=
| native_name_lang=te
| birth_date={{Birth date and age |1969 |12 |05 |df=yes}}
| birth_place=[[Paloncha]], [[Khammam]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation=[[Film director|Director]], [[screenwriter]], [[actor]], and [[Film producer|producer]]
| spouse=Mythily
| children=1
| birthname=Raja Sekhar Madiraju
| yearsactive=1996–present
}}

'''Raj Madiraju''' is an [[Indian film]] director, screenwriter, actor and producer. In a career spanning about 20 years, he predominantly worked in [[Telugu cinema]]. In 2011 and 2012, he wrote and directed ''[[Rushi (film)|Rushi]]'', for which he won the [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer]].

==Early life and education==
He joined Avanthi School of Business Management, affiliated to Osmania University, in 1995 to pursue a master's degree in business administration.<ref name="ib interview">{{cite web |title=Interview with Raj Madiraju - Telugu cinema director - Idlebrain |website=Idlebrain.com |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/rajmadiraju.html |date=4 June 2015 }}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Nandi Award.jpg |thumb|Raj Madiraju receiving State Nandi Award for Rushi in 2012]]

He worked with Dasari Narayana Rao for ''Osey Ramulamma''. He then joined Chiranjeevi's unfinished Hollywood venture Return of Abu – Thief of Bagdad in 1999 as assistant director to Suresh Krissna. He also worked on ad commercials and corporate films.<ref name="ib interview"/>
[[File:Kalyana Vaibhogame movie.jpg |thumb|A working still from ''Kalyana Vaibhogame'' featuring Raj Madiraju and director Nandini Reddy]]

Madiraju made his directorial debut in 2000 with the Tarun starrer ''[[Uncle (2000 film)|Uncle]]'' produced by comedian AVS.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/telugu/reviews/uncle.html|last=Vasu|title=Uncle: AVS disappoints Tarun fans|website=IndiaInfo|access-date=27 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010609222642/http://movies.indiainfo.com/telugu/reviews/uncle.html|archive-date=9 June 2001}}</ref><ref name="ib interview"/> The film was a box office failure.<ref name="ib interview"/>

Madiraju's next film was the techno thriller ''[[Aithe 2.0]]'', in 2016. The film was officially selected for screening at LA Cinefest, Barcelona Planet Film Festival and [[Calcutta International Cult Film Festival]]. While it booked a semi-final berth in LA Cinefest, it won the outstanding achievement award at CICFF.<ref>https://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/aithe2point0.html</ref><ref name="ib interview"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Thriller: Raj Madiraju's next titled Aithe 2.0 - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/RajMadirajus-next-titled-Aithe-2-0/articleshow/49104101.cms |date=15 January 2017 }}</ref>

===Montages Cinema===
His Montages Cinema is in the process of developing story ideas to scripts while also making inroads into the idea of building a talent bank.<ref>{{cite web |title=Montages Cinema lives up to its ethos of dedication and creativity through visionary wall art - The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/homes-and-gardens/its-official-montages-cinema-hyderabad-raj-madiraju/article18559115.ece |date=24 May 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raj Madiraju announces two biopics |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/150417/raj-madiraju-announces-two-biopics.html |date=15 April 2017 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Raj Madiraju married Mythily in 1997 and they have one daughter.<ref name="ib interview"/>

==Filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= November 2022}}

===As film director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 2000 ||''[[Uncle (2000 film)|Uncle]]''|| credited as Rajasekhar
|-
| 2012 ||''[[Rushi (film)|Rushi]]''|| [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer]]<ref name="the first look of rushi">{{cite web |title='First look' of Rushi held - The Hindu |website=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/first-look-of-rushi-held/article2793636.ece |date=25 July 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 ||''[[Andhra Pori]]''||Remake of ''Timepass''
|-
| 2018 ||''[[Aithe 2.0]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Grey: The Spy Who Loved Me]]''||
|-
| ''[[Krishna Rama]]''||

|}

===As an actor===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|1996
|''Kalyana Praptirastu''
|
|
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Osey Ramulamma]]''
| ||
|-
| 2000 ||''[[Uncle (2000 film)|Uncle]]''
| ||
|-
| 2015 ||''[[Andhra Pori]]''
| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 ||''[[Kalyana Vaibhogame]]''
| ||
|-
|''[[Appatlo Okadundevadu]]''
| IPS officer||
|-
|''[[Majnu (2016 film)|Majnu]]''
| Aditya's father||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017 ||''Raja Meeru Keka''
| Maha's father||
|-
|''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]''
| Bhargavi's father||
|-
|''[[Jawaan (film)|Jawan]]''
| Swetcha's father||
|-
|''[[Mental Madhilo]]''
| ||
|-
| 2018 ||''[[Aithe 2.0]]''
| ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Brochevarevarura]]''
| Film producer||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020 || ''[[Pressure Cooker (2020 film)|Pressure Cooker]]''
| Anitha's father||
|-
|''[[Krishna and His Leela]]''
| Radha's father||
|-
| ''Atma Rama Ananda Ramana''
| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023 || ''[[Grey: The Spy Who Loved Me]]''
| RAW agent||
|-
|''[[Prem Kumar (film)|Prem Kumar]]''
| Netra's father||
|-
| ''[[Krishna Rama]]''
| ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madiraju, Raj}}
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Indian experimental filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian action choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian casting directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Artists from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]

National War Memorial (India)

2026-02-07T03:04:09Z

Svetlanakxj: further corrected references per sources additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian national monument dedicated to its armed forces}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox military memorial
| name = National War Memorial
| native_name =''Rāṣhṭrīya Samara Smāraka''
| native_name_lang =iso 15919
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = National War Memorial on the 21st anniversary of Kargil Vijay Diwas, 2020.jpg
| photo1b =
| photo2a = National War Memorial, Tyag Chakra, Circle of Sacrifice, Ajay Ahuja.jpg
| photo2b = National War Memorial India, Param Vir Chakra section, Major Somnath Sharma.jpg
| spacing = 2
| position = center
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 290
| foot_montage = }}
| caption = Clockwise from top: The Stambh (obelisk) houses the immortal flame, A section of the Tyag Chakra, View of a bust at the Param Vir Chakra section
| alt = National War Memorial
| former_name =
| established = {{Start date and age|2019}}
| location = C Hexagon, India Gate Circle, New Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.612772|77.233053|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| designer = Yogesh Chandrahasan<ref name=":designers" />
| unveiled = 25 February 2019
| source =[https://www.nwmm.php-staging.com/Default.php Official government website]|country={{flag|India}}|body=|commemorates=Indian military dead of all wars|inscription='''Inscription''' 
'''Amara Javāna''' ''Śahīdōṁ kī citāōṁ para juṛēṁgē hara barasa mēlē'' ''Vatana para miṭanē vālōṁ kā yahī bākī niśām̐ hōgā.''<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2019|title=शहीदों के सम्मान पर 1916 में लिखी यह कविता आज भी मौजूं है|url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/poems/story/best-hindi-poem-on-martyrdom-shahido-ki-chitao-per-lagenge-har-baras-mele-642585-2019-02-15|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Aaj Tak आज तक|language=hi}}</ref> '''The Immortal soldier'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=National War Memorial|url=https://nationalwarmemorial.gov.in/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331161025/https://nationalwarmemorial.gov.in/|archive-date=31 March 2020|access-date=2021-01-03|website=nationalwarmemorial.gov.in}}</ref> {{small|''Fairs will be held every year on the pyres of martyrs, This will be the mark of those who martyr for their homeland.''}}
}}
The '''National War Memorial''' ([[ISO]]: ''Rāṣhṭrīya Samara Smāraka'' ; {{IPA|hi|raːʂʈriːjə səmərə smaːrəkə}}) is a war memorial in [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]], located at [[India Gate|India Gate Circle]]. It has been built to honour and remember soldiers of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] who fought in armed conflicts of independent India. The names of armed forces personnel killed during the armed conflicts with Pakistan and China as well as the [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa|1961 War in Goa]], [[Operation Pawan]], and other operations such as [[Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir#Operation Rakshak|Operation Rakshak]] are inscribed on the memorial walls in golden letters.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/war-museum-ready-60-yrs-after-it-was-first-proposed/articleshow/67330108.cms|title=Delhi: War memorial ready, 60 years after it was first proposed|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=1 January 2019|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103074259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//city/delhi/war-museum-ready-60-yrs-after-it-was-first-proposed/articleshow/67330108.cms|archive-date=3 January 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref>

This monument is spread over 40 acres of land and was built by the [[Government of India]] around the existing ''[[India Gate#Canopy|chhatri]]'' (canopy), near [[India Gate]], [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Baruah|first=Sukrita|date=26 February 2019|title=Explained: India's National War Memorial|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-indias-national-war-memorial-5600880/|access-date=2019-03-02|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The memorial wall is flushed with the ground and in harmony with existing aesthetics.<ref name="Nitin A., July 11">{{cite web|last1=Gokhale|first1=Nitin A.|date=11 July 2014|title=Fulfilling a sacred contract with the soldier|url=http://nitinagokhale.blogspot.in/2014/07/fulfilling-sacred-contract-with-soldier.html|access-date=28 August 2014|website=News Warrior}}</ref> It was completed in January 2019 and unveiled on 25 February 2019 in an inauguration ceremony held at the monument where [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] in the presence of [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) of India, and the three Chiefs of Staff of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], ignited the eternal flame of the [[Amar Jawan Jyoti]] (''Flames of Eternal Soldiers'') at the ''Amar Chakra'' under the main obelisk of the monument.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2019-02-25|title=PM Modi inaugurates National War Memorial in New Delhi|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-national-war-memorial-in-new-delhi/article26366421.ece|access-date=2020-12-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The old Amar Jawan Jyoti, located at India Gate, previously served as the national war memorial. It was constructed in a short time frame following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] as per Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]'s wishes, so that it could be inaugurated on 26 January 1972 as a mark of respect to the martyrs of the war.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}}<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|last=Anand|first=Col Rohan|date=January 2016|title=National War Memorial, At Last|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2016/jan16-16/h14.htm|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Sainik Samachar]]}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web|last=Anand|first=Col Rohan|date=May 2015|title=India Gate. An Indian Legacy|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2015/may01-15/h8.htm|access-date=2022-01-23|website=[[Sainik Samachar]]}}</ref> The flame from here was merged with the flame at the new National War Memorial on 21 January 2022 by [[Integrated Defence Staff]] chief Air Marshal [[Balabhadra Radha Krishna|Balabhadhra Radha Krishna]].<ref name="Bose">{{Cite web|last=Bose|first=Joydeep|date=2022-01-21|title=In historic move, Amar Jawan Jyoti merged with National War Memorial flame|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-historic-move-amar-jawan-jyoti-merged-with-national-war-memorial-flame-101642759893068.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Architecture and design ==

=== National War Memorial ===
{{National War Memorial complex and India Gate OSM Location map}}
A global design competition was conducted and the result was announced in early April 2017. A [[Chennai]]-based architectural firm WeBe Design Lab's proposal was declared the winner and was accordingly chosen for the conceptualization of the architectural design and for coordinating the construction of the project.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|date=21 April 2018|title=National War Memorial Takes Shape Six Decades After Being Conceived|url=https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate|access-date=7 November 2021|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=":designers">{{Cite web|last=Vijaykumar|first=Vaishali|date=7 March 2019|title=Meet WeBe Design Lab: The architecture team behind National War Memorial|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/mar/07/where-soldiers-are-reborn-1947667.html|access-date=2021-11-07|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The chief architect, Yogesh Chandrahasan, of WeBe Design Lab, was inspired by the thought of creating a memorial to celebrate and honour sacrifices as compared to a place to mourn them.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Moushumi Das|date=28 April 2018|title=War memorial near India Gate to be completed by Independence Day|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/war-memorial-near-india-gate-to-be-completed-by-independence-day/story-qZ8pbJlRx1geUs2i9eCtkK.html|access-date=2019-03-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

The National War Memorial and Museum was designated as a Special Project, and the task of its "timely execution" was allocated to a Special Projects Division under the Chief Administrative Officer ([[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]), and the [[Military Engineer Services (India)|Military Engineer Services]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caomod.nic.in/About_us/Duties.HTM#spl|title=Charter of Duties|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref>

==== Design ====
The Memorial has four concentric circles and a central obelisk, at the bottom of which burns an 'eternal flame' representing the immortal soldier (''amar jawan'').<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/1497810/national-war-memorial-indias-tribute-to-her-war-heroes-see-stunning-pics/|title=National War Memorial: India's tribute to her war heroes, see stunning pics|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=25 February 2019|website=The Financial Express|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> The concentric circles are designed as a ''[[Chakravyuh]]'', an ancient Indian war formation.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Yadav|first=Namrata|date=3 March 2019|title=Are you looking for someone you lost, Ma'am? They asked my mother at National War Memorial|work=The Print|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/are-you-looking-for-someone-you-lost-maam-they-asked-my-mother-at-national-war-memorial/200744/|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> are called as follows (from innermost to outermost) :

* '''''Amar Chakra''''' (Circle of Immortality)''':''' This structure of the memorial derives its name from the ''Eternal Flame'' (Amar Jawan Jyoti), continuously burning under the main obelisk at the center of the monument. The flame symbolises the immortality of the spirit of fallen soldiers and the promise that the Nation will never forget their sacrifices.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=National War Memorial|url=https://www.nationalwarmemorial.gov.in/Default.php?article_id=7|access-date=2020-12-16|website=www.nationalwarmemorial.gov.in|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805214928/https://nationalwarmemorial.gov.in/Default.php?article_id=7|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''''Veerta Chakra''''' (Circle of Bravery)''':''' The second circle depicts the ''Bravery'' of Indian forces in the form of a covered gallery that exhibits six murals crafted in bronze depicting valiant battle actions of Indian Armed Forces. The battles showcased here are [[Albert Ekka#Battle of Gangasagar|Battle of Gangasagar]], [[Battle of Longewala|Longewala]], Tithwal, [[Rezang La#1962 battle of Rezang La|Rizangla]], [[Operation Meghdoot]] and [[Operation Trident (1971)|Operation Trident]].<ref name=":8" />
* '''''Tyag Chakra''''' (Circle of Sacrifice)''':''' The circular concentric walls of honour, which symbolise the ancient war formation 'Chakravyuh'. The walls are clad with granite tablets where an independent granite tablet is dedicated to each soldier who has made the supreme sacrifice in the battlefield, where his name is etched in golden letters along with the details of Rank.<ref name=":8" />
* '''''Rakshak Chakra''''' (Circle of Protection)''':''' The outermost circle made of rows of trees in the Rakshak Chakra is a reassurance to the citizens of the country about their safety against any threat, with each tree representing the soldiers who ensure the territorial integrity of the Nation, round the clock.<ref name=":8" />

The '''Param Yodha Sthal''' houses the busts of all the 21 recipients of the [[Param Vir Chakra]], India's highest military honour.<ref name=":3" />

{{Multiple image
| align =
| direction =
| total_width = 360
| image1 = National War Memorial India, Param Vir Chakra section, Captain Salaria.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Lance Naik Karam Singh statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg
| caption2 =
| image3 = CQHM Abdul Hamid statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg
| image4 = Naib Subedar Bana Singh statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg
| image5 = Major Somnath Sharma statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg
| image6 = Major Dhan Singh Thapa statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg
| perrow = 1/6
| footer = Busts at the ''Param Yodha Sthal'' (Param Vir Chakra section). (counterclockwise from top) Captain [[Gurbachan Singh Salaria|GS Salaria]], Lance Naik [[Karam Singh]], Havildar [[Abdul Hamid (soldier)|Abdul Hamid]], Naib Subedar [[Bana Singh]], Major [[Somnath Sharma]], Major [[Dhan Singh Thapa]]}}

=== National War Museum ===
A National War Museum will be constructed in the adjoining Princess Park area and will be connected to the memorial through an underground tunnel. The Princess Park is a 14-acres large area north of India Gate, with barrack-like accommodations built during [[World War II]]. Since 1947, it has served as family accommodation for mid-level armed forces officers posted in the Service Headquarters in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=10 July 2014|title=Budget 2014: India to finally get a national war memorial, Modi govt allocates Rs 100cr|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/budget-2015/union-budget-2015/Budget-2014-India-to-finally-get-a-national-war-memorial-Modi-govt-allocates-Rs-100cr/articleshow/38146054.cms|access-date=2019-02-25|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The proposed National War Museum will be connected by metro. The construction of the War Memorial and Museum is expected to cost ₹500 crore (US$70 million).

In July 2020, the [[Central Public Works Department]] opened the tender for the selection of a consultant for the National War Museum in an area of around 10 acre. Two firms have been shortlisted, ''CP Kukreja Architects'' and ''Suresh Goel & Associates''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Anisha|date=2020-08-11|title=Centre shortlists consultants for National War Museum|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-shortlists-consultants-for-national-war-museum/story-GAxh53jFAzxFJ8bl3MfPvK.html|access-date=2020-08-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814120438/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-shortlists-consultants-for-national-war-museum/story-GAxh53jFAzxFJ8bl3MfPvK.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Significance and remembrance ==

=== Starting of a new custom ===
Since 1972, every-year on 26 January, [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], it had been customary for the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]], [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]], [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] and dignitaries to place [[wreath]] at Amar Jawan Jyoti under India Gate.{{sfnp|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014|pp=161}} Other occasions were also marked such as [[Vijay Diwas (India)|Vijay Divas]] on 16 December, [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] on 15 August, service days such as [[Navy Day (India)|Navy Day]], and related anniversaries such as that of the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search results for "Amar Jawan Jyoti"|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&limit=500&offset=500&profile=default&search=Amar+Jawan+Jyoti|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref>

On the occasion of 73rd Independence Day, the President of India, [[Ram Nath Kovind]] placed a wreath and observed 2 minutes silence to pay tribute to the soldiers for the first time at newly inaugurated National War Memorial instead of the old Amar Jawan Jyoti under India Gate.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2019-08-15|title=Independence Day 2019 highlights: Pinarayi Vijayan, E Palaniswami, Jagan Mohan Reddy hoist tricolour in celebration of 73rd Independence Day|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/independence-day-speech-2019-live-updates-narendra-modis-15-august-address-red-fort-raj-ghat-pm-guard-of-honour-abhinandan-varthaman-7163651.html|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Firstpost}}</ref> And this way started a new custom to honour the soldiers fallen for the country after Independence.

Following the custom set by the President, the Prime Minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]], for the first time placed a wreath at National War Memorial instead of [[India Gate]] on the occasion of Republic Day. Starting a new custom taking place at new Amar Jawan Jyoti under National War Memorial accompanied by the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS), along with the three Chiefs of Staff.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=January 23, 2020|title=Not Amar Jawan Jyoti, Republic Day wreath-laying ceremony at National War Memorial from this year|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/republic-day-amar-jawan-jyoti-ceremony-national-war-memorial-1639434-2020-01-23|access-date=2020-12-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the dedication ceremony of the National War Memorial, in New Delhi on February 25, 2019.JPG|thumb|The Prime Minister at the dedication ceremony of the National War Memorial on 25 February 2019 along with senior officials and military chiefs.|320x320px]]

=== Remembrances and observations ===

* [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] (26 January) and [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] (15 August) {{En dash}} the Prime Minister on Republic Day visits the memorial just before the commencement of the parade on [[Kartavya Path]], while the President pays a visit to this memorial on Independence Day, after the speech of Prime Minister from Red Fort. On both occasions they are accompanied by the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|CDS]] and the three Chiefs of Staff.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=24 January 2020|agency=PTI|title=Not Amar Jawan Jyoti, PM To Pay Homage At War Memorial On Republic Day|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/republic-day-2020-prime-minister-narendra-modi-to-pay-homage-at-national-war-memorial-on-republic-da-2168800|access-date=2020-12-14|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref name=":02" />
* Armed Forces Service Days, ([[Army Day (India)|Army Day]] (15 January), [[Indian Air Force|Air Force Day]] (8 October) and [[Navy Day (India)|Navy Day]] (4 December )){{En dash}} on the respective days of the establishment of the tri-services, the CDS accompanied by the Army Chief, Navy Chief, and Air Force Chief collectively visit.
* [[Armed Forces Flag Day]] (7 December){{En dash}} the CDS accompanied by the three Chiefs of Staff collectively visit.
*[[Kargil Vijay Diwas|Kargil Vijay Divas]] (26 July){{En dash}} celebration of success of ''Mission Vijay'' during Kargil war in 1999.
*[[Vijay Diwas (India)|Vijay Divas]] (16 December){{En dash}} celebration of victory of Indian troops over Pakistan in the 1971 [[Bangladesh War of Independence]].

==Timeline==

=== Pre Construction ===
*1960 - The Indian Armed Forces first propose a national war memorial.<ref name=":0" />
* 2006 - In the face of persistent demand from the armed forces and veterans for a war memorial, the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) government constitutes a Group of Ministers' (headed by [[Pranab Mukherjee]]) to examine the demand.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/blog-national-war-memorial-an-unrealised-dream-306013|title=National war memorial - an unrealised dream|last1=Nitin Gokhale|date=16 December 2012|website=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828071215/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/blog-national-war-memorial-an-unrealised-dream-507656|archive-date=28 August 2018|access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref> In 2006, the Ministry of Defence decides that the war memorial should be set up in the vicinity of India Gate, but panels under the [[Ministry of Urban Development (India)|Ministry of Urban Development]] say that it is a heritage area and should not be built upon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ministry-seeks-new-war-memorial/story-uw8xt2V3vlqU36rbmcodNI.html|title=Ministry seeks new war memorial|last=P Sharma|first=Aruna|date=5 December 2006|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref>
* 20 October 2012 - After 50 years, the government marks the anniversary of the offensive by the [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese People's Liberation Army]] against Indian border defences on 20 October 1962, by a solemn ceremony at the [[Amar Jawan Jyoti]], to honour Indian soldiers killed in the 1962 war. At the ceremony, [[A. K. Antony]] (the Minister of Defence) announces that the government has conceded the long-standing demand of the Indian Armed Forces for a national war memorial, and that it will be built near India Gate. He adds that the group of ministers has cleared all outstanding issues.<ref name="FP, Oct 20, 2012">{{cite news|date=20 October 2012|title=In a first, nation pays homage to martyrs of 1962 Indo-China war|publisher=Firstpost|agency=PTI|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/in-a-first-nation-pays-homage-to-martyrs-of-1962-indo-china-war-497160.html|access-date=28 August 2014}}</ref> The Chief Minister of Delhi, [[Sheila Dikshit]], opposes this plan.<ref name="NDTV" />
* February 2014 - In the build-up to the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha elections]], [[Narendra Modi]] speaks about how the previous government had failed to construct the war memorial.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate|title=National War Memorial Takes Shape Six Decades After Being Conceived|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|date=21 April 2018|website=The Wire|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130125759/https://thewire.in/urban/national-war-museum-delhi-india-gate|archive-date=30 January 2019|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref>
* 7 October 2015 - The [[Union cabinet|Union Cabinet]] passes the proposal to build the war memorial. It also clears ₹500 crore for the memorial and museum, sanctioning ₹176 crore for the memorial alone.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=Josy|author-link=Josy Joseph|date=2015-10-07|title=Cabinet clears Rs. 500 crore for National War Memorial|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-clears-rs-500-crore-for-war-memorial-museum-for-postindependence-martyrs/article7734542.ece|access-date=2021-11-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* May 2016 - The Union Cabinet is apprised of the decision taken by the Empowered Apex Steering Committee (EASC) that the ''Princess Park Complex'' would be the suitable site for construction of the National War Museum. The memorial would be constructed at ''‘C’ Hexagon'' of India Gate as approved by the Cabinet in its meeting held in October 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=145426|title=Site for construction of National War Memorial and National War Museum - Press Information Bureau|access-date=2018-08-27}}</ref>
* 30 August 2016 - A global design competition for the National War Memorial and Museum is launched on the [[MyGov.in]] web portal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=30 August 2016|title=Global Design Competition for National War Memorial and Museum|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149341|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130125537/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149341|archive-date=30 January 2019|access-date=2019-01-30|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Defence}}</ref>
* April 2017 - The result of the global design competition is announced. [[Mumbai]]-based sP+a Studio's proposal wins for the design of the National War Museum. Chennai-based WeBe Design Lab's proposal is declared the winner for the design of the memorial.<ref name=":1" /> A total of 427 submissions are received for the "Global Design Competition for National War Memorial" while 268 submissions are received for the "Global Architectural Competition for Indian National War Museum".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mygov.in/task/global-architectural-competition-indian-national-war-museum/|title=Global Architectural Competition for Indian National War Museum|date=2016-08-19|website=MyGov.in|language=en|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mygov.in/task/global-design-competition-national-war-memorial/|title=Global Design Competition for National War Memorial|date=2016-08-19|website=MyGov.in|language=en|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref> The jury was led by architect and planner [[Christopher Charles Benninger|Christopher Benninger]].<ref name=":3" />
* 15 August 2018 - The National War Memorial misses the first deadline for its inauguration.<ref name=":0" />
* 1 January 2019 - The National War Memorial's construction is complete (not of the museum).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/governance/national-war-memorial-to-honour-22600-soldiers-set-for-r-day-eve-inauguration/174241/|title=National War Memorial to honour 22,600 soldiers set for R-Day eve inauguration|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|date=7 January 2019|work=The Print|access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref>

=== Post Construction ===
*25 February 2019 - The National War Memorial is inaugurated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/national-war-memorial-to-be-finally-inaugurated-this-month/articleshow/67821313.cms|title=National War Memorial to be finally inaugurated this month|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=3 February 2019|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203190904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/national-war-memorial-to-be-finally-inaugurated-this-month/articleshow/67821313.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=3 February 2019|access-date=3 February 2019}}</ref>
*30 May 2019 - Narendra Modi visited National War Memorial and paid tribute to India's martyrs before taking oath as the Prime Minister of India for the second time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ahead of oath-taking ceremony, PM Modi visits National War Memorial|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-general-elections-2019/ahead-of-oath-taking-ceremony-pm-modi-pays-tribute-mahatma-gandhi-vajpayee-visits-national-war-memorial-222611|access-date=2020-12-16|website=WION|language=en}}</ref>
*15 August 2019 - The President of India placed a wreath and observed 2 minutes silence to pay tribute to the soldiers on the occasion of 73rd Independence Day for the first time instead of India Gate.<ref name=":5" />
*26 January 2020 - The Prime Minister placed a wreath and observed 2 minutes silence to pay tribute to the soldiers before the start of the 71st Republic Day Parade for the first time on Republic Day.<ref name=":7" />
*23 July 2020 - [[Central Public Works Department]] opened the bid for selection of a consultant for the National War Museum.<ref name=":4" />
*26 July 2020 - The 21st anniversary of Kargil Vijay Diwas, [[Defence Minister of India]] accompanied by [[Shripad Naik|MoS (Defence)]], the CDS and the tri-service chiefs paid tribute at NWM.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-26|title=Kargil Vijay Diwas Live Updates: Enemy perched atop heights was defeated by brave soldiers, says PM Modi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kargil-vijay-diwas-2020-live-updates-6523487/|access-date=2020-12-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
*16 December 2020 - The Prime Minister paid tributes and started the celebration of ''Golden Jubilee Year'' of Indian victory over Pakistan by lighting a ''Swarnim Vijay Mashaal'' (Golden Victory Torch) with the fire from Amar Jawan Jyoti at NWM.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mehrotra|first=Vani|date=2020-12-16|title=Vijay Diwas: PM Modi lights 'Swarnim Vijay Mashaal' at National War Memorial|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/vijay-diwas-pm-modi-live-updates-national-war-memorial-swarnim-vijay-mashaal-india-pak-war-anniversary-671697|access-date=2020-12-16|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref>
*21 January 2022 - [[Amar Jawan Jyoti]] of India Gate merged with National War Memorial.<ref name="Bose"/>

==See also==
{{Commons category|National War Memorial (India)}}
* [[National War Memorial Southern Command|National War Memorial, Southern Command]] in Pune
* [[National Military Memorial]] in Bengaluru
* [[Kargil War Memorial]] in Dras
* [[Lists of tourist attractions in Amritsar#Museum and Memorials|War Heroes' Memorial & Museum]] in Amritsar
* [[National Police Memorial (India)|National Police Memorial]] in Delhi.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book|last=Chhina|first=Rana T.S.|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/23460_IWM_Book__11-06-2014_.pdf|title=Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|publisher=Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, United Service Institution of India|others=A public diplomacy initiative of the Ministry of External Affairs|year=2014|isbn=978-81-902097-9-3|ref={{sfnref|Chhina, Last Post. Indian War Memorials Around the World|2014}}|author-link=Rana Chhina|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120044036/https://mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/23460_IWM_Book__11-06-2014_.pdf|archive-date=20 January 2022|url-status=live}}
{{Delhi}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:New Delhi]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian military memorials and cemeteries]]
[[Category:National museums of India]]
[[Category:Museums in Delhi]]
[[Category:Wars involving India]]

Durgan Dham Temple

2026-01-22T18:30:47Z

Svetlanakxj: adding a place

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Durgan Dham Temple
| image = Durgan Dham Temple.jpg
| alt = Durgan Dham Temple
| caption = Durgan Dham Temple
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = India
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Amethi district]]
| location = Rohnsi Bujurg, [[Gauriganj]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Goddess Durga]]
| festivals = Every Monday & [[Navratri]]
| architecture = [[Hindu temple architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}
'''Durgan Dham Temple''' or '''Durgan Mandir''' is a Goddess [[Durga]] Mata temple located at Lugri, Rohnsi Bujurg, [[Gauriganj]], [[Amethi district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. A big fair is organized here every Monday or Friday along with Chaitra Navratri and Kuwar Navratri of Maa Durga Bhavani Dham, while lakhs of devotees from far and wide come here for the darshan and blessings of Maa Bhavani, people believe that by coming here, Maa Bhavani.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/amethi-14797989.html| title=मां के मंदिरों पर जुटी श्रद्धालुओं की भीड़| website=.jagran.com}}</ref> Siddha Peeth Durgan Dham, located at a distance of 5 km from the city of Gauriganj, is a holy pilgrimage site of mythological Hindu religion, here the idols found in ancient times in the temple courtyard provide a great amount of authenticity to the fact. In Navratri, there is a crowd of devotees of the mother, as well as every Monday, the crowd in the form of a fair comes to see the mother, the lake located behind the temple, and the beautiful lotus flowers blooming in it attract people. A huge crowd gathers here on the occasion of Chaitra Navratri and Shardiya Navratri. This temple is being considered to be renovated.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/10-religious-places-will-be-renovated-in-amethi-minister-smriti-irani-ask-proposal-in-meeting | title=अमेठी के दस धार्मिक स्थलों का होगा कायाकल्प | website=amarujala.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/rahul-gandhi-funds-upkeep-of-temples-in-amethi/articleshow/67136252.cms | title=Rahul Gandhi funds upkeep of temples in Amethi| newspaper=The Times of India| date=18 December 2018}}</ref>

Notable visitors, including [[Rahul Gandhi]], [[Smriti Irani]], come to Durgan Dham Temple.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/loksabhaelections/bjp-minister-smriti-irani-worships-in-a-historical-temple-in-amethi-31081.html | title=अमेठी के इस मंदिर के गर्भ में छिपे हैं कई राज, जानिए क्यों स्मृति ईरानी ने भी लाइन में लगकर किए दर्शन| website=tv9hindi.com| date=6 April 2019}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
[[Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport]], [[Lucknow]] is the nearest airport to reach Durgan Dham Temple. [[Gauriganj railway station]] is an important railway station which is served by trains from all major cities across the country. Private taxis are available from travel, auto-rickshaws, cycle rickshaws and Tempos are also readily available.

==See also==
* [[Nandmahar Dham]]
* [[Lodi Baba Mandir]]
* [[Mata Mawai Dham]]
* [[Ulta Gadha Dham]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Durgan+Dham+Temple/@26.1754115,81.3668758,10z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x399af8800b65c199:0x3c32c12747c424e3!8m2!3d26.1753452!4d81.6470385 | title= Durgan Dham Temple}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
{{Hindu-temple-stub}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}

Beverley O'Sullivan

2026-01-22T15:03:05Z

Svetlanakxj: minor enhance layout for accuracy and added references after review

{{Short description|Irish singer (1981–2009)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Beverley O'Sullivan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1981|1|16}}
| birth_place = [[Donaghmede]], [[Dublin]], Ireland
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2009|11|2|1981|1|16}}
| death_place = [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]], India
| origin =
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actress}}
| years_active =
| associated_acts = Fifth Avenue, [[Westlife]]
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528131823/http://www.beverleyosullivan.com/ beverleyosullivan.com] (archived)
}}

'''Beverley O'Sullivan''' (16 January 1981 – 2 November 2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beverly-osullivan.gonetoosoon.org/memorial/|title=Beverly O'Sullivan Online Memorial|publisher=GoneTooSoon.org|accessdate=7 May 2010|archive-date=26 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726123202/http://beverly-osullivan.gonetoosoon.org/memorial/|url-status=dead}}</ref> was an Irish singer and actress from [[Dublin]]. She was killed in a traffic collision in India in 2009.

== Biography ==
O'Sullivan was born in the [[Donaghmede]] district of Dublin.<ref name="Irishwoman dies in India car crash">{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2009/1103/breaking32.htm|title=Irishwoman dies in India car crash|date=2009-11-03|accessdate=2009-11-04|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]}}</ref> As a child she had [[glue ear]] and began to wear a [[hearing aid]].<ref name="When I'm singing, I can hear myself fine"/> With her fellow members of Fifth Avenue she toured with [[Westlife]] for three consecutive years before they split.<ref name="Irishwoman dies in India car crash"/> She did not inform her fellow members of Fifth Avenue that she had hearing difficulties when she auditioned to be in the group.<ref name="When I'm singing, I can hear myself fine"/> They found out when she developed a sore ear during a Westlife performance.<ref name="When I'm singing, I can hear myself fine"/> She lost a further ten per cent of her hearing whilst flying to Spain to appear in the music video of the group's first single "Spanish Eyes", released in 2004, despite being warned beforehand that her hearing was at risk if she flew.<ref name="When I'm singing, I can hear myself fine"/> O'Sullivan spoke of her deafness in an article in the British newspaper ''[[The Guardian]]'', shortly before her demise.<ref name="Irishwoman dies in India car crash"/> The newspaper compared her with other deaf musicians, such as [[Phil Collins]], [[Ozzy Osbourne]], [[Fatboy Slim]] and [[Pete Townshend]], although noted that their deafness developed ''due'' to their careers.<ref name="When I'm singing, I can hear myself fine">{{cite news|author=Sarah Ebner|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/sep/07/healthandwellbeing.health|title='When I'm singing, I can hear myself fine'|date=2004-09-07|accessdate=2009-11-04|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> She continued performing for fans at weddings and in other areas throughout her career even when Fifth Avenue split.<ref name="Irishwoman dies in India car crash"/> Her vocals appeared on the tracks "Through the Light" and "Don't Look Back" on [[John O'Callaghan (DJ)|John O'Callaghan]]'s 2009 album ''[[Never Fade Away (album)|Never Fade Away]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/John-OCallaghan-Never-Fade-Away/release/1790597|title=John O'Callaghan - Never Fade Away|date=11 May 2009 |publisher=[[Discogs]]|accessdate=19 January 2010}}</ref>
In January 2008 her cousin, 15-year-old [[Disappearance of Amy Fitzpatrick|Amy Fitzpatrick]], disappeared while walking home from a friend's house in Malaga, Spain.

=== Death ===
O'Sullivan's death occurred in [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]], India on 2 November 2009.<ref name="Irish singer dies in India car crash">{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/1103/osullivanb.html|title=Irish singer dies in India car crash|date=2009-11-02|accessdate=2009-11-04|publisher=[[RTÉ]]}}</ref> She was a passenger in the car.<ref name="Irishwoman dies in India car crash"/> Her boyfriend, 32-year-old Stephen Reeves, was also in the car at the time.<ref name="Irishwoman dies in India car crash"/> He was injured and hospitalised in RBM Bharatpur General Hospital.<ref name="Irishwoman dies in India car crash"/> The couple had been holidaying in India for a few days and had hired the car.<ref name="Irishwoman dies in India car crash"/> Westlife singers [[Mark Feehily]] and [[Nicky Byrne]] paid tributes: "I am so sad to hear the news of Beverley O'Sullivan's death. I sung alongside her at my cousin's wedding this summer. She was gorgeous and talented", said Feehily.<ref name="Irishwoman dies in India car crash"/> "My thoughts and prayers are with her family and friends. I am in shock", said Byrne.<ref name="Irishwoman dies in India car crash"/>

O'Sullivan played a cabaret singer in ''[[Happy Ever Afters]]'', a film which was released on 25 December 2009.<ref name="Irishwoman dies in India car crash"/> Her voice appears on six songs on the film's soundtrack.<ref name="Irishwoman dies in India car crash"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528131823/http://www.beverleyosullivan.com/ Official site]
* {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0002410765}}
* {{IMDb name|id=3196542}}
* {{discogs artist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Osullivan, Beverley}}
[[Category:Deaf musicians]]
[[Category:Irish film actresses]]
[[Category:Irish pop singers]]
[[Category:Irish women pop singers]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]
[[Category:Actresses from County Dublin]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Irish women singers]]
[[Category:Irish deaf people]]
[[Category:Irish musicians with disabilities]]
[[Category:Musicians from County Dublin]]
[[Category:People from Donaghmede]]

Damaru

2026-01-19T16:09:11Z

Svetlanakxj: slightly adjust layout to improve readability further and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Indian two-headed drum}}
{{Redirect|Damru|the 2018 Indian film|Damru (film)}}
{{for|Surinamese-born singer|Damaru (singer)}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2011}}
{{Infobox instrument
| image = File:Damaru.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = A Tibetan damaru
| background =
| names =
| classification =
| hornbostel_sachs = 212.241
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = [[Membranophone]]. Individual [[hourglass drum|hourglass-shaped]] rattle vi drums (under revised Hornbostel Sachs classifications)<ref>{{cite web |title= Revision of the Hornbostel-Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments by the MIMO Consortium |date=8 July 2011 |publisher = MIMO Consortium |url= http://www.mimo-international.com/documents/hornbostel%20sachs.pdf |quote= 2 Membranophones The sound is excited by tightly stretched membranes; 21 Struck drums The membranes are struck; 212 Rattle drums (sub-divisions as for drums struck directly, 211) The drum is shaken; percussion is by impact of pendant or enclosed pellets, or similar objects India, Tibet; 212.2 Tubular rattle drums; 212.21 Cylindrical rattle drums; 212.24 Hourglass-shaped rattle drums; 212.241 Individual hourglass-shaped rattle drums}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher =Grinnell College Musical Instrument Collection|title=damaru |url= https://omeka-s.grinnell.edu/s/MusicalInstruments/item/5191 |quote=Classification (Sachs-Von Hornbostel revised by MIMO) 212.241 membranophone--individual hourglass-shaped rattle drum (the drum is shaken; percussion is by impact of pendant or enclosed pellets, or similar objects)}}</ref>
| inventors =
| developed =
| timbre =
| volume =
| attack =
| decay =
| range =
| pitch =
| related =
| musicians =
| builders =
| articles =
}}

A '''damaru''' ({{langx|sa|डमरु}}, {{IAST3|ḍamaru}}; [[Tibetan languages|Tibetan]] ཌ་མ་རུ་ or རྔ་ཆུང) is a small two-headed [[drum]] used in [[Hinduism]] and [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. In Hinduism, the damaru is known as the instrument of the Hindu deity [[Shiva]], associated with [[Tantra|Tantric traditions]]. It is said to be created by Shiva to produce spiritual sounds by which the whole [[universe]] has been created and regulated.{{sfnp|Dallapiccola|2002}} In [[Tibetan Buddhism]], the damaru is used as an instrument in meditation practices.{{sfnp|Cupchik|2024}}

==Description==
The damaru is typically made of wood, metal with [[leather]] damaru heads at both ends. The resonator is made of brass. Its height ranges from a few inches to a little over one foot. It is played single-handedly. The strikers are typically beads fastened to the ends of leather cords around the waist of the damaru. Knots in the leather can also be used as strikers; crocheted material is also common. As the player waves the drum using a twisting wrist motion, the strikers beat on the drumhead.

==In Hinduism==
[[File:Damaru instrument 5.jpg|thumb|Damaru]]

The damaru is very common throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is associated with the Hindu deity Shiva. It is believed that Sanskrit language was recognized by the drumbeats of the damaru (see [[Shiva Sutra]] for the sounds), and his performance of the cosmic dance of [[tandava]]. The damaru is used by itinerant musicians of all stripes, due to its small portable size.

===Damaru-coinage of Kosambi===
[[File:Tribal Kosambi (Kaushambi) damaru coinage from the Ganges Valley.jpg|thumb|Two Damaru-shaped coins from the Gangetic Valley]]
In the post-Mauryan period a tribal society at [[Kosambi]] (modern [[Prayagraj district]]) made cast copper coinage with and without punchmarks. Their coinage resemble the damaru-drum. All such coinage has been attributed to the Kosambi. Many Indian museums, such as the National Museum, have these coins in their collections.{{sfnp|Sharma|1981}}

==In Tibetan Buddhism==
{{Vajrayana}}
In the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, the damaru is part of a collection of sacred implements and musical instrument was adopted from the tantric practices of ancient India. These reached the Himalayas from the 8th to 12th century, persisting in Tibet as the practice of [[Vajrayana]] flourished there, even as it vanished in the subcontinent of India.{{sfnp|Beer|2003}}

===Skull damaru===
{{further|Skull (symbolism)}}

The skull (thöpa) damaru is made from a male and female skull bone or [[Calvaria (skull)|calvarium]], cut well above the area of the ear, and joined at their apex. Inside, male and female mantras are appropriately inscribed in gold. The skins are traditionally cured by burying them with copper and other mineral salts, and special herbal formulas for about two weeks. These are then stretched and applied to the two sides, giving the skins their familiar blue or green mottled appearance. A collar of simple brocade, or copper or silver, has a hand-hold, and is the site of attachment of the beaters, whose knit cover represents two eyeballs. The skulls are also carefully chosen for their attributes and source. After the Tibetan diaspora in 1960, they began to be manufactured in India and Nepal, with a continued degradation of quality. Today, India is no longer a source, and their creation and export from Nepal are banned, because of the acquiring of human bone through illegal practices. One still does find occasionally those with painted skins and without the proper mantras or other characteristics.

The symbolism and energetic properties of the drums is extensive. These human skull damaru or chang te'u are used in a wide range of [[Vajrayana]] ritual, as a standard right hand accompaniment to the bell, held in the left hand. Usually used together as an accent or punctuation during various tantric practices, the drum can also keep time during entire passages. For the solo practitioner, it is an essential tool, while in larger assemblies, only the presiding [[Rinpoche]]s and [[Umdze|chant master]]s use them, in concert with the long horns ([[Tibetan horn|{{transliteration|xct|italic=no|radung}}]]), short horns ({{transliteration|xct|italic=no|[[gyaling]]}}), large cymbals ({{transliteration|xct|italic=no|[[silnyen]]}} and {{transliteration|xct|italic=no|[[rolmo]]}}) and large temple drums ([[lag-na]]).

===Chöd drum===
The Chöd drum (or ''chöda'') is a specialized form of damaru. It is generally larger in circumference and has a more round shape than its smaller counterpart. The Chöd drum is used in the [[Tantra techniques (Vajrayana)|tantric]] practice of [[Chöd]].

[[File:Bęben Damaru - Zbiory Muzeum Azji i Pacyfiku w Warszawie.jpg|thumb|Drum damaru – the Asia and Pacific Museum in Warsaw]]

With no known antecedent, the chod is traditionally made of [[acacia]] wood (seng deng), though a variety of woods are acceptable, as long as the tree is not toxic and does not possess thorns or other negative attributes. Made as a one-piece, double-sided (two-headed) bell shape, size varies from 8 inches to 12 inches in diameter. Usually featuring only a thin veneer of varnish, so that the grain of the wood shows, they come from the common red (marpo), black (nakpo) or rare yellow (serpo) type of acacia, and are very occasionally painted with skulls, the eight charnel grounds, or other symbols. The waist or belt is traditionally made of leather, though often brocades are used. A set of mantras are traditionally painted on the interior of the drum prior to its skinning.

The pitch of the drum varies, and the tone may vary depending on conditions of dampness, temperature and so on. Played slowly, and methodically, the droning of the damaru accompanies the haunting melodies and chants of the chod ritual, as of which are accompaniments for the inner meditations and visualizations that are at the heart of this spiritual practice.

The above applies to the ideal manufacture of the damaru, and as still described in the definitive modern work, the "Mindroling Handbook of Vajrayana Implements". Those manufactured in India and Nepal are made of indeterminate and cheap woods, with painted skins, often no interior mantras, and altogether deviating from the many other essentials, as prescribed in technical literature such as the Mindroling Handbook. Such copies are now widespread and in use by Eastern monastics and Western students.

=== Chöpen ===
Damaru of all kinds are traditionally paired with a long sash or tail called a chöpen. The chöpen is attached to the end of the drum's handle so that it waves about while the drum is being played. They are most commonly made of brocade or silk using the colors of the tantric elements. On smaller damaru, the chöpen is usually found without adornment, but on chöd damaru, the tail will often feature several items which have been sewn onto the fabric. These adornments commonly include but are not limited to: a polished silver mirror or [[melong]], a set of small bells, strips of tiger and/or leopard skin, one/more precious stones (i.e. [[dzi bead]]), and an unspecified amount of small brass trinkets.

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Dhadd}}
* {{annotated link|Dhyāngro}}
* {{annotated link|Kangling}}
* {{annotated link|Na (drum)|Na}}
* {{annotated link|Udukai}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Beer |first=Robert |chapter=The Hand-Drum or ''Damaru'' |title=The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols |year=2003 |publisher=Serindia |isbn=978-1-932476-03-3 |pages=105–110}}
* {{cite book |last=Cupchik |first=J. W. |year=2024 |title=The Sound of Vultures' Wings: The Tibetan Buddhist Chod Ritual Practice of the Female Buddha Machik Labdron |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1438464435}}
* {{cite dictionary |last=Dallapiccola |first=A. L. |year=2002 |title=Damaru |dictionary=[[Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend]] |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-77067-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Savita |title=Numismatic Digest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6E0aAAAAIAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Numismatic Society of Bombay |volume=5 |pages=1–3 |chapter=Damaru-shaped Coins from Kausambi |oclc=150424986}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Beck |first=G. L. |year=2012 |title=Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-61117-108-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Blades |first=J. |year=1992 |title=Percussion Instruments and Their History |publisher=Bold Strummer |isbn=978-0-933224-61-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Cross |first=T. E. |year=1982 |title=Instruments of Burma, India, Nepal, Thailand, and Tibet |publisher=Shrine to Music Museum, University of South Dakota}}
* {{cite journal |last=Crossley-Holland |first=P. |year=1976 |title=The Ritual Music of Tibet |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=1 |number=3–4 |pages=45–54 |jstor=43299823}}
* {{cite book |last=Scheidegger |first=D. A. |year=1988 |title=Tibetan Ritual Music: A General Survey with Special Reference to the Mindroling Tradition |publisher=Tibet-Institut |isbn=978-3-7206-0016-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Wade |first=B. C. |year=1979 |title=Music in India: The Classical Traditions |publisher=Prentice-Hall |isbn=978-0-13-607028-3}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Damaru}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071202110056/http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/841450 Damaru drum on Ancientworlds.com]

{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Musical instruments of Nepal}}

[[Category:Buddhist ritual implements]]
[[Category:Drums]]
[[Category:Medicine drums]]
[[Category:Hindu music]]
[[Category:Hindu symbols]]
[[Category:Objects used in Hindu worship]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Shaken membranophones]]
[[Category:Tibetan musical instruments]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist ritual implements]]
[[Category:Drums of Nepal]]

Neknampur Lake

2026-01-19T00:37:21Z

Svetlanakxj: made info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Neknampur Lake
| image =
| caption =
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Manikonda]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| coords = {{Coord|type:waterbody_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[artificial lake]]
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India Telangana#India
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Neknampur lake within Hyderabad
| length = {{cvt|100|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="HMDALake"/>
| width =
|date-flooded= 1600s
| area = Present = {{cvt|292.23|acre|km2|2}} Full = {{cvt|1452.9|acre|km2|2}}<ref name="HMDALake">{{cite web |url=https://lakes.hmda.gov.in/hmdalake/526Chinna%20Cheruvu%20&%20Pedda%20Cheruvu_CADASTRAL.pdf |title=Lakes |publisher=[[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority|HDMA]] |access-date=9 October 2024 }}</ref>
|frozen= Never
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| cities =
}}

'''Neknampur Lake''', also known as '''Ibrahim Bagh Cheruvu''', is a lake in [[Hyderabad]], India. It was once part of a water reservoir network that was used for irrigation and providing drinking water in the surrounding areas.

== History ==
[[File:Portret van Neknam-khan hij is vizier van Sultan Abdullah geweest en heeft gediend als legeraanvoerder (sar-lashkar) van Karnatak na Mir Jumla, RP-T-00-3186-25.jpg|thumb|left|A portrait of Neknam Khan]]
The lake was first dug up in the late 16th century by [[Ibrahim Qutb Shah]], the fourth ruler of Golconda, and later flooded by his grandson [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]]. The construction was entrusted to Neknam Khan, one of Shah's courtiers. Rather than using water from the adjacent [[Musi River (India)|Musi]], Neknam Khan commissioned channels to fill the lake from water bodies behind the [[Golconda|Golconda Fort]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/heritage-in-peril-neknampur-lake-turns-a-floating-dump/articleshow/67447496.cms |title=Heritage in peril: Neknampur lake turns a floating dump |work=[[The Times of India]] |first=Moulika |last=K. V. |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008045518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/heritage-in-peril-neknampur-lake-turns-a-floating-dump/articleshow/67447496.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TNN1">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/400-year-old-neknampur-lake-choking-on-toxic-froth-ghmc-eyes-wide-shut/articleshow/67111391.cms |title=400-year-old Neknampur lake choking on toxic froth, GHMC eyes wide shut |publisher=[[Times of India]] |first=Moulika |last=K.V. |date=26 December 2018 |access-date=5 October 2024 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219022713/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/400-year-old-neknampur-lake-choking-on-toxic-froth-ghmc-eyes-wide-shut/articleshow/67111391.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Neknampur Lake is one of the three major lakes that were created during the reign of [[Quli Qutb Shah|Quli Qutub Shah]] alongside [[Ibrahimpatnam, Ranga Reddy district|Ibrahimpatnam]] Lake and [[Hussain Sagar|Hussainsagar]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/historic-neknampur-lake-turns-civic-sewage-dump/articleshow/63459688.cms |title=Historic Neknampur lake turns civic sewage dump |publisher=[[Times of India]] |first=Syed |last=Akbar |date=26 March 2018 |access-date=5 October 2024 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206122244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/historic-neknampur-lake-turns-civic-sewage-dump/articleshow/63459688.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> There was a proposal by [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] to use the lake to dump sewage from surrounding housing colonies. The lake is today divided into two parts known as Chinna Cheruvu, which is smaller, and Pedda Cheruvu, which is larger. The Chinna Cheruvu has been partially restored and converted into a scenic spot whereas the Pedda Cheruvu continues to struggle with pollution.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Sharma |editor-first1=Chetan |editor-last2=Shukla |editor-first2=Anoop Kumar Shukla |title=Sustainable Development and Geospatial Technology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lj4jEQAAQBAJ&dq=neknampur+lake&pg=PA263 |access-date=5 October 2024 |department= |date=1 November 2014 |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland |isbn=978-3-031-6568-3-5 |page=263 }}</ref> The lake is polluted with various chemicals and also used as a garbage dump by the residential colonies surrounding it.<ref name="TNN1" /> Encroachments and illegal structures surrounding the lake were demolished by government authorities. However these structures are being illegally rebuilt by the encroachers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/encroachers-return-to-neknampur-lake-post-demolitions/articleshow/109707862.cms |title=Encroachers defy govt, return to Nekhnampur lake |publisher=[[Times of India]] |first= |last= |date=30 April 2024 |access-date=5 October 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007153549/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/encroachers-return-to-neknampur-lake-post-demolitions/articleshow/109707862.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Restoration efforts==

The lake was gradually occupied by land grabbers and converted into a dump yard for construction debris, garbage, sewage discharge and covered in [[water hyacinth]]. At one stage, the surface area of the lake was less than {{convert|25|acre|km2}}. Efforts to restore the lake were undertaken in 2016 with the help of [[NGOs]] based in [[Hyderabad]]. The restoration and rejuvenation of the lake included cleaning the lake and floating wetland treatment to tackle the growth of water hyacinth. Contaminants were removed using plants and with the use of microorganisms. [[NITI Aayog]] has recognised these efforts and "it has been identified as a role model for 'best restoration practices' in the country."<ref name=Deccan>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/180823/neknampur-lake-restoration-gets-niti-aayog-recognition.html |title=Neknampur Lake Restoration Gets NITI Aayog Recognition |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |first=Aarti |last=Kashyap |date=19 August 2023 |access-date=5 October 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007094445/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/180823/neknampur-lake-restoration-gets-niti-aayog-recognition.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Neknampur Lake restoration "has been recognised as a role model in the 'watershed development' category along with four other projects" in India.<ref name=Deccan/> According to Niti Aayog, there has been a 90% reduction in [[Biochemical oxygen demand|Biochemical Oxygen Demand]] (BOD) of the lake.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/xplore/2024/Jan/06/telangana-top-drawer-state-on-environmental-performance-2648443.html |title=Telangana: Top drawer state on environmental performance |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |first=Aarti |last=Kashyap |date=19 August 2023 |access-date=5 October 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109002710/https://www.newindianexpress.com/xplore/2024/jan/06/telangana-top-drawer-state-on-environmental-performance-2648443.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Centre for Science and Environment]] (CSE) has also recognised Neknampur Lake "as the best model of lake restoration in India."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/neknampur-lake-garners-accolades-for-restoration-887811?infinitescroll=1 |title=Neknampur Lake garners accolades for restoration |publisher=[[The Hans India]] |first=Navya |last=Parvathy |date=6 June 2024 |access-date=7 October 2024 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806065015/https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/neknampur-lake-garners-accolades-for-restoration-887811?infinitescroll=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Nature conservation in India]]
[[Category:Lakes of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Water conservation in India]]
[[Category:Ecological restoration]]
[[Category:Water pollution in India]]

Vishvajit More

2026-01-05T22:17:58Z

Svetlanakxj: created details!

{{Short description|Indian Greco-Roman wrestler}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Vishvajit More
| full_name = Vishvajit Ramchandra More
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2004|1|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Radhanagari]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| weight_class = 55 kg
| sport = [[Wrestling]]
| event = [[Greco-Roman wrestling|Greco-Roman]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Greco-Roman wrestling]]}} [[File:Wrestling pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[U23 World Wrestling Championships|U23 World Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 U23 World Wrestling Championships|2024 Tirana]]|[[2024 U23 World Wrestling Championships – Men's Greco-Roman 55 kg|55kg]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 U23 World Wrestling Championships|2025 Novi Sad]]|[[2025 U23 World Wrestling Championships – Men's Greco-Roman 55 kg|55kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Wrestling Championships|U23 Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Amman|2024 Amman]]|[[Asian Wrestling Championships|55kg]]}}
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 2025–present
| unit =[[Maratha Light Infantry]]
| rank =[[Havildar]]
}}
}}

'''Vishvajit Ramchandra More''' (born 1 January 2004) is an Indian [[Greco-Roman wrestling|Greco-Roman]] wrestler who competes in the 55 kg category. He is a two-time [[U23 World Wrestling Championships]] bronze medallist.

== Early life ==
More was born in Sarawade village, [[Radhanagari]] taluka in [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]]. He joined the [[Indian Army]] in 2025 through the Army Sports Entry Scheme as a [[Havildar]].

== Career ==
=== 2024 U23 Asian Wrestling Championships ===
In June 2024, More secured a silver medal in the men's Greco-Roman 55 kg category at the U23 Asian Wrestling Championships held in Amman, Jordan. He advanced to the final after defeating Kazakhstan’s Azamat Kamilzhan Uulu, but lost to Kazakhstan’s Yerbol Kamaliyev in the gold medal match.<ref>{{cite web |title=U17, U23 Asian Championships 2024 wrestling medal winners |url=https://uww.org/event/u17-u23-asian-championships/medal-summary |publisher=United World Wrestling |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>

=== 2024 U23 World Wrestling Championships ===
At the 2024 [[U23 World Wrestling Championships]] held in Tirana, Albania, More won a bronze medal in the men's Greco-Roman 55 kg category. He defeated AIN (Individual Athlete) Adam Ulbashev in the bronze medal bout, winning 14-10.<ref name=\"bridge\">{{cite web |title=World U23 Wrestling C’ships: Vishvajit wins bronze, Anjli in final, Priya medalless |url=https://thebridge.in/wrestling/world-u23-vishvajit-bronze-anjli-final-priya-medalless-50313 |website=The Bridge |date=1 November 2024 |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>

=== 2025 U23 World Wrestling Championships ===
More repeated his success at the 2025 [[U23 World Wrestling Championships]] held in Novi Sad, Serbia, where he again won a bronze medal in the 55 kg Greco-Roman event. He defeated Kazakhstan’s Yerassyl Mmayrbekov 5-4 in the bronze medal match.<ref name=\"outlook\">{{cite web |title=Under-23 World Wrestling Championships 2025: Vishvajit More wins bronze |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/others/under-23-world-wrestling-championships-2025-vishvajit-more-bronze-medal-match-report |website=Outlook India |date=19 October 2025 |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=\"lokmat\">{{cite web |title=Indian wrestler Vishvajit More wins bronze in U23 Senior World Wrestling Championship in Serbia |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/other-sports/indian-wrestler-vishvajit-more-wins-bronze-in-u-23-senior-world-wrestling-championship-in-serbia/ |website=Lokmat Times |date=19 October 2025 |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>

According to his UWW record, More’s 2025 season included wins over Denis Florin Mihai (Romania) and Kenneth Andrew Crosby (USA) before losing in the quarter-final to Alibek Amirov, after which he advanced via repechage to claim bronze.<ref name="\"uww\"">{{cite web |title=Vishvajit Ramchandra More |url=https://uww.org/athletes/more-vishvajit-ramchandra |access-date=23 October 2025 |publisher=United World Wrestling}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{UWW|more-vishvajit-ramchandra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:More, Vishvajit}}
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:Greco-Roman wrestlers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

S. G. Neginhal

2026-01-01T03:23:22Z

Svetlanakxj: cleanup page per standard format and updated info

{{Short description|Indian forest conservationist (1929–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. G. Neginhal
| image = Sethuram Gopalrao Neginhal.jpg
| caption = Neginhal in 2015
| birth_name = Sethuram Gopalrao Neginhal
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|05|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dharwad]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|05|02|1929|05|01|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Forest and wildlife conservationist
| children = 5
}}

'''Sethuram Gopalrao Neginhal''' (1 May 1929 {{Spnd}}2 May 2021) was an Indian forest official and conservationist who is credited with generating the green cover around the Indian city of [[Bangalore]] leading to the city being referred to as ''The Garden City''. He was associated with the launch of Project Tiger and led wildlife conservation actions including development of the [[Bandipur Tiger Reserve]]. In addition to being an expert on wildlife and plant life he was an awarded wildlife photographer.

==Early life==
Neginhal was born in [[Dharwad]], then a part of the [[Bombay Presidency]] in British India on 1 May 1929.<ref name=":2" /> His father Gopalrao was a forest officer who had trained at the Rangers College in [[Dehradun]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=24 Nov 2020|title=Man of forests who pioneered Karnataka's green initiatives {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/man-of-forests-who-pioneered-karnatakas-green-initiatives/articleshow/79381664.cms|access-date=4 May 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He credited the experiences with his father as an inspiration for his love of the forests and him following in his father's footsteps.<ref name=":3" /> He completed his education in the city of [[Dharwad]] in the northern part of the state. During his high school days he participated in the [[Quit India Movement]]. He trained as a Range Forest Officer in Dharwad in 1951 before going on to become an officer of the [[Indian Forest Service]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Noted forest officer who turned Bengaluru green, launched Project Tiger in Karnataka dies at 92|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/may/02/noted-forest-officer-who-turned-bengaluru-green-launched-project-tiger-in-karnataka-dies-at-92-2297588.html|access-date=4 May 2021|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504021557/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/may/02/noted-forest-officer-who-turned-bengaluru-green-launched-project-tiger-in-karnataka-dies-at-92-2297588.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Neginhal started his career as an officer of the [[Indian Forest Service]] in 1972 with a posting in [[Mysore]] as a wildlife officer in charge of [[Bandipur National Park]], [[Nagarhole National Park]], [[Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary]], and the Billigirirangana hills.<ref name=":3" /> He served as the head of the [[Bandipur Tiger Reserve|Bandipur Tiger Conservation Project]] in 1973 contributing to state led efforts towards conservation of the tiger population and development of the [[Bandipur Tiger Reserve]]. He helped establish Bandipur as the first reserve in Karnataka to be brought under Project Tiger and was also noted to have coined the term ''Tiger Reserve'' for a protected region which was later incorporated into the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|Wildlife Protection Act]] as an amendment in 2007.<ref name=":1" /> During this time, he also helped identify and develop the bird sanctuary in [[Kokrebellur]] in Karnataka.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Neginhal, S.G. |year=1999 |title=Birding recollections |url=https://archive.org/details/NLBW39_6/page/n6/mode/1up |journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers |volume=39 |issue=6 |page=87}}</ref> He retired as the principal chief surveyor of forests in Karnataka.<ref name=":0" />

Neginhal is credited with the creation of the green cover around the city of [[Bangalore]] in the 1980s which led to the city being referred to as ''The Garden City''. He was the deputy conservator of forests between 1982 and 1987 during which the then Karnataka state government under [[R. Gundu Rao]] appointed him the chief of the urban green project.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He was appointed lead in a special cell within the Forest Department. During this time, he used his knowledge of the native flowering plants and trees and identified flora suited to Bangalore's weather and had them planted along roadsides and other open areas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=3 May 2021|title=S G Neginhal, the man who made Bengaluru the Garden City, passes away at 93|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/s-g-neginhal-the-man-who-made-bengaluru-the-garden-city-passes-away-at-93-981763.html|access-date=3 May 2021|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503140754/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/s-g-neginhal-the-man-who-made-bengaluru-the-garden-city-passes-away-at-93-981763.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=|date=3 May 2021|title=Urban forester S.G. Neginhal succumbs to COVID-19|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/urban-forester-sg-neginhal-succumbs-to-covid-19/article34465811.ece|access-date=4 May 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503160813/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/urban-forester-sg-neginhal-succumbs-to-covid-19/article34465811.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Considered a pioneer of [[Urban forestry]] in India, he and his team of volunteers went door to door asking residents for their choice of trees to be planted in front of their houses.<ref name=":2" /> Along with volunteers he planted more than 15 lakh (1.5 million) trees in the city.<ref name=":0" /> Some of the plants and trees introduced in the city during this period included [[bougainvillea]]s, raintrees, and ''akashamallige''.<ref name=":2" /> It is noted that the then Indian prime minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] sought plant species from Neginhal to plant at the memorial of his mother and former prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] at [[Shakti Sthal|Shakti sthal]].<ref name=":0" /> He remained close to conservation through the later part of his life and had spoken out against felling of trees toward development of the urban space in Bangalore.<ref name=":0" />

Neginhal was also a wildlife photographer and received the [[T.N.A. Perumal|TNA Perumal]] Memorial national photography award in 2017 for his photography. He was also a member of the Youth Photographic Society in Karnataka.<ref name=":0" /> He also took a special interest in birds and accompanied [[Salim Ali]] in Bandipur and the Biligirirangan Hills in 1974.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Neginhal, S.G.|year=1996|title=Salim Ali's humour|url=https://archive.org/details/NLBW36_1/page/n9/mode/1up|journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers|volume=36|issue=1|page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Neginhal, S.G.|year=1997|title=A bustard's nest at Ranibennur|url=https://archive.org/details/NLBW37_2/page/n1/mode/1up|journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers|volume=37|issue=2|pages=22–23}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Neginahal, S.G.|year=1982|title=The birds of Ranganathittu|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48745019|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=79|pages=581–593|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504064830/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48745019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==
His involvement in the urban forestry exercise of such a large scale helped the Karnataka Forest Department (Bangalore Urban Division) win the Indira Priyadarshini Vriksha Mitra Award instituted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, for the outstanding greening of the city.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sarmah |first1=Dipak |title=Forestry in Karnataka - A journey of 150 years |url=https://aranya.gov.in/aranyacms/downloads/Acts/FORESTRY%20IN%20KARNATAKA%20-%20DIPAK%20SARMAH.pdf |website=Karnataka Forest Department |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=12 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012100210/https://aranya.gov.in/aranyacms/downloads/Acts/FORESTRY%20IN%20KARNATAKA%20-%20DIPAK%20SARMAH.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangaloreans are great tree lovers, says Neginhal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bangaloreans-are-great-tree-lovers-says-neginhal/ |access-date=5 May 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810070348/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bangaloreans-are-great-tree-lovers-says-neginhal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan and E Hanumantha Rao Trust bestowed upon him the Wild-Life Photography Award for 2012{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} and The Kumble Foundation presented him with "Outstanding Civil Servant Award" in 2010, for his contributions to forestry and wildlife.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thrilled by Kumble's gesture |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Thrilled-by-Kumbles-gesture/article15584161.ece |access-date=5 May 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=7 December 2010}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Neginhal died on 2 May 2021, of complications from [[COVID-19]]. He had turned 92 the day before.<ref name=":0" /> He was married and had a son and four daughters.<ref name=":0" />

== Works ==
* {{Cite book|last=Neginhal|first=S. G.|url=https://worldcat.org/oclc/1144090536|title=Forest trees of South India|date=12 February 2020|publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64760-636-7|oclc=1144090536}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neginhal|first=S. G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXq1GwAACAAJ|title=Your Bangalore: The Trees|date=1994|publisher=Bangalore Urban Art Commission|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neginhal|first=S. G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gm8SAQAAMAAJ|title=Golden Trees, Greenspaces, and Urban Forestry|date=2006|publisher=S.G. Neginhal|isbn=978-81-901420-3-8|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neginhal|first=S. G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_5CQwAACAAJ|title=Sanctuaries and Wildlife of Karnataka|date=2009|publisher=S. G. Neginhal|isbn=978-81-901420-4-5|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neginhal|first=S. G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S6B0MwEACAAJ|title=Forest Trees of the Western Ghats: Includes Eastern Ghats and Deccan Plateau|date=2011|publisher=Indian Forest Service|isbn=978-93-5067-173-3|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Neginhal|first=S. G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHHWDwAAQBAJ|title=Forest Trees of South India|date=2020|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64760-637-4|language=en}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:SG Neginhal.jpg|SG Neginhal
File:Outstanding Civil Servant award, SG Neginhal.jpg|Outstanding Civil Servant award
File:Oustanding Civil Servant Award citation - SG Neginhal.jpg|Citation of the Outstanding Civil Servant Award award
File:Neginhal SG.jpg|At his residence in Bengaluru
File:Wildlife Photography Award 2012, SG Neginhal (BVB and EHR Trust).jpg|Wildlife Photography Award, 2012
File:Neginhal S. G.jpg
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neginhal, S.G.}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Indian wildlife photographers]]
[[Category:Wildlife conservation in India]]
[[Category:People from Dharwad]]
[[Category:Indian foresters]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]

2012–13 Pailan Arrows season

2025-12-29T10:46:51Z

Svetlanakxj: starting new post v1!

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| logo =
| season = 2012–13
| manager = [[Arthur Papas]]
| chairman =
| league = [[I-League]]
| league result = ''[[2012–13 I-League|12th]]''
| cup1 = [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
| cup1 result = [[2011 Indian Federation Cup|Group Stage]]
| cup2 = [[Durand Cup]]
| cup2 result = [[2012 Durand Cup|Group Stage]]
| league topscorer = 4 goals [[Holicharan Narzary]] [[Milan Singh]]
| season topscorer = 7 goals [[Holicharan Narzary]]
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| pattern_b1 = _red_halfshoulders
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 = _red stripes
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = 000066
| body1 = 000066
| rightarm1 = 000066
| shorts1 = 000066
| socks1 = 000066
| pattern_b2 = _por12a
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| prevseason = [[2011–12 Indian Arrows season|2011–12]]
| nextseason = [[2017–18 Indian Arrows season|2017–18]]
}}

The '''2012–13 Pailan Arrows season''' was the club's third season since their formation in 2010 and their second under the name Pailan Arrows. They finished 12th in the I-League.

==Background==
{{see also|2011–12 I-League}}

The club changed their name to Pailan Arrows on 15 June 2011 after the All India Football Federation reached an agreement with Pailan Group to sponsor the team.<ref name=PailanArrows>{{cite web|title=I-League: Kolkata Based Pailan Group Are The New Sponsors Of Indian Arrows|url=http://www.rs.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2011/06/15/2532900/i-league-kolkata-based-pailan-group-are-the-new-sponsors-of#|work=Goal.com|accessdate=31 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924092342/http://www.rs.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2011/06/15/2532900/i-league-kolkata-based-pailan-group-are-the-new-sponsors-of|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> With the deal Pailan Arrows was also relocated to Kolkata and the [[Salt Lake Stadium]]. Then on 13 August 2012 head coach [[Desmond Bulpin]] was sacked by the club due to his "style of football" while former [[India national football team]] coach [[Sukhwinder Singh (football coach)|Sukhwinder Singh]] was signed to take over the club.<ref name=BulpinSacked>{{cite web|title=Football coach Desmond Bulpin sacked by AIFF|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/football/football-coach-desmond-bulpin-sacked-by-aiff_726015.html|work=Zee News|accessdate=31 August 2012}}</ref> The club also lost many of the stars of the previous season like [[Lalrindika Ralte]], [[Jeje Lalpekhlua]] (top scorer for Pailan and among Indians in 2010–11), [[Manandeep Singh]] and [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]. The club again participated in the Federation Cup in [[2011 Indian Federation Cup|2011]] where Pailan won two matches but lost one which meant that they would finish 2nd behind Salgaocar and thus meant Pailan were knocked out in the group stage again.<ref name=Salgaocar3-0PailanArrows>{{cite news|title=Salgaocar beat Pailan Arrows to enter Federation Cup semis|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Salgaocar-beat-Pailan-Arrows-to-enter-Federation-Cup-semis-/articleshow/10082752.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405030501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-22/top-stories/30189224_1_mumbai-fc-salgaocar-sc-federation-cup|url-status=live|archive-date=5 April 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 September 2011 |access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref> Pailan Arrows then began their [[2011–12 I-League]] campaign against [[Mohun Bagan]] at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] on 23 October 2012 in which they lost 1–3 after [[Lalrozama Fanai]] gave them the early lead.<ref name=Pailan1-3MohunBagan>{{cite web|last=lahiri |first=Debjit |title=I-League: Pailan Arrows 1–3 Mohun Bagan AC – Odafa Okolie Hat-trick Powers A Second Half Bagan Rally |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69203/pailan-arrows-vs-mohun-bagan/report |work=Goal.com |accessdate=31 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412134154/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69203/pailan-arrows-vs-mohun-bagan/report |archivedate=12 April 2012 }}</ref> On 7 February 2012 Sukhwinder Singh resigned as coach of Pailan Arrows for personal reasons, at this point also Pailan had not won a single match in I-League and had only managed eight draws in 17 matches.<ref name=SSResigns>{{cite web|last=Bali|first=Rahul|title=I-League: Sukhwinder Singh resigns from Pailan Arrows|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2012/02/07/2890971/i-league-sukhwinder-singh-resigns-from-pailan-arrows|work=Goal.com|accessdate=31 August 2012}}</ref> Assistant coach Sujit Chakravarty took over the reins as head coach for the remainder of the season.<ref name=SSResigns/> Towards the end of the season Pailan managed to win two matches, one against [[Chirag United Club Kerala]] and another against [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|HAL]] to finished the season in 13th place out of 14 teams but since they are a developmental team, Pailan were not relegated.<ref name=CUK0-3Pailan>{{cite web|last=Noronha |first=Anselm |title=Chirag United Kerala 0–3 Pailan Arrows: CS Sabeeth's hat-trick sinks his former side into second division |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69619/chirag-united-club-kerala-vs-pailan-arrows/report |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124170257/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69619/chirag-united-club-kerala-vs-pailan-arrows/report |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2013 |work=Goal.com |accessdate=31 August 2012 }}</ref><ref name=HAL1-2PailanArrows>{{cite web|last=Noronha |first=Anselm |title=HAL Bangalore 1–2 Pailan Arrows: Allwyn scores late in his side's second successive win |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69667/hal-bangalore-vs-pailan-arrows/report |work=Goal.com |accessdate=31 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630232949/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69667/hal-bangalore-vs-pailan-arrows/report |archivedate=30 June 2012 }}</ref>

==Transfers==

===In===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:70%; text-align:center; text-align:left;"
|-
!#
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Transferred from
!scope="col"|Fee
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|
|DF
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} Jayabrata Dhar
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA]]
|Free
|19 June 2012
|<ref name=PailanTFA1>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-transfers-aii-live-updates-june-19th/|title=Indian Football Transfers ai??i?? Live Updates, June 19th|first=Sachin|last=Madaan|date=19 June 2012|website=Thehardtackle.com}}</ref>
|-
|
|FW
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} Pankaj Sona
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA]]
|Free
|19 June 2012
|<ref name=PailanTFA1/>
|-
|
|MF
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} Siam Hanghal
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA]]
|Free
|19 June 2012
|<ref name=PailanTFA1/>
|-
|
|MF
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} Ravinder Singh
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA]]
|Free
|19 June 2012
|<ref name=PailanTFA1/>
|-
|
|DF
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} Chingkhei Yumnam
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA]]
|Free
|19 June 2012
|<ref name=PailanTFA1/>
|-
|
|DF
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} Irfan Khan
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA]]
|Free
|19 June 2012
|<ref name=PailanTFA1/>
|-
|
|MF
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} Yaikhom Meitei
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA]]
|Free
|19 June 2012
|<ref name=PailanTFA1/>
|-
|
|MF
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} Simranjit Singh
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA]]
|Free
|19 June 2012
|<ref name=PailanTFA1/>
|-
|
|MF
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Shaiju Mon]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag United Club Kerala|Chirag United Kerala]]
|Free
|6 July 2012
|<ref name=Mon>{{cite web|last=Bhutani|first=Rahul|title=Indian Football Transfers – Live Updates, July 6th|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-july-6th/|work=The Hard Tackle|date=6 July 2012 |accessdate=31 August 2012}}</ref>
|-
|
|MF
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} Deepak Prakash
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited S.C.|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
|Free
|13 August 2012
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Chaudhury|first=Arunava|title=Indian Football: Transfer Season updates 2012/13 – Version 1 |url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/2012/08/13/indian-football-transfer-season-updates-201213-version-1/?ref=most-shared|work=SportsKeeda|date=13 August 2012 |accessdate=31 August 2012}}</ref>
|-
|
|MF
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Dhanpal Ganeshan]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|Free
|18 August 2012
|
|-
|
|DF
! scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} Narayan Das
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA]]
|Free
|24 October 2012
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Nayan Das|first=Rudra|title=TFA's Narayan Das joins Pailan Arrows|url=http://arrowsfans.com/tfas-narayan-das-joins-pailan-arrows/|work=ArrowsFans|accessdate=24 October 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117090249/http://arrowsfans.com/tfas-narayan-das-joins-pailan-arrows/|archive-date=17 January 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|}

===Out===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:70%; text-align:center; text-align:left;"
|-
!#
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Transferred to
!scope="col"|Fee
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|
|DF
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Rajib Ghosh (footballer)|Rajib Ghosh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan]]
|Free
|14 May 2012
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Bhutani|first=Rahul|title=Indian Football Transfers – Live Updates, May 14th|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-may-14th/|work=The Hard Tackle|date=14 May 2012 |accessdate=18 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
|
|FW
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Chinadorai Sabeeth]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan]]
|Free
|16 May 2012
|<ref name=16MayHardTackle>{{cite web|last=Bhutani|first=Rahul|title=Indian Football Transfers – Live Updates, May 16th|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-may-16th/|work=The Hard Tackle|date=16 May 2012 |accessdate=18 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
|
|GK
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen Kumar]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan]]
|Free
|16 May 2012
|<ref name=16MayHardTackle/>
|-
|
|MF
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} Loukik Jadhav
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai Tigers F.C.|Mumbai Tigers]]
|Free
|27 May 2012
|<ref name=DodsalFCStart>{{cite web|last=Majgaonkar|first=Kunaal|title=Multi-crore Dodsal Group to kick-start team in Mumbai|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Multi-crore-Dodsal-Group-to-kick-start-team-in-Mumbai/articleshow/13547883.cms|work=Times of India|accessdate=26 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
|
|DF
! scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurtej Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|Free
|31 May 2012
|<ref name=31MayNews>{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIKM%2F2012%2F05%2F31&PageLabel=19&EntityId=Ar01901&ViewMode=HTML |title=Article Window |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=3 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403194824/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIKM%2F2012%2F05%2F31&PageLabel=19&EntityId=Ar01901&ViewMode=HTML |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|
|MF
! scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bikramjit Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|Free
|31 May 2012
|<ref name=31MayNews/>
|-
|
|MF
! scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jibon Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|Free
|8 June 2012
|<ref name=TOI8June>{{cite web|title=Desmond Bulpin signs for Lajong FC|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-08/i-league/32123276_1_lajong-fc-desmond-bulpin-indian-arrows|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208200946/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-08/i-league/32123276_1_lajong-fc-desmond-bulpin-indian-arrows|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=8 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
|
|MF
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Bijendra Rai]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan]]
|Free
|8 July 2012
|<ref name=SK>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan announce their team for the 2012–13 season|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/2012/07/08/mohun-bagan-announce-their-team-for-the-2012-13-season/|work=SportsKeeda|date=8 July 2012 |accessdate=31 August 2012}}</ref>
|-
|
|FW
! scope="row"|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Ajay Singh (footballer)|Ajay Singh]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
|Free
|13 July 2012
|<ref name=goal.com3July>{{Cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/07/13/3237785/official-churchill-brothers-sc-sign-mariano-dias-as-head |title = Official: Churchill Brothers SC sign Mariano Dias as head coach and Lebanese centre back Bilal Nijjarin - Goal.com |access-date=1 September 2012 |archive-date=16 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916034806/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/07/13/3237785/official-churchill-brothers-sc-sign-mariano-dias-as-head |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

==Durand Cup==
{{main|2012 Durand Cup}}

Pailan Arrows entered the [[Durand Cup]] in [[2012 Durand Cup|2012]] in the group stage and were placed in Group A with [[Air India FC|Air India]] and [[Delhi United FC|Delhi United]]. Pailan started the tournament with a 2–2 draw against Delhi United with [[Holicharan Narzary]] and [[Milan Singh]] scoring for Pailan at the [[Ambedkar Stadium]].<ref name=Pailan2-2DelhiUnited>{{cite web|title=Andrew is Sesa Goa's hero|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article3821593.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=31 August 2012}}</ref> Pailan then bowed out of the tournament after drawing 1–1 with Air India. Pailan ended with two points while Air India had 4 points.<ref name=FirstGoalPro>{{cite web|title=DURAND CUP 2012: AIR INDIA HOLD PAILAN 1–1, WHILE SPORTING CLUBE DE GOA THRASH ONGC 3–1 |url=http://www.barefootmag.in/2012/08/28/durand-cup-2012-air-india-hold-pailan-1-1-while-sporting-clube-de-goa-thrash-ongc-3-1-2/ |work=BarefootMag |accessdate=28 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901013121/http://www.barefootmag.in/2012/08/28/durand-cup-2012-air-india-hold-pailan-1-1-while-sporting-clube-de-goa-thrash-ongc-3-1-2/ |archivedate=1 September 2012 }}</ref>

{{football box collapsible
| date = 25 August 2012
| time = 9:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012 Durand Cup quarter-finals#Group A|Group stage]]
| team1 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article3821593.ece Report]
| team2 = [[Delhi United FC|Delhi United]]
| goals1 = [[Holicharan Narzary|Narzary]] [[Milan Singh|Singh]]
| goals2 = Okwudiu {{goal|24||45}}
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
| location = [[Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 28 August 2012
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012 Durand Cup quarter-finals#Group A|Group stage]]
| team1 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20120901013121/http://www.barefootmag.in/2012/08/28/durand-cup-2012-air-india-hold-pailan-1-1-while-sporting-clube-de-goa-thrash-ongc-3-1-2/ Report]
| team2 = [[Air India FC|Air India]]
| goals1 = [[Avinabo Bag|Bag]] {{goal|20}}
| goals2 = [[Souvik Chakraborty|Chakraborty]] {{goal|17}}
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
| location = [[Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = D
}}

==Federation Cup==
{{main|2012 Indian Federation Cup}}

As with the Durand Cup Pailan entered the Federation Cup in the group stage and were placed in Group A with [[2011–12 I-League]] champions [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]], along with [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]], and [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]].<ref name=FixturesOut>{{cite web|last=Choudhuri|first=Arunava|title=34th Federation Cup: Complete Fixtures out!|url=https://arunfoot.blogspot.com/2012/08/34th-federation-cup-complete-fixtures.html?m=1|work=Arunava Choudhuri|accessdate=24 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316122855/http://arunfoot.blogspot.com/2012/08/34th-federation-cup-complete-fixtures.html?m=1|archive-date=16 March 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> All their group matches would be played at the [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]] in [[Jamshedpur]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]].<ref name=FixturesOut/> In their first match Pailan faced off against Dempo at the [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]] in which the club drew the match 1–1 against the reigning league champions with [[Holicharan Narzary]] giving the club the lead in the 52nd minute before [[Clifford Miranda]] tied it up eight minutes later.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vaz |first=John |title=Pailan Arrows 1–1 Dempo SC: Arrows hold the Goan heavyweights to secure a point |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91296/dempo-sports-club-vs-pailan-arrows/report |work=Goal.com |accessdate=26 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923232810/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91296/dempo-sports-club-vs-pailan-arrows/report |archivedate=23 September 2012 }}</ref> In Pailan Arrow's next match two days later on 21 September 2012 the club took on [[Mumbai F.C.]] at the [[Keenan Stadium]]; the club once again drew with their opponents but this time by a score of 2–2 with [[Dhanpal Ganeshan]] and [[Deepak Devrani]] scoring in the 45th and 78th minutes of the match while [[David Opara]] scored twice for the opposition to deny Pailan Arrows the win.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vaz |first=John |title=Pailan Arrows 2–2 Mumbai FC: Four goal thriller ends in a stalemate |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91298/pailan-arrows-vs-mumbai-fc/report |work=Goal.com |accessdate=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922080311/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91298/pailan-arrows-vs-mumbai-fc/report |archivedate=22 September 2012 }}</ref> The club then finished their Federation Cup campaign on a high note with a victory over [[Shillong Lajong F.C.]] on 23 September 2012 at the Keenan Stadium by a score of 2–1 with Holicharan Narzary and [[Prabir Das]] scoring for Pailan Arrows in the 17th and 69th minutes of the match while Ebi Sukore scored in the 21st minute for the opposition.<ref name=SLFCFC>{{cite web|title=Pailan Arrows 2–1 Shillong Lajong – Prabir scores the winner for Papas' side |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91300/pailan-arrows-vs-shillong-lajong-fc/report |work=Goal.com |accessdate=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101033505/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91300/pailan-arrows-vs-shillong-lajong-fc/report |archivedate=1 November 2012 }}</ref> The club, despite not losing a match, however were knocked-out at the group stage of the Federation Cup as Dempo had won one more match than Pailan and thus had more points.<ref name=SLFCFC/>

{{football box collapsible
| date = 19 September 2012
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage#Group A|Group Stage]]
| team1 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20120923232810/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91296/dempo-sports-club-vs-pailan-arrows/report Report]
| team2 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| goals1 = [[Clifford Miranda|Miranda]] {{goal|60}}
| goals2 = [[Holicharan Narzary|Narzary]] {{goal|52}}
| stadium = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 21 September 2012
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage#Group A|Group Stage]]
| team1 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20120922080311/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91298/pailan-arrows-vs-mumbai-fc/report Report]
| team2 = [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
| goals1 = [[Dhanpal Ganeshan|Ganeshan]] {{goal|45}} [[Deepak Devrani|Devrani]] {{goal|78}}
| goals2 = [[David Opara|Opara]] {{goal|12||62}}
| stadium = [[Keenan Stadium]]
| location = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 23 September 2012
| time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012 Indian Federation Cup Group Stage#Group A|Group Stage]]
| team1 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20121101033505/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91300/pailan-arrows-vs-shillong-lajong-fc/report Report]
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 = [[Holicharan Narzary|Narzary]] {{goal|17}} Das {{goal|69}}
| goals2 = Sukore {{goal|21}}
| stadium = [[Keenan Stadium]]
| location = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = W
}}

==I-League==
{{main|2012–13 I-League}}

Pailan Arrows began their [[2012–13 I-League]] campaign in style on 6 October 2012 with a victory over [[Mumbai F.C.]] at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] with the Arrows winning 3–2 over the Maharashtra club with [[Holicharan Narzary]] scoring a brace in the 34th and 76th minute with [[Milan Singh]] scoring in between Narzary's goal with a penalty-kick goal in the 54th minute; [[David Opara]] and [[James Singh (footballer, born 1985)|James Singh]] scored the two goals for Mumbai in the 39th and 45th minutes respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pailan Arrows 3–2 Mumbai FC: Goalkeeping howlers gift three points to AIFF's developmental side |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93646/pailan-arrows-vs-mumbai-fc/report |work=Goal.com |accessdate=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115063441/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93646/pailan-arrows-vs-mumbai-fc/report |archivedate=15 January 2013 }}</ref> Pailan Arrows then won their second match of the season and second match of the season on 11 October 2012 against [[Air India FC]] at the Salt Lake Stadium with Holicharan Narzary scoring his third goal in two games in the 41st minute before [[Henry Ezeh]] equalized for Air India in the 67th minute but just two minutes later Milan Singh converted his second penalty-kick of the season to win Pailan Arrows the match 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pailan Arrows 2–1 Air India: AIFF's developmental side continue their winning ways |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93663/pailan-arrows-vs-air-india/report |work=Goal.com |accessdate=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115063500/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93663/pailan-arrows-vs-air-india/report |archivedate=15 January 2013 }}</ref> Pailan Arrows then ended their first month of the season and the month of October undefeated after they drew with [[Salgaocar F.C.]] at the [[Fatorda Stadium]] in [[Margao]], [[Goa]] 0–0 on 28 October 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Salgaocar FC 0–0 Pailan Arrows: Arthur Papas' side continue their unbeaten run|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93674/salgaocar-football-club-vs-pailan-arrows/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref>

Pailan Arrows began the month of November on an ordinary note with a draw against [[United Sikkim F.C.]] at the [[Paljor Stadium]] in the [[Sikkim]]ese capital of [[Gangtok]] on 4 November 2012 with the score ending up as 0–0.<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=United Sikkim FC 0–0 Pailan Arrows: Bhaichung Bhutia sent off in stalemate at the Paljor Stadium|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93680/united-sikkim-football-club-vs-pailan-arrows/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref> The club then however suffered a set-back when they lost to [[Pune F.C.]] at home on 9 November 2012 with [[Karma Tsewang]] and [[Subhash Singh]] scoring in the 11th and 46th minutes of the game for Pune to help Pailan suffer their first defeat of the season.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bera|first=Kaustav|title=Pailan Arrows 0–2 Pune FC: An early goal in each half ends Arrows' unbeaten run|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93687/pailan-arrows-vs-pune-fc/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref> Pailan then suffered yet another set-back when they lost their second game on the trott when they lost to [[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]] on 18 November 2012 with [[C.K. Vineeth]] and [[Lal Kamal Bhowmick|Lalkamal Bhowmick]] ensuring that Pailan would not win the match while [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]] scored his first goal of his career in the 84th minute which was actually the equalizer for Pailan Arrows before Bhowmick finished the game off in the 88th minute.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bera|first=Kaustav|title=Pailan Arrows 1–2 Prayag United: Bhowmick's clinical performance seals three points for his side|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94692/pailan-arrows-vs-prayag-united/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref> Pailan however did make a comeback in their next match on 23 November 2012 against [[Sporting Clube de Goa]] at the Fatorda Stadium when they won 1–0 over the Goan club with Narayan Das being the goalscorer again for Pailan Arrows in the 54th minute.<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Sporting Clube de Goa 0–1 Pailan Arrows: The Arrows snap four match winless streak against the Flaming Oranje|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94695/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-pailan-arrows/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref> Pailan though, however, failed to end the month of November on a bright note as the fell to their third loss of the month in five games on 28 November 2012 against [[Shillong Lajong F.C.]] by a score of 3–1 at the [[Nehru Stadium, Shillong|Nehru Stadium]] in [[Shillong]] with [[Tirthankar Sarkar]] being the lone scorer for Pailan in the 67th minute after Lajong scored through [[Sushilkumar Singh Chongtham|Sushil Kumar Singh]] in the 3rd and 49th minutes and [[Gbeneme Friday]] in the 52nd minute.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shillong Lajong 3–1 Pailan Arrows: Bulpin plots a win over his former side|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96175/shillong-lajong-fc-vs-pailan-arrows/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref>

Despite the rough month of November Pailan Arrows began the month of December with a bang on 1 December 2012 with a 4–1 victory over [[ONGC F.C.]] at the Salt Lake Stadium with [[Deepak Devrani]] scoring his first goal of his career for Pailan in the 10th minute before ONGC equalized through [[Liberia]]n [[Eric Brown (footballer)|Eric Brown]] in the 21st minute but Holicharan Narzary scored his fourth league goal of the season in the 25th minute to give Pailan the lead before Milan Singh scored in the 57th minute from the penalty spot and [[Alwyn George]] scored his first goal of the season in the 82nd minute to confirm Pailan's mega victory.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bera|first=Kaustav|title=Pailan Arrows 4–1 ONGC FC: Papas' boys trounce 10-man ONGC with ease|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96179/pailan-arrows-vs-ongc-fc/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref> There after however Pailan were brought back down to earth in their next match against [[Churchill Brothers S.C.]] on 10 December 2012 at the Salt Lake Stadium when they lost 3–0 with Bineesh Balan and [[Roberto Mendes Silva|Beto]] providing the goals for Churchill Brothers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bera|first=Kaustav|title=Pailan Arrows 0–3 Churchill Brothers: The Red Machines cruise to a comfortable win against Papas' boys|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96187/pailan-arrows-vs-churchill-brothers-sc/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref> Pailan then had 12 days to prepare for their next match against [[Dempo S.C.]] as their match against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]] for 15 December 2012 was postponed; when Pailan played Dempo on 22 December 2012 at the Salt Lake Stadium they once again saw themselves lose with [[Joaquim Abranches]] scoring both the goals for Dempo in the 10th and 59th minutes of the match while Milan Singh scored the equalizer for Pailan in between from the penalty spot in the 45th minute before halftime.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pailan Arrows 1–2 Dempo SC: Abranches' brace seals three points for the away side|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96202/pailan-arrows-vs-dempo-sports-club/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref> Pailan Arrows however then ended the month of December and the year 2012 with their third defeat in a row when they lost 3–0 to [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] at the [[Kalyani Stadium]] on 30 December 2012 with [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Robin Singh]] and [[Sanju Pradhan]] doing the damage against the Pailan Arrows.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mitra|first=Atanu|title=East Bengal 3–0 Pailan Arrows: Trevor Morgan's side dismantle the Arrows with ease|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96212/east-bengal-vs-pailan-arrows/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=1 January 2013|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402133814/https://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96212/east-bengal-vs-pailan-arrows/report|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The club then failed to begin the year 2013 on a good start when they fell to ONGC, a club they had beaten 4–1 only a month earlier, by a score of 3–0 with [[Pritam Kotal]] scoring an own goal for Pailan in the 6th minute before goals from Eric Brown and Lalnun Puia scoring the other two goals for ONGC in the 30th and 67th minutes of the match.<ref>{{cite web|title=ONGC FC 3–0 Pailan Arrows: Oilmen register comfortable win against Arrows|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96220/ongc-fc-vs-pailan-arrows/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=7 January 2013}}</ref> The club then succumbed to their fifth defeat of the season on 9 January 2013 against Churchill Brothers at the [[Duler Stadium]] in which the club lost 3–1 due to a double by [[Gabon national football team|Gabon international]] striker [[Henry Antchouet]] and a goal by [[Israil Gurung]] all within five minutes from the 60th to the 65th minutes of the match; Pailan did have the lead though when [[Prathamesh Maulingkar]] put Arrows in the lead in the 56th minute.<ref>{{cite web|title=Churchill Brothers SC vs Pailan Arrows LIVE Commentary|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96225/churchill-brothers-sc-vs-pailan-arrows/play-by-play|work=Goal.com|accessdate=13 January 2013}}</ref> Despite their fifth loss of the season though, Pailan Arrows still managed to break that run in the very next match against Air India on 12 January 2013 at the Balewadi Sports Complex in which Pailan Arrows drew the match 1–1 with [[Rajinder Kumar (footballer)|Rajinder Kumar]] giving Arrows the equalizer they needed right before halftime, after [[Henry Ezeh]] put Air India in the lead in the 37th minute.<ref>{{cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Ayush|title=Air India 1–1 Pailan Arrows: An inspired Soram Poirei helps Pailan Arrows grab a point|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96228/air-india-vs-pailan-arrows/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=14 January 2013}}</ref>

{{football box collapsible
| date = 6 October 2012
| time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 1]]
| team1 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| score = 3–2
| report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20130115063441/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93646/pailan-arrows-vs-mumbai-fc/report Report]
| team2 = [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
| goals1 = [[Holicharan Narzary|Narzary]] {{goal|36||76}} [[Milan Singh|M. Singh]] {{goal|54|pen.}}
| goals2 = [[David Opara|Opara]] {{goal|39}} [[James Singh (footballer, born 1985)|J. Singh]] {{goal|45}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 11 October 2012
| time = 14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 2]]
| team1 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20130115063500/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93663/pailan-arrows-vs-air-india/report Report]
| team2 = [[Air India FC|Air India]]
| goals1 = [[Holicharan Narzary|Narzary]] {{goal|41}} [[Milan Singh|Singh]] {{goal|69|pen.}}
| goals2 = [[Henry Ezeh|Ezeh]] {{goal|67}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance =
| referee = PH Lanthoiba
| result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 28 October 2012
| time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 3]]
| team1 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93674/salgaocar-football-club-vs-pailan-arrows/report Report]
| team2 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
| location = [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 4 November 2012
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 4]]
| team1 = [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93680/united-sikkim-football-club-vs-pailan-arrows/report Report]
| team2 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Paljor Stadium]]
| location = [[Gangtok]], [[Sikkim]]
| attendance =
| referee = [[C.R. Srikrishna]] ([[Tamil Nadu]])
| result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 9 November 2012
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 5]]
| team1 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| score = 0–2
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/93687/pailan-arrows-vs-pune-fc/report Report]
| team2 = [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Karma Tsewang|Tsewang]] {{goal|11}} [[Subhash Singh|Singh]] {{goal|46}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance =
| referee = R. Singh
| result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 18 November 2012
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 6]]
| team1 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94692/pailan-arrows-vs-prayag-united/report Report]
| team2 = [[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]]
| goals1 = [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Das]] {{goal|84}}
| goals2 = [[C.K. Vineeth|Vineeth]] {{goal|12}} [[Lal Kamal Bhowmick|Bhowmick]] {{goal|88}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance =
| referee = D. Naik
| result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 23 November 2012
| time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 7]]
| team1 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
| score = 0–1
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94695/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-pailan-arrows/report Report]
| team2 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Das]] {{goal|54}}
| stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
| location = [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
| attendance =
| referee = P. Banerji
| result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 28 November 2012
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 8]]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| score = 3–1
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96175/shillong-lajong-fc-vs-pailan-arrows/report Report]
| team2 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| goals1 = [[Sushilkumar Singh Chongtham|Singh]] {{goal|3||49}} [[Gbeneme Friday|Friday]] {{goal|52}}
| goals2 = [[Tirthankar Sarkar|Sarkar]] {{goal|67}}
| stadium = [[Nehru Stadium, Shillong|Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
| attendance =
| referee = P. Singh
| result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 1 December 2012
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 9]]
| team1 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| score = 4–1
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96179/pailan-arrows-vs-ongc-fc/report Report]
| team2 = [[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]]
| goals1 = [[Deepak Devrani|Devrani]] {{goal|10}} [[Holicharan Narzary|Narzary]] {{goal|25}} [[Milan Singh|Singh]] {{goal|57|pen.}} [[George Alwyn|Alwyn]] {{goal|82}}
| goals2 = [[Eric Brown (footballer)|Brown]] {{goal|21}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance =
| referee = A. Pillai
| result = W
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 10 December 2012
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 10]]
| team1 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| score = 0–3
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96187/pailan-arrows-vs-churchill-brothers-sc/report Report]
| team2 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = Balan {{goal|3}} [[Roberto Mendes Silva|Beto]] {{goal|49||58}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance =
| referee = R. Shah
| result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 15 December 2012
| time =
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 11]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = Cancelled
| report =
| team2 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = P
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 22 December 2012
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 12]]
| team1 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96202/pailan-arrows-vs-dempo-sports-club/report Report]
| team2 = [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| goals1 = [[Milan Singh|Singh]] {{goal|45|pen.}}
| goals2 = [[Joaquim Abranches|Abranches]] {{goal|10||59}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance =
| referee = A. Pillai
| result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 30 December 2012
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 13]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| score = 3–0
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96212/east-bengal-vs-pailan-arrows/report Report]
| team2 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| goals1 = [[Robin Singh (footballer)|Singh]] {{goal|44}} [[Sanju Pradhan|Pradhan]] {{goal|55||86}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance =
| referee = R. Dsa
| result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 5 January 2013
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 14]]
| team1 = [[ONGC F.C.|ONGC]]
| score = 3–0
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96220/ongc-fc-vs-pailan-arrows/report Report]
| team2 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| goals1 = [[Pritam Kotal|Kotal]] {{goal|67||og}} [[Eric Brown (footballer)|Brown]] {{goal|30}} [[Lalnun Puia|Puia]] {{goal|67}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
| location = [[Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee = V. Chauhan
| result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 9 January 2013
| time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 15]]
| team1 = [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| score = 3–1
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96225/churchill-brothers-sc-vs-pailan-arrows/report Report]
| team2 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| goals1 = [[Henry Antchouet|Antchouet]] {{goal|60||63}} [[Israil Gurung|Gurung]] {{goal|65}}
| goals2 = [[Prathamesh Maulingkar|Maulingkar]] {{goal|56}}
| stadium = [[Duler Stadium]]
| location = [[Mapusa]], [[Goa]]
| attendance =
| referee = A. Shekar
| result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 12 January 2013
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 16]]
| team1 = [[Air India FC|Air India]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96228/air-india-vs-pailan-arrows/report Report]
| team2 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| goals1 = [[Henry Ezeh|Ezeh]] {{goal|37}}
| goals2 = [[Rajinder Kumar (footballer)|Kumar]] {{goal|45+2}}
| stadium = [[Balewadi Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| attendance =
| referee = T. Nagvenkar
| result = D
}}
{{football box collapsible
| date = 20 January 2013
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| round = [[2012–13 I-League|Round 17]]
| team1 = [[Pailan Arrows]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96238/pailan-arrows-vs-shillong-lajong-fc/report Report]
| team2 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| goals1 = [[Prabir Das|Das]] {{goal|39}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance =
| referee = D. Naik
| result = W
}}

===Results summary===

{{Fb_rs |hw=4 |hd=0 |hl=4 |hgf=12 |hga=13 |aw=1 |ad=3 |al=4 |agf=4 |aga=13}}

{{Fb_rs_footer |u=20 January 2013 |s=[http://www.goal.com/en-india/teams/india/2190/pailan-arrows/calendar Pailan Arrows results] |date=January 2013}}

===Position by round===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Round
|label1= Result
| res1=W/W/D/D/L/L/W/L/W/L/C/L/L/L/L/D/W/////////
|label2= Position
| res2=3/4/3/3/6/7/6/7/6/6/7/7/7/7/8/8/8/////////

|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd|color_18-=red1

|updated=20 January 2013
|source=[http://www.goal.com/en-india/teams/india/2190/pailan-arrows/calendar Pailan Arrows]
|date=January 2013
}}

==Appearances and goals==
{{Updated|13 January 2013}}
{{Efs start|I-League|Federation Cup|Durand Cup}}
{{Efs player|no=1|name=[[Soram Anganba]]|pos=GK|nat=IND |8+0|0|2+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=2|name=Jayabrata Dhar|pos=DF|nat=IND |0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=3|name=Arijeet Singh|pos=DF|nat=IND |0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=4|name=[[Vishal Kumar]] |pos=DF|nat=IND |2+5|0|1+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=5|name=[[Shouvik Ghosh]]|pos=DF|nat=IND |14+0|0|1+0|0|2+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=6|name=[[Avinabo Bag]]|pos=DF|nat=IND |3+4|0|2+0|0|2+0|1}}
{{Efs player|no=7|name=[[Milan Singh]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |15+0|4|2+0|0|2+0|1}}
{{Efs player|no=8|name=Yaikhom Randhan Meitei|pos=MF|nat=IND |0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=10|name=[[Alwyn George]]|pos=FW|nat=IND |15+0|1|2+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=11|name=[[Holicharan Narzary]]|pos=FW|nat=IND |15+0|4|2+0|2|2+0|1}}
{{Efs player|no=13|name=[[Malsawmfela]]|pos=FW|nat=IND |0+3|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=14|name=[[Prathamesh Maulingkar]]|pos=DF|nat=IND |3+2|1|2+0|0|1+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=15|name=[[Shilton D'Silva]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=16|name=[[Pritam Kotal]]|pos=DF|nat=IND |15+0|0|1+0|0|2+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=17|name=[[Rajinder Kumar (footballer)|Rajinder Kumar]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |11+2|1|1+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=19|name=[[Tirthankar Sarkar]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |5+5|1|1+0|0|1+1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=20|name=Chingkhei Yumnam|pos=MF|nat=IND |0+0|0|1+0|0|2+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=21|name=Simranjit Singh |pos=MF|nat=IND |0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=22|name=[[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar]]|pos=GK|nat=IND |5+1|0|1+0|0|2+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=23|name=Siam Hanghal |pos=MF|nat=IND |0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=24|name=Pankaj Sona |pos=FW|nat=IND |0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=25|name=Deepak Prakash|pos=MF|nat=IND |0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=26|name=[[Deepak Devrani]]|pos=DF|nat=IND |12+0|1|2+1|1|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=27|name=[[Shaiju Mon]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |1+8|0|1+1|0|1+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=28|name=Irfan Khan|pos=MF|nat=IND |0+0|0|0+0|0|1+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=29|name=Sayan Roy|pos=GK|nat=IND |2+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=30|name=Sonu Beniwal|pos=DF|nat=IND |0+2|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=32|name=[[Prabir Das]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |14+1|0|1+0|1|1+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=34|name=[[Dhanpal Ganeshan]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |7+4|0|2+0|1|1+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=35|name=[[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |12+1|2|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=37|name=[[Pronay Halder]]|pos=MF|nat=IND |11+1|0|2+0|0|2+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=38|name=[[Seminlen Doungel]]|pos=FW|nat=IND |1+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
|-
|}

==Goalscorers==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"
|-
!width=60|Place
!width=60|Position
!width=60|Nationality
!width=150|Name
!width=80|I-League
!width=80|Federation Cup
!width=80|Durand Cup
!width=80|'''Total'''
|-
|rowspan="1"|1
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Holicharan Narzary]]
| 4
| 2
| 1
| '''7'''
|-
|rowspan="1"|2
| [[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Milan Singh]]
| 4
| 0
| 1
| '''5'''
|-
|rowspan="2"|3
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Deepak Devrani]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
| '''2'''
|-
| [[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| '''2'''
|-
|rowspan="6"|5
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Avinabo Bag]]
| 0
| 0
| 1
| '''1'''
|-
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Alwyn George]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| '''1'''
|-
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Tirthankar Sarkar]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| '''1'''
|-
| [[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Prabir Das]]
| 0
| 1
| 0
| '''1'''
|-
| [[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Dhanpal Ganeshan]]
| 0
| 1
| 0
| '''1'''
|-
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Prathamesh Maulingkar]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| '''1'''
|-
|colspan="3"|
|'''TOTALS'''
| 14
| 5
| 3
| '''22'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pailan Arrows}}
{{2012-13 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2012-13 Pailan Arrows season}}
[[Category:Indian Arrows seasons]]
[[Category:2012–13 I-League by team|Pailan Arrows]]

Ajnabi

2025-12-01T08:06:52Z

Svetlanakxj: adjust references further and improved wording

{{Short description|1994 Indian TV drama series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| genre = Drama
| creator =
| based_on = 
| developer =
| writer = [[Danny Denzongpa]]
| screenplay = Danny Denzongpa
| story =
| director = Mohinder Batra
| creative_director =
| starring = Danny Denzongpa, [[Annu Kapoor]], [[Tinnu Anand]], [[Goga Kapoor]], Jeet Upendra, [[Sooraj Thapar]], [[Deepshikha]] 
| voices = 
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 75
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Romesh Sharma]]
| location = 
| cinematography =
| editor = 
| camera = 
| runtime = 
| company = 
| budget =
| channel = [[DD Metro]]
| first_aired = {{start date|1994}}
| last_aired = {{end date|1996}}
| related = 
}}

'''Ajnabi''' is an Indian drama series broadcast on [[DD Metro]] channel. The serial's story and screenplay was written by acclaimed actor [[Danny Denzongpa]]. It was directed by Mohinder Batra<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/fOe31cGxUcOvTxbj9YGQJJ/Sikkim-seriously.html|title=Sikkim, seriously|last=Vasudev|first=Shefalee|date=2015-09-18|website=Live Mint|access-date=2016-06-09}}</ref> and produced by Romesh Sharma.

The series was loosely based on the Nepali film [[Saino]], written by Denzongpa and directed by his nephew Ugyen. The series comprised 75 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.webdunia.com/bollywood-focus/%25E0%25A4%25A1%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580-%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%2580-%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4-%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%2580-%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8-112072100079_1.htm|title=डैनी: कभी दोस्त, कभी दुश्मन|last=ताम्रकर|first=समय|website=hindi.webdunia.com|access-date=2016-06-10}}</ref>

Denzongpa played an army official who retires and moves to [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The series showed insurgency and terrorism in the state, the bravery of the armed forces and the emotional lives of everyone affected by the insurgency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scoopwhoop.com/Indian-army-TV-Shows/|title=10 Great Indian Shows About Our Armed Forces We Want To See On TV Again Instead Of Saas-Bahu Drama|last=Mukherjee|first=Supriyo|website=ScoopWhoop|date=13 April 2016 |language=En|access-date=2016-06-09}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Danny Denzongpa]] as Captain
* [[Parikshit Sahni]]
* [[Annu Kapoor]]
* [[Deep Dhillon]] as Passa
* [[Tinnu Anand]]
* [[Goga Kapoor]]
* [[Mahendra Sandhu]]
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]]<ref name=DeepandJeet>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-what-is-danny-s-role-in-dipshikha-s-life-1048725|title=What is Danny's role in Dipshikha's life?|date=2006-08-22|website=DNA|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-09}}</ref>
* [[Jeet Upendra]]<ref name="DeepandJeet" />
* [[Amita Nangia]]
* [[Sooraj Thapar]]
* [[Gajendra Chauhan]]
* [[Ibteesam]]
* [[Arun Bakshi]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5638336|Ajnabi TV series}}

[[Category:DD Metro original programming]]
[[Category:Indian Armed Forces in fiction]]
[[Category:1993 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in fiction]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

List of railway stations in Coimbatore

2025-11-15T17:57:09Z

Svetlanakxj: started a post!

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Coimbatore–Shoranur line}}
[[File:Coimbatore_junction.jpg|200 px|thumb|Coimbatore Main]]
[[File:North_coimbatore_railway_yard.jpg|200 px|thumb|Coimbatore North]]

'''Coimbatore''' or '''Kovai''' is a major city in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is the second largest city and [[urban agglomeration]] in the state after [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-TamilNadu.html|title=Tamil Nādu (India): State, Major Cities, Towns & Agglomerations – Statistics & Maps on City Population|access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref> and the sixteenth largest [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|urban agglomeration in India]]. It is administered by the [[Coimbatore Municipal Corporation]] and is the administrative capital of [[Coimbatore district]]. It is one of the fastest growing tier-II cities in India and a major textile, industrial, commercial, educational, information technology, healthcare and manufacturing hub of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011IS3 |title=Indian Government press release|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|date=31 October 2011 |access-date=31 January 2013}}</ref> It is often referred to as the "[[Manchester]] of [[South India]]" due to its cotton production and textile industries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.winentrance.com/general_knowledge/india_misscellaneous/nick-names-indian-places.html|title=Nicknames of places in India|access-date=28 June 2015|archive-date=3 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503144352/http://www.winentrance.com/general_knowledge/india_misscellaneous/nick-names-indian-places.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EMA-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=XkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6189,9133960&dq=manchester+of+south+india+coimbatore&hl=en|title=Manchester of South India|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref>

Train service in Coimbatore started in 1861, upon construction of the [[Podanur]]–[[Madras]] line connecting Kerala and the west coast with the rest of India.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html|title = IR History – Early days|work= 1832–1869 | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 23 December 2013}}</ref> Coimbatore lies on the [[Coimbatore–Shoranur railway line|Coimbatore–Shoranur]] {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] railway line. Until 1956, the [[Coimbatore railway division]] was functioning with Podanur as its Headquarters. In 1956, the headquarters was shifted to Olavakkode, of Kerala, and was named Olavakkod railway division. In 1980, Olavakkod division was renamed Palakkad railway division. It comprised Kerala and western districts of Tamil Nadu. Ultimately, a new Salem railway division was carved out of the Palakkad railway division in 2006 with Salem as its headquarters. The city falls under the [[Salem railway division|Salem Division]] of the [[Southern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]]. The major railway station is the {{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}} which is the second largest income generating station in the [[Southern Railway zone]] after [[Chennai Central]] and is amongst the top hundred booking stations of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html|title = Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry|work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 23 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raac.co.in/railway.php|title=Railways in Coimbatore|publisher=raac.co.in|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084528/http://www.raac.co.in/railway.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/coimbatore-junction-neglected/article2413499.ece|title=Coimbatore Junction neglected|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 August 2011}}</ref> Other major railway stations catering to the city include {{stnlnk|Coimbatore North Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Podanur Junction}} and minor stations at [[Peelamedu]], [[Singanallur]], {{stnlnk|Irugur Junction}}, [[Perianaikanpalayam]], {{stnlnk|Madukkarai}}, Somanur, [[Sulur]] & [[Thudiyalur]].

==List of railway stations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="12" | '''List of railway stations in Coimbatore'''
|-
|'''Name'''
|'''Native name'''
|'''Station code'''
|-
| {{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}} || கோயம்புத்தூர் சந்திப்பு || CBE
|-
| {{stnlnk|Podanur Junction}} || போத்தனூர் சந்திப்பு || PTJ
|-
| {{stnlnk|Coimbatore North Junction}} || கோயம்புத்தூர் வடக்கு சந்திப்பு || CBF
|-
| {{stnlnk|Pilamedu}}|| பீளமேடு || PLMD
|-
| {{stnlnk|Singanallur}} || சிங்காநல்லூர் || SHI
|-
| {{stnlnk|Irugur Junction}} || இருகூர் சந்திப்பு || IGU
|-
| {{stnlnk|Periyanaickenpalayam}}|| பெரியநாயக்கன்பாளையம் || PKM
|-
| {{stnlnk|Madukkarai}} || மதுக்கரை || MDKI
|-
| {{Stnlnk|Somanur}}|| சோமனூர் || SNO
|-
| {{Stnlnk|Sulur Road}}|| சூலூர் ரோடு || SUU
|-
| {{stnlnk|Thudiyalur}}|| துடியலூர் || TDE
|-
| {{stnlnk|Karamadai}}|| காரமடை || KAY
|-
| {{stnlnk|Kinathukadavu}}|| கிணத்துக்கடவு || CNV
|-
| {{Stnlnk|Ettimadai}}||எட்டிமடை || ETMD
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="13" | '''List of Defunct railway stations in Coimbatore'''
|-
|'''Name'''
|'''Native name'''
|'''Status'''
|'''Station code'''
|-
| {{stnlnk|Chettipalayam}}
|செட்டிபாளையம்|| Defunct || CIM
|-
| Urumandampalayam
|உருமாண்டம்பாளையம்||closed ||
|-
| Veerapandi
|வீரபாண்டி||closed ||
|-
| Pudupalayam
|புதுப்பாளையம்|| closed ||
|-
| Nallatipalayam
|நல்லட்டிபாளையம்||closed ||
|-
| Koilpalayam
|கோயில்பாளையம்||closed ||
|-
| Tamaraikulam
|தாமரைக்குளம்||closed ||
|-
|Nanjundapuram<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-06 |title=Coimbatore Suburban Railway And Mammalapuram Tram - Metro Rail News |url=https://metrorailnews.in/coimbatore-suburban-railway-and-mammalapuram-tram/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|நஞ்சுண்டாபுரம்
|closed
|
|}

==Metrorail==
{{main|Coimbatore metro}}
Three metrorail routes have been proposed. Two circular routes, in the northern and southern parts of the city and a dual linear line connecting the Eastern and Western parts. The Northern Route starts from [[Gandhipuram, Coimbatore|Gandhipuram]] via [[Ganapathy, Coimbatore|Ganapathy]], Sivanandha colony, Saibaba colony, [[R. S. Puram, Coimbatore|RS Puram]], Townhall, {{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction||City railway station}} and ends in Gandhipuram. The second circular route starts from {{stnlnk|Podanur Junction}} via Trichy Road, Sungam, Redfields, Race Course, City railway station, [[Ukkadam]] and ends at Podanur. A linear line was also proposed from [[Chinniampalayam]], [[Coimbatore International Airport]], CODISSIA, [[PSG Tech]], [[Lakshmi Mills]], Gandhipuram, {{stnlnk|Coimbatore North Junction}}, Cowley Brown Road and [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University|TNAU]]. Recently [[Vadavalli]] and [[Thondamuthur]] are the two new areas that has been included in the linear line as part of the phase extension.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Times News Network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Corporation-speeds-up-work-to-begin-mono-rail-project/articleshow/15594267.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618043815/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-22/coimbatore/33321368_1_monorail-project-kozhikode-monorail-monorail-network |url-status=live |archive-date=18 June 2013 |title=Corporation speeds up work to begin mono rail project |date= 22 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Karthik Madhavan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3856605.ece |title=A fresh look at Mass Public Transport System for city |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2012-09-04 |access-date=2013-01-31}}</ref> In 2017, Tamil Nadu government announced that CMRL would prepare DPR and feasibility report for Coimbatore metro rail project and will be funded by German-based company.

==Coimbatore suburban circular railway==
[[File:Coimbatore circular railway.jpg|thumb]]
[[Coimbatore suburban circular railway]] is a circular suburban railway planned for Coimbatore city. The circular railway line will help run through Coimbatore Junction, Podanur, Vellalore, Irugur, Singanallur, Peelamedu and Coimbatore North (see map). This will certainly help decongest the city roads. A senior official with the Salem division says if the revival of an old line can bring about so many benefits, it can be considered.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Coimbatore| ]]
[[Category:Lists of railway stations in India|Coimbatore]]

Maudaha

2025-11-15T02:36:00Z

Svetlanakxj: brief rework information also per sources

{{more citations needed|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement 
| name = Maudaha
| settlement_type = City
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.68|N|80.12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of states and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chitrakoot division|Chitrakoot]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Maudaha Municipal Council
| leader_title = Municipal Chairperson
| leader_name = Raza muhammad ([[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sec.up.nic.in/site/NewWinnerList2023.aspx|title=2023 UP Municipal Election results|work=ECI Uttar Pradesh|accessdate=22 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-nagar-palika-parishad-elections-live-updates-counting-results-uttar-pradesh-civic-polls-101683938006282.html|title=BSP's Yakoob Gaddi wins from Maudaha|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=23 May 2023}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 120
| population_total = 40,003
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi हिन्दी]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 210507
| area_code = +91-5284
| area_code_type = STD Code
| registration_plate = UP, 91
| website = {{URL|https://hamirpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Maudaha''' is a city and a [[municipal board|Municipal Board]] in [[Hamirpur District, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.

==History==
Maudaha district participated in the elections of 1937 which were conducted under the [[Government of India Act 1935]]. In order to organize activities of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in the district [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Maulana Azad]] visited Maudaha in 1937. With the outbreak of the [[Second World War]] in 1939, however, the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ministries resigned on the issue of India's forced participation in it.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Government==
Maudaha is one of four tehsils of Hamirpur district of Indian State Uttar Pradesh. The town had been recognized as one of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly's region until 2012. Maudaha is a Nagar Palika Parishad city divided into 25 wards for which elections are held every 5 years.

During the local body elections in December 2017, three [[Grampanchayat]]s- ''Sichauli Purva'', ''Ragaul'' and ''Fatteh purva'' merged with the ''Maudaha Municipality'', formally called ''Maudaha Nagar Palika''.

==Geography==
Maudaha is located at {{Coord|25.68|N|80.12|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Maudaha.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Maudaha]</ref> It has an average elevation of 120 metres (393 feet).

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Uttar Pradesh}}

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=166562 Official census data of Indian city Maudaha as on 2011]</ref> the Maudaha Nagar Palika Parishad has a population of 40,003 of which 21,266 are males while 18,737 are females. The population of children aged 0-6 is 5059 which is 12.65% of the total population of Maudaha (NPP). In Maudaha Nagar Palika Parishad, the female sex ratio is 881 against the state average of 912. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Maudaha is around 868 compared to Uttar Pradesh state average of 902. The literacy rate of Maudaha city is 78.77% higher than the state average of 67.68%. In Maudaha, male literacy is around 86.22% while the female literacy rate is 70.34%.

Maudaha Nagar Palika Parishad has total administration of over 7,152 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Nagar Palika Parishad limits and impose taxes on properties under its jurisdiction.
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Maudaha Town (2011)
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|57.15}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|42.40}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|0.19}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.06}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes [[Sikh]]s (<0%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (<0%).
}}

==Economy==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2019}}
The economy of Maudaha is mostly dependent on farming and the region is in a drought-affected area. There is no large scale industry in the city apart from a few small scale industries. The city however, has a growing private commercial sector, mainly retail businesses.

''[[Hindustan Unilever]]'', ''[[J. K. Organisation|J.K. Cements]]'', and ''Rimjhim Ispat Ltd.'' have factories in ''[[Sumerpur, Uttar Pradesh]]'', which is 15 km from Maudaha

==Transport==

===Road transport===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2019}}
The available multiple modes of public transport in the city are taxis, cycle rickshaws, auto rickshaws.
[[National Highway 34 (India)]] passes through Maudaha which connects it to [[Kanpur]] and [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]. [[Bundelkhand Expressway]] connects it to [[Agra]], [[New Delhi]] and [[Chitrakoot division|Chitrakoot]]. A district major road MD510B passes through Maudaha which connects it to [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]] and [[Muskara]]. Apart from the long-distance services, there are many services to nearby places within the state. There are number of daily buses to [[Kanpur]], [[Rath, India|Rath]], [[Delhi]], [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], [[Lucknow]], [[Jhansi]], [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]], in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and to many other states.

===Railways===
Maudaha is served by Ragaul railway station, a station, under the [[Jhansi railway division]] of the [[North Central Railway Zone]]. It is well connected by trains with cities like [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Raipur]], [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh]]

Rama in Jainism

2025-09-22T04:30:52Z

Svetlanakxj: further enhanced lead further and updated info

{{Short description|Jain illustrious person}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Jain
| name = Padma Ramachandra
| deity_of = [[God in Jainism]]
| image = Rama Lakshmana.jpg
| caption = Rama and Lakshmana are the eighth set of Baladeva/Balabhadra and Vasudeva/Narayana according to the Jain universal history.
| other_names = Padma
| father = [[Dasharatha]]
| mother = [[Kaushalya]]
| children = Sons: 
• [[Lava (Ramayana)|Anangalavana]] • [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Madanankusha]]
| predecessor = [[Dasharatha]]
| siblings = Half-Brothers: 
• [[Lakshmana]] • [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] • [[Shatrughna]]
| birth_place = [[Ayodhya]]
| moksha_place = [[Mangi-Tungi#Beliefs of Jainism|Tungi Giri]] ~attained [[Moksha (Jainism)|Moksha]]
| consort = [[Sita]]
}}

{{Jainism}}

'''''[[Rama]]''''' (Rāma), the hero of [[Ramayana]], is described in the [[Jain scriptures]] as one of sixty-three illustrious persons, known as [[Salakapurusa]]. Among these, there are nine sets of [[Balabhadra]], Vasudeva and Prati-Vasudeva.<ref name=IE>{{cite news|last1=Pillai|first1=Pooja|title=No exaggerations: The truth behind what happened in the Ramayana|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/no-exaggerations-the-truth-behind-what-happened-in-the-ramayana/|access-date=8 November 2015|issue=8 November 2015|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> Rama was the 8th Balabhadra with [[Lakshmana]] and [[Ravana]] being his Vasudeva and Prati-Vasudeva counterparts. He is described as a young prince who is deprived of his throne and turned into a pauper. While living in exile his wife [[Sita]] is kidnapped by Ravana, King of Lanka. Rama then rescues Sita with the help of his brother Lakshmana and King [[Sugriva]]. Ravana is killed by Lakshmana (a deviation from the Hindu epic where Rama slays Ravana) and they both go into hell. Rama becomes a [[Jain monk|Jain muni]] and his soul attains [[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]] (liberation from the cycle of birth and death).<ref name=IE /> Sita becomes a Jain sadhvi and is born into heaven as Indra.

According to [[Nirvana Kanda]] Rama attained nirvana at [[Mangi-Tungi|Tungi Giri]] in Maharashtra, where the Jains worship his footprints and divine Idol.

==Sources==

The story of Rama in Jainism can be broadly classified into three groups; [[Samghadasa]]'s version, [[Vimalsuri]]'s version and Gunabhadra's version.{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|p=60}}
Some of the early works which deal with Rama are:{{sfn|Jain|2000|p=5}}{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|pp=58-59}}

'''Vimalsuri's version'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Author !! Language !! Work
|-
| [[Vimalsuri]]|| Prakrit || Paumchariya (3rd century CE)
|-
| Shilankacharya || Prakrit || Chaupannamahapurusa Chariyam
|-
| [[Haribhadra]] || Prakrit || Dhurtakhyana
|-
| Bhadreshvara || Prakrit || Khavali
|-
| Shilankacharya || Prakrit || Chaupannamahapurusa Chariyam
|-
| [[Ravisena]] || Sanskrit || ''Padmapurana''{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|pp=21-23}}
|-
| Yogashastra Vrtti || Sanskrit || Hemachandra
|-
| [[Hemchandra]] || Sanskrit || Trishashtisalakapurusha Charitra
|-
| Dhaneshvara || Sanskrit || Shatrunjaya Mahatman
|-
| Svayambhu || Apbhramsha || Paumachariya
|}

'''Gunabhadra's Version'''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Author !! Language !! Work
|-
| [[Guṇabhadra (Jain monk)|Gunabhadra]] || Sanskrit || [[Uttarapurana]] (9th century CE)
|-
| Krishna || Sanskrit || Punyachandrodaya
|-
| Pushpadanta || Apbhramsha || Mahapurana
|-
|}

'''Samghadasa's version'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Author !! Language !! Work
|-
| Samghadasa Gani || Prakrit || [[Vasudeva-hindi|Vasudevahindi]] (3rd century CE)
|-
| Harisena || Prakrit || Kathakosha
|}

Some of the later works which mention the story of Rama are:{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|p=61}}
* Ramayana of Jinadasa (c. 15th century CE)
* Ramacharitra of Padmadevavijaya Gani (c. 16th century CE)
* Ramacharitra of Somadeva Suri (c. 16th century CE)
* Laghu-Trishashtisalakapurusha Charitra of Somaprabha (c. 15th century CE)
* Padmapurana of Raidhu in Apbhramsha (c. 15th century CE)
* Padma-Ramayana of Nagchandra in Kannada (c. 11th century CE)
* Ramacharita of Devavijayaganir (c. 1596 CE)
* Laghu-Trishashtisakalapurusha Charitra of Meghvijaya (c. 17th century CE)

==Story==
[[File:Swarn Jain temple, Gwalior - Ram.jpg|thumb|''Rama'', ''Lakshmana'', and ''Sita'' with Jain acharya ''yugal-charan'', Swarn Jain temple in Gwalior.]]

Following is the outline of Rama story from the Jain narratives:{{sfn|Jacobi|2005|pp=4-5}}{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|p=67}}

[[Dasharatha]] was the king of [[Ikshvaku dynasty]] who ruled [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. He had four princes: Padma (Rama), Narayana([[Lakshmana]]), [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] and [[Shatrughna]]. [[Janaka]] ruled Videha. His daughter [[Sita]] was married to Rama. Sita was kidnapped by [[Ravana]], who took her to his kingdom [[Lanka]]. During the search for Sita, Rama and Lakshmana meet [[Sugriva]] and [[Hanuman]]. [[Sugriva]], the king of the [[Vanara]] clan was removed from his throne of [[Kiskindha]] by his brother [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali (Vali later becomes a Jain Monk and attains Moksha)]]. Rama and Lakshmana help Sugriva get back his kingdom, after which they, along with the army of Sugriva marched towards Lanka.

Ravana's younger brother, [[Vibhishana]], tried to persuade him to return Sita. However, Ravana refused to do so. Therefore, Vibhishana allied with Rama. There was a war fought between the armies of Rama and Ravana. Lakshmana kills Ravana in the end(deviating from the [[Ramayana]] where the hero [[Rama]] slays [[Ravana]]) and Vibhishana is crowned King of Lanka. Rama and Lakshmana return to [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. Rama had around eight thousand wives among whom Sita was the principal consort (whereas in the [[Ramayana|Valmiki Ramayana]], Sita was Rama's only wife), and Lakshmana had around sixteen thousand wives in which [[Prithvisundari]] was his principal consort (in the Hindu epic, he had only one wife, [[Urmila]]). After Lakshmana's death, Rama becomes a monk. He attains [[Kevala Jnana]] and subsequently [[moksha]]. Lakshmana and Ravana, on the other hand, go to hell. Sita was born in heaven.

===Vimalsuri's Version===

[[Vimalsuri|Vimalsuri's]] version is one of the most important and influential Jain stories of Rama. In his version, [[Kaikeyi]] is shown to be a generous and affectionate mother who wanted to stop [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] from becoming a [[monk]]. To do so, she wanted to give him the responsibility of a king.{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|p=81}} [[Ravana]] was also called Dasamukha (ten-headed one) because when he was young, his mother gave him a necklace made of nine pearls. She could see his face reflected ninefold. Hence, he was named thus.{{sfn|Ramanujan|1991|p=35}} In Vimalsuri's [[Paumachariya]], Rama married thrice when he was in exile. His brother Lakshmana married eleven times. Ravana was well known for his abilities in meditation and ascetic practices.{{sfn|Ramanujan|1991|p=34}} He was the king of [[Rakshasa]], a kingdom of civilized and vegetarian people.{{sfn|Das|2005|p=122}} [[Sugriva]] was appointed by his brother [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] to become the king before Vali renounces the world and becomes a Jain monk.{{sfn|Das|2005|p=122}} [[Shambuka]] was accidentally killed by [[Lakshmana]].{{sfn|Das|2005|p=122}} Ravana had passionate feelings for [[Sita]]. Due to the effects of [[karma]] (caused because of this vice), he was said to have suffered at the end.

====Ravisena's Padmapurana====

The story of Rama in Jainism is found in [[Ravisena]]'s Padmapurana<ref>{{citation|title=Padma Puran|url=http://www.jaingranths.com/Manuscript.asp?id=284&i=1}}</ref> (Lorebook of the Lotus) is termed as one of the most artistic Jain Ramayana by Dundas.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=239}} He belonged to the [[Digambara]] sect of Jainism and hence removes almost every Svetambara elements that was present in the tale.{{sfn|Das|2005|p=123}}

====Svayambhu's Paumachariyu====

In Svayambhu's version, Rama is son of Aparajita and Lakshmana is son of Sumitra. Sita is shown to be daughter of Janaka.{{sfn|Das|2005|p=123}} There is also a narration about Sita's brother [[Bhamandala]]. He did not know about Sita being his sister and wanted to marry her. He even wanted to abduct her.{{sfn|Das|2005|p=123}} This narration ends when Bhamandala, after knowing that Sita is his sister, turns into a Jain ascetic.{{sfn|Das|2005|p=123}}

===Sanghadasa's Version===

Sanghadasa's version presents only a brief account of Rama's story.{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|p=66}} In this version, [[Dasharatha]] had three queens; [[Kaushalya]], [[Kaikeyi]] and [[Sumitra]]. Rama was from Kaushalya, Lakshmana from Sumitra, [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] and [[Satrughna]] from Kaikeyi.{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|pp=63-64}}

Sita is said to be daughter of Ravana's queen [[Mandodari]].{{sfn|Jain|2000|p=5}} It was predicted that the first child of Mandodari would bring annihilation to the family. Hence, Ravana deserted the child when she was born.{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|pp=63-64}} The minister who was responsible for this took her in a pearl-box, placed her near a plough and told [[Janaka]] of [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] that the girl is born from the trench. Janaka's queen Dharini became Sita's foster mother.{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|p=64}}

While in exile, Rama visited a place called Vijanasthana. Surpanakha was dumbstruck at the beauty of Rama and wanted to marry him.{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|p=64}} However, Rama refused to marry another person's wife. He in turn cut her ears and nose after she was scolded by Sita.{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|p=64}} Surpanakha complained about this to her brothers Khara and Dusana who were killed by Rama on their quest for revenge. Surpanakha then goes to her brother Ravana.{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|p=65}}

====Harisena's KathaKosa====

In Harisena's Kathakosa, there is an incident where Rama asks Sita to give the famous ''Agnipariksha''. When Sita steps into the fire, the whole area turns into a lake. A Jain nun appears and Sita and others around her become Jain ascetics.{{sfn|Das|2005|p=124}}

===Gunabhadra's Version===

In the story of Gunabhadra, Dasharatha lived in Varanasi. His queen Subala gave birth to Rama and Kaikeyi gave birth to Lakshmana.{{sfn|Iyengar|2005|p=71}} Sita was born of Ravana and Mandodari. She was subsequently abandoned by Ravana in a place where Janaka was ploughing the field.{{sfn|Das|2005|p=124}}

====Pushpadanta's Mahapurana====

Pushpadanta gives elaborate description of the marriage between Rama and Sita.{{sfn|Das|2005|p=125}}

== See also ==
* [[Vimalsuri]]
* [[Diwali (Jainism)]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|2}}

===Sources===
*{{citation|last=Das|first=Sisir Kumar|title=A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From the Courtly to the Popular|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC|date=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-2171-0}}
* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url={{Google books|X8iAAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-date=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |location=London and New York }}
*{{cite book|last=Iyengar|first=Kodaganallur Ramaswami Srinivasa|title=Asian Variations In Ramayana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CU92nFk5fU4C|year=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1809-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Jacobi|first=Herman|title=Vimalsuri's Paumachariyam|year=2005|publisher=Prakrit Text Society|location=Ahemdabad|edition=2nd}}
*{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Pannalal|title=Ravishenacharya's Padmapurana|year=2000|publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-263-0508-8|edition=8th|editor=Hiralal Jain, A.N. Upadhaye|language=hi}}
* {{citation |last=Johnson |first=Helen M. |title=Jain Ramayana of Hemchandra |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc213981.html |date=1931 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book|last=Ramanujan|first=A.K.|editor=Paula Richman|title=Many Rāmāyaṇas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkifYfljHP4C|year=1991|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07589-4|chapter=[[Three Hundred Ramayanas: Five Examples and Three Thoughts on Translation]]}}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-1938-1 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Rama in Jainism}}{{Jainism topics}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jainism and other religions]]
[[Category:Hinduism and other religions]]
[[Category:Solar dynasty]]
[[Category:Salakapurusa]]
[[Category:Rama]]
[[Category:Jain minor deities]]

Burra Bazar railway station

2025-08-28T11:50:24Z

Svetlanakxj:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=January 2019}}
{{third-party|date=January 2019}}
}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|Burra Bazar}}
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| type = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Burrabazar]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.589269|88.350971}}
| elevation = {{convert|4|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| line = 
| platform = 1
| tracks = 1
| other = {{rint|kolkata|ferry}} Jagannath Ghat
| accessible = Not available
| bicycle = Not available
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Not available
| structure = At Ground, [[Single-track railway]]
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BZB
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = [[Sealdah railway division|Sealdah]]
}}
| status = Functioning
| closed =
| former =
| opened = {{start date and age|1984}}
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{start date and age|1984}}
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|left= Sovabazar Ahiritola|right= B.B.D. Bag|line= Circular}}
| services_collapsible = yes
| route_map = {{Kolkata Circular Railway routemap}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

'''Burra Bazar railway station''' is a [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station in [[Burrabazar]], [[Kolkata]]. It serves the local areas of [[Burrabazar]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata|M.G. Road]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India. The station has one platform only. Its station code is '''BZB'''.

==Station==
=== Complex ===
The platform is not very well sheltered. The station lacks many facilities including water and sanitation. There is no proper approach road to this station.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/barra-bazar-bzb/7901#st
|title=Barra Bazar railway station| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

=== Layout ===
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Burra Bazar Station track layout
|title-bg=
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map =
CONTg
PSTR(L) ~~ to {{stnlnk|Sovabazar Ahiritola}}
cd!~PSTR(L)\c!~c*1
PSTR(L) ~~ to [[B.B.D Bag railway station|B.B.D Bag]]
CONTf
| bottom = {{center|Station with one tracks and one side platforms}}
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=6 valign=top|'''P1'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]], No-1 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|Sovabazar Ahiritola ← toward → B.B.D Bag
|-
|}

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Trains}}}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[North 24 Parganas district]]
* [[Indian Railways]]
* [[Sealdah railway station]]
* [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
* [[Trams in Kolkata]]
* [[Dum Dum Cantonment railway station]]
* [[Transport in West Bengal]]
* [[List of railway stations in India]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Northern fringes}}
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Barra+Bazar/@22.5889166,88.3500873,334m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sBurra+Bazar+railway+station!3m4!1s0x0:0x92087e3921e407ff!8m2!3d22.5891299!4d88.3509008|title=Burra Bazar Railway station}}

{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Circular}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1984]]
[[Category:Sealdah railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Kolkata Circular Railway]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Tree Day

2025-07-22T22:12:18Z

Svetlanakxj: created article!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|{{notability|date=May 2016}}
{{COI|date=May 2016}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2019}}
}}
'''Tree Day''' was started in the Indian city of [[Hyderabad]] on 15 May 2016 to protest against the government's plans to cut down thousands of trees around the [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park|KBR National Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Road-project-to-uproot-3100-trees-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/51886997.cms|title=Road project to uproot 3,100 trees in Hyderabad|date=19 April 2016|work=The Times of India|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> The Government of Telangana had proposed a Strategic Road Development Plan (SRDP) under which the entire KBR Park periphery also called the KBR Park [[Eco-Sensitive Zone]] would be affected.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/breather-for-kbr-park-trees/article8559228.ece|title=Breather for KBR Park trees|author=Rahul Devulapalli|work=The Hindu|date=4 May 2016 |accessdate=16 May 2016}} - {{cite web|url=http://v6news.tv/save-tree-save-kbr-protest-against-tree-felling-at-kbr-park|title=Save Tree - Save KBR - Protest Against Tree Felling at KBR Park|website=V6 News Channel Live|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> This would lead to a significant impact on the flora and fauna of the park that houses more than 600 species of plants, hundreds of species of animals and birds.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} Tree Day was organised by a group called Hyderabad Rising, a group of non-partisan, non-political nature lovers who came together for a small protest rally in the last week of April. This gradually started taking shape as a movement, with hundreds to thousands of residents of Hyderabad joining.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tree-chopping-plan-at-KBR-Present-tense-future-uncertain/articleshow/52285196.cms|title=Tree chopping plan at KBR: Present tense, future uncertain|date=16 May 2016|work=The Times of India|accessdate=16 May 2016}} - {{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/one-last-hug-for-the-trees-at-kbr-park/article8605597.ece|title=One last hug for the trees at KBR park|work=The Hindu|date=15 May 2016 |accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref>

Tree Day, a term inspired by Mothers' Day, Teachers' Day and Fathers' Day, was coined by Hyderabad Rising. It was organised with the objective of bonding with the trees by hugging them, watering them, tying the sacred Indian thread on them and taking [[selfie]]s with them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/People-called-to-bond-with-trees-at-KBR-Park/articleshow/52263552.cms|title=People called to 'bond with trees' at KBR Park|date=14 May 2016|work=The Times of India|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> The event had participation by runners, walkers, yoga enthusiasts, tree lovers, nature lovers, environmental conservationists, city planners and transport consultants, all of whom have questioned the government's move to cut down so many trees for road widening and flyovers, when planners such as Peter J. Park have asserted that flyovers do not solve traffic problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Flyovers-not-a-solution-for-traffic-jams-says-US-planner/articleshow/27314486.cms|title=Flyovers not a solution for traffic jams says US planner|date=14 December 2013|work= The Times of India}}</ref> The participants urged the government to adopt sustainable development policies.

The environmentalist Professor Purushottam Reddy noted, "The people of Hyderabad have set a precedent and made history by standing up for the trees in the city and have also introduced a 'Tree Day', which people across the country can now celebrate every year."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/SAVE-KBR-fight-intensifies/articleshow/52285933.cms|title='SAVE KBR' fight intensifies|date=16 May 2016|work=The Times of India|accessdate=10 March 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Organised events in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Environmentalism in India]]
[[Category:Forest conservation]]

2014 Mumbai Indians season

2025-06-13T23:39:00Z

Svetlanakxj: starting a data basic info!

{{Short description|Indian cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Mumbai Indians
| season = 2014
| coach = [[John Wright (cricketer, born 1954)|John Wright]]
| captain = [[Rohit Sharma]]
| comp1 = [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = Playoffs
| comp2 = [[Champions League Twenty20|CLT20]]
| comp2 result = Qualifier stage
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| most catches =
| most dismissals =
| prevseason = [[Mumbai Indians in 2013|2013]]
| nextseason = [[Mumbai Indians in 2015|2015]]
}}

[[Mumbai Indians]] (MI) are a franchise cricket team based in [[Mumbai]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that took part in the [[2014 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[Rohit Sharma]] for the second season in succession.

Mumbai Indians reached the Eliminator of playoff stage in the 2014 IPL where they were defeated by the [[Chennai Super Kings]]. Mumbai qualified for the [[2014 Champions League Twenty20]], but did not advance from the group stage.

==Squad==
* Players with international caps before the start of 2014 IPL are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting Style
! Bowling Style
! Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|9|| '''[[Ambati Rayudu]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1985|9|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Occasional wicketkeeper
|-
|14|| Apoorv Wankhade || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1992|3|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
|54|| '''[[Lendl Simmons]]''' || {{cr|TRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1985|5|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|-
|48|| '''[[Michael Hussey]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1975|5|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|-
|45|| '''[[Rohit Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1987|4|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|19|| [[Shreyas Gopal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1993|9|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
|55|| '''[[Kieron Pollard]]''' || {{cr|TRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1987|5|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas; Vice-Captain
|-
|78|| '''[[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1990|12|13|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
|111|| [[Jalaj Saxena]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1986|12|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|5|| [[CM Gautam]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1986|3|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
|7|| [[Sushant Marathe]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1985|10|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
|27|| [[Aditya Tare]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1987|11|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || ||
|-
|51|| [[Ben Dunk]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1987|3|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || || Overseas
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|3|| '''[[Harbhajan Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1980|7|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|12|| [[Jasprit Bumrah]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1993|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] ||
|-
|8|| '''[[Josh Hazlewood]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1991|1|8|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Overseas
|-
|30|| '''[[Pragyan Ojha]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1986|9|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|33|| [[Pawan Suyal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1989|10|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm fast-medium ||
|-
|34|| '''[[Zaheer Khan]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1978|10|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] ||
|-
|67|| '''[[Krishmar Santokie]]''' || {{cr|JAM}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1984|12|20|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Overseas
|-
|99|| '''[[Lasith Malinga]]''' || {{cr|SRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1983|8|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || Overseas
|-
|90|| '''[[Marchant de Lange]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2014|04|15|1990|10|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || Overseas
|-
|}

==Indian Premier League==
===Season standings===
{{2014 Indian Premier League Points table|team=MI}}

===Match log===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#fdd;"
| 1 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=16|format=md}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Abu Dhabi]] ||Lost by 41 runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729279.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fdd;"
| 2 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=19|format=md}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|Dubai]] ||Lost by 7 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729287.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fdd;"
| 3 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=25|format=md}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|Dubai]] ||Lost by 7 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729303.html Scorecard]
|-style="background:#fdd;"
| 4 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=27|format=md}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah]] ||Lost by 6 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729309.html Scorecard]
|-style="background:#fdd;"
| 5 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=30|format=md}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|Abu Dhabi]] ||Lost by 15 runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729317.html Scorecard]
|-style="background:#dfd;"
| 6 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=3|format=md}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[wankhede stadium|Mumbai]] || Won by 5 wickets, MoM – [[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]] 1/17(2 Overs) & 35(25) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733973.html Scorecard]
|-style="background:#dfd;"
| 7 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=6|format=md}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[wankhede stadium|Mumbai]] || Won by 19 Runs, MoM – [[Rohit Sharma]] 59*(35) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733983.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fdd;"
| 8 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=10|format=md}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[wankhede stadium|Mumbai]] || Lost by 4 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733995.html Scorecard]
|-style="background:#dfd;"
| 9 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=12|format=md}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 7 Wickets, MoM – [[Ambati Rayudu]] 68(46) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734001.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fdd;"
| 10 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=14|format=md}} || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Barabati Stadium|Cuttack]] || Lost by 6 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734009.html Scorecard]
|-style="background:#dfd;"
| 11 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=19|format=md}} || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Ahmedabad]] || Won by 25 Runs, MoM – [[Michael Hussey|Mike Hussey]] 56(39) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734017.html Scorecard]
|-style="background:#dfd;"
| 12 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=21|format=md}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Won by 7 Wickets, MoM – [[Lendl Simmons]] 100*(61) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734025.html Scorecard]
|-style="background:#dfd;"
| 13 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=23|format=md}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Won by 15 Runs, MoM – [[Michael Hussey|Mike Hussey]] 56(33) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734031.html Scorecard]
|-style="background:#dfd;"
| 14 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=25|format=md}} || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Won by 5 Wickets, MoM – [[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]] 95*(44) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734041.html Scorecard]
|-
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Eliminator
|- style="background:#fdd;"
| 15 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=28|format=md}}|| [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Brabourne Stadium|Mumbai]] || {{nts|1=-38}} Lost by 7 Wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734045.html Scorecard]
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" |Overall record: 7–8. Advanced to playoffs. Qualified for 2014 Champions League Twenty20.
|}

==Champions League Twenty20==
===Qualifier standings===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! style="width:200px"|Team
! style="width:20px"| {{Tooltip| Pld | Played}}
! style="width:20px"| {{Tooltip| W | Won}}
! style="width:20px"| {{Tooltip| L | Lost}}
! style="width:20px"| {{Tooltip| NR | No result}}
! style="width:20px"| {{Tooltip| Pts | Points}}
! style="width:50px"| {{Tooltip| NRR | Net run rate}}
|- style="background:#cfc"
|! style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Northern Districts men's cricket team|Northern Knights]] (1)
| 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''12''' || +2.080
|- style="background:#cfc"
|! style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Lahore Lions]] (2)
| 3 ||2|| 1|| 0 || '''8''' || −0.065
|-
|! style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai Indians]]
| 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || '''4''' || −0.064
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Southern Express T20|Southern Express]]
| 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || '''0''' || −2.033
|}

===Match log===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#fdd;"
|| 1 ||{{dts|1=2014|2=9|3=13|format=md}}|| [[Lahore Lions]] || [[Raipur]] || {{nts|1=4}}Lost by 6 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/champions-league-twenty20-2014/engine/match/763579.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#dfd;"
|| 2 ||{{dts|1=2013|2=9|3=14|format=md}}|| [[Southern Express T20|Southern Express]] || [[Raipur]] || {{nts|1=4}}Won by 9 wickets; MoM [[Lendl Simmons]] 76 (51) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/champions-league-twenty20-2014/engine/match/654349.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fdd;"
|| 3 ||{{dts|1=2013|2=9|3=16|format=md}}|| [[Northern Districts men's cricket team|Northern Knights]] || [[Raipur]] || {{nts|1=4}}Lost by 6 wickets; || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/champions-league-twenty20-2014/engine/match/763587.html Scorecard]
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Overall record: 1–2. Failed to advance
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai Indians}}

[[Category:Mumbai Indians seasons]]
[[Category:2014 Indian Premier League]]

Delhi–Fazilka line

2025-06-08T00:06:18Z

Svetlanakxj: basic adjust page for accuracy additionally and added references as per guidelines

{{short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Delhi–Fazilka line with a link to Ferozepur
| color =
| logo = 
| logo_width = 100 px
| image = Guru Nanak Dev,Thermal power plant, Bathinda 2013-10-27 10-35.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Power Plant situates near of Delhi–Fazilka line
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| start = [[Delhi Junction railway station|Old Delhi]]
| end = [[Fazilka Junction railway station|Fazilka]]
| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1897
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength = {{convert|416|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracks = Double line from Delhi to Bathinda. Rest: Single line
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Fully Electrified
| speed =
| elevation = Delhi {{convert|239|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, Fazilka {{convert|182|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| website =
| map = {{Delhi–Fazilka line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Delhi–Fazilka line''' is a railway line connecting [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi]] and [[Fazilka Junction railway station|Fazilka]] the latter in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. There is a link to {{stnlnk|Firozpur Cantonment}}. The line is under the administrative jurisdiction of [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]. This line was a part of the historic Delhi–Karachi line.

==History==
The Southern Punjab Railway Co. opened the {{convert|711|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long [[Delhi]]–[[Jind]]-[[Bhatinda]]–[[Fazilka]]-[[Bahawalnagar]]-[[Samma Satta]] line in 1897.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title= IR History: Early Days II (1870–1899) | access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref> The line passed through [[Rohtak]]-[[Jind]]-[[Bhatinda]]-Muktasar-Fazilka-[[Bahawalnagar]] and provided direct connection through [[Samma Satta]] (now in Pakistan) to Karachi. The extension from the Macleodganj (later renamed Mandi Sadiqganj and now in Pakistan) railway line to Ambala via Qasamwala-Hindumalkote-[[Abohar]]-[[Bhatinda]]-[[Patiala]] was opened by the same company in 1902.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/muktsar/Chapter%207.htm|title= Chapter VII Communications|access-date= 20 February 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140223172820/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/muktsar/Chapter%207.htm|archive-date= 23 February 2014|url-status= dead}}</ref>
In 1901–02, the [[Jodhpur–Bathinda line]] of [[Rajputana–Malwa Railway]] was extended from [[Bikaner]] to [[Bathinda]] via [[Hanumangarh]], to connect it with the metre-gauge section of the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]] to the south and the metre-gauge of [[North Western Railway (British India)|North Western Railway]]'s Delhi–Fazilka line (Delhi–Hisar–Bhatinda–Karachi line) to the north.<ref name=fibis>{{cite web| url = http://www.wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Jodhpur-Bikaner_Railway| title = Jodhpur-Bikaner Railway| publisher = fibis| access-date = 5 May 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140202124719/http://www.wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Jodhpur-Bikaner_Railway| archive-date = 2 February 2014| url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2000s, Jodhpur-Bikaner-Bathinda line was converted to broad gauge.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=37655|title = Railway line along Indian border| publisher= Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India, 21 April 2008| access-date = 5 May 2014}}</ref> In 2009, the metre gauge Hisar-Sadulpur section was converted to broad gauge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1390378076313-Overview%20dt.21.01.14.pdf |title=Overview of Bikaner Division |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=6 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030427/http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1390378076313-Overview%20dt.21.01.14.pdf |archivedate=8 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/map/route-bhatinda-rewari-passenger-54781-bti-to-re/4110/109/356| title=Bathinda–Rewari line route map| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==Border crossings==
Fazilka and [[Hussainiwala railway station|Hussainiwala]] on this line are two defunct railway border crossing points on the India–Pakistan border. Before partition of India in 1947, there were the {{convert|711|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us|adj=on}} long Delhi-Samma Satta and the {{convert|445|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us|adj=on}} long Delhi-Raiwind railway lines, which were operational. After partition of India, a {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us|adj=on}} line linked Amruka on the Pakistan side of the India–Pakistan border, opposite Fazilka, towards Samma Satta. The only train running through these tracks was withdrawn after 1965 war. The {{convert|275|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us|adj=on}} long Amruka-Samma Satta line and the {{convert|28|km|mi|abbr=off|adj=on}} long Kasur-Raiwind lines are operational in Pakistan now. The Hussainiwala–Ganda Singh Wala railway crossing, near Firozpur, became defunct with the partition of India. The {{convert|16|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us|adj=on}} broad gauge line from Kasur Junction in Pakistan has been closed. The strategically important {{convert|1,681|m|ft|abbr=off|adj=on}} Kaiser-E-Hind Rail cum Road Bridge was blown up during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] at Hussainiwala, and was never rebuilt. In 2013, Sutlej Barrage Bridge on Hussainiwala was opened after restructuring.

==Electrification==
The Okhla–New Delhi–Shakurbasti line was electrified in 1982–83.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 26 February 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2011}}, only 3 km of the 60 km Shakurbasti–Rohtak was remaining.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,532,565 |title= Railway Electrification| publisher=Ministry of Railways | access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref> The [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] services of [[Delhi Suburban Railway]] was extended up to Rohtak in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Delhi-Rohtak-EMU-to-be-inaugurated-on-March-3/articleshow/18713330.cms |title= Delhi–Rohtak EMU to be inaugurated on March 3 |work=The Times of India|date=27 February 2013| access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>

After electrification up to Rohtak, further electrification begun in February 2015. Electrification up to {{stnlnk|Jind Junction}} was completed in 2017. Operations of electric locos up to Jind begin in January 2018. After this, electrification up to {{stnlnk|Bathinda Junction}} got completed in March 2018.

Electrification of Kurukshetra–Narwana and Jind–Panipat branch lines was started in 2018 and has been completed in 2019.

Electrification of Jind–Sonipat branch line is also under planning.

Electrification of Bathinda-Firozpur branch line is in progress.

==Tracks==
Delhi–Bathinda is a double electric line.<ref name="electric">{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Electrification of Rohtak–Batinda–Lehra Muhabat section of Northern Railway|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=57153|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830174155/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=57153|archive-date=30 August 2018|access-date=26 February 2014|website=[[Press Information Bureau]] – India|publisher=Ministry of Railways|date=21 January 2010}}</ref>

The construction of Bathinda-Firozpur single line electrification is in under progress.

==Sheds==
Shakurbasti has a diesel loco shed. It houses WDS-4A, WDS-4B, WDS-4D, WDM-2 WDM3A, WDS6 and DEMUs. It also has a broad-gauge trip shed for WDM-2 and WDG-3A locos. WDS-4 shunting locos based all over Northern Railway are sent here for periodical maintenance.<ref name=sheds>{{cite web |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title= Sheds and workshops|publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 26 February 2014}}</ref>

==Developments==
The {{convert|42|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} new {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]line between Fazilka and Abohar was opened in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-punjabsectionpage-latestnews/rail-link-between-abohar-fazilka-opens-today/article1-889593.aspx |title=Rail link between Abohar, Fazilka opens today |work=Hindustan Times|date=15 July 2012 |access-date=26 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313024903/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-punjabsectionpage-latestnews/rail-link-between-abohar-fazilka-opens-today/article1-889593.aspx |archivedate=13 March 2014 }}</ref>

The [[Rewari–Rohtak line]] was commissioned in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/haryana-gets-first-functional-railway-line-after-33-years/article4283307.ece |title= Haryana gets first functional railway line after 33 years|work= Business Standard|date=7 January 2013| access-date = 26 February 2014}}</ref>

Work for a new line from Rohtak to Hansi via Meham was inaugurated in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2919&id=0,4,268|title= The Minister for Railways lays the foundation stones of Rohtak–Meham–Hansi new line|publisher= Northern Railway|date=19 July 2013 | access-date = 26 February 2014}}</ref>

A new line from Jind to Sonipat was completed in 2015 and is operational now.

Central Government approved a new rail line from Jind to Hansi via Narnaund.

==Railway reorganisation==
Southern Punjab Railway was taken over by the state and merged with [[North Western Railway (British India)|North Western Railway]] in 1930.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php/Southern_Punjab_Railway|title=Southern Punjab Railway | publisher= fibis | access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>

With the [[partition of India]] in 1947, North Western Railway was split. While the western portion became Pakistan West Railway, and later [[Pakistan Railways]], the eastern part became Eastern Punjab Railway.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8v-zRmScc0MC&q=Eastern+Punjab+Railway&pg=PA136 |title=Management of Indian Railways, 1989|isbn= 81-7099-183-8| work=Readings in Indian Railway Finance by KB Verma, P 136|last=SM Imamul Haque|year=1989| publisher= Mittal Publications, A 1/8 Mohan Garden, New Delhi 110059| access-date = 26 February 2014}}</ref>

In 1952, [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] was formed with a portion of [[East Indian Railway Company]], west of Mughalsarai, Bikaner Railway and Eastern Punjab Railway.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 26 February 2014}}</ref>

==Stations==
{{incomplete list|date=December 2022}}
*'''Julana railway station''' ({{coord|29.1268|76.3798|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}) is in the [[Julana tehsil]] of [[Jind District]] {{convert|91|km|mi}} from Delhi on the Delhi–Fazilka line.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Julana Railway Station Map/Atlas NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/julana-jna/2177 |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/old-delhi-junction-dli/349 Trains at Old Delhi]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/delhi-sarai-rohilla-dee/350 Trains at Sarai Rohilla]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/bathinda-junction-bti/109 Trains at Bhathinda]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/firozpur-cantt-junction-fzr/105 Trains at Firozpur Cantonment]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/fazilka-junction-fka/6222 Trains at Fazilka]

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi-Fazilka line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Delhi railway division|*]]
[[Category:Ambala railway division|*]]
[[Category:Firozpur railway division|*]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1897]]

Arulmigu Munthi Vinayagar Temple

2025-04-15T09:57:02Z

Svetlanakxj: starting the location w/ refs!

{{short description|Historic Hindu temple in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Arulmigu Munthi Vinayagar Temple
| native_name = அருள்மிகு முந்தி விநாயகர் திருக்கோயில்
| image = Puliakulam Vinayagar.jpg
| alt = Puliakualm Vinayagar Temple
| coordinates = {{coord|11|00|15.2|N|76|59|34.8|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Coimbatore]]
| location = [[Puliakulam|Puliakulam, Coimbatore]]
| elevation_m = 411
| deity = {{Plainlist|
* Munthi Vinayagar
}}
| tradition = Ganapatya
| temple_tank =
| festivals = Vinayagar Chathuthi
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| inscriptions =
| website =
|governing_body=[[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]]
}}

'''Arulmigu Munthi Vinayagar Temple''', is a [[Hindu temple]] located in the neighbourhood of [[Puliakulam]] in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is dedicated to the god Munthi Vinayagar, a form of [[Ganesha]]. The temple holds the largest Vinayagar idol in the entire [[Asia|Asian Continent]]. <ref>{{cite news|title=உலகளவில் சிறப்பு வாய்ந்த விநாயகர் கோவில்கள் – ஒரு பார்வை|url=https://tamilminutes.com/famous-vinayagar-temple-in-the-world/|date=31 August 2022|newspaper=Tamil Minutes|access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Major temples to remain closed on Vinayaka Chaturthi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/major-temples-to-remain-closed-on-vinayaka-chaturthi/article36391509.ece|date=9 September 2021|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>

==History==
The Vinayagar shrine was a sub-temple of the [[Puliakulam]] [[Mariamman|Mariamman temple]]. The present temple was opened in 1982 <ref>{{cite news|title=Puliakulam temple background|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/religion/tamil-festivals/people-visit-puliakulams-vinayagar-temple-on-the-occasion-of-ganesh-chaturthi-to-coimbatore/articleshow/65795069.cms|date=13 September 2018|newspaper=The Tamil Samayam|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Puliakulam temple history|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/sharing-screenspace-with-history/articleshow/26281781.cms|date=24 October 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref>

==Idol==
The idol is the largest Vinayagar statue in the entire [[Asia|Asian Continent]]. The statue was made out of a huge granite rock at [[Uthukuli]]. The statue is 19 feet high and weighs about 190 tonnes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Puliakulam temple history|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-coimbatore/news/50778|date=30 July 2010|newspaper=Dinamalar|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Puliakulam temple festival|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=88928|date=26 Jan 2019|newspaper=Dinamalar|access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>

==Ganesh Chathurthi Festival==
The Ganesh Chathurthi Festival is celebrated every year since 1982, in a grandeur manner.<ref>{{cite news|title=Puliakulam Ganesh Chathurthi festival|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/coimbatore-news/grand-celebration-at-coimbatore-puliakulam-mundhi-vinayagar-temple-due-to-ganesh-chaturthi-festival/articleshow/93894101.cms|date=31 August 2022|newspaper=Samayam Tamil|access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>

==Connections==
Arulmigu Munthi Vinayagar Temple has easy access to :
* [[Gandhipuram, Coimbatore|Gandhipuram]] : Via Bharathiyar Road
* [[Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus]] : Via Ramanathapuram Road and [[Podanur-Chettipalayam Road|Chettipalayam Road]]
* [[Ukkadam]] : Via Puliakulam-Redfields Road and Sungam Bypass Road
* [[Singanallur Bus Terminus]] : Via Eastern [[Trichy Road, Coimbatore|Trichy Road]]
* [[Coimbatore Junction|Railway Station]] : Via Puliakulam-Redfields Road and Racecourse
* [[Coimbatore International Airport]] : Via Eastern [[Avinashi Road, Coimbatore|Avinashi Road]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

* [http://www.trinethram-divine.com/2011/12/sri-mundhi-vinayagar.html#.TyzQTsj0dR4 ஸ்ரீ முந்தி விநாயகர்]
* [http://himalayanacademy.com/blog/taka/2009/01/22/biggest-ganesha-in-the-world/ Biggest Ganesha]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022185836/http://theemerald.wordpress.com/2010/07/14/darshan-of-the-biggest-ganesha-idol-in-puliakulam-coimbatore/ Biggest Ganesha Idol in PULIAKULAM, COIMBATORE]

{{Coimbatore}}
{{Coimbatore district}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Ganesha temples]]